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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/76618-0.txt b/76618-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..048ef93 --- /dev/null +++ b/76618-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9491 @@ + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76618 *** + + + + + +Transcriber’s Notes: + + Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ + in the original text. + Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= + in the original text. + Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. + Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. + Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. + The scale factor for the illustrations has been included in file, + however this will be meaningless in an ebook since we have no + control over how big the displayed image will be. + + + + +[Illustration: Mimulus Lewisii Pursh. (⅔ Nat.) Red Monkey-Flower.] + + + + + Alpine Flora + of the + Canadian Rocky Mountains + + By + Stewardson Brown + + Curator of Herbarium Academy of Natural Sciences + Philadelphia + + Illustrated with Water-Colour Drawings and Photographs + By + Mrs. Charles Schäffer + + G. P. Putnam’s Sons + New York and London + The Knickerbocker Press + 1907 + + COPYRIGHT, 1907 + BY + G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS + + OFFERED TO THE LOVERS OF ALPINE + FLORÆ IN THE MEMORY OF DR. CHARLES + SCHÄFFER OF PHILADELPHIA, WHO WAS + AMONG THE PIONEER BOTANISTS OF THE + CANADIAN ROCKIES, AND WHO EARLY + RECOGNISED THIS REGION AS A NEW + AND INTERESTING FIELD FOR STUDY + + + + +PREFACE + + +The present volume, though prepared in manual form, is meant only as +a guide to the rich and interesting flora of the Canadian Rockies and +Selkirks or those portions traversed by the Canadian Pacific Railway +between Banff and Glacier. While many of the plants herein described +are found throughout the entire region, yet the species characteristic +of the two mountain ranges are vastly different. For the most part +those of the Rockies might be characterised as plants adapted to +the withstanding of severe conditions of drouth and cold, being +mostly low and tufted, with small surfaces of leaf exposure, either +thick and leathery or in many instances with an ample covering of +protecting hairs; while those of the Selkirks, owing to the more humid +atmospheric conditions, are essentially moisture-loving forms, with a +luxuriant growth of stems and leaves; it is only where the conditions +are similar in the two regions that we find the same or similar forms +existing. Few of the more characteristic Rocky Mountain species extend +west of the divide, while of those of the Selkirks, few extend east +of it, except where there is a luxuriant forest growth, with the +consequent retention of moisture, and then only at altitudes of from +2000 to 3000 feet greater. + +Contrasting the plants of this region with those of the European Alps +it is interesting to note, that while the species are for the most +part vastly different, yet there is a certain close resemblance in the +families and genera which are represented; the Anemones are here, but +not in the scarlets and crimsons, running more to whites and purples, +and so are the Buttercups, dwarf many of them, but with large, showy +flowers; the Saxifrages and Drabas are innumerable as are the Vetches +and also the Heaths, but the latter with fewer and very different +species. Some plants, however, like the White Mountain Avens (_Dryas +octopetala_), the Butterwort (_Pinguicula vulgaris_), the Moss Campion +(_Silene acaulis_), the Mountain Cranberry (_Vitis-idæa_) and the +Low Cranberry (_Oxycoccus_), the One-flowered Wintergreen (_Moneses +uniflora_), the Forget-me-not (_Myosotis alpestris_) and others are +found on both sides of the Atlantic, yet we have no such array of +Primroses or Gentians as our European brothers, though both genera are +represented with us, while on the other hand they can boast of nothing +comparable to our Indian Paint-Brush, found throughout the region on +the river shores and bars during late June and early July and later +through the summer in its innumerable forms and colours in the moist +alpine meadows and slopes. + +The ferns and their allies with the more striking of the trees and +shrubs have been included in the present work, together with the +majority of the herbaceous flowering plants, though some of the largely +represented but less striking groups such as the Grasses, Sedges, +and Willows have been entirely omitted, not seeming of sufficient +general interest to warrant the space required for their intelligent +treatment. The species are arranged in accordance with their scientific +relationships, with keys to the genera and a general key to the +families. Among the illustrations herein contained, many of the plants +of the Northwest are figured for the first time. + +Acknowledgment is here made to Messrs. David McNicoll, Robert Kerr, and +other officials and employees of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company +through whose courtesy was made possible the gathering of the data for +the basis of this work. + + S. B. + + ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, + PHILADELPHIA, October 28, 1907. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + PAGE + PREFACE v + GLOSSARY xxv + GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES xxxiii + ADDER’S-TONGUE FAMILY 1 + FERN FAMILY 3 + HORSETAIL FAMILY 14 + CLUB-MOSS FAMILY 18 + SELAGINELLA FAMILY 22 + PINE FAMILY 23 + YEW FAMILY 34 + ARUM FAMILY 35 + BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY 36 + LILY FAMILY 41 + LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY 45 + IRIS FAMILY 52 + ORCHID FAMILY 53 + WILLOW FAMILY 68 + BIRCH FAMILY 70 + MISTLETOE FAMILY 72 + SANDALWOOD FAMILY 73 + BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 75 + PURSLANE FAMILY 80 + PINK FAMILY 81 + CROWFOOT FAMILY 90 + BARBERRY FAMILY 109 + POPPY FAMILY 110 + MUSTARD FAMILY 111 + STONE-CROP FAMILY 125 + GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS FAMILY 126 + SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 128 + GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 146 + ROSE FAMILY 150 + APPLE FAMILY 165 + PLUM FAMILY 167 + PEA FAMILY 168 + FLAX FAMILY 182 + CROWBERRY FAMILY 183 + STAFF-TREE FAMILY 184 + MAPLE FAMILY 185 + ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY 186 + VIOLET FAMILY 187 + OLEASTER FAMILY 191 + EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY 193 + GINSENG FAMILY 199 + CELERY FAMILY 201 + DOGWOOD FAMILY 205 + WINTERGREEN FAMILY 207 + HEATH FAMILY 211 + HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY 220 + PRIMROSE FAMILY 226 + GENTIAN FAMILY 231 + BUCKBEAN FAMILY 236 + DOGBANE FAMILY 237 + WATER-LEAF FAMILY 238 + BORAGE FAMILY 240 + MINT FAMILY 244 + FIGWORT FAMILY 248 + BUTTERWORT FAMILY 262 + MADDER FAMILY 263 + HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 264 + VALERIAN FAMILY 271 + BELLFLOWER FAMILY 273 + CHICORY FAMILY 275 + THISTLE FAMILY 283 + INDEX 323 + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + + PLATE FACING PAGE + + Mimulus Lewisii Pursh. _Red Monkey-Flower_ _Frontispiece_ + + 1 Pinus albicaulis Engelm. _White Pine_ 24 + 1 Pinus Murrayana Oreg. Com. _Jack Pine_ 24 + + 2 Larix Lyallii Parl. _Lyall’s Larch_ 26 + 2 Thuja plicata Don. _Giant Cedar_ 26 + + 3 Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt. _Balsam Fir_ 28 + 3 Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. _Douglas Fir_ 28 + + 4 Tsuga Mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. _Mountain Hemlock_ 30 + 4 Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. _Hemlock_ 30 + + 5 Picea albertiana. S. Brown. _Alberta Spruce_ 32 + 5 Picea albertiana. S. Brown. _Alberta Spruce_ 32 + + 6 Zygadenus elegans Pursh. _Tall Zygadenus_ 38 + 6 Zygadenus gramineus Rydb. _Zygadenus_ 38 + + 7 Stenanthella occidentalis (A. Gray). Rydb. _Stenanthium_ 40 + 7 Clintonia uniflora Kunth. _Clintonia_ 40 + + 8 Tofieldia intermedia Rydb. _False Asphodel_ 42 + 8 Vagnera stellata (L) Morong. _Star-Flowered Solomon’s Seal_ 42 + + 9 Erythronium grandiflorum. Pursh. _Snow Lily_ 44 + + 10 Lilium montanum A. Nels. _Red Mountain-Lily_ 46 + 10 Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb) Kearney. _Kruhsea_ 46 + + 11 Cypripedium passerinum Rich. _Small White Lady’s Slipper_ 54 + 11 Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. _Small Yellow Lady’s Slipper_ 54 + + 12 Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L). Karst. _Coral-Root_ 56 + 12 Lyschiton kamtschatcense (L.) Schott. _Western Skunk-Cabbage_ 56 + + 13 Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. _Calypso_ 58 + 13 Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. _Small Round-Leaved Orchid_ 58 + + 14 Limnorchis dilatatiformis Rydb. _Purplish-Green Bog-Orchid_ 62 + 14 Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. _Menzies’ Rattlesnake + Plantain_ 62 + + 15 Ophrys borealis (Morong). _Northern Twayblade_ 64 + 15 Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. _Heart-Shaped Twayblade_ 64 + 15 Cœloglossum bracteatum (Willd) Parl. _Long-Bracted Orchid_ 64 + 15 Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. _Fragrant White Bog-Orchid_ 64 + 15 Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. _Small Northern Bog-Orchid_ 64 + + 16 Comandra pallida DC. _White Comandra_ 74 + 16 Eriogonum subalpinum Greene. _Tall White Eriogonum_ 74 + + 17 Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. _Spring Beauty_ 80 + 17 Claytonia parvifolia Moc. _Small-Leaved Spring Beauty_ 80 + + 18 Silene acaulis L. _Moss Campion_ 82 + 18 Lychnis apetala L. _Nodding Lychnis_ 82 + + 19 Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. _Northern Stitchwort_ 86 + 19 Mœhringia lateriflora (L.) _Blunt-Leaved Sandwort_ 86 + 19 Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel. + _Rock Sandwort_ 86 + + 20 Caltha leptosepala Hook. _Caltha leptosepala_ 104 + 20 Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb. _Western Globe-Flower_ 104 + + 21 Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. _Small Blue Columbine_ 102 + + 22 Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. _Yellow Columbine_ 106 + 22 Aquilegia formosa Fisch. _Western Columbine_ 106 + + 23 Delphinium Brownii Rydb. _Mountain Larkspur_ 108 + 23 Anemone globosa Nutt. _Wind-Flower_ 108 + + 24 Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. _Alpine Anemone_ 92 + 24 Anemone parviflora Michx. _Northern Anemone_ 92 + + 25 Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton _Pasque-Flower_ 94 + 25 Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. _Western Anemone_ 94 + + 26 Atragene columbiana Nutt. _Purple Virgin’s-Bower_ 90 + + 27 Ranunculus saxicola Rydb. _Ranunculus saxicola_ 100 + 27 Ranunculus alpeophilus. A Nels. _Ranunculus alpeophilus_ 100 + 27 Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl. _Snow Buttercup_ 100 + + 28 Ranunculus eremogenes Greene. _Ditch Crowfoot_ 98 + 28 Ranunculus Purshii Richards. _Pursh’s Buttercup_ 98 + 28 Ranunculus inamœnus Greene _Ranunculus inamœnus_ 98 + + 29 Thalictrum megacarpum Torr. _Thalictrum megacarpum_ 96 + 29 Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. _Western Meadow Rue_ 96 + + 30 Delphinium Menziesii DC. _Blue Larkspur_ 110 + 30 Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. _Lithophragma_ 110 + + 31 Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. _Bladder-Pod_ 116 + 31 Smelowskia calycina (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. _Smelowskia_ 116 + + 32 Draba oligosperma Hook. _Whitlow-Grass_ 112 + 32 Draba andina (Nutt.) A. Nels. _Mountain Whitlow-Grass_ 112 + + 33 Draba glacialis Adams _Whitlow-Grass_ 114 + 33 Draba aurea Vahl. _Golden Whitlow-Grass_ 114 + + 34 Parnassia montanensis Rydb. & Fern. + _Marsh Grass-of-Parnassus_ 126 + 34 Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. _Swamp Gooseberry_ 126 + + 35 Mitella nuda L. _Naked Bishop’s-Cap_ 132 + 35 Pectiantia pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. _Mitrewort_ 132 + + 36 Saxifraga cernua L. _Nodding Saxifrage_ 136 + 36 Saxifraga rivularis L. _Alpine Brook Saxifrage_ 136 + + 37 Micranthes Nelsoniana (D. Don.) Small. _Nelson’s Saxifrage_ 140 + 37 Micranthes Lyallii (Engler) Small. _Lyall’s Saxifrage_ 140 + + 38 Muscaria cæspitosa (L.) Haw. _Tufted Saxifrage_ 138 + 38 Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small. _Mountain Saxifrage_ 138 + + 39 Spatularia Brunoniana (Bong.) Small. _Tall Saxifrage_ 142 + 39 Leptasea austromontana (Wiegand), Small. _Common Saxifrage_ 142 + + 40 Tiarella unifoliata Hook. _Western Foam-Flower_ 150 + 40 Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. _Cut-Leaved Lutkea_ 150 + + 41 Rubus pedatus Smith. _Creeping Raspberry_ 152 + + 42 Rubus parviflorus. Nutt. _Salmon-Berry_ 156 + + 43 Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. _Wild Strawberry_ 158 + 43 Amelanchier florida Lindl. _Service-Berry_ 158 + + 44 Dryas octopetala L. _White Mountain Avens_ 164 + 44 Dryas Drummondii Rich. _Drummond’s Mountain Avens_ 164 + + 45 Geum strictum Ait. _Yellow Avens_ 162 + 45 Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don. _Long-Plumed Purple Avens_ 162 + + 46 Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. _Arctic Vetch_ 172 + 46 Homalobus aboriginorum (Rich) Rydb. _Indian Vetch_ 172 + + 47 Aragallus deflexus. (Pall.) Heller. _Drooping Vetch_ 176 + 47 Aragallus viscidulus Rydb. _Sticky Oxytrope_ 176 + + 48 Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene. _Loco Weed_ 180 + 48 Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. _White Vetch_ 180 + + 49 Empetrum nigrum L. _Black Crowberry_ 182 + 49 Linum Lewisii Pursh. _Wild Blue-Flax_ 182 + + 50 Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. _Mountain Lover_ 184 + 50 Viola adunca longipes (Nutt.) Rydb. _Dog Violet_ 184 + + 51 Elæagnus argentea Pursh. _Silver-Berry_ 190 + 51 Lepargyræa canadensis (L.) Greene _Buffalo-Berry_ 190 + + 52 Epilobium luteum Pursh. _Yellow Willow-Herb_ 194 + 52 Chamænerion latifolium (L.) Sweet. _Broad-Leaved Willow-Herb_194 + + 53 Chamænerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. _Fire-Weed_ 196 + 53 Berberis aquifolium Pursh. _Trailing Mahonia_ 196 + + 54 Echinopanax horridum. (Smith) Dec. & Planch. _Devil’s Club_ 200 + + 55 Cornus canadensis intermedia Farr. _Bunch-Berry_ 204 + + 56 Pyrola asarifolia Michx. _Liver-Leaf Wintergreen_ 208 + 56 Pyrola uliginosa Torr. _Bog Wintergreen_ 208 + 56 Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. _One-Flowered Wintergreen_ 208 + + 57 Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. _Prince’s Pine_ 210 + 57 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. _Bear-Berry_ 210 + + 58 Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM. _Small Cranberry_ 212 + 58 Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray. _Ovate-Leaved Wintergreen_ 212 + 58 Vitis-idæa Vitis-idæa (L.) Britton. _Mountain Cranberry_ 212 + + 59 Cassiope Mertensiana (Bong.) Don. _White Heath_ 216 + 59 Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) Don. _Red False-Heather_ 216 + 59 Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Rydb. _White False-Heather_ 216 + + 60 Ledum grœnlandicum Œder. _Labrador Tea_ 218 + 60 Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb. + _White Mountain Rhododendron_ 218 + + 61 Menziesia ferruginea Smith. _Smooth Menziesea_ 220 + 61 Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller. _Dwarf Swamp-Laurel_ 220 + + 62 Vaccinium erythrococcum Rydb. _Alpine Bilberry_ 222 + 62 Vaccinium globulare Rydb. _Thin-Leaved Bilberry_ 222 + 62 Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. _Blueberry_ 222 + + 63 Primula Maccalliana Wiegand. _Maccalla’s Primrose_ 228 + 63 Androsace carinata Torr. _Sweet Androsace_ 228 + + 64 Trientalis arctica Fisch. _Arctic Star-Flower_ 230 + 64 Dodecatheon conjugens Greene. _Shooting-Star_ 230 + + 65 Gentiana affinis Griseb. _Large Gentian_ 234 + 65 Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. _Romanzoffia_ 234 + + 66 Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray. _Mountain Phacelia_ 238 + 66 Phacelia heterophylla Pursh _Phacelia heterophylla_ 238 + + 67 Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not_ 242 + 67 Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. _Narrow-Leaved Puccoon_ 242 + + 68 Collinsia parviflora Dougl. _Small-Flowered Collinsia_ 248 + 68 Elephantella grœnlandica (Retz.) Rydb. + _Long-Beaked Elephantella_ 248 + + 69 Pentstemon confertus Dougl. _Yellow Beard-Tongue_ 250 + 69 Pentstemon pseudohumilis Rydb. _Pentstemon pseudohumilis_ 250 + + 70 Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. + _Large Purple Beard-Tongue_ 262 + 70 Pinguicula vulgaris L. _Butterwort_ 262 + + 71 Linnæa americana Forbes. _American Twin-Flower_ 266 + 71 Lonicera ebractulata Rydb. _Fly Honeysuckle_ 266 + + 72 Lonicera involucrata (Rich.) Banks. + _Involucred Fly Honeysuckle_ 270 + + 73 Valeriana sitchensis Bong. _Wild Heliotrope_ 272 + 73 Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora Rydb. _Brook Lobelia_ 272 + + 74 Hieracium umbellatum L. _Narrow-Leaved Hawk-weed_ 276 + 74 Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. _Agoseris aurantiaca_ 276 + + 75 Erigeron acris L. _Blue Fleabane_ 288 + 75 Erigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A. Gray. + _Large Purple Fleabane_ 288 + 75 Saussurea densa Hook. _Saussurea_ 288 + + 76 Erigeron discoideus Rydb. _Cut-Leaved Fleabane_ 292 + 76 Erigeron melanocephalus A. Nelson. _Black-Headed Fleabane_ 292 + 76 Erigeron multifidus Rydb. _Cut-Leaved Fleabane_ 292 + + 77 Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. _Aster Lindleyanus 298 + + 78 Erigeron aureus Greene. _Golden Fleabane_ 302 + 78 Gaillardia aristata Pursh. _Great-Flowered Gaillardia_ 302 + + 79 Arnica cordifolia Hook. _Heart-Leaved Arnica_ 304 + 79 Arnica louiseana Farr. _Pale-Flowered Arnica_ 304 + + + + +GLOSSARY + + + ACAULESCENT: with stem so short that leaves appear to arise + directly from root. + ACHENE: a small, dry, one-seeded indehiscent, seed-like fruit. + ACUMINATE: tapering gradually to a point. + ACUTE: with an abrupt point. + ADNATE: growing together as the stamens with the petals, or the + anthers with the filament. + ALTERNATE: (leaves) not opposite but arising at different points + on the stem. Stamens are alternate with petals when they are + situated in the intervals. + ANTHER: the part of the stamen which contains the pollen. + APICAL: pertaining to the top or apex. + AURICULATE: with ear-like appendages at base. + AXIAL: pertaining to an axis. + + BILABIATE: two-lipped. + BLADE: the expanded portion of a leaf. + BRACT: a modified and usually small leaf at the base of a flower + or flower-cluster. In the latter case it is usually + associated with others. + BRACTEOLATE: furnished with small bracts. + + CÆSPITOSE: growing in tufts. + CALYX: the outer whorl of floral leaves forming usually a green cup. + CAMPANULATE: bell-shaped. + CANESCENT: greyish-white, due usually to fine hairs. + CAPILLARY: hair-like. + CAPITATE: arranged in a head; knob-like. + CAPSULE: a dry, dehiscent seed-vessel. + CARPEL: a pistil-leaf. The pistil is regarded as being composed of + one or more such carpels. + CATKIN: the scaly, cylindrical flower-cluster of Willow, Birch, etc. + CAUDATE: with a tail-like appendage. + CAUDEX: the perennial rootstock of an otherwise annual plant. + CHARTACEOUS: papery or parchment-like. + CILIATE: fringed with marginal hairs. + CINEREOUS: ashen or greyish. + CLEISTOGAMIC: (flowers) never opening as the late flowers of + violets, etc. + CONNATE: united. + CORDATE: heart-shaped. + CORIACEOUS: leathery. + CORM: a solid bulb. + CORYMBOSE: with a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the + flower-stalks of which arise at different points on the axis, + and of which the outermost flowers are the oldest. + CRENATE: with rounded teeth. + CRENULATE: with small rounded teeth. + CUNEATE: wedge-shaped. + CUSPIDATE: ending in a sharp, hard point. + CYME: a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the flower-stalks of + which arise at different points on the axis, and of which the + innermost flowers are the oldest. + + DECIDUOUS: subject to fall, as leaves of most trees and calyx and + corolla of most flowers before the fruit forms. + DECUMBENT: (stems) reclining on the ground with summit tending + to rise. + DECURRENT: (leaves) with base prolonged below insertion and forming + a sort of wing. + DELTOID: broadly triangular. + DENTATE: toothed, usually with teeth projecting outwards. + DENTICULATE: with little, outwardly projecting teeth. + DIŒCIOUS: having staminate and pistillate flowers on separate + plants. + DISC: the central part of a head as opposed to the ray, + _e. g._, in the sun-flower. Also a fleshy expansion + of the receptacle of the flower. + DRUPE: a stone-fruit. + DRUPELET: a small stone-fruit. + + ELLIPTIC: with the outline of an ellipse. + ENTIRE: with the margin even and not toothed, lobed, or divided. + EROSE: irregularly margined. + + FIMBRIATE: fringed. + FLOCCOSE: with loose tufts of wool-like hairs. + FOLIACEOUS: leaf-like. + FOLLICLE: a fruit of one carpel (pistil-leaf) which splits only + by one suture. + FUSIFORM: spindle-shaped. + + GALEA: a helmet-shaped body. + GLANDULAR: with small prominences which appear to have a secreting + function. + GLAUCOUS: covered with a bluish or white bloom. + GLOBOSE: spherical. + + INCISED: sharply and irregularly cut into. + INDUSIUM: the membrane covering the fruit-dots of ferns. + INFERIOR: (side of flower) the one away from the axis of the + flower-cluster; (ovary) united with the calyx tube, the + other floral parts apparently growing from its summit. + INFLORESCENCE: the mode of arrangement of flowers on the stem; + the flower-cluster. + INTERNODE: the portion of the stem between the places where the + leaves arise. + INVOLUCRE: a whorl of small leaves at the base of a flower + or flower-cluster. + + KEEL: the lower petals of the peculiar corolla of the pea, etc., + which are united in the form of the keel of a boat. + + LACINIATE: with deep, triangular, narrow lobes. + LANATE: woolly. + LANCEOLATE: narrow and tapering at each end. + LATERAL: pertaining to the side. + LEAFLET: one of the divisions of the blade of a compound leaf. + LINEAR: narrow and flat with the margins parallel. + LYRATE: lyre-shaped. + + MONŒCIOUS: having the separate staminate and pistillate flowers + on the same plant. + MUCRONATE: with a short, abrupt point. + + NODE: the point of the stem from which one or more leaves arise. + + OBLANCEOLATE: lance-shaped with the base tapering downwards. + OBTUSE: blunt. + ORBICULAR: circular. + OVATE: egg-shaped (applied to flat bodies). + OVOID: egg-shaped (applied to solids). + + PALMATE: (compound leaf) with the divisions so arranged that they + radiate from the petiole-like the fingers of the hand. + PANICLE: a branched, flower-cluster with the older flowers + outermost. + PANICULATE: with much branched open flower clusters. + PAPILLÆ: minute, blunt projections. + PAPPUS: the bristles, awns, or hairs which crown the fruit of + the Composites. + PARIETAL: (placentæ) attached to the wall of the ovary. + PEDUNCLE: a flower-stalk. + PERENNIAL: lasting from year to year. + PERFOLIATE: (leaves) having the basal part so extended and united + as to make it appear as though the stem grew through them. + PERIANTH: the calyx and corolla collectively. + PETAL: a corolla-leaf. + PETALOID: petal-like. + PETIOLE: the leaf-stalk. + PINNÆ: the primary divisions of a compound leaf. + PINNATE: compound with leaflets arranged along a common axis. + PINNATIFID: pinnately cleft. + PINNULES: secondary pinnæ. + PLACENTÆ: the parts of the ovary to which the seeds are attached. + PLUMOSE: feathery. + POLLEN: the fertilising powder of the anther. + POLYGAMOUS: having both perfect and imperfect flowers. + PROSTRATE: lying flat on the ground. + PUBERULENT: covered with tiny almost imperceptible hairs. + PULVINI: cushions or pads. + + RACEME: a flower-cluster in which the stalked flowers are arranged + along an elongated axis. + RACEMOSE: raceme-like. + RACHIS: the axis. + RADICAL: arising from the root, or portion of the stem resembling + the root. + RECEPTACLE: the usually somewhat enlarged portion of the stem on + which parts of a flower or of a flower-cluster are borne. + RENIFORM: kidney-shaped. + REPAND: wavy-margined. + RETICULATE: arranged like a network. + REVOLUTE: rolled backward. + RHIZOME: an underground stem; a rootstock. + RHOMBIC: having the shape of a four-sided figure with parallel and + equal sides which may be either perpendicular or oblique to + each other. + RHOMBOID: of a somewhat rhombic shape. + ROTATE: wheel-shaped. + RUNCINATE: coarsely cut into with the segments turned backward. + + SAGITTATE: shaped like an arrow-head with the lobes turned downward. + SAMARA: a simple, indehiscent, winged fruit. + SAPROPHYTE: a plant which grows on dead organic matter. + SCALE: a minute, rudimentary leaf. + SCAPE: a leafless or nearly leafless flower-stalk arising from near + the ground. + SCARIOUS: dry, thin, membranous. + SCURF: minute scales on the epidermis (skin). + SEPALS: the divisions of the calyx. + SERRATE: with teeth pointing forwards. + SERRULATE: with minute forward pointing teeth. + SESSILE: (leaf) without any stalk. + SHEATH: a tubular structure such as is formed by the lower part of + the leaves of grasses, etc. + SILICLE: a short and broad silique. + SILIQUE: the elongated two-valved and usually dehiscent fruit of the + Cress family. It is divided by a partition and the placentæ are + parietal. + SINUATE: with a strongly wavy margin. + SINUS: the recess between the lobes of a leaf. + SORI: the fruit-dots of ferns. + SPADIX: a fleshy spike as in the Araceæ. + SPATHE: a large bract or pair of bracts enclosing a flower or an + inflorescence. + SPATULATE: spoon-shaped. + SPIKE: a flower-cluster in which the flowers are stalkless on an + elongated axis. + SPORANGES: the sacs containing the spores. + SPORE: the reproductive body of ferns. + SPOROPHYLL: leaf-like organ or receptacle containing spores. + STAMEN: the organ of the flower which produces the pollen. + STAMINODIA: sterile stamens or structures which are developed + in the place of stamens. + STELLATE: star-shaped. + STIPE: the leaf-stalk of a fern. + STIPULE: an appendage such as is found at the base of many + leaf-stalks. + STOLON: a trailing and rooting shoot. + STRIATE: marked with slender, longitudinal stripes. + STRICT: straight and upright. + STYLE: (of pistil) the elongated portion at top of ovary. + SUBULATE: awl-shaped. + SUPERIOR: (side of flower) the one next the axis of a + flower-cluster; (ovary) free from calyx tube. + + TERETE: cylindrical, circular in cross-section. + TERNATE: in threes. + TOMENTOSE: clothed with matted wool-like hairs. + TORULOSE: knobby; swollen at intervals. + TRUNCATE: as if cut off at the top. + TUBERCLE: a small knob-like outgrowth. + TURBINATE: top-shaped. + + UMBEL: an umbrella-like flower-cluster. + UNDULATE: wavy. + + VALVATE: (leaves in bud) meeting by the margins, not overlapping. + VERTICILLATE: whorled. + VEXILLUM: the standard of the peculiar flower of pea, etc. + VILLOUS: with long soft hairs. + + + + +GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES + + + PLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS + + FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES + + Leaves large, fern-like. + Sporanges in a spike or panicle above the sterile leaf. + =Ophioglossaceæ.= + Sporanges borne in sori, on the backs or margins of the leaves. + =Polypodiaceæ.= + Leaves small, reduced to scales. + Stems erect, hollow, jointed, rush-like; leaves reduced to + sheaths at the joints; sporanges in the terminal, cone-like + spike. =Equisetaceæ.= + Stems not hollow, creeping; leaves numerous, scale-like; + sporanges of one kind, solitary in the axils of the leaves. + =Lycopodiaceæ.= + Stems creeping, moss-like; leaves numerous; sporanges of two + kinds in the axils of the upper leaves, which are formed into + a quadrangular spike. =Selaginellaceæ.= + + PLANTS WITH FLOWERS + + WOODY STEMMED PLANTS; TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES + + TREES OR SHRUBS WITH RESINOUS JUICE; LEAVES USUALLY EVERGREEN. + Fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. =Pinaceæ.= + Fruit a fleshy crimson berry. =Taxaceæ.= + + TREES, SHRUBS, OR VINES WITH WATERY JUICE. + Leaves deciduous. + _Flowers in catkins._ + Staminate and pistillate catkins on different + plants; seed with white, silky hairs. =Salicaceæ.= + Staminate and pistillate catkins on the same + plant; fruit cone-like. =Betulaceæ.= + _Flowers not in catkins._ + (A) Trees. + Leaves simple, not lobed; flowers white. =Drupaceæ.= + Leaves lobed; flowers greenish-yellow. =Aceraceæ.= + Leaves pinnate; flowers white. =Pomaceæ.= + (B) Shrubs or vines. + *Stems spiny erect or trailing. + (_a_) Leaves simple or lobed. + Flowers small in dense terminal racemes. + =Araliaceæ.= + Flowers few in axillary clusters or racemes. + =Grossulariaceæ.= + (_b_) Leaves pinnate or palmate. =Rosaceæ.= + **Stems not spiny but with minute scales; + fruit silver, scarlet or orange berries. + =Elæagnaceæ.= + ***Stems erect, smooth. + (_a_) Petals distinct. + †Leaves simple. + Flowers small, in flat heads or clusters. + Petals 4; stamens 4. =Cornaceæ.= + Petals 5; stamens numerous. =Rosaceæ.= + + Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes; + petals 5; stamens numerous. + Fruit a berry. =Drupaceæ.= + Fruit a pome. =Pomaceæ.= + ††Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow. =Rosaceæ.= + (_b_) Petals united. + Flowers small, short-campanulate in + axillary or terminal heads. + =Caprifoliaceæ.= + Flowers large, funnel-form, in terminal + or axillary clusters. (_Azaleastrum_) + =Ericaceæ.= + Flowers bell or urn-shaped, few, axillary. + =Vacciniaceæ.= + ****Stems creeping or twining, smooth or hairy. + Flowers with distinct petals, blue or + purple. (_Atragene_). =Ranunculaceæ.= + Flowers with united petals. + Corolla tubular. =Caprifoliaceæ.= + Corolla bell-shaped. =Ericaceæ.= + Leaves evergreen; shrubs or vines. + Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow. =Berberidaceæ.= + Leaves simple. + Flowers inconspicuous; fruit a black berry. =Empetraceæ.= + Flowers showy, open, campanulate or urn-shaped, + white or pink. =Ericaceæ.= + + HERBACEOUS PLANTS + + Plants without leaves. + Parasitic on branches or stems of evergreens. =Loranthaceæ.= + Not parasitic on trees; roots coral-like. (_Corallorhiza_) + =Orchidaceæ.= + Plants with leaves. + _Leaves parallel-veined._ + (A) Flowers small, collected on a spadix. =Araceæ.= + (B) Flowers not collected on a spadix. + *Flowers regular; corolla lobes 6; stamens 6. + (_a_) Leaves grass-like, mostly at the base. + Flowers white or greenish. =Melanthaceæ.= + Flowers pink. (_Allium_). =Liliaceæ.= + Flowers blue. (_Sisyrinchium_). =Iridaceæ.= + (_b_) Leaves not grass-like, mostly on the stem. + Flowers white or pink. =Convallariaceæ.= + Flowers green. =Melanthaceæ.= + Flowers yellow or orange. =Liliaceæ.= + Flowers red or wine-color. (_Kruhsea_.) + =Convallariaceæ.= + **Flowers irregular, frequently with broad or + inflated lip and spur. =Orchidaceæ.= + _Leaves not parallel-veined._ + (A) Flowers small, in close heads surrounded by an involucre. + Flowers all alike, florets ligulate. =Cichoriaceæ.= + Flowers not alike, central ones tubular, marginal + usually with rays. =Carduaceæ.= + (B) Flowers in umbels at the ends of the stems or branches. + Umbels broad, flat or nearly so, flowers white, yellow, + or purple. =Apiaceæ.= + Umbels round. + Flowers greenish; leaves compound. =Araliaceæ.= + Flowers white or pink; leaves simple. + (_Eriogonum_.) =Polygonaceæ.= + (C) Flowers not in umbels. + *Flowers regular. + (_a_) Flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals; + corolla pink. =Portulacaceæ.= + (_b_) Flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals; + seeds triangular. =Polygonaceæ.= + + (_c_) Flowers with 4 sepals and 4 petals. + Stem angular; leaves in whorls. =Rubiaceæ.= + Stem round; leaves not in whorls. + Stamens 6, erect. =Brassicaceæ.= + Stamens 8, spreading. =Onagraceæ.= + (_d_) Flowers with 5 sepals or petals, distinct. + †Stamens as many or twice as many as the + corolla lobes. + Stems swollen at the nodes. =Caryophyllaceæ.= + Stems not swollen at the nodes. + Stem leaves numerous, entire, thin; + flowers in terminal or axillary + clusters, white or greenish. =Santalaceæ.= + Leaves basal, entire; flowers solitary + on a 1-leaved scape. =Parnassiaceæ.= + Leaves mostly basal, lobed or cut; + flowers in a close spike or head. =Saxifragaceæ.= + Leaves and stems fleshy. + Follicles 2. =Saxifragaceæ.= + Follicles 4. =Crassulaceæ.= + Leaves numerous, stiff, awl-shaped; + stems low, tufted. =Saxifragaceæ.= + ††Stamens more than twice as many as the corolla lobes. + §Leaves basal or mostly so. + Leaves evergreen, simple or lobed, flowers yellow + or white, solitary on naked scapes. + (_Dryas._) =Rosaceæ.= + Leaves not evergreen, simple, lobed, or much divided. + Smooth. + Stems erect or floating. =Ranunculaceæ.= + Stems creeping. + Flowers white or pink. =Rosaceæ.= + Flowers yellow. =Ranunculaceæ.= + Rough-hairy. + Flowers yellow or pink. =Rosaceæ.= + Flowers white, blue or purple. + =Ranunculaceæ.= + §§Leaves mostly on the stem. + Leaves finely cut; stems creeping; flowers + white. =Rosaceæ.= + Leaves entire. + Leaves bright green, black-dotted; + flowers yellow. =Hypericaceæ.= + Leaves glaucous, without black dots; + flowers blue. =Linaceæ.= + (_e_) Flowers with 5 sepals and 5 united petals + or lobes. + †Stamens 3; flowers small, in terminal + clusters. =Valerianaceæ.= + ††Stamens 5. + Opposite to the corolla lobes. + =Primulaceæ.= + Alternate with the corolla lobes. + Stems smooth, leafy; corolla + campanulate. + Stem leaves broad; flowers pink. + =Apocynaceæ.= + + Stem leaves narrow; flowers blue. + =Campanulaceæ.= + Stems rough-hairy. + Corolla salver-form; stamens included. + =Boraginaceæ.= + Corolla tubular; stamens exserted. + =Hydrophyllacæ.= + + †††Stamens 10; flowers mostly in terminal + heads or singly. =Pyrolaceæ.= + **Flowers irregular. + (_a_) Leaves all entire and basal, forming rosettes; + flowers blue. =Lentibulariaceæ.= + (_b_) Leaves all heart-shaped; flowers blue, white + or yellow. =Violaceæ.= + (_c_) Leaves not heart-shaped, simple or much cut, + not pinnate. + Stems square; flowers in close verticels in + the axils of the leaves or in terminal + heads. =Menthaceæ.= + Stems round; flowers numerous in elongated + terminal leafy heads or few on slender + stems in the axils of the upper leaves. + =Scrophulariaceæ.= + (_d_) Leaves palmate; flowers blue in elongated spikes. + =Ranunculaceæ.= + (_e_) Leaves pinnately divided; flowers pea-like. + =Papilionaceæ.= + (_f_) Leaves compoundly lobed, not pinnate. + Stems low, spreading, flowers small in + dense terminal or axillary spikes. + =Papaveraceæ.= + Stems erect; flowers drooping in open + terminal heads, either showy and spurred + or not showy and without spurs; leaves + maiden-hair fern-like. =Ranunculaceæ.= + + + + +Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains + + + + +OPHIOGLOSSACEÆ + +_Adder’s-Tongue Family_ + + +More or less succulent fern-like plants, consisting of a stem and +leaf growing from a fleshy root. Sporophyll in the form of a spike or +panicle. + +[Sidenote: =Botrychium lunaria= (L.) Sw. _Moon-wort._] + +Very fleshy, 2—12 inches high. Leaf usually sessile, borne at or +above the middle of the stem, pinnate with 2—8 pairs of moon-like or +fan-shaped lobes which vary from crenate to entire and either close +and folded together or distant; spore-bearing portion 2—3 pinnate, +often dense, 1—2 inches long, about as high as the leaf. + +In open or exposed situations, frequently on the tops of the highest +mountains, rather rare; occurring in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Botrychium simplex= E. Hitchcock. _Small Moon-wort._] + +Plant 2—6 inches high, slender and very variable. Leaf ovate, obovate +or oblong, entire, lobed or pinnately parted, borne near the base of +the stem; spore-bearing portion a simple or slightly compound spike, +sometimes reduced to only a few sporanges; apex of the leaf and +spore-bearing portion erect in fruit. + +In alpine meadows or grassy slopes, frequently through the Rockies but +very inconspicuous; during summer. + +[Sidenote: =Botrychium virginianum= (L.) Sw. _Virginia Grape Fern._] + +Stem slender, 4 inches to 2 feet high. Leaf thin, ternately divided +and spreading 3—12 inches across, pinnately much divided into +oblong-toothed segments; spore-bearing portion long-stalked, much +above the leaf 2—3 pinnate, cinnamon brown, when ripe. + +In rich moist woods, sparingly throughout the region during the summer. + + + + +POLYPODIACEÆ + +_Fern Family_ + + +Ferns of various habits, the rootstocks horizontal, often elongated or +short and erect; the leaves simple, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound, +coiled at the ends when young. Sporanges borne in clusters (_sori_) +on the lower side or margins of the leaves or their segments, with or +without a membranous covering (_indusium_). + + Represented in the region by the following 10 genera. + + Sori without indusia, leaves 2—3 pinnate or ternate. =Phegopteris.= + Sori with marginal indusia formed by the more or less altered edge + of the leaf. + Sporanges at the ends of the veins, borne on a reflexed + portion of the leaf. =Adiantum.= + Sporanges on a continuous vein-like receptacle + which connects the apices of the veins. =Pteridium.= + + Sporanges at or near the ends of the unconnected veins. + Leaves of two kinds, the spore-bearing ones contracted + and more or less pod-like. =Cryptogramma.= + Leaves uniform; sori minute, indusium usually interrupted. + =Cheilanthes.= + Sori not marginal, provided with spinal indusia. + Sori oblong on oblique veins; leaves pinnate. =Asplenium.= + Sori round. + Indusium conspicuous. + Leaves firm; indusium peltate. =Polystichum.= + Leaves membranous; indusium reniform. =Dryopteris.= + Indusium inconspicuous. + Indusium under the sorus, stellately divided. =Woodsia.= + Indusium hooded, fixed by a broad base. =Filix.= + +[Sidenote: =Phegopteris alpestris= (Hoppe) Mett. _Western Beech Fern._] + +Rootstock short, thick, erect or oblique; stems 4—10 inches long with +a few brown spreading scales near the base; leaves 1—2 feet long, +oblong-lanceolate, thrice pinnate, the pinnæ deltoid-lanceolate, the +lower ones distant and smaller, pinnules oblong-lanceolate, finely +cut-toothed; sori small, rounded and nearly marginal. + +On moist banks in the Selkirks, frequent especially in the vicinity of +Glacier, where it forms clumps of considerable diameter, up to 7000 +feet elevation. + +[Sidenote: =Phegopteris Phegopteris= (L.) Underw. _Long Beech Fern._] + +Rootstock slender and creeping; stems 6—9 inches long; leaves +triangular, thin, usually longer than broad, 6—9 inches long, +4—6 inches broad, hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnæ +linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward, +segments oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal ones joined to the main +rachis; sori small, near the margin. + +In moist woods in the Selkirks at the lower elevations, not common. + +[Sidenote: =Phegopteris Dryopteris= (L.) Fée. _Oak Fern._] + +Rootstock slender, extensively creeping; leaves or short black stipes, +broadly triangular 4—8 inches wide, the three primary divisions 1—2 +pinnate, segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed; sori near the +margin. + +In moist woods and thickets throughout the region at the lower +altitudes, frequently forming beds of considerable size. + +[Sidenote: =Adiantum pedatum= L. _Maidenhair Fern._] + +Rootstock slender, creeping; stems 9—18 inches long, dark chestnut +brown or nearly black, shining, forked into nearly equal branches +at the summit; leaves obliquely orbicular in outline, 8—18 inches +broad, thin, the pinnæ arising from the branches of the stem, somewhat +radiately arranged, the larger ones 6—10 inches long, 1—2 inches +broad, pinnules triangular-oblong, or the terminal one fan-shaped, the +lower margin entire and slightly curved, the upper cut, bearing the +linear-oblong sori. + +Sparingly throughout the region in woods or moist shaded situations, +among rocks. + +[Sidenote: =Pteridium aquilinum pubescens= Underw. _Bracken._] + +Rootstock stout, widely creeping, subterranean; stems hairy, 1—2 feet +high, erect, straw-colored or brownish, leaves soft-hairy, especially +on the under surface, 2—4 feet long, 1—3 feet wide, ternate, the three +branches each bipinnate, the upper pinnules undivided, the lower more +or less pinnatifid. + +In dry woods, thickets, and open hillsides, throughout the region. + +[Sidenote: =Cryptogramma acrostichoides= R. Br. _American Rock-brake._] + +Rootstock stout, short, and chaffy; stems densely tufted, +straw-colored, 2—6 inches long, very slender, chaffy below; leaves +ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, thin, smooth, 2—3 pinnate, the +sterile shorter than the fertile, their segments and pinnules crowded, +ovate-oblong or obovate, crenate or slightly sharply cut; fertile +leaves with linear or linear-oblong segments half an inch long, the +margins at first rolled back to the midrib, at maturity expanded and +exposing the light brown sporanges. + +Forming tufts among rocks throughout the region but most frequent in +the Selkirks. + +[Sidenote: =Cryptogramma Stelleri= (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl. _Slender +Cliff-brake_.] + +Rootstock slender, creeping, thread-like; stems slender, scattered 2—3 +inches long, dark brown; leaves thin, ovate in outline 2—5 inches long, +1—2 inches wide, 2—3 pinnate or pinnatifid above, the fertile taller, +with narrower pinnules and segments, pinnæ lanceolate-deltoid, cut to +the rachis, in few lobed or entire segments; indusium broad; veins +conspicuous. + +In crevices of damp or dripping rocks, preferably limestone, in the +Rockies up to 7000 feet elevation; not common. + +[Sidenote: =Cheilanthes Féei= Moore. _Hairy Lip Fern._] + +Rootstock creeping, covered with pale rusty-brown scales; stems tufted, +wiry, chestnut brown, 2—4 inches long, hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate +in outline 4—9 inches long, gradually attenuate to the apex, twice +pinnate; pinnules somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid, acute, deeply +pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered with stiff hairs and +usually somewhat glandular; sori numerous, covered by the infolded ends +of the rounded oblong lobes. + +On rocks and among broken stones at the lower altitudes of the eastern +Rockies; growing in matted masses. + +[Sidenote: =Asplenium viride= Huds. _Green Spleenwort._] + +Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy with brown scales; stems numerous, +densely tufted, brownish below, green above; leaves linear-lanceolate, +2—8 inches long, once pinnate, pale green, with 12—20 pairs of ovate +or rhomboid, crenate; obtuse, unequal-sided pinnules; sori oblong, +numerous, or scattered. + +On dry rocks and slides, frequent through the Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Asplenium Filix-fœmina= (L.) Bernh. _Lady Fern._] + +Rootstock creeping, rather slender for the size of the plant; stems +tufted, 6—10 inches long; straw-colored, brownish or reddish, with +scattered brown scales which are large and numerous at the broadened +base; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate, pinnæ lanceolate, acuminate, +4—8 inches long; pinnules lanceolate, incised or serrate, sori short, +the indusia straight or variously curved. + +In moist woods and thickets throughout the region but especially in the +Selkirks, being a common fern in the woods in the vicinity of Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Polystichum Lonchitis= (L.) Roth. _Holly Fern._] + +Rootstock short, stout, and densely chaffy; stems 1—5 inches long, +bearing large dark brown scales, with some smaller ones; leaves rigid, +leathery, and evergreen, narrowly lanceolate in outline, once pinnate; +pinnæ broadly lanceolate, scythe-shaped, 1—2 inches long, acute or +acuminate at the apex, with an ear-like projection on the upper side +at the base, and with a nearly straight edge on the lower, densely +spiny-toothed; sori large, nearer the margin than the midrib. + +In large tufts among rocks throughout the region. + +[Sidenote: =Dryopteris Filix-mas= (L.) Schott. _Male Fern._] + +Rootstock stout, ascending, or erect, chaffy; stems 4—6 inches long, +very chaffy below; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate at +the apex, slightly narrowed at the base, 1—3 feet long, rather firm, +half evergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate; pinnæ lanceolate, broadest +at the base, gradually acuminate, 3—6 inches long, pinnatifid almost +to the rachis, or pinnately divided into oblong, smooth lobes; sori +large, borne near the margin, more numerous on the lower halves of the +segments. + +In rocky woods in the Selkirks on the lower slopes of Mt. Macdonald. + +[Sidenote: =Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata= (Hoffm.) Underw. _Spinulose +Shield Fern._] + +Rootstock stout, chaffy; stems 6—18 inches long, bearing large brown +scales with dark centres; leaves broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, +commonly 3-pinnate; pinnules lanceolate oblong, the lowest often much +elongated; sori medium size; indusium smooth. + +In moist woods through the Selkirks, probably the most abundant fern in +the vicinity of Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Dryopteris oreopteris= (Sw.) Maxon.] + +Rootstock short, erect or decumbent, scaly; stems light straw-colored, +2—6 inches long, tufted, copiously scaly throughout, with light brown +scales; leaves 1½—2 feet long, rather firm, broadly lanceolate, +gradually tapering from near the middle to both ends; pinnæ 2—3 inches +long, deeply pinnatifid, gradually shorter to the lowest which are more +distant, broadly triangular, and less than an inch long; segments flat, +oblong, and nearly entire; rachis straw-colored, densely scaly with +light brown scales, nearly to the apex. + +In the Selkirks on the moist mountain slopes and rocky ravines at +Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Woodsia scopulina= D. C. Eaton. _Rocky Mountain Woodsia._] + +Rootstock short, creeping, and densely chaffy; stems brown, darker +at the base, 2—4 inches long, glandular-hairy; leaves mostly +glandular-hairy throughout, lanceolate, 6—12 inches long, tapering from +about the middle to both ends; pinnæ numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid +into oblong-toothed segments; sori nearly marginal. + +In crevices in the rocks and among broken stones on slides, throughout +the Rockies, up to an elevation of 7000 feet; frequent. + +[Sidenote: =Woodsia oregana= D. C. Eaton. _Oregon Woodsia._] + +Rootstock short; stems smooth, brownish below. Leaves smooth, 2—10 +inches long, lanceolate; pinnæ triangular, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, +lower ones rounded and somewhat remote from the others; rachis +straw-colored; pinnules oblong-ovate, dentate or crenate, the teeth +often turned back and covering the submarginal sori. + +Among broken stones on the slides near the base of Mt. Stephen in the +Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Filix fragilis= (L.) Underw. _Brittle Fern._] + +Rootstock short; stems 4—8 inches long, leaves thin, smooth throughout, +oblong-lanceolate, only slightly tapering below, 4—10 inches long; +pinnate or 2—3 pinnatifid; pinnæ lanceolate-ovate, irregularly +pinnatifid with a broad central space, and bluntly or sharply toothed +segments, decurrent along the margined or winged rachis; sori small, +half way between the margin and the midrib; indusium narrow, soon +withering. + +In crevices in rocks and among broken stones throughout the Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Filix montana= (Lam.) Underw.] + +Rootstock slender, widely creeping; stipes 6—9 inches long, slender; +leaves deltoid-ovate, 3—4 pinnate, 3—6 inches broad, the lowest pinnæ +triangular-lanceolate and much larger, their inferior pinnules 1—1½ +inches long, deeply divided into oblong lobes, deeply toothed; sori +numerous; indusium acute, soon withering. + +On damp mossy banks and rocks throughout the Rockies; not common. + + + + +EQUISETACEÆ + +_Horsetail Family_ + + +Green, rush-like plants with usually hollow, jointed, simple or often +much branched stems, rising from subterranean rootstocks; the branches +verticillate. + +Leaves reduced to toothed sheaths; sporanges clustered beneath the +scales of terminal, cone-like spikes. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum arvense= L. _Field Horsetail._] + +Stems annual, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile; +fertile stems 4—10 inches high, soon withering, light brown, their +loose sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown +acuminate teeth; sterile stems green, much branched and slender, 2 +inches to 2 feet high with numerous, mostly simple, 4-angled solid +branches with 4-toothed sheaths. + +In moist sandy soil throughout the region, frequent in wet woods and +swampy places. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum sylvaticum= L. _Wood Horsetail._] + +Stems annual, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, +at first simple, at length much branched, resembling the sterile +except in the withered apex; stems 8—20 inches high, producing +verticillate compound branches which are curved downward; sheaths loose +and cylindric, those of the stem whitish, with 8—14 rather blunt brown +teeth. + +In moist sandy woods and thickets in the Selkirks, not common. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum fluviatile= L. _Swamp Horsetail._] + +Stems annual, all alike, 2—4 feet high, bluish-green, smooth, usually +producing upright branches after the spores are formed; sheaths +appressed with about 18 dark brown or nearly black, short acute teeth. + +In sloughs and shallow ponds throughout the region, frequent. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum hyemale= L. _Common Scouring rush._] + +Stems stiff, evergreen, 2—4 feet high, rough, 8—34-furrowed, the ridges +with two distinct lines of tubercles; sheaths rather long, cylindric, +marked with one or two black girdles, teeth dark brown or nearly black +and membranous, soon deciduous; spikes tipped with a rigid point. + +In wet places and on banks and slides in the valley of the Kicking +Horse River. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum variegatum= Schl. _Variegated Equisetum._] + +Stems perennial, slender, evergreen, 6—18 inches long, rough, usually +simple from a branched base, commonly tufted, 5—10 furrowed; sheaths +companulate, distinctly 4-keeled, green variegated with black above; +the teeth 5—10, each tipped with a deciduous bristle. + +In moist, sandy soil throughout the region up to an elevation of 7000 +feet, sometimes forming large patches. + +[Sidenote: =Equisetum scirpoides= Michx.] + +Stems perennial, evergreen, very slender, 3—6 inches long, rough, +flexuous and curving, growing in tufts closely matted to the ground, +mostly 6-furrowed with acute ridges, simple or branching from near +the base; sheaths black, with three membranous rather persistent +bristle-tipped teeth. + +On moist sandy shaded banks throughout the Rockies. + + + + +LYCOPODIACEÆ + +_Club-moss Family_ + + +Branching, moss-like plants with small lanceolate or subulate, +sometimes oblong or roundish simple leaves, arranged in two or many +ranks on trailing or sometimes erect, usually branched stems. + +Sporanges solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper +surfaces. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium Selago= L. _Fir Club-moss._] + +Stems usually yellowish throughout, 3—6 inches high, thick, rigid, +erect, 2—5 times forked, the branches forming a level topped cluster; +leaves crowded, uniform, ascending, elongated, lanceolate with a spiny +tip, the upper mostly 8-ranked and sterile, those below bearing small +sporanges in their axils, leaves of the lower half of the stems again +sterile; plant propagated also by enlarged bud-like organs. + +Throughout the region in alpine meadows and slopes above 6000 feet +elevation. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium annotinum= L. _Stiff Club-moss._] + +Stems much branched, slender, prostrate and creeping, rather stiff, 1—4 +feet long, the branches similar, ascending 5—8 inches high, sparingly +forked; leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked, rigid, linear-lanceolate, +minutely serrulate, nerved below, spikes solitary or several at the +ends of the branches, oblong, cylindric 1—1½ inches long, composed of +ovate or ovate-cordate, short-acuminate and denticulate bracts, each +with a sporange in its axil. + +In woods throughout the region, frequent. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium clavatum= L. _Running Pine._] + +Stems extensively creeping, 1—4 feet long with similar short, irregular +ascending or decumbent, densely leafy branches; leaves much crowded, +many-ranked, incurved, linear-subulate, bristle-tipped, the lower +denticulate, the upper nearly entire or slightly decurrent on either +side; spikes 1—4 on long peduncles; bracts membranous, roundish, and +irregularly denticulate below. + +In dry woods and open grounds, rather rare in the region, observed only +in the Selkirks around Glacier and Roger’s Pass. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium sitchensis= Rupr. _Arctic Club-moss._] + +Stems prostrate, 8—12 inches long, on or a little beneath the +surface; sending up frequent branched stems which form compact masses +of vertical, compressed branches 2—3 inches high, with occasional +stronger, spike-bearing branches; leaves lanceolate with a broad base, +spreading and curving upwards, thick, entire, acute, in five rows on +the branchlets; the spikes nearly sessile. + +On grassy alpine slopes 6000 feet and upwards in the Selkirks, +especially in the region about Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium complanatum= L. _Trailing Christmas-green._] + +Stems extensively creeping, with erect or ascending reinform or +fan-shaped branches, several times forked above with crowded flattened +branchlets; leaves minute, overlapping, flattened, 4-ranked, the +lateral row with somewhat spreading tips; peduncle slender, 2—6 inches +high, forked, bearing 2—4 linear-cylindric spikes, bracts broadly +ovate, acuminate, with pale irregularly cut margins. + +In mossy woods at the lower altitudes, more or less frequent throughout +the region, especially in the Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Lycopodium alpinum= L. _Alpine Club-moss._] + +Stems prostrate, 8—20 inches long on or near the surface of the ground, +forming numerous, several times branched clusters 2—3 inches high with +glaucous leaves, and occasional stouter, compressed spike-bearing +stems, extending above the others; leaves 4-ranked, erect, flattened, +those of the lateral rows two to three times larger than those +intermediate; spikes sessile, few, ½—¾ of an inch long. + +In alpine meadows, on slopes, and in open woods throughout the region +from 6000 feet upwards. + + + + +SELAGINELLACEÆ + +_Selaginella Family_ + + +Moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves which are +many ranked and uniform, or 4-ranked and of two types spreading in two +planes. Sporanges solitary in the axils of the leaves which are so +arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes. + +[Sidenote: =Selaginella selaginoides= (L.) Link. _Low Selaginella._] + +Sterile stems, prostrate and creeping, small and slender; fertile +stems thicker, ascending, simple 1—3 inches high; leaves lanceolate, +acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate; spikes solitary at the +ends of the fertile branches, bracts lax, ascending lanceolate or +ovate-lanceolate, strongly fringed. + +A light green moss-like plant growing in wet sandy grounds in the +Rockies; not infrequent. + +[Sidenote: =Selaginella densa= Rydb.] + +Densely tufted sterile branches very short and crowded; leaves, densely +crowded, many-ranked linear or needle-shaped in age, slightly flattened +and grooved on the upper side, the margin fringed, tipped with a white +bristle; fertile branches erect, the spikes quadrangular ½—¾ of an +inch long, bracts folded together, thick, triangular-ovate, fringed on +the margin and tipped with a white bristle half as long as that of the +leaves. + +In sterile dry ground and on exposed rocks throughout the region from +the bases to the tops of the highest mountains, forming grayish-green +mats on the ground. + + + + +PINACEÆ. + +_Pine Family_ + + +Resinous trees and shrubs mostly with evergreen, narrow, entire or +scale-like leaves; the pollen sacks and ovules borne in separate +spikes; fruit a cone with numerous, several or few, woody, papery or +fleshy scales, sometimes berry-like; seed wingless or winged. + + Scales of the fruit numerous, alternate; leaf-buds scaly. + + Leaves in clusters. + Clusters ensheathed at the base, containing 2, 3, or 5 leaves. + =Pinus.= + Clusters not ensheathed at the base containing many leaves. =Larix.= + Leaves solitary. + Cones erect; scales deciduous. =Abies.= + Cones pendent; scales persistent. + Branchlets smooth; bracts 3-toothed. =Pseudotsuga.= + Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases. + Leaves petioled, not pungent. =Tsuga.= + Leaves sessile, pungent. =Picea.= + + Scales of the fruit few, opposite; leaf-buds naked. + Fruit fleshy and berry-like. =Juniperus.= + Fruit a dry cone. =Thuja.= + +[Sidenote: =Pinus albicaulis= Engelm. _White-bark Pine._] + +A tree 20 or 30 feet high generally with a short trunk 2—4 feet in +diameter, stout, very flexible branches, often standing nearly erect +and forming an open irregular broad head; often a low shrub and nearly +prostrate at high altitudes; bark thin with creamy-white plate-like +scales; leaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, clustered at the ends +of the branches 1½—2½ inches long; cones oval or subglobose horizontal, +sessile, dark purple, 1½—3 inches long with thickened acute scales. + +[Illustration: Pinus albicaulis Engelm. (¼ Nat.) White Pine.] + +[Illustration: Pinus Murrayana Oreg. Com. (¼ Nat.) Jack Pine.] + +On alpine slopes and exposed ridges from 5000 feet elevation upward, +occurring occasionally in the Rockies, but frequent throughout the +Selkirks at or near the timber line. + +[Sidenote: =Pinus Murrayana= Oreg. Com. _Black Pine, Jack Pine._] + +A tree 40—80 feet high with a trunk 1—3 feet in diameter, slender, +strict; branches frequently persistent nearly to the base of the stem, +somewhat pendulous below, ascending near the top of the tree, forming a +pyramidal spire-topped head; bark thin, close, light orange-brown with +appressed scales; leaves 2 in a bundle, yellowish-green, 1—3 inches +long, stout; cones yellowish-brown and shining oval to sub-cylindric +oblique at the base, often clustered ¾—2 inches long, with slightly +concave scales with slender deciduous prickles. + +The most abundant tree at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies, +frequently covering vast tracts, and rising on the mountain sides to +6000 feet or occasionally higher. + +[Sidenote: =Larix Lyallii= Parl. _Lyall’s Larch._] + +A tree usually 40—50 feet high with a diameter of 18—20 inches and +remote, elongated, tough, persistent, nearly black branches, with +prominent winter buds with conspicuous long white matted hairs fringing +the margins of their scales and often nearly concealing the buds; +bark on the old trunks ½ to ¾ of an inch thick, pale gray, divided +into shallow irregular plates; leaves many in a cluster, 4-angled, +slender, blue-green 1—1½ inches long; young cones showy with dark red +or yellow-green scales and dark purple bracts; when mature, ovate 1½—2 +inches long with reddish-purple scales and long tipped dark purple +bracts. + +[Illustration: Larix Lyallii Parl. (⅓ Nat.) Lyall’s Larch.] + +[Illustration: Thuja plicata Don. (⅓ Nat.) Giant Cedar.] + +An alpine tree occurring with more or less frequency throughout the +Rockies from Banff to Field, from 6000 to 8000 feet elevation, at or +near the tree limit, often much stunted and almost shrub-like; very +abundant on the mountains in the region about Lake Louise. + +[Sidenote: =Abies lasiocarpa= (Hook) Nutt. _Sub-alpine Fir, Balsam +Fir._] + +A tree usually 40—100 feet high with a trunk 1—5 feet in diameter, +short crowded tough branches, usually slightly pendulous near the +base and forming dense spire-like slender heads; bark rough on the +older trees, with thick, appressed, cinnamon-red scales; leaves pale +blue-green flat, 1—1¾ inches long on the lower branches, rounded or +notched at the apex; on the upper branches thickened, not more than ½ +an inch long, flattened and closely appressed with long rigid points; +cones, oblong-cylindric, rounded, truncate or depressed at the narrowed +apex, dark purple and soft-hairy, 1½—4 inches long with scales +gradually narrowed from the broad rounded apex to the base, about 3 +times as long as the bracts. + +This tree the Balsam of the region is found throughout on the higher +mountain slopes and summits, frequently forming the timber line in +which case it is shrub-like and stunted. + +[Sidenote: =Pseudotsuga mucronata= (Raf.) Sudw. _Douglas Spruce, Red +Fir._] + +A magnificent tree 80—100 feet high, with a trunk 2—3 feet in diameter, +or frequently larger, with slender crowded branches and long pendulous +lateral ones forming, while the tree is young, an open pyramid, soon +deciduous from the trees crowded in the forest and leaving the bare +trunk naked for ⅔ of its height and surmounted by a comparatively +small, narrow head; bark on the young trees, smooth, dark gray-brown +and lustrous, on the old trunks several inches thick, divided into +oblong plates broken into irregularly connected ridges; leaves crowded, +yellowish-green, straight or slightly curved, narrow, ¾—1¼ inches long, +obtuse or acute at the apex; cones pendent on long stout stems, 2—4¼ +inches long, with thin slightly concave scales; bracts often extending +half an inch beyond the scales. + +[Illustration: Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (⅓ Nat.) Balsam Fir.] + +[Illustration: Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. (¼ Nat.) Douglas +Fir.] + +Throughout the Rockies in the lower wooded valleys, the handsomest tree +of this section especially when young, now rather rare in the mature +state along the line of the railway, but may be so seen to perfection +in the Yoho and some of the other outlying valleys. + +[Sidenote: =Tsuga heterophylla= (Raf.) Sarg. _Western Hemlock._] + +A tree frequently 200 feet high, with a trunk 6—10 feet in diameter, +with short slender usually pendulous branches forming a narrow +pyramidal head; bark orange-brown, thin when young, an inch or more +thick on mature trees and divided into broad flat ridges; leaves flat, +dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, marked below by broad +white bands; cones sessile, oblong or oval, ¾—1 inch long with few +yellowish-brown oblong scales abruptly contracted at the middle and +purplish toward the base. + +Abundant throughout the Selkirks. + +[Sidenote: =Tsuga Mertensiana= (Bong.) Carr. _Mountain Hemlock._] + +Tree usually 70—100 feet high with a tapering trunk 2—5 feet in +diameter and gracefully pendent slender branches and drooping lateral +ones; bark grayish and scaly, on mature trees 1—1½ inches thick divided +into rounded ridges with closely appressed cinnamon scales; leaves more +or less in clusters, standing out all over the sides of the branches, +rounded, light bluish-green or in some pale blue ½—1 inch long; +cones sessile, cylindric, oblong, narrowed toward the blunt apex and +somewhat toward the base, pendulous, 1—3 inches long, with thin scales +usually as broad as long, with slightly thickened or erose margins, +purplish-brown, 4 times as long as the sharp, purple bract. + +On the slopes and exposed ridges through the Selkirks, a most +attractive tree. + +[Illustration: Tsuga Mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. (⅔ Nat.) Mountain +Hemlock.] + +[Illustration: Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. (⅙ Nat.) Hemlock.] + +[Sidenote: =Picea Albertiana= S. Brown. _Alberta Spruce._] + +A tree 30—60 feet high, slender, strict; twigs smooth and shining or +occasionally glandular, hairy, but never glaucous, yellowish-brown when +young becoming darker with age, leaf bases long and standing out at +right angles from the stem; leaves pale blue or blue-green, ½—1 inch +long, nearly straight or curved, acute or with a rigid tip, 4-sided; +cones ovate or oblong, bright crimson when young, at maturity 1—1½ +inches long and nearly as broad when expanded, scales stiff and rigid, +broadly rounded at the apex, entire, broader than long, cinnamon brown +with a chestnut edging; bract very small with a sharply angular tip. + +The common spruce in the lower valleys and river bottoms throughout the +Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Picea Engelmanni= (Parry) Engelm. _Engelmann’s Spruce._] + +A tree often 150 feet high but usually much lower, with a trunk +reaching 4—5 feet in diameter; spreading branches, produced in regular +whorls and forming a narrow compact pyramidal head, and gracefully +hanging short lateral branches; bark when mature reddish-brown and +broken into thin scales; leaves soft and flexible, slender or slightly +incurved, stouter on the fertile branches, ½—1⅛ inches long, glaucous +when young, becoming dark blue-green; cones oblong-cylindric, 1—2 +inches long, lustrous, light chestnut brown with thin flexible +wedge-shaped scales, with erosedentate margins. + +On the higher mountain slopes in the Rockies, but much lower in the +valleys of the Selkirks, where it grows to a great size. + +[Sidenote: =Juniperus Siberica= Burgs. _Alpine Juniper._] + +A depressed rigid shrub, with many slender, decumbent stems, curving +upward and forming a circular mass frequently 10 feet in diameter and +18 inches high; bark reddish-brown; leaves numerous ⅓—½ an inch long, +awl-shaped, rigid, spreading nearly at right angles to the branches, +linear-lanceolate, acute, and tipped with sharp, slender points; +channelled and whitened above, lustrous green beneath; berry-like +cones, blue and glaucous, subglobose or oblong about ¼ of an inch in +diameter. + +On dry hills and stony slopes throughout the region. + +[Illustration: Picea albertiana S. Brown. (½ Nat.) Alberta Spruce.] + +[Illustration: Picea albertiana S. Brown. (½ Nat.) Alberta Spruce.] + +[Sidenote: =Juniperus prostrata= Pers. _Shrubby Red Cedar._] + +A depressed, creeping shrub seldom more than a foot high, with +spreading branches; bark grayish-brown; leaves scale-like, appressed, +4-ranked, acute, with a short spiny point; berry-like cones, light blue +and glaucous, a third of an inch in diameter. + +On dry stony ground and slopes throughout the Rockies. + +[Sidenote: =Thuja plicata= Don. _Giant Cedar._] + +A tree frequently 200 feet high with a broad, gradually tapering +buttressed base sometimes 15 feet in diameter; branches short, +horizontal, usually pendulous at the ends, bright yellow-green +during the first year, becoming reddish-brown and lustrous; bark +thin, cinnamon-red, divided into broad rounded ridges by shallow +fissures; leaves ovate, long pointed, ¼ of an inch long or less; +cones purplish-brown, much reflexed, clustered at the ends of the +branches, ½ inch long with 6 oblong thin leathery scales with thickened +spine-bearing tips. + +Occasionally met with in the lower valleys on the western slope of the +Rockies; becoming an immense forest tree in the moist valleys of the +Selkirks where it forms a striking feature of the landscape. + + + + +TAXACEÆ + +_Yew Family_ + + +Trees or shrubs with narrow flat evergreen or deciduous leaves and a +drupe-like fruit. + +[Sidenote: =Taxus brevifolia= Nutt. _Western Yew._] + +A small straggling tree or shrub seldom over 20 feet high and up +to 12 inches in diameter; bark thin, covered with greenish-purple +scales; leaves about ½ an inch long, linear-lanceolate, flat, dark +yellowish-green above, paler below with stout midribs and rigid points; +fruit a fleshy crimson disc ⅓ of an inch long and as broad, surrounding +the hard, nearly black, depressed seed. + +Occurs locally in the Selkirks, forming much of the underwood on Beaver +Creek. + + + + +ARACEÆ + +_Arum Family_ + + +Smooth perennial herbs with tuberous or corn-like rootstocks and mostly +basal, large showy leaves; flowers small and numerously crowded on a +spadix which is generally surrounded or subtended by a simple showy +leaf-like organ called a spathe. + +A very numerous family found mostly in the tropics and represented in +our region by but a single species. + +[Sidenote: =Lysichiton kamtschatcense= (L.) Schott. _Western Skunk +Cabbage._] + +A stemless marsh plant with large leaves 1—4 feet long, 3—18 inches +wide, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed below into a short +petiole. Flowers appearing before the leaves; spathe yellow with a +broad acute blade 2—6 inches long, narrowed below to a sheathing +petiole 3—10 inches long; spadix 2—4 inches long, densely flowered, on +a stout peduncle 8 inches or more long. + +In wet and marshy spots through the Selkirks. Very abundant near Bear +Creek Station on the railway, flowering in early spring. + + + + +MELANTHACEÆ + +_Bunch-Flower Family_ + + +Lily-like plants with leafy stems, usually with tufts of grass-like +leaves at the base and rootstocks or occasionally bulbs. + +The flowers small and distinctly 6-parted, with the same number of +stamens and three styles; the flowers grow in close heads at the top of +the stems. + + Anthers, 1-celled. + Leaves broad, petioles sheathing. =Veratrum.= + Leaves grass-like. + Flowers erect with a gland at the base of each petal. + =Zygadenus.= + Flowers nodding, petals without glands. =Stenanthella.= + Anthers, 2-celled. =Tofieldia.= + +[Sidenote: =Veratrum viride= Ait. _American White Hellebore._] + +Stem 2—8 feet high, very leafy, softly hairy especially above. Leaves +dark green above, paler and hairy beneath, prominently veiny and +sheathing at the base, oval or elliptic, acute, 6—12 inches long, +3—6 inches broad, the upper becoming successively narrower. Flowers +yellowish-green, numerous in a spreading head often 2 feet long, with +drooping branches; perianth segments oblong or oblanceolate, acute, ¼—½ +an inch long, twice as long as the stamens. + +In swamps and on moist slopes and stream borders throughout the region, +frequently growing in great masses. In the Rockies it seldom grows +below 6000 feet elevation, but is found much lower in the moist valley +of the Selkirks. + +[Sidenote: =Zygadenus elegans= Pursh. _Tall Zygadenus._] + +Very glaucous throughout, with a cluster of narrow, grass-like leaves +5—10 inches long and ¼ inch broad, from a chaffy bulbous root; stem +whitish-green or purplish, 1—2 feet high, with scattered, purple, +leaf-like bracts and an open head of flowers 4—12 inches long; flowers +greenish-white, open, ½ an inch or more across the six petals and +sepals with a large, bright green gland at the base; stamens 6, erect, +forming a central column, anthers scarlet on the opening of the bud, +changing to yellow; styles 3. + +Throughout the Rockies up to 6000 or 7000 feet elevation, in all kinds +of situations and soils, a most attractive plant worthy, of a place in +the flower-garden, blossoming during midsummer. + +[Illustration: Zygadenus elegans Pursh. (½ Nat.) Tall Zygadenus.] + +[Illustration: Zygadenus gramineus Rydb. (½ Nat.) Zygadenus.] + +[Sidenote: =Zygadenus gramineus= Rydb. _Grass-like Zygadenus._] + +A slender, yellowish-green plant 8—12 inches high, from an elongated +ovoid bulb. Leaves narrow and grass-like, rough on the margins and +midribs, all with sheaths around the stem. Flowers light yellow, ¼ of +an inch broad in a compact head 2—3 inches long; stamens exserted, +anthers yellow. + +On open grassy hillsides in the Rockies from Banff to Castle Mountain, +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Stenanthella occidentalis= (A. Gray) Rydb. _Stenthium._] + +Smooth 12—18 inches high from a bulbous base. Leaves 2—3 from the same +root, 8—10 inches long, ½ an inch broad, spreading. Flowers 6—20, +greenish-purple, ½ an inch long, open, drooping, in a simple slender +head; sepals and petals 3 each, with recurved tips; stamens 6, included. + +In moist woods throughout the Rockies, growing in moss; the dark green, +widely spreading leaves and wand-like stem of drooping bell-like +flowers, making a graceful and attractive plant during early summer. + +[Sidenote: =Tofieldia palustris= Huds. _Scottish Asphodel._] + +Low with numerous tufted grass-like leaves 1—2 inches long. Flowers +6-parted, minute, greenish-white in a compact oblong head ¼ of an inch +long, elongated in fruiting; stamens 6; anthers yellow not exceeding +the perianth; head of flowers borne on a slender, smooth stem 3—7 +inches high. + +Abundant throughout the Rockies in damp sandy or gravelly ground, on +the flood-plains and banks of rivers and streams and on the gravelly +shores of lakes and ponds; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Tofieldia intermedia= Rydb. _False Asphodel._] + +Plant with a cluster of grass-like leaves, 3—8 inches long and about +¼ of an inch broad, yellowish-green, from an oblique and chaffy +rootstock. Flowers few, less than ¼ of an inch long, pale yellow, +6-parted, on very short pedicels; stamens 6, slightly exserted, with +purple anthers; the whole in a compact head about ½ an inch long, on a +stem 8—10 inches high, with sticky hairs near the top. + +[Illustration: _a_ Stenanthella occidentalis (A. Gray) Rydb. + +Stenanthium. + +_b_ Clintonia uniflora Kunth. Clintonia. (⅔ Nat.)] + +Frequent throughout the region at an altitude of 4000 to 5000 feet, in +wet open situations with shallow soil; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Tofieldia occidentalis= S. Wats. _Western False Asphodel._] + +Similar to the preceding but readily distinguished by its taller stem +and more open head of flowers, with longer sepals and pedicels, which +are twice as long in each case. + +In the Selkirks only, but frequent there in the bogs around Roger’s +Pass. + + + + +LILIACEÆ + +_Lily Family_ + + +Plants with bulbs or corms but never rootstocks; leaves either at the +base or in whorls or pairs on the stem; the flowers brightly coloured, +frequently large, borne singly or in clusters at the summit of the +frequently naked stem, the six parts though usually distinct, sometimes +more or less united into a tube; stamens 6; stigma 3-lobed. + + Bracts of the inflorescence thin and translucent. =Allium.= + Bracts of the inflorescence leaf-like or none. + Bulbs scaly. =Lilium.= + Bulbs corm-like. =Erythronium.= + +[Sidenote: =Allium recurvatum= Rydb. _Wild Onion, Garlic._] + +Plant 12—15 inches high with an oblique base from an oblong-ovoid bulb. +Leaves narrow and grass-like, 6—8 inches long, thick and half rounded +on the back, the old ones persistent and forming a mat at the surface +of the ground. Flowers numerous, on slender pedicels, in a nodding +terminal head; sepals and petals ¼ of an inch long, elliptic-ovate and +obtuse, rosy pink with a darker mid-vein; stamens and styles exserted, +anthers pale yellow. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies on dry grassy or stony slopes and +slides; flowering in June. + +[Illustration: Tofieldia intermedia Rydb. (⅔ Nat.) False Asphodel.] + +[Illustration: Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. (¼ Nat.) + +Star-Flowered Solomon’s Seal.] + +[Sidenote: =Allium sibericum= L. _Northern Garlic._] + +Stem 1—2 feet high from a narrowly ovoid bulb, with a single, +elongated, round, hollow, basal leaf and 1 or 2 similar leaves on the +stem. Flowers numerous in a compact round head; the sepals and petals +about ½ an inch long, slender, with a tapering tip, bright rose-purple +with a darker mid-vein; stamens much shorter than the perianth segments. + +Not infrequent in moist open places throughout the Rockies; flowering +in July. + +[Sidenote: =Lilium montanum.= A. Nelson. _Mountain-Lily._] + +Stem 12—18 inches high, rather stout, from a depressed globose bulb an +inch in diameter. Leaves alternate except the uppermost which are in a +whorl of 5—7, dark green above, paler beneath, minutely roughened on +the edges, lanceolate, tapering but slightly toward the sessile base. +Flowers erect usually one, but sometimes several, on a stem; sepals and +petals 2½ inches long, somewhat spreading, elliptic-oblong, tapering +gradually toward both ends, the base contracted into a claw, which is +less than ⅓ the length of the blade; blade reddish-orange on the inner +face, paler near the base, which is dotted with numerous purplish-black +spots; outer face less brilliant, largely suffused with green; stamens +and stigma purplish. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies on the edges of woods and in the lower +river valleys; very abundant in early July in the valley of the Lower +Kicking Horse and Columbia rivers from Golden to Donald. + +[Sidenote: =Erythronium grandiflorum= Pursh. _Snow Lily._] + +A foot or more high from a deep-rooted, slender, membranous-coated +corm. Leaves 2 or occasionally 3, opposite or in a whorl, broadly +lanceolate, obtuse, 6—8 inches long, 2—3 inches wide, unequal, dull and +glaucous green. Flowers 1—6, nodding, bright yellow, sepals and petals +lanceolate 2 inches long, tapering to a slender, strongly reflexed tip; +stamens exserted, anthers yellow or purplish-brown. + +[Illustration: Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh. (½ Nat.) Snow Lily.] + +This beautiful lily is frequent on the slides and mountain slopes +throughout the region at an elevation of 5000 feet or higher, appearing +immediately after the snows have melted, and lasting but a short time. +It may be found flowering according to the elevation and condition of +the snow, from May throughout the summer. The plant has derived its +common name no doubt from its habit of blooming so close to the melting +snows. Where the plant occurs it is usually found in great numbers +during the brief flowering period. + + + + +CONVALLARIACEÆ + +_Lily-of-the-Valley Family_ + + +Resembling the lilies, sometimes with naked but usually leafy stems, +and simple or branched, frequently creeping rootstocks, flowers usually +small and variously disposed on the stem, either scattered in the +axils of the leaves or in terminal clusters, or occasionally solitary +on a naked stem; either 4- or 6-parted, regular, perfect; stamens 6. + + Plant producing but one flower. =Clintonia.= + Plant producing several flowers. + Flowers in a raceme or panicle. =Vagnera.= + Flowers in an umbel or solitary. + Flowers terminal on the branches. =Disporum.= + Flowers axillary. + Perianth narrowly campanulate. =Streptopus.= + Perianth rotate. =Kruhsea.= + +[Sidenote: =Clintonia uniflora= (Schult.) Kunth. _Clintonia._] + +More or less hairy throughout, with 1 to 3 or 4 dark green leaves, +4—8 inches long and 1—2 inches wide, oblong-lanceolate with an abrupt +tip, and tapering at the base to sheathing petioles, from a creeping +underground stem 2—3 inches long. Flower-stem shorter than the leaves +with one or rarely two blossoms which are pure white, very open, +6-parted; sepals and petals ¾—1 inch long, oblanceolate, obtuse; +stamens 6, shorter than the petals, anthers yellow. + +In rich, moist woods throughout the region. + +[Illustration: Lilium montanum A. Nelson. (½ Nat.) Red Mountain-Lily.] + +[Illustration: Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb.) Kearney. (½ Nat.) +Kruhsea.] + +[Sidenote: =Vagnera stellata= (L.) Morong. _Star-flowered Solomon’s +Seal._] + +Glaucous throughout, 8—20 inches high, smooth or with a few short +hairs, leafy from a stout fleshy root; leaves alternate, 2—5 inches +long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with a clasping base, +smooth and bright green above, glaucous and minutely hairy beneath. +Flowers white, several forming a rather open terminal head. 1—2 inches +long; petals and sepals narrow, ¼ to ⅜ of an inch long; stamens 6, +about half their length, anthers nearly white. + +Common throughout the region in moist words and thickets; flowering +through June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Vagnera amplexicaulis= (Nutt.) Greene. _False Solomon’s +Seal._] + +Tall, stout, and leafy, 18—30 inches high, from a fleshy rootstock; +stem striate and slightly hairy especially near the top; leaves +alternate, sessile or short-petioled, ovate or oblong, 3—7 inches +long, 1½—3 inches broad, short, acuminate, often with a twisted tip. +Flowers small, yellowish-white in a close terminal head 1½—3½ inches +long; petals and sepals minute, about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long; stamens 6, +the filaments petaloid and about ⅛ of an inch long, anthers yellowish +white. + +Common throughout the region in the moist rich woods; flowering during +June. + +[Sidenote: =Streptopus amplexifolius= (L.) DC. _Tall Twisted-stalk._] + +Plant 1—3 feet high, from a short, stout rootstock, covered with +numerous fibrous roots; stem glaucous, usually branching below the +middle, smooth above and covered with stiff hairs below. Leaves +alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 2—5 inches long, 1—2 inches wide, +acuminate, smooth, bright green above, glaucous beneath, heart-shaped +and clasping at the base. Flowers numerous, 1 or 2 on a stem at the +back of each of the upper leaves, stem bent or twisted about the +middle; sepals and petals greenish-white or yellowish, narrowly +lanceolate about ½ an inch long, spreading and turned back at the tips; +berry ½—¾ of an inch in diameter, globose, yellow or bright scarlet. + +A rather striking plant throughout the region in the moist rich woods +among rocks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Streptopus curvipes= A. M. Vail. _Smaller Twisted-stalk._] + +Plant 6—24 inches high, smooth except the flower-stalks and +margins of the leaves, simple or slightly branched from a slender +creeping rhizome, with a few fibrous rootlets at the nodes. Leaves +yellowish-green, sessile, oval or oblong-lanceolate, 1—3 inches long, +acuminate at the tip and rounded or more or less clasping at the +base, the margins more or less scatteringly glandular-hairy. Flowers +few at the backs of the upper leaves, solitary on glandular-hairy, +curved stalks ¼—¾ of an inch long; sepals and petals pale purple or +rose colour, darker spotted on the inner surface, slender, slightly +more than ¼ of an inch long; anthers beaked, the beaks slender; berry +globose, about ⅜ of an inch in diameter, bright red. + +In the damp woods in the Selkirks, frequent, growing in colonies and +spreading largely by the creeping rhizomes. + +[Sidenote: =Kruhsea streptopoides= (Ledeb.) Kearney. _Kruhsea._] + +Smooth and simple, 3—6 inches high, from an extensively creeping +rhizome, with a few fibrous roots at each node. Leaves 4—8, bright +green and shining on both surfaces, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1—2 +inches long, the upper merely sessile, the lower clasping at the base. +Flowers few, about ¼ of an inch in width, stellate and solitary on very +slender, curved stalks about ⅜ of an inch long in the axils, at the +backs of the upper leaves; sepals and petals deep wine-colour at the +base, with yellowish-green reflexed tips; stamens 6, anthers ovoid, +2-lobed, yellow and prominent, slightly below the centre of the sepals +and petals; ovary broadly urn-shaped; style none; berry nearly globose +at maturity and bright red. + +Known only in the Selkirks where it occurs in colonies of considerable +size in the rich woods at Glacier; flowering in the middle of June. + +[Sidenote: =Disporum Oreganum= (S. Wats.) B. and H. _Disporum._] + +Stem 1—3 feet high, much branched and finely hairy above. Leaves +yellowish-green when young, becoming darker with age, ovate or oblong, +acuminate, distinctly heart-shaped at the base, 2—4 inches long, +hairy, especially beneath. Flowers appearing as the leaves unfold +greenish-yellow or nearly white, drooping 1 or 2 together at the ends +of the branches; sepals and petals spreading half an inch or more in +length, lanceolate and narrowed at the base into a broad claw; stamens +exserted, anthers yellow; style simple, larger than the stamens; berry +ovate, half an inch in diameter, smooth or nearly so when ripe, bright +red and few-seeded. + +In moist rich woods throughout the region, most abundant on the +western slope of the Rockies and in the Selkirks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Disporum majus= (Hook). Britton. _Large Flowered Disporum._] + +Plant 1—2 feet high with few branches, hairy when young. Leaves ovate +or oblong-lanceolate, acute or short, acuminate, rounded at the base. +Flowers greenish-yellow or nearly white, 1—3 together at the ends of +the branches; sepals and petals not spreading, half an inch or less in +length, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, stamens about equalling the +sepals and petals; style slightly longer than the stamens, 3-cleft; +berry a little less than half an inch in diameter, depressed, globose, +and roughened with short papillæ. + +In rich woods, most abundant on the eastern slopes of the Rockies; +flowering early in June. + + + + +IRIDACEÆ + +_Iris Family_ + + +Perennial herbs with narrow 2-ranked, grass-like leaves and mostly +clustered, perfect flowers, subtended by bracts; perianth of 6 +segments, rolled together in the bud, stamens 3, inserted on the +perianth opposite its outer series of lobes; filaments slender, distant +or united; anthers facing upward. + +[Sidenote: =Sisyrinchium septentrionale= Bicknell. _Blue-eyed Grass._] + +Growing in small tufts, 4—10 inches high, pale, glaucous. Leaves stiff +and very slender about half the length of the taller scapes, equalling +the shorter ones. Spathe small purplish or green, often partly double +and enclosing 3 or 4 small bright violet-blue flowers, less than half +an inch broad, on erect pedicels. + +Throughout the Rockies in open moist ground at the lower elevations; +flowering in June. + + + + +ORCHIDACEÆ + +_Orchid Family_ + + +Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs, or tuberous roots, sheathing entire +leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, +bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth superior of 6 segments, +the 3 outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) +lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedly +so, usually larger and often spurred; stamens and style variously +arranged. An extensive family with great diversity of flower form, +and habit of growth. Most abundant in the tropics, represented in the +region as follows: + + Perfect anthers 2; lip large, sac-like. =Cypripedium.= + Perfect anther 1. + Plants saprophytic, without green herbage. =Corallorhiza.= + Plants with ordinary green herbage. + Flower and leaf solitary; root bulbous. =Cytherea.= + Flowers several to many in racemes. + Leaf only 1. + Flowers white with purple spots. =Orchis.= + Flowers greenish. =Lysiella.= + Leaves only 2, cauline. =Ophrys.= + Leaves more than 2. + Stem leaves reduced to bracts. + Basal leaves white veined. =Peramium.= + Stem leaves not reduced to bracts. + Flowers not spirally arranged. + Glands surrounded by a thin membrane. + =Cœloglossum.= + Glands naked. =Limnorchis.= + Flowers spirally arranged. =Ibidium.= + +[Illustration: _a_ Cypripedium passerinum Rich. Small White Lady’s +Slipper.] + +[Illustration: _b_ Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Lady’s +Slipper. + +(⅔Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Cypripedium passerinum= Rich. _Small White Lady’s Slipper._] + +Stem 8—10 inches high from a decumbent base, leafy, hairy throughout. +Leaves 4 or 5, lanceolate, acuminate, veiny, 3—4 inches long, +yellowish-green, and clasping at the base. Flowers solitary, small; +lip obovate, inflated half an inch long, white, spotted with purple +inside, particularly near the base; sepals greenish, shorter than +the lip, the upper forming a sort of hood; the lateral petals white, +oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, half an inch long, spreading. + +In damp shaded situations, frequent in the Rockies; flowers in July. + +[Sidenote: =Cypripedium parviflorum= Salisb. _Small Yellow Lady’s +Slipper._] + +Stem 1—2 feet high, slender, and leafy. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, +2—6 inches long, 1—2¼ inches wide, yellowish-green, veiny, +scatteringly hairy. Flowers usually solitary, bright yellow; lip +inflated, curved, an inch or more long, spotted and blotched inside +with purple; sepals and petals longer than the lip, laterals twisted, +1½—2 inches long, lanceolate with an attenuate tip, yellowish-green or +sometimes purplish. + +Not uncommon in the Rockies in moist ground, very abundant on the +torrent fan among loose stones at the head of Emerald Lake; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Corallorhiza Corallorhiza= (L.) Karst. _Early Coral-root._] + +Stem smooth, greenish-yellow or purplish; 4—12 inches high from a mass +of coral-like roots. Leaves absent but represented by 2—5 closely +sheathing scales. Flowers 3—12 in a head 1—3 inches long; sepals and +petals slender, ¼ of an inch long, yellowish or dull purplish; lip not +quite as long as the petals, white or whitish, oblong, nearly entire or +slightly notched at the apex, 2-toothed at the base, occasionally with +purple spots. + +[Illustration: Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L.) Karst. (½ Nat.) +Coral-Root.] + +[Illustration: Lyschiton kamtschatcense (L.) Schott. (¼ Nat.) Western +Skunk-Cabbage.] + +Frequent in woods in the Rockies especially those of the “Jack Pine,” +flowering in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Corallorhiza multiflora= Nutt. _Large Coral-root._] + +Stems 8—20 inches high, purplish, with several appressed scales. +Flowers 10—30 in a head 2—8 inches long, brownish-purple ½—¾ of an inch +long; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, about ⅓ of an inch long; lip +white, spotted and lined with purple, oval in outline, deeply 3-lobed, +the middle lobe broadest; spur manifest and yellowish. + +Not infrequent in the rich woods in the Selkirks; flowering in late +summer. + +[Sidenote: =Cytherea bulbosa= (L.) House. _Calypso._] + +Stem 3—6 inches high, purplish, from a bulb nearly half an inch in +diameter. Leaf solitary, dark, lustrous green, 1—1½ inches long, round, +ovate, obtusely pointed at the apex, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped +at the base, deeply veined. Flower solitary, nodding, an inch long, +rosy purple variegated with pink and yellow; petals and sepals linear, +erect or spreading, half an inch or more long with longitudinal purple +lines; lip ¾ of an inch long, sac-like and spreading, divided into +two below, with a prominent patch of yellow hairs near the point of +division. + +This charming little orchid, by far the most dainty of any found in the +region, is frequent, growing in deep moss on the shaded slopes of the +Rockies; very fragrant, flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Orchis rotundifolia= Pursh. _Round-leaved Orchid._] + +Plant slender, 8—10 inches high with one leaf near the base, varying +from nearly orbicular to oval, 1½—3 inches long, 1—2 inches wide, +sheathing at the base. Spike 2—8 flowered; flowers half an inch or more +long; lateral sepals spreading, somewhat longer than the petals, petals +and sepals oval, rose-colour; lip white, purple-spotted, longer than +the petals, three-lobed, the middle longest, dilated and two-lobed or +notched at the tip; spur slender, shorter than the lip. + +This beautiful little orchid is abundant throughout the Rockies in cool +mossy spots and rich woods; flowering in June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. (¾ Nat.) + +Calypso. + +_b_ Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. Small Round-Leaved Orchid.] + +[Sidenote: =Lysiella obtusata= (Pursh.) Rydb. _Small Northern +Bog-orchid._] + +Plant 6—8 inches high from a short thick rootstock; stem naked with +a single obovate or oblong leaf at the base 1½—2½ inches long, ½—1½ +inches wide, obtuse. Flowers few in a slender spike, yellowish-green; +upper sepal round, ovate, erect, surrounding the broad column; lateral +sepals reflexed and spreading; petals lanceolate, smaller; lip entire, +linear-lanceolate, and deflexed; spur slightly curved especially at the +tip, shorter than the ovary. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys, in cool shaded +spots growing in moss, on the borders of streams, ponds, or lakes; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ophrys nephrophylla= Rydb. _Heart-shaped Twayblade._] + +Stem slender and smooth, 3—8 inches high. Leaves sessile, cordate or +broadly ovate, ½—1 inch long; head of flowers rather loose, ½—2 inches +long, 4—20-flowered; flowers very minute, purplish or greenish; sepals +ovate; petals oblong, about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long; lip two-cleft, twice +as long as the petals, the segments linear or hair-like. + +This diminutive orchid is one of the commonest species throughout the +region in early summer, growing abundantly in mossy places in the moist +woods, frequently not rising more than an inch or two above the surface +of the ground; the flowers varying greatly in color from yellowish +green to purple. + +[Sidenote: =Ophrys convallarioides= (Sw.) Wight. _Broad-lipped +Twayblade._] + +Stem rather stout, 4—10 inches high, glandular-hairy above the leaves. +Leaves smooth, round, oval or ovate, obtuse, 3—9 nerved, 1—2½ inches +long, ½—1½ inches wide. Flowers 3—12 in a loose head, yellowish-green, +½ an inch long; bracts nearly ¼ of an inch long; sepals and petals +narrow and strongly reflexed in flower, much shorter than the lip; +lip nearly half an inch long, broadly wedge-shaped with two obtuse +lobes at the apex and with a tooth at each side of the narrow base; +column elongated but shorter than the lip, and incurved with two short +projecting wings above the anther. + +In hemlock woods throughout the Selkirks; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Ophrys borealis= (Morong). _Northern Twayblade._] + +Stems 3—5 inches high, smooth below, glandular and with long silky +scattered hairs among the flowers. Leaves oval, slightly sheathing, +obtuse, an inch or more long, half as broad, generally smooth. Flowers +few in a raceme; sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, obtuse, about +¼ of an inch long; lip half an inch long, obtuse at the apex with very +obtuse lobes. Yellowish-green with a purplish middle and purple nerves +radiating into the apical lobes, column slightly incurved, ⅛ of an inch +long. + +Generally distributed throughout the Rockies but never abundant, seldom +more than 3 or 4 plants being found together; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Peramium Menziesi= (Lindl.) Morong. _Rattlesnake Plantain._] + +Plant 8—15 inches high from a hairy, creeping rootstock. Leaves basal, +1½—2½ inches long and a third as broad, tapering to both ends, dark +green and veiny, sometimes blotched with white. Flowers ¼ to nearly ½ +an inch long, yellowish- or greenish-white, in a slender spike; sepals +and petals lanceolate, erect or nearly so about half the length of the +lip, lip swollen at the base and with a long narrow recurved tip. + +Frequent in rich woods throughout the region, growing in moss, the +evergreen leaves forming a rosette at the base of the stalk of flowers, +which blossom in August. + +[Illustration: Limnorchis dilatatiformis Rydb. (⅙ Nat.) + +Purplish-Green Bog-Orchid.] + +[Illustration: Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. (⅔ Nat.) + +Menzies’ Rattlesnake Plantain.] + +[Sidenote: =Peramium repens= (L.) Salisb. _Northern Rattlesnake +Plantain._] + +Plant 6—10 inches high, glandular-hairy in the upper part of the stem. +Leaves oblong-lanceolate, an inch or more long and a third as wide, +tapering to both ends, green and usually blotched with white along the +veins. Flowers small in a one-sided spike, greenish-white, about ¼ of +an inch long, densely glandular-hairy on the outer surface; sepals and +petals erect, ovate; lip sac-like with a narrow recurved tip. + +Frequent in the woods throughout the Rockies, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Cœloglossum bracteatum= (Willd.) Parl. _Long-bracted +Orchid._] + +Stem stout and leafy, 6—18 inches high, from a root of numerous +fusiform tubers. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2—4 inches +long. Flowers in a loose spike 2—3 inches long with bracts an inch +long; flowers yellowish-green, sepals ovate-lanceolate, dilated at the +base, ¼ of an inch long; petals very narrow or sometimes thread-like; +lip nearly half an inch long, oblong-spatulate, 2—3-toothed or lobed at +the tip, more than twice as long as the white sac-like spur. + +Frequent in open grassy woods and meadows throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Limnorchis dilatatiformis= Rydb. _Purplish-Green +Bog-orchid._] + +Stem 1, 2, or 3 feet tall, from a root of 2 or 3 fusiform, hairy +tubers; leafy. Lowest leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, 2—5 inches long, +upper ones lanceolate, acute, much longer. Spike of flowers 4—12 inches +long, loosely flowered, the bracts linear-lanceolate, the lowest much +longer than the flowers, 1—1½ inches long. Flowers about ½ an inch +long; sepals yellowish-green and thin, the upper one ovate, erect, +about ⅛ of an inch long, the lateral ones obtuse and spreading, ¼ of +an inch long, petals lanceolate, acute, greenish-purple or green; lip +purple or greenish, linear, obtuse, thick, over ¼ of an inch long; spur +about ½ as long as the lip, sack-like. + +Frequent through the region in open swamps, wet meadows and sloughs, +varying greatly in size; flowering during June and early July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Ophrys borealis (Morong). Northern Twayblade. + +_b_ Cœloglossum bracteatum (Willo) Parl. Long-Bracted Orchid. + +_c_ Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. Fragrant White Bog-Orchid. + +_d_ Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. Small Northern Bog-Orchid. + +_e_ Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. Heart-Shaped Twayblade. + +(⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Limnorchis viridiflora= (Cham.) Rydb. _Small Green +Bog-orchid._] + +Stem 8—18 inches high, strict and leafy. Lower leaves oblanceolate, +obtuse, 2—4 inches long, upper lanceolate and acute; spike of flowers +short and dense, the bracts linear-lanceolate, the lower slightly +exceeding the flowers. Flowers ½ an inch long or less, yellowish-green; +upper sepals broadly ovate, erect; lateral ones ¼ of an inch long, +acute, spreading; petals erect, lanceolate, acute; lip lanceolate, +obtuse, less than ¼ of an inch long; spur club-shaped, curved, about +as long as the lip. Differs from the last species in the bright green +colour, slightly smaller flowers with broader based lip and the longer, +club-shaped curved spur. + +In bogs throughout the region; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Limnorchis borealis= (Cham.) Rydb. _Small White +Bog-orchid._] + +Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, slender and leafy. Leaves, the lower +oblanceolate and obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acute. Spike of flowers +often rather dense, 4—8 inches long; bracts lanceolate, the lower often +much exceeding the flowers; flowers ½ an inch or more long, white or +sometimes yellowish or greenish-white; upper sepals ovate, obtuse, ¼ +of an inch long, lateral ones oblong-lanceolate, spreading; petals +lanceolate, slightly shorter than the sepals; lip rhombic-lanceolate, +obtuse, about ¼ of an inch long; spur club-shaped about the length of +or shorter than the lip. + +Throughout the region in open boggy places and wet meadows; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Limnorchis fragrans= Rydb. _Fragrant Orchid._] + +Stem slender, 8—12 inches high, from a narrow fusiform tuberous +root. Leaves linear, acute, 2—4 inches long, about ½ an inch wide. +Spike of flowers slender, lax; bracts, lanceolate, acuminate, the +lower slightly longer than the flowers; flowers pure white with a +spicy fragrance; upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, the lateral +ones linear-lanceolate, acute, and strongly veined; petals narrowly +linear-lanceolate equalling the sepals; lip lanceolate with an ovate +rhomboid base about ¼ of an inch long; spur slender and curved, +slightly exceeding the lip. + +In more or less shaded bogs through the Rockies, flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Ibidium romanzoffianum= (Cham.) House. _Lady’s Tresses._] + +Stem smooth, 6—18 inches high, leafy below, bracted above; the lower +leaves 3—8 inches long, linear or linear-oblanceolate. Head of flowers +more or less glandular, hairy, 2—4 inches long, half an inch or more +thick, bracts shorter than the flowers; flowers waxy white or greenish, +nearly half an inch long with an open mouth, spreading horizontally and +very fragrant; upper sepals broad and obtuse; lip oblong, broad at the +base, and contracted below to the crisped apex, thin, transparent, and +veined, callosities merely thickenings of the basal margins of the lip. + +Throughout the region in springy places and wet alpine meadows; +flowering toward the end of July. + + + + +SALICACEÆ + +_Willow Family_ + + +Trees or shrubs with light wood, brittle twigs, and simple alternate +leaves; flowers borne in catkins; the staminate and pistillate on +separate plants, the seed provided with a covering of long, white, +silky, hairs. + +[Sidenote: =Populus balsamifera= L. _Balsam Poplar._] + +A large tree with nearly smooth gray bark, reaching a maximum height +of 80 feet; branches stout, ascending, the larger buds very resinous. +Leaves smooth, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, dark green +and shining above, pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, +rounded or acute at the base, petioles round. Flowers in slender +catkins, the staminate and pistillate on separate trees. + +Throughout the region in the river valleys and on the surrounding +slopes, usually a tree not over 20—30 feet high but sometimes attaining +an immense size. + +[Sidenote: =Populus tremuloides= Michx. _American Aspen._] + +A slender tree with smooth, light green bark, seldom more than 40—50 +feet high, and less than half that in our region. Leaves smooth when +young except on the margins, ovate, short-acuminate at the apex, +rounded at the base, finely crenulate all around; petioles flattened +laterally, very slender, causing the leaves to quiver with the +slightest breeze. Flowers in rather stout catkins. + +Frequent in the low valleys and slopes through the Rockies, forming +groves, or singly. + +The willows which are very largely represented throughout the region, +in the low or moist ground and banks of streams, as shrubs or small +trees; or on the drier slopes, and in alpine meadows and summits, +frequently as very diminutive shrubs with stems less than an inch +high, have been omitted entirely, owing to the extreme difficulty of +distinguishing between them in a work of this kind. + + + + +BETULACEÆ + +_Birch Family_ + + +Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves; staminate and pistillate +flowers borne in separate catkins on the same plant; the staminate +usually long, slender, and drooping; the pistillate short and erect; +fruit cone-like. + +[Sidenote: =Betula papyrifera= Marsh. _Paper Birch, Canoe Birch._] + +Becoming a large forest tree; bark chalky white, peeling in +thin layers. Leaves ovate, acute, or acuminate, dentate and +denticulate, smooth above, glandular and hairy on the veins beneath, +slender-petioled 1½—4 inches long. Staminate catkins 2—4 inches long; +pistillate catkins ¾ of an inch or more long. + +Sparingly on the slopes in the vicinity of Field, British Columbia; not +a common tree. + +[Sidenote: =Betula occidentalis= Hook. _Western Red Birch._] + +A tree sometimes 100 feet high but much smaller in our region; the bark +smooth dark bronze; twigs gray-brown, warty. Leaves broadly ovate or +nearly orbicular, sharply serrate, short-petioled, smooth on both sides +or sparingly hairy beneath ¾—2 inches long. + +On river shores throughout the region, sparingly from Field west. + +[Sidenote: =Betula glandulosa= Michx. _Glandular Birch, Scrub Birch._] + +A shrub 1—8 feet with brown, glandular, warty twigs. Leaves orbicular, +oval or ovate, smooth, rounded at the apex, crenate-dentate, bright +green above, pale and sticky, glandular-dotted beneath, short +petioled, ¼—1 inch long. Staminate catkins, commonly solitary, about ½ +an inch long; cones when ripe ½—1 inch long. + +In moist ground and thickets in the lower valleys through the Rockies, +frequent. + +[Sidenote: =Alnus tenuifolia= Nutt. _Slender-leaved Alder._] + +A shrub 4—20 feet high with brown bark. Leaves more or less broadly +ovate, 2—3 inches long, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the +base, acutely doubly toothed, light green and smooth on both sides or +slightly hairy. Staminate catkins slender, drooping, 1—2 inches long; +fruiting cones erect, ½ an inch or less long. + +In moist places and thickets and stream banks at the higher elevations +throughout the region, very abundant in the Selkirks. + + + + +LORANTHACEÆ + +_Mistletoe Family_ + + +Parasitic herbs growing on woody plants and absorbing their food from +the host plant through specialised roots; leaves opposite, frequently +reduced to scales; flowers diœcious or monœcious, regular; in terminal +or axillary clusters. + +[Sidenote: =Razoumofskya americana= (Nutt.) Kuntze. _Dwarf Mistletoe._] + +Greenish-yellow or brownish, smooth, fleshy; stems rather slender, +numerous, and tufted, forked or branched into 4-angled jointed +branches. Leaves reduced to opposite scales at the joints. Flowers +very small, the staminate and pistillate on separate plants; staminate +plants 2—4 inches long, with the flowers on terminal peduncle-like +joints; pistillate plants much smaller and darker coloured; berries +ovate, purplish-brown, ⅙ of an inch long. + +Throughout the Rockies, parasitic on Pinus Murrayana; locally abundant, +appearing in midsummer. + + + + +SANTALACEÆ + +_Sandalwood Family_ + + +Low herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants, with entire leaves +and perfect, greenish flowers, either terminal or axillary; calyx +3—6-lobed; petals wanting; stamens as many as the calyx lobes and +inserted near their bases or opposite them upon the disc; fruit in +the only genus represented in the region, drupe-like, crowned by the +persistent style. + +[Sidenote: =Comandra pallida= DC. _Pale Comandra._] + +Stem slender and leafy, 6—12 inches tall, pale and glaucous. Leaves +linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or the lowest of those of the stem, +oblong-elliptic. Flowers small, less than ¼ of an inch high with short +pedicels, clustered at the summit of the stems, calyx purplish or +sometimes nearly white; fruit ovoid-oblong, nearly half an inch high +and crowned by the very short upper portion of the calyx tube. + +On dry hillsides throughout the Rockies; flowering during June. + +[Illustration: Comandra pallida DC. (⅔ Nat.) White Comandra.] + +[Illustration: Eriogonum subalpinum Greene. (½ Nat.) Tall Eriogonum.] + +[Sidenote: =Comandra livida= Rich. _Northern Comandra._] + +Stem slender, usually quite simple, 4—12 inches high. Leaves +thin, oval, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, +short-petioled ½—1½ inches long, nearly half as broad, yellowish or +purplish-green when young, becoming bright green or often variegated +with age. Flowers small, less than ¼ of an inch broad; purplish-green, +in axillary clusters of 1—5 flowers; drupe globose-oblong, ¼ of an inch +in diameter, bright red when ripe. + +Throughout the Rockies in moist ground and shaded mossy places and +borders of woods, flowering in June. While inconspicuous early in the +season, in midsummer it is apt to be quite showy on account of the +striking, golden yellow veining of the otherwise green leaves; this +condition is due to a fungoid or other disease of the plant. + + + + +POLYGONACEÆ + +_Buckwheat Family_ + + +Herbs and twining vines with alternate or sometimes opposite or +whorled leaves, jointed stems and usually sheathing united stipules; +flowers small, regular, perfect, monœcious, diœcious or polygamous; +petals none, calyx 2—6-parted, the segments more or less folded over +each other, sometimes petal-like; stamens 2—9 dilated at the base and +distinct or united into a ring; ovary superior, one-celled with a +solitary ovule. + + Flowers not involucrate; stipules sheathing. + Leaves reniform, sepals 4. =Oxyria.= + Leaves not reniform; sepals 6. + Sepals unequal; stigmas tufted. =Rumex.= + Sepals equal; stigmas capitate. =Polygonum.= + Flowers involucrate, many; stipules wanting. =Eriogonum.= + +[Sidenote: =Oxyria digyna= (L.) Hill. _Mountain Sorrel._] + +Stems 2 inches to a foot high, scape-like and leafless, from a large +chaffy rootstock. Leaves basal on long petioles, reniform or orbicular +½—2 inches wide with a wavy margin, sometimes notched at the apex. +Racemes 2—3 inches or more long, of many small flowers on slender +pedicels; crimson or pinkish and showy in fruit. + +Frequent at the higher altitudes throughout the region in moist grounds +and beside streams, flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Rumex acetosa= _Sour._] + +Stems a foot or more high, smooth. Leaves oblong, hastate or +ovate-sagittate, 1—4 inches long, acute, the basal few and long +petioled, stem leaves sessile, the acute auricles entire. Flowers, +diœcious, minute, crowded in a slender head 3—6 inches long, +yellowish-green tinged with red. + +In moist open ground at the higher elevations, more or less frequent +throughout the Rockies, flowering in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Rumex salicifiolus= Weinm. _Pale-leaved Dock._] + +Smooth, pale green, erect, and spreading, 1—3 feet high. Leaves +lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, petioled. Flowers +small greenish-white in erect or reflexed racemes, dense in fruit, +interrupted below; wings of the fruit triangular-ovate, with a large +ovoid tubercle. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in +summer. + +[Sidenote: =Polygonum viviparum= L. _Alpine Bistort._] + +Smooth, with a corm-like rootstock; stems solitary or clustered, 2—10 +inches high. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong. 1—8 inches long, rather +acute, cordate at the base on long petioles; stem leaves narrowly +lanceolate or linear, upper sessile with revolute margins. Flowers +in a dense terminal raceme several inches long; rose-coloured or +white; stamens exserted; small bulblets frequently developed among the +flowers, which later produce leaves and young plants. + +Frequent in moist sandy soil and river banks throughout the Rockies, +flowering in June and July. + +Several small weedy species of the genus are also found through the +region but are not sufficiently striking to be here described. + +[Sidenote: =Eriogonum subalpinum= Greene. _Tall White Eriogonum._] + +Stems depressed, much branched, prostrate and matted at the base. +Leaves oblong to ovate-spatulate, 1—2 inches long, on slender +petioles, smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath. Scape-like +peduncles, erect, 8—14 inches high, with a simple, large umbel of +8—12 rays subtended by a whorl of leaves. Flowers ⅛—¼ of an inch +high, cream-coloured or nearly pure white, and tinged with rosy pink +especially in age. + +A striking plant growing in stony places and on rocky slopes, +throughout the Rockies, flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Eriogonum ochroleucum= Small. _Yellowish-white Eriogonum._] + +Tufted from a large rootstock. Leaves white and woolly throughout, +densely crowded on the very short stems, elliptic to obovate-spatulate, +half an inch or more long, narrowed at the base into slender, +frequently spirally-twisted petioles; scapes slender, several, six +inches or more high bearing a globular head of pale yellowish-white +flowers ³/₁₆ of an inch high. + +On a moist rocky slope at an elevation of 4500 feet near Glacier, +abundant, the plant may occur elsewhere in the region but has not been +observed; flowers in June. + + + + +PORTULACACEÆ + +_Purslane Family_ + + +Fleshy herbaceous plants, with regular perfect, unsymmetrical flowers; +sepals commonly 2; petals 4 or 5, folded together, stamens equal in +number to the petals or fewer. + +[Sidenote: =Claytonia lanceolata= Pursh. _Spring Beauty._] + +Stem 3—8 inches high from a round corm. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, +½—1½ inches long. Flowers nearly half an inch broad, few to several in +a loose head, on slender pedicels; petals notched at the end or almost +obcordate, white with pink veins. + +One of the first plants to appear in spring on the edges of the snow +banks, throughout the region, from the lower altitudes up to the alpine +summits, flowering throughout the summer according to elevation and +condition of the snow. + +[Illustration: Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. (½ Nat.) Spring Beauty.] + +[Illustration: Claytonia parvifolia Moc. (½ Nat.) Small-Leaved Spring +Beauty.] + +[Sidenote: =Claytonia parvifolia= Moc. _Small-leaved Spring Beauty._] + +Stems 6—12 inches high, diffuse, ascending or somewhat reclined or +creeping, sometimes reduced to slender naked runners. Leaves fleshy, +rhombic-ovate, acute, about half an inch long, contracted at the base, +the upper a quarter of an inch long or less. Flowers few and racemose; +petals somewhat obcordate ¼ of an inch long, much surpassing the +rounded sepals, rose-colour varying to white; propagating freely by +bulblet-like offshoots in the axils of the stem leaves, as well as by +the usual method. + +In wet stony places and in the gravelly beds of Alpine brooks, frequent +in the Selkirks, flowering in July. + + + + +CARYOPHYLLACEÆ + +_Pink Family_ + + +Herbaceous plants, often swollen at the nodes, with opposite entire +leaves and perfect or rarely diœcious regular flowers; sepals 4 or 5 +persistent, separated or united into a calyx tube; petals equal in +number to the sepals or none; stamens twice as many as the sepals or +fewer. + + Sepals united; petals long clawed. + Calyx 10-many nerved. + Styles 3; capsule with 3 or 6 teeth. =Silene.= + Styles 5; capsule with 5 or 10 teeth. =Lychnis.= + Sepals free to the base or nearly so. + Petals two-cleft or rarely none. + Capsule cylindric, usually curved. =Cerastium.= + Capsule ovate or oblong, not curved. =Alsine.= + Petals entire or notched, rarely none. + Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. =Sagina.= + Styles fewer than the sepals. + Seeds appendaged. =Mœhringia.= + Seeds not appendaged. =Arenaria.= + +[Illustration: Silene acaulis L. (⅔ Nat.) Moss Campion.] + +[Illustration: Lychnis apetala L. (⅔ Nat.) Nodding Lychnis.] + +[Sidenote: =Silene acaulis= L. _Moss Campion._] + +Closely tufted, an inch or two high, forming cushion-like beds, often 2 +feet or more across. Leaves sessile, crowded, linear, ½ an inch or less +long, the margins ciliate. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more across, nearly +sessile or raised on naked curved peduncles, often ½ an inch long; +calyx narrowly campanulate, ¼ of an inch long, smooth, the teeth short, +rounded; petals rose-purple or rarely white, entire or notched. + +In alpine meadows, in stony ground, on the moraines and tops of the +mountains throughout the region, flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Silene Lyallii= S. Wats. _Lyall’s Catchfly._] + +Stems slender, decumbent at the base, 12—18 inches high, minutely hairy +throughout, glandular above. Leaves, the basal spatulate, obtuse 1—2 +inches long on long petioles, those of the stem linear 1—2 inches long, +sessile. Flowers on short peduncles in rather loose terminal heads; +calyx oblong, inflated, about ½ an inch long, narrow, glandular, teeth +purple-tipped; petals white, nearly half an inch long, spreading, +two-lobed. + +On grassy alpine slopes throughout the region, flowering in June and +July. + +[Sidenote: =Lychnis apetala= L. _Nodding Lychnis._] + +More or less glandular-hairy, 2—6 inches high. Leaves linear or +oblanceolate, ½-2½ inches long. Flower solitary, ½—¾ of an inch +long, nodding; calyx inflated, strongly purple veined, its teeth +triangular-ovate, acute; petals purple, as long as or shorter than the +calyx, narrow, 2-cleft. + +Among loose boulders on the moraines and alpine summits throughout the +region, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Cerastium arvense strictum= (L.) Rydb. _Field Chickweed._] + +Stems tufted, ascending from a decumbent base, 3—6 inches high, hairy +throughout, roughly so at the base; glandular at the summit. Leaves +numerous, ½—¾ of an inch long, narrowly lanceolate, acute, with a broad +sessile base. Flowers several in a more or less close head, nearly half +an inch broad, white; petals deeply notched. + +In dry stony ground in the lower valleys of the Rockies, flowering in +June. + +[Sidenote: =Cerastium behringianum= Cham. and Schl. _Alpine Chickweed._] + +Thick, silky-hairy below, with sticky hairs above; stems matted 1—3 +inches high. Leaves small, oblong, ¼ of an inch long or less, rather +thick, obtuse. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more broad; petals white, +notched at the apex, sometimes little longer than the lanceolate sepals. + +In stony ground, alpine slopes and summits throughout the Rockies, +flowering during summer. + +[Sidenote: =Alsine longipes= (Goldie) Coville. _Long-stalked +Stitchwort._] + +Erect or ascending, tufted, simple or rarely sparingly branched, 3—12 +inches high, smooth and shining. Leaves light green, lanceolate or +linear-lanceolate, ½—1½ inches long, broad at the base. Flowers few, +¼—⅓ of an inch broad, terminal, on long, slender, erect pedicels; +sepals ovate or lanceolate, acute; petals 2-cleft, exceeding the calyx. + +In moist open places throughout the Rockies, flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Alsine læta= (Richards.) Rydb. _Glaucous Stitchwort._] + +Low, smooth, or somewhat hairy, 1—4 inches high, very glaucous +throughout, densely leafy at the base. Leaves keeled, lanceolate, +awl-shaped to linear, rather stiff, ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers ¼ of +an inch or more across; sepals lanceolate, acute, ⅛ of an inch long; +petals notched, longer than the sepals; stamens showy, with scarlet +anthers. + +In alpine meadows and moist grounds at high altitudes, throughout the +region; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Alsine borealis= (Bigel.) Britton. _Northern Stitchwort._] + +Erect or ascending, weak, much branched, smooth, or hairy above, 6—18 +inches long. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ½—1½ inches +long, acute, sessile, thin, margins slightly hairy or naked. Flowers +small and inconspicuous in a leafy terminal compound head, ascending or +spreading on slender pedicels; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals +shorter than the sepals or none. + +In wet places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering +throughout the summer from early June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. Northern +Stitchwort. + +_b_ Mœhringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Blunt-Leaved Sandwort. (½ Nat.)] + +[Illustration: Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel. (⅔ Nat.) +Rock Sandwort.] + +[Sidenote: =Sagina saginoides= (L.) Britton. _Arctic Pearl-wort._] + +Smooth, stems very slender and tufted, 1—4 inches high. Leaves 1⅛ to +nearly ½ an inch long with a spiny tip. Flowers small, solitary or few +together, at the end of the slender stem, about ⅛ of an inch broad; +petals white minute, hardly exceeding the calyx. + +On rocks and moist sandy ground throughout the region; flowering in +June. + +[Sidenote: =Mœhringia lateriflora= (L.) Fenzl. _Blunt-leaved Sandwort._] + +Stems erect or ascending, simple or at length, sparingly branched, +finely hairy throughout, 4—12 inches high. Leaves thin, oval, or +oblong, ½—1 inch long, obtuse, spreading, the margins and nerves +fringed with hairs. Flowers few in lateral and terminal clusters or +sometimes solitary; ¼ of an inch or more broad, their parts in 4’s or +5’s; sepals oblong, obtuse or acute, half as long as the nearly entire +white petals. + +In moist places growing among grass, throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arenaria capillaris nardifolia= (Ledeb.) Regel. _Rock +Sandwort._] + +Smooth throughout except the tops of the stems and sepals, which are +glandular; stems slender, 4—8 inches high, numerous from a tufted, +leafy base. Leaves mostly in bundles ½—1½ inches long, smooth, very +slender and curved, with a spiny tip, those of the stem few and much +reduced. Flowers white, ½ an inch broad in a loose branching head. + +A rather striking plant on grassy slopes throughout the region; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arenaria verna equicaulis= A. Nelson. _Vernal Sandwort._] + +Very slender, much branched and finely, sticky-hairy throughout; +stems thread-like, numerous, nearly of a uniform length in the same +plant, 2—3 inches long. Leaves crowded at the base, few and much +reduced above, linear, awl-shaped, thick, semi-cylindric, nearly +smooth. Flowers small, little more than ⅛ of an inch across; sepals +ovate-oblong, acute, strongly 3-nerved; petals white, acute, not +exceeding the sepals. + +A small tufted plant with wiry stems and minute white star-like +flowers, in moist or dry, sandy places throughout the region from the +low valleys to the alpine summits; flowering in May and June. + +[Sidenote: =Arenaria sajanensis= Willd. _Alpine Sandwort._] + +Closely tufted, stems densely glandular-hairy, decumbent, very leafy +below, ½—2½ inches long with 2 or 3 pairs of short, rather distant +leaves and terminating in 1—3 flowers. Lower leaves, linear-obtuse, +stiff, ⅛ of an inch or more long, smooth or slightly hairy; calyx lobes +linear-oblong, 1—3 ribbed, glandular, hairy, ⅛ of an inch long; petals +white, broad, equalling or exceeding the sepals. + +On high alpine slopes and summits, throughout the Rockies; flowering in +June and July. + + + + +RANUNCULACEÆ + +_Crowfoot Family_ + + +Herbs or rarely climbing shrubs with acrid sap; leaves usually +alternate without stipules; flowers usually showy, blue, white, yellow, +or scarlet; sepals 3—15, generally soon falling away, often petal-like; +petals about the same number or occasionally wanting; stamens many; +carpels many or rarely solitary. + +[Illustration: Atragene columbiana Nutt. (⅔ Nat.) Purple +Virgin’s-Bower.] + + Carpels with solitary ovules; fruit an achene. + Sepals valvate in the bud; leaves opposite. =Atragene.= + Sepals folded on each other in the bud; leaves not opposite. + Stem leaves three in a whorl. + Styles short, smooth or hairy. =Anemone.= + Styles long, plumose. =Pulsatilla.= + Stem leaves alternate or basal. + Petals none, flowers small; leaves compound. =Thalictrum.= + Petals present. + Flowers white. =Batrachium.= + Flowers yellow. + Achenes papillose or spiny. =Ranunculus.= + Achenes longitudinally nerved. =Halerpestes.= + Carpels with several ovules; fruit, follicles or berries. + Flowers regular. + Leaves simple. + Petals none; leaves cordate-orbicular. =Caltha.= + Petals linear-spatulate; leaves palmately parted. + =Trollius.= + Leaves compound. + Sepals spurred; carpels becoming follicles. =Aquilegia.= + Sepals not spurred; carpels becoming berries. =Actæa.= + Flowers irregular; upper sepals spurred. =Delphinium.= + +[Sidenote: =Atragene columbiana= Nutt. _Purple Virgin’s-bower._] + +A climbing or trailing vine with somewhat woody stems. Leaves +trifoliate, the leaflets thin, on slender petioles, ovate, attenuate, +acute, and entire, 2—3 inches long. Flowers purple, 1½—2 inches +broad, on long peduncles, solitary in the axils of the leaves; sepals +4—6, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, more than twice the length of the +stamens; styles persistent, forming a plumose head of fruit. + +In rocky woods and on shaded mountain sides up to 6000 feet elevation, +throughout the Rockies, trailing over the ground, or festooning the +shrubs or lower branches of the trees; flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Anemone parviflora= Michx. _Northern Anemone._] + +Stem simple, sparingly hairy, 4—8 inches high. Basal leaves +long-petioled, 3-parted, the broadly wedge-shaped divisions +obtusely-lobed or crenate, those of the involucre nearly sessile, +similarly lobed. Flower an inch or less in diameter, sepals, oblong, +very obtuse, white, blue on the outside near the base; stamens +numerous; head of fruit globose. + +Common throughout the Rockies in moist ground and rich woods; flowering +early in June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. Alpine Anemone. + +_b_ Anemone parviflora Michx. Northern Anemone. (⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Anemone Drummondii= S. Wats. _Alpine Anemone._] + +Sparingly pubescent, with long whitish hairs, especially at the +involucre, 4—6 inches high. Root leaves, slender-petioled, 3-parted, +the divisions cut into linear, oblong obtuse lobes; leaves of the +involucre similar on short petioles, their lobes slightly broader. +Flowers usually solitary, half an inch or more broad on long peduncles; +sepals 5, ovate or oval, obtuse, white, finely appressed-hairy and blue +outside. + +Throughout the region in alpine meadows and slopes near the snow, +flowering in June and July as the snows disappear. + +[Sidenote: =Anemone globosa= Nutt. _Wind-flower._] + +Stems 3—15 inches high, close, silky-hairy. Root leaves long-petioled, +nearly semicircular in outline, 3-parted, the sessile divisions deeply +lobed, with cleft, linear segments, involucral leaves similar, short +petioled. Sepals 5—8, red, bluish or nearly pure white, half an inch +or less long, soft, hairy outside, receptacle oblong, in fruit densely +woolly. + +The most abundant anemone through the Rockies in the low open valleys, +and, occasionally on the slopes, presenting the greatest variety of +colouring from deep rosy pink to pure white and occasionally blue; +flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Pulsatilla hirsutissima= (Pursh.) Britton. _Pasque-Flower._] + +Villous, 6—18 inches high. Leaves much divided into narrow, linear, +acute lobes, the basal on slender petioles, those of the involucre +sessile and erect or ascending. Flowers bluish-purple, sometimes nearly +white inside; sepals 5—7 ovate-oblong 1—1½ inches long, forming a cup; +fruit a head of long silky achenes 2 inches or more in diameter. + +This is one of the earliest and most beautiful of all the spring +flowers, in the open meadows and mountain sides, blossoming through May +and June according to the situation. Probably its most common local +name, in the Rockies where it is very abundant, is that of crocus, to +which flower it does bear a superficial resemblance, in size, shape, +and colour, and in the habit of the flower appearing as soon as the +snow has left the ground, and before the leaves. + +[Illustration: _a_ Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh Britton). Pasque +Flower. + +_b_ Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. (⅔ Nat.) Western +Anemone.] + +[Sidenote: =Pulsatilla occidentalis= (S. Wats.) Freyn. _Western +Anemone._] + +Stem rather stout, silky-hairy, 6—18 inches high, simple. Leaves +biternate, the lower on long petioles, the divisions deeply pinnatifid +into deeply cut linear, acute lobes; those of the involucre similar but +short-petioled. Flowers 1½—2 inches broad, peduncled, the peduncles +much elongated in fruit; sepals spreading, 6—7, oval-obtuse, white, the +outside usually blue at the base; fruit of long plumose tailed achenes +in a globular fluffy head. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies at an elevation of 6000 to 10,000 feet, +blossoming on the edges of the snow banks as they recede, a conspicuous +feature of many an alpine meadow during early June. + +[Sidenote: =Thalictrum megacarpum= Torr. _Veiny Meadow Rue._] + +Smooth, pale green, and glaucous; stem purplish, erect, 6—18 inches +tall. Leaves 3—4, ternate, long-petioled, leaflets firm, obovate, +rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped or subcordate at the base, ¼—½ an +inch long, 3—5-lobed, the lower surface prominently veined. Flowers +diœcious, with 4 or 5 small, purplish-green sepals and large, linear, +wedge-shaped anthers or slender styles; the achenes wedge-shaped and +tapering into a short beak. + +A frequent plant in the dry open valleys in the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Thalictrum occidentale= A. Gray. _Western Meadow Rue._] + +Stems slender, 1—3 feet high. Leaves 2—4, ternate, the lowest petioled; +leaflets thin, ¼ to nearly an inch long, 3—9 lobed at the summit, +sparingly glandular-hairy beneath. Flowers diœcious, nodding on very +slender pedicels in an ample open panicle; calyx of 4—8 sepals which +soon fall, filaments purplish and slender; anthers linear and pointed; +achenes lanceolate or somewhat sickle-shaped, nearly half an inch long. + +Frequent in rich woods and moist shady places at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies; flowering in June, like the previous species +striking for its leaves, resembling a robust maiden-hair fern, and the +large loose heads of delicate tasselled flowers. + +[Illustration: Thalictrum megacarpum Torr. (⅓ Nat.)] + +[Illustration: Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. (⅓ Nat.) Western Meadow +Rue.] + +[Sidenote: =Batrachium trichophyllum= (Chaix.) Bossch. _White Water +Crowfoot._] + +Aquatic herb with submerged stems, a foot long or more. Leaves +petioled, 1—2 inches long, finely dissected. Flowers white with yellow +centre, ½—¾ of an inch broad, blooming on the surface of the water on +stout pedicels 1—2 inches or more long. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes in shallow ponds +and ditches; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Purshii= Richards. _Pursh’s Buttercup._] + +Aquatic or creeping, hairy, at least on the younger parts. Leaves +slender-petioled, ¼—1 inch, wide, palmately divided nearly to the base, +into obtuse lobes. Flowers less than ½ an inch broad, bright yellow; +petals 5; head of fruit globose, a little less than ¼ of an inch broad. + +Frequent in shallow pools throughout the Rockies; flowering throughout +the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus reptans= L. _Creeping Spearwort._] + +Stems creeping, rooting at the joints; flowering stems and peduncles +ascending. Leaves linear-lanceolate or spatulate ½—2 inches long, +entire, gradually narrowed into the petiole. Flowers nearly half an +inch broad, solitary, on peduncles ¾—2 inches long; petals 4—7, much +exceeding the calyx; stamens numerous; achenes flat. + +On muddy shores of ponds and streams throughout the Rockies, flowering +in midsummer, the creeping stems frequently interlaced and forming +dense mats. + +[Illustration: _a_ Ranunculus eremogenes Greene. Ditch Crowfoot. + +_b_ Ranunculus Purshii Richards. (⅓ Nat.) Pursh’s Buttercup.] + +[Illustration: Ranunculus inamœnus Greene. (⅓ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus pedatifidus= J. E. Smith. _Northern Buttercup._] + +Erect 4—12 inches high, branching. Basal leaves petioled, broadly ovate +or nearly orbicular, about ¾ of an inch broad, crenate or often lobed, +those of the stem deeply and narrowly lobed, nearly sessile. Flowers +about ⅓ of an inch in diameter, petals little surpassing the spreading +sepals. + +In moist shaded situations near Banff; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus eremogenes= Greene. _Ditch Crowfoot._] + +Stem branching, more or less hairy, 6—18 inches high, sparingly leafy. +Leaves rounded in outline, mostly 5-parted, the segments cut into about +3-toothed lobes. Flowers of ¼ an inch or more broad, the light yellow +petals surpassing the sepals; fruit in an obtusely ovoid head. + +In wet springy places, ditches and the margins of pools, frequent +through the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Eschscholtzii= Schl. _Snow Buttercup._] + +Smooth, 3—12 inches high, 1—3-flowered. Leaves round in outline, +those at the root all 3—5-parted and deeply cut; their obovate or +wedge-shaped divisions mostly lobed or narrowly cut, stem-leaves +similar with oblong to spatulate or lanceolate, often entire divisions. +Flowers bright yellow; petals 5, a third of an inch or more long. + +Frequent at the higher altitudes, blooming close to the melting snow, +throughout the region; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus alpeophilus= A. Nelson.] + +Similar in habit to the previous species though usually larger, bright +green and nearly smooth throughout. Leaves sparingly hairy on the +margins, the basal broader and less divided. Flowers pale yellow, ¼ of +an inch or more broad; petals little longer than the calyx. + +Along streams and in moist grounds, an alpine species frequent +throughout the Rockies; flowering in June and July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Ranunculus saxicola Rydb. + +_b_ Ranunculus alpeophilus A. Nelson. (½ Nat.)] + +[Illustration: Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl. (⅔ Nat.) Snow Buttercup.] + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus saxicola.= Rydb.] + +Stems about 4 inches long, decumbent or ascending, smooth. Basal leaves +on petioles 2 inches long, rounded, somewhat hairy when young, 3-lobed, +lobes spreading and toothed, stem-leaves 1—3, nearly sessile, cleft +into 3—7 linear lobes. Flowers about ½ an inch broad, sepals tinged +with brown, half the length of the petals, broad, obovate, obtuse, +slightly hairy; petals broadly obovate, bright yellow; achenes more or +less hairy, with a straight style. + +Throughout the Rockies in stony ground at the higher altitudes; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus inamœnus.= Greene.] + +Stems rather stout, 6—12 inches high, slightly hairy. Root leaves +on short petioles, rounded, crenate-toothed or 3-lobed, stem leaves +sessile and cut into 3—6 oblong-lanceolate segments. Flowers ¼ of +an inch or more broad, usually several together on short slender +peduncles; petals obovate-oblong, light yellow; achenes small, hairy. + +In open ground sparingly throughout the Rockies at the lower +elevations; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Suksdorfii= A. Gray.] + +Stem 3—6 inches high, smooth, slender, 1—3-flowered. Leaves ½ an inch +or more long, sub-reniform or broadly fan-shaped with wedge-shaped +base, deeply 3—5-cleft or parted, the radical into cuneate 3—5-cleft +or incised divisions, those of the stem linear. Flowers bright yellow; +petals round-obovate, ⅓—½ an inch long. + +In moist ground on slopes, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus eximius= Greene. _Low Buttercup._] + +Stems hairy, 6—10 inches high, branching. Leaves few, basal, rounded +in outline, ternately lobed, sometimes deeply so, on slender petioles; +stem leaves sessile or nearly so, cut into narrowly linear or +linear-lanceolate lobes. Flowers ¾ of an inch or more broad, petals +spreading, bright yellow and shining on the upper surface; sepals not +reflexed. + +A showy low buttercup in the dry open valleys in the Rockies; flowering +in June. + +[Illustration: Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. (¾ Nat.) Small Blue +Columbine.] + +[Sidenote: =Ranunculus montanensis= Rydb. _Meadow Buttercup._] + +Stem stout, 1—2 feet high, branching with long rough hairs. Basal +leaves long, hairy all over, 3-parted, the divisions again divided or +cut into linear or lanceolate segments; petioles 3 or 4 inches long; +stem-leaves similar but short petioled. Flowers few, large; sepals +broadly ovate with silky hairs; petals broadly ovate, nearly half +an inch long, bright yellow; head of achenes, globose; style long, +slender, and much curved. + +Frequent in the Rockies at the lower altitudes in more or less shaded +grassy situations; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Halerpestes Cymbalaria= (Pursh.) Green. _Creeping +Crowfoot._] + +Stems creeping and rooting at the joints, 1—7-flowered. Leaves broadly +ovate, coarsely crenate, clustered at the base and joints of the long +slender runners. Flowers ¼ of an inch across; petals light yellow, +longer than the sepals; fruit in oblong heads. + +A common species throughout the Rockies in damp ground, frequently +forming mats several feet across; flowering continuously throughout the +summer. + +[Sidenote: =Caltha leptosepala= Hook. _White Marsh Marigold._] + +Stems erect, 2—12 inches high, 1—2-flowered. Leaves roundish or +oblong-cordate, longer than broad, irregularly crenate-toothed; sepals +6—8, lanceolate, ¾ of an inch long, white, strongly suffused with blue +on the outside; stamens numerous; pistils 5—15. + +In springy ground and wet alpine meadows throughout the region, often +growing in such abundance as to make the meadows brilliant with the +blue and white flowers, which appear soon after the snow has left the +ground in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Trollius albiflorus= (A. Gray.) Rydb. _Western +Globe-flower._] + +Stem erect, 6—12 inches high, more or less branching. Leaves palmately +divided, the segments many cleft. Flowers solitary, 1—1½ inches broad, +subtended by a whorl of leaves; sepals broadly obovate 5—6, pure white +tinged on the back with greenish rose; petals 15—20, less than ¼ of an +inch long, narrowly truncate, bright yellow, nearly concealed by the +numerous stamens. + +One of the most abundant and conspicuous of the spring flowers of +the alpine meadows, and marshy borders of alpine streams and lakes, +commencing to flower when but a few inches high on the edges of the +melting snow in May and June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Caltha leptosepala Hook. + +_b_ Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb. Western Globe-Flower. (⅔ +Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Aquilegia brevistyla= Hook. _Small Blue Columbine._] + +One to two feet high, slender, sparingly branched. Leaves, the basal +long-petioled, biternate, lobed and crenate, the stem leaves few, +nearly sessile and lobed. Flowers ½ an inch or more long, nodding, +sepals blue, petals creamy-white with a short blue spur not more than ¼ +of an inch long; styles and stamens hardly exceeding the petals. + +In open rocky situations, rather local, common in the region around +Banff, flowering in May and June. + +[Sidenote: =Aquilegia flavescens= S. Wats. _Yellow Columbine._] + +Stems smooth, 1—3 feet high, branched. Leaves ternate, leaflets +round-cordate, 3-parted, the segments coarsely toothed, 2—3-cleft. +Flowers yellow, an inch or more long, nodding; sepals reflexed, +oblong-ovate, acute, longer than the spurs; petals spreading with a +spur half an inch long; styles and stamens nearly equal, much exserted. + +The commonest columbine throughout the region, growing in woods and on +slopes up to 8000 feet, varying greatly in colour; flowering in June +and July according to the elevation. + +[Sidenote: =Aquilegia formosa= Fisch. _Western Columbine._] + +Stem 2—4 feet high, branching, sparingly pubescent with spreading +hairs. Leaves, the lower triternately parted on long petioles, the +upper sessile and ternate or reduced to simple bracts, leaflets broadly +wedge-shaped, 3-cleft. Flowers scarlet, drooping, more than an inch +long; sepals scarlet varying to orange, spreading or reflexed, an inch +long, lanceolate, acute; petals yellow, more or less spreading, with +a scarlet spur about the length of the sepals; styles and stamens +exserted. + +Throughout the Selkirks, in moist ground, on slopes and borders of +rocky alpine streams, flowering during July and late June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. Yellow Columbine. + +_b_ Aquilegia formosa Fisch. Western Columbine. (⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Delphinium Brownii= Rydb. _Western Larkspur._] + +Stem tall, 2—5 feet high, leafy. Leaves mostly orbicular in outline, +5—7-parted, the upper into narrow-cleft, laciniate divisions, petioled. +Flowers nodding, less than an inch long, dull purple, bluish or +occasionally white, numerous in an elongated spike; sepals 5, blue, ⅓ +of an inch long, not spreading, the upper one prolonged into a spur, +half an inch long; petals white, nearly as long as the sepals. + +Frequent in the region around Banff in open woods at the lower +altitudes, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Delphinium Menziesii= DC. _Blue Larkspur._] + +Sparingly leafy, 10—18 inches tall, from a tuberous rootstock. Leaves, +the lowest round reniform, cut into irregular, oblong, obtuse lobes, +the upper with linear, acute lobes. Flowers few in a simple panicle, +sepals lanceolate, obtuse, ¾ of an inch or more long, spreading, +brilliant blue, about as long as the short curved spur; petals +exserted, white with purple veins. + +Throughout the region in open ground and on grassy slopes; flowering in +early June or later according to the altitude. + +[Sidenote: =Actæa arguta= Nutt. _Western Red Baneberry._] + +Stems erect, 2—3 feet high, smooth except the inflorescence. Leaves +large, ternately compound, the basal leaf long-petioled, the divisions +long petioled and pinnate, leaflets ovate, 1½—5 inches long, cut with +sharp teeth. Raceme ovoid, 1—2 inches long; flowers small, white, with +petal-like sepals; petals, 4—10 spatulate and minute; stamens numerous; +berries in a spreading raceme, small, spherical, and purplish red. + +Frequent in the rich woods throughout the region, at the lower +altitudes; flowering in late May and early June. + +[Illustration: Delphinium Brownii Rydb. (½ Nat.) Mountain Larkspur.] + +[Illustration: Anemone globosa Nutt. (⅓ Nat.) Wind-Flower.] + +[Sidenote: =Actæa eburnea= Rydb. _Western White Baneberry._] + +Similar to the preceding species and often growing with it and +difficult to distinguish from it when in flower: in fruit, however, +they are quite distinct. In A. eburnea the berries are fully twice as +large, nearly half an inch long and a quarter of an inch in diameter +and pure waxy white. + +In rich moist woods throughout the Rockies; flowering with the other +species in May and early June; fruiting in late July. + + + + +BERBERIDACEÆ + +_Barberry Family_ + + +Shrubs or herbs with alternate or basal leaves, with or without +stipules, and solitary or racemed, mostly terminal flowers; sepals and +petals generally overlapping in several series; stamens as many as the +petals and opposite them; flowers perfect. + +[Sidenote: =Berberis aquifolium= Pursh. _Trailing Mahonia._] + +A smooth, trailing shrub. Leaves petioled, pinnate, leaflets 3—7, +ovate or oval, oblique, obtuse, truncate or slightly cordate at the +base, sessile thick, persistent, finely veiny, 1—2 inches long, with +spine-bearing teeth. Flowers yellow, in several erect, dense, terminal +racemes; berry globose, blue or purple. + +A straggling shrub with spiny glossy dark green leaves, which change to +beautiful tints of scarlets and yellows during midsummer and autumn. +Frequent in the Rockies in woods; flowering in June. + + + + +PAPAVERACEÆ + +_Poppy Family_ + + +Herbs with milky or coloured sap and alternate leaves or the upper +rarely opposite, flowers perfect, regular or irregular; sepals 2, +rarely 3 or 4, soon falling off; petals 4—6 or rarely more, folded +together, often wrinkled; stamens numerous. + +[Illustration: _a_ Delphinium Menziesii DC. Blue Larkspur. + +_b_ Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. Lithophragma. + +(¾ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Capnodes aureum= (Willd.) Kuntze. _Golden Corydalis._] + +Smooth, 4—12 inches long, diffusely branching. Leaves all but the +uppermost petioled, finely cut into oblong-obovate or wedge-shaped +segments. Flowers numerous in an oblong head, bright golden yellow, +nearly half an inch long; spur ½ the length of the body of the corolla, +outer petals keeled, not crested; pods spreading or pendulose, +torulose; seeds obtuse, margined, shining, obscurely ridged. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in open ground at the lower altitudes +where it has been recently burned or cleared; flowering during most of +the summer. + + + + +BRASSICACEÆ + +_Mustard Family_ + + +Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid juice, alternate +leaves and racemose or corymbose white, yellow, or pink flowers; +sepals and petals 4; stamens 6, rarely fewer; pistil 1, consisting of 2 +united carpels. + + Pods short; silicles. + Pod compressed parallel to the partition. =Draba.= + Pod compressed contrary to the partition, ovate; + flowers white. =Thlaspi.= + Pod inflated, obcordate; flowers yellow. =Physaria.= + Pods elongated; siliques. + Pod compressed parallel to the partition. + Valves nerveless; flowers white. =Cardamine.= + Valves 1-nerved; flowers white or pink. =Arabis.= + Pods terete, not at all compressed. + Pods 1½ inches long or more. + Flowers yellow, stigma 2-lobed. =Erysimum.= + Pods less than 1½ inches long. + Leaves grey with fine hairs; flowers white. =Smelowskia.= + Leaves not grey-hairy; flowers yellow or white. + Pubescence of simple hairs. =Sisymbrium.= + Pubescence of forked hairs. + Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid; flowers yellow. + =Sophia.= + Leaves entire or nearly so; flowers white. + =Braya.= + Smooth throughout. + Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid; flowers white. + =Roripa.= + +[Illustration: Draba oligosperma Hook. (Nat.) Whitlow-Grass.] + +[Illustration: Draba andina (Nutt.) A. Nelson. (⅔ Nat.) Mountain +Whitlow-Grass.] + +[Sidenote: =Draba glacialis= Adams.] + +Caudex much branched, branches short and slender. Leaves strongly +keeled, ¼—¾ of an inch long, more or less loosely stellate-pubescent, +sometimes ciliate at the base. Scapes slender, ¼—6 inches high, hairy +or nearly smooth; racemes few-flowered; sepals with a few long hairs +or smooth petals ⅛ of an inch long, pale yellow, darker at the base; +pod ¼ of an inch or more long, narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, on +pedicels ¼ of an inch or more long; style distinct. + +In dry, exposed stony places throughout the Rockies, flowering in early +spring. + +[Sidenote: =Draba oligosperma= Hook.] + +Stems much branched from the root, densely tufted at the base. Leaves +erect, linear, obtuse, tapering to the base, stiff, ciliate, with +stellate hairs on both sides, especially toward the apex. Scapes +naked; flowers racemose; calyx smooth or with scattered hairs, petals +white or pale yellow, obovate, ⅛ of an inch or more long, pods short, +nearly orbicular, acute at the apex, more or less rounded at the base, +sparingly short-hairy, ⅛ of an inch long; style ⅓ its length. Alpine +summits and dry ridges throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and +June. + +[Sidenote: =Draba andina= (Nutt.) A. Nelson.] + +Densely cæspitose. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, ⅛ of an inch long +or less, stiff and rigid, densely imbricated, forming numerous small +rosettes: stellate-pubescent on both sides. Scapes slender, 1—2 inches +high, few-flowered, petals pale yellow or white, ⅛ of an inch long; +twice as long as the hairy calyx; pods ⅛ of an inch or less long with +short stiff hairs. + +On exposed rocks and alpine summits throughout the Rockies, frequent in +the vicinity of Banff, flowering in May and June. + +[Sidenote: =Draba nivalis= Liljb. _Arctic Whitlow-grass._] + +Caudex with numerous slender matted branches. Leaves in dense +tufts, oblanceolate, acutish with a rather stout mid-nerve, entire, +white-hairy, with dense stellate pubescence, not at all ciliate or +slightly so near the base, ¼ of an inch long or less. Scapes slender, +hairy, 1—3 inches high, calyx hairy; flowers ⅛ of an inch high, the +white petals slightly exceeding the calyx; pods few, usually smooth, +oblong, acute at each end, ½ of an inch or less long on short pedicels +and with a short stout style and 2-lobed stigma. + +On alpine summits and exposed ledges throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June. + +[Illustration: Draba glacialis Adams. (⅔ Nat.) Whitlow-Grass.] + +[Illustration: Draba aurea Vahl. (½ Nat.) Golden Whitlow-Grass.] + +[Sidenote: =Draba lonchocarpa= Rydb.] + +Similar to the preceding species but with the leaves obtuse; pods ⅓—⅔ +of an inch long, smooth, very narrow and usually more or less twisted, +on slender pedicels ¼—½ an inch long. + +In moist or shaded ground, on alpine summits or on ledges, throughout +the Rockies; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Draba aurea= Vahl. _Golden Whitlow-grass._] + +Pubescent throughout with short stellate hairs; stems rather stout, +erect, frequently several from the same root; leafy, 2—15 inches high. +Leaves entire or few-toothed, oblanceolate or lanceolate, stem leaves +usually narrowed and frequently ciliate at the base, ½—2 inches long. +Flowers bright yellow in an elongated leafy raceme; calyx smooth or +somewhat hairy; petals elliptic, less than ⅛ of an inch long; pods +lanceolate to linear, acute, hairy, often twisted, ¼—½ an inch long on +peduncles half their length. + +Frequent in dry open ground at the lower altitudes throughout the +Rockies; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Draba incana= L. _Hoary Whitlow-grass._] + +Erect, simple, or somewhat branched, leafy, stellate-pubescent +throughout, 6—12 inches high. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate, +¼—1 inch long, acute or obtuse, dentate or nearly entire; flowers +white, ⅛ of an inch or less broad; petals notched, twice as long as +the sepals; pod oblong or lanceolate, acute ⅓—½ an inch long on nearly +erect pedicels about ½ their length. + +Throughout the region in moist ravines; flowering during June. + +Other species of Draba occur in the region but being neither common nor +striking it is deemed out of place to describe them here. + +[Illustration: Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. (⅔ Nat.) +Bladder-Pod.] + +[Illustration: Smelowskia calycina (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. (⅔ Nat.) +Smelowskia.] + +[Sidenote: =Thlaspi arvense= L. _Penny-cress._] + +Decumbent or erect, 6—12 inches high, simple or much branched above. +Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, obtusely- or runcinately-toothed or +angled. Flowers small, white, in a compact head; pods large, ½ an inch +broad, orbicular or nearly so, strongly winged and compressed. + +In moist low ground and waste places throughout the Rockies, flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Physaria didymocarpa= (Hook.) A. Gray. _Double +Bladder-pod._] + +Densely stellate, canescent, pale green, root long and deep. Stems +decumbent or ascending, slender, simple, 3—12 inches long. Leaves +spatulate, the basal ones obtuse, entire or few lobed, narrowed into +margined petioles: stem leaves nearly sessile, acute, much smaller. +Flowers about ½ an inch broad, light yellow in a close raceme, 2—5 +inches long in fruit; pods much inflated and variable, often ½ an inch +thick. + +In dry clayey and stony soil and on slopes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Cardamine pennsylvanica= Muhl. _Pennsylvania Bitter-cress._] + +Smooth or rarely with a few scattered hairs; stems erect, stout or +slender, 8 inches to 3 feet high, usually much branched, somewhat +succulent, leafy up to the racemes. Basal leaves 2—6 inches long, the +terminal leaflet obovate, ovate or obcordate, usually narrowed at +the base, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, the lateral 4—8 pairs oblong, oval or +obovate, all toothed or some of them entire. Flowers about ⅛ of an inch +broad, white; pods very narrowly linear, ½—1¼ inches long, erect when +mature on ascending pedicels. + +In wet shaded places, sparingly throughout the region; flowering during +June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Arabis hirsuta= (L.) Scop. _Hairy Rock-cress._] + +Stem erect, nearly simple, 1—2 feet high, roughly hairy or nearly +smooth. Basal leaves on margined petioles forming a rosette, obovate or +spatulate, obtuse, denticulate, 1—2 inches long; stem leaves sessile, +clasping by an auriculate base, lanceolate or oblong. Flowers ¼ of an +inch or less long, white, in a strict, elongated raceme; pods narrowly +linear, erect or appressed, 1—2 inches long. + +In open grounds throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arabis Holboldii= Hornem. _Stony Rock-cress._] + +Finely stellately pubescent throughout; stems frequently +several, simple or branched, erect ½—2½ feet high. Root leaves +narrowly oblanceolate, entire, an inch or less long; stem leaves +linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, acute, sagittate. Flowers rosy +pink or rarely white, becoming more or less reflexed, ¼ of an inch +long; pods more or less abruptly reflexed, straight or somewhat curved +1½—2½ inches long, very narrowly linear. + +On banks and stony slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arabis Drummondii= A. Gray. _Drummond’s Rock-cress._] + +Slightly glaucous, stems erect; 1—2 feet high. Root leaves narrowly +oblanceolate more or less hairy; the stem leaves oblong or +linear-lanceolate, 1—2 inches long. Flowers white or pinkish, ¼ of +an inch long in a close panicle, elongated in fruit; pods erect when +mature, slender, 1½—3 inches long, obtuse. + +In open ground and on slopes throughout the Rockies, flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arabis Lyallii= S. Wats. _Lyall’s Rock-cress._] + +Low, smooth, throughout, or sometimes more or less stellate-pubescent +below; stem simple, several, or many from the same root. Lower leaves +spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, usually ½—1 inch long, sometimes +longer; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong, sometimes scarcely +auricled. Flowers rose-colour, ¼ of an inch long; pods erect or +ascending, very slender, straight or nearly so, 1—2 inches long. + +Alpine meadows and slopes at the higher elevations throughout the +Rockies, flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Erysimum inconspicuum= (S. Wats.) MacM. _Treacle Mustard._] + +Erect, 10—18 inches high, cinereous and rough with 2-parted hairs. +Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate or oblong-linear, mostly entire, +the root leaves crowded and sometimes repand dentate. Flowers sulphur +yellow in a compact head, elongated in fruit, calyx campanulate, ¼ inch +high, petals ⅓ longer, the blades spreading; pods slender, erect or +nearly so at maturity, 1—2 inches long. + +In gravelly places, common on the eastern slopes of the Rockies at the +lower elevations, flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Smelowskia calycina= (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. _Smelowskia._] + +Very variable in foliage, finely stellate-pubescent and usually +cinereous-villous with larger single hairs; caudex stout, branched. +Leaves soft in texture, usually deeply pinnatifid with 2-several pairs +of linear to obovate, obtuse segments. Stems several, 1—6 inches high, +racemes at first dense and corymbose, becoming elongated in fruit. +Flowers white with exserted broad rounded petals ⅛ of an inch or more +long; pods usually lanceolate, tapering to each end. + +On alpine summits through the Rockies; not common; flowering in June +and July. + +[Sidenote: =Sisymbrium altissimum= L. Tall _Hedge Mustard._] + +Erect, 2—4 feet high, freely branching, smooth or nearly so. Lower +leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, petioled, the lobes lanceolate, often +auriculate; upper leaves smaller, short petioled, or usually sessile, +very deeply pinnatifid, the lobes linear or lanceolate, dentate or +entire, the uppermost often reduced to linear, entire bracts. Flowers +pale yellow, ¼ of an inch broad on slender spreading pedicels, pods +very narrowly linear, divergent, 2—4 inches long. + +At the lower elevations throughout the region as a weed, especially on +the line of the railway, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Sophia intermedia= Rydb. _Western Tansy-Mustard._] + +Stems 1—2 feet high, sparingly greyish-puberulent, especially below, +or sometimes nearly smooth, often glandular above; hairs more or less +stellate. Leaves twice or thrice-pinnatifid, the primary divisions +oblanceolate or obovate, divided to near the midrib into linear or +linear-oblong segments, sparingly puberulent. Raceme rather long, +flowers small, less than ⅛ of an inch high; petals yellow; peduncles +diverging sometimes nearly at right angles; pod club-shaped. + +Common throughout the Rockies in open places at the lower altitudes, +flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Braya humilis= (Meyer) Robinson. _Northern Rock-cress._] + +Erect 4—10 inches high, branching below, sparingly hairy. Leaves +spatulate or oblanceolate, the lower obtuse, 1—2 inches long, narrowed +into a petiole, sharply dentate or rarely entire, the upper smaller, +narrower, often acute. Flowers white or pink ⅛ of an inch or more +broad, pedicels erect, ¼ of an inch long in fruit; pods nearly terete, +narrowly linear, ½—¾ of an inch long, valves finely nerved. + +In moist gravelly or stony ground throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes, flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Roripa Nasturtium= (L.) Rusby. _Water-cress._] + +Aquatic, smooth, branched, floating or creeping, rooting from the +joints. Leaves odd-pinnate of 3—9 segments, the terminal one larger +than the lateral, all obtuse, ovate or oval or the terminal one nearly +orbicular. Racemes elongated in fruit; flowers white, ⅛ of an inch +or more broad; pod ½—1¼ inches long, spreading and slightly curved +upwards, on pedicels of about their length. + +In ditches and shallow pools through the Rockies, especially abundant +at Banff in the warm water at the outlet from the Basin; flowering +through June and July. + + + + +CRASSULACEÆ + +_Stone-Crop Family_ + + +Fleshy smooth herbs with alternate leaves, and perfect flowers in +terminal, oftentimes 1-sided cymes. Calyx 4—5-lobed; petals 4—5, +distinct, stamens twice as many as the petals; carpels 4—5, styles +short. + +[Sidenote: =Sedum stenopetalum= Pursh. _Narrow Petaled Stone-crop._] + +Perennial, tufted, smooth, flowering branches 3—7 inches long. Leaves +alternate, crowded, sessile, linear ¼—½ an inch long, entire. Flowers +bright yellow, nearly half an inch broad in a 5—7-forked, compact cyme, +petals narrowly lanceolate, very acute. + +Common throughout the Rockies in moist, gravelly or sandy soil, on +river shores, and on rocky slopes, flowering in June and July. + + + + +PARNASSIACEÆ + +_Grass-of-Parnassus Family_ + + +Smooth bog-herbs with a rosette of basal leaves and generally one or +a few alternate stem leaves and solitary, terminal flowers. Flowers +perfect; calyx generally 5-lobed to near the base; petals 5; perfect +stamens 5; staminodia (imperfect stamens) in clusters at the base of +each petal; stigmas 4. + +[Sidenote: =Parnassia fimbriata= Banks. _Fringed Grass-of-Parnassus._] + +Leaves tufted at the base on petioles 2—6 inches long; blades reniform +or broadly cordate, ¾—½ an inch wide, thin, smooth, with about 7 +principal veins. Flowers ¾ of an inch or more broad on a scape 8—12 +inches high with a small cordate clasping bract about the middle; +sepals ¼ of an inch long, elliptic, obtuse; petals obovate, pure white, +fringed at the base, staminodia united into 5 fleshy obovate scales. + +Common throughout the region in springy places and damp mossy banks at +the lower altitudes, flowering during July. + +[Illustration: Parnassia montanensis Rydb. & Fernald. (½ Nat.) Marsh +Grass of Parnassus.] + +[Illustration: Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. (¼ Nat.) Swamp +Gooseberry.] + +[Sidenote: =Parnassia montanensis= Rydb. and Fernald. _Marsh +Grass-of-Parnassus._] + +Leaves tufted at the base on short petioles, blades ovate with a +cordate or rounded base ¾ of an inch long. Flowers solitary, on scapes +8 inches or more high with a large ovate bract below the middle; sepals +lanceolate, acute, ¼ of an inch or more long, petals oval to elliptic +only slightly larger than the sepals; staminodial scales with 7—9 +gland-tipped filaments. + +Throughout the Rockies in marshy ground and shaded river shores; +flowering in June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Parnassia parviflora= DC. _Small-flowered +Grass-of-Parnassus._] + +Scapes slender, 4—12 inches high, usually bearing a clasping oval +leaf at the middle. Basal leaves on slender petioles, oval or ovate, +narrowed at the base, not cordate, ½—1 inch long. Flowers about ⅓ of +an inch broad, sepals equalling or somewhat shorter than the elliptic +sessile petals; staminodia 5—7 at the base of each petal. + +In wet gravelly places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Parnassia Kotzebuei= Cham. and Schl. _Alpine +Grass-of-Parnassus._] + +Much smaller than the preceding species. Basal leaves few on petioles +less than an inch long; blades broadly ovate, ½ an inch long. Flowers +on slender scapes 2—4 inches high, without any bract; sepals oblong, +about ¼ of an inch long, equalling or exceeding the elliptic or oval +3-veined petals; staminodia short with 3—5 slender filaments. + +Throughout the Rockies at high altitudes on the gravelly borders of +alpine ponds or brooks, a very diminutive species, flowering in July. + + + + +SAXIFRAGACEÆ + +_Saxifrage Family_ + + +Stemmed or stemless herbs with alternate or sometimes opposite or +more frequently basal leaves; flowers perfect, racemose, cymose or +paniculate; calyx 5-lobed or parted; petals 4 or 5, white, yellow or +greenish or sometimes rose-coloured; stamens equal or twice the number +of the petals; carpels 1—several, distinct or united. + + Placentæ parietal. + Flowers solitary and axillary; sepals 4; stamens 4—8. + =Chrysosplenium.= + Flowers in more or less elongated racemes. + Flowers with 2 or 3 equal carpels. + Flower-stalk axial from a bulbiferous rootstock. + =Lithophragma.= + Flower-stalk a lateral shoot from a stout scaly rootstock. + Inflorescence racemose. + Petals pinnately cut or pinnatifid. + Base of the calyx campanulate deeper than the + length of the sepals. =Tellima.= + + Base of the calyx saucer-shaped, shallower + than the length of the sepals. + Ovary more than half superior; + disc inconspicuous. =Mitella.= + Ovary wholly inferior, covered with + the prominent disc. =Pectiantia.= + + Inflorescence paniculate. =Heuchera.= + + Flowers with 2 very unequal carpels. =Tiarella.= + + Placentæ axial. + Base of the calyx well developed, at maturity longer than + the sepals. + Stamens 5, plant with short bulblet bearing rootstock. =Hemieva.= + Stamens 10. + Plants without caudices; only producing annual flowering + stems. =Saxifraga.= + Plants with perennial leafy caudices, often with offsets. + =Muscaria.= + Base of the calyx only slightly developed, unchanged at maturity. + Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal. + Plants stemless. + Corolla regular, petals about equal in shape and length. + =Micranthes.= + Corolla irregular petals of different shape and length. + =Spatularia.= + Plants with stems. + Carpels distinct; leaf-blades toothed. =Leptarrhena.= + Carpels partially united; leaf-blades entire. =Leptasea.= + Leaves opposite except sometimes on the flower-stalks. + =Antiphylla.= + +[Sidenote: =Chrysosplenium tetrandrum= Th. Fries. _Golden Saxifrage._] + +Perennial with a slender creeping rootstock; stems 1½—6 inches high, +branched above. Leaves alternate, the lower ones on petioles 1—2 inches +long; blades thick, reniform, ½ an inch or less wide, crenate with 3—5 +broad teeth, shining above, paler beneath, upper ones larger and more +or less wedge-shaped. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the +upper leaves; sepals 4; stamens 4 opposite the sepals. + +In shaded damp ground in the wooded areas through the Rockies at an +elevation of 5000 to 6000 feet, where it often forms dense green +carpets, the inconspicuous little flowers coming into blossom in June. + +[Sidenote: =Lithophragma parviflora= (Hook.) Nutt. _Lithophragma._] + +Stems 4—12 inches high, slightly glandular-hairy, from a slender +creeping rootstock with rosy bulblets. Leaves palmately divided to the +base into 3—5 divisions, ½—1 inch long, twice ternately cleft into +oblong or linear divisions; lower ones on petioles 1—2 inches long; +stem leaves 1 or 2 similar, sessile. Flowers 3—8 in a slender raceme, +base of the calyx and sepals ⅛ of an inch long; petals pure white, +deeply 3—5 cut into narrowly oblong divisions. + +On grassy slopes and gravelly places throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Tellima grandiflora= (Pursh.) Dougl. _Tellima._] + +Flowering branches 1—2 feet high, with long rough hairs, glandular +above. Leaves reniform or cordate, sparingly rough-hairy, round +lobed, and toothed with broadly ovate teeth; 1½—4 inches broad on +hairy petioles 4—8 inches long; stem leaves short-petioled with +well developed stipules. Flowers numerous in an elongated raceme; +sepals ovate ¼ of an inch long; petals white, purplish or pink with a +pinnately cut blade; claws broadly wedge-shaped, ⅛ of an inch long, +erect, blade spreading or reflexed with a rounded ovate body and +tapering thread-like lobes. + +Moist woods and crevices in the rocks, abundant in the Selkirks; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Mitella nuda= L. _Naked Bishop’s-Cap._] + +Perennial, from a slender branched rootstock, producing long runners +in late summer; flowering branches scape-like, naked, or rarely with +a small leaf, 2—8 inches high, sparingly hairy. Leaves reniform ¾—2 +inches in diameter, rounded, crenate or lobed, on petioles 1—3 inches +long. Flowers few, in a loose raceme, saucer-shaped; calyx about ¼ of +an inch broad, greenish-yellow; petals spreading about twice as long +as the sepals, greenish-yellow, pinnately divided into thread-like +divisions, resembling snow crystals in form. + +Common in the cool woods and shaded mossy bogs throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June. + +[Illustration: Mitella nuda L. (⅔ Nat.) Naked Bishop’s-Cap.] + +[Illustration: Pectiantia pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. (¼ Nat.) Mitrewort.] + +[Sidenote: =Pectiantia pentandra= (Hook.) Rydb. _Mitrewort._] + +Flowering branches scape-like, 4—12 inches high, naked. Leaves broadly +crenate with 9—11 more or less distinct round lobes, thin, 1—2½ inches +broad on petioles, 2—4 inches long. Flowers ⅛ of an inch broad in a +slender loose raceme, green or often purplish inside; sepals broadly +triangular-ovate, obtuse, and recurved; petals yellowish, deeply cut +into slender thread-like divisions, twice as long as the calyx; stamens +5, opposite the petals. + +Throughout the region in cool woods and shaded springy spots; flowering +in early June at the higher altitudes. + +[Sidenote: =Pectiantia Breweri= (A. Gray.) Rydb. _Mitrewort._] + +Flowering branches 4—8 inches high, leafless. Leaves thin, broadly +reniform with many shallow rounded lobes; petioles 2—4 inches long. +Flowers in a loose raceme, green, occasionally in pairs; calyx ⅛ of +an inch wide; sepals obtuse and reflexed; petals deeply cut into +thread-like divisions about twice as long as the sepals; stamens 5, +opposite the sepals. + +In damp woods throughout the region, growing with the previous species; +flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Heuchera glabra= Willd. _Smooth Alum-root._] + +Flowering stems slender, 4—20 inches high, smooth, 1—3-leaved. Basal +leaves on petioles, 2—8 inches long, cordate, deeply 5—7-lobed, thin, +shining, 1—4 inches broad and as long or slightly longer, lobes +triangular-ovate, acute, doubly and sharply serrate. Flowers in a +loose panicle 2—6 inches long; calyx with the turbinate base about ⅛ +of an inch long, sparingly fringed with hairs; petals white, broadly +spatulate, acute, about twice as long as the sepals; stamens much +exserted, with scarlet and orange anthers. + +On damp shaded rocks, especially abundant in the Selkirks in the +vicinity of Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Heuchera ovalifolia= Nutt. _Round-leaved Alum-root._] + +Flowering branches naked, densely glandular-hairy, 1—2 feet high. +Leaves round-oval, ½—1½ inches broad, ¾—2 inches long, rounded, +slightly heart-shaped at the base, round-lobed and crenate with +bristle-tipped teeth. Flowers in a short dense raceme less than 4 +inches long, the deeply campanulate, yellowish, densely hairy base of +the calyx, with the broadly oblong sepals ¼ of an inch long, petals +usually wanting. + +On dry rocky banks and hillsides throughout the region, flowering in +midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Tiarella unifoliata= Hook. _Foam-Flower._] + +Flowering branches 6—15 inches high, 1—4-leaved. Leaves broadly +cordate, coarsely 3—5-lobed with broadly ovate-acute lobes, doubly +crenate with mucronate teeth; stem leaves short-petioled, basal, on +petioles 2—6 inches long. Flowers in a narrow panicle; sepals whitish +ovate-oblong, ¹/₁₆ of an inch long, the linear-subulate, white petals +and stamens fully three times as long; carpels oblong acute, nearly +half an inch long in fruit. + +Abundant in damp rich woods throughout the region oftentimes carpeting +the ground; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Hemieva ranunculifolia= (Hook.) Raf. _Hemieva._] + +Light yellowish-green; stems 8—10 inches high from a rosy-bulbous +rootstock. Leaves ternately divided to the base, the middle division +broadly wedge-shaped, ½—1 inch long, rounded, 3-lobed, the lateral ones +oblique and 4-lobed; basal, on petioles 2—4 inches long, stem leaves +on short petioles dilated at the base, the uppermost sessile, merely +3-lobed at the apex. Flowers showy in a short dense corymb; the base of +the calyx and sepals yellowish-green about ⅛ of an inch long; petals +white or yellowish, broadly spatulate, ¼ of an inch long; stamens 5, +opposite the sepals, filaments and carpels more or less rosy in colour. + +On wet rocky slopes in the Selkirks at Glacier, not common; flowering +in June. + +[Illustration: Saxifraga cernua L. (⅔ Nat.) Nodding Saxifrage.] + +[Illustration: Saxifraga rivularis L. (⅔ Nat.) Alpine Brook Saxifrage.] + +[Sidenote: =Saxifraga rivularis= L. _Alpine Brook Saxifrage._] + +Stems 1—3½ inches tall, tufted, smooth or finely glandular-hairy. +Leaves reniform in outline, ⅛—½ an inch broad, thick, mainly 3-lobed, +those of the stem sometimes entire, short petioled or sessile; basal +leaves on slender petioles an inch or more long. Flowers small, base +of the calyx and sepals ⅛ of an inch long; petals oblong, or broadly +wedge-shaped, white, slightly larger than the sepals. + +An inconspicuous little plant growing on wet rocks and beside alpine +brooks at high altitudes throughout the region; flowering during +midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Saxifraga cernua= L. _Nodding Bulbous Saxifrage._] + +Stems 3—8 inches tall, leafy, somewhat glandular-hairy, growing in +groups. Leaves reniform in outline ⅓—1 inch wide; the basal and lower +stem-leaves long-petioled prominently, 3—7 lobed, the lobes linear +to triangular-lanceolate; the upper stem leaves, 3—5-lobed. Flowers +represented by clusters of rosy bulblets, except a single terminal +one with the base of the calyx and sepals ¼ of an inch long, and +wedge-shaped, the clawless white petals nearly half an inch long. + +A rather striking alpine plant growing on wet rocks at Lake Louise and +Moraine Lake; flowering in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Muscaria adscendens= (L.) Small. _Muscaria._] + +Somewhat glandular-hairy, 1—4 inches tall. Leaves ⅛—¼ of an inch long, +mainly wedge-shaped or spatulate, 3-toothed or those of the stem +entire. Flower-stalks sparingly branched above or throughout; sepals +ovate or oblong-ovate ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long, acute or obtuse; petals +white, wedge-shaped to oblong wedge-shaped, a third longer than the +sepals, the claws slender or stout. + +An alpine species with rosettes of basal leaves, not infrequent +throughout the Rockies, along streams, and on shaded rocks; flowering +in midsummer. + +[Illustration: Muscaria cæspitosa (L.) Haw. (½ Nat.) Tufted Saxifrage.] + +[Illustration: Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small. (⅓ Nat.) Mountain +Saxifrage.] + +[Sidenote: =Muscaria cæspitosa= (L.) Haw. _Tufted Saxifrage._] + +Glandular-hairy, 2—6 inches tall. Leaves crowded at the base, sometimes +densely so; blades ¼—¾ of an inch long, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes +lanceolate or linear. Flower-stalks stout, 3-few-flowered, each bearing +2—3 leaves, base of the calyx ⅛ to ³/₁₆ of an inch high, turbinate at +the base, sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long; +petals white, narrowly obovate or oblong-ovate, ¼ of an inch or more +long, rounded at the apex. + +An alpine species growing on moist, shaded rocks throughout the +Rockies, frequent, often forming tufts of considerable size; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Micranthes rhomboidea= (Greene) Small. _Alpine Saxifrage._] + +Leaves forming a rosette, spreading or ascending ¾—2 inches long, ovoid +or rhombic-ovoid, obtuse, crenulate or dentate-serrate, nearly smooth +except the ciliate margins, mainly green, sometimes purplish beneath, +abruptly or gradually narrowed into petiole-like bases, which are +occasionally larger than the blades. Flowers in a compact terminal head +on a copiously glandular, naked scape 3—10 inches high; sepals ovate to +triangular ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long barely if at all ciliate, 3-veined; +petals white, obovate or oblong-ovate, twice as long as the sepals, +notched at the apex, seed pods green or purplish, the points spreading. + +A frequent alpine plant in the more or less moist, shaded situations +throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Illustration: Micranthes Nelsoniana (D. Don.) Small. (½ Nat.) Nelson’s +Saxifrage.] + +[Illustration: Micranthes Lyallii (Engler) Small. (⅔ Nat.) Lyall’s +Saxifrage.] + +[Sidenote: =Micranthes Lyallii= (Engler) Small. _Lyall’s Saxifrage._] + +Leaves erect or ascending ½—2½ inches long, fan-shaped varying to +suborbicular, typically wedge-shaped at the base, coarsely few-toothed +above with the teeth mainly directed forward, smooth or nearly so, the +petiole-like bases often longer than the blades. Flowering stems 3—24 +inches tall, smooth or nearly so, sparingly branched above, commonly +purple, few-flowered; petals white with 2 yellow blotches below the +middle, broadly oblong or suborbicular, often slightly notched at +the apex, twice as long as the sepals, often tinged and streaked +with red on the outside; seed pods nearly ½ an inch high, purple or +purple-tinged, usually 3 or 4 together, with pointed beaks. + +An alpine form frequent throughout the region in damp, shady, or open +places and along the borders of mountain streams; a rather striking +plant, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Micranthes Nelsoniana= (D. Don.) Small. _Nelson’s +Saxifrage._] + +Leaves erect or ascending, 1—5 inches long, suborbicular or reniform, +¾—1¾ inches in diameter, deeply cordate at the base, usually sparingly +hairy on both sides, coarsely few-toothed with crenate, gland-tipped +teeth. Flower-stem erect, 1½—7 inches tall, glandular-villous, +especially above, terminating in a compact head usually with purple +or purplish bracts; sepals ovate or oblong-ovate ⅙—⅛ of an inch long, +ciliate; petals white, broadly oblong to ovate, twice as long as the +sepals. + +A rather rare though very beautiful alpine flower found throughout the +region in moist places and along alpine brooks; flowering in June. + +[Illustration: Spatularia Brunoniana (Bong.) Small. (¼ Nat.) Tall +Saxifrage.] + +[Illustration: Leptasea austromontana (Wiegand) Small. (⅓ Nat.) Common +Saxifrage.] + +[Sidenote: =Spatularia Brunoniana= Bong. _Tall Saxifrage._] + +Copiously glandular-hairy, 4—15 inches tall. Leaves crowded on the +short rootstock, spatulate to oblanceolate-spatulate, 1—3 inches +long, sharply and sometimes broadly toothed, mostly above the middle. +Flower-stems solitary or several together, widely branching, bracts +much smaller than the leaves; flowers terminating the stem, branches, +and branchlets, but on many of the ultimate branchlets represented by +clusters of green bulblets; sepals oblong-ovate to triangular-ovate, ⅙ +of an inch or less long, purple, reflexed; petals white, ¼ of an inch +long or less, the three upper with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate +blades; two lower with elliptic or spatulate-elliptic blades; seed +pods ¼ of an inch long with diverging tips. The commonest form in the +Selkirks, everywhere along streams and banks. + +[Sidenote: =Leptarrhena pyrolifolia= (D. Don.) R. Br. _Leptarrhena._] + +Caudex horizontal or ascending, clothed with folded leaf bases. Leaves +leathery, oblong, or sometimes slightly broadest above or below +the middle, 1½—3½ inches long, obtuse, serrate or crenate-serrate, +deep green and lustrous above, paler beneath, narrowed into winged +petiole-like bases. Flower-stalks 4—18 inches high, bearing 1 or 2 +clasping leaves; flowers small and inconspicuous, at first congested in +a compact head, becoming separated; sepals ovate, about as long as the +base of the calyx, each with a terminal gland and usually some lateral +glands; petals narrowly spatulate, white, ⅛ of an inch long; seed pods +¼ of an inch long with slightly spreading tips; purplish. + +Along alpine streams and in damp shaded places, rather abundant +throughout the region at the higher altitudes; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Leptasea Van-Bruntiæ= Small. _Fleshy Saxifrage._] + +Stems decumbent. Leaves ⅛—½ of an inch long, the blades very thick, +flattish, smooth, ciliate on the margins, spine-tipped. Flowers +1—several on stalks, 1½—3 inches tall, finely glandular-hairy, leafy, +bearing larger leaves than the decumbent stems; sepals ovate to +oblong-ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, smooth, more or less eroded at the +apex; petals deep yellow, oblong, much longer than the calyx; seed pods +¼ of an inch or more long. + +A common species throughout the Rockies, forming mats on the wet gravel +and sand of the shores and flood-plains of the rivers and torrent fans +at the bases of the moraines; flowering throughout June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Leptasea austromontana= (Wiegand) Small. _Common +Saxifrage._] + +Leaves of the caudices ½ an inch or less long, stiff and crowded, but +more or less spreading, the blades narrowly lanceolate to subulate, +ciliate, slender, spine-tipped. Flower-stalks 1½—6 inches tall, nearly +smooth or finely glandular-hairy, bearing several leaves which are +smaller than those of the caudices; sepals ovate, sometimes rather +narrowly so, ⅛ of an inch long, smooth or sparingly ciliate, obtuse; +petals white, usually yellow-spotted, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, ¼ of +an inch or more long, filaments slender; seed pods often nearly ½ an +inch long. + +Common everywhere throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on bare +rocks and stony slopes, frequently forming mats a foot or more across; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Antiphylla oppositifolia= (L.) Fourr. _Purple Saxifrage._] + +Plants in dense mats, leaves densely folded together except on the +flower-stalks and sometimes on the elongated stems, 4-ranked, the +blades obovate to spatulate, ¼ of an inch long, ciliate, keeled. +Flower-stalks ½—1 inch long or sometimes shorter when young, leafy; +sepals oblong to ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, ciliate all around; petals +lilac or purple, elliptic or oval, showy, ⅓ of an inch long, each +narrowed into a stout claw. + +Usually a high alpine species and not infrequently forming mats of +considerable size; throughout the region, flowering in July. + + + + +GROSSULARIACEÆ + +_Gooseberry Family_ + + +Shrubs, usually with lobed, petioled leaves and racemose or +subsolitary axillary or lateral flowers, the pedicels bracteolate; +calyx tube attached to the ovary, the limb 4—5-lobed, often coloured; +petals, 4—5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like, +often included; stamens 4—5, inserted with the petals; berry globose or +ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its summit. + +[Sidenote: =Ribes lacustre= (Pers.) Poir. _Swamp Gooseberry._] + +Stems prostrate or ascending, 3—4 feet long, very prickly when young, +spines slender and weak, generally clustered. Leaves nearly orbicular, +thin, smooth or hairy along the veins beneath, deeply 5—7 lobed, 1—2 +inches broad, the lobes acutish, incised-dentate. Flowers in racemes of +5—9; calyx rotate, ⅙ of an inch broad, spreading, green or purplish; +petals exceeding the calyx; ovary glandular-hispid; berry black. + +A very abundant gooseberry throughout the region in cool damp woods and +bogs at the lower elevations; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ribes setosum= Lindl. _Bristly Gooseberry._] + +Stems erect, 3—4 feet high, with numerous stout bristles, especially +on the young wood; axillary spines 1—3 together, rather stout and +spreading. Leaves slender-petioled, more or less finely hairy, at least +when young, ½—1 inch wide, broadly ovate or orbicular, 3—5-lobed, the +lobes incised or coarsely toothed. Flowers 2—3, ¼—½ an inch long on +very short pedicels; calyx tube cylindric, greenish-white or pinkish; +petals white; berries small, purple or blue and very sour. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies on lake shores and in thickets at the +lower altitudes; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Ribes oxyacanthoides= L. _Northern Gooseberry._] + +Spines generally solitary, light-coloured, ¼—½ of an inch long; +prickles commonly wanting. Leaves petioled, roundish, subcordate and +5-lobed, hairy or nearly smooth, the lobes deeply toothed or crenate. +Flowers greenish-purple or white, little more than ¼ of an inch long; +berry half an inch in diameter, smooth, reddish-purple and sweet when +ripe. + +Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, in open ground and on +stony hillsides; flowering in June; fruit ripening in July. + +[Sidenote: =Ribes Howellii= Greene. _Howell’s Currant._] + +Stems ascending, crowded, 2—5 feet high, without spines. Leaves +triangular, 2—3 inches in diameter, cordate at the base, deeply +5-lobed, the acute lobes doubly serrate, smooth above, often +resinous-dotted beneath, petiole as long as or longer than the +blade. Flowers ⅓ of an inch broad in a loose raceme, bracts linear, +about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long, much shorter than the slender, glandular +pedicels; calyx rotate with broad spatulate lobes; petals red, narrowly +spatulate, shorter than the calyx lobes; berries red. + +A rather showy plant with a pungent, skunk-like odour when bruised, +growing on wet, shaded rocks and in springy places throughout the +region, at the lower altitudes; flowering in June. + + + + +ROSACEÆ + +_Rose Family._ + + +Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate leaves and perfect flowers; +calyx free or adnate to the ovary, 5—9-lobed; petals equal in number +to the calyx lobes, distinct or none; stamens usually numerous and +distinct; fruit mostly follicles or achenes. + + Carpels few; in fruit becoming 2-several sided. + Stamens united at the base; flowers racemose. =Lutkea.= + Stamens not united at the base; flowers in panicles or corymbs. + Shrubs with simple leaves, flowers perfect. =Spiræa.= + Herbs with compound leaves; flowers diœcious. =Aruncus.= + Carpels few or many; in fruit becoming achenes or drupelets. + Fruit consisting of drupelets, usually united. =Rubus.= + Fruit consisting of achenes. + Achenes enclosed in a fleshy fruit; prickly shrubs. =Rosa.= + Achenes on a plane or concave receptacle; herbs. + Styles deciduous, naked. + Styles terminal. =Potentilla.= + Styles lateral. + Carpels hairy; shrubs. =Dasyphora.= + Carpels smooth; herbs. + Stamens 5; carpels 10—15. =Sibbaldia.= + Stamens 20; carpels numerous. + Leaves trifoliate; receptacle fleshy. =Fragaria.= + Leaves pinnate; receptacle not fleshy. + Flowers dark purple. =Comarum.= + Flowers yellow. + Plant with stolons; flowers solitary. + =Argentina.= + Styles persistent, mostly plumose. + Calyx lobes and petals 8 or 9. =Dryas.= + Calyx lobes and petals 5. + Style jointed, upper part deciduous. =Geum.= + Style not jointed, upper part plumose. =Sieversia.= + +[Illustration: Tiarella unifoliata Hook. (¼ Nat.) Western Foam-Flower.] + +[Illustration: Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. (⅔ Nat.) Cut-Leaved +Lutkea.] + +[Sidenote: =Lutkea pectinata= (Pursh.) Kuntze. _Cut-leaved Lutkea._] + +Smooth, stems cæspitose, very leafy. Leaves trifoliate, persistent, +leaflets deeply 2—4-lobed, the lateral ones decumbent, forming a broad +petiole. Flowering stems 2—6 inches high with a dense terminal raceme +of many white flowers, about ¼ of an inch broad; calyx lobes ovate, +acute; petals 5, obovate, exceeding the calyx; stamens numerous, +shorter than the petals. + +Frequent throughout the Selkirks, on alpine slopes and beside streams +at the higher elevations; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Spiræa densiflora= Nutt. _Pink Spiræa._] + +Stem 2—4 feet high, reddish. Leaves ovate or elliptical, serrulate at +the apex, entire below, narrowed at the base to a very short petiole or +the lowest sessile, dark green on both sides, ½—1 inch long. Flowers +small, deep rose-colour in dense, round, leafy, bracted corymbs, +terminating the numerous branches. + +In moist, exposed, rocky places and on slopes at the lower altitudes, +frequent in the Selkirks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Spiræa lucida= Dougl. _Birch-leaved Spiræa._] + +Stems erect, mostly simple, 1—2 feet high, from horizontal running +rootstocks. Leaves, the lower ones small, obovate; upper, oval to +oblong, 1—2 inches long, often obscurely lobed and doubly serrate above +the middle, smooth throughout, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers +white or tinged with pink in a large flat branching terminal corymb. + +Abundant throughout the region on hillsides and dry banks; flowering +during July. + +[Illustration: Rubus pedatus Smith. (⅔ Nat.) Creeping Raspberry.] + +[Sidenote: =Aruncus Aruncus= (L.) Karst. _Goat’s-Beard._] + +Smooth throughout, stem erect, somewhat branched, 2—4 feet high. +Leaves long-petioled, 2—3 pinnate, leaflets 1—3 inches long, ovate or +lanceolate, thin, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or slightly +heart-shaped at the base, doubly serrate or incised. Flowers small, +white, in an elongated spike. + +Frequent along streams throughout the Selkirks; flowering during June +and July. + +[Sidenote: =Rubus pedatus= Smith. _Creeping Raspberry._] + +Stems slender, trailing, 1—3 feet long, unarmed, rooting at the +nodes, pubescent. Leaves trifoliate, leaflets obovate, cuneate at the +base, ¾—1 inch long incised, lateral leaflets often parted to the +base, smooth or sparingly hairy. Flowers usually solitary, on long +slender pedicels, white or rosy, ⅛ of an inch or more broad; sepals +ovate-lanceolate, entire or incised, exceeding the petals; berry of 1—6 +large red, juicy drupelets. + +Frequent throughout the region in cold damp woods, forming masses of +considerable size; flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Rubus arcticus= L. _Arctic Raspberry._] + +Stem low, herbaceous, unarmed, finely hairy, 3—10 inches high, +sometimes leafless below. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets sessile or +short-stalked, rhombic-ovate or obovate, coarsely and unequally serrate +or slightly lobed, ¾—1 inch long. Flowers solitary or occasionally 2, +slender peduncled; petals obovate, pink, ½—1 inch long; sepals acute, +equalling or shorter than the petals, reflexed; berry light red, +fragrant and edible. + +In cold mossy thickets and swamps throughout the region, the first +flowers appearing in May and early June when the stems are but a +few inches high, with the leaves hardly unfolded; in midsummer it +frequently flowers again from branched stems 8—10 inches high and +appearing like a different plant. + +[Sidenote: =Rubus Americanus= (Pers.) Britton. _Dwarf Raspberry._] + +Stems herbaceous, trailing or ascending, unarmed, 6—18 inches or more +long, somewhat hairy. Leaves petioled, 3-foliate or rarely 5-foliate +leaflets rhombic-ovate, smooth or nearly so, acute, the lateral ones +mostly rounded, terminal, wedge-shaped at the base, all sharply +serrate. Flowers 1—3 on a slender glandular-hairy peduncle, ½ an inch +or less broad; petals 5—7, white, spatulate-oblong, erect, rather +longer than the acuminate calyx lobes; fruit red-purple, half an inch +long. + +In cold moist woods and swampy places throughout the region; flowering +in May and June. + +[Sidenote: =Rubus parviflorus= Nutt. _Salmon-berry._] + +Stems shrubby, 3—8 feet high, smooth or more or less glandular-hairy. +Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3—5-lobed, the lobes acute +or acutish, rarely acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate. Flowers +few, 1—2 inches broad, white, in corymbose, terminal heads, calyx lobes +tipped with a long slender appendage. + +Borders of woods, and in thickets among rocks, throughout the region, +but most abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June and July. + +[Illustration: Rubus parviflorus Nutt. (⅔ Nat.) Salmon-Berry.] + +[Sidenote: =Rubus strigosus= Michx. _Wild Red Raspberry._] + +Stems shrubby, biennial, 18 inches to 4 feet high, usually densely +clothed with weak glandular bristles or the older stems with small +hooked prickles. Leaves pinnately 3—5-foliate, leaflets ovate or +ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply and irregularly serrate or slightly +lobed, rounded at the base, 1—3 inches long. Flowers ½ an inch broad +in a loose raceme on slender pedicels, curved in fruit; petals white, +ascending, about equalling the spreading acuminate sepals; fruit dark +red, sweet and very juicy. + +The common red raspberry throughout the region in dry and rocky places; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Dasyphora fruticosa= (L.) Rydb. _Shrubby Cinquefoil._] + +Shrubby, much branched; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, 6 inches +to 3 feet high, the bark shreddy. Leaves pinnate with 5—7 oblong, +entire, acute leaflets, with long silky hairs and revolute margins. +Flowers bright yellow, ¾—1½ inches broad, usually solitary at the ends +of the branches. + +A very abundant plant throughout the region, in swampy grounds, +gravelly river shores, on dry slopes and alpine meadows, flowering +throughout the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Sibbaldia procumbens= L. _Sibbaldia._] + +Stems densely tufted, decumbent or creeping, 1—4 inches long. +Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets wedge-shaped, 3—5-toothed at the apex +with scattered hairs on both sides. Flowers ¼ of an inch broad, +greenish-yellow; petals very small, not exceeding the calyx. + +Frequent throughout the region on rocks, usually in dry, exposed +situations at elevations varying from 4000 to 10,000 feet; flowering +during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Fragaria glauca= (S. Wats.) Rydb. _Wild Strawberry._] + +Plant spreading, 3—6 inches tall, hairy, forming new plants by the +running stems after flowering. Leaves tufted from the root, very +hairy, palmately 3-foliate; leaflets obtuse, strongly serrate, the +teeth gland-tipped; lateral leaflets ovate, oblique on the inside, +shorter than the terminal one; terminal leaflet broadly ovate with a +wedge-shaped base. Flowers white, ¾ of an inch broad; petals slightly +longer than the sepals, borne on a scape about ⅓ longer than the +leaves. Fruit ovoid, rather small. + +On grassy banks and roadsides throughout the Rockies; flowering in late +May and early June. + +[Illustration: Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. (½ Nat.) Wild +Strawberry.] + +[Illustration: Amelanchier florida Lindl. (⅓ Nat.) Service-Berry.] + +[Sidenote: =Comarum palustre= (L.) _Marsh Cinquefoil._] + +Smooth, decumbent at the base, 6 inches to 2 feet long. Leaves pinnate, +the lower long-petioled with 5—7 oblong or oblanceolate, sharply +serrate leaflets, which are lighter-coloured and more or less hairy +beneath; upper leaflets similar, 3—5. Flowers few, in an open cyme; +calyx lobes purple within, acuminate, nearly ½ an inch long, enlarging +in fruit; petals much shorter than the sepals. + +A marsh plant frequent throughout the region in very wet situations, at +the lower altitudes; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Argentina Anserina= (L.) Rydb. _Silver-weed._] + +Herbaceous, spreading by runners. Leaves all at the root, interruptedly +pinnate with 7—21 leaflets and smaller ones interposed; oblong, sharply +serrate, dark green above, soft, white-hairy beneath. Flowers bright +yellow, ½—1 inch broad, solitary on long pedicels, petals exceeding the +ovate, acute, calyx lobes. + +In open and waste ground and meadows throughout the Rockies at the +lower altitudes; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Potentilla nivea= L. _Snowy Cinquefoil._] + +Stem 4—8 inches high, woody at the base, with long silky hairs. Leaves +3-foliate, the lower petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate, usually +deeply cut, densely, white-hairy beneath, green and loosely soft-hairy +above, ¾—1 inch long. Flowers 1—5, bright yellow, ½—¾ of an inch broad; +sepals silky, lanceolate, shorter than the broadly ovate, notched +petals. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in open, rocky situations; flowering +during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Potentilla dissecta= Pursh. _Cut-leaved Cinquefoil._] + +Stem decumbent or ascending 4—8 inches high from a woody base, more or +less silky-villous or nearly smooth. Leaves pinnate or tripinnate with +5—7 lanceolate, deeply cut leaflets, usually glaucous and with ciliate +edges. Flowers few, bright yellow, ½ an inch or more broad with notched +petals, in an open cyme. + +In open alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region at the higher +altitudes; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Potentilla multisecta= (Wats.) Rydb.] + +Much like the preceding species but much more hairy throughout and with +more divided leaves. Flowers in a loose cyme on scapes 4—6 inches high, +not quite so large as in the preceding nor as brilliantly coloured. + +Dry rocky summits and ledges throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Potentilla uniflora= (Ledeb.) _Alpine Cinquefoil._] + +Densely cæspitose from a woody base. Leaves closely tufted, small, +palmately divided, leaflets deeply cut, densely white-woolly on both +surfaces. Flowers solitary on short peduncles, bright yellow, half an +inch or more broad; petals broadly obovate, notched at the apex, much +longer than the densely soft-hairy lanceolate sepals. + +A high alpine species in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies, not +common; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Geum macrophyllum= Willd. _Large-leaved Avens._] + +Stout, erect, stiff-hairy, 1—3 feet high. Leaves lyrate-pinnate with +broad foliaceous stipules, basal leaves petioled, the terminal segment +much the largest, reniform, dentate, 3—7-lobed; lateral leaflets 3—6 +oval or obovate with smaller ones interspersed. Flowers several, short +peduncled, borne in a terminal head; bright yellow, nearly ½ an inch +broad; petals longer than the acuminate sepals; receptacle nearly +smooth. + +In damp places and low grounds throughout the region, most abundant in +the Selkirks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Geum strictum= Ait. _Yellow Avens._] + +Hairy, branched above, 2—4 feet high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal +leaves lyrate-pinnate; leaflets 5—7, obovate, cuneate, dentate or +lobed, the terminal one largest, broadly ovate or cuneate, stem leaves +sessile or short-petioled with 3—5 ovate or oblong, acute segments. +Flowers yellow, ½ an inch broad; receptacle downy. + +In swamps or low grounds throughout the region; flowering in June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens. + +_b_ Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don. Long-Plumed Purple Avens. + +(⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Sieversia ciliata= (Pursh.) Don. _Long-Plumed Purple +Avens._] + +Soft-hairy, scapose; scape 4—18 inches high, simple, 3—8-flowered at +the summit. Basal leaves petioled, interruptedly pinnate with many +small leaflets, among the numerous obovate, deeply cut larger ones. +Flowers ½ an inch broad of 5 pale purplish-pink petals hardly exceeding +the calyx and spreading linear red bractlets; styles plumose in fruit, +1—2 inches long. + +In dry open grounds extending into the Rockies from the plains, where +it is especially abundant, to the lower slopes and valleys throughout +the region; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Dryas octopetala= L. _White Mountain Avens._] + +Stems prostrate, branched, 3—6 inches long. Leaves oblong or ovate, +½—1 inch long, obtuse at each end, closely crenate, dark green and +shining above, densely white-woolly beneath. Flowers solitary on +slender pedicels, white, an inch or more broad; petals longer than the +6—8 spreading linear sepals; stamens numerous, anthers bright yellow; +styles conspicuously plumose in fruit. + +Frequent in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies at elevations +ranging from 4000 to 10,000 feet, forming dense mats of considerable +size on the surface of the ground; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Dryas Drummondii= Richards. _Drummond’s Mountain Avens._] + +Similar in manner of growth and general appearance to the preceding +species. Leaves generally narrower at the base, the lobes +dentate-crenate. Flowers ½ an inch long, campanulate, drooping on a +densely woolly pedicel; sepals ovate, acute, black glandular-hairy; +petals lanceolate, obtuse, bright yellow, about twice the length of the +sepals; stamens included; styles numerous, conspicuously plumose in +fruit. + +In gravel and loose stony soil throughout the Rockies, especially +abundant on river shores and flood-plains, like the previous species +frequently forming mats of considerable size; flowering in June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Dryas octopetala L. White Mountain Avens. + +_b_ Dryas Drummondii Rich. Drummond’s Mountain Avens. + +(⅞ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Rosa Macounii= Greene. _Macoun’s Rose._] + +Stems branched, 2—3 feet high, prickly. Leaves pinnate, leaflets large, +¾—1½ inches long, oval, coarsely toothed. Flowers solitary, on slender +pedicels, bright pink, petals broadly obovate, an inch or more long, +sepals entire with a long acuminate obtuse tip, persistent and erect in +fruit, fruit globose, bright scarlet. + +The wild rose of the region, in open ground, on slopes, borders of +woods, stream and river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering in late +June and early July. + + + + +POMACEÆ + +_Apple Family_ + + +Trees and shrubs with alternate leaves, and regular, perfect flowers; +calyx superior, 5-toothed; petals 5; stamens numerous; fruit a more or +less fleshy pome. + + Leaves pinnate. =Sorbus.= + Leaves simple, entire-toothed or lobed. =Amelanchier.= + +[Sidenote: =Sorbus sambucifolia= (Cham. and Schl.) Roem _Western +Mountain-ash._] + +A small tree with smooth bark. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5—15, +ovate-lanceolate or oval, obtuse or short-pointed, serrate, smooth +and dark green above, pale and usually more or less hairy beneath, +especially along the veins, seldom over 2½ inches long. Flowers white, +nearly ½ an inch across in a compound flat cyme, 2—4 inches broad; +petals spreading, short-clawed, obovate; stamens numerous; fruit bright +scarlet, more than ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +In moist stony ground throughout the region; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Amelanchier alnifolia= Nutt. _North-western June-berry._] + +A shrub, soft-hairy when young, at length nearly smooth. Leaves thick, +broadly elliptic or almost orbicular, very obtuse and often truncate +at the apex, round or subcordate at the base; coarsely dentate above +the middle. 1—2 inches long. Flowers in rather short, dense racemes, +pedicels short; petals oblanceolate, ¼—¾ of an inch long, 2—4 times the +length of the calyx; fruit purple when ripe and very sweet. + +On slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the region, flowering in +June. + + + + +DRUPACEÆ + +_Plum Family_ + + +Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum. Leaves alternate, petioled, +serrate, the teeth and petiole often glandular; flowers regular, +perfect; calyx 5-lobed inferior, deciduous; petals 5, inserted on the +calyx; stamens numerous, inserted on the petals; fruit a 1-seeded drupe. + +[Sidenote: =Prunus demissa= (Nutt.) Walp. _Western Wild Cherry._] + +A shrub or small tree. Leaves thick ovate or broadly oval, acute or +slightly obtuse, serrulate with short teeth. Flowers ¼ of an inch or +more broad, in drooping racemes at the ends of the leafy branches; +drupe dark purple or black, globose, over ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +In thickets in the Rockies, frequent in the vicinity of Banff; +flowering in May and early June. + + + + +PAPILIONACEÆ + +_Pea Family_ + + +Herbs or vines with alternate, compound leaves and irregular, perfect, +yellow, purple, blue, or white flowers, mainly in racemes; calyx +4—5-toothed; petals more or less united or separate, consisting of a +broad upper one (standard), two lateral ones (wings), and two front +ones more or less united (keel). + + Herbs; leaves unequally pinnate, not tendril-bearing. + Pods not jointed. + Keel of the corolla blunt. + Pod not much swollen, fleshy, leathery or papery; + flowers blue or purple. =Astragalus.= + Pods much inflated, membranous; flowers white. =Phaca.= + Pods flat, both sutures prominent externally. =Homalobus.= + Keel of the corolla acute. =Aragallus.= + Pods jointed, flowers purple or white. =Hedysarum.= + Herbaceous veins; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils. + Style slender with a tuft of hairs at the summit. =Vicia.= + Style flattened, bearded along the inner side. =Lathyrus.= + +[Sidenote: =Astragalus adsurgens= Pall. _Ascending Milk-vetch._] + +Stems whitish with close hairs or nearly smooth, ascending or +decumbent, 4—18 inches long, simple or branched at the base. Leaflets +15—25 oval or linear-oblong, sometimes notched at the apex, narrowed +at the base, ½—1 inch long; peduncles exceeding the leaves. Flowers +purplish, ½—¾ of an inch long in dense short spikes; calyx villous with +long partly black hairs, ½ the length of the corolla, with slender +teeth, half the length of the campanulate tube. + +In open ground at low altitudes, probably the most frequent of the +vetches on the eastern slopes of the Rockies, often forming great +patches of blue during June. + +[Sidenote: =Astragalus hypoglottis= L. _Purple Milk-vetch._] + +Hairy or nearly smooth, stems decumbent or ascending, slender, branched +at the base, usually low, but ranging from 6—24 inches long. Leaves +2—5 inches long with 17—25 leaflets which are oblong or elliptic, +obtusish and usually notched at the apex, rounded at the base ¼—½ an +inch long. Flowers violet-purple, ½ to nearly an inch long in dense +heads, calyx nearly ⅓ the length with long black and white hairs. + +Frequent at the lower altitudes, in dry ground and roadsides on the +eastern slopes of the Rockies, particularly in the region around Banff; +flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Astragalus alpinus= L. _Alpine Milk-vetch._] + +Ascending or decumbent, branching from the base, 6—15 inches high, +slightly hairy or smooth. Leaves 2—5 inches long, with 13—25 oval or +elliptic, obtuse or retuse leaflets, narrowed or rounded at the base, +¼—½ an inch long. Flowers ½ an inch or more long, pale violet, the keel +commonly darker, in short rather open racemes; calyx about ⅓ the length +of the corolla, with short black hairs. + +The most dainty of any of the vetches, frequent in rocky soil in +slightly shaded situations throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Astragalus convallarius= Greene. _Slender Milk-vetch._] + +Stems slender, ascending and rigid, 10—18 inches high, branching from +the base; hairy throughout. Leaves 3—6 inches long with 9—17 narrowly +linear, silky leaflets ½—1 inch long, remote. Flowers pale violet or +mauve, half an inch or more long, scattered in a slender raceme 3—5 +inches long; peduncles much longer than the leaves; calyx about ⅓ the +length of the corolla with scattered white or brownish hairs. + +On the eastern slopes of the Rockies in dry stony ground at the lower +altitudes; flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Astragalus Macouni= Rydb. _Macoun’s Vetch._] + +Stems 18—24 inches high, stout and leafy, slightly striate and +nearly smooth. Leaves 2—4 inches long, thin, odd-pinnate with 4—8 +pairs of obtuse, oblong, or oval leaflets, ½—1 inch long. Flower +scream-coloured, tinged with blue, in heads 1½—3 inches long, on +peduncles 4—10 inches long, from the axils of the upper leaves; calyx ⅛ +of an inch long, black-hairy, lobes very slender and short; corolla ¼ +of an inch or more long. + +Frequent in more or less moist open ground throughout the Rockies at +varying altitudes; flowering during June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Phaca Americana= (Hook) Rydb. _Arctic Milk-vetch._] + +Erect, nearly simple and smooth, 1—2 feet high. Leaves 3—6 inches +long with 7—17 oval or ovate-lanceolate obtuse leaflets, ¾—1½ inches +long. Flowers white, ¾ of an inch long in loose racemes on peduncles +equalling or exceeding the leaves; pedicels slender, ½ an inch long in +fruit; pod membranous, inflated, an inch long. + +In moist or wet rocky shaded places throughout the Rockies; flowering +during June and early July. + +[Illustration: Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. (½ Nat.) Arctic Vetch.] + +[Illustration: Homalobus aboriginorum (Richards) Rydb. (⅓ Nat.) Indian +Vetch.] + +[Sidenote: =Homalobus aboriginorum= (Richards) Rydb. _Indian Vetch._] + +Stems erect and branching, 6—18 inches high, hairy throughout, from +an enlarged root. Leaves pinnate with 7—11 linear leaflets; stipules +ovate, acute, foliaceous. Flowers white, tinged with mauve, in a +loose raceme 1—2 inches long; peduncles longer than the leaves, calyx +black-hairy, about ⅛ of an inch long, with slender teeth nearly half as +much longer; corolla more than twice the length of the calyx. + +An abundant species at the lower altitudes in open dry ground on the +eastern slopes of the Rockies; flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus monticola= (A. Gray) Greene. _Mountain Oxytrope._] + +Silvery-pubescent throughout, with appressed or slightly spreading +hairs; tufted. Leaves basal, 3—6 inches long with 9—19 linear-oblong +or lanceolate, acute or obtusish leaflets ¾—1 inch long. Flowers pale +yellow or creamy-white ¾ of an inch or more long in dense heads, on +peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx nearly half as long as the +corolla, with long white and short black hairs. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in dry stony and alpine meadows and +slopes, at varying elevations; flowering from June to early July. + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus Lamberti= (Pursh) Greene. _Loco Weed._] + +Tufted, the branches of the caudex short; scapes few or several, erect, +rather slender, 4—20 inches high. Leaves several, mostly erect, shorter +than the scapes; leaflets 10—15 pairs, mostly oblong-lanceolate, from +sparsely soft-pubescent to lightly canescent, acute, ½—1 inch long. +Flowers pale yellow, ½ an inch long and twice as long as the calyx, in +a loose head, 2—4 inches long. + +Abundant in the open ground on the eastern slopes of the Rockies; a +strikingly handsome vetch frequently found in masses of considerable +extent, especially in the region around Banff; flowering in June and +early July. + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus splendens= (Dougl.) Greene. _Showy Oxytrope._] + +Densely silky, silvery-villous, acaulescent, and tufted. Leaves 4—9 +inches long, erect; leaflets very numerous, in verticels of 3—6, oblong +or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded at the +base, ½ to nearly an inch long. Flowers deep purple, about ½ an inch +long in dense spikes on peduncles exceeding the leaves. + +A very showy plant frequently flowering in considerable masses in +the open grounds on the eastern slopes of the Rockies and dry alpine +meadows; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus viscidulus= Rydb. _Sticky Oxytrope._] + +Tufted, with parts of the old leaves remaining. Leaves all basal, 4—6 +inches long with 8—15 pairs of leaflets, loosely villous-pubescent, +oblong, obtuse or acutish, ¼ to nearly ½ an inch long, glandular on +the margins. Flowers nearly ½ an inch long varying from pink to dark +purple, in loose spikes on glandular sticky scapes, much longer than +the leaves; calyx more than half as long as the corolla with white +and shorter black hairs; calyx teeth and bracts of the inflorescence +densely glandular. + +In dry open ground and alpine meadows through the Rockies at the lower +altitudes, flowering in early June and forming dense tufted masses of +brilliant pink, blue, or purple flowers; probably the most striking +species in the vicinity of Banff. + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus deflexus= (Pall.) Heller. _Drooping-fruited +Oxytrope._] + +Loosely soft-pubescent or silky, decumbent or ascending 10—18 inches +high. Leaves 4—6 inches long with 12—16 pairs of lanceolate to oblong, +acute leaflets, ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers small, pale purple, little +more than ¼ of an inch long in slender spikes 2—4 inches long on +peduncles much surpassing the leaves. Calyx nearly as long as the +corolla, with short black and longer white hairs; fruit strongly +reflexed. + +In moist open ground throughout the eastern Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in July. + +[Illustration: Aragallus viscidulus Rydb. (⅓ Nat.) Sticky Oxytrope.] + +[Illustration: Aragallus deflexus (Pall.) Heller. (½ Nat.) Drooping +Vetch.] + +[Sidenote: =Aragallus inflatus= (Hook) A. Nelson. _Inflated Oxytrope._] + +Acaulescent or more or less so, 1—4 inches high, soft-hairy. Leaves +pinnate with 5—11 pairs of short linear-lanceolate or oblong leaflets. +Flowers violet-purple, 1 or 2 on the peduncles which scarcely exceed +the leaves; calyx densely dark-hairy; pods much inflated. + +On high alpine slopes and summits through the Rockies, not a common +plant but probably more general than is now known; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Hedysarum americanum= (Michx.) Britton. _Purple Hedysarum._] + +Stem erect or somewhat decumbent, smooth or nearly so, 6 inches to 2½ +feet high, generally simple. Leaves 2—8 inches long with 11—21 oblong +or oblanceolate-obtuse leaflets, ½ to nearly 1 inch long. Flowers +violet-purple or nearly white, deflexed, ½—¾ of an inch long in rather +loose elongated racemes; calyx teeth ovate-acute, shorter than the tube. + +One of the taller of the vetches growing in open stony places and +slides throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Hedysarum sulphurescens= Rydb. _Yellow Hedysarum._] + +Erect, 12—15 inches high, minutely hairy. Leaves with 5—6 pairs of +oblong-elliptic, obtuse-cuspidate leaflets, ½—¾ of an inch long, finely +hairy beneath. Flowers bright yellow, over ½ an inch long; 15—30 in a +rather dense raceme; wings exceeding the vexillum but shorter than the +keel. + +Throughout the Rockies in open woods and meadows up to 8000 feet +elevation; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Hedysarum Mackenzii= Richards. _Mackenzie’s Hedysarum._] + +Stems erect or decumbent, 12—18 inches high, usually minutely hairy. +Leaves 3—6 inches long with 11—19 oblong-elliptic leaflets about ½ an +inch long. Flowers ¾ of an inch long, reddish-purple, 20—30 in loose +racemes on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx teeth very slender, +longer than the tube. + +On slides and in loose stony soil throughout the Rockies at varying +altitudes; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Vicia Cracca= L. _Cow Vetch._] + +Finely hairy or sometimes nearly smooth; stems tufted, slender, and +weak, climbing or trailing 2—4 feet long. Leaves tendril-bearing 2—3 +inches long of 18—24 thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, +mucronate leaflets, ⅓—¾ of an inch long. Flowers deep bluish-purple, +½ an inch long or less in dense spike-like racemes 1—4 inches long on +peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves. + +In dry or moist soil throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, +flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Vicia americana= Muhl. _American Vetch._] + +Smooth or some with appressed hairs, trailing or climbing 2—3 feet +long. Leaves nearly sessile, 2—3 inches long, tendril-bearing, with +8—14 elliptic, ovate or oblong leaflets, ½—1½ inches long, obtuse or +sometimes notched or mucronulate at the tip. Flowers bluish-purple +about ¾ of an inch long, 3—9 in loose racemes, on peduncles usually +shorter than the leaves. + +In moist ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies, climbing +over the surrounding shrubs and herbaceous plants; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Vicia linearis= (Nutt.) Greene. _Narrow-leaved American +Vetch._] + +Smooth or nearly so; stems weak, often zigzag, 1—2 feet long. Leaves +tendril-bearing, with 4—7 pairs of narrowly linear or linear-oblong +leaflets, 1—3 inches long, entire, acute and mucronate at the tip. +Flowers purple or purplish, about ¾ of an inch long, 2—6 in loose +racemes, on peduncles shorter than or about equalling the leaves. + +In dry soil at low altitudes throughout the Rockies especially near the +line of the railway; flowering during July. + +[Illustration: Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene. (½ Nat.) Loco Weed.] + +[Illustration: Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook (½ Nat.) White Vetch.] + +[Sidenote: =Lathyrus palustris= L. _Marsh Vetchling._] + +Smooth or sparingly hairy, stems angled and winged, slender, 1—3 feet +long; stipules half sagittate, lanceolate-linear or ovate-lanceolate, +½ to nearly an inch long. Leaves with branched tendrils and 2—4 pairs +of lanceolate oblong or linear, acute, mucronate leaflets; 1½—4 inches +long. Flowers purple, half an inch or more long, 2—6 in loose-headed +racemes on peduncles about equaling the leaves. + +In wet ground and swamps at the lower altitudes throughout the region; +flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Lathyrus ochroleucus= Hook. _Cream-coloured Vetchling._] + +Stems slender, somewhat angled, trailing or climbing, smooth and +slightly glaucous, 2—2½ feet long, stipules broad foliaceous, half +ovate and half cordate, ⅓—1 inch long. Leaves with branched tendrils +and 3—5 pairs of thin, ovate or broadly oval, obtuse leaflets, 1—2 +inches long, green above, whitish beneath. Flowers yellowish or +creamy-white ½—¾ of an inch long, 5—10 on peduncles shorter than the +leaves. + +On shaded river banks and hillsides at the lower altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering during June. + + + + +LINACEÆ + +_Flax Family_ + + +Herbs with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers; sepals 5, +persistent; petals 5 and alternate with the sepals; stamens 5 opposite +the sepals. + +[Sidenote: =Linum Lewisii= Pursh. _Lewis’s Wild Flax._] + +Perennial from a woody root, 1—2 feet high, densely tufted, smooth, +glaucous. Leaves crowded, oblong or linear, ¼—1½ inches long, acute or +acutish, 3—5 nerved. Flowers bright blue, 1—1½ inches broad; petals 5, +soon falling; sepals 5, oval, mainly obtuse, ⅓ or ¼ the length of the +petals; stigmas shorter than the styles; stamens 5, longer than the +styles. + +In open, dry, stony ground and slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June and July. + +[Illustration: Empetrum nigrum L. (Nat.) Black Crowberry.] + +[Illustration: Linum Lewisii Pursh. (¼ Nat.) Wild Blue-Flax.] + + + + +EMPETRACEÆ + +_Crowberry Family_ + + +Low evergreen shrubs with narrow nearly sessile leaves jointed to short +pulvini, channelled on the lower side by the revolute margins and small +monœcious, diœcious or rarely polygamous flowers; sepals, petals, and +stamens each 3, fruit a black, berry-like drupe. + +[Sidenote: =Empetrum nigrum= L. _Black Crowberry._] + +Smooth or the young shoots hairy, usually much branched, the branches +diffusely spreading, 2—10 inches long. Leaves crowded, dark green, +linear-oblong, thick and obtuse, about ¼ of an inch long with strongly +revolute, roughish margins. Flowers very small, purplish; stamens +exserted; berry nearly ¼ of an inch in diameter, black. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in damp woods, especially those of the +“Jack Pine” where it frequently forms a considerable part of the forest +floor, in dense, close mats. + + + + +CELASTRACEÆ + +_Staff-Tree Family_ + + +Shrubs with simple evergreen leaves, and regular perfect flowers, +sepals, petals, and stamens each 4 in our species. + +[Sidenote: =Pachystima myrsinites= (Pursh) Raf. _Mountain Lover._] + +Low evergreen shrub, densely branched or nearly simple, 1—3 feet high. +Leaves opposite, smooth, ovate to oblong or lanceolate, cuneate at +the base, the upper half serrate or serrulate ½—1 inch long on very +short petioles. Flowers small in axillary cymes; petals 4, stamens 4, +inserted at the edge of the broad disc. + +In gravelly and stony situations extending from the Valley of the +Columbia River at Beavermouth, westward throughout the Selkirks, the +minute blossoms appearing in the latter part of May; a pretty but very +variable shrub in habit and leaf form. + +[Illustration: Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. (½ Nat.) Mountain +Lover.] + +[Illustration: Viola adunca longipes (Nutt.) Rydb. (⅔ Nat.) Dog +Violet.] + + + + +ACERACEÆ + +_Maple Family_ + + +Trees or shrubs with watery often saccharine sap, opposite, simple and +palmately lobed leaves and axillary or terminal, cymose or racemose, +regular, polygamous or diœcious flowers; fruit of 2 long-winged +samaras, joined at the base. + +[Sidenote: =Acer glabrum= Torr. _Smooth Maple._] + +A shrub or small tree 6—30 feet high, 2—8 inches in diameter, smooth +throughout except the scales which are densely soft, hairy inside. +Leaves round-cordate with shallow sinus, 2—4 inches broad and nearly +as long, more or less deeply 3-lobed or parted, the ovate-acuminate +lobes doubly serrate with slender teeth; conspicuously veined. Flowers +greenish-yellow, somewhat corymbose on short 2-leaved branchlets +appearing after the leaves. Fruit smooth with slightly spreading wings +about an inch long. + +One of the few deciduous trees of the region, growing on slopes with +the other forest trees and in the moist valleys. + + + + +HYPERICACEÆ + +_St. John’s-Wort Family_ + + +Herbs in our species with opposite, black-dotted leaves, and cymose +yellow flowers; sepals and petals 5, twisted in the bud; stamens many. + +[Sidenote: =Hypericum Scouleri= Hook. _Scouler’s St. John’s-wort._] + +Simple or sparingly branched above often with numerous small branchlets +from running rootstocks, 1—2 feet high. Leaves thin, shorter than the +internodes, about an inch long, mostly obtuse, more or less clasping +and usually black-dotted along the margin. Flowers bright orange, ½—1 +inch in diameter in more or less panicled cymes, sepals oval or oblong, +much shorter than the petals, stamens numerous in three fascicles. + +In moist gravelly soil in the Selkirks at Glacier; flowering in July. + + + + +VIOLACEÆ + +_Violet Family_ + + +Herbs in our species with basal or alternate simple leaves and solitary +or clustered perfect irregular flowers; sepals 5, petals 5, the lower +one larger or with a posterior spur. + +[Sidenote: =Viola cognata= Greene. _Early Blue Violet._] + +Acaulescent; rootstock short and thick. Leaves long-petioled, smooth or +more or less hairy, slightly fleshy, cordate with a broad sinus, acute +or acuminate, crenately toothed. Flowers large, blue or violet, scapes +2—10 inches long, equalling or surpassing the leaves; petals narrow, +½—¾ of an inch long, all villous at the base, the 3 lower strongly so. + +In moist shaded ground, on stream banks and in marshes, frequent +throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Viola palustris= L. _Marsh Violet._] + +Acaulescent, smooth, petioles and scapes arising from a very slender, +creeping or horizontal rootstock, the scapes mostly exceeding the +leaves. Leaves thin, cordate, broadly ovate, orbicular or reniform, +1—2½ inches wide, crenulate. Flowers pale lilac or nearly white with +darker veins; petals broad, ⅓—½ an inch long, spur short. + +In marshy places among moss in the Selkirks near Glacier; flowering in +June; not a common species in the region. + +[Sidenote: =Viola sempervirens= Greene. _Low Yellow Violet._] + +Sparingly hairy, stems weak and decumbent, multiplying by long slender +rootstocks. Leaves mostly basal, rounded, cordate, reniform or +sometimes ovate ½—1½ inches broad, finely crenate; peduncles mostly +exceeding the leaves. Flowers yellow; petals oblong, ⅓ of an inch or +more long, sparingly veined with brown toward the base; spur short and +sac-like. + +In open woods throughout the region at elevations ranging from 5000 +to 7000 feet, blossoming very early in May or June shortly after the +melting of the snow. + +[Sidenote: =Viola glabella= Nutt. _Tall Yellow Violet._] + +Minutely hairy or smooth, stems fleshy from a short fleshy horizontal +rhizome, naked or sparingly leafy below, 5—12 inches high. Basal leaves +on long petioles, the upper short-petioled reniform-cordate to cordate, +acute, crenate-toothed, 1—4 inches broad. Flowers bright yellow on +peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves; petals broadly oblong, ⅓—½ an +inch or more long, the lateral and lower with brown lines at the base. + +A striking plant on shaded banks and borders of streams and rills at +the higher altitudes, very abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Viola canadensis= L. _Canada Violet._] + +Smooth or nearly so; stems 3—14 inches high, tufted, leafy throughout. +Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate, acuminate or acute, +1—2½ inches long, serrate, the veins on the lower surface often hairy. +Flowers on peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves, pale violet or +nearly white, veined with purple, and often tinged with purple on the +outside, ½—¾ of an inch broad; petals nearly in the same plane. + +In rich moist woods throughout the Rockies and occasionally in the open +alpine meadows, continuing in flower from June until September. + +[Sidenote: =Viola adunca longipes= (Nutt.) Rydb. _Dog Violet._] + +Slightly hairy or nearly smooth, branching from the base, usually 3—11 +inches high, at length sending out runners that bear cleistogamic +flowers. Leaves ovate, more or less cordate at the base, ½—1½ inches +long, obscurely crenate. Flowers on peduncles usually longer than the +leaves, violet-purple to white; petals ½ an inch or more long; spur ¼ +of an inch long, rather slender and curved. + +A low-stemmed violet usually with brilliant blue flowers, growing in +dry, sandy, shaded or open ground at varying elevations throughout the +Rockies: flowering in June and July. + +[Illustration: Elæagnus argentea Pursh. (⅔ Nat.) Silver-Berry.] + +[Illustration: Lepargyræa canadensis (L.) Greene. (½ Nat.) +Buffalo-Berry.] + + + + +ELÆAGNACEÆ + +_Oleaster Family_ + + +Shrubs or trees mostly silvery-scaly or stellate-pubescent with entire +leaves and flowers clustered in the axils or at the nodes of twigs of +the preceding season; fruit drupe-like. + + Stamens as many as the perianth parts; flowers perfect + or polygamous: leaves alternate. =Elæagnus.= + Stamens twice as many as the perianth parts; flowers + diœcious; leaves opposite. =Lepargyræa.= + +[Sidenote: =Elæagnus argentea= Pursh. _Silver-Berry._] + +A stoloniferous much branched shrub sometimes 12 feet high, the young +twigs covered with brown scurf, becoming silvery. Leaves oblong-ovate +or ovate-lanceolate, densely silvery-scurfy on both sides, acute or +obtuse short petioled, 1—4 inches long. Flowers usually numerous in +the axils of the leaves, fragrant, silvery, ½ an inch or more long; +perianth silvery without, yellowish within, the lobes ovate and short. + +On the eastern slope of the Rockies, on the banks of the rivers and +streams, very abundant at Banff on the Bow and Spray rivers; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Lepargyræa canadensis= (L.) Greene. _Canadian +Buffalo-Berry._] + +A shrub 4—8 feet high, with brown-scurfy young shoots. Leaves with +short petioles, ovate or oval, obtuse at the apex, rounded or some +of them narrowed at the base, 1—1½ inches long, green and sparingly +scurfy, stellate above, densely silvery, stellate, scurfy beneath, some +of the scurf usually brown. Flowers small, yellowish, in short spikes +at the nodes of the twigs, expanding with or before the leaves; fruit +showy ¼ of an inch in diameter, translucent, varying in colour on +different plants from orange to brilliant crimson. + +Thickets and wooded banks throughout the Rockies; flowering in May or +early June. + + + + +ONAGRACEÆ + +_Evening Primrose Family_ + + +Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves and perfect flowers; calyx +tube adnate to the ovary, 2—6 lobed; petals white, yellow, pink, or +purple, folded on each other in the bud; stamens usually as many or +twice as many as the petals. + + Parts of the flower in 4’s; seeds with tufts of hair on the ends. + Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers large. + =Chamænerion.= + Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers usually small. + =Epilobium.= + Parts of the flowers in 2’s; fruit with hooked hairs. =Circæa.= + +[Sidenote: =Chamænerion angustifolium= (L.) Scop. _Great Willow-herb, +Fire-weed._] + +Erect, stout, simple or branched, usually smooth, 2—8 feet high. +Leaves numerous, alternate, very short petioled, lanceolate, entire or +denticulate, 2—6 inches long, ¼—1 inch wide, pale beneath, thin, acute +at the apex, the lateral veins confluent in marginal loops. Flowers +¾—1½ inches broad, reddish-purple, in elongated terminal spike-like +racemes, 1—2 feet or more long. + +An abundant plant throughout the entire region on open mountain sides +and banks, especially where visited by fire, flowering throughout the +summer, the air being filled with the white cottony seeds a few weeks +after flowering commences. + +[Sidenote: =Chamænerion latifolium= (L.) _Sweet Broad-leaved +Willow-herb._] + +Erect, usually branching, very smooth below, 6—18 inches high. Leaves +mostly sessile, 1—2 inches long, ¼—½ an inch wide, denticulate or +entire, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish at both ends, thick, +those of the branches opposite, the veins inconspicuous. Flowers +reddish-purple, 1—2 inches broad, mainly in short leafy-bracted +racemes; petals entire; stigma 4-lobed. + +On gravelly river bars and moist clayey banks throughout the entire +region; flowering during July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Epilobium luteum Pursh. Yellow Willow-herb. (⅗ Nat.) + +_b_ Chamænerion latifolium (L.) Sweet. Broad-Leaved Willow-herb.] + +[Sidenote: =Epilobium luteum= Pursh. _Yellow Willow-herb._] + +Stems rather stout, 1—2 feet high, usually simple, nearly smooth. +Leaves 1—3 inches long, ovate or elliptical to broadly lanceolate, +acute or acuminate, sinuate-toothed, sessile, or when large, obliquely +tapering to a winged petiole, slightly fleshy. Inflorescence with more +or less glandular pubescence; flowers about ¾ of an inch long, not +opening widely, pale yellow, rather few, at first nodding in the axils +of the upper leaves; style usually exserted and deeply 4-parted. + +A rather rare plant in springy places and along alpine brooks, confined +to the Selkirks: flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Epilobium alpinum= L. _Alpine Willow-herb._] + +Slender, smooth or nearly so, 3—12 inches high. Leaves pale, petioled, +opposite or the upper alternate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, ½—¾ of +an inch long. Flowers, few, white, nearly erect, ¼ of an inch or more +broad; stigma nearly entire; capsules slender stalked, 1—2 inches long, +seeds beaked. + +In damp and springy places at the higher altitudes throughout the +region; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Epilobium anagallidifolium= Lam. _Nodding Willow-herb._] + +Low, usually tufted, 2—6 inches high, slender, smooth or nearly so; +stems commonly hairy in lines and nodding at the apex. Leaves oblong +or narrowly ovate, entire or nearly so, obtuse at the apex, narrowed +at the base into a short petiole ½—1 inch long. Flowers few, axillary, +clustered at the apex, pink-purple, nodding, about ¼ of an inch broad; +stigma entire. + +On damp stones and along alpine brooks at high elevations throughout +the region; flowering during midsummer. + +[Illustration: Berberis aquifolium Pursh. (¼ Nat.) Trailing Mahonia.] + +[Illustration: Chamænerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (½ Nat.) +Fire-Weed.] + +[Sidenote: =Epilobium Hornemanni= Reichb. _Hornemann’s Willow-herb._] + +Erect, 6—12 inches high, simple or nearly so, slightly hairy above, +otherwise smooth. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or elliptic, mostly, +broadly obtuse at the apex, narrow or rounded at the base, entire or +rather remotely denticulate, thin, ½—1¼ inches long. Flowers few in the +upper axils, pink-purple or violet, ¼ of an inch or more broad; stigma +entire. + +A frequent and very variable species throughout the region at the +higher elevations, along alpine brooks or in damp, partly shaded or +springy spots; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Circæa alpina= L. _Smaller Enchanter’s Nightshade._] + +Mostly smooth or slightly hairy above, 3—8 inches high. Leaves acute +or acuminate at the apex, more or less cordate at the base, coarsely +dentate, 1—2 inches long. Flowers about ⅛ of an inch broad, white, on +pedicels nearly ¼ of an inch long, subtended by minute, slender bracts, +in a slender raceme; fruit nearly obovoid, about ⅛ of an inch long, +covered with weak hooked hairs. + +In moist shaded situations and beside alpine brooks, through the +Selkirks; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Circæa pacifica=. Achers and Magnus. _Western Enchanter’s +Nightshade._] + +Mostly smooth, stems usually simple, 6—12 inches high, from a small +tuber. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, acute or +acuminate, repandly dentate, 1—3 inches long, the slender petiole about +the same length. Flowers white, very small in slender racemes, without +bracts; fruit about ⅛ of an inch long loosely covered with soft curved +hairs. + +Growing oftentimes with the other species in moist shaded situations +through the Selkirks; flowering in July. + + + + +ARALIACEÆ + +_Ginseng Family_ + + +Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate or verticillate leaves, and +flowers in umbels, heads or panicles; calyx tube adnate to the ovary; +petals usually 5, sometimes cohering together; stamens as many as the +petals and alternate with them; seeds flattened, somewhat 3-angled with +a coloured, fleshy covering. + + Herbs; leaves compound. =Aralia.= + Shrubs; leaves simple. =Echinopanax.= + +[Sidenote: =Aralia nudicaulis= L. _Wild Sarsaparilla._] + +Acaulescent or nearly so, rootstock long. Leaf usually solitary, +arising with the peduncle from a very short stem; petiole erect, 6—12 +inches long, primary divisions of the leaf slender, stalked, pinnately +3—5 foliate; leaflets sessile or short-stalked, oval or ovate, +acuminate, rounded at the base, finely serrate, 2—5 inches long, often +hairy on the veins beneath. Flowers on a peduncle usually shorter than +the leaves; umbels usually three, nearly round, composed of numerous +small greenish flowers. + +In rich woods throughout the region, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Echinopanax horridum= (Smith) Dec. and Planch. _Devil’s +Club._] + +Very prickly throughout; stems erect from a decumbent base 4—12 feet +high, leafy at the top. Leaves roundish, cordate, prickly on both +sides, palmately lobed, more or less hairy beneath, 6—24 inches long. +Flowers greenish-white in a dense terminal paniculate umbel; petals +5; stamens 5, alternate with the petals; fruit berry-like, laterally +compressed, bright scarlet when ripe. + +An ornamental though very prickly shrub, in moist rich woods throughout +the region, sparingly in the Rockies, west of the divide, but very +abundant in the Selkirks where it frequently forms dense impenetrable +thickets, flowering in early summer. + +[Illustration: Echinopanax horridum (Smith) Dec. & Planch. (½ Nat.) +Devil’s Club.] + + + + +APIACEÆ + +_Celery Family_ + + +Herbs with alternate, compound or simple leaves; flowers small, white, +yellow or purple in compound flat heads; fruit dry, usually of two +flattened carpels. + + Stems 1—2 feet high. + Leaves pinnately or ternately compound, cut into fine divisions. + Flowers yellow or white; not purple. =Lomatium.= + Flowers purple. =Leptotænia.= + Leaves simple or 3-lobed; flowers yellow. =Zizia.= + Stems 2—3 feet high; leaves ternate. =Ligusticum.= + Stems 4—8 feet high, soft-hairy. + Leaves ternately divided; flowers white. =Heracleum.= + +[Sidenote: =Lomatium macrocarpum= (Nutt.) C. and R. _Large-seeded +Parsley._] + +Nearly stemless, 4—24 inches high, more or less hairy, much branched +at the base from an elongated thick root. Leaves pinnately compound, +segments pinnately-incised, on rather short petioles, purplish at the +base; flowers white or pinkish in a somewhat equally 3—10-rayed umbel; +rays 1—4 inches long. + +In dry stony ground throughout the Rockies, very abundant on the lower +ridges in the vicinity of Banff; flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Lomatum triternatum= (Pursh). C. and R. _Narrow-leaved +Parsley._] + +Purplish at the base, with or without stems, 1—2 feet high, slightly +hairy. Leaves twice or thrice ternate, the leaflets narrowly linear, +2—4 inches long. Flowers small, deep yellow in an unequal umbel of 5—18 +rays, with slender bracts. + +Through the Rockies on dry ridges and grassy slopes; flowering in early +June. + +[Sidenote: =Leptotænia multifida= Nutt. _Cut-leaved Parsley._] + +Stems 1—3 feet high, very leafy at the base, from a large fleshy +rootstock. Leaves ternate or thrice pinnate, segments very finely cut. +Flowers small, brownish-purple in nearly equal 8—20 rayed, rounded +umbels, 3—4 inches in diameter, usually without an involucre. + +A most striking plant from its beautifully dissected leaves and rather +large heads of rich brownish-purple flowers blossoming in June; on +grassy slopes of Stony Squaw, Banff. + +[Sidenote: =Zizia cordata= (Walt.) Koch. _Heart-leaved Alexanders._] + +Stout, erect, branched, and smooth or somewhat hairy, 1—2 feet high. +Basal and lower leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate or orbicular, +undivided, deeply cordate at the base, 1—3 inches long, crenate; stem +leaves short-petioled, ternate, the segments ovate or oval, crenate or +lobed. Flowers small, bright yellow, in nearly flat 7—16 rayed umbels, +1—2 inches in diameter. + +Common on the eastern slopes and foothills of the Rockies; flowering in +May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Ligusticum apiifolium= (Nutt.) A. Gray. _Wild Parsley._] + +Smooth throughout except the slightly hairy inflorescence and rough +leaf margins; stems 2—3 feet high with 1—3 rather small leaves with +inflated petioles. Leaves ternately divided, the segments usually +distinct, ovate, deeply cleft into linear acute, sharply serrate or +entire lobes. Flowers white in nearly flat, many rayed umbels, 2—3 +inches in diameter. + +Abundant in wet places and along streams through the Selkirks, +especially so in the Asulkan Valley at Glacier; flowering in June and +July. + +[Sidenote: =Heracleum lanatum= Michx. _Cow-parsnip._] + +Very stout, soft-hairy, 4—8 feet high, the stems rigid, often 2 inches +thick at the base. Leaves petioled, ternately divided, very hairy +beneath, the segments broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate, stalked, +lobed or sharply serrate, rather thin, 3—6 inches broad; petioles much +inflated. Flowers white in 8—30 rayed umbels, 6—12 inches broad, the +rays stout, 2—4 inches long. + +Common throughout the region in wet places along streams and river +banks, frequently growing in great masses; flowering in June and July. + +[Illustration: Cornus canadensis intermedia Farr. (½ Nat.) +Bunch-Berry.] + + + + +CORNACEÆ + +_Dogwood Family_ + + +Shrubs or trees with simple, opposite, verticillate or alternate +leaves, usually entire; flowers in cymes, heads, or rarely solitary; +sepals and petals 4 or 5, stamens as many as the petals or more +numerous and inserted with them; fruit a drupe. + +[Sidenote: =Cornus canadensis intermedia= Farr. _Dwarf Cornel. +Bunch-berry._] + +Smooth, herbaceous from a nearly horizontal rootstock, woody only +at the base; flowering stems, erect, scaly, 5—7 inches high. Leaves +verticillate at the summit of the stem or sometimes 1 or 2 pairs +of opposite ones below, sessile, oval, ovate or obovate, smooth or +minutely appressed, pubescent, acute at each end or sometimes rounded +at the base, entire, 1—3 inches long. Flowers small, capitate, purple, +surrounded by a white involucre of 4—6 petaloid-ovate bracts, ⅓—¾ of +an inch long; stamens alternate with the petals; styles exserted, deep +purple; fruit globose, ⅓ of an inch in diameter in a close head; bright +red. + +Common throughout the region in moist woods flowering in early summer. + +[Sidenote: =Cornus stolonifera= Michx. _Red-stemmed Dogwood._] + +Shrub 3—16 feet high, usually stoloniferous, the twigs smooth +and bright reddish-purple or the youngest finely hairy. Leaves +slender-petioled, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acute or short +acuminate, rounded or narrowed at the base, finely close-hairy above, +white or whitish and sparingly hairy beneath or sometimes smooth on +both surfaces, 1—5 inches long. Flowers in flat-topped cymes, 1—2 +inches broad, petals white, less than ¼ of an inch long; berries white +or whitish. + +In moist places and along streams and river banks throughout the +region; an attractive shrub, sometimes forming thickets of considerable +size, the red stems contrasting beautifully with the dark green leaves; +flowering in June. + + + + +PYROLACEÆ + +_Wintergreen Family_ + + +Low, mostly evergreen perennials with branched rootstocks and petioled +leaves; flowers nearly regular, white or pink; calyx 4—5-lobed; +corolla deeply 4—5-parted or of 5 petals; stamens twice as many as the +divisions of the corolla, anthers opening by pores or short slits; +stigma 5-lobed. + + Flowers racemose; leaves basal. =Pyrola.= + Flowers solitary or corymbose; leaves opposite or whorled. + Stem leafy at base; flower solitary; style long. =Moneses.= + Stem horizontal; branches erect, leafy; style short. =Chimaphila.= + +[Sidenote: =Pyrola chlorantha= Sw. _Greenish-flowered Wintergreen._] + +Stems 4—10 inches high, 3—10 flowered. Leaves all basal, small, +orbicular or broadly oval, mostly obtuse at both ends, sometimes +narrowed at the base, thick, leathery, dull, obscurely crenulate or +entire, ½—1 inch long, shorter than or equalling the petioles. Flowers +greenish-white, nodding, slightly odorous, about half an inch broad; +stamens and style declined, ascending; anther sacs short-beaked. + +On dry wooded slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Pyrola uliginosa= Torr. _Bog Wintergreen._] + +Scape 6—12 inches high, 7—15-flowered. Leaves broadly oval or +orbicular, dull, rather thick, obscurely crenulate, obtuse at both +ends. Flowers frequently over half an inch broad; calyx lobes oblong +or ovate-lanceolate, ¼—⅓ the length of the petals; style and stamens +declined; anther sacs beaked. + +In bogs throughout the Rockies, a very pretty species with bright rosy +flowers and rounded leaves; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Pyrola asarifolia= Michx. _Liver-leaf Wintergreen._] + +Stem 6—15 inches high, 7—15-flowered. Leaves reniform, usually wider +than long, thick, shining above, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the +base, crenulate, 1—1½ inches long, usually shorter than the narrowly +margined petioles. Flowers ½—¾ of an inch broad, pink, nodding in a +slender raceme 2—4 inches long; stamens and style declined, ascending; +style exserted. + +In damp ground, in woods and swamps throughout the Rockies; flowering +in July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liver-Leaf Wintergreen. + +_b_ Pyrola uliginosa Torr. + +_c_ Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. One-Flowered Wintergreen. (⅔ Nat.)] + + +[Sidenote: =Pyrola minor= L. _Lesser Wintergreen._] + +Leaf blades thin, broadly oval or nearly orbicular, dark green, +crenulate, obtuse but sometimes with a spine-tipped apex, rounded, +slightly narrowed or subcordate at the base ½—1 inch long. Flowers +pinkish, ¼ inch broad, nodding, in a close raceme; style straight +included, stamens not inclined. + +In damp mossy places throughout the region at the higher altitudes; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Pyrola secunda= L. _One-sided Wintergreen._] + +Stems generally several together, from the much branched rootstock, +slender, 4—10 inches high. Leaves ovate or often oval, thin, acute +or rarely obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, +crenulate-serrate, ¾—2 inches long, longer than the petioles. Flowers +greenish-white, ¼ of an inch or more broad, many, at first erect but +soon drooping, in a dense one-sided raceme; style straight, exserted; +stamens not declined. + +Common in woods throughout the region at the lower altitudes; flowering +during early July. + +[Sidenote: =Moneses uniflora= (L.) A. Gray. _One-flowered Wintergreen._] + +Stem bearing 1—3 pairs or whorls of leaves at the base, continued above +into a bracted or naked scape 2—6 inches high. Leaves orbicular or +ovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded or sometimes subcordate +at the base, rather thin, ¼—1 inch long, longer than or equalling the +petioles. Flowers white, ½—¾ of an inch broad, nodding at the summit +of the stem; petals spreading; capsule ¼ of an inch in diameter, about +as long as the persistent style and lobed stigma; the stamens in pairs +opposite each petal. + +In mossy spots in the woods throughout the region; flowering in early +July. + +[Illustration: Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. (⅔ Nat.) Prince’s Pine.] + +[Illustration: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (½ Nat.) +Bear-Berry.] + +[Sidenote: =Chimaphila umbellata= (L.) Nutt. _Pipsissewa, Prince’s +Pine._] + +Stems extensively creeping, sending up both sterile and flowering +branches 3—12 inches high. Leaves numerous, crowded near the summit of +the stem, spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish at the +apex, sharply serrate, bright green and shining, 1—2½ inches long, ¼—1 +inch wide above the middle. Flowers several in an umbellate head, waxy +white or pink, the form of the region being usually bright, rosy pink, +½ an inch or more broad, petals spreading with the rosy pink anthers +opposite them in pairs; capsule about ¼ of an inch broad surmounted by +the short style. + +Locally abundant throughout the region; flowering during July. + + + + +ERICACEÆ + +_Heath Family_ + + +In our species, shrubs with simple leaves and perfect flowers; calyx +free from the ovary 4—5-parted, mostly persistent; corolla regular, +4—5-toothed, -lobed or -parted; stamens usually as many or twice as +many as the corolla lobes; anthers 2-celled, attached to the filaments +by the back or base, the sacs, often prolonged upwardly into tubes; +ovary 2—5-celled; fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. + + Fruit a berry or drupe. + Calyx becoming large and fleshy. =Gaultheria.= + Calyx small. + Leaves thick and leathery; drupe reddish-brown. + =Arctostaphylos.= + Leaves membranous, veiny; drupe scarlet. =Mairania.= + Fruit a dry capsule. + Anther cells each with a recurved tip. =Cassiope.= + Anther cells not appendaged. + Corolla with united petals. + Bracts firm, persistent; no scaly leaf-buds. + Leaves heath-like; corolla without pouches. + =Phyllodoce.= + Leaves lanceolate; corolla with pouches. =Kalmia.= + Bracts thin, deciduous; leaf-buds scaly. + Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed. =Azaleastrum.= + Corolla globose, 4-toothed. =Menziesia.= + Corolla with distinct petals. + Flowers white, umbelled; leaves evergreen. =Ledum.= + +[Illustration: _a_ Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM. Small Cranberry. + +_b_ Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray. Ovate-Leaved Wintergreen. + +_c_ Vitis-idæa vitis-idæa (L.) Britton. Mountain Cranberry. (¾ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Gaultheria ovatifolia= A. Gray. _Ovate-leaved Wintergreen._] + +Depressed, trailing, with ascending branches with rusty hairs. Leaves +broadly ovate, ½—1 inch long, serrulate, dark green and shining above, +lighter beneath. Flowers pink or nearly white, campanulate, less than ¼ +of an inch long, on short solitary pedicels in the axils of the leaves; +fruit bright scarlet, ⅓ of an inch in diameter. + +A rather rare plant in the region but abundant in places on the slopes +of Avalanche Mountain at Glacier. + +[Sidenote: =Gaultheria humifusa= (Graham) Rydb. _Low Wintergreen._] + +Tufted, creeping or depressed, smooth, the flowering branches 1—5 +inches long. Leaves oval or rounded, mostly only ½ an inch long; +pedicels solitary in the axils, very short, 3—5 bracteolate. Flowers +depressed-campanulate, white or pinkish, little surpassing the calyx; +fruit scarlet, ⅓ of an inch in diameter. + +Common in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies and Selkirks; flowering +in July. + +[Sidenote: =Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi= (L.) _Spreng. Bear-berry._] + +Trailing or spreading on the ground; branches 6—24 inches long, the +twigs soft-hairy. Leaves leathery, evergreen, spatulate, obtuse, +entire, smooth or minutely hairy toward the base, ½—1 inch long, ⅓ +as wide, short-petioled. Flowers ¼ of an inch or less long, ovoid, +constricted at the throat, rosy pink or white, few, in short racemes at +the ends of the branches. + +In dry sandy or stony soil throughout the Rockies at the lower +elevations; flowering in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Mairania alpina= (L.) Desv. _Alpine Bear-berry._] + +Tufted or depressed-prostrate, branches 2—5 inches high, the twigs +smooth or nearly so. Leaves thin, obovate, crenulate, conspicuously +reticulate-veined, ½—1 inch long, ⅓ as wide. Flowers few, appearing +before or with the leaves from scaly buds; corolla ¼ of an inch long, +white, ovoid, constricted at the throat; berry bright scarlet. + +Growing in moss on the wooded slopes throughout the Rockies, flowering +in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Cassiope Mertensiana= (Bong.) Don. _White Heath._] + +Rather stout with rigid, ascending, woody, much branched stems, a foot +or less high. Leaves ½ an inch long, smooth, not furrowed on the back, +closely crowded in 4-ranks. Flowers pure white, nodding, campanulate, +¼ of an inch long with 5 deeply cut obtuse spreading lobes, on smooth +peduncles half an inch or less long, near the tips of the apparently +4-sided stems; calyx smooth, usually red, making the bell-like flowers +appear red and white. + +Throughout the region at the higher elevations, frequently carpeting +the ground; flowering in late June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Phyllodoce glanduliflora= (Hook.) Coville. _White +False-heather._] + +Stems rather rigid, much branched, 3—12 inches high. Leaves numerous +and crowded but spreading, linear, oblong, obtuse, ¼—½ an inch long, +thick, leathery with a white line through the centre below and deeply +furrowed above, the margins thick and rough. Flowers ovoid, glandular +throughout, less than ¼ of an inch long, much contracted at the throat, +short-lobed, on glandular pedicels ½—1 inch long at the ends of the +branches. + +In alpine meadows and woods at the higher elevations throughout the +region; flowering during June and early July, often in clumps of +considerable size. + +[Sidenote: =Phyllodoce intermedia= (Hook.) Rydb. _Pink False-heather._] + +Much branched, from a more or less decumbent base, 6—12 inches high. +Leaves linear, ¼—½ an inch long, obtuse, leathery, with thickened +revolute, slightly glandular-toothed margins. Flowers pale pink, ¼ of +an inch long, urn-shaped, slightly contracted at the throat, with 5 +spreading lobes; at the ends of the branches on glandular pedicels ½—1 +inch long; calyx slightly glandular; corolla smooth; slightly fragrant. + +Throughout the region growing in the same situations as the other +heathers, and often associated with them, perhaps a hybrid; flowering +in late June and through July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) Don. Red +False-Heather. + +_b_ Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Rydb. White False-Heather. + +_c_ Cassiope Mertensiana (Bong.) Don. + +(¾ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Phyllodoce empetriformis= (Smith) D. Don. _Red +False-heather._] + +Much branched from the base, 6—12 inches high. Leaves linear, obtuse, +¼—½ an inch long, with strongly revolute, thick rough margins. Flowers +¼ of an inch long, bright rose-colour, campanulate, with broad, +spreading obtuse lobes, very fragrant, on slender, slightly glandular +pedicels ½—1 inch long at the ends of the stems; calyx and corolla +smooth. + +Abundant throughout the region at the higher elevations, in the same +situations as the two previous species and flowering with them during +late June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Kalmia microphylla= (Hook.) Heller. _Small-leaved Swamp +Laurel._] + +A smooth shrub, 2—6 inches high with erect or ascending branches, +the twigs 2-edged. Leaves opposite, short petioled, less than ½ an +inch long, oblong or ovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the margins +revolute. Flowers on slender pedicels 1—1½ inches long, few in simple +umbels terminating the branches; corolla saucer-shaped, bright rosy +pink about ½ an inch in diameter. + +Frequent in mossy alpine bogs and meadows throughout the region at the +higher altitudes; flowering during June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Azaleastrum albiflorum= (Hook.) Rydb. _White Rhododendron._] + +A shrub with stems 2—6 feet high, with slender hairy branches more or +less glandular when young, nearly smooth with age. Leaves, thin, light +green and shining above, paler beneath, oblong, 1—2 inches long, with +slightly wavy margins. Flowers white, nearly an inch broad, open, with +5-spreading lobes; on short nodding stems in numerous clusters of 1—3 +near the ends of the branches, on wood of the previous year; sepals +nearly ½ an inch long and leaf-like, filaments bearded at the base; +stigma peltate, 5-lobed. + +On the wooded hillsides at the higher elevations through the Rockies, +but much lower in the Selkirks; flowering in June and July. + +[Illustration: Ledum grœnlandicum Œder. (⅔ Nat.) Labrador Tea.] + +[Illustration: Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb. (½ Nat.) White +Rhododendron.] + +[Sidenote: =Menziesia ferruginea= Smith. _Smooth Menziesia._] + +A shrub 2—6 feet high, twigs more or less chaffy. Leaves obovate, +obtuse and glandular-tipped at the apex, pale, glaucous and smooth or +very nearly so beneath, sparingly hairy above, ¾—1½ inches long, the +margins ciliolate. Flowers 1—5 on glandular pedicels ½—1 inch long in +spreading umbels, becoming erect, corolla ¼ of an inch long, cream +and pink or salmon, urn-shaped, with 4 spreading teeth; stamens 8, +included, with hairy filaments. + +Throughout the region in moist woods and slopes; flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Ledum Grœnlandicum Œder.= _Labrador Tea._] + +A shrub 1—4 feet high, with twigs densely rusty woolly. Leaves oblong, +obtuse, 1—2 inches long, ¼—½ an inch wide, green and deeply veined +above, densely brown woolly beneath, the margins strongly revolute. +Flowers numerous, white, nearly ½ an inch broad in close umbels or +corymbs; petals 5, narrow, spreading. + +Abundant throughout the region at the lower altitudes in bogs and +swamps; flowering during June. + + + + +VACCINIACEÆ + +_Huckleberry Family_ + + +Shrubs or small trees with alternate leaves and small perfect flowers; +calyx tube adnate to the ovary, 4—5-lobed or cleft; corolla 4—5-lobed, +rarely divided into single petals, deciduous; stamens twice as many +as the corolla lobes, inserted at the base; filaments mostly short; +anthers attached on the back 2-celled; fruit a globose berry or drupe. + +Swamp-Laurel.] + + Erect deciduous shrubs; corolla cylindric or urn-shaped, + white, pink or greenish. =Vaccinium.= + Low evergreen shrub; corolla open-campanulate, pink; + berry red. =Vitis-Idæa.= + Trailing or creeping evergreen shrubs. + Corolla short-campanulate, white; berry white. =Chiogenes.= + Corolla with spreading curved petals, pink; berry red. + =Oxycoccus.= + +[Illustration: Menziesia ferruginea Smith. (½ Nat.) Menziesia.] + +[Illustration: Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller. (⅔ Nat.) Dwarf + +[Sidenote: =Vaccinium cæspitosum= Michx. _Dwarf Bilberry._] + +A shrub 3—7 inches high, much branched and nearly smooth throughout. +Leaves obovate or oblong, cuneate, obtuse or acute, green and shining +on both sides, nearly sessile, serrulate, with close bluntish teeth. +Flowers white or pink, small bell-shaped, ⅛ of an inch long, mostly +solitary in the axils and longer than their drooping pedicels; berry ¼ +of an inch or more in diameter, blue with a bloom. + +On slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher +altitudes; flowers appearing with the leaves in early June. + +[Sidenote: =Vaccinium erythrococcum= Rydb. _Alpine Bilberry._] + +Stems erect with numerous slender, strict, green branches and +branchlets, 3—18 inches high. Leaves ovate or oval, ½ an inch long or +less, bright green. Flowers ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, white or pink, +5-lobed, solitary in the axils of the leaves; berries small, bright red. + +On slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher +altitudes; flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Vaccinium ovalifolium= Smith. _Blueberry._] + +A straggling branched shrub, 3—12 feet high, the branches slender, +twigs smooth, joints sharply angled. Leaves oval, short-petioled, +smooth on both sides, green above, pale and glaucous beneath, rounded +at both ends or somewhat narrowed at the base, thin, sometimes spine +tipped, entire or nearly so, 1—2 inches long. Flowers commonly solitary +in the axils on rather recurved pedicels; corolla pink or white, ovoid, +¼ of an inch or more long; berries blue with a bloom ½ an inch in +diameter. + +In the beds of snow slides, occasionally in the Rockies, and abundant +through the Selkirks, where it is also found in the woods; flowering in +May. + +[Illustration: Vaccinium erythrococcum Rydb. (⅔ Nat.) Alpine Bilberry.] + +[Illustration: Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Blueberry. (½ Nat.) + +Vaccinium globulare Rydb. Thin-Leaved Bilberry.] + +[Sidenote: =Vaccinium globulare= Rydb. _Thin-leaved Bilberry._] + +A branching shrub 1—3 feet high, nearly smooth throughout, stems +round, only the youngest twigs slightly angled, bark grey and somewhat +shreddy. Leaves broadly oval or obovate, obtuse to acute, somewhat pale +beneath, veiny, sharply and finely serrate, ½—1½ inches long. Flowers +on pedicels ½ an inch long; calyx teeth almost obsolete; corolla +depressed globose, frequently more than ¼ of an inch in diameter, +greenish-white; berry dark purple, ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +In beds of snow slides and in woods in the valleys of the Selkirks; +flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Vitis-idæa Vitis-idæa= (L.) Britton. _Mountain Cranberry._] + +A low evergreen shrub with creeping stems, the branches erect, 3—8 +inches high, nearly smooth. Leaves thick and leathery, crowded, green +and shining above, paler and black-dotted beneath, ovate or oval, +short-petioled and entire or sparingly serrulate ¼—¾ of an inch long, +the margins revolute. Flowers in short terminal 1-sided racemes or +clusters, nodding, longer than their pedicels; corolla white or pink +nearly ⅛ of an inch long, open-campanulate, 4-lobed; berries dark red, +acid, nearly ½ an inch in diameter. + +In bogs and moist mossy places throughout the Rockies; flowering during +June. + +[Sidenote: =Chiogenes hispidula= (L.) T and G. _Creeping Snowberry._] + +Creeping, branches rough-hairy, slender, 3—12 inches long. Leaves +leathery, persistent, oval, ovate or slightly obovate, acute at the +apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, dark green and smooth above, +sprinkled with stiff, brown hairs beneath and on the revolute, entire +margins; ¼ to nearly ½ an inch long. Flowers white, ovoid, about ⅛ of +an inch long, few, solitary in the axils, nodding, on the lower side +of the creeping stems; berry about ¼ of an inch in diameter, white, +bristly, aromatic. + +Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, growing in moss and on +damp, decaying logs; flowering in May. + +[Sidenote: =Oxycoccus Oxycoccus= (L.) MacM. _Small Cranberry._] + +Stems slender, creeping and rooting at the nodes, 6—18 inches long; +branches ascending or erect 1—6 inches high. Leaves thick, evergreen, +ovate, entire, acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, +dark green above, white beneath, ⅛ of an inch or less long, ½ as wide, +the margins revolute. Flowers 1—6, from terminal scaly buds, nodding on +slender erect pedicels; corolla pink, ⅓ of an inch broad, the petals +curled backwards; stamens and style protruding; berry globose, ¼ of an +inch or more in diameter, acid, often spotted when young. + +In sphagnum bogs throughout the Rockies, though not common; flowering +during July. + + + + +PRIMULACEÆ + +_Primrose Family_ + + +Herbs with perfect regular flowers; calyx free from the ovary, usually +5-parted; corolla 5-cleft; stamens as many as the corolla lobes and +opposite to them; flowers purple, yellow or white. + + Lobes of the corolla erect or spreading. + Leaves in a rosette at the base of the scape. + Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flowers pink. =Primula.= + Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; flowers white or yellow. + =Androsace.= + Leaves whorled at the top of the stem; flowers white. + =Trientalis.= + Lobes of the corolla reflexed. =Dodecatheon.= + +[Sidenote: =Primula americana= Rydb. _Bird’s-eye Primrose._] + +Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or somewhat +wedge-shaped at the base, tapering into petioles, green, usually +white-mealy beneath, at least when young; 1—4 inches long, the margins +crenulate-dentate. Flowers umbellate 3—20, on scapes 4—18 inches high; +corolla pink or lilac, usually with a yellowish eye, the tube slightly +longer than the calyx, the lobes wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, ¼ +of an inch or more long. + +In swamps and wet meadows in the lower valleys of the eastern slopes of +the Rockies not penetrating far into the mountains; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Primula Maccalliana= Wiegand. _Maccalla’s Primrose._] + +Similar to the preceding species but much smaller. Leaves spatulate +or obovate, mostly quite broad; pale green above, more or less mealy +beneath, denticulate or repand, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or +cuneate at the base, petioled or sessile, ½—1½ inches long, forming a +rosette at the base of the scape. Flowers ⅜ of an inch broad or less, +umbellate, on a peduncle 1—6 inches high; pale pink or bluish with +a conspicuous orange eye; the lobes obcordate; corolla tube yellow, +slightly longer than the calyx. + +The commonest primrose of the region on wet banks and moist, sandy +or gravelly places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June, also occurs sparingly in the Selkirks. + +[Sidenote: =Androsace carinata= Torr. _Sweet Flowered Androsace._] + +Proliferously branched at the base and cæspitose. Leaves folded over +each other, forming rosettes at the bases of the many-flowered scapes; +from lanceolate to oblong-spatulate or ovate, keeled, 1-nerved, ¼—½ an +inch long, acute, fringed with hairs on the margins. Flowers ¼ of an +inch or more broad, cream-coloured with a brilliant yellow eye; 4—10 +in a close umbel, on slender hairy scapes 1—3 inches high; flowers +delicately fragrant. + +Throughout the Rockies in open situations either dry or moist, and at +low or high altitudes; flowering from early June to midsummer according +to the altitude. + +[Illustration: Primula Maccalliana Wiegand. (⅔ Nat.) MacCalla’s +Primrose.] + +[Illustration: Androsace carinata Torr. (⅔ Nat.) Sweet Androsace.] + +[Sidenote: =Androsace septentrionalis= L. _Alpine Androsace._] + +Almost smooth, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the +base, from irregularly denticulate to laciniate-toothed. Flowers small, +little more than ⅛ of an inch broad, white with yellow centre, in +spreading umbels; peduncles 2—10 inches high. + +In open places and on grassy banks at the lower altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Androsace diffusa= Small. _Spreading Androsace._] + +More or less hairy. Leaves rosulate, oblanceolate to spatulate or +nearly linear, ½—1½ inches long, obtuse or acute, sharply serrate above +the middle or sparingly toothed. Scapes erect and spreading, often +diffusely branched at the base, 2—4 inches long; pedicels thread-like +from ½—3 inches long in the same umbel. Flowers white or pink, the +corolla included or sometimes equalling the tips of the calyx segments. + +On grassy banks and slopes in the Rockies flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Trientalis arctica= Fisch. _Arctic Star-flower._] + +Stems slender, 1—4 inches high, with small scattered obovate leaves +below; upper leaves obovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse, 1—1½ +inches long. Flowers white on slender pedicels as long as the leaves; +calyx reddish with 7 narrowly linear acute sepals; petals 7 white, +lanceolate, acute, about twice the length of the sepals; stamens 7. + +In moist woods throughout the region, rare in the Rockies but common +throughout the Selkirks; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Dodecatheon pauciflorum= (Durand) Greene. _Slender Shooting +Star._] + +Smooth. Leaves dark green, lanceolate, acute, entire, 2—3 inches long. +Flowers few in an umbel; scape 6—8 inches tall; segments of the corolla +rich lilac purple, the undivided part yellow with a narrow scalloped +ring, midway between the base of the segments and the stamen tube; +stamen tube often nearly as long as the anthers, yellow; anthers purple. + +In damp, open ground and grassy slopes throughout the eastern Rockies; +flowering in June. + +[Illustration: Trientalis arctica Fisch. (⅔ Nat.) Arctic Star-Flower.] + +[Illustration: Dodecatheon conjugens Greene. (½ Nat.) Shooting-Star.] + +[Sidenote: =Dodecatheon conjugens= Greene. _Shooting-star._] + +Plant smooth. Leaves obovoid and elliptic, 2—5 inches long, including +the distinct petiole, obtuse, entire. Flowers large, in a few-flowered +umbel, scape 3—8 inches high; corolla deep purple varying to rose-red; +anthers, distinct, obtuse, the connective lanceolate, acuminate to a +linear point. + +In the open ground and plains in the lower Valleys of the Rockies; +flowering in June. + + + + +GENTIANACEÆ + +_Gentian Family_ + + +Smooth herbs with opposite entire leaves, and regular perfect flowers +in clusters or solitary at the ends of the stems or branches. Calyx +4—12-lobed; corolla 4—12-parted; stamens as many as the lobes of the +corolla and alternate with them. + + Corolla funnel-form or campanulate; without glands, + spurs or scales. =Gentiana.= + Corolla campanulate; spurred at the base. =Tetragonanthus.= + +[Sidenote: =Gentiana acuta= Michx. _Northern Gentian._] + +Stem leafy, slightly angled, simple or branched, 6—20 inches high. +Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the upper +lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile or +somewhat clasping, ½—2 inches long. Flowers numerous in clusters in +the axils of the upper leaves; pedicels ½—1 inch long, leafy bracted +at the base; calyx deeply 5-parted, lobes lanceolate; corolla tubular +campanulate, ½ an inch long, 5-parted, pale blue or greenish; lobes +lanceolate, acute each with a fimbriate crown at the base. + +Along stream banks and grassy slopes throughout the Rockies, common; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Gentiana propinqua= Richards. _Four-parted Gentian._] + +Stems slender, usually much branched from the base and sometimes also +above, slightly wing-angled, 2—7 inches long. Basal leaves spatulate +obtuse, the upper distant, oblong or lanceolate, ½—1 inch long, acute +or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the slightly clasping base, +obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers sometimes numerous, solitary on slender +peduncles, mostly 4-parted, ½—¾ of an inch high, seldom opening; +calyx 4-cleft, two of the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceolate; +corolla blue or bluish, glandular within at the base, the lobes +ovate-lanceolate, entire or denticulate. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies on slopes and open ground beside the +trails; flowering through July. + +[Sidenote: =Gentiana prostrata= Haenke. _Dwarf Gentian._] + +Stems slender, 1—5 inches long, when prostrate the lateral ones often +creeping. Leaves ovate, rather spreading, bright green with slightly +whitened edges. Flowers solitary, 4-parted, azure blue, ½ an inch high, +the lobes rather spreading. + +A very small and rather rare plant found throughout the Rockies at the +higher altitudes, on the alpine slopes and summits; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Gentiana glauca= _Pale-glaucous Gentian._] + +Perennial; stems 2—4 inches high. Leaves oval, glaucous, ¼—½ an inch +long, obtuse, the basal forming a rosette. Flowers few or several +at the top of the stem, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, usually +subtended by a pair of bracts; calyx campanulate, the teeth shorter +than the tube; corolla blue or blue-green, ½ an inch or more long, the +tube cylindrical with short ovate obtuse lobes. + +In wet alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region, a rather rare +but very striking little gentian, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Gentiana affinis= Griseb. _Large Gentian._] + +Stems clustered, 6—12 inches high, mostly ascending. Leaves from oblong +or lanceolate to linear. Flowers from numerous and racemose to few and +almost solitary; calyx lobes linear or linear-awl-shaped, unequal, the +largest rarely equalling the tube; corolla an inch or less long, bright +blue or bluish; funnel-form, spotted inside with white, the lobes +ovate, acute, and spreading. + +A showy species in damp open meadows in the lower valleys throughout +the Rockies, especially abundant at Banff; flowering during August. + +[Illustration: Gentiana affinis Griseb. (⅔ Nat.) Large Gentian.] + +[Illustration: Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. (⅔ Nat.) Romanzoffia.] + +[Sidenote: =Tetragonanthus deflexus= (J. E. Smith) Kuntze. _Spurred +Gentian._] + +Annual, stems simple or branched, slender, erect, 6—20 inches high. +Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into petioles; stem +leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3—5-nerved, 1—2 inches +long, the uppermost smaller. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more long, few, +on peduncles about their own length, in the axils of the upper leaves; +corolla purplish-green or white, 4—5-parted, the lobes ovate, acute, +each with a hollow deflexed or descending spur about half the length of +the corolla. + +In moist places and shaded slopes throughout the Rockies; a rather +frequent but inconspicuous plant owing to its green colour; flowering +in July. + + + + +MENYANTHACEÆ + +_Buckbean Family_ + + +In our species a smooth marsh herb, with creeping rootstock, +long-petioled, 3-foliate leaves and white or purplish flowers, in +racemes on long lateral scapes. + +[Sidenote: =Menyanthes trifoliata= L. _Buckbean._] + +Creeping rootstocks sometimes a foot long marked by the scars of +bases of former petioles. Leaves 3-foliate, petioles sheathing at the +base, 2—10 inches long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse +at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 1½—3 inches long. Flowers +half an inch long, pure white or purplish in 10—20-flowered racemes +on scape-like naked peduncles; calyx shorter than the corolla which +is bearded with white hairs within, giving the flower a feathery +appearance. + +In open marshes throughout the region, local in distribution; flowering +in May and early June. + + + + +APOCYNACEÆ + +_Dogbane Family_ + + +In our species, perennial herbs with opposite, entire leaves and small, +5-parted, campanulate, pink flowers in corymbed cymes, and slender +elongated terete seed pods. + +[Sidenote: =Apocynum androsæmifolium= L. _Spreading Dogbane, +Honeybloom._] + +Stems 1—3 feet high, branches broadly spreading, mostly smooth. Leaves +ovate or oval, spine-tipped, smooth above, pale and usually more or +less hairy beneath. 2—4 inches long. Flowers pink, open-campanulate, ⅜ +of an inch broad, with 5 spreading lobes, numerous, in loose, terminal +and axillary cymes; seed pods round, slender, curved, 4—6 inches long, +narrowed at the apex, usually in pairs; plant with a milky juice. + +Frequent on the line of the railway from Field westward through the +valley of the Kicking Horse River. + + + + +HYDROPHYLLACÆ + +_Water-Leaf Family_ + + +Herbs, mostly rough-hairy, with alternate or basal leaves, and perfect +regular 5-parted flowers in cymes, spikes or racemes, curled when in +bud and uncoiling as they flower; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla +and alternate with its lobes; filaments thread-like; flowers yellow, +purple or white. + + Plant rough-hairy; leaves lanceolate and simple or + pinnate; flowers blue or violet-purple. =Phacelia.= + Plant smooth; leaves round reniform or cordate; + flowers white. =Romanzoffia.= + +[Illustration: Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray. (⅓ Nat.) Mountain +Phacelia.] + +[Illustration: Phacelia heterophylla Pursh. (⅓ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Phacelia heterophylla= Pursh.] + +Rough-hairy; stem stout, 6—24 inches high. Leaves white-hairy, +lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and obliquely, striately veined, +the lower tapering into petioles, commonly with 1—2 pairs of small +lateral leaflets. Flowers in a dense spike; corolla bluish, longer than +the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx lobes; filaments much exserted, +sparingly bearded. + +In the Cougar Valley in the Selkirks; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Phacelia sericea= (Graham) A. Gray. _Mountain Phacelia._] + +Silky-hairy or canescent throughout, 6—18 inches high, leafy to the +top. Leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow oblong, numerous, +often pinnatifid divisions, the lower petioled, the upper nearly +sessile. Flowers crowded in an elongated spike, corolla violet, blue or +white, open-campanulate, cleft to the middle; stamens much exserted. + +In dry ground and open slopes throughout the region; flowering in June +and July. + +[Sidenote: =Romanzoffia sitchensis= Bong. _Romanzoffia._] + +Stems slender, weak, 3—6 inches long. Leaves mainly at the root, with +slender petioles, alternate, round-cordate, or reniform, with 7—11 +crenate, glandular-tipped lobes. Flowers more or less racemose on +slender, weak scapes with spreading pedicels longer than the flowers; +calyx lobes smooth, much shorter than the delicately veiny pale pink or +usually white funnel-form corolla with yellow throat and broad rounded +lobes. + +On constantly dripping ledges of wet rocks, rare in the region +generally but rather frequent about Lake Louise and Lake O’Hara; +flowering during July. + + + + +BORAGINACEÆ + +_Borage Family_ + + +Herbs with alternate or rarely opposite, entire, leaves and usually +rough hairy stems. Flowers perfect, regular, mostly blue, in 1-sided +curled spikes; corolla 5-lobed, stamens as many as the corolla lobes +and alternate with them; fruit mostly of 4 1-seeded nutlets. + + Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. =Lappula.= + Nutlets not armed with barbed prickles. + Racemes without bracts; corolla flat, round. =Myosotis.= + Racemes with bracts; corolla funnel-form. =Lithospermum.= + +[Sidenote: =Lappula floribunda= (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not._] + +Rough hairy, stem stout, paniculately branched, 2—5 feet high, +the branches nearly erect. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or +linear-lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, sessile, obtuse or acute at the +apex, the lower narrowed into long petioles. Flowers 5-lobed, bright +blue with a yellow centre ⅛ to nearly ⅓ of an inch broad in numerous +erect, dense racemes, nutlets ⅙ of an inch long, keeled tuberculate on +the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat barbed prickles, +on pedicels less than their own length. + +In moist, open ground, frequent throughout the Rockies; a striking +plant with heads of bright blue flowers, resembling large +forget-me-nots flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Lappula diffusa= (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not._] + +Similar to the preceding species, but not so tall and with broader +acute leaves. Flowers larger, ½ an inch broad, not so numerous; and +larger, more densely prickled nutlets, ¼ of an inch long, on pedicels +more than their own length. + +Throughout the Rockies, probably more common than the previous species, +in moist, more or less shaded or open ground; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Lappula Lappula= (L.) Karst. _Stickseed._] + +Pale, leafy, rough, 1—2 feet high, the branches erect. Leaves linear +and linear-oblong, sessile or the lowest spatulate and narrowed into +petioles ½—1½ inches long, obtuse. Flowers very small, about the +length of the calyx, blue, in one-sided leafy-bracted racemes; nutlets +papillose on the back, armed with 2 rows of slender barbed prickles. + +In open or waste ground throughout the region, especially on or near +the railway; flowering throughout the summer. + +[Illustration: _a_ Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. False +Forget-me-not. + +_b_ Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. (⅔ Nat.) Narrow-Leaved +Puccoon.] + +[Sidenote: =Myosotis alpestris= Schmidt. _Forget-me-not._] + +Stems tufted, erect, 3—9 inches high. Leaves oblong, linear, or +lanceolate, hairy, 1—2 inches long. Flowers in rather dense heads; +corolla flat, bright blue with a yellow centre ¼ of an inch or more +broad, 5-lobed. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in alpine meadows and on grassy slopes; +flowering during June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Lithospermum linearifolium= Goldie. _Narrow-leaved +Puccoon._] + +Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6—12 inches high, minutely +rough-hairy. Leaves all linear, sessile, acute, 1—2 inches long. +Flowers of two kinds, leafy-bracted, at the ends of the branches, the +earlier bright yellow, ½ an inch broad with a tube an inch or more +long, the rounded lobes crenately erose; the later flowers small, +inconspicuous and pale. + +Dry sandy soil in the valley of the Bow River at Banff, the showy +flowers in May and early June. + + + + +MENTHACEÆ + +_Mint Family_ + + +Aromatic herbs mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; +flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically +cymose; calyx persistent, 5-toothed or lobed; corolla with a short +or long tube, the limb 4—5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, but some regular; +stamens borne on the corolla tube, typically 4. + + Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. + Corolla 2-lipped, the upper arched, tube long, blue. + =Scutellaria.= + Calyx without a protuberance on the upper side. + Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped purple. + =Prunella.= + Corolla tube not longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped, pink. + =Stachys.= + Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; nearly regular, 4-lobed. + =Mentha.= + +[Sidenote: =Scutellaria galericulata= L. _Marsh Skullcap._] + +Perennial by slender stolons, leafy; stem erect, usually branched, +1—2 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short +petioled or the upper sessile, acute at the apex, dentate with low +teeth or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the base, 1—2½ +inches long, the uppermost usually much smaller. Flowers an inch long, +bright blue with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat, solitary +in the axils of the leaves, on peduncles shorter than the calyx. + +In swamps and wet places, frequent along the railway from Field west to +Beavermouth. + +[Sidenote: =Prunella vulgaris= L. _Heal-all, Self-heal._] + +Hairy or nearly smooth; stems slender, creeping or ascending, or erect, +usually simple but sometimes considerably branched, 2 inches to 2 feet +high. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at +the apex, usually narrowed at the base, thin, entire or crenate, 1—4 +inches long. Flowers in dense terminal spikes ½—1 inch long, becoming +2—4 inches in fruit; corolla violet-purple, or sometimes pink or white, +¼—½ an inch long, twice as long as the purplish-green calyx. + +Common throughout the region in moist, open or shaded places at the +lower altitudes, frequently forming clumps of considerable size; +flowering throughout the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Stachys palustris= L. _Marsh Woundwort._] + +Erect, usually slender, simple or somewhat branched, hairy throughout; +1—4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or very short petioled, +acuminate or acute at the apex, wedge-shaped or cordate at the +base, 2—5 inches long, ½—1 inch wide, crenulate or dentate, flowers +clustered, forming an elongated, interrupted spike, or sometimes in the +axils of the upper leaves, 6—10 in a whorl; calyx hairy, its slender +teeth more than ½ the length of the tube; corolla deep pink spotted +with purple, ½—¾ of an inch long, the upper lip erect, hairy, the lower +spreading 3-cleft. + +In swamps and wet places throughout the region from Field west to +Beavermouth along the railway; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Mentha canadensis= L. _American Wild Mint._] + +Perennial by runners; stem more or less hairy with spreading hairs, +simple or branched, 6 inches to 2½ feet high. Leaves oblong, +ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slender-stemmed, acute at the apex, +sharply serrate, smooth or sparingly hairy, the larger 2—3 inches long, +½—1 inch wide. Flowers numerous, small, ⅛ of an inch long, white, pink +or pale purple, all in whorls in the axils of the leaves, the calyx +about ⅓ the length of the corolla. + +In moist soil and marshy places, frequent along the line of the railway +from Field west to Beavermouth; flowering during July. + + + + +SCROPHULARIACEÆ + +_Figwort Family_ + + +Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves without stipules and mostly +perfect, complete and irregular flowers; calyx 4—5-toothed, -cleft, or +-divided; corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular and stamens 2, 4, or 5, +nearly equal. + + Stamens 5, the fifth sterile or rudimentary. + Sterile stamen represented by a gland on the upper + side of the corolla tube. =Collinsia.= + Sterile stamen nearly as long as the rest. =Pentstemon.= + Stamens 2, leaves opposite or whorled. =Veronica.= + Stamens 4. + Stamens not enclosed in the upper lip. =Mimulus.= + Stamens enclosed in the upper lip. + Anther cells unequal. + Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower. + =Castilleja.= + Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer and + much narrower than the inflated lower one. + =Orthocarpus.= + Anther cells equal and parallel. + Galea not prolonged into a beak; throat without teeth. + =Pedicularis.= + Galea prolonged into a very slender, recurved beak; + throat with a tooth on each side. =Elephantella.= + +[Illustration: Collinsia parviflora Dougl. (⅔ Nat.) Small-Flowered +Collinsia.] + +[Illustration: Elephantella grœnlandica (Retz.) Rydb. (⅓ Nat.) +Long-Beaked Elephantella.] + +[Sidenote: =Collinsia parviflora= Dougl. _Small-flowered Collinsia._] + +Stems slightly hairy at length, diffusely branched, very slender, 3—15 +inches long. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the apex, +narrowed at the base, ½—1 inch long, entire or sparingly toothed, the +lower opposite, petioled; the floral sessile, opposite or verticillate. +Flowers few, in whorls in the axils of the leaves, on long slender +pedicels; corolla blue or whitish, the throat longer than the limb; the +upper lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. + +An inconspicuous little plant on rocks and in damp places throughout +the region; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Pentstemon fruticosus= (Pursh.) Greene. _Large Purple +Beard-tongue._] + +Decumbent, diffusely spreading, 6—12 inches high, woody at the base. +Leaves ovate, obovate or oblong, ½ an inch or more long, serrulate +or entire, smooth or hairy when young. Flowers in glandular-hairy +terminal racemes; corolla violet, blue or pinkish purple, an inch or +more long, tubular funnel-form, 2-lipped, the upper deeply 2-, the +lower 3-cleft. + +Throughout the region in exposed stony places and on slides up to an +elevation of 10,000 feet, frequently growing in patches of considerable +size; flowering in June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Pentstemon confertus= Dougl. _Yellow Beard-tongue._] + +Smooth throughout or the inflorescence and calyx sometimes with viscid +hairs; stem a foot or two high. Leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceolate +to somewhat linear, usually quite entire. Flowers in a terminal head of +2—5 dense, many-flowered clusters; corolla with a narrow tube about ½ +an inch long, pale yellow; the lower lip conspicuously bearded within. + +In moist or dry open ground throughout the Rockies, especially abundant +in the valleys of the Bow and Pipestone in the region about Laggan; +flowering during late June and early July. + +[Illustration: Pentstemon confertus Dougl. (⅓ Nat.) Yellow +Beard-Tongue.] + +[Illustration: Pentstemon pseudohumilis Rydb. (½ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Pentstemon procerus= Dougl. _Blue Beard-tongue._] + +Smooth throughout, stems slender, 2—12 inches high. Leaves lanceolate, +1—2 inches long, those of the middle of the stem largest, usually +entire. Flowers in dense verticillate clusters, in a more or less +elongated head; corolla bright blue with a slender funnel-form tube ½ +an inch or more long; the lower lip bearded within. + +In open dry or moist ground throughout the Rockies, not common; most +abundant in the valley of the Kicking Horse River at Field; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Pentstemon pseudohumilis= Rydb.] + +Smooth; stem 8—12 inches high, simple. Basal leaves broadly spatulate +or elliptic, thin, firm, obtuse, or acute, contracted into a slightly +winged petiole, with entire margins; stem leaves oblanceolate, oblong +or lanceolate, mostly all opposite. Flowers blue or bluish-purple in +a loose panicle, with more or less glandular-hairy branches; calyx +glandular-hairy, ¼ of an inch long, deeply cleft into lanceolate lobes; +corolla slightly hairy, about ¾ of an inch long, funnel-form, slightly +oblique. + +In open ground and slopes in the Selkirks; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Veronica americana= Schwein. _American Brooklime._] + +Smooth throughout; stems decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 6 +inches to 2 feet long. Leaves oblong, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, all +distinctly petioled, sharply serrate with a wedge-shaped or rounded +base, obtuse or acute at the apex, 1—3 inches long, ¼—1 inch broad. +Flowers in racemes on slender peduncles in the axils of the leaves; +corolla blue or nearly white, striped with purple, nearly ¼ of an inch +broad, rotate, with 4 unequal lobes. + +In brooks and swampy places in the Selkirks, especially around Glacier; +flowering throughout the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Veronica Wormskjoldii= R. and S. _Alpine Speedwell._] + +Hairy throughout with brown glandular hairs; stems ascending or erect, +slender, usually simple, 2—12 inches high. Leaves oblong, ovate or +elliptic, sessile, mostly rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire, +½—1 inch long. Flowers light blue, in a short, narrow raceme; corolla, +⅛ of an inch broad, rotate, lobes nearly equal and rounded. + +Throughout the region in open woods, and in alpine meadows and slopes +up to 7000 feet elevation; flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Veronica serphyllifolia= L. _Thyme-leaved Speedwell._] + +Slightly hairy or smooth; stems slender, decumbent, the branches +ascending or erect, 2—10 inches high. Leaves all opposite and petioled +or the uppermost sessile, oblong, oval or ovate, ¼—½ an inch long, +crenulate, entire. Flowers in short spicate racemes at the ends of the +stems and branches; corolla pale blue or sometimes white, with darker +stripes, nearly ¼ of an inch broad. + +In open grassy ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Selkirks, +very abundant and striking in the lawn at Glacier House; flowering +during June. + +[Sidenote: =Mimulus Lewisii= Pursh. _Red Monkey-flower._] + +Stems viscid-hairy, 2—4 feet high. Leaves from oblong-ovate to +lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, opposite, 2—4 inches long and ½ as +broad. Flowers on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx campanulate, +¾ of an inch long, with triangular acute teeth; corolla rose-red +or paler, the tube twice as long as the calyx, throat open, limb +two-lipped; lobes of the upper lip erect or turned backward, obcordate, +the lower lip spreading, the lobes obovate. + +In wet ground and along streams through the Selkirks, frequently +growing in such abundance as to practically exclude all other +vegetation; the large showy, rose-purple flowers, each with two bright +yellow patches in the throat. + +[Sidenote: =Mimulus cæspitosus= Greene. _Yellow Monkey-flower._] + +Smooth, stems flattened, decumbent and rooting at the nodes, the +branches rising 3—6 inches high. Leaves orbicular or ovate, ½—1 inch +long, dentate or denticulate, usually sublyrate, purple beneath. +Flowers axillary on long peduncles; calyx campanulate, ⅓ of an inch +long, mottled with dark purple; corolla bright yellow, ¾—1 inch long, +throat spotted with dark red, lobes of the upper lip erect, ⅓—½ an inch +long, the middle lobe of the lower lip broadly cordate, pendulous. + +In wet, gravelly soil around springs and in the beds and banks of +alpine brooks, through the Selkirks, often forming large patches; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Mimulus moschatus= Dougl. _Musk Plant._] + +Hairy with soft and glandular hairs, musk scented; stems creeping +or ascending, branched, slender, 6—12 inches long. Leaves ovate or +oblong, short petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, denticulate, +rounded or subcordate at the base, 1—2 inches long, half as broad. +Flowers ¾ of an inch long on axillary peduncles, shorter than the +leaves; corolla funnel-shaped with a spreading limb nearly ½ an inch +broad, bright yellow. + +In wet shaded ground at the lower altitudes, throughout the Selkirks; +flowering during June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Castilleja purpurascens= Greenm. _Painter’s Brush._] + +Perennial more or less purplish throughout, stems erect or nearly +so, 4—12 inches high, usually, several from the same root, smooth or +somewhat hairy below, soft-hairy above. Leaves sessile, clasping, +linear or narrowly lanceolate, ¾—2 inches long, usually attenuate and +acute, entire and undivided or occasionally 3-cleft near the apex, +smooth or the uppermost soft-hairy, 3-nerved. Inflorescence in a close +terminal raceme, later elongated, about 3 inches long, close-hairy; +bracts ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1—1¼ inches long, usually +entire or occasionally cleft, from deep purple-red to scarlet and +rarely yellow to tinged with red or pink; calyx ¾—1 inch long, ranging +in color with the bracts; corolla 1—1½ inches long, galea green or +greenish-yellow with scarlet margins and exserted beyond the calyx and +floral bracts. + +Frequent in the lower altitudes through the Rockies; very abundant +and striking on the flood-plain of the Kicking Horse River at Field; +flowering during June. + +[Sidenote: =Castilleja pallida= Kunth. _White Indian Paint-brush._] + +Commonly hairy with weak cobwebby hairs, a foot or less high. Leaves +linear to lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in +dense leafy-bracted spikes; bracts oval or obovate, partly white or +yellowish, cobwebby-hairy, equalling the corolla; calyx 2-cleft, the +lobes oblong or lanceolate, corolla ½—1 inch long; galea not exceeding +the calyx. + +In moist open grounds at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Castilleja miniata= Dougl. _Bright Painted Cup._] + +A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, smooth or nearly so. +Leaves lanceolate or linear or the upper ovate-lanceolate acute, entire +or rarely 3-cleft. Flowers in a dense, short, hairy spike; bracts from +lanceolate to oval, mostly bright red or crimson, occasionally pinkish, +rarely whitish, seldom lobed; calyx lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft; +corolla over an inch long; galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube. + +In moist alpine meadows throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Castilleja lanceifolia= Rydb. _Scarlet Painted Cup._] + +Perennial with a long creeping rootstock, not growing in clumps, 1—2 +feet high, sparingly close-hairy or nearly smooth, very leafy. Leaves +lanceolate; often acuminate, 1½—2½ inches long, rather firm, 3-veined, +the upper seldom if ever cleft. Flowers in a compact terminal head; +bracts bright scarlet, oblong, obtuse; calyx 1 inch long, crimson or +scarlet with a green base about equally cleft; corolla yellowish-green, +½ an inch longer than the calyx. + +In moist open woods throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on +the eastern slope; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Orthocarpus luteus= Nutt. _Yellow Orthocarpus._] + +Annual, rough-hairy; stems stout, erect, branched above or simple, +6—18 inches high, densely leafy. Leaves erect or ascending, linear or +lanceolate, entire or sometimes 3-cleft, 1—1½ inches long, sessile, +long acuminate; bracts of the dense spike lanceolate, broader and +shorter than the leaves, entire or 3-cleft, green, mostly longer than +the flowers. Flowers bright yellow, an inch long or less, the upper lip +ovate, obtuse, about as long as the sac-like 3-toothed lower one. + +In open ground in the lower valleys throughout the region as far +west as the valley of the Columbia River at Beavermouth; flowering +throughout the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Elephantella grœnlandica= (Retz.) Rydb. _Long-beaked +Elephantella._] + +Whole plant usually purple, smooth; stem simple, erect, 1—1½ feet +high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted or the +lower pinnately divided into lanceolate, acute, crenulate, or incised +segments, the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled 2—6 inches +long. Flowers in a very dense spike 1—6 inches long; calyx short, +acutish; corolla red or purple, the galea produced into a slender +beak ½—¾ of an inch long, which is decurved against the lower lip and +upwardly recurved beyond it; body of the corolla about ¼ of an inch +long. + +In open bogs and wet alpine meadows at the higher altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Pedicularis racemosa= Dougl. _White Lousewort._] + +Smooth throughout, simple or sometimes branching, 6—18 inches high. +Leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenulate, 2—4 +inches long. Flowers short-pedicelled in a short leafy raceme or +spike, or the lower remote in the axils of the leaves; corolla white, +showy, the galea which is half an inch long produced into a slender, +elongated, incurved beak nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower +lip. + +At the higher altitudes in the Rockies in moist open ground and alpine +meadows, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Pedicularis bracteosa= Benth. _Wood Betony._] + +Smooth, 1—3 feet high; leaves 3—10 inches long, all pinnately parted, +the lower divided, ample; divisions of the leaves ½—2 inches long, +linear-lanceolate. Flowers crowded in a cylindrical, leafy-bracted +spike, 2—6 inches long; corolla less than an inch long, pale yellow or +reddish, the galea much longer than the lip with a hooded summit. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies in moist open woods and alpine meadows +at the higher elevations; flowering during July. + + + + +LENTIBULARIACEÆ + +_Butterwort Family_ + + +In our species, stemless herbs with fibrous roots and 1-flowered +scapes; basal, tufted, entire leaves, the upper surface covered with a +viscid secretion, to which insects adhere and are caught by the curling +of the sensitive leaf margins; calyx 4—5-parted or 2-lipped; corolla +sac-like and contracted into a spur. + +[Sidenote: =Pinguicula vulgaris= L. _Butterwort._] + +Leaves pale yellowish-green, 3—7 in a rosette at the base of the +scape, greasy to the touch on the upper surface, ovate-lanceolate, +obtuse, 1—2 inches long, ¼ as wide. Flowers solitary on a slender +scape, violet-purple, nearly ½ an inch broad when expanded, 2-lipped; +the upper lip 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed, larger; the tube gradually +contracted into an obtuse or acute nearly straight spur, ⅓ of an inch +long. + +In wet mossy places, on rocks, or edges of gravelly stream beds +throughout the Rockies, at the lower altitudes; the bright little +flowers suggesting violets; flowering during June. + +[Illustration: _a_ Pinguicula vulgaris L. Butterwort. + +_b_ Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. (¾ Nat.) Large Purple +Beard-Tongue.] + + + + +RUBIACEÆ + +_Madder Family_ + + +In our species, herbs with 4-angled stems and branches, with +verticillate leaves and small 4-parted flowers, regular and perfect and +fruit separating into 2-carpels. + +[Sidenote: =Galium boreale= L. _Northern Bed-straw._] + +Smooth, erect, simple or branched, leafy, 1—2½ feet high. Leaves in +4’s, lanceolate or linear 3-nerved, obtuse or acute, 1—2½ inches long, +the margins sometimes fringed with hairs. Flowers white, numerous in +a terminal panicle; corolla 4-parted, ⅛ of an inch across, the lobes +lanceolate, acute. + +In open ground and in open woods or thickets at the lower altitudes, +throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. + + + + +CAPRIFOLIACEÆ + +_Honeysuckle Family_ + + +Shrubs, trees, vines or perennial herbs with opposite leaves and mostly +cymose flowers; calyx 3—5-toothed, the corolla 5-lobed or sometimes +2-lipped; stamens 5-inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate +with the lobes; fruit a berry, drupe or capsule. + + Corolla rotate or urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes. + Leaves pinnate. =Sambucus.= + Leaves simple. =Viburnum.= + Corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped. + Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers in pairs, pink. + =Linnæa.= + Shrubs, erect or climbing. + Corolla short-campanulate, regular or nearly so. + =Symphoricarpos.= + Corolla tubular and irregular. =Lonicera.= + +[Sidenote: =Sambucus pubens= Michx. _Red-berried Elder._] + +A shrub 2—12 feet high, the twigs and leaves commonly hairy; stems +woody, the younger with reddish-brown pith. Leaves pinnate with 3—7 +ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate leaflets 2—5 inches long, sharply +serrate. Flowers numerous, less than ¼ of an inch broad, white, in a +close oblong head 3—4 inches high, longer than broad; berries in a +compact head, bright scarlet, ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +Rocky places and thickets throughout the region though most abundant in +the Selkirks; flowering in June, the bright red berries ripe in late +summer. + +[Sidenote: =Sambucus melanocarpa= A. Gray. _Black-berried Elder._] + +A shrub 2—12 feet high, smooth or the young leaves slightly hairy. +Leaves pinnate with 3—7 or rarely 9 ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, +acuminate leaflets, 2—5 inches long, sharply serrate. Flowers small +white in a close compound cyme 3—4 inches high and as broad; berries ¼ +of an inch broad, black and shining in a close head. + +Rocky places and thickets in the Selkirks; growing with the other +species and difficult to distinguish from it except by the colour of +the berries. + +[Sidenote: =Viburnum pauciflorum= Pylaie. _Few-flowered Cranberry +Tree._] + +A straggling bush 2—6 feet high with twigs and petioles smooth or +nearly so. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or broader than long; 5-ribbed, +mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes above the middle, coarsely and +unequally dentate, smooth above, more or less hairy on the veins +beneath, 1½—3 inches broad. Flowers small, pure white or pinkish, ¼ +of an inch broad in compact axillary heads an inch or so broad; drupe +globose, bright red, acid, about half an inch long. + +A most attractive shrub in thickets and woods at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June; the acid fruit +is frequently used for preserving. + +[Sidenote: =Linnæa americana= Forbes. _Twin-flower._] + +Branches slender, woody, slightly hairy, trailing, 6—24 inches long. +Leaves evergreen, opposite, obovate or orbicular, obscurely crenate, +thick, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, sometimes wider than long. Flowers nodding +in pairs, rarely in 4’s, on slender pedicels ¼—¾ of an inch long, very +fragrant; corolla tubular-campanulate with 5 equal lobes, pink or +nearly white, deep pink within. + +In moist cool woods, frequent throughout the region, especially in the +Rockies; flowering in late June and early July. + +[Illustration: Linnæa americana Forbes. (¼ Nat.) American Twin-Flower.] + +[Illustration: Lonicera ebractulata Rydb. (½ Nat.) Fly Honeysuckle.] + +[Sidenote: =Symphoricarpos racemosus= Michx. _Snowberry._] + +An erect shrub, 1—4 feet high, smooth or nearly so with slender +branches. Leaves oval, obtuse at each end, 1—2 inches long, entire, +undulate or sometimes dentate. Flowers pale pink or white, few, in +axillary clusters; corolla campanulate, ¼ of an inch long, equally +5-lobed, slightly inflated at the base and bearded within; berries +snow-white, nearly ½ an inch in diameter. + +On rocky banks and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the +Rockies; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Symphoricarpos pauciflorus= (Robbins) Britton. _Low +Snowberry._] + +A low, spreading, diffusely branched shrub 6—9 inches high. Leaves +broadly oval or orbicular, entire, softly hairy, especially along the +veins beneath. Flowers about ¼ of an inch long, solitary in the upper +axils, and 2 or 3 in the terminal spike; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, +bearded within; berry globose, white, ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +In rocky places and on wooded slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering +in July. + +[Sidenote: =Lonicera glaucescens= Rydb. _Douglas’s Honeysuckle._] + +Smooth, more or less shrubby or twining. Leaves smooth above, glaucous +and hairy at least on the veins beneath, 1½—2 inches long, papery on +the margins, usually only the upper pair connate-perfoliate. Flowers +in a short terminal interrupted spike, corolla 1 inch long or less, +yellow changing to reddish, slightly hairy without, long-hairy within, +the tube rather strongly inflated at the base, the 2-lipped limb +shorter than the tube, stamens and style exserted. + +In rocky places and along river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering +during July. + +[Sidenote: =Lonicera ebractulata= Rydb. _Fly Honeysuckle._] + +Shrubby, 3—6 feet high with grey bark. Leaves light green, glaucous +and hairy beneath, fringed with hairs on the margins, elliptic-ovate +or broadly ovate, obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base, rounded at +the apex, 1—2½ inches long, ½—1½ inches wide. Flowers in pairs from +the axils of the leaves; peduncles about ½ an inch long; corolla light +yellow, about ¾ of an inch long, funnel-form, and spurred at the base +on the inner side; berry bright red, ¼ of an inch in diameter. + +In moist woods throughout the region at the lower altitudes; flowering +in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Lonicera involucrata= (Richards) Banks. _Involucred Fly +Honeysuckle._] + +A nearly smooth shrub 3—10 feet high. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, +oval or obovate, 2—6 inches long, acute or acuminate at the apex, +narrowed or rounded at the base, more or less hairy at least when +young. Flowers greenish-yellow, 2 or 3 on axillary peduncles, 1—2 +inches long, bracts foliaceous, ovate or oval, often cordate, bractlets +larger, greenish-yellow, at length turning rich maroon and surrounding +the fruit; corolla hairy, funnel-form; the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; +stamens and styles slightly exserted; berries separate, globose or +oval, nearly black, about ⅓ of an inch in diameter. + +In rich moist woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the +region, inconspicuous when in flower in late June and early July, but +especially showy when in fruit, the blue-black berries subtended by the +showy maroon bracts, making it a most striking shrub during summer and +early autumn. + +[Illustration: Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks. (⅔ Nat.) +Involucred Fly Honeysuckle.] + + + + +VALERIANACEÆ + +_Valerian Family_ + + +Perennial strongly smelling herbs, with opposite leaves and paniculate +heads of small pink or white, funnel-form, more or less gibbous +flowers, commonly with 3 exserted stamens. + +[Sidenote: =Valeriana septentrionalis= Rydb. _Northern Valerian._] + +Erect, perfectly smooth throughout or the inflorescence minutely hairy, +8—16 inches high. Basal, leaves petioled, spatulate or oval, 1—5 +inches long, entire; stem leaves usually 3 pairs, the lower petioled, +the upper sessile, segments, 5—7 oval or linear-lanceolate, entire or +merely undulate on the margins. Flowers cymose-paniculate, usually +congested; corolla white, about ¼ of an inch long; fruit smooth, ⅛ of +an inch or slightly longer. + +In moist shaded places and on slopes in the lower valleys of the +Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Valeriana Scouleri= Rydb. _Scouler’s Valerian._] + +Smooth throughout; stem rather stout, 1—3 feet high. Leaves, the basal +on long petioles, oblong, 1—2 inches long, 3-lobed, the centre one much +the largest, oblong, tapering to both ends, the lateral lanceolate; +stem leaves, 2—4 pairs pinnately parted in 5—7 lanceolate, acute, +entire, or undulate segments, 1—2 inches long. Flowers pink in a flat, +cymose panicle, 2—2½ inches broad; corolla nearly ¼ of an inch long, +funnel-form; stamens and style exserted. + +In moist open ground throughout the Rockies at the higher elevations; +flowering during June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Valeriana sitchensis= Bong. _Wild Heliotrope._] + +Smooth; stems rather stout, 1—5 feet high, often branching. Leaves in +2—4 pairs, pinnately 3—5-lobed, leaflets ovate to oblong or lanceolate, +acuminate, coarsely dentate, 1—2 inches long, densely white-hairy +at the base of the petioles; basal leaves lacking at the time of +flowering. Flowers very fragrant, pink, in a compact cymose panicle, +corolla broad, funnel-form, ¼ of an inch long with spreading rounded +lobes; stamens and style much exserted. + +Common along the streams and in damp places in the Selkirks, at times +forming vast masses of pink when in flower in June and early July. + +[Illustration: Valeriana sitchensis Bong. (⅓ Nat.) Wild Heliotrope.] + +[Illustration: Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora Rydb. (Nat.) Brook +Lobelia.] + + + + +CAMPANULACEÆ + +_Bellflower Family_ + + +Herbs with alternate simple leaves, usually milky juice, and perfect +flowers; calyx mostly 5-lobed; corolla regular or irregular, the tube +entire or deeply cleft on one side, its limb 5-lobed, regular or more +or less 2-lipped; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes. + +[Sidenote: =Campanula uniflora= L. _Arctic Harebell._] + +Smooth or nearly so, simple, 1—6 inches high. Leaves linear or +linear-oblong, acute, sessile, thickish entire or sparingly dentate, +¾—1½ inches long or the lower and basal ones spatulate, obtuse and +narrowed into petioles. Flowers erect, calyx tube top-shaped, smooth +or hairy, shorter than or equalling the lobes; corolla narrowly +campanulate, ⅓—½ an inch long, bright blue, with 5 slightly spreading +lanceolate lobes. + +Alpine summits in the Rockies not common; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Campanula rotundifolia= L. _Harebell, Bluebell._] + +Smooth or nearly so, stems erect or spreading, often several from +the same root, simple or branched, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Basal +leaves nearly orbicular or broadly ovate, usually heart-shaped and +slender petioled, ¼—1 inch wide, dentate or entire, often wanting at +flowering time; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong acute, mostly +entire and sessile or the lower narrowed into short petioles and +somewhat spatulate. Flowers several or numerous in racemes, drooping or +spreading, slender pedicelled; calyx lobes hair-like, spreading, longer +than the tube, corolla bright blue, campanulate, ½—1 inch long. + +On moist rocks or stony places, on slides or gravelly stream banks, +frequent throughout the region; flowering during most of the summer. + +[Sidenote: =Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora= Rydb. _Brook Lobelia._] + +Smooth throughout or slightly hairy below; stem simple or slightly +branched, erect, leafy, 4—8 inches high. Leaves basal, small, ¼—½ an +inch long, obovate, hairy; stem leaves linear. Flowers light blue or +white, ⅓ or nearly ½ an inch long on erect pedicels slightly more than +their own length; petals 5, the two upper erect, ⅛ of an inch long, +very slender, the 3 lower broader, ¼ of an inch long and spreading, in +loose racemes, lower bracts linear-lanceolate, the upper hair-like. + +On wet banks or wet gravelly or sandy ground at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies, abundant locally; flowering in July. + + + + +CICHORIACEÆ + +_Chicory Family_ + + +Herbs almost always with milky juice, alternate or basal leaves and +yellow or rarely pink, blue, purple, or white flowers in involucrate +heads; bracts of the involucre in 1 to several series; flowers all +alike and perfect; corolla with a short or long tube and a strap-shaped +(ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray). + + Heads solitary; leaves all basal. + Achenes smooth at the apex. =Agoseris.= + Achenes spinulose at the apex. =Taraxacum.= + Heads several; leaves not all basal. + Achenes flattened. + Flowers yellow. =Sonchus.= + Flowers blue. =Lactuca.= + Achenes rounded. + Pappus white. =Crepis.= + Pappus tawny. =Hieracium.= + +[Sidenote: =Agoseris glauca= (Pursh.) Greene. _Large-flowered +Agoseris._] + +Pale and smooth throughout or a little woolly below. Leaves +linear-lanceolate or oblong, entire, dentate or pinnatifid, 2—10 +inches long, acuminate. Scapes stout, smooth or slightly hairy, longer +than the leaves, 6—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, rays bright +yellow, involucre oblong, campanulate, usually smooth. + +Open grounds and on grassy alpine slopes and in meadows; flowering +during June and July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Hieracium umbellatum L. Narrow-Leaved Hawk-weed. + +_b_ Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. (⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Agoseris aurantiaca= (Hook.) Greene. _Orange-flowered +Agoseris._] + +Nearly smooth, not glaucous. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or +with lanceolate lobes toward the base, narrowed into slender petioles, +4—8 inches long. Scapes longer than the leaves, smooth below, woolly at +the top; involucre ½—¾ of an inch high, bracts lanceolate, more or less +woolly, flowers orange or copper-coloured. + +In open ground and alpine meadows throughout the region; flowering in +midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Agoseris graciliens= (A. Gray) Greene. _Slender Agoseris._] + +Smooth, leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate entire, 6—8 inches +long, acute. Scapes slender, 10—18 inches high, woolly at the summit; +involucre ½—¾ of an inch long, bracts narrow, smooth with hairy-fringed +margins; flowers deep orange. + +In grassy alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher +altitudes; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Taraxacum Taraxacum= (L.) Karst. _Dandelion._] + +Root thick and deep. Leaves oblong to spatulate in outline, usually +rough-hairy at least when young, acute or obtuse, pinnatifid, +sinuate-dentate or rarely nearly entire, rather succulent, 3—10 +inches long, ½—2½ inches wide, narrowed into petioles. Scapes erect, +2—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, containing very numerous +golden yellow flowers, inner bracts of the involucre, linear or +linear-lanceolate, the outer similar, shorter, not glaucous, reflexed, +acute; achenes greenish brown. + +In waste places and open ground throughout the region, along roadsides +and near the railway; established as a weed; flowering in early summer. + +[Sidenote: =Taraxacum montanum= Nutt. _Mountain Dandelion._] + +Smooth; scapes and leaves from the crown of a thick, vertical root. +Leaves spatulate, oblong, nearly entire or runcinately-toothed, obtuse, +the teeth shallow and simple, 3—4 inches long, ½—¾ of an inch wide. +Flowers bright orange or yellow on smooth scapes, 4—8 inches high; +involucral bracts all appressed, in 2-series, the outer ovate to +lanceolate, frequently reddish; inner ones narrowly lanceolate. + +Throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys and slopes; flowering in +early June. + +[Sidenote: =Sonchus arvensis= L. _Milk Thistle._] + +Stems smooth, leafy below, branched and nearly naked above, 2—4 feet +high. Lower and basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, often 12 inches +long, spinulose dentate, narrowed into short petioles, the upper +pinnatifid or entire, clasping. Flowers bright yellow, numerous in +showy heads, 1—2 inches broad; involucre nearly an inch high. + +An introduced weed, occurring more or less frequently along the line of +the railway throughout the region; a showy plant when in flower, during +the early part of the day. + +[Sidenote: =Lactuca pulchella= (Pursh) DC. _Large-flowered Blue +Lettuce._] + +Smooth throughout and somewhat glaucous; stem rather slender and leafy, +1—3 feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, +entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, 2—8 inches long. Flowers bright +blue or violet in numerous heads ½ an inch or more broad, in an open +panicle. + +Frequent along the railway in moist open places throughout the region; +flowering in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Crepis nana= Richards. _Alpine Hawk’s-beard._] + +Smooth, forming depressed tufts on slender, creeping rootstocks. Leaves +chiefly at the root, 1—2 inches long including the petioles, obovate +to spatulate, entire, repand dentate or lyrate, commonly equalling the +clustered stems. Heads few-flowered, nearly ½ an inch high, narrowly +cylindric, ⅛ of an inch in diameter; flowers bright yellow, spreading ¼ +of an inch across. + +A small alpine plant growing among loose stones and on the moraines and +on slides and summits throughout the Rockies; flowering in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Crepis elegans= Hook. _Many-flowered Hawk’s-beard._] + +Smooth, many-stemmed from a perennial tap-root, 6—12 inches high, +diffusely branched. Leaves entire or nearly so; root leaves spatulate; +stem-leaves from lanceolate to linear. Heads numerous, narrowly +cylindric, ¼—⅓ of an inch high, the pale yellow flowers little more +than ⅓ of an inch across. + +In gravel beds along the rivers and larger streams throughout the +Rockies; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Hieracium umbellatum= L. _Narrow-leaved Hawk-weed._] + +Stem rather slender, smooth or puberulent, sometimes rough hairy +below, leafy, simple, 1—2½ feet high. Leaves lanceolate or the lowest +spatulate, entire, denticulate or sometimes laciniate-dentate, acute or +acuminate, 1—3 inches long, smooth above, usually hairy beneath with +the margins fringed with hairs. Heads of flowers nearly an inch broad, +umbellate, bright yellow. + +On banks and near rivers in the Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Hieracium Scouleri= Hook. _Hairy Hawk-weed._] + +Hairy throughout with long, soft hairs; 1—2 feet high. Leaves +lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, 3—6 inches long. Flowers in an +irregular branching panicle. Head ½ an inch high; involucre with +copious long bristly hairs; flowers bright yellow, ½ an inch or more +broad. + +On banks and stony open ground throughout the region flowering during +July. + +[Sidenote: =Hieracium gracile= Hook. _Slender Hawk-weed._] + +Growing in tufts, pale green. Leaves nearly all in clusters at the +root, obovate to oblong-spatulate, 1—3 inches long, attenuate into +petioles, entire or repand denticulate. Stems 8—18 inches high, +brownish-hairy above, bearing few or several heads of flowers near the +top; involucres about ⅓ of an inch high, usually blackish-hairy at the +base; flowers bright yellow in heads ¼ of an inch or less broad. + +In dry open or shaded places at the higher elevations throughout the +region, growing in sand; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Hieracium albiflorum= Hook. _White-flowered Hawk-weed._] + +Loosely branching and hairy with long hairs; 1—3 feet high. Leaves +oblong, thin, 2—6 inches long. Involucres narrow-campanulate, ⅓ to +nearly ½ an inch high; flowers white, ¼ of an inch across or more; +several in a compound cyme. + +On sandy banks and open mountain sides, frequent throughout the region +at the lower elevations; flowering during June and July. + + + + +CARDUACEÆ + +_Thistle Family_ + + +Herbs with watery or resinous sap and alternate, opposite or basal +leaves; flowers perfect, pistillate or neutral; borne on a common +receptacle forming heads, surrounded by an involucre of few to many +bracts in one or more series; calyx tube attached to the top of the +ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, crown-like +or wanting; corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or -cleft, the marginal +flowers frequently expanded into a ligule (ray); when the ray flowers +are absent the head is said to be discoid, when present, radiate; the +tubular flowers form the disc. The largest of all the families of +flowering plants comprising about 760 genera and not less than 10,000 +species, represented in the region by the following: + + Anthers not tailed at the base; heads rayed or rayless. + Style branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with + terminal appendages. + Rays yellow or sometimes wanting. + Pappus double, the outer very short. =Chrysopsis.= + Pappus simple; panicle compact. =Solidago.= + Rays white, purple, or blue, rarely wanting. + Involucral bracts in 1—2 series, narrow; rays + usually narrow and numerous. =Erigeron.= + Involucral bracts in 2—5 series; rays broader and + less numerous. + Scales of the involucre dry, papery and appressed. + =Eucephalus.= + Scales of the involucre more or less herbaceous, + and spreading. =Aster.= + Style branches of the perfect flowers straight edged + or with hairy tips. + Involucre not scarious. + Pappus never capillary; receptacle chaffy or bristly. + Receptacle conic, chaffy; pappus none. =Rudbeckia.= + Receptacle flat, chaffy; tall herbs; pappus 2 scales. + =Helianthus.= + Receptacle bristly; pappus a crown of scales. + =Gaillardia.= + Pappus capillary. + Leaves all or mostly opposite. =Arnica.= + Leaves alternate. + Flowers white or pinkish; leaves large. =Petasites.= + Flowers yellow, leaves small. =Senecio.= + Involucre scarious. + Receptacle chaffy; rays short. =Achillea.= + Receptacle naked; rays conspicuous. =Chrysanthemum.= + Receptacle naked; rays none. =Artemisia.= + Anthers with tails at the base; heads without rays. + Receptacle not bristly; corolla not deeply cleft. + Pappus hair-like in pistillate flowers; club shaped + in staminate. =Antennaria.= + Pappus of all the flowers similar. =Anaphalis.= + Receptacle long bristly; corolla deeply cleft. + Leaves and usually the involucral bracts prickly =Carduus.= + Leaves and involucral bracts not prickly. =Saussurea.= + +[Sidenote: =Chrysopsis hispida= (Hook.) Nutt. _Hispid Golden Aster._] + +Stems numerous from a woody rootstock, rough-hairy throughout, +spreading, 6—12 inches long. Leaves spatulate to oblong, entire, +spreading, ¾—1½ inches long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, +often into petioles half as long as the blade or more. Heads very +numerous, about ½ an inch broad; involucre less than ½ an inch high, +its bracts lanceolate, rough-hairy; ray flowers bright yellow, ¼ of an +inch or more long. + +In dry soil through the lower valleys throughout the Rockies; flowering +in midsummer. + +[Sidenote: =Solidago multiradiata= Ait. _Northern Goldenrod._] + +Stems smooth or somewhat hairy above, slender, 6—15 inches high. +Leaves firm, smooth or nearly so, the basal and lower ones spatulate +or oblanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate, obtuse, finely +reticulate-veined, 3—5 inches long, the upper smaller and narrower, +entire. Heads about ⅓ of an inch high, usually few in a rather compact +terminal cyme; bracts of the involucre thin, linear-lanceolate, acute, +smooth; rays 8—15, large. + +On open hillsides throughout the region; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Solidago decumbens= Greene. _Field Goldenrod._] + +Stems clustered at the summit of a strong, perpendicular root, stout, +decumbent, 6—18 inches high, usually dark red and sparsely hairy. +Leaves spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, more +or less distinctly serrate toward the summit, upper cauline leaves +similar but few and reduced, all rough on the margins. Heads large in +a thyrsoid panicle; bracts of the involucre glandular-viscid, linear, +obtuse, of firm texture, nerved; rays large. + +[Sidenote: =Solidago missouriensis= Nutt. _Missouri Goldenrod._] + +Smooth, rather slender, 3—5 feet high. Leaves firm or thick, those +of the stem linear-lanceolate and sessile, acuminate at the apex, +narrowed at the base, 2—4 inches long, rough-margined, triple-nerved, +entire or sparingly serrate with low sharp teeth, the basal and lowest +ones longer, spatulate and petioled. Heads ⅛—¼ of an inch high on one +side of the spreading or recurving branches of the short panicle; +bracts of the involucre oblong, greenish-tipped, obtuse; rays 6—13, +short. + +In dry soil on the edges of woodland at the lower altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering in August. + +[Sidenote: =Solidago canadensis= L. _Canada Goldenrod._] + +Stout, rough-hairy or slightly so, 2—8 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, +triple-nerved, acute at each end, the lower ones sharply serrate and +petioled, 3—6 inches long, ⅓—1 inch wide, the upper smaller, entire. +Heads small, ⅛ of an inch or less high, very numerous on one side of +the spreading or recurved branches of the usually large and dense +panicle; involucral bracts linear, obtuse or acutish; rays 9—15 small. + +In open usually dry soil at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering during July and August. + +[Illustration: _a_ Erigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A. Gray. Large Purple +Fleabane. + +_b_ Erigeron acris L. Blue Fleabane. + +_c_ Saussurea densa Hook. Saussurea. (⅗ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron simplex= Greene. _Arctic Fleabane._] + +Stems 1—6 inches high, several from the same root. Leaves few, the +basal spatulate or oblanceolate, 1—2 inches long; stem leaves linear +and few. Heads ⅓ of an inch in diameter, solitary; involucre usually +rough-hairy as well as woolly, bracts linear acute, rather close, rays +¼—⅓ of an inch long, white, very numerous. + +An alpine plant in dry ground at the higher elevations, among stones +and on the moraines, flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron salsuginosus= (Richards) A. Gray. _Large Purple +Fleabane._] + +Soft hairy above, 12—20 inches high. Leaves smooth, thick, +bright green, spatulate or nearly ovate, acute or conspicuously +bristle-tipped, the uppermost small and bract-like. Heads over 1½ +inches in diameter; rays 50—70, purple or violet, ½—¾ of an inch long; +disc bright yellow; involucral bracts linear, attenuate and spreading, +glandular-hairy. + +A most striking violet or purple daisy on moist banks, slopes, and in +moist, open woodlands; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron asper= Nutt. _Rough Fleabane._] + +Stem simple or branched above, more or less hairy, sometimes roughly +so, 6—24 inches high. Leaves smooth, hairy or fringed on the margin +with hairs, entire, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, 2—4 inches long, +narrowed into a margined petiole; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate or +linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, the upper smaller. Heads several or +solitary, slender peduncled, ⅓—½ an inch broad; involucre hemispheric, +its bracts linear, acute, or rough-hairy; rays 100—150, very narrow, +violet-purple or nearly white, ⅓ to nearly half an inch long. + +In dry soil in the lower valleys and slopes of the Rockies; flowering +in July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron cæspitosus= Nutt. _Tufted Fleabane._] + +Stems tufted, closely white-hairy from a deep root; simple or +branched above, 6—12 inches high. Leaves white-hairy, entire, +narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 1—3 inches +long; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, the +upper gradually shorter. Heads solitary or several, short-peduncled, +⅓—½ an inch broad; involucre hemispheric its bracts lanceolate or +linear-oblong acute, white-hairy; rays 40—60, ¼—⅓ of an inch long, +white or pinkish. + +In dry open places in the Rockies at the lower altitudes, a pretty +tufted plant resembling an Aster; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron multifidus= Rydb. _Daisy Fleabane._] + +Rough-hairy or somewhat smooth, stems slender, numerous, 3—6 inches +high. Leaves crowded on the crowns of the caudex, usually twice +ternately parted into linear or spatulate hairy lobes; an inch long or +less including the petiole; stem-leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers +solitary at the top of the nearly leafless hairy stem; involucre ¼ of +an inch high and nearly ½ an inch in diameter, outer bracts shorter and +spreading; rays 40—60, white, purple or violet, from ⅛ to nearly ½ an +inch long. + +On dry rocks throughout the Rockies up to 6000 feet elevation or above, +flowering during June or July. + +_Erigeron multifidus discoideus (A. Gray.) Rydb._, differing from +the species in the entire absence of ray flowers and smaller heads, +and _Erigeron multifidus nudus Rydb._, differing from the species +in being almost entirely smooth except a few hairs on the petioles +and involucral bracts, are found in similar localities throughout +the Rockies, often growing with the species and frequently much more +abundant. + +[Illustration: Erigeron discoideus Rydb. Erigeron multifidus Rydb. (½ +Nat.) Cut-Leaved Fleabane.] + +[Illustration: Erigeron melanocephalus A. Nelson. (¾ Nat.) Black-Headed +Fleabane.] + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron aureus= Greene _Golden Fleabane._] + +Ashy-hairy, 3—6 inches high from a tufted caudex. Leaves ovate, +spatulate or roundish, an inch or more long, contracted into a petiole; +stem leaves ¼ of an inch long, few, and very narrow. Flowers solitary, +about ⅓ of an inch high and broad; involucre usually reddish or +purplish, covered with woolly hairs; bracts nearly equal, lanceolate, +rather loose; rays numerous, ¼—⅓ of an inch long, deep golden yellow. + +In open ground on alpine meadows and among rocks, at the higher +altitudes, throughout the region; a striking little plant, flowering in +July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron melanocephalus= A. Nelson. _Black-woolly +Fleabane._] + +Stems few or several, slender, erect, 2—6 inches high, with +purplish-black hairs. Leaves numerous, elliptic or narrowly oblong, +¾—1½ inches long, nearly smooth; stem leaves broadly linear, acuminate, +¾—1 inch long, hairiness similar to that of the stem. Head solitary, ⅓ +of an inch broad; involucral scales nearly equal, with attenuate tips, +densely covered with purplish-black wool; rays 50—60, white or pinkish, +⅛ of an inch long. + +In open stony or more or less grassy ground at the high altitudes; +flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron acris= L. _Blue Fleabane._] + +More or less hairy, varying to smooth, 3—18 inches high, simple or +branching. Leaves spatulate or lanceolate, obtuse, 1—3 inches long, +hairy and entire. Heads ¼ of an inch or more broad, single or several, +more or less paniculately disposed; involucre hemispheric, its bracts +linear and hairy; rays numerous, very narrow, only slightly exceeding +the yellow disc, blue or purple. + +In dry stony ground and slopes throughout the region, very variable as +to size; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron drobrachiensis= O. Muell.] + +Nearly or quite smooth, 1—2 feet high, usually paniculately branched. +Leaves spatulate to lanceolate, acute, rather numerous. Heads on +peduncle-like branches, an inch or more long, involucre, ⅓ of an inch +or more broad, scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate and glandular, +green; rays numerous and thread-like, pink, but slightly exceeding the +disc. + +On banks and more or less shaded places at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Erigeron philadelphicus= L. _Philadelphia Fleabane._] + +Soft-hairy or sometimes nearly smooth, stems slender, mostly branched +above, 1—3 feet high. Leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse or acute, +dentate or entire, 1—3 inches long. Heads several or numerous, +corymbose-paniculate, ¼—⅓ of an inch broad; involucre depressed +hemispheric, its bracts linear with roughened margins; rays 100—150, +¼—⅓ of an inch long, bright rose-colour. + +In open grassy and wet places at the lower altitudes, throughout the +Rockies; flowering in June and July. This species, the most widely +distributed of any member of the genus, is found throughout North +America; though locally rare, where found it is usually in great +abundance. + +[Sidenote: =Aster Richardsonii= Spreng. _Richardson’s Aster._] + +Hairy, often much branched from the base, 3—12 inches high. Leaves +oblong, spatulate to broadly lanceolate, more or less sharply serrate, +an inch or more long. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches; +involucre broadly campanulate, ¼ of an inch high, shorter than the +disc; the bracts narrowly lanceolate, with mostly acute and loose +herbaceous tips; rays nearly half an inch long, violet-purple. + +In gravelly ground and river bottoms frequent in the region; flowering +during July. + +[Sidenote: =Aster conspicuus= Lindl. _Large Purple Aster._] + +Rough, stout, and rigid, 2 feet high. Leaves firm, ovate, oblong, or +the lower obovate, acute, 4—6 inches long, 1½—4 inches broad, acutely +serrate, reticulate-veiny. Flowers numerous in a broad head, involucre, +broadly campanulate, equalling the disc, half an inch high; bracts in +several series, minutely glandular, lanceolate, acute, the greenish +tips a little spreading; rays ½ an inch long or more, violet. + +The most showy of all the Asters, frequent in the Rockies at the lower +altitudes, on slides and on gravelly river banks, forming great masses +of colour when flowering in late July and early August. + +[Sidenote: =Aster major= (Hook) Porter. _Great Northern Aster._] + +Stem stout, leafy to the summit, densely long-hairy, or rarely smooth, +branched above, 2—6 feet high. Leaves rather thin, lanceolate, partly +clasping by a narrowed base, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate +with low distant teeth, dark green and lightly hairy above, densely +soft-hairy on the veins beneath, 3—5 inches long, ½ to nearly an inch +wide. Heads mostly solitary, at the ends of short branches, 1½ inches +broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts little imbricated, green, +linear-subulate, densely glandular; rays 35—45 purple, about ½ an inch +long. + +In moist soil in the valleys of the Selkirks; flowering during August. + +[Sidenote: =Aster Lindleyanus= T. & G. _Lindley’s Aster._] + +Stem usually stout, smooth, or sparingly hairy, 1—3 feet high, branched +above. Leaves rather thick, smooth or slightly hairy, especially on +the veins, the lower and basal ones heart-shaped at the base, sharply +serrate, ovate-acute or acuminate, 2—4 inches long, with slender, naked +petioles; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, more or less +serrate or entire, sessile or with margined petioles. Heads usually +not numerous, ⅓ of an inch or more high; involucre broadly top-shaped; +bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated, smooth or +nearly so, their tips green, rays 10—20, blue or violet, ¼—½ an inch +long; pappus nearly white. + +In open places and along the rivers throughout the region; flowering +during July and August. + +[Illustration: Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. (⅔ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Aster ciliomarginatus= Rydb.] + +Stems 1—2 feet high, round, slightly striate and tinged with red, +smooth below, more or less hairy in lines above. Basal leaves smooth +except the hairy-fringed margins, thin, distantly serrate or subentire, +tapering into wing-margined petioles, oblanceolate-acute, 4—8 inches +long; the upper oblong or lanceolate sessile. Heads about ½ an inch +high, ½—¾ of an inch in diameter, rather few in an open panicle; +involucral bracts linear, fringed with hairs on the margins, the upper +part foliaceous and the outer somewhat spreading; rays numerous ½ an +inch long, light blue. + +In moist, more or less shaded places, edges of woods and thickets, +throughout the Rockies; flowering in late July and August. + +[Sidenote: =Aster frondeus= (A. Gray) Greene. _Leafy-bracted Aster._] + +Simple, stem smooth, with sparing, erect, flowering branches. Leaves +few, broadly lanceolate to oblong or spatulate, entire or nearly +so, the lower tapering into winged petioles. Heads solitary or few, +on naked peduncles; involucre ⅓ of an inch high, or less; bracts +linear-lanceolate, loose, all equalling the disc; rays violet or +purple, nearly ½ an inch long. + +In wet places and along streams throughout the Rockies; flowering +during July and August. + +[Sidenote: =Eucephalus Engelmanni= (D. C. Eaton) Greene. _Engelmann’s +Aster._] + +Slightly hairy or smooth, simple or somewhat branched, 18 inches +to 2 feet high, bright green. Leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly +lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, loosely veined, tapering at the apex into +a slender-spined tip, the larger sometimes with a few small acute +teeth. Heads ½ an inch high, hemispherical, either racemosely disposed +on slender axillary peduncles, or somewhat cymose; involucral bracts +mostly acute or acuminate, some outer ones loose, narrow, and partly +herbaceous, or with loose pointed tips; inner purplish; rays about ½ an +inch long, spreading, violet or pinkish. + +In open woods and on slopes, principally in the Rockies at the higher +elevations; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Rudbeckia hirta= L. _Black-eyed Susan, Yellow Daisy._] + +Rough-hairy throughout, stems simple or sparingly branched, often +tufted, 1—3 feet high. Leaves thick, sparingly serrate with low teeth +or entire, lanceolate or oblong, the lower and basal ones petioled, +mostly obtuse, 3—5-nerved, 2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, the upper +sessile, narrower, acute or acutish. Heads commonly few or solitary, +2—4 inches broad; rays 10—20, deep yellow or orange; bracts of the +involucre very rough-hairy; spreading or reflexed, much shorter than +the rays; disc globose-ovoid, purple-brown. + +Throughout the region, not infrequent along the railway from Field west +to the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in July and +August. + +[Sidenote: =Helianthus scaberrimus= Ell. _Stiff Sunflower._] + +Stems simple or a little branched, rough-hairy or only slightly so, 1—8 +feet high. Leaves thick, leathery, serrate, rough-hairy on both sides, +2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the +base, the lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the upper lanceolate +or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, all opposite, or the +uppermost bract-like and alternate. Heads solitary or few, 2—3 inches +broad, involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or obtuse, +fringed with hairs; disc brown or purple; rays 15—25, light yellow. + +Frequent along the railway in the valley of the Kicking Horse River and +in the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in August. + +[Sidenote: =Helianthus Nuttallii= Torr and Gray. _Nuttall’s Sunflower._] + +Stem smooth, except the summit which is soft-hairy, slender, mostly +simple, 2—4 feet high. Leaves rough on both surfaces, lanceolate or +the upper linear, 3—6 inches long, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, frequently +opposite, serrulate or entire. Heads ½ an inch high, scattered; bracts +of the involucre linear-lanceolate with a subulate tip, hairy at the +base; rays narrow, acute, deep yellow, 1—1½ inches long. + +In moist grounds and on river banks throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering during July. + +[Illustration: _a_ Erigeron aureus Greene. Golden Fleabane. + +_b_ Gaillardia aristata Pursh. (⅗ Nat.) Great-flowered Gaillardia.] + +[Sidenote: =Gaillardia aristata= Pursh. _Great-flowered Gaillardia._] + +Rough-hairy, stems simple or little branched, 1—3 feet high. Leaves +firm, densely and finely hairy, the lower basal ones petioled, oblong +or spatulate, laciniate-pinnatifid or entire, mostly obtuse, 2—5 inches +long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, entire or dentate, +rarely pinnatifid. Heads 1½-4 inches broad, long peduncled; bracts +of the involucre spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, rough-hairy, rays +10—18, bright yellow, wedge-shaped, deeply 3-lobed; disc reddish-purple. + +One of the most showy of the midsummer plants, in the lower valleys of +the Rockies, in dry ground and on slopes, especially in the Bow Valley +at Banff and in the open country around Golden. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica cordifolia= Hook. _Heart-leaved Arnica._] + +Somewhat hairy, stem simple or sparingly branched, 1—2 feet high. +Leaves hairy, the basal ovate or orbicular, obtuse or acute, deeply +cordate at the base, dentate, 1—3 inches long with slender sometimes +margined petioles; stem leaves in 1—3 pairs, ovate or oblong, sessile +or short-petioled, much smaller. Heads 1—8, 2—3 inches broad, bracts +of the involucre, acute or acuminate, ½—¾ of an inch long; rays 12—16, +deep yellow, an inch or more long, toothed at the apex; pappus white. + +In woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica gracilis= Rydb. _Slender Arnica._] + +Smooth, slender and branched, 6—12 inches high. Leaves with short +glandular hairs on both surfaces or smooth, the basal broadly ovate, +petioled, dentate, 3-ribbed; stem-leaves about 2 pairs, similar, the +upper sessile. Heads several on slender glandular peduncles, disc ½ an +inch or less high; involucral bracts, 12—15, lanceolate, acuminate, +glandular-hairy as are also the seeds; pappus white; rays about ¾ of an +inch long, narrow, bright yellow with a single notch at the apex. + +On alpine slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July, not common. + +[Illustration: _a_ Arnica cordifolia Hook. Heart-Leaved Arnica. + +_b_ Arnica louiseana Farr. Pale-Flowered Arnica. (⅗ Nat.)] + +[Sidenote: =Arnica latifolia= Bong. _Broad-leaved Arnica._] + +Minutely hairy or nearly smooth, simple or branched. Leaves thin, +nearly smooth, or with long scattered hairs; the lower cordate; stem +leaves in 2—3 pairs, equal, ovate or oval, sharply dentate, closely +sessile by the broad base, or the lowest with contracted bases. Heads +¾ of an inch high on long, slender, hairy peduncles; involucral bracts +½ an inch or more long; oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with scattered +hairs, rays yellow, ¾ of an inch long, with 2 notches at the apex; +achenes nearly smooth; pappus white. + +Throughout the region in woods and open ground usually at an elevation +of 5000 to 7000 feet; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica Chamissonis= Less. _Chamisso’s Arnica._] + +From lightly hairy to densely so or nearly smooth, 1—2 feet high. +Leaves rather thin, hairy, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, dentate or +denticulate, acute or obtuse, lowest tapering into a margined petiole, +upper broad at the base and somewhat clasping. Heads ½ an inch or more +high, single or several on hairy peduncles; involucral bracts ⅓ of an +inch or more long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-hairy; rays +bright yellow, ½ an inch or more long with a single notch at the apex, +rather broad; achenes with a few scattered hairs; pappus tawny. + +On the borders of streams and wet places at the lower altitudes +throughout the region; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica louiseana= Farr. _Pale-flowered Arnica._] + +Slender, hairy, 3—8 inches high. Leaves in about 3 pairs, the two +lowest at the base of the stem, 1½—2 inches long, elliptical or +obovate, entire or denticulate, glandular-hairy on both surfaces, as +are the margins. Heads of flowers, 1—3, nearly half an inch broad, +on long, slender, nodding, hairy peduncles; rays 8—10, light yellow, +about ½ an inch long; involucre ⅓ of an inch high, campanulate, densely +glandular-hairy at the base, brownish-purple, the bracts lanceolate, +acute, with scattered white hairs; pappus white. + +Among loose stones at the base of Mt. Fairview at Lake Louise; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica fulgens= Pursh. _Alpine Arnica._] + +Glandular-hairy throughout, 8—12 inches high. Leaves oblong lanceolate +to lanceolate, acute, the lower denticulate and petioled, the upper +sessile and entire. Heads of flowers several on long, slender, +glandular-hairy peduncles; involucres campanulate, ½ an inch high, +bracts lanceolate acute, glandular and with long white hairs; rays +bright yellow ¾—1 inch long, ¼ of an inch wide, twice notched at the +apex; achenes hairy; pappus white. + +On stony alpine slopes at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Arnica eradiata= (A. Gray.) Heller. _Rayless Arnica._] + +Densely soft-hairy throughout; simple or branched, 12—18 inches high. +Leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate or the upper ones lanceolate, obtuse or +acute, entire or sharply denticulate, 1—3 inches long. Heads of flowers +on short, hairy peduncles, without rays; involucre ½ an inch high, +bracts lanceolate, acute; achenes black, smooth or nearly so; pappus +tawny. + +On grassy alpine slopes through the Rockies at the higher elevations; +flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio pseudaureus= Rydb. _Western Golden Ragwort._] + +Smooth from a creeping rootstock, 1—2 feet high. Leaves smooth, +basal broadly ovate, somewhat cordate, serrate, 1½—3 inches long, +long-petioled; stem leaves more or less laciniate at the base, the +upper sessile. Heads of flowers ⅓ of an inch high in a flat-topped +corymb, rays bright orange-yellow, ⅓ of an inch long. + +In moist ground and borders of woods and slopes throughout the Rockies +at the lower altitudes; flowering during June and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio discoideus= (Hook.) Britton. _Northern Squaw-root._] + +Smooth except for the small tufts of wool in the axils of the lower +leaves; stem rather stout, 1—2 feet tall. Basal leaves oval or ovate, +thin, sharply dentate, abruptly narrowed into petioles longer than the +blade; stem leaves few, small, more or less irregularly cut. Heads few +or numerous, corymbose; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, nearly +½ an inch high; rays very short or wanting; achenes smooth. + +Frequent throughout the Rockies on river shores and borders of woods +and thickets; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio flavovirens= Rydb. _Western Balsam Groundsel._] + +Light or yellowish-green, slender, woolly in tufts at the base of +the leaves or smooth in age; stem 12—18 inches high, striate, pale. +Leaves 1—3 inches long, at the base obovate or broadly oval, generally +tapering into the petiole but sometimes truncate at the base, obtuse, +crenate or sinuate, light green; lower stem-leaves lanceolate in +outline and petioled, the upper lanceolate or linear and sessile, +deeply pinnatifid with narrow oblong or linear segments, cymes +contracted, corymbose. Heads ¼ of an inch or more high; bracts linear, +acute, yellowish-green and occasionally with brownish tips; rays pale +yellow, ½ an inch long, 4-nerved or often lacking. + +In the lower valleys of the Rockies, on the borders of woods, thickets, +and marshes; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio canus= Hook. _Silvery Groundsel._] + +Permanently silvery-hairy with felted hairs; stems several, 6—12 inches +high from a woody base. Leaves sometimes all undivided, the radicle +and lower from spatulate to oblong or roundish-oval, ½—1½ inches long, +slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed, or pinnatifid. Heads of +flowers few and terminal, ⅓ to nearly half an inch high; rays yellow, +nearly ½ an inch long. + +In stony dry ground and slopes throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio lugens= Richards. _Black-tipped Groundsel._] + +More or less woolly when young, soon smooth; stem stout, 1—3 feet high. +Basal and lower leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acute, denticulate +or dentate, 2—5 inches long, ½—1½ inches wide, narrowed into margined +petioles; upper leaves few, sessile, small and bract-like. Heads of +flowers several or numerous, corymbose, often short-peduncled, ½ to +nearly an inch broad; involucre campanulate, ¼—⅓ of an inch high, its +bracts lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, green with conspicuous +black tips; rays 10—12, bright yellow, ½ an inch long. + +In moist soil at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June. + +[Sidenote: =Senecio triangularis= Hook. _Giant Ragwort._] + +Rather stout, simple, 2—5 feet high. Leaves thin, all more or +less petioled and dentate, deltoid-lanceolate or the lower +triangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, the uppermost lanceolate, with +cuneate base. Heads of flowers about ½ an inch high, numerous in a +flat open cyme; involucre campanulate; rays 8—12, bright yellow, +oblong-linear, ¼—⅓ of an inch long. + +In wet ground and along the borders of streams and wet slopes at 5000 +to 6000 feet elevation throughout the Rockies; at much lower altitudes +in the Selkirks where it is a very abundant plant; flowering in June +and early July. + +[Sidenote: =Petasites palmata= (Ait.) A. Gray. _Palmate-leaved +Coltsfoot._] + +Scape slender and scaly, 6—24 inches high. Leaves nearly orbicular +in outline, 3—12 inches broad, deeply 7—11-cleft to much beyond the +middle, green and smooth above, densely white-woolly beneath, at +least when young; the lobes oblong to obovate-acute, often somewhat +wedge-shaped, sharply dentate or cut. Heads mostly diœcious, numerous, +corymbose, ⅓—½ an inch broad; flowers usually white, fragrant, the +marginal ones of the pistillate heads with narrow pinkish or white rays +about ¼ of an inch long; cottony in fruit. + +In wet places and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the +Rockies; flowering in May and early June before the leaves appear. + +[Sidenote: =Petasites sagittata= (Pursh.) A. Gray. _Arrow-leaved +Coltsfoot._] + +Scape slender and scaly, 6—12 inches high. Leaves deltoid-ovate or +reniform-ovate, persistently white-tomentose beneath; smooth or nearly +so above, 4—10 inches long, thin, margins sinuate-dentate, not cleft or +lobed. Heads diœcious, loosely corymbose, involucre campanulate, ⅓ of +an inch high; flowers nearly white, the marginal ones of the pistillate +heads with white rays. + +In similar situations to the preceding; in wet places and along streams +at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; readily distinguished by +the shape of its leaves; flowering in May and early June. + +[Sidenote: =Petasites frigida= (L.) Fries. _Arctic Coltsfoot._] + +Scape very, scaly, 3—10 inches high. Leaves thin, hastate-reniform to +triangular-ovate, 1—4 inches long, irregularly and angulately lobed and +incised, smooth and green above, persistently white-woolly beneath, +the lobes entire or few-toothed. Heads usually few, ½ an inch or more +high in a capitate corymb; involucre short, campanulate; flowers nearly +white and fragrant, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads with +white or pinkish rays ¼ of an inch or more long. + +In shaded wet places and along alpine brooks at the high altitudes +throughout the region; flowering during June and July with the +expanding leaves. + +[Sidenote: =Achillea lanulosa= Nutt. _Yarrow._] + +Woolly throughout; stems simple, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves +narrowly oblong in outline, bi-pinnately dissected into numerous small +linear divisions. Heads numerous, crowded into a rather contracted +cyme; involucre oblong, nearly ¼ of an inch high; bracts lanceolate, +green with brown translucent borders; rays 4—5, white, broadly obovate, +notched and spreading, about the length of the involucre. + +Open ground, slopes and meadows throughout the region; flowering during +July. + +[Sidenote: =Chrysanthemum leucanthemum= L. _Ox-eye Daisy. White Daisy._] + +Smooth, simple, 1—3 feet high, often tufted, the branches nearly +erect. Leaves smooth, the basal oblong or spatulate, coarsely dentate +or incised, narrowed into long, slender petioles; stem-leaves mostly +sessile or partly clasping, 1—3 inches long, linear, pinnately-incised +or toothed, the uppermost small, nearly entire. Heads few or solitary, +1—2 inches broad on long naked peduncles, rays 20—30, white and +spreading; disc flat, bright yellow, bracts of the involucre lanceolate +or obtuse, smooth with translucent margins. + +In open ground throughout the region; flowering during July. + +[Sidenote: =Artemisia frigida= Willd _Pasture Wormwood._] + +Simple or branching, silky-hairy and silvery throughout; stems numerous +and spreading, about a foot high. Leaves mainly twice ternately divided +into linear crowded lobes. Heads globular, about ⅛ of an inch in +diameter, numerous, in more or less racemose heads; involucre pale, +greenish-yellow, woolly; bracts narrow and herbaceous. + +In open dry ground and on banks throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Artemisia discolor= Dougl. _Green Wormwood._] + +Stems slender, 9—12 inches high, spreading from a woody base. Leaves +pinnately parted into narrow, linear or lanceolate, entire or spreading +cut divisions and lobes, white beneath with cottony hairs, green and +nearly smooth above. Heads ⅛ of an inch high, numerous in a wand-like +panicle; involucre hemispherical-campanulate, greenish and smooth or +nearly so, 20—30 flowered. + +On Rocky slopes throughout the region; flowering in June or July. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria lanata= (Hook.) Greene. _Alpine Everlasting._] + +Densely white-woolly; stem simple, 2—6 inches high. Lower leaves +spatulate-lanceolate, 1—1½ inches long, the upper linear with +conspicuous papery tips. Heads several in a close cluster at the end +of the stem, ½ an inch high; involucre nearly ¼ of an inch high, +conspicuously woolly at the base, the inner bracts with conspicuous +white tips, the outer straw-colour or greenish. + +An alpine plant in meadows and on slopes from 7000 feet up; flowering +during July. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria pulcherrima= (Hook.) Greene. _Tall Alpine +Everlasting._] + +White-woolly throughout, stem simple, 6—18 inches high. Leaves +spatulate to lanceolate or linear, 1—4 inches long, acute, nerved. +Heads numerous in a close capitate cluster, ½—1 inch high, outer +bracts of the involucre straw-colour or greenish, rounded and often +notched at the apex; inner ones nearly white. + +In moist open ground in the Rockies at the lower elevations; flowering +in July. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria racemose= Hook. _White Everlasting._] + +Lightly woolly, becoming smooth, stems 6—20 inches high, slender, +sparsely leafy. Leaves thin, the radicle broadly oval, an inch or two +long, obscurely 3-nerved at the base, rather veiny, the lower stem +leaves oblong, the upper smaller and lanceolate. Heads of flowers +about ¼ of an inch high, all on slender peduncles in a loose raceme, +involucral bracts, thin and translucent, greenish-yellow or brownish. + +On shaded slopes throughout the Rockies, at the higher altitudes; +flowering in June. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria Howellii= Greene. _Howell’s Everlasting._] + +More or less woolly; stem 6—10 inches high. Leaves rather thin, the +lower spatulate, acute, 1—2 inches long, green above, woolly beneath; +stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, 1 inch long, becoming smaller toward +the summit. Heads in a compact capitate cluster, ½ an inch or more in +diameter, woolly at the base; involucral bracts very narrow, acute, +thin, and translucent, straw-colour, the outer ones densely woolly and +occasionally rosy. + +In dry ground and on slopes, frequent in the Rockies at the lower +altitudes. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria parvifolia= Nutt. _Mountain Everlasting._] + +Plant silvery throughout, freely spreading; stems prostrate and leafy, +forming mats of considerable extent; flowering stems 2—8 inches high. +Leaves from obovate to spatulate, ½ an inch or less long, persistently +white-woolly. Heads in compact terminal clusters about ⅓ of an inch +broad; involucral bracts, lanceolate, obtuse, thin and translucent, +yellowish. + +In dry sterile ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June, frequently growing with the next species which it +closely resembles in manner of growth. + +[Sidenote: =Antennaria rosea= (D. C. Eaton) Greene. _Pink Everlasting._] + +Silvery throughout, stems prostrate and leafy, forming broad mats; +flowering stems 6—15 inches high. Leaves very thin in texture, densely +hairy, lanceolate to linear, ½—1½ inches long, acute. Heads small, +closely compacted into a rounded terminal cluster, ½ an inch or more in +diameter; involucral bracts in 2 series, lanceolate, the outer greenish +and woolly, the inner from pink to bright rose-colour. + +In dry sterile or moist open ground throughout the Rockies up to an +elevation of 6,000 feet; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Anaphalis subalpina= (A. Gray) Rydb. _Pearly Everlasting._] + +A foot or two high in tufts, very leafy, the white tufts of woolly +hairs rarely becoming tawny. Leaves 2—5 inches long, broadly +lanceolate, green above, white-woolly beneath. Heads numerous, ¼ of +an inch high in a contracted corymb; involucral bracts numerous, +ovate-lanceolate, pearly white, spreading in age. + +Abundant throughout the region in dry or moist ground and on slopes up +to an altitude of 7000 feet; flowering in June and July. + +[Sidenote: =Carduus Kelseyi= Rydb. _White Thistle._] + +Stems 18 inches to 4 feet tall, striate, more or less cobwebby-woolly. +Leaves linear, sinuately toothed and fringed, with rather weak +spines, green above, cottony beneath. Heads several in a leafy spike, +1—1½ inches high, subtended by linear, cut and bristly-fringed and +cobwebby-hairy leaves; bracts rather unequal, lanceolate, a few of the +outermost with weak spines, the rest unarmed but with a long slender +tip; corolla cream-colour. + +Open ground and on slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the +Rockies; flowering in July. + +[Sidenote: =Carduus undulatus= Nutt. _Wavy-leaved Thistle._] + +Persistently white-tomentose, 1—3 feet high, branching. Leaves rarely +pinnately parted, moderately prickly. Heads of flowers about 1½ inches +high, usually solitary at the ends of the branches; principal bracts +of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader glandular +sticky ridge, comparatively small and narrow, tipped with a short +spreading prickle; corollas rose-colour or pale purple. + +In open grounds throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; +flowering during July and August. + +[Sidenote: =Saussurea densa= Hook. _Saussurea._] + +Nearly smooth, with a decumbent base; 3—12 inches high. Leaves thin, +oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate-dentate, or entire. Heads of +flowers several in a compact terminal corymb, involucre campanulate, +½ an inch high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal; corolla +purple or violet-blue. + +On stony slopes or on the moraines at the higher altitudes throughout +the Rockies, not common, but frequent in the region around Lake Louise; +flowering during July. + + + + +INDEX + + + A + Abies, 24 + lasiocarpa, 27 + Aceraceæ, 185 + Acer glabrum, 185 + Achillea, 285 + lanulosa, 314 + Actæa, 91 + arguta, 108 + eburnea, 109 + Adder’s-Tongue Family, 1 + Adiantum, 3 + pedatum, 6 + Agoseris, 276 + aurantiaca, 277 + glauca, 276 + graciliens, 277 + Large-flowered, 276 + Orange-flowered, 277 + Slender, 277 + Alder, Slender-leaved, 72 + Alexanders, Heart-leaved, 203 + Allium, 42 + recurvatum, 42 + sibericum, 43 + Alnus tenuifolia, 72 + Alsine, 82 + borealis, 86 + læta, 86 + longipes, 85 + Alum-root, + Smooth, 134 + Round-leaved, 135 + Amelanchier alnifolia, 166 + Anaphalis, 285 + subalpina, 320 + Androsace, 226 + carinata, 228 + diffusa, 229 + septentrionalis, 229 + Alpine, 229 + Spreading, 229 + Sweet-flowered, 228 + Anemone, 91 + Drummondii, 93 + globosa, 93 + parviflora, 92 + Alpine, 93 + Northern, 92 + Western, 95 + Antennaria, 285 + Howellii, 318 + lanata, 317 + parvifolia, 319 + pulcherrima, 317 + racemosa, 318 + rosea, 320 + Antiphylla, 130 + oppositifolia, 146 + APIACEÆ, 201 + APOCYNACEÆ, 237 + Apocynum, androsæmifolium, 237 + Apple Family, 165 + Aquilegia, 91 + brevistyla, 105 + flavescens, 106 + formosa, 106 + Arabis, 112 + Drummondii, 120 + hirsuta, 119 + Holboldii, 119 + Lyallii, 120 + ARACEÆ, 35 + Aragallus, 168 + deflexus, 176 + inflatus, 176 + Lamberti, 174 + monticola, 173 + splendens, 175 + viscidulus, 175 + ARALIACEÆ, 199 + Aralia nudicaulis, 199 + Arctostaphylos, 212 + uva-ursi, 214 + Arenaria, 82 + capillaris nardifolia, 88 + sajanensis, 89 + verna equicaulis, 89 + Argentina, 151 + anserina, 159 + Arnica, 285 + Chamissonis, 306 + cordifolia, 304 + eradiata, 308 + fulgens, 307 + gracilis, 304 + latifolia, 305 + louiseana, 306 + Alpine, 307 + Broad-leaved, 305 + Chamisso’s, 306 + Heart-leaved, 304 + Pale-flowered, 306 + Rayless, 308 + Slender, 304 + Artemisia, 285 + discolor, 316 + frigida, 316 + Arum Family, 35 + Aruncus, 150 + Aruncus, 153 + Aspen, American, 69 + Asphodel, + False, 40 + Scottish, 40 + Western False, 41 + Asplenium, 4 + Filix-fœmina, 9 + viride, 9 + Aster, 285 + ciliomarginatus, 298 + conspicuus, 296 + frondeus, 299 + Lindleyanus, 298 + major, 297 + Richardsonii, 296 + Engelmann’s, 300 + Great Northern, 297 + Hispid Golden, 286 + Large Purple, 296 + Leafy-bracted, 299 + Lindley’s, 298 + Richardson’s, 296 + Astragalus, 168 + adsurgens, 169 + alpinus, 170 + convallarius, 171 + hypoglottis, 169 + Macouni, 171 + Atragene, 90 + columbiana, 91 + Avens, + Drummond’s Mountain, 164 + Large-leaved, 162 + Purple-plumed, 163 + White Mountain, 163 + Yellow, 162 + Azaleastrum, 212 + albiflorum, 218 + + B + Baneberry, + Western Red, 108 + Western White, 109 + Barberry Family, 109 + Batrachium, 91 + trichophyllum, 97 + Bear-berry, 214 + Alpine, 214 + Beard-tongue, + Blue, 251 + Large Purple, 249 + Yellow, 250 + Bed-straw, Northern, 263 + Bellflower Family, 273 + BERBERIDACEÆ, 109 + Berberis aquifolium, 110 + Betony, Wood, 261 + Betula, + glandulosa, 71 + occidentalis, 71 + papyrifera, 70 + BETULACEÆ, 70 + Bilberry, + Alpine, 222 + Dwarf, 221 + Thin-leaved, 223 + Birch, + Canoe, 70 + Family, 70 + Paper, 70 + Scrub, 71 + Western Red, 71 + Bishop’s-Cap, Naked, 132 + Bistort, Alpine, 78 + Black-eyed Susan, 201 + Bladder-pod, Double, 117 + Bladderwort Family, 262 + Bluebell, 274 + Blueberry, 222 + Blue-eyed Grass, 53 + Borage Family, 240 + BORAGINACEÆ, 240 + Botrychium, + lunaria, 1 + simplex, 2 + virginianium, 2 + Bracken, 6 + Brake, + American Rock, 7 + Slender Cliff, 8 + BRASSICACEÆ, 111 + Braya, 112 + humilis, 123 + Brooklime, American, 252 + Buckbean, 236 + Family, 236 + Buckwheat Family, 75 + Buffalo-berry, Canadian, 192 + Bunch-berry, 205 + Bunch-flower Family, 36 + Buttercup, + Low, 102 + Meadow, 103 + Northern, 99 + Pursh’s, 98 + Snow, 100 + Butterwort, 262 + + C + Caltha, 91 + leptosepala, 104 + Calypso, 57 + Campanula, + rotundifolia, 274 + uniflora, 273 + CAMPANULACEÆ, 273 + Campion, Moss, 82 + Capnodes aurea, 111 + CAPRIFOLIACEÆ, 264 + Cardamine, 112 + pennsylvanica, 118 + CARDUACEÆ, 283 + Carduus, 285 + Kelseyi, 321 + undulatus, 321 + CAROPHYLLACEÆ, 81 + Cassiope, 212 + Mertensiana, 215 + Castilleja, 248 + lanceifolia, 258 + miniata, 258 + pallida, 257 + purpurascens, 256 + Catchfly, Lyall’s, 83 + Cedar, + Giant, 33 + Shrubby Red, 33 + CELASTRACEÆ, 184 + Celery Family, 201 + Cerastium, 82 + arvense strictum, 84 + behringianum, 85 + Chamænerion, 193 + angustifolium, 194 + latifolium, 194 + Cheilanthes, 4 + Féei, 8 + Cherry, Western Wild, 167 + Chickweed, + Alpine, 85 + Field, 84 + Chicory Family, 275 + Chimaphila, 207 + umbellata, 211 + Chiogenes, 221 + hispidula, 224 + Christmas-green, Trailing, 20 + Chrysanthemum, 285 + leucanthemum, 315 + Chrysopsis hispida, 286 + Chrysosplenum, 129 + tetrandum, 130 + CICHORIACEÆ, 275 + Cinquefoil, + Alpine, 161 + Cut-leaved, 160 + Marsh, 159 + Shrubby, 157 + Snowy, 160 + Circæa, 193 + alpina, 197 + pacifica, 198 + Claytonia, + lanceolata, 80 + parviflora, 81 + Clintonia, 46 + uniflora, 46 + Club-moss, + Alpine, 21 + Arctic, 20 + Family, 18 + Fir, 18 + Stiff, 19 + Cœloglossum, 55 + bracteatum, 63 + Collinsia, 248 + parviflora, 249 + Small, 249 + Coltsfoot, + Arctic, 314 + Arrow-leaved, 213 + Palmate-leaved, 312 + Columbine, + Small Blue, 105 + Western, 106 + Yellow, 106 + Comandra, + livida, 74 + pallida, 74 + Northern, 74 + Pale, 74 + Comarum, 151 + palustre, 159 + CONVALLARIACEÆ, 45 + Coral-root, + Early, 56 + Large, 57 + Corallorhiza, 54 + Corallorhiza, 56 + multiflora, 57 + CORNACEÆ, 205 + Cornus, + canadensis intermedia, 205 + stolonifera, 206 + Corydalis, Golden, 111 + Cranberry, + Mountain, 224 + Small, 225 + Tree, Few-flowered, 266 + CRASSULACEÆ, 125 + Crepis, 276 + elegans, 281 + nana, 280 + Cress, + Drummond’s Rock, 120 + Hairy Rock, 119 + Lyall’s Rock, 120 + Northern Rock, 123 + Pennsylvania Bitter, 118 + Penny, 117 + Stony Rock, 119 + Water, 124 + Crowberry, + Black, 183 + Family, 183 + Crowfoot, + Creeping, 103 + Ditch, 99 + Family, 90 + White Water, 97 + Cryptogramma, 4 + acrostichoides, 7 + Stelleri, 8 + Currant, Howell’s, 149 + Cypripedium, 54 + parviflorum, 55 + passerinum, 55 + Cytherea, 54 + bulbosa, 57 + + D + Daisy, + Ox-eye, 315 + White, 315 + Yellow, 301 + Dandelion, 278 + Mountain, 278 + Dasyphora, 151 + fruticosa, 157 + Delphinium, 91 + Brownii, 107 + Menziesii, 108 + Devil’s Club, 200 + Disporum, 46, 51 + Large-flowered, 52 + majus, 52 + oreganum, 51 + Dock, + Pale-leaved, 77 + Sour, 77 + Dodecatheon, 226 + conjugens, 231 + pauciflorum, 230 + Dogbane, + Family, 137 + Spreading, 237 + Dogwood, + Family, 205 + Red-stemmed, 206 + Draba, 112 + andina, 114 + aurea, 115 + glacialis, 112 + incana, 116 + lonchocarpa, 115 + nivalis, 114 + oligosperma, 113 + DRUPACEÆ, 167 + Dryas, 151 + Drummondii, 164 + octopetala, 163 + Dryopteris, 4 + Filix-mas, 11 + oreopteris, 12 + spinulosa dilatata, 11 + + E + Echinopanax horridum, 200 + ELÆAGNACEÆ, 191 + Elæagnus, 191 + argentea, 191 + Elder, + Black-berried, 265 + Red-berried, 264 + Elephantella, 248 + grœnlandica, 260 + Long-beaked, 260 + EMPETRACEÆ, 183 + Empetrum nigrum, 183 + Epilobium, 193 + alpinum, 196 + anagallidifolium, 196 + Hornemanni, 197 + luteum, 195 + EQUISETACEÆ, 14 + Equisetum, + arvense, 15 + fluviatile, 16 + hyemale, 16 + scirpoides, 17 + sylvaticum, 15 + variegatum, 17 + Variegated, 17 + ERICACEÆ, 211 + Erigeron, 284 + acris, 294 + asper, 290 + aureus, 292 + cæspitosus, 291 + drobrachiensis, 294 + melanocephalus, 293 + multifidus, 291 + philadelphicus, 295 + salsuginosus, 289 + simplex, 289 + Eriogonum, 76 + ochroleucum, 79 + subalpinum, 78 + Tall White, 78 + Yellowish-White, 79 + Erysimum, 112 + inconspicuum, 121 + Erythronium, + grandiflorum, 44 + Eucephalus, 285 + Engelmanni, 300 + Everlasting, + Alpine, 317 + Howell’s, 318 + Mountain, 319 + Pearly, 320 + Pink, 320 + Tall Alpine, 317 + White, 318 + + F + Fern, + Beech, Long, 5 + Beech, Western, 4 + Brittle, 13 + Family, 3 + Grape, Virginia, 2 + Holly, 10 + Lady, 9 + Lip, Hairy, 8 + Maidenhair, 6 + Male, 11 + Oak, 5 + Shield, Spinulose, 11 + Figwort Family, 248 + Filix, 4 + fragilis, 13 + montana, 14 + Fir, + Balsam, 27 + Red, 28 + Sub-alpine, 27 + Fire-weed, 194 + Flax, + Family, 182 + Lewis’s Wild, 182 + Fleabane, + Arctic, 289 + Black-woolly, 293 + Blue, 294 + Daisy, 291 + Golden, 292 + Large Purple, 289 + Philadelphia, 295 + Rough, 290 + Tufted, 291 + Foam-Flower, 136 + Forget-me-not, 243 + False, 241, 242 + Fragaria, 151 + glauca, 158 + + G + Gaillardia, 285 + aristata, 303 + Great-flowered, 303 + Galium boreale, 263 + Garlic, 42 + Northern, 43 + Gaultheria, 212 + humifusa, 213 + ovatifolia, 213 + Gentian, + Dwarf, 233 + Family, 231 + Four-parted, 233 + Glaucous, 234 + Large, 234 + Northern, 232 + Spurred, 235 + Gentiana, 232 + acuta, 232 + affinis, 234 + glauca, 234 + propinqua, 233 + prostrata, 233 + GENTIANACEÆ, 231 + Geum, 151 + macrophyllum, 162 + strictum, 162 + Ginseng Family, 199 + Globe-flower, Western, 104 + Goat’s-Beard, 153 + Golden Rod, + Canada, 288 + Field, 287 + Missouri, 287 + Northern, 286 + Gooseberry, + Bristly, 148 + Family, 146 + Northern, 148 + Swamp, 147 + Grass, Blue-eyed, 53 + Grass-of-Parnassus, + Alpine, 128 + Family, 126 + Fringed, 126 + Marsh, 127 + Small-flowered, 127 + GROSSULARIACEÆ, 146 + Groundsel, + Black-tipped, 311 + Silvery, 310 + Western Balsam, 309 + + H + Halerpestes, 91 + Cymbalaria, 103 + Harebell, 274 + Arctic, 273 + Hawk’s-beard, + Alpine, 280 + Many-flowered, 281 + Hawk-weed, + Hairy, 282 + Narrow-leaved, 281 + Slender, 282 + White-flowered, 283 + Heal-all, 245 + Heath, + Family, 211 + White, 215 + Heather, + False Pink, 216 + False Red, 217 + False White, 216 + Hedysarum, 168 + americanum, 177 + Mackenzii, 178 + sulphurescens, 178 + Mackenzie’s, 178 + Purple, 177 + Yellow, 178 + Helianthus, 285 + Nuttallii, 302 + scaberrimus, 301 + Heliotrope, Wild, 272 + Hellebore, American White, 37 + Hemieva, 130 + ranunculifolia, 136 + Hemlock, + Mountain, 30 + Western, 29 + Heracleum, 201 + lanatum, 204 + Heuchera, 129 + glabra, 134 + ovalifolia, 135 + Hieracium, 276 + albiflorum, 283 + gracile, 282 + Scouleri, 282 + umbellatum, 281 + Homalobus, 168 + aboriginorum, 173 + Honeybloom, 237 + Honeysuckle, + Douglas, 268 + Family, 264 + Fly, 269 + Involucred, 270 + Horsetail, + Family, 14 + Field, 15 + Swamp, 16 + Wood, 15 + Huckleberry Family, 221 + HYDROPHYLLACEÆ, 238 + HYPERICACEÆ, 168 + Hypericum Scouleri, 186 + + I + Ibidium, 55 + romanzoffianum, 67 + IRIDACEÆ, 52 + Iris Family, 52 + + J + June-berry, North-western, 166 + Juniper, Alpine, 32 + Juniperus, 24 + prostrata, 33 + siberica, 32 + + K + Kalmia, 212 + microphylla, 218 + Kruhsea, 46, 50 + streptopoides, 50 + + L + Labrador Tea, 220 + Lactuca, 276 + pulchella, 280 + Lady’s Slipper, + Small White, 55 + Small Yellow, 55 + Lady’s Tresses, 67 + Lappula, 241 + diffusa, 242 + floribunda, 241 + lappula, 242 + Larch, Lyall’s, 26 + Larix, 24 + Lyallii, 26 + Larkspur, + Blue, 108 + Western, 107 + Lathyrus, 169 + ochroleucus, 181 + palustris, 181 + Laurel, Small-leaved Swamp, 218 + Ledum, 212 + grœnlandicum, 220 + LENTIBULARIACEÆ, 262 + Lepargyræa, 191 + canadensis, 192 + Leptarrhena, 130 + pyrolifolia, 143 + Leptasea, 130 + austromontana, 145 + Van-Bruntiæ, 144 + Leptotænia, 201 + multifida, 202 + Lettuce, Large-flowered Blue, 280 + Ligusticum, 201 + apiifolium, 203 + LILIACEÆ, 41 + Lily Family, 41 + Mountain, 43 + Snow, 44 + Lily-of-the-Valley Family, 45 + Lilium, 42 + montanum, 43 + Limnorchis, 55 + borealis, 66 + dilatatiformis, 64 + fragrans, 66 + viridiflora, 65 + LINACEÆ, 182 + Linnæa, 264 + americana, 266 + Linum Lewisii, 182 + Lithophragma, 129 + parviflora, 131 + Lithospermum, 241 + linearifolium, 243 + Lobelia, + Brook, 275 + Kalmii strictiflora, 275 + Loco Weed, 174 + Lomatium, 201 + macrocarpum, 201 + triternatum, 202 + Lonicera, 264 + ebractulata, 269 + glaucescens, 268 + involucrata, 270 + Lousewort, White, 260 + Lutkea, 150 + pectinata, 151 + Cut-leaved, 151 + Lychnis, + apetala, 84 + Nodding, 84 + LYCOPODIACEÆ, 18 + Lycopodium, + alpinum, 21 + annotinum, 19 + clavatum, 19 + complanatum, 20 + Selago, 18 + sitchensis, 20 + Lysichiton kamtschatcense, 36 + Lysiella, 54 + obtusata, 59 + + M + Madder Family, 263 + Mahonia, Trailing, 110 + Mairania, 212 + alpina, 214 + Maple, + Family, 185 + Smooth, 185 + Marigold, White Marsh, 104 + Meadow Rue, + Veiny, 96 + Western, 96 + MELANTHACEÆ, 36 + Mentha, 245 + canadensis, 247 + MENTHACEÆ, 244 + MENYANTHACEÆ, 236 + Menyanthes trifoliata, 236 + Menziesia, 212 + ferruginea, 219 + Smooth, 219 + Micranthes, 130 + Lyallii, 141 + Nelsoniana, 142 + rhomboidea, 140 + Mimulus, 248 + cæspitosus, 255 + Lewisii, 254 + moschatus, 255 + Mint, + American Wild, 247 + Family, 244 + Mistletoe, + Dwarf, 73 + Mitella, 129 + nuda, 132 + Mitrewort, 133, 134 + Mœhringia, 82 + lateriflora, 87 + Moneses, 207 + uniflora, 210 + Monkey-Flower, + Red, 254 + Yellow, 255 + Moon-wort, 1 + Small, 2 + Mountain-ash, Western, 166 + Mountain Lover, 184 + Muscaria, 130 + adscendens, 138 + cæspitosa, 139 + Musk Plant, 255 + Mustard, + Family, 111 + Hedge, 122 + Tansey, 123 + Treacle, 121 + Myosotis, 241 + alpestris, 243 + + N + Nightshade, + Smaller Enchanter’s, 197 + Western Enchanter’s, 198 + + O + Oleaster Family, 191 + ONAGRACEÆ, 193 + Onion, 42 + OPHIOGLOSSACEÆ, 1 + Ophrys, 54 + borealis, 61 + convallarioides, 60 + nephrophylla, 60 + ORCHIDACEÆ, 53 + Orchid, + Family 53 + Fragrant Bog, 66 + Long-bracted, 63 + Purplish-green Bog, 64 + Round-leaved, 58 + Small Green Bog, 65 + Small Northern Bog, 59 + Small White Bog, 66 + Orchis, 54 + rotundifolia, 58 + Orthocarpus, 248 + luteus, 259 + Yellow, 259 + Oxycoccus, 221 + Oxycoccus, 225 + Oxyria, 76 + digyna, 76 + Oxytrope, + Drooping-fruited, 176 + Inflated, 177 + Mountain, 173 + Showy, 175 + Sticky, 175 + + P + Pachystima myrsinites, 184 + Paint-brush, White Indian, 257 + Painted Cup, + Bright, 258 + Scarlet, 258 + Painter’s Brush, 256 + PAPAVERACEÆ, 110 + PAPILIONACEÆ, 168 + Parnassia, + fimbriata, 126 + Kotzebuei, 128 + montanensis, 127 + parviflora, 127 + PARNASSIACEÆ, 126 + Parsley, + Cut-leaved, 202 + Large-seeded, 201 + Narrow-leaved, 202 + Wild, 203 + Parsnip, Cow, 204 + Pasque-Flower, 94 + Pea Family, 168 + Pearl-wort, Arctic, 87 + Pectiantia, 129 + Breweri, 134 + pentandra, 133 + Pedicularis, 248 + bracteosa, 261 + racemosa, 260 + Pentstemon, 248 + confertus, 250 + fruticosus, 249 + procerus, 251 + pseudohumilis, 251 + Peramium, 54 + Menziesii, 62 + repens, 63 + Petasites, 285 + frigida, 314 + palmata, 312 + sagittata, 313 + Phaca, 168 + americana, 172 + Phacelia, 238 + heterophylla, 239 + sericea, 239 + Mountain, 239 + Phegopteris, 3 + alpestris, 4 + Dryopteris, 5 + Phegopteris, 5 + Phyllodoce, 212 + empetriformis, 217 + glanduliflora, 216 + intermedia, 216 + Physaria, 112 + didymocarpa, 117 + Picea, 24 + albertiana, 31 + Engelmanni, 31 + PINACEÆ, 23 + Pine, + Black, 25 + Family, 23 + Jack, 25 + Prince’s, 211 + Running, 19 + White-bark, 24 + Pinguicula vulgaris, 262 + Pink Family, 81 + Pinus, 24 + albicaulis, 24 + Murrayana, 25 + Pipsissawa, 211 + Plantain, + Rattlesnake, 62 + Northern Rattlesnake, 63 + Plum Family, 167 + POLYGONACEÆ, 75 + Polygonum, 76 + viviparum, 78 + POLYPODIACEÆ, 3 + Polystichum, 4 + Lonchitis, 10 + POMACEÆ, 165 + Poplar, Balsam, 68 + Poppy Family, 110 + Populus + balsamifera, 68 + tremuloides, 69 + PORTULACACEÆ, 80 + Potentilla, 151 + dissecta, 160 + multisecta, 161 + nivea, 160 + uniflora, 161 + Primrose + Bird’s-eye, 226 + Evening, Family, 193 + Family, 226 + Maccalla’s 227 + Primula, 226 + americana, 226 + Maccalliana, 227 + PRIMULACEÆ, 226 + Prince’s Pine, 211 + Prunella, 244 + vulgaris, 245 + Prunus demissa, 167 + Pseudotsuga, 24 + mucronata, 28 + Pteridium, 3 + aquilinum pubescens, 6 + Puccoon, Narrow-leaved, 243 + Pulsatilla, 91 + hirsutissima, 94 + occidentalis, 95 + Purslane Family, 80 + Pyrola, 207 + asarifolia, 208 + chlorantha, 207 + minor, 209 + secunda, 209 + uliginosa, 208 + PYROLACEÆ, 207 + + R + Ragwort + Giant, 311 + Western Golden, 308 + RANUNCULACEÆ, 90 + Ranunculus, 91 + alpeophilus, 100 + eremogenes, 99 + Eschscholtzii, 100 + eximeus, 102 + inamœnus, 101 + montanensis, 103 + pedatifidus, 99 + Purshii, 98 + reptans, 98 + saxicola, 101 + Suksdorfii, 102 + Raspberry + Arctic, 154 + Creeping, 153 + Dwarf, 155 + Wild Red, 156 + Rattlesnake Plantain, 62 + Northern, 63 + Razoumofskya americana, 73 + Rhododendron, White Mountain, 218 + Ribes + Howellii, 149 + lacustre, 147 + oxyacanthoides, 148 + setosum, 148 + Romanzoffia, 238 + sitchensis, 240 + Roripa, 112 + nasturtium, 124 + Rosa, 150 + Macounii, 165 + ROSACEÆ, 150 + Rose + Family, 150 + Macoun’s, 165 + RUBIACEÆ, 263 + Rubus, 150 + americanus, 155 + arcticus, 154 + parviflorus, 156 + pedatus, 153 + strigosus, 156 + Rudbeckia, 285 + hirta, 301 + Rumex, 76 + acetosa, 77 + salicifolius, 77 + Rush, Common Scouring, 16 + + S + Sagina, 82 + saginoides, 87 + St. John’s-wort + Family, 186 + Scouler’s, 186 + SALICACEÆ, 68 + Salmon-berry, 156 + Sambucus, 264 + melanocarpa, 265 + pubens, 264 + Sandalwood Family, 73 + Sandwort + Alpine, 89 + Blunt-leaved, 87 + Rock, 88 + Vernal, 89 + SANTALACEÆ, 73 + Sarsaparilla, Wild, 199 + Saussurea, 285 + densa, 322 + Saxifraga, 130 + cernua, 138 + rivularis, 137 + SAXIFRAGACEÆ, 128 + Saxifrage + Alpine, 140 + Alpine Brook, 137 + Common, 145 + Family, 128 + Fleshy, 144 + Golden, 130 + Lyall’s, 141 + Nelson’s, 142 + Nodding Bulbous, 137 + Purple, 146 + Tall, 142 + Tufted, 139 + Scouring Rush, Common, 16 + SCROPHULARIACEÆ, 248 + Scutellaria, 244 + galericulata, 245 + Sedum stenopetalum, 125 + Selaginella + densa, 23 + selaginoides, 22 + Family, 22 + Low, 22 + SELAGINELLACEÆ, 22 + Self-heal, 245 + Senecio, 285 + canus, 310 + discoideus, 309 + flavovirens, 309 + lugens, 311 + pseudaureus, 308 + triangularis, 311 + Shooting-Star, 231 + Slender, 230 + Sibbaldia, 151 + procumbens, 157 + Sieversia, 151 + ciliata, 163 + Silene, 82 + acaulis, 82 + Lyallii, 83 + Silver-Berry, 191 + Silver-weed, 159 + Sisymbrium, 112 + altissimum, 122 + Sisyrinchium, septentrionalis, 53 + Skullcap, Marsh, 245 + Skunk-Cabbage, Western, 36 + Smelowskia, 112 + calycina, 121 + Snowberry, 267 + Creeping, 224 + Low, 268 + Solidago, 284 + canadensis, 288 + decumbens, 287 + missouriensis, 287 + multiradiata, 286 + Solomon’s Seal, + False, 47 + Star-flowered, 47 + Sonchus, 276 + arvensis, 279 + Sophia, 112 + intermedia, 123 + Sorbus, 165 + sambucifolia, 166 + Sorrel, Mountain, 76 + Spatularia, 130 + brunoniana, 142 + Spearwort, Creeping, 98 + Speedwell + Alpine, 253 + Thyme-leaved, 253 + Spiræa, 150 + densiflora, 152 + lucida, 152 + Beech-leaved, 152 + Pink, 152 + Spleenwort, Green, 9 + Spring Beauty, 80 + Small-leaved, 81 + Spruce + Alberta, 31 + Douglas’s, 28 + Engelmann’s, 31 + Squaw-root, Northern, 309 + Stachys, 245 + palustris, 246 + Staff-tree Family, 184 + Star-flower, Arctic, 230 + Stenanthella, 37 + occidentalis, 39 + Stenanthium, 39 + Stickseed, 242 + Stitchwort + Glaucous, 86 + Long-stalked, 85 + Northern, 86 + Stone-crop + Family, 125 + Narrow petaled, 125 + Strawberry, Wild, 158 + Streptopus, 46 + amplexifolius, 48 + curvipes, 49 + Sunflower + Nuttall’s, 302 + Stiff, 301 + Symphoricarpos, 264 + pauciflorus, 268 + racemosus, 267 + + T + Taraxacum, 276 + montanum, 278 + Taraxacum, 278 + TAXACEÆ, 34 + Taxus brevifolia, 34 + Tellima, 129 + grandiflora, 132 + Tetragonanthus, 232 + deflexus, 235 + Thalictrum, 91 + megacarpum, 96 + occidentalis, 96 + Thistle + Family, 283 + Milk, 279 + Wavy-leaved, 321 + White, 321 + Thlaspi, 112 + arvense, 117 + Thuja, 24 + plicata, 33 + Tiarella, 129 + unifoliata, 136 + Tofieldia, 37 + intermedia, 40 + occidentalis, 41 + palustris, 40 + Trientalis, 226 + arctica, 230 + Trollius, 91 + albiflorus, 105 + Tsuga, 24 + heterophylla, 29 + Mertensiana, 30 + Twayblade + Broad-lipped, 60 + Heart-shaped, 60 + Northern, 61 + Twin-flower, 266 + Twisted stalk + Smaller, 49 + Tall, 48 + + V + Vacciniaceæ, 220 + Vaccinium, 221 + cæspitosum, 221 + erythrococcum, 222 + globulare, 223 + ovalifolium, 222 + Vagnera, 46 + amplexicaulis, 47 + stellata, 48 + Valerian + Family, 271 + Northern, 271 + Scouler’s, 272 + Valeriana + Scouleri, 272 + septentrionalis, 271 + sitchensis, 272 + VALERIANACEÆ, 271 + Veratrum, 37 + viride, 37 + Veronica, 248 + americana, 252 + serphyllifolia, 253 + Wormskjoldii, 253 + Vetch + Alpine Milk, 170 + American, 179 + Arctic Milk, 172 + Ascending Milk, 169 + Cow, 179 + Indian, 173 + Macoun’s 171 + Narrow-leaved American, 180 + Purple Milk, 169 + Slender Milk, 171 + Vetchling, + Cream-coloured, 181 + Marsh, 181 + Viburnum, 264 + pauciflorium, 266 + Vicia, 169 + americana, 179 + cracca, 179 + linearis, 180 + Viola + adunca longipes, 190 + canadensis, 190 + cognata, 187 + glabella, 189 + palustris, 188 + sempervirens, 188 + VIOLACEÆ, 187 + Violet + Canada, 190 + Dog, 190 + Early Blue, 187 + Family, 187 + Low Yellow, 188 + Marsh, 188 + Tall Yellow, 189 + Virgin’s-Bower, Purple, 91 + Vitis-idæa, 221 + Vitis-idæa, 224 + + W + Water-leaf Family, 238 + Whitlow-Grass + Arctic, 114 + Golden, 115 + Hoary, 116 + Willow-Herb + Alpine, 196 + Broad-leaved, 194 + Great, 194 + Hornemann’s, 197 + Nodding, 196 + Yellow, 195 + Willow Family, 68 + Wind-flower, 93 + Wintergreen + Bog, 208 + Family, 207 + Greenish-flowered, 207 + Lesser, 209 + Liver-leaf, 208 + Low, 213 + One-flowered, 210 + One-sided, 209 + Ovate-leaved, 213 + Woodsia, 4 + oregana, 13 + scopulina, 12 + Oregon, 13 + Rocky Mountain, 12 + Wormwood + Green, 316 + Pasture, 316 + Woundwort Marsh, 246 + + Y + Yarrow, 314 + Yew + Family, 34 + Western, 34 + + Z + Zizia, 201 + cordata, 203 + Zygadenus, 37 + elegans, 38 + gramineus, 39 + Grass-like, 39 + Tall, 38 + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76618 *** diff --git a/76618-h/76618-h.htm b/76618-h/76618-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..354c486 --- /dev/null +++ b/76618-h/76618-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,12008 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title>Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains | Project Gutenberg</title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } + +h1,h2 { text-align: center; clear: both; } +.h_subtitle{font-weight: normal; font-size: smaller;} + +p { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5em; margin-bottom: .49em; } +p.author { margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 5%; text-align: right;} + +p.f90 { font-size: 90%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } +p.f110 { font-size: 110%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } +p.f120 { font-size: 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padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; } + +.ws2 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 2em;} +.ws3 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em;} +.ws4 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 4em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76618 ***</div> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="FRONTIS" src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="618" > + <p class="f110">Mimulus Lewisii Pursh. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Red Monkey-Flower.</p> +</div> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<h1>Alpine Flora<br>of the<br>Canadian Rocky Mountains</h1> + +<p class="f150 spa2"><span class="fs_80">By</span><br><b>Stewardson Brown</b></p> + +<p class="f90">Curator of Herbarium Academy of Natural Sciences<br> +Philadelphia</p> + +<p class="f110 spa1">Illustrated with Water-Colour Drawings and Photographs</p> + +<p class="f150 "><span class="fs_80">By</span><br><b>Mrs. Charles Schäffer</b></p> + +<p class="center spa2">G. P. Putnam’s Sons<br>New York and London<br> +The Knickerbocker Press<br>1907</p> + +<p class="center spa2"><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1907<br>BY<br> +G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS</p> + +<p class="center spa2">OFFERED TO THE LOVERS OF ALPINE<br> +FLORÆ IN THE MEMORY OF DR. CHARLES<br> +SCHÄFFER OF PHILADELPHIA, WHO WAS><br> +AMONG THE PIONEER BOTANISTS OF THE<br> +CANADIAN ROCKIES, AND WHO EARLY<br> +RECOGNISED THIS REGION AS A NEW<br> +AND INTERESTING FIELD FOR STUDY</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>[Pg v]</span></p> +<p class="f150"><b>PREFACE</b></p> +</div> + +<p>The present volume, though prepared in manual form, is meant only as +a guide to the rich and interesting flora of the Canadian Rockies and +Selkirks or those portions traversed by the Canadian Pacific Railway +between Banff and Glacier. While many of the plants herein described +are found throughout the entire region, yet the species characteristic +of the two mountain ranges are vastly different. For the most part +those of the Rockies might be characterised as plants adapted to the +withstanding of severe conditions of drouth and cold, being mostly low +and tufted, with small surfaces of leaf exposure, either thick and +leathery or in many instances with an ample covering of protecting +hairs; while those of the Selkirks, owing to the more humid atmospheric +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi"></a>[Pg vi]</span> +conditions, are essentially moisture-loving forms, with a luxuriant +growth of stems and leaves; it is only where the conditions are similar +in the two regions that we find the same or similar forms existing. Few +of the more characteristic Rocky Mountain species extend west of the +divide, while of those of the Selkirks, few extend east of it, except +where there is a luxuriant forest growth, with the consequent retention +of moisture, and then only at altitudes of from 2000 to 3000 feet +greater.</p> + +<p>Contrasting the plants of this region with those of the European +Alps it is interesting to note, that while the species are for the +most part vastly different, yet there is a certain close resemblance +in the families and genera which are represented; the Anemones are +here, but not in the scarlets and crimsons, running more to whites +and purples, and so are the Buttercups, dwarf many of them, but with +large, showy flowers; the Saxifrages and Drabas are innumerable as are +the Vetches and also the Heaths, but the latter with fewer and very +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vii"></a>[Pg vii]</span> +different species. Some plants, however, like the White Mountain Avens +(<i>Dryas octopetala</i>), the Butterwort (<i>Pinguicula vulgaris</i>), +the Moss Campion (<i>Silene acaulis</i>), the Mountain Cranberry +(<i>Vitis-idæa</i>) and the Low Cranberry (<i>Oxycoccus</i>), the +One-flowered Wintergreen (<i>Moneses uniflora</i>), the Forget-me-not +(<i>Myosotis alpestris</i>) and others are found on both sides of the +Atlantic, yet we have no such array of Primroses or Gentians as our +European brothers, though both genera are represented with us, while +on the other hand they can boast of nothing comparable to our Indian +Paint-Brush, found throughout the region on the river shores and bars +during late June and early July and later through the summer in its +innumerable forms and colours in the moist alpine meadows and slopes.</p> + +<p>The ferns and their allies with the more striking of the trees and +shrubs have been included in the present work, together with the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_viii"></a>[Pg viii]</span> +majority of the herbaceous flowering plants, though some of the largely +represented but less striking groups such as the Grasses, Sedges, +and Willows have been entirely omitted, not seeming of sufficient +general interest to warrant the space required for their intelligent +treatment. The species are arranged in accordance with their scientific +relationships, with keys to the genera and a general key to the +families. Among the illustrations herein contained, many of the plants +of the Northwest are figured for the first time.</p> + +<p>Acknowledgment is here made to Messrs. David McNicoll, Robert Kerr, and +other officials and employees of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company +through whose courtesy was made possible the gathering of the data for +the basis of this work.</p> + +<p class="author">S. B.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Academy of Natural Sciences,<br> +<span class="ws3">Philadelphia</span></span>, October 28, 1907.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ix"></a>[Pg ix]</span></p> +<p class="f150"><b>CONTENTS</b></p> +</div> + +<table class="spb1 smcap"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdr fs_80">PAGE</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Preface</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_v">v</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Glossary</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">General Key to the Families<span class="ws3"> </span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_xxxiii">xxxiii</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Adder’s-Tongue Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#OPHIOGLOSSACE"> 1</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Fern Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#POLYPODIACE"> 3</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Horsetail Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#EQUISETACE">14</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Club-moss Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#LYCOPODIACE">18</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Selaginella Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#SELAGINELLACE">22</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Pine Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#PINACE">23</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Yew Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#TAXACE">34</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Arum Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ARACE">35</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Bunch-Flower Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#MELANTHACE">36</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Lily Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#LILIACE">41</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Lily-of-the-Valley Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#CONVALLARIACE">45</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Iris Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#IRIDACE">52</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_x"></a>[Pg x]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Orchid Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ORCHIDACE">53</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Willow Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#SALICACE">68</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Birch Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#BETULACE">70</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Mistletoe Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#LORANTHACE">72</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sandalwood Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#SANTALACE">73</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Buckwheat Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#POLYGONACE">75</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Purslane Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#PORTULACACE">80</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Pink Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#CARYOPHYLLACE">81</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Crowfoot Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#RANUNCULACE">90</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Barberry Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#BERBERIDACE">109</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Poppy Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#PAPAVERACE">110</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Mustard Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#BRASSICACE">111</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Stone-Crop Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#CRASSULACE">125</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Grass-of-Parnassus Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#PARNASSIACE">126</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Saxifrage Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#SAXIFRAGACE">128</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Gooseberry Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#GROSSULARIACE">146</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Rose Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ROSACE">150</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Apple Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#POMACE">165</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Plum Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#DRUPACE">167</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Pea Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#PAPILIONACE">168</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Flax Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#LINACE">182</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Crowberry Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#EMPETRACE">183</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xi"></a>[Pg xi]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Staff-Tree Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#CELASTRACE">184</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Maple Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ACERACE">185</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">St. John’s-wort Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#HYPERICACE">186</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Violet Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#VIOLACE">187</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Oleaster Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ELAGNACE">191</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Evening Primrose Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ONAGRACE">193</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ginseng Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ARALIACE">199</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Celery Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#APIACE">201</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Dogwood Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#CORNACE">205</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Wintergreen Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#PYROLACE">207</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Heath Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ERICACE">211</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Huckleberry Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#VACCINIACE">220</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Primrose Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#PRIMULACE">226</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Gentian Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#GENTIANACE">231</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Buckbean Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#MENYANTHACE">236</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Dogbane Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#APOCYNACE">237</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Water-Leaf Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#HYDROPHYLLAC">238</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Borage Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#BORAGINACE">240</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Mint Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#MENTHACE">244</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Figwort Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#SCROPHULARIACE">248</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Butterwort Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#LENTIBULARIACE">262</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Madder Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#RUBIACE">263</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xii"></a>[Pg xii]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Honeysuckle Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#CAPRIFOLIACE">264</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Valerian Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#VALERIANACE">271</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Bellflower Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#CAMPANULACE">273</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chicory Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#CICHORIACE">275</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Thistle Family</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#CARDUACE">283</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Index</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xiii"></a>[Pg xiii]</span></p> +<p class="f150"><b>ILLUSTRATIONS</b></p> +</div> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr class="fs_80"> + <td class="tdl"><b>PLATE</b></td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>FACING PAGE</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Mimulus Lewisii Pursh.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#FRONTIS"><i>Red Monkey-Flower</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr">  <i>Frontispiece</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pinus albicaulis Engelm.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_1_1"><i>White Pine</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">24</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pinus Murrayana Oreg. Com.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_1_2"><i>Jack Pine</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">24</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Larix Lyallii Parl.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_2_1"><i>Lyall’s Larch</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">26</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Thuja plicata Don.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_2_2"><i>Giant Cedar</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">26</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_3_1"><i>Balsam Fir</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">28</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_3_2"><i>Douglas Fir</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">28</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Tsuga Mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_4_1"><i>Mountain Hemlock</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">30</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_4_2"><i>Hemlock</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">30</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Picea albertiana. S. Brown.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_5_1"><i>Alberta Spruce</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">32</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Picea albertiana. S. Brown.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_5_2"><i>Alberta Spruce</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">32 + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xiv"></a>[Pg xiv]</span></td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Zygadenus elegans Pursh.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_6_1"><i>Tall Zygadenus</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">38</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Zygadenus gramineus Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_6_2"><i>Zygadenus</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">38</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Stenanthella occidentalis (A. Gray). Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_7"><i>Stenanthium</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">40</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Clintonia uniflora Kunth.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_7"><i>Clintonia</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">40</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Tofieldia intermedia Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_8_1"><i>False Asphodel</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">42</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Vagnera stellata (L) Morong.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_8_2"><i>Star-Flowered Solomon’s Seal</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">42</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Erythronium grandiflorum. Pursh.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_9"><i>Snow Lily</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">44</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lilium montanum A. Nels.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_10_1"><i>Red Mountain-Lily</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">46</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb) Kearney.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_10_2"><i>Kruhsea</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">46</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Cypripedium passerinum Rich.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_11"><i>Small White Lady’s Slipper</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">54</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_11"><i>Small Yellow Lady’s Slipper</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">54</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L). Karst.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_12_1"><i>Coral-Root</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">56</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lyschiton kamtschatcense (L.) Schott.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_12_2"><i>Western Skunk-Cabbage</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">56 + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xv"></a>[Pg xv]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_13"><i>Calypso</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">58</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Orchis rotundifolia Pursh.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_13"><i>Small Round-Leaved Orchid</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">58</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">14</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Limnorchis dilatatiformis Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_14_1"><i>Purplish-Green Bog-Orchid</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">62</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">14</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_14_2"><i>Menzies’ Rattlesnake Plantain</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">62</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Ophrys borealis (Morong).</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_15"><i>Northern Twayblade</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">64</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_15"><i>Heart-Shaped Twayblade</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">64</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Cœloglossum bracteatum (Willd) Parl.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_15"><i>Long-Bracted Orchid</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">64</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Limnorchis fragrans Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_15"><i>Fragrant White Bog-Orchid</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">64</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_15"><i>Small Northern Bog-Orchid</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">64</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">16</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Comandra pallida DC</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_16_1"><i>White Comandra</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">74</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">16</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Eriogonum subalpinum Greene.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_16_2"><i>Tall White Eriogonum</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">74</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">17</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Claytonia lanceolata Pursh.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_17_1"><i>Spring Beauty</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">80</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">17</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Claytonia parvifolia Moc.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_17_2"><i>Small-Leaved Spring Beauty</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">80</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">18</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Silene acaulis L.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_18_1"><i>Moss Campion</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">82</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">18</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lychnis apetala L.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_18_2"><i>Nodding Lychnis</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">82 + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xvi"></a>[Pg xvi]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">19</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_19_1"><i>Northern Stitchwort</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">86</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">19</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Mœhringia lateriflora (L.)</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_19_1"><i>Blunt-Leaved Sandwort</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">86</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">19</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_19_2"><i>Rock Sandwort</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">86</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">20</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Caltha leptosepala Hook.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_26"><i>Caltha leptosepala</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">104</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">20</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_26"><i>Western Globe-Flower</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">104</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">21</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Aquilegia brevistyla Hook.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_21"><i>Small Blue Columbine</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">102</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">22</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_22"><i>Yellow Columbine</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">106</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">22</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Aquilegia formosa Fisch.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_22"><i>Western Columbine</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">106</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">23</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Delphinium Brownii Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_23_1"><i>Mountain Larkspur</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">108</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">23</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Anemone globosa Nutt.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_23_2"><i>Wind-Flower</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">108</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">24</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Anemone Drummondii S. Wats.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_24"><i>Alpine Anemone</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">92</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">24</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Anemone parviflora Michx.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_24"><i>Northern Anemone</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">92</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">25</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_25"><i>Pasque-Flower</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">94</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">25</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_25"><i>Western Anemone</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">94 + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xvii"></a>[Pg xvii]</span></td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">26</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Atragene columbiana Nutt.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_20"><i>Purple Virgin’s-Bower</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">90</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">27</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Ranunculus saxicola Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_27_1"><i>Ranunculus saxicola</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">100</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">27</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Ranunculus alpeophilus. A Nels.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_27_1"><i>Ranunculus alpeophilus</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">100</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">27</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_27_2"><i>Snow Buttercup</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">100</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">28</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Ranunculus eremogenes Greene</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_28_1"><i>Ditch Crowfoot</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">98</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">28</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Ranunculus Purshii Richards.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_28_1"><i>Pursh’s Buttercup</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">98</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">28</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Ranunculus inamœnus Greene</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_28_2"><i>Ranunculus inamœnus</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">98</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">29</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Thalictrum megacarpum Torr.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_29_1"><i>Thalictrum megacarpum</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">96</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">29</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_29_2"><i>Western Meadow Rue</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">96</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">30</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Delphinium Menziesii DC.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_30"><i>Blue Larkspur</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">110</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">30</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_30"><i>Lithophragma</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">110</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">31</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_31_1"><i>Bladder-Pod</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">116</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">31</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Smelowskia calycina (Desv.) C. A. Meyer.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_31_2"><i>Smelowskia</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">116</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">32</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Draba oligosperma Hook.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_32_1"><i>Whitlow-Grass</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">112</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">32</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Draba andina (Nutt.) A. Nels.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_32_2"><i>Mountain Whitlow-Grass</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">112 + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xviii"></a>[Pg xviii]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">33</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Draba glacialis Adams</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_33_1"><i>Whitlow-Grass</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">114</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">33</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Draba aurea Vahl.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_33_2"><i>Golden Whitlow-Grass</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">114</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">34</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Parnassia montanensis Rydb. & Fern</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_34_1"><i>Marsh Grass-of-Parnassus</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">126</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">34</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_34_2"><i>Swamp Gooseberry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">126</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">35</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Mitella nuda L.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_35_1"><i>Naked Bishop’s-Cap</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">132</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">35</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pectiantia pentandra (Hook.) Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_35_2"><i>Mitrewort</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">132</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">36</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Saxifraga cernua L</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_36_1"><i>Nodding Saxifrage</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">136</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">36</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Saxifraga rivularis L.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_36_2"><i>Alpine Brook Saxifrage</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">136</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">37</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Micranthes Nelsoniana (D. Don.) Small.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_37_1"><i>Nelson’s Saxifrage</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">140</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">37</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Micranthes Lyallii (Engler) Small.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_37_2"><i>Lyall’s Saxifrage</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">140</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">38</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Muscaria cæspitosa (L.) Haw.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_38_1"><i>Tufted Saxifrage</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">138</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">38</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_38_2"><i>Mountain Saxifrage</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">138</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">39</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Spatularia Brunoniana (Bong.) Small.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_39_1"><i>Tall Saxifrage</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">142</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">39</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Leptasea austromontana (Wiegand), Small.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_39_2"><i>Common Saxifrage</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">142 + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xix"></a>[Pg xix]</span></td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">40</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Tiarella unifoliata Hook.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_40_1"><i>Western Foam-Flower</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">150</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">40</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_40_2"><i>Cut-Leaved Lutkea</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">150</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">41</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Rubus pedatus Smith.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_41"><i>Creeping Raspberry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">152</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">42</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Rubus parviflorus. Nutt.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_42"><i>Salmon-Berry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">156</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">43</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_43_1"><i>Wild Strawberry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">158</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">43</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Amelanchier florida Lindl.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_43_2"><i>Service-Berry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">158</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">44</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Dryas octopetala L.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_45"><i>White Mountain Avens</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">164</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">44</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Dryas Drummondii Rich.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_45"><i>Drummond’s Mountain Avens</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">164</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">45</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Geum strictum Ait.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_44"><i>Yellow Avens</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">162</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">45</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_44"><i>Long-Plumed Purple Avens</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">162</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">46</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_46_1"><i>Arctic Vetch</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">172</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">46</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Homalobus aboriginorum (Rich) Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_46_2"><i>Indian Vetch</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">172</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">47</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Aragallus deflexus. (Pall.) Heller</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_47_2"><i>Drooping Vetch</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">176</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">47</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Aragallus viscidulus Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_47_1"><i>Sticky Oxytrope</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">176 + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xx"></a>[Pg xx]</span></td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">48</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_48_1"><i>Loco Weed</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">180</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">48</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_48_2"><i>White Vetch</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">180</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">49</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Empetrum nigrum L.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_49_1"><i>Black Crowberry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">182</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">49</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Linum Lewisii Pursh.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_49_2"><i>Wild Blue-Flax</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">182</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">50</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_50_1"><i>Mountain Lover</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">184</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">50</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Viola adunca longipes (Nutt.) Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_50_2"><i>Dog Violet</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">184</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">51</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Elæagnus argentea Pursh.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_51_1"><i>Silver-Berry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">190</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">51</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lepargyræa canadensis (L.) Greene</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_51_2"><i>Buffalo-Berry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">190</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">52</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Epilobium luteum Pursh.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_52"><i>Yellow Willow-Herb</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">194</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">52</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Chamænerion latifolium (L.) Sweet.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_52"><i>Broad-Leaved Willow-Herb</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">194</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">53</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Chamænerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_53_2"><i>Fire-Weed</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">196</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">53</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Berberis aquifolium Pursh.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_53_1"><i>Trailing Mahonia</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">196 + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxi"></a>[Pg xxi]</span></td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">54</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Echinopanax horridum. (Smith) Dec. & Planch.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_54"><i>Devil’s Club</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">200</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">55</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Cornus canadensis intermedia Farr.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_55"><i>Bunch-Berry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">204</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">56</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pyrola asarifolia Michx.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_56"><i>Liver-Leaf Wintergreen</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">208</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">56</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pyrola uliginosa Torr.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_56"><i>Bog Wintergreen</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">208</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">56</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_56"><i>One-Flowered Wintergreen</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">208</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">57</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_57_1"><i>Prince’s Pine</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">210</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">57</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_57_2"><i>Bear-Berry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">210</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">58</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_58"><i>Small Cranberry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">212</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">58</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_58"><i>Ovate-Leaved Wintergreen</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">212</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">58</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Vitis-idæa Vitis-idæa (L.) Britton.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_58"><i>Mountain Cranberry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">212</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">59</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Cassiope Mertensiana (Bong.) Don.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_59"><i>White Heath</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">216</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">59</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) Don.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_59"><i>Red False-Heather</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">216</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">59</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_59"><i>White False-Heather</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">216 + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxii"></a>[Pg xxii]</span></td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">60</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Ledum grœnlandicum Œder.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_60_1"><i>Labrador Tea</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">218</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">60</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_60_2"><i>White Mountain Rhododendron</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">218</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">61</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Menziesia ferruginea Smith.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_61_1"><i>Smooth Menziesea</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">220</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">61</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_61_2"><i>Dwarf Swamp-Laurel</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">220</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">62</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Vaccinium erythrococcum Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_62_1"><i>Alpine Bilberry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">222</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">62</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Vaccinium globulare Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_62_2"><i>Thin-Leaved Bilberry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">222</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">62</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_62_2"><i>Blueberry</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">222</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">63</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Primula Maccalliana Wiegand.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_63_1"><i>Maccalla’s Primrose</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">228</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">63</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Androsace carinata Torr.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_63_2"><i>Sweet Androsace</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">228</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">64</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Trientalis arctica Fisch.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_64_1"><i>Arctic Star-Flower</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">230</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">64</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Dodecatheon conjugens Greene.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_64_2"><i>Shooting-Star</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">230</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">65</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Gentiana affinis Griseb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_65_1"><i>Large Gentian</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">234</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">65</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_65_2"><i>Romanzoffia</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">234 + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxiii"></a>[Pg xxiii]</span></td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">66</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_66_1"><i>Mountain Phacelia</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">238</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">66</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Phacelia heterophylla Pursh</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_66_2"><i>Phacelia heterophylla</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">238</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">67</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_67"><i>False Forget-me-not</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">242</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">67</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_67"><i>Narrow-Leaved Puccoon</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">242</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">68</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Collinsia parviflora Dougl.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_68_1"><i>Small-Flowered Collinsia</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">248</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">68</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Elephantella grœnlandica (Retz.) Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_68_2"><i>Long-Beaked Elephantella</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">248</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">69</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pentstemon confertus Dougl.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_69_1"><i>Yellow Beard-Tongue</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">250</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">69</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pentstemon pseudohumilis Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_69_2"><i>Pentstemon pseudohumilis</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">250</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">70</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_70"><i>Large Purple Beard-Tongue</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">262</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">70</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Pinguicula vulgaris L.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_70"><i>Butterwort</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">262</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">71</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Linnæa americana Forbes.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_71_1"><i>American Twin-Flower</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">266</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">71</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lonicera ebractulata Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_71_2"><i>Fly Honeysuckle</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">266</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">72</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lonicera involucrata (Rich.) Banks.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_72"><i>Involucred Fly Honeysuckle</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">270</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">73</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Valeriana sitchensis Bong.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_73_1"><i>Wild Heliotrope</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">272 + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxiv"></a>[Pg xxiv]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">73</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_73_2"><i>Brook Lobelia</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">272</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">74</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Hieracium umbellatum L.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_74"><i>Narrow-Leaved Hawk-weed</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">276</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">74</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_74"><i>Agoseris aurantiaca</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">276</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">75</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Erigeron acris L.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_75"><i>Blue Fleabane</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">288</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">75</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Erigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A. Gray.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_75"><i>Large Purple Fleabane</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">288</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">75</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Saussurea densa Hook.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_75"><i>Saussurea</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">288</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">76</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Erigeron discoideus Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_76_1"><i>Cut-Leaved Fleabane</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">292</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">76</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Erigeron melanocephalus A. Nelson.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_76_2"><i>Black-Headed Fleabane</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">292</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">76</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Erigeron multifidus Rydb.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_76_1"><i>Cut-Leaved Fleabane</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">292</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">77</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Aster Lindleyanus T. & G.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_77"><i>Aster Lindleyanus</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">298</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">78</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Erigeron aureus Greene.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_78"><i>Golden Fleabane</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">302</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_ws1">78</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Gaillardia aristata Pursh.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_78"><i>Great-Flowered Gaillardia</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">302</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">79</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Arnica cordifolia Hook.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_79"><i>Heart-Leaved Arnica</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">304</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_ws1">79</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp smcap">Arnica louiseana Farr.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#PLATE_79"><i>Pale-Flowered Arnica</i></a></td> + <td class="tdr_ws1">304</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxv"></a>[Pg xxv]</span></p> +<p class="f150"><b>GLOSSARY</b></p> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Acaulescent</span>: with stem so short that leaves appear to arise</li> +<li class="isub3">directly from root.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Achene</span>: a small, dry, one-seeded indehiscent, seed-like fruit.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Acuminate</span>: tapering gradually to a point.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Acute</span>: with an abrupt point.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Adnate</span>: growing together as the stamens with the petals,</li> +<li class="isub3">or the anthers with the filament.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Alternate</span>: (leaves) not opposite but arising at different points on the</li> +<li class="isub3">stem. Stamens are alternate with petals when they are situated</li> +<li class="isub3">in the intervals.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Anther</span>: the part of the stamen which contains the pollen.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Apical</span>: pertaining to the top or apex.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Auriculate</span>: with ear-like appendages at base.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Axial</span>: pertaining to an axis.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Bilabiate</span>: two-lipped.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Blade</span>: the expanded portion of a leaf.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Bract</span>: a modified and usually small leaf at the base of a flower or</li> +<li class="isub3">flower-cluster. In the latter case it is usually associated with others.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Bracteolate</span>: furnished with small bracts.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Cæspitose</span>: growing in tufts.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Calyx</span>: the outer whorl of floral leaves forming usually a green cup.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Campanulate</span>: bell-shaped.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Canescent</span>: greyish-white, due usually to fine hairs. + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxvi"></a>[Pg xxvi]</span></li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Capillary</span>: hair-like.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Capitate</span>: arranged in a head; knob-like.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Capsule</span>: a dry, dehiscent seed-vessel.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Carpel</span>: a pistil-leaf. The pistil is regarded as being composed of</li> +<li class="isub3">one or more such carpels.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Catkin</span>: the scaly, cylindrical flower-cluster of Willow, Birch, etc.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Caudate</span>: with a tail-like appendage.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Caudex</span>: the perennial rootstock of an otherwise annual plant.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Chartaceous</span>: papery or parchment-like.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Ciliate</span>: fringed with marginal hairs.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Cinereous</span>: ashen or greyish.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Cleistogamic</span>: (flowers) never opening as the late flowers of</li> +<li class="isub3">violets, etc.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Connate</span>: united.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Cordate</span>: heart-shaped.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Coriaceous</span>: leathery.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Corm</span>: a solid bulb.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Corymbose</span>: with a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster,</li> +<li class="isub3">the flower-stalks of which arise at different</li> +<li class="isub3">points on the axis, and of which the outermost</li> +<li class="isub3">flowers are the oldest.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Crenate</span>: with rounded teeth.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Crenulate</span>: with small rounded teeth.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Cuneate</span>: wedge-shaped.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Cuspidate</span>: ending in a sharp, hard point.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Cyme</span>: a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the flower-stalks of</li> +<li class="isub3">which arise at different points on the axis, and of which the</li> +<li class="isub3">corolla innermost flowers are the oldest.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Deciduous</span>: subject to fall, as leaves of most trees and calyx and</li> +<li class="isub3">corolla of most flowers before the fruit forms.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Decumbent</span>: (stems) reclining on the ground with summit</li> +<li class="isub3">tending to rise. + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxvii"></a>[Pg xxvii]</span></li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Decurrent</span>: (leaves) with base prolonged below insertion</li> +<li class="isub3">and forming a sort of wing.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Deltoid</span>: broadly triangular.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Dentate</span>: toothed, usually with teeth projecting outwards.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Denticulate</span>: with little, outwardly projecting teeth.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Diœcious</span>: having staminate and pistillate flowers</li> +<li class="isub3">on separate plants.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Disc</span>: the central part of a head as opposed to the ray,</li> +<li class="isub3"><i>e. g.</i>, in the sun-flower. Also a fleshy expansion</li> +<li class="isub3">of the receptacle of the flower.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Drupe</span>: a stone-fruit.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Drupelet</span>: a small stone-fruit.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Elliptic</span>: with the outline of an ellipse.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Entire</span>: with the margin even and not toothed, lobed, + or divided.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Erose</span>: irregularly margined.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Fimbriate</span>: fringed.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Floccose</span>: with loose tufts of wool-like hairs.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Foliaceous</span>: leaf-like.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Follicle</span>: a fruit of one carpel (pistil-leaf) which splits only</li> +<li class="isub3">by one suture.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Fusiform</span>: spindle-shaped.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Galea</span>: a helmet-shaped body.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Glandular</span>: with small prominences which appear to have</li> +<li class="isub3">a secreting function.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Glaucous</span>: covered with a bluish or white bloom.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Globose</span>: spherical.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Incised</span>: sharply and irregularly cut into.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Indusium</span>: the membrane covering the fruit-dots of ferns.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Inferior</span>: (side of flower) the one away from the axis of the</li> +<li class="isub3">flower-cluster; (ovary) united with the calyx tube, the</li> +<li class="isub3">other floral parts apparently growing from its summit. + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxviii"></a>[Pg xxviii]</span></li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Inflorescence</span>: the mode of arrangement of flowers on the</li> +<li class="isub3">stem; the flower-cluster.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Internode</span>: the portion of the stem between the places where</li> +<li class="isub3">the leaves arise.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Involucre</span>: a whorl of small leaves at the base of a flower</li> +<li class="isub3">or flower-cluster.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Keel</span>: the lower petals of the peculiar corolla of the</li> +<li class="isub3">pea, etc., which are united in the form of the keel of a boat.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Laciniate</span>: with deep, triangular, narrow lobes.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Lanate</span>: woolly.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Lanceolate</span>: narrow and tapering at each end.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Lateral</span>: pertaining to the side.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Leaflet</span>: one of the divisions of the blade of a compound leaf.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Linear</span>: narrow and flat with the margins parallel.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Lyrate</span>: lyre-shaped.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Monœcious</span>: having the separate staminate and pistillate flowers</li> +<li class="isub3">on the same plant.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Mucronate</span>: with a short, abrupt point.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Node</span>: the point of the stem from which one or more leaves arise.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Oblanceolate</span>: lance-shaped with the base tapering</li> +<li class="isub3">downwards.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Obtuse</span>: blunt.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Orbicular</span>: circular.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Ovate</span>: egg-shaped (applied to flat bodies).</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Ovoid</span>: egg-shaped (applied to solids).</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Palmate</span>: (compound leaf) with the divisions so arranged that</li> +<li class="isub3">they radiate from the petiole-like the fingers of the hand.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Panicle</span>: a branched, flower-cluster with the older</li> +<li class="isub3">flowers outermost. + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxix"></a>[Pg xxix]</span></li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Paniculate</span>: with much branched open flower clusters.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Papillæ</span>: minute, blunt projections.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Pappus</span>: the bristles, awns, or hairs which crown the fruit</li> +<li class="isub3">of the Composites.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Parietal</span>: (placentæ) attached to the wall of the ovary.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Peduncle</span>: a flower-stalk.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Perennial</span>: lasting from year to year.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Perfoliate</span>: (leaves) having the basal part so extended</li> +<li class="isub3">and united as to make it appear as though the stem</li> +<li class="isub3">grew through them.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Perianth</span>: the calyx and corolla collectively.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Petal</span>: a corolla-leaf.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Petaloid</span>: petal-like.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Petiole</span>: the leaf-stalk.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Pinnæ</span>: the primary divisions of a compound leaf.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Pinnate</span>: compound with leaflets arranged along a common axis.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Pinnatifid</span>: pinnately cleft.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Pinnules</span>: secondary pinnæ.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Placentæ</span>: the parts of the ovary to which the seeds are attached.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Plumose</span>: feathery.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Pollen</span>: the fertilising powder of the anther.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Polygamous</span>: having both perfect and imperfect flowers.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Prostrate</span>: lying flat on the ground.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Puberulent</span>: covered with tiny almost imperceptible hairs.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Pulvini</span>: cushions or pads.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Raceme</span>: a flower-cluster in which the stalked flowers are</li> +<li class="isub3">arranged along an elongated axis.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Racemose</span>: raceme-like.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Rachis</span>: the axis.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Radical</span>: arising from the root, or portion of the stem</li> +<li class="isub3">resembling the root.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Receptacle</span>: the usually somewhat enlarged portion of the stem</li> +<li class="isub3">on which parts of a flower or of a flower-cluster are borne. + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxx"></a>[Pg xxx]</span></li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Reniform</span>: kidney-shaped.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Repand</span>: wavy-margined.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Reticulate</span>: arranged like a network.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Revolute</span>: rolled backward.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Rhizome</span>: an underground stem; a rootstock.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Rhombic</span>: having the shape of a four-sided figure with parallel</li> +<li class="isub3">and equal sides which may be either perpendicular or</li> +<li class="isub3">oblique to each other.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Rhomboid</span>: of a somewhat rhombic shape.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Rotate</span>: wheel-shaped.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Runcinate</span>: coarsely cut into with the segments turned backward.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Sagittate</span>: shaped like an arrow-head with the lobes</li> +<li class="isub3">turned downward.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Samara</span>: a simple, indehiscent, winged fruit.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Saprophyte</span>: a plant which grows on dead organic matter.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Scale</span>: a minute, rudimentary leaf.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Scape</span>: a leafless or nearly leafless flower-stalk arising</li> +<li class="isub3">from near the ground.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Scarious</span>: dry, thin, membranous.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Scurf</span>: minute scales on the epidermis (skin).</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Sepals</span>: the divisions of the calyx.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Serrate</span>: with teeth pointing forwards.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Serrulate</span>: with minute forward pointing teeth.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Sessile</span>: (leaf) without any stalk.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Sheath</span>: a tubular structure such as is formed by the</li> +<li class="isub3">lower part of the leaves of grasses, etc.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Silicle</span>: a short and broad silique.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Silique</span>: the elongated two-valved and usually dehiscent</li> +<li class="isub3">fruit of the Cress family. It is divided</li> +<li class="isub3">by a partition and the placentæ are parietal. + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxxi"></a>[Pg xxxi]</span></li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Sinuate</span>: with a strongly wavy margin.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Sinus</span>: the recess between the lobes of a leaf.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Sori</span>: the fruit-dots of ferns.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Spadix</span>: a fleshy spike as in the Araceæ.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Spathe</span>: a large bract or pair of bracts enclosing a</li> +<li class="isub3">flower or an inflorescence.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Spatulate</span>: spoon-shaped.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Spike</span>: a flower-cluster in which the flowers are stalkless</li> +<li class="isub3">on an elongated axis.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Sporanges</span>: the sacs containing the spores.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Spore</span>: the reproductive body of ferns.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Sporophyll</span>: leaf-like organ or receptacle containing spores.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Stamen</span>: the organ of the flower which produces the pollen.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Staminodia</span>: sterile stamens or structures which are developed</li> +<li class="isub3">in the place of stamens.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Stellate</span>: star-shaped.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Stipe</span>: the leaf-stalk of a fern.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Stipule</span>: an appendage such as is found at the base of many</li> +<li class="isub3">leaf-stalks.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Stolon</span>: a trailing and rooting shoot.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Striate</span>: marked with slender, longitudinal stripes.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Strict</span>: straight and upright.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Style</span>: (of pistil) the elongated portion at top of ovary.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Subulate</span>: awl-shaped.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Superior</span>: (side of flower) the one next the axis of a flower-cluster;</li> +<li class="isub3">(ovary) free from calyx tube.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Terete</span>: cylindrical, circular in cross-section.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Ternate</span>: in threes.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Tomentose</span>: clothed with matted wool-like hairs.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Torulose</span>: knobby; swollen at intervals.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Truncate</span>: as if cut off at the top.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Tubercle</span>: a small knob-like outgrowth.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Turbinate</span>: top-shaped. + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxxii"></a>[Pg xxxii]</span></li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Umbel</span>: an umbrella-like flower-cluster.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Undulate</span>: wavy.</li> + +<li class="isub1 ifrst"><span class="smcap">Valvate</span>: (leaves in bud) meeting by the margins, not overlapping.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Verticillate</span>: whorled.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Vexillum</span>: the standard of the peculiar flower of pea, etc.</li> +<li class="isub1"><span class="smcap">Villous</span>: with long soft hairs.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxxiii"></a>[Pg xxxiii]</span></p> +<p class="f150"><b>GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES</b></p> +</div> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_120" colspan="2"><b>PLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Ferns and their Allies</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Leaves large, fern-like.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Sporanges in a spike or panicle above the sterile leaf.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ophioglossaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Sporanges borne in sori, on the backs or margins of the leaves</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Polypodiaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Leaves small, reduced to scales.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Stems erect, hollow, jointed, rush-like; leaves reduced to sheaths</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> at the joints; sporanges in the terminal, cone-like spike.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Equisetaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Stems not hollow, creeping; leaves numerous, scale-like; sporanges</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> of one kind, solitary in the axils of the leaves.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lycopodiaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Stems creeping, moss-like; leaves numerous; sporanges of two kinds</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> in the axils of the upper leaves, which are formed into a</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> quadrangular spike.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Selaginellaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_120" colspan="2"> <br><b>PLANTS WITH FLOWERS</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Woody Stemmed Plants; Trees, Shrubs, and Vines</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_80" colspan="2"> <br>TREES OR SHRUBS WITH RESINOUS JUICE;<br> LEAVES USUALLY EVERGREEN.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pinaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Fruit a fleshy crimson berry.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Taxaceæ.</b> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxxiv"></a>[Pg xxxiv]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_80" colspan="2"> <br>TREES, SHRUBS, OR VINES<br> WITH WATERY JUICE.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Leaves deciduous.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><i>Flowers in catkins.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Staminate and pistillate catkins on different plants;</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2"> seed with white, silky hairs.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Salicaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Staminate and pistillate catkins on the same plant;</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2"> fruit cone-like.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Betulaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><i>Flowers not in catkins.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">(A) Trees.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Leaves simple, not lobed; flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Drupaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Leaves lobed; flowers greenish-yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Aceraceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Leaves pinnate; flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pomaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">(B) Shrubs or vines.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">*Stems spiny erect or trailing.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">(<i>a</i>) Leaves simple or lobed.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers small in dense terminal racemes.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Araliaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers few in axillary clusters or racemes.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Grossulariaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">(<i>b</i>) Leaves pinnate or palmate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rosaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">**Stems not spiny but with minute scales;</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4"> fruit silver, scarlet or orange berries.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Elæagnaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">***Stems erect, smooth.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">(<i>a</i>) Petals distinct.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">†Leaves simple.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">Flowers small, in flat heads or clusters.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Petals 4; stamens 4.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Cornaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Petals 5; stamens numerous.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rosaceæ.</b> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxxv"></a>[Pg xxxv]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6" colspan="2">Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes; petals 5; stamens numerous.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Fruit a berry.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Drupaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Fruit a pome.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pomaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">††Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rosaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">(<i>b</i>) Petals united.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Flowers small, short-campanulate in axillary</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7"> or terminal heads.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Caprifoliaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Flowers large, funnel-form, in terminal</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7"> or axillary clusters. (<i>Azaleastrum</i>)</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ericaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Flowers bell or urn-shaped, few, axillary</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Vacciniaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">****Stems creeping or twining, smooth or hairy.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">Flowers with distinct petals, blue or purple. (<i>Atragene</i>).</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ranunculaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">Flowers with united petals.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Corolla tubular.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Caprifoliaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Corolla bell-shaped.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ericaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Leaves evergreen; shrubs or vines.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Berberidaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Leaves simple.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers inconspicuous; fruit a black berry.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Empetraceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers showy, open, campanulate or urn-shaped,</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">white or pink.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ericaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_120" colspan="2"> <br><b><span class="smcap">Herbaceous Plants</span></b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Plants without leaves.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Parasitic on branches or stems of evergreens.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Loranthaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Not parasitic on trees; roots coral-like. (<i>Corallorhiza</i>)</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Orchidaceæ.</b> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxxvi"></a>[Pg xxxvi]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Plants with leaves.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><i>Leaves parallel-veined.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">(A) Flowers small, collected on a spadix.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Araceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">(B) Flowers not collected on a spadix.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">*Flowers regular; corolla lobes 6; stamens 6.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">(<i>a</i>) Leaves grass-like, mostly at the base.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers white or greenish.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Melanthaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers pink. (<i>Allium</i>).</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Liliaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers blue. (<i>Sisyrinchium</i>).</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Iridaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">(<i>b</i>) Leaves not grass-like, mostly on the stem.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers white or pink.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Convallariaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers green.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Melanthaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers yellow or orange.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Liliaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers red or wine-color. (<i>Kruhsea</i>.)</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Convallariaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">**Flowers irregular, frequently with broad or inflated lip and spur.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Orchidaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><i>Leaves not parallel-veined.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">(A) Flowers small, in close heads surrounded by an involucre.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Flowers all alike, florets ligulate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Cichoriaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Flowers not alike, central ones tubular, marginal usually with rays.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Carduaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">(B) Flowers in umbels at the ends of the stems or branches.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Umbels broad, flat or nearly so, flowers white, yellow, or purple.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Apiaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Umbels round.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Flowers greenish; leaves compound.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Araliaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Flowers white or pink; leaves simple. (<i>Eriogonum</i>.)</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Polygonaceæ.</b> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxxvii"></a>[Pg xxxvii]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">(C) Flowers not in umbels.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">*Flowers regular.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">(<i>a</i>) Flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals; corolla pink.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Portulacaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">(<i>b</i>) Flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals; seeds triangular.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Polygonaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">(<i>c</i>) Flowers with 4 sepals and 4 petals.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6"> Stem angular; leaves in whorls.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rubiaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6"> Stem round; leaves not in whorls</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Stamens 6, erect.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Brassicaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Stamens 8, spreading.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Onagraceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">(<i>d</i>) Flowers with 5 sepals or petals, distinct.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6" colspan="2"> †Stamens as many or twice as many as the corolla lobes.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Stems swollen at the nodes.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Caryophyllaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Stems not swollen at the nodes</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8">Stem leaves numerous, entire, thin; flowers in</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8"> terminal or axillary clusters, white or greenish.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Santalaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Leaves basal, entire; flowers solitary on a 1-leaved scape.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Parnassiaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Leaves mostly basal, lobed or cut; flowers in</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7"> a close spike or head.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Saxifragaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Leaves and stems fleshy.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8">Follicles 2.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Saxifragaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8">Follicles 4.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Crassulaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Leaves numerous, stiff, awl-shaped; stems low, tufted.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Saxifragaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6" colspan="2">††Stamens more than twice as many as the corolla lobes</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">§Leaves basal or mostly so.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8">Leaves evergreen, simple or lobed, flowers yellow</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8"> or white, solitary on naked scapes. (<i>Dryas.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rosaceæ.</b> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxxviii"></a>[Pg xxxviii]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8">Leaves not evergreen, simple, lobed, or much divided</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws9">Smooth.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws10">Stems erect or floating.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ranunculaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws10">Stems creeping.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws10"> Flowers white or pink.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rosaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws10"> Flowers yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ranunculaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws9">Rough-hairy.</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws10"> Flowers yellow or pink.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rosaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws10"> Flowers white, blue or purple.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ranunculaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">§§Leaves mostly on the stem.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8">Leaves finely cut; stems creeping; flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rosaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8">Leaves entire.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws9">Leaves bright green, black-dotted; flowers yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Hypericaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws9">Leaves glaucous, without black dots; flowers blue.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Linaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5" colspan="2">(<i>e</i>) Flowers with 5 sepals and 5 united petals or lobes.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6"> †Stamens 3; flowers small, in terminal clusters.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Valerianaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">††Stamens 5.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Opposite to the corolla lobes.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Primulaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Alternate with the corolla lobes.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8">Stems smooth, leafy; corolla campanulate.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws9">Stem leaves broad; flowers pink.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Apocynaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws9">Stem leaves narrow; flowers blue.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Campanulaceæ.</b> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxxix"></a>[Pg xxxix]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws9">Stems rough-hairy.</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws10">Corolla salver-form; stamens included.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Boraginaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws10">Corolla tubular; stamens exserted.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Hydrophyllacæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">†††Stamens 10; flowers mostly in terminal heads or singly.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pyrolaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">**Flowers irregular.</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">(<i>a</i>) Leaves all entire and basal, forming rosettes; flowers blue.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lentibulariaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">(<i>b</i>) Leaves all heart-shaped; flowers blue, white or yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Violaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5" colspan="2">(<i>c</i>) Leaves not heart-shaped, simple or much cut, not pinnate.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">Stems square; flowers in close verticels in the axils of</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6"> the leaves or in terminal heads.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Menthaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6" colspan="2">Stems round; flowers numerous in elongated terminal leafy heads</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6"> or few on slender stems in the axils of the upper leaves.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Scrophulariaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">(<i>d</i>) Leaves palmate; flowers blue in elongated spikes.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ranunculaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">(<i>e</i>) Leaves pinnately divided; flowers pea-like.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Papilionaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">(<i>f</i>) Leaves compoundly lobed, not pinnate.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">Stems low, spreading, flowers small in dense terminal.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">or axillary spikes.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Papaveraceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6" colspan="2">Stems erect; flowers drooping in open terminal heads, either showy and spurred</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">or not showy and without spurs; leaves maiden-hair fern-like.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ranunculaceæ.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[Pg 1]</span></p> +<p class="f200"><b>Alpine Flora<br> of the<br> Canadian Rocky Mountains</b></p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="OPHIOGLOSSACE"><span class="smcap">Ophioglossaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Adder’s-Tongue Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>More or less succulent fern-like plants, consisting of a stem and +leaf growing from a fleshy root. Sporophyll in the form of a spike or +panicle.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Botrychium lunaria</b> (L.) Sw. <i>Moon-wort.</i></div> + +<p>Very fleshy, 2—12 inches high. Leaf usually sessile, borne at or +above the middle of the stem, pinnate with 2—8 pairs of moon-like or +fan-shaped lobes which vary from crenate to entire and either close and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[Pg 2]</span> +folded together or distant; spore-bearing portion 2—3 pinnate, often +dense, 1—2 inches long, about as high as the leaf.</p> + +<p>In open or exposed situations, frequently on the tops of the highest +mountains, rather rare; occurring in midsummer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Botrychium simplex</b> E. Hitchcock. <i>Small +Moon-wort.</i></div> + +<p>Plant 2—6 inches high, slender and very variable. Leaf ovate, obovate +or oblong, entire, lobed or pinnately parted, borne near the base of +the stem; spore-bearing portion a simple or slightly compound spike, +sometimes reduced to only a few sporanges; apex of the leaf and +spore-bearing portion erect in fruit.</p> + +<p>In alpine meadows or grassy slopes, frequently through the Rockies but +very inconspicuous; during summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Botrychium virginianum</b> (L.) Sw. <i>Virginia Grape +Fern.</i></div> + +<p>Stem slender, 4 inches to 2 feet high. Leaf thin, ternately divided +and spreading 3—12 inches across, pinnately much divided into +oblong-toothed segments; spore-bearing portion long-stalked, much above +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[Pg 3]</span> +the leaf 2—3 pinnate, cinnamon brown, when ripe.</p> + +<p>In rich moist woods, sparingly throughout the region during the summer.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="POLYPODIACE"><span class="smcap">Polypodiaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Fern Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Ferns of various habits, the rootstocks horizontal, often elongated +or short and erect; the leaves simple, pinnate, pinnatifid or +decompound, coiled at the ends when young. Sporanges borne in clusters +(<i>sori</i>) on the lower side or margins of the leaves or their +segments, with or without a membranous covering (<i>indusium</i>).</p> + +<p class="f110">Represented in the region by the following 10 genera.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sori without indusia, leaves 2—3 pinnate or ternate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Phegopteris.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sori with marginal indusia formed by the more or</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> less altered edge of the leaf.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Sporanges at the ends of the veins, borne on a reflexed</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">portion of the leaf.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Adiantum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Sporanges on a continuous vein-like receptacle</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">which connects the apices of the veins.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pteridium.</b> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[Pg 4]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">Sporanges at or near the ends of the unconnected veins.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Leaves of two kinds, the spore-bearing ones contracted</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">and more or less pod-like.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Cryptogramma.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Leaves uniform; sori minute, indusium usually interrupted.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Cheilanthes.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Sori not marginal, provided with spinal indusia.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Sori oblong on oblique veins; leaves pinnate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Asplenium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Sori round.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Indusium conspicuous.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Leaves firm; indusium peltate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Polystichum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Leaves membranous; indusium reniform.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Dryopteris.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Indusium inconspicuous.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Indusium under the sorus, stellately divided.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Woodsia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Indusium hooded, fixed by a broad base.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Filix.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Phegopteris alpestris</b> (Hoppe) Mett. +<i>Western Beech Fern.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock short, thick, erect or oblique; stems 4—10 inches long with +a few brown spreading scales near the base; leaves 1—2 feet long, +oblong-lanceolate, thrice pinnate, the pinnæ deltoid-lanceolate, the +lower ones distant and smaller, pinnules oblong-lanceolate, finely +cut-toothed; sori small, rounded and nearly marginal. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[Pg 5]</span></p> + +<p>On moist banks in the Selkirks, frequent especially in the vicinity of +Glacier, where it forms clumps of considerable diameter, up to 7000 +feet elevation.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Phegopteris Phegopteris</b> (L.) Underw. <i>Long Beech +Fern.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock slender and creeping; stems 6—9 inches long; leaves +triangular, thin, usually longer than broad, 6—9 inches long, +4—6 inches broad, hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnæ +linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward, +segments oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal ones joined to the main +rachis; sori small, near the margin.</p> + +<p>In moist woods in the Selkirks at the lower elevations, not common.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Phegopteris Dryopteris</b> (L.) Fée. <i>Oak Fern.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock slender, extensively creeping; leaves or short black stipes, +broadly triangular 4—8 inches wide, the three primary divisions 1—2 +pinnate, segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed; sori near the margin. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[Pg 6]</span></p> + +<p>In moist woods and thickets throughout the region at the lower +altitudes, frequently forming beds of considerable size.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Adiantum pedatum</b> L. <i>Maidenhair Fern.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock slender, creeping; stems 9—18 inches long, dark chestnut +brown or nearly black, shining, forked into nearly equal branches +at the summit; leaves obliquely orbicular in outline, 8—18 inches +broad, thin, the pinnæ arising from the branches of the stem, somewhat +radiately arranged, the larger ones 6—10 inches long, 1—2 inches +broad, pinnules triangular-oblong, or the terminal one fan-shaped, the +lower margin entire and slightly curved, the upper cut, bearing the +linear-oblong sori.</p> + +<p>Sparingly throughout the region in woods or moist shaded situations, +among rocks.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pteridium aquilinum pubescens</b> Underw. <i>Bracken.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock stout, widely creeping, subterranean; stems hairy, 1—2 feet +high, erect, straw-colored or brownish, leaves soft-hairy, especially +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[Pg 7]</span> +on the under surface, 2—4 feet long, 1—3 feet wide, ternate, the +three branches each bipinnate, the upper pinnules undivided, the lower +more or less pinnatifid.</p> + +<p>In dry woods, thickets, and open hillsides, throughout the region.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cryptogramma acrostichoides</b> R. Br. <i>American +Rock-brake.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock stout, short, and chaffy; stems densely tufted, +straw-colored, 2—6 inches long, very slender, chaffy below; leaves +ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, thin, smooth, 2—3 pinnate, the +sterile shorter than the fertile, their segments and pinnules crowded, +ovate-oblong or obovate, crenate or slightly sharply cut; fertile +leaves with linear or linear-oblong segments half an inch long, the +margins at first rolled back to the midrib, at maturity expanded and +exposing the light brown sporanges.</p> + +<p>Forming tufts among rocks throughout the region but most frequent in +the Selkirks. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[Pg 8]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cryptogramma Stelleri</b> (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl. +<i>Slender Cliff-brake</i>.</div> + +<p>Rootstock slender, creeping, thread-like; stems slender, scattered 2—3 +inches long, dark brown; leaves thin, ovate in outline 2—5 inches +long, 1—2 inches wide, 2—3 pinnate or pinnatifid above, the fertile +taller, with narrower pinnules and segments, pinnæ lanceolate-deltoid, +cut to the rachis, in few lobed or entire segments; indusium broad; +veins conspicuous.</p> + +<p>In crevices of damp or dripping rocks, preferably limestone, in the +Rockies up to 7000 feet elevation; not common.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cheilanthes Féei</b> Moore. <i>Hairy Lip Fern.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock creeping, covered with pale rusty-brown scales; stems tufted, +wiry, chestnut brown, 2—4 inches long, hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate +in outline 4—9 inches long, gradually attenuate to the apex, twice +pinnate; pinnules somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid, acute, deeply +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[Pg 9]</span> +pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered with stiff hairs and +usually somewhat glandular; sori numerous, covered by the infolded ends +of the rounded oblong lobes.</p> + +<p>On rocks and among broken stones at the lower altitudes of the eastern +Rockies; growing in matted masses.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Asplenium viride</b> Huds. <i>Green Spleenwort.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy with brown scales; stems numerous, +densely tufted, brownish below, green above; leaves linear-lanceolate, +2—8 inches long, once pinnate, pale green, with 12—20 pairs of ovate +or rhomboid, crenate; obtuse, unequal-sided pinnules; sori oblong, +numerous, or scattered.</p> + +<p>On dry rocks and slides, frequent through the Rockies.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Asplenium Filix-fœmina</b> (L.) Bernh. <i>Lady Fern.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock creeping, rather slender for the size of the plant; stems +tufted, 6—10 inches long; straw-colored, brownish or reddish, with +scattered brown scales which are large and numerous at the broadened +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[Pg 10]</span> +base; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate, pinnæ lanceolate, acuminate, +4—8 inches long; pinnules lanceolate, incised or serrate, sori short, +the indusia straight or variously curved.</p> + +<p>In moist woods and thickets throughout the region but especially in the +Selkirks, being a common fern in the woods in the vicinity of Glacier.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Polystichum Lonchitis</b> (L.) Roth. <i>Holly Fern.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock short, stout, and densely chaffy; stems 1—5 inches long, +bearing large dark brown scales, with some smaller ones; leaves rigid, +leathery, and evergreen, narrowly lanceolate in outline, once pinnate; +pinnæ broadly lanceolate, scythe-shaped, 1—2 inches long, acute or +acuminate at the apex, with an ear-like projection on the upper side +at the base, and with a nearly straight edge on the lower, densely +spiny-toothed; sori large, nearer the margin than the midrib.</p> + +<p>In large tufts among rocks throughout the region. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[Pg 11]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Dryopteris Filix-mas</b> (L.) Schott. <i>Male Fern.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock stout, ascending, or erect, chaffy; stems 4—6 inches long, +very chaffy below; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate at +the apex, slightly narrowed at the base, 1—3 feet long, rather firm, +half evergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate; pinnæ lanceolate, broadest +at the base, gradually acuminate, 3—6 inches long, pinnatifid almost +to the rachis, or pinnately divided into oblong, smooth lobes; sori +large, borne near the margin, more numerous on the lower halves of the +segments.</p> + +<p>In rocky woods in the Selkirks on the lower slopes of Mt. Macdonald.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata</b> (Hoffm.) Underw. +<i>Spinulose Shield Fern.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock stout, chaffy; stems 6—18 inches long, bearing large brown +scales with dark centres; leaves broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, +commonly 3-pinnate; pinnules lanceolate oblong, the lowest often much +elongated; sori medium size; indusium smooth. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[Pg 12]</span></p> + +<p>In moist woods through the Selkirks, probably the most abundant fern in +the vicinity of Glacier.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Dryopteris oreopteris</b> (Sw.) Maxon.</div> + +<p>Rootstock short, erect or decumbent, scaly; stems light straw-colored, +2—6 inches long, tufted, copiously scaly throughout, with light brown +scales; leaves 1½—2 feet long, rather firm, broadly lanceolate, +gradually tapering from near the middle to both ends; pinnæ 2—3 inches +long, deeply pinnatifid, gradually shorter to the lowest which are more +distant, broadly triangular, and less than an inch long; segments flat, +oblong, and nearly entire; rachis straw-colored, densely scaly with +light brown scales, nearly to the apex.</p> + +<p>In the Selkirks on the moist mountain slopes and rocky ravines at +Glacier.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Woodsia scopulina</b> D. C. Eaton. <i>Rocky Mountain +Woodsia.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock short, creeping, and densely chaffy; stems brown, darker +at the base, 2—4 inches long, glandular-hairy; leaves mostly +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[Pg 13]</span> +glandular-hairy throughout, lanceolate, 6—12 inches long, tapering +from about the middle to both ends; pinnæ numerous, oblong-ovate, +pinnatifid into oblong-toothed segments; sori nearly marginal.</p> + +<p>In crevices in the rocks and among broken stones on slides, throughout +the Rockies, up to an elevation of 7000 feet; frequent.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Woodsia oregana</b> D. C. Eaton. <i>Oregon Woodsia.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock short; stems smooth, brownish below. Leaves smooth, 2—10 +inches long, lanceolate; pinnæ triangular, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, +lower ones rounded and somewhat remote from the others; rachis +straw-colored; pinnules oblong-ovate, dentate or crenate, the teeth +often turned back and covering the submarginal sori.</p> + +<p>Among broken stones on the slides near the base of Mt. Stephen in the +Rockies.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Filix fragilis</b> (L.) Underw. <i>Brittle Fern.</i></div> + +<p>Rootstock short; stems 4—8 inches long, leaves thin, smooth +throughout, oblong-lanceolate, only slightly tapering below, 4—10 +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[Pg 14]</span> +inches long; pinnate or 2—3 pinnatifid; pinnæ lanceolate-ovate, +irregularly pinnatifid with a broad central space, and bluntly or +sharply toothed segments, decurrent along the margined or winged +rachis; sori small, half way between the margin and the midrib; +indusium narrow, soon withering.</p> + +<p>In crevices in rocks and among broken stones throughout the Rockies.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Filix montana</b> (Lam.) Underw.</div> + +<p>Rootstock slender, widely creeping; stipes 6—9 inches long, slender; +leaves deltoid-ovate, 3—4 pinnate, 3—6 inches broad, the lowest pinnæ +triangular-lanceolate and much larger, their inferior pinnules 1—1½ +inches long, deeply divided into oblong lobes, deeply toothed; sori +numerous; indusium acute, soon withering.</p> + +<p>On damp mossy banks and rocks throughout the Rockies; not common.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="EQUISETACE"><span class="smcap">Equisetaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Horsetail Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[Pg 15]</span> +Green, rush-like plants with usually hollow, jointed, simple or often +much branched stems, rising from subterranean rootstocks; the branches +verticillate.</p> + +<p>Leaves reduced to toothed sheaths; sporanges clustered beneath the +scales of terminal, cone-like spikes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Equisetum arvense</b> L. <i>Field Horsetail.</i></div> + +<p>Stems annual, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile; +fertile stems 4—10 inches high, soon withering, light brown, their +loose sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown +acuminate teeth; sterile stems green, much branched and slender, 2 +inches to 2 feet high with numerous, mostly simple, 4-angled solid +branches with 4-toothed sheaths.</p> + +<p>In moist sandy soil throughout the region, frequent in wet woods and +swampy places.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Equisetum sylvaticum</b> L. <i>Wood Horsetail.</i></div> + +<p>Stems annual, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, +at first simple, at length much branched, resembling the sterile except +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[Pg 16]</span> +in the withered apex; stems 8—20 inches high, producing verticillate +compound branches which are curved downward; sheaths loose and +cylindric, those of the stem whitish, with 8—14 rather blunt brown +teeth.</p> + +<p>In moist sandy woods and thickets in the Selkirks, not common.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Equisetum fluviatile</b> L. <i>Swamp Horsetail.</i></div> + +<p>Stems annual, all alike, 2—4 feet high, bluish-green, smooth, usually +producing upright branches after the spores are formed; sheaths +appressed with about 18 dark brown or nearly black, short acute teeth.</p> + +<p>In sloughs and shallow ponds throughout the region, frequent.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Equisetum hyemale</b> L. <i>Common Scouring rush.</i></div> + +<p>Stems stiff, evergreen, 2—4 feet high, rough, 8—34-furrowed, the +ridges with two distinct lines of tubercles; sheaths rather long, +cylindric, marked with one or two black girdles, teeth dark brown or nearly +black and membranous, soon deciduous; spikes tipped with a rigid point. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[Pg 17]</span></p> + +<p>In wet places and on banks and slides in the valley of the Kicking +Horse River.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Equisetum variegatum</b> Schl. <i>Variegated +Equisetum.</i></div> + +<p>Stems perennial, slender, evergreen, 6—18 inches long, rough, usually +simple from a branched base, commonly tufted, 5—10 furrowed; sheaths +companulate, distinctly 4-keeled, green variegated with black above; +the teeth 5—10, each tipped with a deciduous bristle.</p> + +<p>In moist, sandy soil throughout the region up to an elevation of 7000 +feet, sometimes forming large patches.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Equisetum scirpoides</b> Michx.</div> + +<p>Stems perennial, evergreen, very slender, 3—6 inches long, rough, +flexuous and curving, growing in tufts closely matted to the ground, +mostly 6-furrowed with acute ridges, simple or branching from near +the base; sheaths black, with three membranous rather persistent +bristle-tipped teeth.</p> + +<p>On moist sandy shaded banks throughout the Rockies.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[Pg 18]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="LYCOPODIACE"><span class="smcap">Lycopodiaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Club-moss Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Branching, moss-like plants with small lanceolate or subulate, +sometimes oblong or roundish simple leaves, arranged in two or many +ranks on trailing or sometimes erect, usually branched stems.</p> + +<p>Sporanges solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper surfaces.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lycopodium Selago</b> L. <i>Fir Club-moss.</i></div> + +<p>Stems usually yellowish throughout, 3—6 inches high, thick, rigid, +erect, 2—5 times forked, the branches forming a level topped cluster; +leaves crowded, uniform, ascending, elongated, lanceolate with a spiny +tip, the upper mostly 8-ranked and sterile, those below bearing small +sporanges in their axils, leaves of the lower half of the stems again +sterile; plant propagated also by enlarged bud-like organs.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region in alpine meadows and slopes above 6000 feet elevation. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[Pg 19]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lycopodium annotinum</b> L. <i>Stiff Club-moss.</i></div> + +<p>Stems much branched, slender, prostrate and creeping, rather stiff, +1—4 feet long, the branches similar, ascending 5—8 inches high, +sparingly forked; leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked, rigid, +linear-lanceolate, minutely serrulate, nerved below, spikes solitary +or several at the ends of the branches, oblong, cylindric 1—1½ +inches long, composed of ovate or ovate-cordate, short-acuminate and +denticulate bracts, each with a sporange in its axil.</p> + +<p>In woods throughout the region, frequent.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lycopodium clavatum</b> L. <i>Running Pine.</i></div> + +<p>Stems extensively creeping, 1—4 feet long with similar short, +irregular ascending or decumbent, densely leafy branches; leaves much +crowded, many-ranked, incurved, linear-subulate, bristle-tipped, +the lower denticulate, the upper nearly entire or slightly decurrent +on either side; spikes 1—4 on long peduncles; bracts membranous, +roundish, and irregularly denticulate below. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[Pg 20]</span></p> + +<p>In dry woods and open grounds, rather rare in the region, observed only +in the Selkirks around Glacier and Roger’s Pass.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lycopodium sitchensis</b> Rupr. <i>Arctic Club-moss.</i></div> + +<p>Stems prostrate, 8—12 inches long, on or a little beneath the +surface; sending up frequent branched stems which form compact masses +of vertical, compressed branches 2—3 inches high, with occasional +stronger, spike-bearing branches; leaves lanceolate with a broad base, +spreading and curving upwards, thick, entire, acute, in five rows on +the branchlets; the spikes nearly sessile.</p> + +<p>On grassy alpine slopes 6000 feet and upwards in the Selkirks, +especially in the region about Glacier.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lycopodium complanatum</b> L. <i>Trailing +Christmas-green.</i></div> + +<p>Stems extensively creeping, with erect or ascending reinform or +fan-shaped branches, several times forked above with crowded flattened +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[Pg 21]</span> +branchlets; leaves minute, overlapping, flattened, 4-ranked, the +lateral row with somewhat spreading tips; peduncle slender, 2—6 inches +high, forked, bearing 2—4 linear-cylindric spikes, bracts broadly +ovate, acuminate, with pale irregularly cut margins.</p> + +<p>In mossy woods at the lower altitudes, more or less frequent throughout +the region, especially in the Rockies.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lycopodium alpinum</b> L. <i>Alpine Club-moss.</i></div> + +<p>Stems prostrate, 8—20 inches long on or near the surface of the +ground, forming numerous, several times branched clusters 2—3 +inches high with glaucous leaves, and occasional stouter, compressed +spike-bearing stems, extending above the others; leaves 4-ranked, +erect, flattened, those of the lateral rows two to three times larger +than those intermediate; spikes sessile, few, ½—¾ of an inch long.</p> + +<p>In alpine meadows, on slopes, and in open woods throughout the region +from 6000 feet upwards.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[Pg 22]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="SELAGINELLACE"><span class="smcap">Selaginellaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Selaginella Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves which are +many ranked and uniform, or 4-ranked and of two types spreading in two +planes. Sporanges solitary in the axils of the leaves which are so +arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Selaginella selaginoides</b> (L.) Link. +<i>Low Selaginella.</i></div> + +<p>Sterile stems, prostrate and creeping, small and slender; fertile +stems thicker, ascending, simple 1—3 inches high; leaves lanceolate, +acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate; spikes solitary at the +ends of the fertile branches, bracts lax, ascending lanceolate or +ovate-lanceolate, strongly fringed.</p> + +<p>A light green moss-like plant growing in wet sandy grounds in the +Rockies; not infrequent. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[Pg 23]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Selaginella densa</b> Rydb.</div> + +<p>Densely tufted sterile branches very short and crowded; leaves, densely +crowded, many-ranked linear or needle-shaped in age, slightly flattened +and grooved on the upper side, the margin fringed, tipped with a white +bristle; fertile branches erect, the spikes quadrangular ½—¾ of an +inch long, bracts folded together, thick, triangular-ovate, fringed on +the margin and tipped with a white bristle half as long as that of the +leaves.</p> + +<p>In sterile dry ground and on exposed rocks throughout the region from +the bases to the tops of the highest mountains, forming grayish-green +mats on the ground.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PINACE"><span class="smcap">Pinaceæ.</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Pine Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Resinous trees and shrubs mostly with evergreen, narrow, entire or +scale-like leaves; the pollen sacks and ovules borne in separate +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[Pg 24]</span> +spikes; fruit a cone with numerous, several or few, woody, papery or +fleshy scales, sometimes berry-like; seed wingless or winged.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Scales of the fruit numerous, alternate; leaf-buds scaly.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves in clusters.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Clusters ensheathed at the base, containing 2, 3, or 5 leaves.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pinus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Clusters not ensheathed at the base containing many leaves.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Larix.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves solitary.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Cones erect; scales deciduous.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Abies.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Cones pendent; scales persistent.</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Branchlets smooth; bracts 3-toothed.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pseudotsuga.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3" colspan="2">Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Leaves petioled, not pungent.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Tsuga.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Leaves sessile, pungent.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Picea.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Scales of the fruit few, opposite; leaf-buds naked.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Fruit fleshy and berry-like.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Juniperus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Fruit a dry cone.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Thuja.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pinus albicaulis</b> Engelm. <i>White-bark Pine.</i></div> + +<p>A tree 20 or 30 feet high generally with a short trunk 2—4 feet in +diameter, stout, very flexible branches, often standing nearly erect +and forming an open irregular broad head; often a low shrub and nearly +prostrate at high altitudes; bark thin with creamy-white plate-like +scales; leaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, clustered at the +ends of the branches 1½—2½ inches long; cones oval or subglobose +horizontal, sessile, dark purple, 1½—3 inches long with thickened +acute scales.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_1_1" src="images/i024_1_plate1.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="532" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Pinus albicaulis Engelm. (¼ Nat.) White Pine.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_1_2" src="images/i024_2_plate1.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="500" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Pinus Murrayana Oreg. Com. (¼ Nat.) Jack Pine.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[Pg 25]</span> +On alpine slopes and exposed ridges from 5000 feet elevation upward, +occurring occasionally in the Rockies, but frequent throughout the +Selkirks at or near the timber line.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pinus Murrayana</b> Oreg. Com. <i>Black Pine, Jack +Pine.</i></div> + +<p>A tree 40—80 feet high with a trunk 1—3 feet in diameter, slender, +strict; branches frequently persistent nearly to the base of the stem, +somewhat pendulous below, ascending near the top of the tree, forming a +pyramidal spire-topped head; bark thin, close, light orange-brown with +appressed scales; leaves 2 in a bundle, yellowish-green, 1—3 inches +long, stout; cones yellowish-brown and shining oval to sub-cylindric +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[Pg 26]</span> +oblique at the base, often clustered ¾—2 inches long, with slightly +concave scales with slender deciduous prickles.</p> + +<p>The most abundant tree at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies, +frequently covering vast tracts, and rising on the mountain sides to +6000 feet or occasionally higher.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Larix Lyallii</b> Parl. <i>Lyall’s Larch.</i></div> + +<p>A tree usually 40—50 feet high with a diameter of 18—20 inches and +remote, elongated, tough, persistent, nearly black branches, with +prominent winter buds with conspicuous long white matted hairs fringing +the margins of their scales and often nearly concealing the buds; bark +on the old trunks ½ to ¾ of an inch thick, pale gray, divided into +shallow irregular plates; leaves many in a cluster, 4-angled, slender, +blue-green 1—1½ inches long; young cones showy with dark red or +yellow-green scales and dark purple bracts; when mature, ovate 1½—2 +inches long with reddish-purple scales and long tipped dark purple bracts.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_2_1" src="images/i026_1_plate2.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="523" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Larix Lyallii Parl. (⅓ Nat.) Lyall’s Larch.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_2_2" src="images/i026_2_plate2.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="539" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Thuja plicata Don. (⅓ Nat.) Giant Cedar.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[Pg 27]</span> +An alpine tree occurring with more or less frequency throughout the +Rockies from Banff to Field, from 6000 to 8000 feet elevation, at or +near the tree limit, often much stunted and almost shrub-like; very +abundant on the mountains in the region about Lake Louise.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Abies lasiocarpa</b> (Hook) Nutt. <i>Sub-alpine Fir, +Balsam Fir.</i></div> + +<p>A tree usually 40—100 feet high with a trunk 1—5 feet in diameter, +short crowded tough branches, usually slightly pendulous near the +base and forming dense spire-like slender heads; bark rough on the +older trees, with thick, appressed, cinnamon-red scales; leaves pale +blue-green flat, 1—1¾ inches long on the lower branches, rounded or +notched at the apex; on the upper branches thickened, not more than ½ +an inch long, flattened and closely appressed with long rigid points; +cones, oblong-cylindric, rounded, truncate or depressed at the narrowed +apex, dark purple and soft-hairy, 1½—4 inches long with scales +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[Pg 28]</span> +gradually narrowed from the broad rounded apex to the base, about 3 +times as long as the bracts.</p> + +<p>This tree the Balsam of the region is found throughout on the higher +mountain slopes and summits, frequently forming the timber line in +which case it is shrub-like and stunted.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pseudotsuga mucronata</b> (Raf.) Sudw. <i>Douglas +Spruce, Red Fir.</i></div> + +<p>A magnificent tree 80—100 feet high, with a trunk 2—3 feet in +diameter, or frequently larger, with slender crowded branches and +long pendulous lateral ones forming, while the tree is young, an open +pyramid, soon deciduous from the trees crowded in the forest and +leaving the bare trunk naked for ⅔ of its height and surmounted by a +comparatively small, narrow head; bark on the young trees, smooth, +dark gray-brown and lustrous, on the old trunks several inches thick, +divided into oblong plates broken into irregularly connected ridges; +leaves crowded, yellowish-green, straight or slightly curved, narrow, +¾—1¼ inches long, obtuse or acute at the apex; cones pendent on long +stout stems, 2—4¼ inches long, with thin slightly concave scales; +bracts often extending half an inch beyond the scales.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_3_1" src="images/i028_1_plate3.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="520" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (⅓ Nat.) Balsam Fir.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_3_2" src="images/i028_2_plate3.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="519" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. (¼ Nat.) Douglas Fir.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[Pg 29]</span> +Throughout the Rockies in the lower wooded valleys, the handsomest tree +of this section especially when young, now rather rare in the mature +state along the line of the railway, but may be so seen to perfection +in the Yoho and some of the other outlying valleys.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Tsuga heterophylla</b> (Raf.) Sarg. +<i>Western Hemlock.</i></div> + +<p>A tree frequently 200 feet high, with a trunk 6—10 feet in diameter, +with short slender usually pendulous branches forming a narrow +pyramidal head; bark orange-brown, thin when young, an inch or more +thick on mature trees and divided into broad flat ridges; leaves flat, +dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, marked below by broad +white bands; cones sessile, oblong or oval, ¾—1 inch long with few +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[Pg 30]</span> +yellowish-brown oblong scales abruptly contracted at the middle and +purplish toward the base.</p> + +<p>Abundant throughout the Selkirks.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Tsuga Mertensiana</b> (Bong.) Carr. <i>Mountain +Hemlock.</i></div> + +<p>Tree usually 70—100 feet high with a tapering trunk 2—5 feet in +diameter and gracefully pendent slender branches and drooping lateral +ones; bark grayish and scaly, on mature trees 1—1½ inches thick +divided into rounded ridges with closely appressed cinnamon scales; +leaves more or less in clusters, standing out all over the sides of +the branches, rounded, light bluish-green or in some pale blue ½—1 +inch long; cones sessile, cylindric, oblong, narrowed toward the blunt +apex and somewhat toward the base, pendulous, 1—3 inches long, with +thin scales usually as broad as long, with slightly thickened or erose +margins, purplish-brown, 4 times as long as the sharp, purple bract.</p> + +<p>On the slopes and exposed ridges through the Selkirks, a most +attractive tree.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_4_1" src="images/i030_1_plate4.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="577" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Tsuga Mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. (⅔ Nat.) Mountain Hemlock.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_4_2" src="images/i030_2_plate4.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="522" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. (⅙ Nat.) Hemlock.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[Pg 31]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Picea Albertiana</b> S. Brown. <i>Alberta Spruce.</i></div> + +<p>A tree 30—60 feet high, slender, strict; twigs smooth and shining or +occasionally glandular, hairy, but never glaucous, yellowish-brown when +young becoming darker with age, leaf bases long and standing out at +right angles from the stem; leaves pale blue or blue-green, ½—1 inch +long, nearly straight or curved, acute or with a rigid tip, 4-sided; +cones ovate or oblong, bright crimson when young, at maturity 1—1½ +inches long and nearly as broad when expanded, scales stiff and rigid, +broadly rounded at the apex, entire, broader than long, cinnamon brown +with a chestnut edging; bract very small with a sharply angular tip.</p> + +<p>The common spruce in the lower valleys and river bottoms throughout the +Rockies.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Picea Engelmanni</b> (Parry) Engelm. <i>Engelmann’s +Spruce.</i></div> + +<p>A tree often 150 feet high but usually much lower, with a trunk +reaching 4—5 feet in diameter; spreading branches, produced in regular +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[Pg 32]</span> +whorls and forming a narrow compact pyramidal head, and gracefully +hanging short lateral branches; bark when mature reddish-brown and +broken into thin scales; leaves soft and flexible, slender or slightly +incurved, stouter on the fertile branches, ½—1⅛ inches long, glaucous +when young, becoming dark blue-green; cones oblong-cylindric, 1—2 +inches long, lustrous, light chestnut brown with thin flexible +wedge-shaped scales, with erosedentate margins.</p> + +<p>On the higher mountain slopes in the Rockies, but much lower in the +valleys of the Selkirks, where it grows to a great size.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Juniperus Siberica</b> Burgs. <i>Alpine Juniper.</i></div> + +<p>A depressed rigid shrub, with many slender, decumbent stems, curving +upward and forming a circular mass frequently 10 feet in diameter and +18 inches high; bark reddish-brown; leaves numerous ⅓—½ an inch long, +awl-shaped, rigid, spreading nearly at right angles to the branches, +linear-lanceolate, acute, and tipped with sharp, slender points; +channelled and whitened above, lustrous green beneath; berry-like +cones, blue and glaucous, subglobose or oblong about ¼ of an inch in +diameter.</p> + +<p>On dry hills and stony slopes throughout the region.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_5_1" src="images/i032_1_plate5.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="520" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Picea albertiana S. Brown. (½ Nat.) Alberta Spruce.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_5_2" src="images/i032_2_plate5.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="509" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Picea albertiana S. Brown. (½ Nat.) Alberta Spruce.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[Pg 33]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Juniperus prostrata</b> Pers. <i>Shrubby Red Cedar.</i></div> + +<p>A depressed, creeping shrub seldom more than a foot high, with +spreading branches; bark grayish-brown; leaves scale-like, appressed, +4-ranked, acute, with a short spiny point; berry-like cones, light blue +and glaucous, a third of an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>On dry stony ground and slopes throughout the Rockies.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Thuja plicata</b> Don. <i>Giant Cedar.</i></div> + +<p>A tree frequently 200 feet high with a broad, gradually tapering +buttressed base sometimes 15 feet in diameter; branches short, +horizontal, usually pendulous at the ends, bright yellow-green during +the first year, becoming reddish-brown and lustrous; bark thin, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[Pg 34]</span> +cinnamon-red, divided into broad rounded ridges by shallow fissures; +leaves ovate, long pointed, ¼ of an inch long or less; cones +purplish-brown, much reflexed, clustered at the ends of the branches, +½ inch long with 6 oblong thin leathery scales with thickened +spine-bearing tips.</p> + +<p>Occasionally met with in the lower valleys on the western slope of the +Rockies; becoming an immense forest tree in the moist valleys of the +Selkirks where it forms a striking feature of the landscape.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="TAXACE"><span class="smcap">Taxaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Yew Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with narrow flat evergreen or deciduous leaves and a +drupe-like fruit.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Taxus brevifolia</b> Nutt. <i>Western Yew.</i></div> + +<p>A small straggling tree or shrub seldom over 20 feet high and up to 12 +inches in diameter; bark thin, covered with greenish-purple scales; +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[Pg 35]</span> +leaves about ½ an inch long, linear-lanceolate, flat, dark +yellowish-green above, paler below with stout midribs and rigid points; +fruit a fleshy crimson disc ⅓ of an inch long and as broad, surrounding +the hard, nearly black, depressed seed.</p> + +<p>Occurs locally in the Selkirks, forming much of the underwood on Beaver +Creek.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ARACE"><span class="smcap">Araceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Arum Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Smooth perennial herbs with tuberous or corn-like rootstocks and mostly +basal, large showy leaves; flowers small and numerously crowded on a +spadix which is generally surrounded or subtended by a simple showy +leaf-like organ called a spathe.</p> + +<p>A very numerous family found mostly in the tropics and represented in +our region by but a single species. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[Pg 36]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lysichiton kamtschatcense</b> (L.) Schott. <i>Western +Skunk Cabbage.</i></div> + +<p>A stemless marsh plant with large leaves 1—4 feet long, 3—18 inches +wide, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed below into a short +petiole. Flowers appearing before the leaves; spathe yellow with a +broad acute blade 2—6 inches long, narrowed below to a sheathing +petiole 3—10 inches long; spadix 2—4 inches long, densely flowered, +on a stout peduncle 8 inches or more long.</p> + +<p>In wet and marshy spots through the Selkirks. Very abundant near Bear +Creek Station on the railway, flowering in early spring.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="MELANTHACE"><span class="smcap">Melanthaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Bunch-Flower Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Lily-like plants with leafy stems, usually with tufts of grass-like +leaves at the base and rootstocks or occasionally bulbs. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[Pg 37]</span></p> + +<p>The flowers small and distinctly 6-parted, with the same number of +stamens and three styles; the flowers grow in close heads at the top of +the stems.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Anthers, 1-celled.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves broad, petioles sheathing.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Veratrum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves grass-like.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Flowers erect with a gland at the base of each petal. </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Zygadenus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Flowers nodding, petals without glands.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Stenanthella.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Anthers, 2-celled.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Tofieldia.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Veratrum viride</b> Ait. <i>American White Hellebore.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 2—8 feet high, very leafy, softly hairy especially above. Leaves +dark green above, paler and hairy beneath, prominently veiny and +sheathing at the base, oval or elliptic, acute, 6—12 inches long, +3—6 inches broad, the upper becoming successively narrower. Flowers +yellowish-green, numerous in a spreading head often 2 feet long, with +drooping branches; perianth segments oblong or oblanceolate, acute, +¼—½ an inch long, twice as long as the stamens. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[Pg 38]</span></p> + +<p>In swamps and on moist slopes and stream borders throughout the region, +frequently growing in great masses. In the Rockies it seldom grows +below 6000 feet elevation, but is found much lower in the moist valley +of the Selkirks.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Zygadenus elegans</b> Pursh. <i>Tall Zygadenus.</i></div> + +<p>Very glaucous throughout, with a cluster of narrow, grass-like leaves +5—10 inches long and ¼ inch broad, from a chaffy bulbous root; stem +whitish-green or purplish, 1—2 feet high, with scattered, purple, +leaf-like bracts and an open head of flowers 4—12 inches long; flowers +greenish-white, open, ½ an inch or more across the six petals and +sepals with a large, bright green gland at the base; stamens 6, erect, +forming a central column, anthers scarlet on the opening of the bud, +changing to yellow; styles 3.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies up to 6000 or 7000 feet elevation, in all kinds +of situations and soils, a most attractive plant worthy, of a place in +the flower-garden, blossoming during midsummer.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_6_1" src="images/i038_1_plate6.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="530" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Zygadenus elegans Pursh. (½ Nat.)<br> Tall Zygadenus.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_6_2" src="images/i038_2_plate6.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="534" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Zygadenus gramineus Rydb. (½ Nat.)<br> Zygadenus.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[Pg 39]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Zygadenus gramineus</b> Rydb. <i>Grass-like +Zygadenus.</i></div> + +<p>A slender, yellowish-green plant 8—12 inches high, from an elongated +ovoid bulb. Leaves narrow and grass-like, rough on the margins and +midribs, all with sheaths around the stem. Flowers light yellow, ¼ of +an inch broad in a compact head 2—3 inches long; stamens exserted, +anthers yellow.</p> + +<p>On open grassy hillsides in the Rockies from Banff to Castle Mountain, +flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Stenanthella occidentalis</b> (A. Gray) Rydb. +<i>Stenthium.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth 12—18 inches high from a bulbous base. Leaves 2—3 from the +same root, 8—10 inches long, ½ an inch broad, spreading. Flowers +6—20, greenish-purple, ½ an inch long, open, drooping, in a simple +slender head; sepals and petals 3 each, with recurved tips; stamens 6, +included.</p> + +<p>In moist woods throughout the Rockies, growing in moss; the dark green, +widely spreading leaves and wand-like stem of drooping bell-like +flowers, making a graceful and attractive plant during early summer. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[Pg 40]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Tofieldia palustris</b> Huds. <i>Scottish Asphodel.</i></div> + +<p>Low with numerous tufted grass-like leaves 1—2 inches long. Flowers +6-parted, minute, greenish-white in a compact oblong head ¼ of an inch +long, elongated in fruiting; stamens 6; anthers yellow not exceeding +the perianth; head of flowers borne on a slender, smooth stem 3—7 +inches high.</p> + +<p>Abundant throughout the Rockies in damp sandy or gravelly ground, on +the flood-plains and banks of rivers and streams and on the gravelly +shores of lakes and ponds; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Tofieldia intermedia</b> Rydb. <i>False Asphodel.</i></div> + +<p>Plant with a cluster of grass-like leaves, 3—8 inches long and about +¼ of an inch broad, yellowish-green, from an oblique and chaffy +rootstock. Flowers few, less than ¼ of an inch long, pale yellow, +6-parted, on very short pedicels; stamens 6, slightly exserted, with +purple anthers; the whole in a compact head about ½ an inch long, on a +stem 8—10 inches high, with sticky hairs near the top.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_7" src="images/i040_plate7.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="592" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Stenanthella occidentalis (A. Gray) Rydb.<br> + Stenanthium.<br> + <i>b</i> Clintonia uniflora Kunth. Clintonia. (⅔ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[Pg 41]</span> +Frequent throughout the region at an altitude of 4000 to 5000 feet, in +wet open situations with shallow soil; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Tofieldia occidentalis</b> S. Wats. <i>Western +False Asphodel.</i></div> + +<p>Similar to the preceding but readily distinguished by its taller stem +and more open head of flowers, with longer sepals and pedicels, which +are twice as long in each case.</p> + +<p>In the Selkirks only, but frequent there in the bogs around Roger’s Pass.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="LILIACE"><span class="smcap">Liliaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Lily Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Plants with bulbs or corms but never rootstocks; leaves either at the +base or in whorls or pairs on the stem; the flowers brightly coloured, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[Pg 42]</span> +frequently large, borne singly or in clusters at the summit of the +frequently naked stem, the six parts though usually distinct, sometimes +more or less united into a tube; stamens 6; stigma 3-lobed.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Bracts of the inflorescence thin and translucent.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Allium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Bracts of the inflorescence leaf-like or none.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Bulbs scaly.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lilium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Bulbs corm-like.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Erythronium.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Allium recurvatum</b> Rydb. <i>Wild Onion, Garlic.</i></div> + +<p>Plant 12—15 inches high with an oblique base from an oblong-ovoid +bulb. Leaves narrow and grass-like, 6—8 inches long, thick and half +rounded on the back, the old ones persistent and forming a mat at +the surface of the ground. Flowers numerous, on slender pedicels, +in a nodding terminal head; sepals and petals ¼ of an inch long, +elliptic-ovate and obtuse, rosy pink with a darker mid-vein; stamens +and styles exserted, anthers pale yellow.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies on dry grassy or stony slopes and +slides; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_8_1" src="images/i042_1_plate8.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="556" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Tofieldia intermedia Rydb. (⅔ Nat.)<br> False Asphodel.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_8_2" src="images/i042_2_plate8.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="536" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. (¼ Nat.)<br>Star-Flowered Solomon’s Seal.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[Pg 43]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Allium sibericum</b> L. <i>Northern Garlic.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 1—2 feet high from a narrowly ovoid bulb, with a single, +elongated, round, hollow, basal leaf and 1 or 2 similar leaves on the +stem. Flowers numerous in a compact round head; the sepals and petals +about ½ an inch long, slender, with a tapering tip, bright rose-purple +with a darker mid-vein; stamens much shorter than the perianth segments.</p> + +<p>Not infrequent in moist open places throughout the Rockies; flowering +in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lilium montanum.</b> A. Nelson. +<i>Mountain-Lily.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 12—18 inches high, rather stout, from a depressed globose bulb an +inch in diameter. Leaves alternate except the uppermost which are in a +whorl of 5—7, dark green above, paler beneath, minutely roughened on +the edges, lanceolate, tapering but slightly toward the sessile base. +Flowers erect usually one, but sometimes several, on a stem; sepals and +petals 2½ inches long, somewhat spreading, elliptic-oblong, tapering +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[Pg 44]</span> +gradually toward both ends, the base contracted into a claw, which is +less than ⅓ the length of the blade; blade reddish-orange on the inner +face, paler near the base, which is dotted with numerous purplish-black +spots; outer face less brilliant, largely suffused with green; stamens +and stigma purplish.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies on the edges of woods and in the lower +river valleys; very abundant in early July in the valley of the Lower +Kicking Horse and Columbia rivers from Golden to Donald.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erythronium grandiflorum</b> Pursh. <i>Snow Lily.</i></div> + +<p>A foot or more high from a deep-rooted, slender, membranous-coated +corm. Leaves 2 or occasionally 3, opposite or in a whorl, broadly +lanceolate, obtuse, 6—8 inches long, 2—3 inches wide, unequal, dull +and glaucous green. Flowers 1—6, nodding, bright yellow, sepals and +petals lanceolate 2 inches long, tapering to a slender, strongly +reflexed tip; stamens exserted, anthers yellow or purplish-brown.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_9" src="images/i044_plate9.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="568" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh. (½ Nat.)<br> Snow Lily.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[Pg 45]</span> +This beautiful lily is frequent on the slides and mountain slopes +throughout the region at an elevation of 5000 feet or higher, appearing +immediately after the snows have melted, and lasting but a short time. +It may be found flowering according to the elevation and condition of +the snow, from May throughout the summer. The plant has derived its +common name no doubt from its habit of blooming so close to the melting +snows. Where the plant occurs it is usually found in great numbers +during the brief flowering period.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONVALLARIACE"><span class="smcap">Convallariaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Lily-of-the-Valley Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Resembling the lilies, sometimes with naked but usually leafy stems, +and simple or branched, frequently creeping rootstocks, flowers usually +small and variously disposed on the stem, either scattered in the axils +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[Pg 46]</span> +of the leaves or in terminal clusters, or occasionally solitary on a +naked stem; either 4- or 6-parted, regular, perfect; stamens 6.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Plant producing but one flower.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Clintonia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Plant producing several flowers.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Flowers in a raceme or panicle.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Vagnera.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Flowers in an umbel or solitary.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Flowers terminal on the branches.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Disporum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Flowers axillary.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Perianth narrowly campanulate. </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Streptopus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Perianth rotate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Kruhsea.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Clintonia uniflora</b> (Schult.) Kunth. <i>Clintonia.</i></div> + +<p>More or less hairy throughout, with 1 to 3 or 4 dark green leaves, +4—8 inches long and 1—2 inches wide, oblong-lanceolate with an +abrupt tip, and tapering at the base to sheathing petioles, from a +creeping underground stem 2—3 inches long. Flower-stem shorter than +the leaves with one or rarely two blossoms which are pure white, very +open, 6-parted; sepals and petals ¾—1 inch long, oblanceolate, obtuse; +stamens 6, shorter than the petals, anthers yellow.</p> + +<p>In rich, moist woods throughout the region.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_10_1" src="images/i046_1_plate10.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="503" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Lilium montanum A. Nelson. (½ Nat.)<br> Red Mountain-Lily.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_10_2" src="images/i046_2_plate10.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="451" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb.) Kearney. (½ Nat.)<br>Kruhsea.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[Pg 47]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Vagnera stellata</b> (L.) Morong. +<i>Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal.</i></div> + +<p>Glaucous throughout, 8—20 inches high, smooth or with a few short +hairs, leafy from a stout fleshy root; leaves alternate, 2—5 inches +long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with a clasping base, +smooth and bright green above, glaucous and minutely hairy beneath. +Flowers white, several forming a rather open terminal head. 1—2 inches +long; petals and sepals narrow, ¼ to ⅜ of an inch long; stamens 6, +about half their length, anthers nearly white.</p> + +<p>Common throughout the region in moist words and thickets; flowering +through June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Vagnera amplexicaulis</b> (Nutt.) Greene. <i>False +Solomon’s Seal.</i></div> + +<p>Tall, stout, and leafy, 18—30 inches high, from a fleshy rootstock; +stem striate and slightly hairy especially near the top; leaves +alternate, sessile or short-petioled, ovate or oblong, 3—7 inches +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[Pg 48]</span> +long, 1½—3 inches broad, short, acuminate, often with a twisted tip. +Flowers small, yellowish-white in a close terminal head 1½—3½ inches +long; petals and sepals minute, about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long; stamens 6, +the filaments petaloid and about ⅛ of an inch long, anthers yellowish +white.</p> + +<p>Common throughout the region in the moist rich woods; flowering during +June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Streptopus amplexifolius</b> (L.) DC. <i>Tall +Twisted-stalk.</i></div> + +<p>Plant 1—3 feet high, from a short, stout rootstock, covered with +numerous fibrous roots; stem glaucous, usually branching below the +middle, smooth above and covered with stiff hairs below. Leaves +alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 2—5 inches long, 1—2 inches wide, +acuminate, smooth, bright green above, glaucous beneath, heart-shaped +and clasping at the base. Flowers numerous, 1 or 2 on a stem at the +back of each of the upper leaves, stem bent or twisted about the +middle; sepals and petals greenish-white or yellowish, narrowly +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[Pg 49]</span> +lanceolate about ½ an inch long, spreading and turned back at the tips; +berry ½—¾ of an inch in diameter, globose, yellow or bright scarlet.</p> + +<p>A rather striking plant throughout the region in the moist rich woods +among rocks; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Streptopus curvipes</b> A. M. Vail. <i>Smaller +Twisted-stalk.</i></div> + +<p>Plant 6—24 inches high, smooth except the flower-stalks and +margins of the leaves, simple or slightly branched from a slender +creeping rhizome, with a few fibrous rootlets at the nodes. Leaves +yellowish-green, sessile, oval or oblong-lanceolate, 1—3 inches long, +acuminate at the tip and rounded or more or less clasping at the base, +the margins more or less scatteringly glandular-hairy. Flowers few at +the backs of the upper leaves, solitary on glandular-hairy, curved +stalks ¼—¾ of an inch long; sepals and petals pale purple or rose +colour, darker spotted on the inner surface, slender, slightly more +than ¼ of an inch long; anthers beaked, the beaks slender; berry +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[Pg 50]</span> +globose, about ⅜ of an inch in diameter, bright red.</p> + +<p>In the damp woods in the Selkirks, frequent, growing in colonies and +spreading largely by the creeping rhizomes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Kruhsea streptopoides</b> (Ledeb.) Kearney. +<i>Kruhsea.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth and simple, 3—6 inches high, from an extensively creeping +rhizome, with a few fibrous roots at each node. Leaves 4—8, bright +green and shining on both surfaces, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1—2 +inches long, the upper merely sessile, the lower clasping at the base. +Flowers few, about ¼ of an inch in width, stellate and solitary on very +slender, curved stalks about ⅜ of an inch long in the axils, at the +backs of the upper leaves; sepals and petals deep wine-colour at the +base, with yellowish-green reflexed tips; stamens 6, anthers ovoid, +2-lobed, yellow and prominent, slightly below the centre of the sepals +and petals; ovary broadly urn-shaped; style none; berry nearly globose +at maturity and bright red. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[Pg 51]</span></p> + +<p>Known only in the Selkirks where it occurs in colonies of considerable +size in the rich woods at Glacier; flowering in the middle of June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Disporum Oreganum</b> (S. Wats.) B. and H. +<i>Disporum.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 1—3 feet high, much branched and finely hairy above. Leaves +yellowish-green when young, becoming darker with age, ovate or oblong, +acuminate, distinctly heart-shaped at the base, 2—4 inches long, +hairy, especially beneath. Flowers appearing as the leaves unfold +greenish-yellow or nearly white, drooping 1 or 2 together at the ends +of the branches; sepals and petals spreading half an inch or more in +length, lanceolate and narrowed at the base into a broad claw; stamens +exserted, anthers yellow; style simple, larger than the stamens; berry +ovate, half an inch in diameter, smooth or nearly so when ripe, bright +red and few-seeded.</p> + +<p>In moist rich woods throughout the region, most abundant on the western +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[Pg 52]</span> +slope of the Rockies and in the Selkirks; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Disporum majus</b> (Hook). Britton. <i>Large Flowered +Disporum.</i></div> + +<p>Plant 1—2 feet high with few branches, hairy when young. Leaves ovate +or oblong-lanceolate, acute or short, acuminate, rounded at the base. +Flowers greenish-yellow or nearly white, 1—3 together at the ends of +the branches; sepals and petals not spreading, half an inch or less in +length, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, stamens about equalling the +sepals and petals; style slightly longer than the stamens, 3-cleft; +berry a little less than half an inch in diameter, depressed, globose, +and roughened with short papillæ.</p> + +<p>In rich woods, most abundant on the eastern slopes of the Rockies; +flowering early in June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="IRIDACE"><span class="smcap">Iridaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Iris Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[Pg 53]</span> +Perennial herbs with narrow 2-ranked, grass-like leaves and mostly +clustered, perfect flowers, subtended by bracts; perianth of 6 +segments, rolled together in the bud, stamens 3, inserted on the +perianth opposite its outer series of lobes; filaments slender, distant +or united; anthers facing upward.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Sisyrinchium septentrionale</b> Bicknell. <i>Blue-eyed +Grass.</i></div> + +<p>Growing in small tufts, 4—10 inches high, pale, glaucous. Leaves stiff +and very slender about half the length of the taller scapes, equalling +the shorter ones. Spathe small purplish or green, often partly double +and enclosing 3 or 4 small bright violet-blue flowers, less than half +an inch broad, on erect pedicels.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies in open moist ground at the lower elevations; +flowering in June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ORCHIDACE"><span class="smcap">Orchidaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Orchid Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[Pg 54]</span> +Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs, or tuberous roots, sheathing entire +leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, +bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth superior of 6 segments, +the 3 outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) +lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedly +so, usually larger and often spurred; stamens and style variously +arranged. An extensive family with great diversity of flower form, +and habit of growth. Most abundant in the tropics, represented in the +region as follows:</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Perfect anthers 2; lip large, sac-like.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Cypripedium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Perfect anther 1.</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Plants saprophytic, without green herbage.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Corallorhiza.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Plants with ordinary green herbage.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Flower and leaf solitary; root bulbous.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Cytherea.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Flowers several to many in racemes.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Leaf only 1.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Flowers white with purple spots.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Orchis.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Flowers greenish.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lysiella.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Leaves only 2, cauline.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ophrys.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Leaves more than 2.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Stem leaves reduced to bracts.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Basal leaves white veined.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Peramium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Stem leaves not reduced to bracts.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers not spirally arranged.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">Glands surrounded by a thin membrane. </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Cœloglossum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">Glands naked.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Limnorchis.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers spirally arranged.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ibidium.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_11" src="images/i054_plate11.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="518" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Cypripedium passerinum Rich. Small White Lady’s Slipper. <br> + <i>b</i> Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Lady’s Slipper.<br>(⅔Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[Pg 55]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cypripedium passerinum</b> Rich. <i>Small White Lady’s +Slipper.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 8—10 inches high from a decumbent base, leafy, hairy throughout. +Leaves 4 or 5, lanceolate, acuminate, veiny, 3—4 inches long, +yellowish-green, and clasping at the base. Flowers solitary, small; +lip obovate, inflated half an inch long, white, spotted with purple +inside, particularly near the base; sepals greenish, shorter than +the lip, the upper forming a sort of hood; the lateral petals white, +oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, half an inch long, spreading.</p> + +<p>In damp shaded situations, frequent in the Rockies; flowers in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cypripedium parviflorum</b> Salisb. <i>Small Yellow +Lady’s Slipper.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 1—2 feet high, slender, and leafy. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, +2—6 inches long, 1—2¼ inches wide, yellowish-green, veiny, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[Pg 56]</span> +scatteringly hairy. Flowers usually solitary, bright yellow; lip +inflated, curved, an inch or more long, spotted and blotched inside +with purple; sepals and petals longer than the lip, laterals twisted, +1½—2 inches long, lanceolate with an attenuate tip, yellowish-green or +sometimes purplish.</p> + +<p>Not uncommon in the Rockies in moist ground, very abundant on the +torrent fan among loose stones at the head of Emerald Lake; flowering +in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Corallorhiza Corallorhiza</b> (L.) Karst. <i>Early +Coral-root.</i></div> + +<p>Stem smooth, greenish-yellow or purplish; 4—12 inches high from a mass +of coral-like roots. Leaves absent but represented by 2—5 closely +sheathing scales. Flowers 3—12 in a head 1—3 inches long; sepals and +petals slender, ¼ of an inch long, yellowish or dull purplish; lip not +quite as long as the petals, white or whitish, oblong, nearly entire or +slightly notched at the apex, 2-toothed at the base, occasionally with +purple spots.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_12_1" src="images/i056_1_plate12.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="519" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L.) Karst. (½ Nat.)<br> Coral-Root.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_12_2" src="images/i056_2_plate12.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="509" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Lyschiton kamtschatcense (L.) Schott. (¼ Nat.)<br> Western Skunk-Cabbage.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[Pg 57]</span> +Frequent in woods in the Rockies especially those of the “Jack Pine,” +flowering in May and early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Corallorhiza multiflora</b> Nutt. <i>Large +Coral-root.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 8—20 inches high, purplish, with several appressed scales. +Flowers 10—30 in a head 2—8 inches long, brownish-purple ½—¾ of an +inch long; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, about ⅓ of an inch +long; lip white, spotted and lined with purple, oval in outline, deeply +3-lobed, the middle lobe broadest; spur manifest and yellowish.</p> + +<p>Not infrequent in the rich woods in the Selkirks; flowering in late +summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cytherea bulbosa</b> (L.) House. <i>Calypso.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 3—6 inches high, purplish, from a bulb nearly half an inch in +diameter. Leaf solitary, dark, lustrous green, 1—1½ inches long, +round, ovate, obtusely pointed at the apex, rounded or somewhat +heart-shaped at the base, deeply veined. Flower solitary, nodding, an +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[Pg 58]</span> +inch long, rosy purple variegated with pink and yellow; petals and +sepals linear, erect or spreading, half an inch or more long with +longitudinal purple lines; lip ¾ of an inch long, sac-like and +spreading, divided into two below, with a prominent patch of yellow +hairs near the point of division.</p> + +<p>This charming little orchid, by far the most dainty of any found in the +region, is frequent, growing in deep moss on the shaded slopes of the +Rockies; very fragrant, flowering in early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Orchis rotundifolia</b> Pursh. <i>Round-leaved +Orchid.</i></div> + +<p>Plant slender, 8—10 inches high with one leaf near the base, varying +from nearly orbicular to oval, 1½—3 inches long, 1—2 inches wide, +sheathing at the base. Spike 2—8 flowered; flowers half an inch or +more long; lateral sepals spreading, somewhat longer than the petals, +petals and sepals oval, rose-colour; lip white, purple-spotted, longer +than the petals, three-lobed, the middle longest, dilated and two-lobed +or notched at the tip; spur slender, shorter than the lip.</p> + +<p>This beautiful little orchid is abundant throughout the Rockies in cool +mossy spots and rich woods; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_13" src="images/i058_plate13.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="479" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. (¾ Nat.)<br>Calypso.<br> + <i>b</i> Orchis rotundifolia Pursh.<br> Small Round-Leaved Orchid.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[Pg 59]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lysiella obtusata</b> (Pursh.) Rydb. <i>Small Northern +Bog-orchid.</i></div> + +<p>Plant 6—8 inches high from a short thick rootstock; stem naked with +a single obovate or oblong leaf at the base 1½—2½ inches long, ½—1½ +inches wide, obtuse. Flowers few in a slender spike, yellowish-green; +upper sepal round, ovate, erect, surrounding the broad column; lateral +sepals reflexed and spreading; petals lanceolate, smaller; lip entire, +linear-lanceolate, and deflexed; spur slightly curved especially at the +tip, shorter than the ovary.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys, in cool shaded +spots growing in moss, on the borders of streams, ponds, or lakes; +flowering in June.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[Pg 60]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ophrys nephrophylla</b> Rydb. <i>Heart-shaped +Twayblade.</i></div> + +<p>Stem slender and smooth, 3—8 inches high. Leaves sessile, cordate +or broadly ovate, ½—1 inch long; head of flowers rather loose, ½—2 +inches long, 4—20-flowered; flowers very minute, purplish or greenish; +sepals ovate; petals oblong, about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long; lip two-cleft, +twice as long as the petals, the segments linear or hair-like.</p> + +<p>This diminutive orchid is one of the commonest species throughout the +region in early summer, growing abundantly in mossy places in the moist +woods, frequently not rising more than an inch or two above the surface +of the ground; the flowers varying greatly in color from yellowish +green to purple.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ophrys convallarioides</b> (Sw.) Wight. <i>Broad-lipped +Twayblade.</i></div> + +<p>Stem rather stout, 4—10 inches high, glandular-hairy above the leaves. +Leaves smooth, round, oval or ovate, obtuse, 3—9 nerved, 1—2½ inches +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[Pg 61]</span> +long, ½—1½ inches wide. Flowers 3—12 in a loose head, yellowish-green, +½ an inch long; bracts nearly ¼ of an inch long; sepals and petals +narrow and strongly reflexed in flower, much shorter than the lip; +lip nearly half an inch long, broadly wedge-shaped with two obtuse +lobes at the apex and with a tooth at each side of the narrow base; +column elongated but shorter than the lip, and incurved with two short +projecting wings above the anther.</p> + +<p>In hemlock woods throughout the Selkirks; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ophrys borealis</b> (Morong). <i>Northern Twayblade.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 3—5 inches high, smooth below, glandular and with long silky +scattered hairs among the flowers. Leaves oval, slightly sheathing, +obtuse, an inch or more long, half as broad, generally smooth. Flowers +few in a raceme; sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, obtuse, about +¼ of an inch long; lip half an inch long, obtuse at the apex with very +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[Pg 62]</span> +obtuse lobes. Yellowish-green with a purplish middle and purple nerves +radiating into the apical lobes, column slightly incurved, ⅛ of an inch long.</p> + +<p>Generally distributed throughout the Rockies but never abundant, seldom +more than 3 or 4 plants being found together; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Peramium Menziesi</b> (Lindl.) Morong. <i>Rattlesnake +Plantain.</i></div> + +<p>Plant 8—15 inches high from a hairy, creeping rootstock. Leaves basal, +1½—2½ inches long and a third as broad, tapering to both ends, dark +green and veiny, sometimes blotched with white. Flowers ¼ to nearly ½ +an inch long, yellowish- or greenish-white, in a slender spike; sepals +and petals lanceolate, erect or nearly so about half the length of the +lip, lip swollen at the base and with a long narrow recurved tip.</p> + +<p>Frequent in rich woods throughout the region, growing in moss, the +evergreen leaves forming a rosette at the base of the stalk of flowers, +which blossom in August.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_14_1" src="images/i062_1_plate14.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="515" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Limnorchis dilatatiformis Rydb. (⅙ Nat.)<br> + Purplish-Green Bog-Orchid.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_14_2" src="images/i062_2_plate14.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="549" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. (⅔ Nat.)<br> + Menzies’ Rattlesnake Plantain.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[Pg 63]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Peramium repens</b> (L.) Salisb. <i>Northern Rattlesnake +Plantain.</i></div> + +<p>Plant 6—10 inches high, glandular-hairy in the upper part of the stem. +Leaves oblong-lanceolate, an inch or more long and a third as wide, +tapering to both ends, green and usually blotched with white along the +veins. Flowers small in a one-sided spike, greenish-white, about ¼ of +an inch long, densely glandular-hairy on the outer surface; sepals and +petals erect, ovate; lip sac-like with a narrow recurved tip.</p> + +<p>Frequent in the woods throughout the Rockies, flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cœloglossum bracteatum</b> (Willd.) Parl. <i>Long-bracted +Orchid.</i></div> + +<p>Stem stout and leafy, 6—18 inches high, from a root of numerous +fusiform tubers. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2—4 inches +long. Flowers in a loose spike 2—3 inches long with bracts an inch +long; flowers yellowish-green, sepals ovate-lanceolate, dilated at the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[Pg 64]</span> +base, ¼ of an inch long; petals very narrow or sometimes thread-like; +lip nearly half an inch long, oblong-spatulate, 2—3-toothed or lobed +at the tip, more than twice as long as the white sac-like spur.</p> + +<p>Frequent in open grassy woods and meadows throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Limnorchis dilatatiformis</b> Rydb. <i>Purplish-Green +Bog-orchid.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 1, 2, or 3 feet tall, from a root of 2 or 3 fusiform, hairy +tubers; leafy. Lowest leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, 2—5 inches long, +upper ones lanceolate, acute, much longer. Spike of flowers 4—12 +inches long, loosely flowered, the bracts linear-lanceolate, the lowest +much longer than the flowers, 1—1½ inches long. Flowers about ½ an +inch long; sepals yellowish-green and thin, the upper one ovate, erect, +about ⅛ of an inch long, the lateral ones obtuse and spreading, ¼ of +an inch long, petals lanceolate, acute, greenish-purple or green; lip +purple or greenish, linear, obtuse, thick, over ¼ of an inch long; spur +about ½ as long as the lip, sack-like.</p> + +<p>Frequent through the region in open swamps, wet meadows and sloughs, +varying greatly in size; flowering during June and early July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_15" src="images/i064_plate15.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="579" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Ophrys borealis (Morong). Northern Twayblade.<span class="ws4"> </span><br> + <i>b</i> Cœloglossum bracteatum (Willo) Parl. Long-Bracted Orchid.<br> + <i>c</i> Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. Fragrant White Bog-Orchid.<span class="ws2"> </span><br> + <i>d</i> Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. Small Northern Bog-Orchid.<br> + <i>e</i> Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. Heart-Shaped Twayblade.<span class="ws2"> </span><br> +(⅔ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[Pg 65]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Limnorchis viridiflora</b> (Cham.) Rydb. <i>Small Green +Bog-orchid.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 8—18 inches high, strict and leafy. Lower leaves oblanceolate, +obtuse, 2—4 inches long, upper lanceolate and acute; spike of flowers +short and dense, the bracts linear-lanceolate, the lower slightly +exceeding the flowers. Flowers ½ an inch long or less, yellowish-green; +upper sepals broadly ovate, erect; lateral ones ¼ of an inch long, +acute, spreading; petals erect, lanceolate, acute; lip lanceolate, +obtuse, less than ¼ of an inch long; spur club-shaped, curved, about +as long as the lip. Differs from the last species in the bright green +colour, slightly smaller flowers with broader based lip and the longer, +club-shaped curved spur.</p> + +<p>In bogs throughout the region; flowering in June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[Pg 66]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Limnorchis borealis</b> (Cham.) Rydb. <i>Small White +Bog-orchid.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, slender and leafy. Leaves, the lower +oblanceolate and obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acute. Spike of flowers +often rather dense, 4—8 inches long; bracts lanceolate, the lower +often much exceeding the flowers; flowers ½ an inch or more long, white +or sometimes yellowish or greenish-white; upper sepals ovate, obtuse, +¼ of an inch long, lateral ones oblong-lanceolate, spreading; petals +lanceolate, slightly shorter than the sepals; lip rhombic-lanceolate, +obtuse, about ¼ of an inch long; spur club-shaped about the length of +or shorter than the lip.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region in open boggy places and wet meadows; flowering +in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Limnorchis fragrans</b> Rydb. <i>Fragrant Orchid.</i></div> + +<p>Stem slender, 8—12 inches high, from a narrow fusiform tuberous root. +Leaves linear, acute, 2—4 inches long, about ½ an inch wide. Spike of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[Pg 67]</span> +flowers slender, lax; bracts, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower +slightly longer than the flowers; flowers pure white with a spicy +fragrance; upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, the lateral ones +linear-lanceolate, acute, and strongly veined; petals narrowly +linear-lanceolate equalling the sepals; lip lanceolate with an ovate +rhomboid base about ¼ of an inch long; spur slender and curved, +slightly exceeding the lip.</p> + +<p>In more or less shaded bogs through the Rockies, flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ibidium romanzoffianum</b> (Cham.) House. <i>Lady’s +Tresses.</i></div> + +<p>Stem smooth, 6—18 inches high, leafy below, bracted above; the lower +leaves 3—8 inches long, linear or linear-oblanceolate. Head of flowers +more or less glandular, hairy, 2—4 inches long, half an inch or more +thick, bracts shorter than the flowers; flowers waxy white or greenish, +nearly half an inch long with an open mouth, spreading horizontally and +very fragrant; upper sepals broad and obtuse; lip oblong, broad at the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[Pg 68]</span> +base, and contracted below to the crisped apex, thin, transparent, and +veined, callosities merely thickenings of the basal margins of the lip.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region in springy places and wet alpine meadows; +flowering toward the end of July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="SALICACE"><span class="smcap">Salicaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Willow Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with light wood, brittle twigs, and simple alternate +leaves; flowers borne in catkins; the staminate and pistillate on +separate plants, the seed provided with a covering of long, white, +silky, hairs.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Populus balsamifera</b> L. <i>Balsam Poplar.</i></div> + +<p>A large tree with nearly smooth gray bark, reaching a maximum height +of 80 feet; branches stout, ascending, the larger buds very resinous. +Leaves smooth, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, dark green +and shining above, pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[Pg 69]</span> +rounded or acute at the base, petioles round. Flowers in slender +catkins, the staminate and pistillate on separate trees.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region in the river valleys and on the surrounding +slopes, usually a tree not over 20—30 feet high but sometimes +attaining an immense size.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Populus tremuloides</b> Michx. <i>American Aspen.</i></div> + +<p>A slender tree with smooth, light green bark, seldom more than 40—50 +feet high, and less than half that in our region. Leaves smooth when +young except on the margins, ovate, short-acuminate at the apex, +rounded at the base, finely crenulate all around; petioles flattened +laterally, very slender, causing the leaves to quiver with the +slightest breeze. Flowers in rather stout catkins.</p> + +<p>Frequent in the low valleys and slopes through the Rockies, forming +groves, or singly.</p> + +<p>The willows which are very largely represented throughout the region, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[Pg 70]</span> +in the low or moist ground and banks of streams, as shrubs or small +trees; or on the drier slopes, and in alpine meadows and summits, +frequently as very diminutive shrubs with stems less than an inch +high, have been omitted entirely, owing to the extreme difficulty of +distinguishing between them in a work of this kind.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="BETULACE"><span class="smcap">Betulaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Birch Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves; staminate and pistillate +flowers borne in separate catkins on the same plant; the staminate +usually long, slender, and drooping; the pistillate short and erect; +fruit cone-like.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Betula papyrifera</b> Marsh. <i>Paper Birch, Canoe +Birch.</i></div> + +<p>Becoming a large forest tree; bark chalky white, peeling in thin +layers. Leaves ovate, acute, or acuminate, dentate and denticulate, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[Pg 71]</span> +smooth above, glandular and hairy on the veins beneath, +slender-petioled 1½—4 inches long. Staminate catkins 2—4 inches long; +pistillate catkins ¾ of an inch or more long.</p> + +<p>Sparingly on the slopes in the vicinity of Field, British Columbia; not +a common tree.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Betula occidentalis</b> Hook. <i>Western Red Birch.</i></div> + +<p>A tree sometimes 100 feet high but much smaller in our region; the bark +smooth dark bronze; twigs gray-brown, warty. Leaves broadly ovate or +nearly orbicular, sharply serrate, short-petioled, smooth on both sides +or sparingly hairy beneath ¾—2 inches long.</p> + +<p>On river shores throughout the region, sparingly from Field west.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Betula glandulosa</b> Michx. <i>Glandular Birch, Scrub +Birch.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub 1—8 feet with brown, glandular, warty twigs. Leaves orbicular, +oval or ovate, smooth, rounded at the apex, crenate-dentate, bright +green above, pale and sticky, glandular-dotted beneath, short petioled, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[Pg 72]</span> +¼—1 inch long. Staminate catkins, commonly solitary, about ½ an inch +long; cones when ripe ½—1 inch long.</p> + +<p>In moist ground and thickets in the lower valleys through the Rockies, +frequent.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Alnus tenuifolia</b> Nutt. <i>Slender-leaved Alder.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub 4—20 feet high with brown bark. Leaves more or less broadly +ovate, 2—3 inches long, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the +base, acutely doubly toothed, light green and smooth on both sides or +slightly hairy. Staminate catkins slender, drooping, 1—2 inches long; +fruiting cones erect, ½ an inch or less long.</p> + +<p>In moist places and thickets and stream banks at the higher elevations +throughout the region, very abundant in the Selkirks.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="LORANTHACE"><span class="smcap">Loranthaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Mistletoe Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Parasitic herbs growing on woody plants and absorbing their food from +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[Pg 73]</span> +the host plant through specialised roots; leaves opposite, frequently +reduced to scales; flowers diœcious or monœcious, regular; in terminal +or axillary clusters.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Razoumofskya americana</b> (Nutt.) Kuntze. <i>Dwarf +Mistletoe.</i></div> + +<p>Greenish-yellow or brownish, smooth, fleshy; stems rather slender, +numerous, and tufted, forked or branched into 4-angled jointed +branches. Leaves reduced to opposite scales at the joints. Flowers +very small, the staminate and pistillate on separate plants; staminate +plants 2—4 inches long, with the flowers on terminal peduncle-like +joints; pistillate plants much smaller and darker coloured; berries +ovate, purplish-brown, ⅙ of an inch long.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies, parasitic on Pinus Murrayana; locally abundant, +appearing in midsummer.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="SANTALACE"><span class="smcap">Santalaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Sandalwood Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[Pg 74]</span> +Low herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants, with entire leaves +and perfect, greenish flowers, either terminal or axillary; calyx +3—6-lobed; petals wanting; stamens as many as the calyx lobes and +inserted near their bases or opposite them upon the disc; fruit in +the only genus represented in the region, drupe-like, crowned by the +persistent style.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Comandra pallida</b> DC. <i>Pale Comandra.</i></div> + +<p>Stem slender and leafy, 6—12 inches tall, pale and glaucous. Leaves +linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or the lowest of those of the stem, +oblong-elliptic. Flowers small, less than ¼ of an inch high with short +pedicels, clustered at the summit of the stems, calyx purplish or +sometimes nearly white; fruit ovoid-oblong, nearly half an inch high +and crowned by the very short upper portion of the calyx tube.</p> + +<p>On dry hillsides throughout the Rockies; flowering during June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_16_1" src="images/i074_1_plate16.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="504" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Comandra pallida DC. (⅔ Nat.)<br> White Comandra.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_16_2" src="images/i074_2_plate16.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="543" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Eriogonum subalpinum Greene. (½ Nat.)<br> Tall Eriogonum.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[Pg 75]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Comandra livida</b> Rich. <i>Northern Comandra.</i></div> + +<p>Stem slender, usually quite simple, 4—12 inches high. Leaves +thin, oval, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, +short-petioled ½—1½ inches long, nearly half as broad, yellowish or +purplish-green when young, becoming bright green or often variegated +with age. Flowers small, less than ¼ of an inch broad; purplish-green, +in axillary clusters of 1—5 flowers; drupe globose-oblong, ¼ of an +inch in diameter, bright red when ripe.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies in moist ground and shaded mossy places and +borders of woods, flowering in June. While inconspicuous early in the +season, in midsummer it is apt to be quite showy on account of the +striking, golden yellow veining of the otherwise green leaves; this +condition is due to a fungoid or other disease of the plant.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="POLYGONACE"><span class="smcap">Polygonaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Buckwheat Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs and twining vines with alternate or sometimes opposite or whorled +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[Pg 76]</span> +leaves, jointed stems and usually sheathing united stipules; flowers +small, regular, perfect, monœcious, diœcious or polygamous; petals +none, calyx 2—6-parted, the segments more or less folded over each +other, sometimes petal-like; stamens 2—9 dilated at the base and +distinct or united into a ring; ovary superior, one-celled with a +solitary ovule.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Flowers not involucrate; stipules sheathing.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves reniform, sepals 4.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Oxyria.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves not reniform; sepals 6.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Sepals unequal; stigmas tufted.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rumex.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Sepals equal; stigmas capitate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Polygonum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Flowers involucrate, many; stipules wanting.  </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Eriogonum.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Oxyria digyna</b> (L.) Hill. <i>Mountain Sorrel.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 2 inches to a foot high, scape-like and leafless, from a large +chaffy rootstock. Leaves basal on long petioles, reniform or orbicular +½—2 inches wide with a wavy margin, sometimes notched at the apex. +Racemes 2—3 inches or more long, of many small flowers on slender +pedicels; crimson or pinkish and showy in fruit. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[Pg 77]</span></p> + +<p>Frequent at the higher altitudes throughout the region in moist grounds +and beside streams, flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Rumex acetosa</b> <i>Sour.</i></div> + +<p>Stems a foot or more high, smooth. Leaves oblong, hastate or +ovate-sagittate, 1—4 inches long, acute, the basal few and long +petioled, stem leaves sessile, the acute auricles entire. Flowers, +diœcious, minute, crowded in a slender head 3—6 inches long, +yellowish-green tinged with red.</p> + +<p>In moist open ground at the higher elevations, more or less frequent +throughout the Rockies, flowering in midsummer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Rumex salicifiolus</b> Weinm. <i>Pale-leaved Dock.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, pale green, erect, and spreading, 1—3 feet high. Leaves +lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, petioled. Flowers +small greenish-white in erect or reflexed racemes, dense in fruit, +interrupted below; wings of the fruit triangular-ovate, with a large +ovoid tubercle.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in summer. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[Pg 78]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Polygonum viviparum</b> L. <i>Alpine Bistort.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, with a corm-like rootstock; stems solitary or clustered, +2—10 inches high. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong. 1—8 inches +long, rather acute, cordate at the base on long petioles; stem leaves +narrowly lanceolate or linear, upper sessile with revolute margins. +Flowers in a dense terminal raceme several inches long; rose-coloured +or white; stamens exserted; small bulblets frequently developed among +the flowers, which later produce leaves and young plants.</p> + +<p>Frequent in moist sandy soil and river banks throughout the Rockies, +flowering in June and July.</p> + +<p>Several small weedy species of the genus are also found through the +region but are not sufficiently striking to be here described.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Eriogonum subalpinum</b> Greene. <i>Tall White +Eriogonum.</i></div> + +<p>Stems depressed, much branched, prostrate and matted at the base. +Leaves oblong to ovate-spatulate, 1—2 inches long, on slender +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[Pg 79]</span> +petioles, smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath. Scape-like +peduncles, erect, 8—14 inches high, with a simple, large umbel of +8—12 rays subtended by a whorl of leaves. Flowers ⅛—¼ of an inch +high, cream-coloured or nearly pure white, and tinged with rosy pink +especially in age.</p> + +<p>A striking plant growing in stony places and on rocky slopes, +throughout the Rockies, flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Eriogonum ochroleucum</b> Small. <i>Yellowish-white +Eriogonum.</i></div> + +<p>Tufted from a large rootstock. Leaves white and woolly throughout, +densely crowded on the very short stems, elliptic to obovate-spatulate, +half an inch or more long, narrowed at the base into slender, +frequently spirally-twisted petioles; scapes slender, several, six +inches or more high bearing a globular head of pale yellowish-white +flowers ³/₁₆ of an inch high.</p> + +<p>On a moist rocky slope at an elevation of 4500 feet near Glacier, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[Pg 80]</span> +abundant, the plant may occur elsewhere in the region but has not been +observed; flowers in June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PORTULACACE"><span class="smcap">Portulacaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Purslane Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Fleshy herbaceous plants, with regular perfect, unsymmetrical flowers; +sepals commonly 2; petals 4 or 5, folded together, stamens equal in +number to the petals or fewer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Claytonia lanceolata</b> Pursh. <i>Spring Beauty.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 3—8 inches high from a round corm. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, +½—1½ inches long. Flowers nearly half an inch broad, few to several in +a loose head, on slender pedicels; petals notched at the end or almost +obcordate, white with pink veins.</p> + +<p>One of the first plants to appear in spring on the edges of the +snow banks, throughout the region, from the lower altitudes up to the +alpine summits, flowering throughout the summer according to elevation +and condition of the snow.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_17_1" src="images/i080_1_plate17.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="515" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. (½ Nat.)<br> Spring Beauty.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_17_2" src="images/i080_2_plate17.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="484" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Claytonia parvifolia Moc. (½ Nat.)<br> Small-Leaved Spring Beauty.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[Pg 81]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Claytonia parvifolia</b> Moc. <i>Small-leaved Spring +Beauty.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 6—12 inches high, diffuse, ascending or somewhat reclined or +creeping, sometimes reduced to slender naked runners. Leaves fleshy, +rhombic-ovate, acute, about half an inch long, contracted at the base, +the upper a quarter of an inch long or less. Flowers few and racemose; +petals somewhat obcordate ¼ of an inch long, much surpassing the +rounded sepals, rose-colour varying to white; propagating freely by +bulblet-like offshoots in the axils of the stem leaves, as well as by +the usual method.</p> + +<p>In wet stony places and in the gravelly beds of Alpine brooks, frequent +in the Selkirks, flowering in July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CARYOPHYLLACE"><span class="smcap">Caryophyllaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Pink Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[Pg 82]</span> +Herbaceous plants, often swollen at the nodes, with opposite entire +leaves and perfect or rarely diœcious regular flowers; sepals 4 or 5 +persistent, separated or united into a calyx tube; petals equal in +number to the sepals or none; stamens twice as many as the sepals or fewer.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sepals united; petals long clawed.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Calyx 10-many nerved.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Styles 3; capsule with 3 or 6 teeth.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Silene.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Styles 5; capsule with 5 or 10 teeth.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lychnis.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sepals free to the base or nearly so.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Petals two-cleft or rarely none.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Capsule cylindric, usually curved.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Cerastium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Capsule ovate or oblong, not curved.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Alsine.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Petals entire or notched, rarely none.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Sagina.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Styles fewer than the sepals.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Seeds appendaged.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Mœhringia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Seeds not appendaged.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Arenaria.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_18_1" src="images/i082_1_plate18.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="509" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Silene acaulis L. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Moss Campion.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_18_2" src="images/i082_2_plate18.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="446" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Lychnis apetala L. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Nodding Lychnis.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[Pg 83]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Silene acaulis</b> L. <i>Moss Campion.</i></div> + +<p>Closely tufted, an inch or two high, forming cushion-like beds, often 2 +feet or more across. Leaves sessile, crowded, linear, ½ an inch or less +long, the margins ciliate. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more across, nearly +sessile or raised on naked curved peduncles, often ½ an inch long; +calyx narrowly campanulate, ¼ of an inch long, smooth, the teeth short, +rounded; petals rose-purple or rarely white, entire or notched.</p> + +<p>In alpine meadows, in stony ground, on the moraines and tops of the +mountains throughout the region, flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Silene Lyallii</b> S. Wats. <i>Lyall’s Catchfly.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slender, decumbent at the base, 12—18 inches high, minutely +hairy throughout, glandular above. Leaves, the basal spatulate, obtuse +1—2 inches long on long petioles, those of the stem linear 1—2 inches +long, sessile. Flowers on short peduncles in rather loose terminal +heads; calyx oblong, inflated, about ½ an inch long, narrow, glandular, +teeth purple-tipped; petals white, nearly half an inch long, spreading, +two-lobed.</p> + +<p>On grassy alpine slopes throughout the region, flowering in June and July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[Pg 84]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lychnis apetala</b> L. <i>Nodding Lychnis.</i></div> + +<p>More or less glandular-hairy, 2—6 inches high. Leaves linear or +oblanceolate, ½-2½ inches long. Flower solitary, ½—¾ of an inch +long, nodding; calyx inflated, strongly purple veined, its teeth +triangular-ovate, acute; petals purple, as long as or shorter than the +calyx, narrow, 2-cleft.</p> + +<p>Among loose boulders on the moraines and alpine summits throughout the +region, flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cerastium arvense strictum</b> (L.) Rydb. <i>Field +Chickweed.</i></div> + +<p>Stems tufted, ascending from a decumbent base, 3—6 inches high, hairy +throughout, roughly so at the base; glandular at the summit. Leaves +numerous, ½—¾ of an inch long, narrowly lanceolate, acute, with a +broad sessile base. Flowers several in a more or less close head, +nearly half an inch broad, white; petals deeply notched.</p> + +<p>In dry stony ground in the lower valleys of the Rockies, flowering in June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[Pg 85]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cerastium behringianum</b> Cham. and Schl. <i>Alpine +Chickweed.</i></div> + +<p>Thick, silky-hairy below, with sticky hairs above; stems matted 1—3 +inches high. Leaves small, oblong, ¼ of an inch long or less, rather +thick, obtuse. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more broad; petals white, +notched at the apex, sometimes little longer than the lanceolate sepals.</p> + +<p>In stony ground, alpine slopes and summits throughout the Rockies, +flowering during summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Alsine longipes</b> (Goldie) Coville. <i>Long-stalked +Stitchwort.</i></div> + +<p>Erect or ascending, tufted, simple or rarely sparingly branched, 3—12 +inches high, smooth and shining. Leaves light green, lanceolate or +linear-lanceolate, ½—1½ inches long, broad at the base. Flowers few, +¼—⅓ of an inch broad, terminal, on long, slender, erect pedicels; +sepals ovate or lanceolate, acute; petals 2-cleft, exceeding the calyx. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[Pg 86]</span></p> + +<p>In moist open places throughout the Rockies, flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Alsine læta</b> (Richards.) Rydb. <i>Glaucous +Stitchwort.</i></div> + +<p>Low, smooth, or somewhat hairy, 1—4 inches high, very glaucous +throughout, densely leafy at the base. Leaves keeled, lanceolate, +awl-shaped to linear, rather stiff, ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers ¼ of +an inch or more across; sepals lanceolate, acute, ⅛ of an inch long; +petals notched, longer than the sepals; stamens showy, with scarlet anthers.</p> + +<p>In alpine meadows and moist grounds at high altitudes, throughout the +region; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Alsine borealis</b> (Bigel.) Britton. <i>Northern +Stitchwort.</i></div> + +<p>Erect or ascending, weak, much branched, smooth, or hairy above, 6—18 +inches long. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ½—1½ inches +long, acute, sessile, thin, margins slightly hairy or naked. Flowers +small and inconspicuous in a leafy terminal compound head, ascending or +spreading on slender pedicels; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals +shorter than the sepals or none.</p> + +<p>In wet places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering +throughout the summer from early June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_19_1" src="images/i086_1_plate19.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="512" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton.<br> Northern Stitchwort.<br> + <i>b</i> Mœhringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl.<br> Blunt-Leaved Sandwort.<br>(½ Nat.)</p> + + <img id="PLATE_19_2" src="images/i086_2_plate19.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="521" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel. (⅔ Nat.)<br> + Rock Sandwort.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[Pg 87]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Sagina saginoides</b> (L.) Britton. <i>Arctic +Pearl-wort.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, stems very slender and tufted, 1—4 inches high. Leaves 1⅛ to +nearly ½ an inch long with a spiny tip. Flowers small, solitary or few +together, at the end of the slender stem, about ⅛ of an inch broad; +petals white minute, hardly exceeding the calyx.</p> + +<p>On rocks and moist sandy ground throughout the region; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Mœhringia lateriflora</b> (L.) Fenzl. <i>Blunt-leaved +Sandwort.</i></div> + +<p>Stems erect or ascending, simple or at length, sparingly branched, +finely hairy throughout, 4—12 inches high. Leaves thin, oval, or +oblong, ½—1 inch long, obtuse, spreading, the margins and nerves +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[Pg 88]</span> +fringed with hairs. Flowers few in lateral and terminal clusters or +sometimes solitary; ¼ of an inch or more broad, their parts in 4’s or +5’s; sepals oblong, obtuse or acute, half as long as the nearly entire +white petals.</p> + +<p>In moist places growing among grass, throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arenaria capillaris nardifolia</b> (Ledeb.) Regel. +<i>Rock Sandwort.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth throughout except the tops of the stems and sepals, which are +glandular; stems slender, 4—8 inches high, numerous from a tufted, +leafy base. Leaves mostly in bundles ½—1½ inches long, smooth, very +slender and curved, with a spiny tip, those of the stem few and much +reduced. Flowers white, ½ an inch broad in a loose branching head.</p> + +<p>A rather striking plant on grassy slopes throughout the region; +flowering in June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[Pg 89]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arenaria verna equicaulis</b> A. Nelson. <i>Vernal +Sandwort.</i></div> + +<p>Very slender, much branched and finely, sticky-hairy throughout; +stems thread-like, numerous, nearly of a uniform length in the same +plant, 2—3 inches long. Leaves crowded at the base, few and much +reduced above, linear, awl-shaped, thick, semi-cylindric, nearly +smooth. Flowers small, little more than ⅛ of an inch across; sepals +ovate-oblong, acute, strongly 3-nerved; petals white, acute, not +exceeding the sepals.</p> + +<p>A small tufted plant with wiry stems and minute white star-like +flowers, in moist or dry, sandy places throughout the region from the +low valleys to the alpine summits; flowering in May and June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arenaria sajanensis</b> Willd. <i>Alpine Sandwort.</i></div> + +<p>Closely tufted, stems densely glandular-hairy, decumbent, very leafy +below, ½—2½ inches long with 2 or 3 pairs of short, rather distant +leaves and terminating in 1—3 flowers. Lower leaves, linear-obtuse, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[Pg 90]</span> +stiff, ⅛ of an inch or more long, smooth or slightly hairy; calyx lobes +linear-oblong, 1—3 ribbed, glandular, hairy, ⅛ of an inch long; petals +white, broad, equalling or exceeding the sepals.</p> + +<p>On high alpine slopes and summits, throughout the Rockies; flowering in +June and July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="RANUNCULACE"><span class="smcap">Ranunculaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Crowfoot Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs or rarely climbing shrubs with acrid sap; leaves usually +alternate without stipules; flowers usually showy, blue, white, +yellow, or scarlet; sepals 3—15, generally soon falling away, often +petal-like; petals about the same number or occasionally wanting; +stamens many; carpels many or rarely solitary.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_20" src="images/i090_plate20.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="618" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Atragene columbiana Nutt. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Purple Virgin’s-Bower.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[Pg 91]</span></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Carpels with solitary ovules; fruit an achene.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Sepals valvate in the bud; leaves opposite.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Atragene.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Sepals folded on each other in the bud; leaves not opposite.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Stem leaves three in a whorl.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Styles short, smooth or hairy.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Anemone.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Styles long, plumose.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pulsatilla.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Stem leaves alternate or basal.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Petals none, flowers small; leaves compound.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Thalictrum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Petals present.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Batrachium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Flowers yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Achenes papillose or spiny.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ranunculus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Achenes longitudinally nerved.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Halerpestes.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Carpels with several ovules; fruit, follicles or berries.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Flowers regular.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Leaves simple.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Petals none; leaves cordate-orbicular.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Caltha.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Petals linear-spatulate; leaves palmately parted.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Trollius.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Leaves compound.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Sepals spurred; carpels becoming follicles</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Aquilegia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Sepals not spurred; carpels becoming berries.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Actæa.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Flowers irregular; upper sepals spurred</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Delphinium.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Atragene columbiana</b> Nutt. <i>Purple +Virgin’s-bower.</i></div> + +<p>A climbing or trailing vine with somewhat woody stems. Leaves +trifoliate, the leaflets thin, on slender petioles, ovate, attenuate, +acute, and entire, 2—3 inches long. Flowers purple, 1½—2 inches +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[Pg 92]</span> +broad, on long peduncles, solitary in the axils of the leaves; sepals +4—6, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, more than twice the length of the +stamens; styles persistent, forming a plumose head of fruit.</p> + +<p>In rocky woods and on shaded mountain sides up to 6000 feet elevation, +throughout the Rockies, trailing over the ground, or festooning the +shrubs or lower branches of the trees; flowering in early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Anemone parviflora</b> Michx. <i>Northern Anemone.</i></div> + +<p>Stem simple, sparingly hairy, 4—8 inches high. Basal leaves +long-petioled, 3-parted, the broadly wedge-shaped divisions +obtusely-lobed or crenate, those of the involucre nearly sessile, +similarly lobed. Flower an inch or less in diameter, sepals, oblong, +very obtuse, white, blue on the outside near the base; stamens +numerous; head of fruit globose.</p> + +<p>Common throughout the Rockies in moist ground and rich woods; flowering +early in June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_24" src="images/i092_plate24.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="590" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. Alpine Anemone.<br> + <i>b</i> Anemone parviflora Michx. Northern Anemone. <br>(⅔ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[Pg 93]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Anemone Drummondii</b> S. Wats. <i>Alpine Anemone.</i></div> + +<p>Sparingly pubescent, with long whitish hairs, especially at the +involucre, 4—6 inches high. Root leaves, slender-petioled, 3-parted, +the divisions cut into linear, oblong obtuse lobes; leaves of the +involucre similar on short petioles, their lobes slightly broader. +Flowers usually solitary, half an inch or more broad on long peduncles; +sepals 5, ovate or oval, obtuse, white, finely appressed-hairy and blue +outside.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region in alpine meadows and slopes near the snow, +flowering in June and July as the snows disappear.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Anemone globosa</b> Nutt. <i>Wind-flower.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 3—15 inches high, close, silky-hairy. Root leaves long-petioled, +nearly semicircular in outline, 3-parted, the sessile divisions deeply +lobed, with cleft, linear segments, involucral leaves similar, short +petioled. Sepals 5—8, red, bluish or nearly pure white, half an inch +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[Pg 94]</span> +or less long, soft, hairy outside, receptacle oblong, in fruit densely +woolly.</p> + +<p>The most abundant anemone through the Rockies in the low open valleys, +and, occasionally on the slopes, presenting the greatest variety of +colouring from deep rosy pink to pure white and occasionally blue; +flowering in early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pulsatilla hirsutissima</b> (Pursh.) Britton. +<i>Pasque-Flower.</i></div> + +<p>Villous, 6—18 inches high. Leaves much divided into narrow, linear, +acute lobes, the basal on slender petioles, those of the involucre +sessile and erect or ascending. Flowers bluish-purple, sometimes nearly +white inside; sepals 5—7 ovate-oblong 1—1½ inches long, forming a +cup; fruit a head of long silky achenes 2 inches or more in diameter.</p> + +<p>This is one of the earliest and most beautiful of all the spring +flowers, in the open meadows and mountain sides, blossoming through May +and June according to the situation. Probably its most common local +name, in the Rockies where it is very abundant, is that of crocus, to +which flower it does bear a superficial resemblance, in size, shape, +and colour, and in the habit of the flower appearing as soon as the +snow has left the ground, and before the leaves.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_25" src="images/i094_plate25.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="581" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh Britton). <br> Pasque Flower.<br> + <i>b</i> Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Western Anemone.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[Pg 95]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pulsatilla occidentalis</b> (S. Wats.) Freyn. <i>Western +Anemone.</i></div> + +<p>Stem rather stout, silky-hairy, 6—18 inches high, simple. Leaves +biternate, the lower on long petioles, the divisions deeply pinnatifid +into deeply cut linear, acute lobes; those of the involucre similar but +short-petioled. Flowers 1½—2 inches broad, peduncled, the peduncles +much elongated in fruit; sepals spreading, 6—7, oval-obtuse, white, +the outside usually blue at the base; fruit of long plumose tailed +achenes in a globular fluffy head.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies at an elevation of 6000 to 10,000 feet, +blossoming on the edges of the snow banks as they recede, a conspicuous +feature of many an alpine meadow during early June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[Pg 96]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Thalictrum megacarpum</b> Torr. <i>Veiny Meadow Rue.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, pale green, and glaucous; stem purplish, erect, 6—18 inches +tall. Leaves 3—4, ternate, long-petioled, leaflets firm, obovate, +rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped or subcordate at the base, ¼—½ an +inch long, 3—5-lobed, the lower surface prominently veined. Flowers +diœcious, with 4 or 5 small, purplish-green sepals and large, linear, +wedge-shaped anthers or slender styles; the achenes wedge-shaped and +tapering into a short beak.</p> + +<p>A frequent plant in the dry open valleys in the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Thalictrum occidentale</b> A. Gray. <i>Western Meadow +Rue.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slender, 1—3 feet high. Leaves 2—4, ternate, the lowest +petioled; leaflets thin, ¼ to nearly an inch long, 3—9 lobed at the +summit, sparingly glandular-hairy beneath. Flowers diœcious, nodding on +very slender pedicels in an ample open panicle; calyx of 4—8 sepals +which soon fall, filaments purplish and slender; anthers linear and +pointed; achenes lanceolate or somewhat sickle-shaped, nearly half an +inch long.</p> + +<p>Frequent in rich woods and moist shady places at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies; flowering in June, like the previous species +striking for its leaves, resembling a robust maiden-hair fern, and the +large loose heads of delicate tasselled flowers.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_29_1" src="images/i096_1_plate29.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="525" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Thalictrum megacarpum Torr. (⅓ Nat.)</p> + + <img id="PLATE_29_2" src="images/i096_2_plate29.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="581" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. (⅓ Nat.)<br> Western Meadow Rue.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[Pg 97]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Batrachium trichophyllum</b> (Chaix.) Bossch. <i>White +Water Crowfoot.</i></div> + +<p>Aquatic herb with submerged stems, a foot long or more. Leaves +petioled, 1—2 inches long, finely dissected. Flowers white with yellow +centre, ½—¾ of an inch broad, blooming on the surface of the water on +stout pedicels 1—2 inches or more long.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes in shallow ponds +and ditches; flowering in June and July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[Pg 98]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ranunculus Purshii</b> Richards. <i>Pursh’s +Buttercup.</i></div> + +<p>Aquatic or creeping, hairy, at least on the younger parts. Leaves +slender-petioled, ¼—1 inch, wide, palmately divided nearly to the +base, into obtuse lobes. Flowers less than ½ an inch broad, bright +yellow; petals 5; head of fruit globose, a little less than ¼ of an +inch broad.</p> + +<p>Frequent in shallow pools throughout the Rockies; flowering throughout +the summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ranunculus reptans</b> L. <i>Creeping Spearwort.</i></div> + +<p>Stems creeping, rooting at the joints; flowering stems and peduncles +ascending. Leaves linear-lanceolate or spatulate ½—2 inches long, +entire, gradually narrowed into the petiole. Flowers nearly half an +inch broad, solitary, on peduncles ¾—2 inches long; petals 4—7, much +exceeding the calyx; stamens numerous; achenes flat.</p> + +<p>On muddy shores of ponds and streams throughout the Rockies, flowering +in midsummer, the creeping stems frequently interlaced and forming dense mats.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_28_1" src="images/i098_1_plate28.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="500" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Ranunculus eremogenes Greene.<br> Ditch Crowfoot.<br> + <i>b</i> Ranunculus Purshii Richards. (⅓ Nat.)<br> Pursh’s Buttercup.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_28_2" src="images/i098_2_plate28.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="531" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Ranunculus inamœnus Greene. (⅓ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[Pg 99]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ranunculus pedatifidus</b> J. E. Smith. <i>Northern +Buttercup.</i></div> + +<p>Erect 4—12 inches high, branching. Basal leaves petioled, broadly +ovate or nearly orbicular, about ¾ of an inch broad, crenate or often +lobed, those of the stem deeply and narrowly lobed, nearly sessile. +Flowers about ⅓ of an inch in diameter, petals little surpassing the +spreading sepals.</p> + +<p>In moist shaded situations near Banff; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ranunculus eremogenes</b> Greene. <i>Ditch Crowfoot.</i></div> + +<p>Stem branching, more or less hairy, 6—18 inches high, sparingly leafy. +Leaves rounded in outline, mostly 5-parted, the segments cut into about +3-toothed lobes. Flowers of ¼ an inch or more broad, the light yellow +petals surpassing the sepals; fruit in an obtusely ovoid head.</p> + +<p>In wet springy places, ditches and the margins of pools, frequent +through the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in June and July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[Pg 100]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ranunculus Eschscholtzii</b> Schl. <i>Snow Buttercup.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, 3—12 inches high, 1—3-flowered. Leaves round in outline, +those at the root all 3—5-parted and deeply cut; their obovate or +wedge-shaped divisions mostly lobed or narrowly cut, stem-leaves +similar with oblong to spatulate or lanceolate, often entire divisions. +Flowers bright yellow; petals 5, a third of an inch or more long.</p> + +<p>Frequent at the higher altitudes, blooming close to the melting snow, +throughout the region; flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ranunculus alpeophilus</b> A. Nelson.</div> + +<p>Similar in habit to the previous species though usually larger, bright +green and nearly smooth throughout. Leaves sparingly hairy on the +margins, the basal broader and less divided. Flowers pale yellow, ¼ of +an inch or more broad; petals little longer than the calyx.</p> + +<p>Along streams and in moist grounds, an alpine species frequent +throughout the Rockies; flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_27_1" src="images/i100_1_plate27.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="504" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Ranunculus saxicola Rydb.<span class="ws3"> </span><br> + <i>b</i> Ranunculus alpeophilus A. Nelson.<br> (½ Nat.)</p> + + <img id="PLATE_27_2" src="images/i100_2_plate27.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="515" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Snow Buttercup.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[Pg 101]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ranunculus saxicola.</b> Rydb.</div> + +<p>Stems about 4 inches long, decumbent or ascending, smooth. Basal leaves +on petioles 2 inches long, rounded, somewhat hairy when young, 3-lobed, +lobes spreading and toothed, stem-leaves 1—3, nearly sessile, cleft +into 3—7 linear lobes. Flowers about ½ an inch broad, sepals tinged +with brown, half the length of the petals, broad, obovate, obtuse, +slightly hairy; petals broadly obovate, bright yellow; achenes more or +less hairy, with a straight style.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies in stony ground at the higher altitudes; +flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ranunculus inamœnus.</b> Greene.</div> + +<p>Stems rather stout, 6—12 inches high, slightly hairy. Root leaves +on short petioles, rounded, crenate-toothed or 3-lobed, stem leaves +sessile and cut into 3—6 oblong-lanceolate segments. Flowers ¼ of +an inch or more broad, usually several together on short slender +peduncles; petals obovate-oblong, light yellow; achenes small, hairy. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[Pg 102]</span></p> + +<p>In open ground sparingly throughout the Rockies at the lower +elevations; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ranunculus Suksdorfii</b> A. Gray.</div> + +<p>Stem 3—6 inches high, smooth, slender, 1—3-flowered. Leaves ½ an inch +or more long, sub-reniform or broadly fan-shaped with wedge-shaped +base, deeply 3—5-cleft or parted, the radical into cuneate 3—5-cleft +or incised divisions, those of the stem linear. Flowers bright yellow; +petals round-obovate, ⅓—½ an inch long.</p> + +<p>In moist ground on slopes, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ranunculus eximius</b> Greene. <i>Low Buttercup.</i></div> + +<p>Stems hairy, 6—10 inches high, branching. Leaves few, basal, +rounded in outline, ternately lobed, sometimes deeply so, on slender +petioles; stem leaves sessile or nearly so, cut into narrowly linear +or linear-lanceolate lobes. Flowers ¾ of an inch or more broad, petals +spreading, bright yellow and shining on the upper surface; sepals not +reflexed.</p> + +<p>A showy low buttercup in the dry open valleys in the Rockies; flowering +in June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_21" src="images/i102_plate21.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="559" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. (¾ Nat.)<br> Small Blue Columbine.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[Pg 103]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ranunculus montanensis</b> Rydb. <i>Meadow Buttercup.</i></div> + +<p>Stem stout, 1—2 feet high, branching with long rough hairs. Basal +leaves long, hairy all over, 3-parted, the divisions again divided or +cut into linear or lanceolate segments; petioles 3 or 4 inches long; +stem-leaves similar but short petioled. Flowers few, large; sepals +broadly ovate with silky hairs; petals broadly ovate, nearly half +an inch long, bright yellow; head of achenes, globose; style long, +slender, and much curved.</p> + +<p>Frequent in the Rockies at the lower altitudes in more or less shaded +grassy situations; flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Halerpestes Cymbalaria</b> (Pursh.) Green. <i>Creeping +Crowfoot.</i></div> + +<p>Stems creeping and rooting at the joints, 1—7-flowered. Leaves broadly +ovate, coarsely crenate, clustered at the base and joints of the long +slender runners. Flowers ¼ of an inch across; petals light yellow, +longer than the sepals; fruit in oblong heads. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[Pg 104]</span></p> + +<p>A common species throughout the Rockies in damp ground, frequently +forming mats several feet across; flowering continuously throughout the +summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Caltha leptosepala</b> Hook. <i>White Marsh Marigold.</i></div> + +<p>Stems erect, 2—12 inches high, 1—2-flowered. Leaves roundish or +oblong-cordate, longer than broad, irregularly crenate-toothed; sepals +6—8, lanceolate, ¾ of an inch long, white, strongly suffused with blue +on the outside; stamens numerous; pistils 5—15.</p> + +<p>In springy ground and wet alpine meadows throughout the region, often +growing in such abundance as to make the meadows brilliant with the +blue and white flowers, which appear soon after the snow has left the +ground in June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Trollius albiflorus</b> (A. Gray.) Rydb. <i>Western +Globe-flower.</i></div> + +<p>Stem erect, 6—12 inches high, more or less branching. Leaves palmately +divided, the segments many cleft. Flowers solitary, 1—1½ inches broad, +subtended by a whorl of leaves; sepals broadly obovate 5—6, pure white +tinged on the back with greenish rose; petals 15—20, less than ¼ of an +inch long, narrowly truncate, bright yellow, nearly concealed by the +numerous stamens.</p> + +<p>One of the most abundant and conspicuous of the spring flowers of +the alpine meadows, and marshy borders of alpine streams and lakes, +commencing to flower when but a few inches high on the edges of the +melting snow in May and June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_26" src="images/i104_plate26.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="529" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Caltha leptosepala Hook.<span class="ws3"> </span><br> + <i>b</i> Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb.<br> Western Globe-Flower. (⅔ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[Pg 105]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aquilegia brevistyla</b> Hook. <i>Small Blue +Columbine.</i></div> + +<p>One to two feet high, slender, sparingly branched. Leaves, the basal +long-petioled, biternate, lobed and crenate, the stem leaves few, +nearly sessile and lobed. Flowers ½ an inch or more long, nodding, +sepals blue, petals creamy-white with a short blue spur not more than +¼ of an inch long; styles and stamens hardly exceeding the petals.</p> + +<p>In open rocky situations, rather local, common in the region around +Banff, flowering in May and June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[Pg 106]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aquilegia flavescens</b> S. Wats. <i>Yellow +Columbine.</i></div> + +<p>Stems smooth, 1—3 feet high, branched. Leaves ternate, leaflets +round-cordate, 3-parted, the segments coarsely toothed, 2—3-cleft. +Flowers yellow, an inch or more long, nodding; sepals reflexed, +oblong-ovate, acute, longer than the spurs; petals spreading with a +spur half an inch long; styles and stamens nearly equal, much exserted.</p> + +<p>The commonest columbine throughout the region, growing in woods and on +slopes up to 8000 feet, varying greatly in colour; flowering in June +and July according to the elevation.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aquilegia formosa</b> Fisch. <i>Western Columbine.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 2—4 feet high, branching, sparingly pubescent with spreading +hairs. Leaves, the lower triternately parted on long petioles, the +upper sessile and ternate or reduced to simple bracts, leaflets broadly +wedge-shaped, 3-cleft. Flowers scarlet, drooping, more than an inch +long; sepals scarlet varying to orange, spreading or reflexed, an inch +long, lanceolate, acute; petals yellow, more or less spreading, with +a scarlet spur about the length of the sepals; styles and stamens +exserted.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Selkirks, in moist ground, on slopes and borders of +rocky alpine streams, flowering during July and late June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_22" src="images/i106_plate22.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="572" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. Yellow Columbine.<br> + <i>b</i> Aquilegia formosa Fisch. Western Columbine. <br> + (⅔ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[Pg 107]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Delphinium Brownii</b> Rydb. <i>Western Larkspur.</i></div> + +<p>Stem tall, 2—5 feet high, leafy. Leaves mostly orbicular in outline, +5—7-parted, the upper into narrow-cleft, laciniate divisions, +petioled. Flowers nodding, less than an inch long, dull purple, bluish +or occasionally white, numerous in an elongated spike; sepals 5, blue, +⅓ of an inch long, not spreading, the upper one prolonged into a spur, +half an inch long; petals white, nearly as long as the sepals.</p> + +<p>Frequent in the region around Banff in open woods at the lower +altitudes, flowering in July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[Pg 108]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Delphinium Menziesii</b> DC. <i>Blue Larkspur.</i></div> + +<p>Sparingly leafy, 10—18 inches tall, from a tuberous rootstock. Leaves, +the lowest round reniform, cut into irregular, oblong, obtuse lobes, +the upper with linear, acute lobes. Flowers few in a simple panicle, +sepals lanceolate, obtuse, ¾ of an inch or more long, spreading, +brilliant blue, about as long as the short curved spur; petals +exserted, white with purple veins.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region in open ground and on grassy slopes; flowering in +early June or later according to the altitude.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Actæa arguta</b> Nutt. <i>Western Red Baneberry.</i></div> + +<p>Stems erect, 2—3 feet high, smooth except the inflorescence. Leaves +large, ternately compound, the basal leaf long-petioled, the divisions +long petioled and pinnate, leaflets ovate, 1½—5 inches long, cut with +sharp teeth. Raceme ovoid, 1—2 inches long; flowers small, white, +with petal-like sepals; petals, 4—10 spatulate and minute; stamens +numerous; berries in a spreading raceme, small, spherical, and purplish red.</p> + +<p>Frequent in the rich woods throughout the region, at the lower +altitudes; flowering in late May and early June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_23_1" src="images/i108_1_plate23.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="538" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Delphinium Brownii Rydb. (½ Nat.)<br> Mountain Larkspur.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_23_2" src="images/i108_2_plate23.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="597" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Anemone globosa Nutt. (⅓ Nat.)<br> Wind-Flower.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[Pg 109]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Actæa eburnea</b> Rydb. <i>Western White Baneberry.</i></div> + +<p>Similar to the preceding species and often growing with it and +difficult to distinguish from it when in flower: in fruit, however, +they are quite distinct. In A. eburnea the berries are fully twice as +large, nearly half an inch long and a quarter of an inch in diameter +and pure waxy white.</p> + +<p>In rich moist woods throughout the Rockies; flowering with the other +species in May and early June; fruiting in late July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="BERBERIDACE"><span class="smcap">Berberidaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Barberry Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Shrubs or herbs with alternate or basal leaves, with or without +stipules, and solitary or racemed, mostly terminal flowers; sepals and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[Pg 110]</span> +petals generally overlapping in several series; stamens as many as the +petals and opposite them; flowers perfect.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Berberis aquifolium</b> Pursh. <i>Trailing Mahonia.</i></div> + +<p>A smooth, trailing shrub. Leaves petioled, pinnate, leaflets 3—7, +ovate or oval, oblique, obtuse, truncate or slightly cordate at the +base, sessile thick, persistent, finely veiny, 1—2 inches long, with +spine-bearing teeth. Flowers yellow, in several erect, dense, terminal +racemes; berry globose, blue or purple.</p> + +<p>A straggling shrub with spiny glossy dark green leaves, which change to +beautiful tints of scarlets and yellows during midsummer and autumn. +Frequent in the Rockies in woods; flowering in June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PAPAVERACE"><span class="smcap">Papaveraceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Poppy Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs with milky or coloured sap and alternate leaves or the upper +rarely opposite, flowers perfect, regular or irregular; sepals 2, +rarely 3 or 4, soon falling off; petals 4—6 or rarely more, folded +together, often wrinkled; stamens numerous.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_30" src="images/i110_plate30.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="531" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Delphinium Menziesii DC. Blue Larkspur.<span class="ws4"> </span><br> + <i>b</i> Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. Lithophragma.<br>(¾ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[Pg 111]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Capnodes aureum</b> (Willd.) Kuntze. <i>Golden +Corydalis.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, 4—12 inches long, diffusely branching. Leaves all but the +uppermost petioled, finely cut into oblong-obovate or wedge-shaped +segments. Flowers numerous in an oblong head, bright golden yellow, +nearly half an inch long; spur ½ the length of the body of the corolla, +outer petals keeled, not crested; pods spreading or pendulose, +torulose; seeds obtuse, margined, shining, obscurely ridged.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies in open ground at the lower altitudes +where it has been recently burned or cleared; flowering during most of +the summer.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="BRASSICACE"><span class="smcap">Brassicaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Mustard Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid juice, alternate leaves +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[Pg 112]</span> +and racemose or corymbose white, yellow, or pink flowers; sepals and +petals 4; stamens 6, rarely fewer; pistil 1, consisting of 2 united carpels.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Pods short; silicles.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Pod compressed parallel to the partition.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Draba.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Pod compressed contrary to the partition, ovate; flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Thlaspi.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Pod inflated, obcordate; flowers yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Physaria.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Pods elongated; siliques.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Pod compressed parallel to the partition.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Valves nerveless; flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Cardamine.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Valves 1-nerved; flowers white or pink.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Arabis.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Pods terete, not at all compressed.</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Pods 1½ inches long or more.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Flowers yellow, stigma 2-lobed.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Erysimum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Pods less than 1½ inches long.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Leaves grey with fine hairs; flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Smelowskia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Leaves not grey-hairy; flowers yellow or white.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Pubescence of simple hairs.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Sisymbrium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Pubescence of forked hairs.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid; flowers yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Sophia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Leaves entire or nearly so; flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Braya.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Smooth throughout.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid; flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Roripa.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_32_1" src="images/i112_1_plate32.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="527" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Draba oligosperma Hook. (Nat.)<br> Whitlow-Grass.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_32_2" src="images/i112_2_plate32.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="487" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Draba andina (Nutt.) A. Nelson. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Mountain Whitlow-Grass.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[Pg 113]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Draba glacialis</b> Adams.</div> + +<p>Caudex much branched, branches short and slender. Leaves strongly +keeled, ¼—¾ of an inch long, more or less loosely stellate-pubescent, +sometimes ciliate at the base. Scapes slender, ¼—6 inches high, hairy +or nearly smooth; racemes few-flowered; sepals with a few long hairs +or smooth petals ⅛ of an inch long, pale yellow, darker at the base; +pod ¼ of an inch or more long, narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, on +pedicels ¼ of an inch or more long; style distinct.</p> + +<p>In dry, exposed stony places throughout the Rockies, flowering in early +spring.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Draba oligosperma</b> Hook.</div> + +<p>Stems much branched from the root, densely tufted at the base. Leaves +erect, linear, obtuse, tapering to the base, stiff, ciliate, with +stellate hairs on both sides, especially toward the apex. Scapes +naked; flowers racemose; calyx smooth or with scattered hairs, petals +white or pale yellow, obovate, ⅛ of an inch or more long, pods short, +nearly orbicular, acute at the apex, more or less rounded at the base, +sparingly short-hairy, ⅛ of an inch long; style ⅓ its length. Alpine +summits and dry ridges throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[Pg 114]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Draba andina</b> (Nutt.) A. Nelson.</div> + +<p>Densely cæspitose. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, ⅛ of an inch long +or less, stiff and rigid, densely imbricated, forming numerous small +rosettes: stellate-pubescent on both sides. Scapes slender, 1—2 inches +high, few-flowered, petals pale yellow or white, ⅛ of an inch long; +twice as long as the hairy calyx; pods ⅛ of an inch or less long with +short stiff hairs.</p> + +<p>On exposed rocks and alpine summits throughout the Rockies, frequent in +the vicinity of Banff, flowering in May and June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Draba nivalis</b> Liljb. <i>Arctic Whitlow-grass.</i></div> + +<p>Caudex with numerous slender matted branches. Leaves in dense +tufts, oblanceolate, acutish with a rather stout mid-nerve, entire, +white-hairy, with dense stellate pubescence, not at all ciliate or +slightly so near the base, ¼ of an inch long or less. Scapes slender, +hairy, 1—3 inches high, calyx hairy; flowers ⅛ of an inch high, the +white petals slightly exceeding the calyx; pods few, usually smooth, +oblong, acute at each end, ½ of an inch or less long on short pedicels +and with a short stout style and 2-lobed stigma.</p> + +<p>On alpine summits and exposed ledges throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_33_1" src="images/i114_1_plate33.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="491" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Draba glacialis Adams. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Whitlow-Grass.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_33_2" src="images/i114_2_plate33.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="562" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Draba aurea Vahl. (½ Nat.)<br> Golden Whitlow-Grass.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[Pg 115]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Draba lonchocarpa</b> Rydb.</div> + +<p>Similar to the preceding species but with the leaves obtuse; pods ⅓—⅔ +of an inch long, smooth, very narrow and usually more or less twisted, +on slender pedicels ¼—½ an inch long.</p> + +<p>In moist or shaded ground, on alpine summits or on ledges, throughout +the Rockies; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Draba aurea</b> Vahl. <i>Golden Whitlow-grass.</i></div> + +<p>Pubescent throughout with short stellate hairs; stems rather stout, +erect, frequently several from the same root; leafy, 2—15 inches high. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[Pg 116]</span> +Leaves entire or few-toothed, oblanceolate or lanceolate, stem leaves +usually narrowed and frequently ciliate at the base, ½—2 inches long. +Flowers bright yellow in an elongated leafy raceme; calyx smooth or +somewhat hairy; petals elliptic, less than ⅛ of an inch long; pods +lanceolate to linear, acute, hairy, often twisted, ¼—½ an inch long on +peduncles half their length.</p> + +<p>Frequent in dry open ground at the lower altitudes throughout the +Rockies; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Draba incana</b> L. <i>Hoary Whitlow-grass.</i></div> + +<p>Erect, simple, or somewhat branched, leafy, stellate-pubescent +throughout, 6—12 inches high. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or +ovate, ¼—1 inch long, acute or obtuse, dentate or nearly entire; +flowers white, ⅛ of an inch or less broad; petals notched, twice as +long as the sepals; pod oblong or lanceolate, acute ⅓—½ an inch long +on nearly erect pedicels about ½ their length.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region in moist ravines; flowering during June.</p> + +<p>Other species of Draba occur in the region but being neither common nor +striking it is deemed out of place to describe them here.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_31_1" src="images/i116_1_plate31.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="520" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Bladder-Pod.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_31_2" src="images/i116_2_plate31.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="412" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Smelowskia calycina (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. (⅔ Nat.)<br> + Smelowskia.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[Pg 117]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Thlaspi arvense</b> L. <i>Penny-cress.</i></div> + +<p>Decumbent or erect, 6—12 inches high, simple or much branched above. +Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, obtusely- or runcinately-toothed or +angled. Flowers small, white, in a compact head; pods large, ½ an inch +broad, orbicular or nearly so, strongly winged and compressed.</p> + +<p>In moist low ground and waste places throughout the Rockies, flowering +in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Physaria didymocarpa</b> (Hook.) A. Gray. <i>Double +Bladder-pod.</i></div> + +<p>Densely stellate, canescent, pale green, root long and deep. Stems +decumbent or ascending, slender, simple, 3—12 inches long. Leaves +spatulate, the basal ones obtuse, entire or few lobed, narrowed into +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[Pg 118]</span> +margined petioles: stem leaves nearly sessile, acute, much smaller. +Flowers about ½ an inch broad, light yellow in a close raceme, 2—5 +inches long in fruit; pods much inflated and variable, often ½ an inch +thick.</p> + +<p>In dry clayey and stony soil and on slopes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cardamine pennsylvanica</b> Muhl. <i>Pennsylvania +Bitter-cress.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth or rarely with a few scattered hairs; stems erect, stout or +slender, 8 inches to 3 feet high, usually much branched, somewhat +succulent, leafy up to the racemes. Basal leaves 2—6 inches long, the +terminal leaflet obovate, ovate or obcordate, usually narrowed at the +base, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, the lateral 4—8 pairs oblong, oval or +obovate, all toothed or some of them entire. Flowers about ⅛ of an inch +broad, white; pods very narrowly linear, ½—1¼ inches long, erect when +mature on ascending pedicels.</p> + +<p>In wet shaded places, sparingly throughout the region; flowering during +June and July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[Pg 119]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arabis hirsuta</b> (L.) Scop. <i>Hairy Rock-cress.</i></div> + +<p>Stem erect, nearly simple, 1—2 feet high, roughly hairy or nearly +smooth. Basal leaves on margined petioles forming a rosette, obovate or +spatulate, obtuse, denticulate, 1—2 inches long; stem leaves sessile, +clasping by an auriculate base, lanceolate or oblong. Flowers ¼ of an +inch or less long, white, in a strict, elongated raceme; pods narrowly +linear, erect or appressed, 1—2 inches long.</p> + +<p>In open grounds throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; +flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arabis Holboldii</b> Hornem. <i>Stony Rock-cress.</i></div> + +<p>Finely stellately pubescent throughout; stems frequently +several, simple or branched, erect ½—2½ feet high. Root leaves +narrowly oblanceolate, entire, an inch or less long; stem leaves +linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, acute, sagittate. Flowers rosy +pink or rarely white, becoming more or less reflexed, ¼ of an inch +long; pods more or less abruptly reflexed, straight or somewhat curved +1½—2½ inches long, very narrowly linear. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[Pg 120]</span></p> + +<p>On banks and stony slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arabis Drummondii</b> A. Gray. <i>Drummond’s +Rock-cress.</i></div> + +<p>Slightly glaucous, stems erect; 1—2 feet high. Root leaves +narrowly oblanceolate more or less hairy; the stem leaves oblong or +linear-lanceolate, 1—2 inches long. Flowers white or pinkish, ¼ of +an inch long in a close panicle, elongated in fruit; pods erect when +mature, slender, 1½—3 inches long, obtuse.</p> + +<p>In open ground and on slopes throughout the Rockies, flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arabis Lyallii</b> S. Wats. <i>Lyall’s Rock-cress.</i></div> + +<p>Low, smooth, throughout, or sometimes more or less stellate-pubescent +below; stem simple, several, or many from the same root. Lower leaves +spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, usually ½—1 inch long, sometimes +longer; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong, sometimes scarcely +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[Pg 121]</span> +auricled. Flowers rose-colour, ¼ of an inch long; pods erect or +ascending, very slender, straight or nearly so, 1—2 inches long.</p> + +<p>Alpine meadows and slopes at the higher elevations throughout the +Rockies, flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erysimum inconspicuum</b> (S. Wats.) MacM. <i>Treacle +Mustard.</i></div> + +<p>Erect, 10—18 inches high, cinereous and rough with 2-parted hairs. +Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate or oblong-linear, mostly entire, +the root leaves crowded and sometimes repand dentate. Flowers sulphur +yellow in a compact head, elongated in fruit, calyx campanulate, ¼ inch +high, petals ⅓ longer, the blades spreading; pods slender, erect or +nearly so at maturity, 1—2 inches long.</p> + +<p>In gravelly places, common on the eastern slopes of the Rockies at the +lower elevations, flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Smelowskia calycina</b> (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. +<i>Smelowskia.</i></div> + +<p>Very variable in foliage, finely stellate-pubescent and usually +cinereous-villous with larger single hairs; caudex stout, branched. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[Pg 122]</span> +Leaves soft in texture, usually deeply pinnatifid with 2-several pairs +of linear to obovate, obtuse segments. Stems several, 1—6 inches high, +racemes at first dense and corymbose, becoming elongated in fruit. +Flowers white with exserted broad rounded petals ⅛ of an inch or more +long; pods usually lanceolate, tapering to each end.</p> + +<p>On alpine summits through the Rockies; not common; flowering in June +and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Sisymbrium altissimum</b> L. Tall <i>Hedge Mustard.</i></div> + +<p>Erect, 2—4 feet high, freely branching, smooth or nearly so. Lower +leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, petioled, the lobes lanceolate, often +auriculate; upper leaves smaller, short petioled, or usually sessile, +very deeply pinnatifid, the lobes linear or lanceolate, dentate or +entire, the uppermost often reduced to linear, entire bracts. Flowers +pale yellow, ¼ of an inch broad on slender spreading pedicels, pods +very narrowly linear, divergent, 2—4 inches long. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[Pg 123]</span></p> + +<p>At the lower elevations throughout the region as a weed, especially on +the line of the railway, flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Sophia intermedia</b> Rydb. <i>Western Tansy-Mustard.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 1—2 feet high, sparingly greyish-puberulent, especially below, +or sometimes nearly smooth, often glandular above; hairs more or less +stellate. Leaves twice or thrice-pinnatifid, the primary divisions +oblanceolate or obovate, divided to near the midrib into linear or +linear-oblong segments, sparingly puberulent. Raceme rather long, +flowers small, less than ⅛ of an inch high; petals yellow; peduncles +diverging sometimes nearly at right angles; pod club-shaped.</p> + +<p>Common throughout the Rockies in open places at the lower altitudes, +flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Braya humilis</b> (Meyer) Robinson. <i>Northern +Rock-cress.</i></div> + +<p>Erect 4—10 inches high, branching below, sparingly hairy. Leaves +spatulate or oblanceolate, the lower obtuse, 1—2 inches long, narrowed +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[Pg 124]</span> +into a petiole, sharply dentate or rarely entire, the upper smaller, +narrower, often acute. Flowers white or pink ⅛ of an inch or more +broad, pedicels erect, ¼ of an inch long in fruit; pods nearly terete, +narrowly linear, ½—¾ of an inch long, valves finely nerved.</p> + +<p>In moist gravelly or stony ground throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes, flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Roripa Nasturtium</b> (L.) Rusby. <i>Water-cress.</i></div> + +<p>Aquatic, smooth, branched, floating or creeping, rooting from the +joints. Leaves odd-pinnate of 3—9 segments, the terminal one larger +than the lateral, all obtuse, ovate or oval or the terminal one nearly +orbicular. Racemes elongated in fruit; flowers white, ⅛ of an inch +or more broad; pod ½—1¼ inches long, spreading and slightly curved +upwards, on pedicels of about their length.</p> + +<p>In ditches and shallow pools through the Rockies, especially abundant +at Banff in the warm water at the outlet from the Basin; flowering +through June and July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[Pg 125]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CRASSULACE"><span class="smcap">Crassulaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Stone-Crop Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Fleshy smooth herbs with alternate leaves, and perfect flowers in +terminal, oftentimes 1-sided cymes. Calyx 4—5-lobed; petals 4—5, distinct, +stamens twice as many as the petals; carpels 4—5, styles short.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Sedum stenopetalum</b> Pursh. <i>Narrow Petaled +Stone-crop.</i></div> + +<p>Perennial, tufted, smooth, flowering branches 3—7 inches long. Leaves +alternate, crowded, sessile, linear ¼—½ an inch long, entire. Flowers +bright yellow, nearly half an inch broad in a 5—7-forked, compact +cyme, petals narrowly lanceolate, very acute.</p> + +<p>Common throughout the Rockies in moist, gravelly or sandy soil, on +river shores, and on rocky slopes, flowering in June and July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[Pg 126]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PARNASSIACE"><span class="smcap">Parnassiaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Grass-of-Parnassus Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Smooth bog-herbs with a rosette of basal leaves and generally one or +a few alternate stem leaves and solitary, terminal flowers. Flowers +perfect; calyx generally 5-lobed to near the base; petals 5; perfect +stamens 5; staminodia (imperfect stamens) in clusters at the base of +each petal; stigmas 4.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Parnassia fimbriata</b> Banks. <i>Fringed +Grass-of-Parnassus.</i></div> + +<p>Leaves tufted at the base on petioles 2—6 inches long; blades reniform +or broadly cordate, ¾—½ an inch wide, thin, smooth, with about 7 +principal veins. Flowers ¾ of an inch or more broad on a scape 8—12 +inches high with a small cordate clasping bract about the middle; +sepals ¼ of an inch long, elliptic, obtuse; petals obovate, pure white, +fringed at the base, staminodia united into 5 fleshy obovate scales.</p> + +<p>Common throughout the region in springy places and damp mossy banks at +the lower altitudes, flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_34_1" src="images/i126_1_plate34.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="531" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Parnassia montanensis Rydb. & Fernald. (½ Nat.)<br> + Marsh Grass of Parnassus.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_34_2" src="images/i126_2_plate34.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="539" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. (¼ Nat.)<br> Swamp Gooseberry.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[Pg 127]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Parnassia montanensis</b> Rydb. and Fernald. <i>Marsh +Grass-of-Parnassus.</i></div> + +<p>Leaves tufted at the base on short petioles, blades ovate with a +cordate or rounded base ¾ of an inch long. Flowers solitary, on scapes +8 inches or more high with a large ovate bract below the middle; sepals +lanceolate, acute, ¼ of an inch or more long, petals oval to elliptic +only slightly larger than the sepals; staminodial scales with 7—9 +gland-tipped filaments.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies in marshy ground and shaded river shores; +flowering in June and early July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Parnassia parviflora</b> DC. <i>Small-flowered +Grass-of-Parnassus.</i></div> + +<p>Scapes slender, 4—12 inches high, usually bearing a clasping oval +leaf at the middle. Basal leaves on slender petioles, oval or ovate, +narrowed at the base, not cordate, ½—1 inch long. Flowers about ⅓ of +an inch broad, sepals equalling or somewhat shorter than the elliptic +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[Pg 128]</span> +sessile petals; staminodia 5—7 at the base of each petal.</p> + +<p>In wet gravelly places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Parnassia Kotzebuei</b> Cham. and Schl. <i>Alpine +Grass-of-Parnassus.</i></div> + +<p>Much smaller than the preceding species. Basal leaves few on petioles +less than an inch long; blades broadly ovate, ½ an inch long. Flowers +on slender scapes 2—4 inches high, without any bract; sepals oblong, +about ¼ of an inch long, equalling or exceeding the elliptic or oval +3-veined petals; staminodia short with 3—5 slender filaments.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies at high altitudes on the gravelly borders of +alpine ponds or brooks, a very diminutive species, flowering in July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="SAXIFRAGACE"><span class="smcap">Saxifragaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Saxifrage Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Stemmed or stemless herbs with alternate or sometimes opposite or more +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[Pg 129]</span> +frequently basal leaves; flowers perfect, racemose, cymose or +paniculate; calyx 5-lobed or parted; petals 4 or 5, white, yellow or +greenish or sometimes rose-coloured; stamens equal or twice the number +of the petals; carpels 1—several, distinct or united.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Placentæ parietal.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Flowers solitary and axillary; sepals 4; stamens 4—8.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Chrysosplenium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Flowers in more or less elongated racemes.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Flowers with 2 or 3 equal carpels.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Flower-stalk axial from a bulbiferous rootstock.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lithophragma.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3" colspan="2">Flower-stalk a lateral shoot from a stout scaly rootstock.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Inflorescence racemose.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Petals pinnately cut or pinnatifid.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">Base of the calyx campanulate deeper than the</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">length of the sepals.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Tellima.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">Base of the calyx saucer-shaped, shallower</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">than the length of the sepals.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8">Ovary more than half superior; disc inconspicuous.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Mitella.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8">Ovary wholly inferior, covered with the prominent disc.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pectiantia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Inflorescence paniculate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Heuchera.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Flowers with 2 very unequal carpels.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Tiarella.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Placentæ axial.</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[Pg 130]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">Base of the calyx well developed, at maturity longer than the sepals.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Stamens 5, plant with short bulblet bearing rootstock.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Hemieva.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Stamens 10.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Plants without caudices; only producing annual flowering stems.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Saxifraga.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Plants with perennial leafy caudices, often with offsets.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Muscaria.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">Base of the calyx only slightly developed, unchanged at maturity</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Plants stemless.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Corolla regular, petals about equal in shape and length.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Micranthes.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Corolla irregular petals of different shape and length.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Spatularia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Plants with stems.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Carpels distinct; leaf-blades toothed.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Leptarrhena.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Carpels partially united; leaf-blades entire.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Leptasea.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Leaves opposite except sometimes on the flower-stalks.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Antiphylla.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Chrysosplenium tetrandrum</b> Th. Fries. <i>Golden +Saxifrage.</i></div> + +<p>Perennial with a slender creeping rootstock; stems 1½—6 inches high, +branched above. Leaves alternate, the lower ones on petioles 1—2 +inches long; blades thick, reniform, ½ an inch or less wide, crenate +with 3—5 broad teeth, shining above, paler beneath, upper ones larger +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[Pg 131]</span> +and more or less wedge-shaped. Flowers in small clusters in the axils +of the upper leaves; sepals 4; stamens 4 opposite the sepals.</p> + +<p>In shaded damp ground in the wooded areas through the Rockies at an +elevation of 5000 to 6000 feet, where it often forms dense green +carpets, the inconspicuous little flowers coming into blossom in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lithophragma parviflora</b> (Hook.) Nutt. +<i>Lithophragma.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 4—12 inches high, slightly glandular-hairy, from a slender +creeping rootstock with rosy bulblets. Leaves palmately divided to the +base into 3—5 divisions, ½—1 inch long, twice ternately cleft into +oblong or linear divisions; lower ones on petioles 1—2 inches long; +stem leaves 1 or 2 similar, sessile. Flowers 3—8 in a slender raceme, +base of the calyx and sepals ⅛ of an inch long; petals pure white, +deeply 3—5 cut into narrowly oblong divisions.</p> + +<p>On grassy slopes and gravelly places throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[Pg 132]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Tellima grandiflora</b> (Pursh.) Dougl. <i>Tellima.</i></div> + +<p>Flowering branches 1—2 feet high, with long rough hairs, glandular +above. Leaves reniform or cordate, sparingly rough-hairy, round +lobed, and toothed with broadly ovate teeth; 1½—4 inches broad on +hairy petioles 4—8 inches long; stem leaves short-petioled with +well developed stipules. Flowers numerous in an elongated raceme; +sepals ovate ¼ of an inch long; petals white, purplish or pink with a +pinnately cut blade; claws broadly wedge-shaped, ⅛ of an inch long, +erect, blade spreading or reflexed with a rounded ovate body and +tapering thread-like lobes.</p> + +<p>Moist woods and crevices in the rocks, abundant in the Selkirks; +flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Mitella nuda</b> L. <i>Naked Bishop’s-Cap.</i></div> + +<p>Perennial, from a slender branched rootstock, producing long runners +in late summer; flowering branches scape-like, naked, or rarely with +a small leaf, 2—8 inches high, sparingly hairy. Leaves reniform ¾—2 +inches in diameter, rounded, crenate or lobed, on petioles 1—3 inches +long. Flowers few, in a loose raceme, saucer-shaped; calyx about ¼ of +an inch broad, greenish-yellow; petals spreading about twice as long +as the sepals, greenish-yellow, pinnately divided into thread-like +divisions, resembling snow crystals in form.</p> + +<p>Common in the cool woods and shaded mossy bogs throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_35_1" src="images/i132_1_plate35.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="588" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Mitella nuda L. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Naked Bishop’s-Cap.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_35_2" src="images/i132_2_plate35.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="524" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Pectiantia pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. (¼ Nat.)<br> Mitrewort.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[Pg 133]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pectiantia pentandra</b> (Hook.) Rydb. <i>Mitrewort.</i></div> + +<p>Flowering branches scape-like, 4—12 inches high, naked. Leaves broadly +crenate with 9—11 more or less distinct round lobes, thin, 1—2½ +inches broad on petioles, 2—4 inches long. Flowers ⅛ of an inch broad +in a slender loose raceme, green or often purplish inside; sepals +broadly triangular-ovate, obtuse, and recurved; petals yellowish, +deeply cut into slender thread-like divisions, twice as long as the +calyx; stamens 5, opposite the petals. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[Pg 134]</span></p> + +<p>Throughout the region in cool woods and shaded springy spots; flowering +in early June at the higher altitudes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pectiantia Breweri</b> (A. Gray.) Rydb. <i>Mitrewort.</i></div> + +<p>Flowering branches 4—8 inches high, leafless. Leaves thin, broadly +reniform with many shallow rounded lobes; petioles 2—4 inches long. +Flowers in a loose raceme, green, occasionally in pairs; calyx ⅛ of +an inch wide; sepals obtuse and reflexed; petals deeply cut into +thread-like divisions about twice as long as the sepals; stamens 5, +opposite the sepals.</p> + +<p>In damp woods throughout the region, growing with the previous species; +flowering in early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Heuchera glabra</b> Willd. <i>Smooth Alum-root.</i></div> + +<p>Flowering stems slender, 4—20 inches high, smooth, 1—3-leaved. Basal +leaves on petioles, 2—8 inches long, cordate, deeply 5—7-lobed, thin, +shining, 1—4 inches broad and as long or slightly longer, lobes +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[Pg 135]</span> +triangular-ovate, acute, doubly and sharply serrate. Flowers in a +loose panicle 2—6 inches long; calyx with the turbinate base about ⅛ +of an inch long, sparingly fringed with hairs; petals white, broadly +spatulate, acute, about twice as long as the sepals; stamens much +exserted, with scarlet and orange anthers.</p> + +<p>On damp shaded rocks, especially abundant in the Selkirks in the +vicinity of Glacier.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Heuchera ovalifolia</b> Nutt. <i>Round-leaved +Alum-root.</i></div> + +<p>Flowering branches naked, densely glandular-hairy, 1—2 feet high. +Leaves round-oval, ½—1½ inches broad, ¾—2 inches long, rounded, +slightly heart-shaped at the base, round-lobed and crenate with +bristle-tipped teeth. Flowers in a short dense raceme less than 4 +inches long, the deeply campanulate, yellowish, densely hairy base of +the calyx, with the broadly oblong sepals ¼ of an inch long, petals +usually wanting.</p> + +<p>On dry rocky banks and hillsides throughout the region, flowering in +midsummer. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136"></a>[Pg 136]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Tiarella unifoliata</b> Hook. <i>Foam-Flower.</i></div> + +<p>Flowering branches 6—15 inches high, 1—4-leaved. Leaves broadly +cordate, coarsely 3—5-lobed with broadly ovate-acute lobes, doubly +crenate with mucronate teeth; stem leaves short-petioled, basal, on +petioles 2—6 inches long. Flowers in a narrow panicle; sepals whitish +ovate-oblong, ¹/₁₆ of an inch long, the linear-subulate, white petals +and stamens fully three times as long; carpels oblong acute, nearly +half an inch long in fruit.</p> + +<p>Abundant in damp rich woods throughout the region oftentimes carpeting +the ground; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Hemieva ranunculifolia</b> (Hook.) Raf. <i>Hemieva.</i></div> + +<p>Light yellowish-green; stems 8—10 inches high from a rosy-bulbous +rootstock. Leaves ternately divided to the base, the middle division +broadly wedge-shaped, ½—1 inch long, rounded, 3-lobed, the lateral +ones oblique and 4-lobed; basal, on petioles 2—4 inches long, stem +leaves on short petioles dilated at the base, the uppermost sessile, +merely 3-lobed at the apex. Flowers showy in a short dense corymb; +the base of the calyx and sepals yellowish-green about ⅛ of an inch +long; petals white or yellowish, broadly spatulate, ¼ of an inch long; +stamens 5, opposite the sepals, filaments and carpels more or less rosy +in colour.</p> + +<p>On wet rocky slopes in the Selkirks at Glacier, not common; flowering +in June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_36_1" src="images/i136_1_plate36.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="567" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Saxifraga cernua L. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Nodding Saxifrage.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_36_2" src="images/i136_2_plate36.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="462" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Saxifraga rivularis L. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Alpine Brook Saxifrage.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137"></a>[Pg 137]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Saxifraga rivularis</b> L. <i>Alpine Brook Saxifrage.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 1—3½ inches tall, tufted, smooth or finely glandular-hairy. +Leaves reniform in outline, ⅛—½ an inch broad, thick, mainly 3-lobed, +those of the stem sometimes entire, short petioled or sessile; basal +leaves on slender petioles an inch or more long. Flowers small, base +of the calyx and sepals ⅛ of an inch long; petals oblong, or broadly +wedge-shaped, white, slightly larger than the sepals. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138"></a>[Pg 138]</span></p> + +<p>An inconspicuous little plant growing on wet rocks and beside alpine +brooks at high altitudes throughout the region; flowering during midsummer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Saxifraga cernua</b> L. <i>Nodding Bulbous Saxifrage.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 3—8 inches tall, leafy, somewhat glandular-hairy, growing in +groups. Leaves reniform in outline ⅓—1 inch wide; the basal and lower +stem-leaves long-petioled prominently, 3—7 lobed, the lobes linear +to triangular-lanceolate; the upper stem leaves, 3—5-lobed. Flowers +represented by clusters of rosy bulblets, except a single terminal +one with the base of the calyx and sepals ¼ of an inch long, and +wedge-shaped, the clawless white petals nearly half an inch long.</p> + +<p>A rather striking alpine plant growing on wet rocks at Lake Louise and +Moraine Lake; flowering in midsummer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Muscaria adscendens</b> (L.) Small. <i>Muscaria.</i></div> + +<p>Somewhat glandular-hairy, 1—4 inches tall. Leaves ⅛—¼ of an inch +long, mainly wedge-shaped or spatulate, 3-toothed or those of the stem +entire. Flower-stalks sparingly branched above or throughout; sepals +ovate or oblong-ovate ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long, acute or obtuse; petals +white, wedge-shaped to oblong wedge-shaped, a third longer than the +sepals, the claws slender or stout.</p> + +<p>An alpine species with rosettes of basal leaves, not infrequent +throughout the Rockies, along streams, and on shaded rocks; flowering +in midsummer.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_38_1" src="images/i138_1_plate38.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="446" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Muscaria cæspitosa (L.) Haw. (½ Nat.)<br> Tufted Saxifrage.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_38_2" src="images/i138_2_plate38.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="535" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene)<br> Small. (⅓ Nat.)<br> Mountain Saxifrage.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139"></a>[Pg 139]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Muscaria cæspitosa</b> (L.) Haw. <i>Tufted Saxifrage.</i></div> + +<p>Glandular-hairy, 2—6 inches tall. Leaves crowded at the base, +sometimes densely so; blades ¼—¾ of an inch long, 3-lobed at the apex, +the lobes lanceolate or linear. Flower-stalks stout, 3-few-flowered, +each bearing 2—3 leaves, base of the calyx ⅛ to ³/₁₆ of an inch high, +turbinate at the base, sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an +inch long; petals white, narrowly obovate or oblong-ovate, ¼ of an inch +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140"></a>[Pg 140]</span> +or more long, rounded at the apex.</p> + +<p>An alpine species growing on moist, shaded rocks throughout the +Rockies, frequent, often forming tufts of considerable size; flowering +in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Micranthes rhomboidea</b> (Greene) Small. +<i>Alpine Saxifrage.</i></div> + +<p>Leaves forming a rosette, spreading or ascending ¾—2 inches long, +ovoid or rhombic-ovoid, obtuse, crenulate or dentate-serrate, nearly +smooth except the ciliate margins, mainly green, sometimes purplish +beneath, abruptly or gradually narrowed into petiole-like bases, which +are occasionally larger than the blades. Flowers in a compact terminal +head on a copiously glandular, naked scape 3—10 inches high; sepals +ovate to triangular ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long barely if at all ciliate, +3-veined; petals white, obovate or oblong-ovate, twice as long as the +sepals, notched at the apex, seed pods green or purplish, the points spreading.</p> + +<p>A frequent alpine plant in the more or less moist, shaded situations +throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_37_1" src="images/i140_1_plate37.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="529" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Micranthes Nelsoniana (D. Don.) Small. (½ Nat.)<br> Nelson’s Saxifrage.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_37_2" src="images/i140_2_plate37.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="535" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Micranthes Lyallii (Engler)<br> Small. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Lyall’s Saxifrage.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141"></a>[Pg 141]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Micranthes Lyallii</b> (Engler) Small. <i>Lyall’s +Saxifrage.</i></div> + +<p>Leaves erect or ascending ½—2½ inches long, fan-shaped varying to +suborbicular, typically wedge-shaped at the base, coarsely few-toothed +above with the teeth mainly directed forward, smooth or nearly so, the +petiole-like bases often longer than the blades. Flowering stems 3—24 +inches tall, smooth or nearly so, sparingly branched above, commonly +purple, few-flowered; petals white with 2 yellow blotches below the +middle, broadly oblong or suborbicular, often slightly notched at +the apex, twice as long as the sepals, often tinged and streaked +with red on the outside; seed pods nearly ½ an inch high, purple or +purple-tinged, usually 3 or 4 together, with pointed beaks.</p> + +<p>An alpine form frequent throughout the region in damp, shady, or open +places and along the borders of mountain streams; a rather striking +plant, flowering in July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142"></a>[Pg 142]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Micranthes Nelsoniana</b> (D. Don.) Small. +<i>Nelson’s Saxifrage.</i></div> + +<p>Leaves erect or ascending, 1—5 inches long, suborbicular or reniform, +¾—1¾ inches in diameter, deeply cordate at the base, usually sparingly +hairy on both sides, coarsely few-toothed with crenate, gland-tipped +teeth. Flower-stem erect, 1½—7 inches tall, glandular-villous, +especially above, terminating in a compact head usually with purple or +purplish bracts; sepals ovate or oblong-ovate ⅙—⅛ of an inch long, +ciliate; petals white, broadly oblong to ovate, twice as long as the +sepals.</p> + +<p>A rather rare though very beautiful alpine flower found throughout the +region in moist places and along alpine brooks; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_39_1" src="images/i142_1_plate39.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="529" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Spatularia Brunoniana (Bong.) Small. (¼ Nat.)<br> Tall Saxifrage.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_39_2" src="images/i142_2_plate39.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="548" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Leptasea austromontana (Wiegand) Small.<br> (⅓ Nat.)<br> Common Saxifrage.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143"></a>[Pg 143]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Spatularia Brunoniana</b> Bong. <i>Tall Saxifrage.</i></div> + +<p>Copiously glandular-hairy, 4—15 inches tall. Leaves crowded on the +short rootstock, spatulate to oblanceolate-spatulate, 1—3 inches +long, sharply and sometimes broadly toothed, mostly above the middle. +Flower-stems solitary or several together, widely branching, bracts +much smaller than the leaves; flowers terminating the stem, branches, +and branchlets, but on many of the ultimate branchlets represented by +clusters of green bulblets; sepals oblong-ovate to triangular-ovate, ⅙ +of an inch or less long, purple, reflexed; petals white, ¼ of an inch +long or less, the three upper with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate +blades; two lower with elliptic or spatulate-elliptic blades; seed +pods ¼ of an inch long with diverging tips. The commonest form in the +Selkirks, everywhere along streams and banks.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Leptarrhena pyrolifolia</b> (D. Don.) R. Br. +<i>Leptarrhena.</i></div> + +<p>Caudex horizontal or ascending, clothed with folded leaf bases. Leaves +leathery, oblong, or sometimes slightly broadest above or below the +middle, 1½—3½ inches long, obtuse, serrate or crenate-serrate, +deep green and lustrous above, paler beneath, narrowed into winged +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144"></a>[Pg 144]</span> +petiole-like bases. Flower-stalks 4—18 inches high, bearing 1 or 2 +clasping leaves; flowers small and inconspicuous, at first congested in +a compact head, becoming separated; sepals ovate, about as long as the +base of the calyx, each with a terminal gland and usually some lateral +glands; petals narrowly spatulate, white, ⅛ of an inch long; seed pods +¼ of an inch long with slightly spreading tips; purplish.</p> + +<p>Along alpine streams and in damp shaded places, rather abundant +throughout the region at the higher altitudes; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Leptasea Van-Bruntiæ</b> Small. +<i>Fleshy Saxifrage.</i></div> + +<p>Stems decumbent. Leaves ⅛—½ of an inch long, the blades very thick, +flattish, smooth, ciliate on the margins, spine-tipped. Flowers +1—several on stalks, 1½—3 inches tall, finely glandular-hairy, +leafy, bearing larger leaves than the decumbent stems; sepals ovate to +oblong-ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, smooth, more or less eroded at the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145"></a>[Pg 145]</span> +apex; petals deep yellow, oblong, much longer than the calyx; seed pods +¼ of an inch or more long.</p> + +<p>A common species throughout the Rockies, forming mats on the wet gravel +and sand of the shores and flood-plains of the rivers and torrent fans +at the bases of the moraines; flowering throughout June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Leptasea austromontana</b> (Wiegand) Small. +<i>Common Saxifrage.</i></div> + +<p>Leaves of the caudices ½ an inch or less long, stiff and crowded, but +more or less spreading, the blades narrowly lanceolate to subulate, +ciliate, slender, spine-tipped. Flower-stalks 1½—6 inches tall, nearly +smooth or finely glandular-hairy, bearing several leaves which are +smaller than those of the caudices; sepals ovate, sometimes rather +narrowly so, ⅛ of an inch long, smooth or sparingly ciliate, obtuse; +petals white, usually yellow-spotted, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, ¼ of +an inch or more long, filaments slender; seed pods often nearly ½ an +inch long. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146"></a>[Pg 146]</span></p> + +<p>Common everywhere throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on bare +rocks and stony slopes, frequently forming mats a foot or more across; +flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Antiphylla oppositifolia</b> (L.) Fourr. <i>Purple +Saxifrage.</i></div> + +<p>Plants in dense mats, leaves densely folded together except on the +flower-stalks and sometimes on the elongated stems, 4-ranked, the +blades obovate to spatulate, ¼ of an inch long, ciliate, keeled. +Flower-stalks ½—1 inch long or sometimes shorter when young, leafy; +sepals oblong to ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, ciliate all around; petals +lilac or purple, elliptic or oval, showy, ⅓ of an inch long, each +narrowed into a stout claw.</p> + +<p>Usually a high alpine species and not infrequently forming mats of +considerable size; throughout the region, flowering in July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="GROSSULARIACE"><span class="smcap">Grossulariaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Gooseberry Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Shrubs, usually with lobed, petioled leaves and racemose or subsolitary +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147"></a>[Pg 147]</span> +axillary or lateral flowers, the pedicels bracteolate; calyx tube +attached to the ovary, the limb 4—5-lobed, often coloured; petals, +4—5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like, often +included; stamens 4—5, inserted with the petals; berry globose or +ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its summit.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ribes lacustre</b> (Pers.) Poir. <i>Swamp Gooseberry.</i></div> + +<p>Stems prostrate or ascending, 3—4 feet long, very prickly when young, +spines slender and weak, generally clustered. Leaves nearly orbicular, +thin, smooth or hairy along the veins beneath, deeply 5—7 lobed, 1—2 +inches broad, the lobes acutish, incised-dentate. Flowers in racemes of +5—9; calyx rotate, ⅙ of an inch broad, spreading, green or purplish; +petals exceeding the calyx; ovary glandular-hispid; berry black.</p> + +<p>A very abundant gooseberry throughout the region in cool damp woods and +bogs at the lower elevations; flowering in June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148"></a>[Pg 148]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ribes setosum</b> Lindl. <i>Bristly Gooseberry.</i></div> + +<p>Stems erect, 3—4 feet high, with numerous stout bristles, especially +on the young wood; axillary spines 1—3 together, rather stout and +spreading. Leaves slender-petioled, more or less finely hairy, at least +when young, ½—1 inch wide, broadly ovate or orbicular, 3—5-lobed, the +lobes incised or coarsely toothed. Flowers 2—3, ¼—½ an inch long on +very short pedicels; calyx tube cylindric, greenish-white or pinkish; +petals white; berries small, purple or blue and very sour.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies on lake shores and in thickets at the +lower altitudes; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ribes oxyacanthoides</b> L. <i>Northern Gooseberry.</i></div> + +<p>Spines generally solitary, light-coloured, ¼—½ of an inch long; +prickles commonly wanting. Leaves petioled, roundish, subcordate and +5-lobed, hairy or nearly smooth, the lobes deeply toothed or crenate. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149"></a>[Pg 149]</span> +Flowers greenish-purple or white, little more than ¼ of an inch long; +berry half an inch in diameter, smooth, reddish-purple and sweet when +ripe.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, in open ground and on +stony hillsides; flowering in June; fruit ripening in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ribes Howellii</b> Greene. <i>Howell’s Currant.</i></div> + +<p>Stems ascending, crowded, 2—5 feet high, without spines. Leaves +triangular, 2—3 inches in diameter, cordate at the base, deeply +5-lobed, the acute lobes doubly serrate, smooth above, often +resinous-dotted beneath, petiole as long as or longer than the +blade. Flowers ⅓ of an inch broad in a loose raceme, bracts linear, +about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long, much shorter than the slender, glandular +pedicels; calyx rotate with broad spatulate lobes; petals red, narrowly +spatulate, shorter than the calyx lobes; berries red.</p> + +<p>A rather showy plant with a pungent, skunk-like odour when bruised, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150"></a>[Pg 150]</span> +growing on wet, shaded rocks and in springy places throughout the +region, at the lower altitudes; flowering in June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ROSACE"><span class="smcap">Rosaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Rose Family.</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate leaves and perfect flowers; +calyx free or adnate to the ovary, 5—9-lobed; petals equal in number +to the calyx lobes, distinct or none; stamens usually numerous and +distinct; fruit mostly follicles or achenes.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Carpels few; in fruit becoming 2-several sided.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Stamens united at the base; flowers racemose.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lutkea.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">Stamens not united at the base; flowers in panicles or corymbs.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Shrubs with simple leaves, flowers perfect.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Spiræa.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Herbs with compound leaves; flowers diœcious.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Aruncus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Carpels few or many; in fruit becoming achenes or drupelets.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Fruit consisting of drupelets, usually united</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rubus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Fruit consisting of achenes.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Achenes enclosed in a fleshy fruit; prickly shrubs.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rosa.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Achenes on a plane or concave receptacle; herbs.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Styles deciduous, naked.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Styles terminal.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Potentilla.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Styles lateral.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Carpels hairy; shrubs.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Dasyphora.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Carpels smooth; herbs.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Stamens 5; carpels 10—15.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Sibbaldia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Stamens 20; carpels numerous.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">Leaves trifoliate; receptacle fleshy.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Fragaria.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">Leaves pinnate; receptacle not fleshy.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Flowers dark purple.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Comarum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws7">Flowers yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws8">Plant with stolons; flowers solitary.  </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Argentina.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Styles persistent, mostly plumose.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Calyx lobes and petals 8 or 9.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Dryas.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Calyx lobes and petals 5.</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Style jointed, upper part deciduous.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Geum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Style not jointed, upper part plumose.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Sieversia.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_40_1" src="images/i150_1_plate40.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="506" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Tiarella unifoliata Hook. (¼ Nat.)<br> Western Foam-Flower.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_40_2" src="images/i150_2_plate40.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="522" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Cut-Leaved Lutkea.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151"></a>[Pg 151]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lutkea pectinata</b> (Pursh.) Kuntze. <i>Cut-leaved +Lutkea.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, stems cæspitose, very leafy. Leaves trifoliate, persistent, +leaflets deeply 2—4-lobed, the lateral ones decumbent, forming a broad +petiole. Flowering stems 2—6 inches high with a dense terminal raceme +of many white flowers, about ¼ of an inch broad; calyx lobes ovate, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152"></a>[Pg 152]</span> +acute; petals 5, obovate, exceeding the calyx; stamens numerous, +shorter than the petals.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Selkirks, on alpine slopes and beside streams +at the higher elevations; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Spiræa densiflora</b> Nutt. <i>Pink Spiræa.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 2—4 feet high, reddish. Leaves ovate or elliptical, serrulate at +the apex, entire below, narrowed at the base to a very short petiole or +the lowest sessile, dark green on both sides, ½—1 inch long. Flowers +small, deep rose-colour in dense, round, leafy, bracted corymbs, +terminating the numerous branches.</p> + +<p>In moist, exposed, rocky places and on slopes at the lower altitudes, +frequent in the Selkirks; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Spiræa lucida</b> Dougl. <i>Birch-leaved Spiræa.</i></div> + +<p>Stems erect, mostly simple, 1—2 feet high, from horizontal running +rootstocks. Leaves, the lower ones small, obovate; upper, oval to +oblong, 1—2 inches long, often obscurely lobed and doubly serrate +above the middle, smooth throughout, dark green above, paler beneath. +Flowers white or tinged with pink in a large flat branching terminal corymb.</p> + +<p>Abundant throughout the region on hillsides and dry banks; flowering +during July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_41" src="images/i152_plate41.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="602" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Rubus pedatus Smith.<br> (⅔ Nat.)<br> Creeping Raspberry.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153"></a>[Pg 153]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aruncus Aruncus</b> (L.) Karst. <i>Goat’s-Beard.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth throughout, stem erect, somewhat branched, 2—4 feet high. +Leaves long-petioled, 2—3 pinnate, leaflets 1—3 inches long, ovate or +lanceolate, thin, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or slightly +heart-shaped at the base, doubly serrate or incised. Flowers small, +white, in an elongated spike.</p> + +<p>Frequent along streams throughout the Selkirks; flowering during June +and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Rubus pedatus</b> Smith. <i>Creeping Raspberry.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slender, trailing, 1—3 feet long, unarmed, rooting at the nodes, +pubescent. Leaves trifoliate, leaflets obovate, cuneate at the base, +¾—1 inch long incised, lateral leaflets often parted to the base, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154"></a>[Pg 154]</span> +smooth or sparingly hairy. Flowers usually solitary, on long +slender pedicels, white or rosy, ⅛ of an inch or more broad; sepals +ovate-lanceolate, entire or incised, exceeding the petals; berry of +1—6 large red, juicy drupelets.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the region in cold damp woods, forming masses of +considerable size; flowering during June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Rubus arcticus</b> L. <i>Arctic Raspberry.</i></div> + +<p>Stem low, herbaceous, unarmed, finely hairy, 3—10 inches high, +sometimes leafless below. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets sessile or +short-stalked, rhombic-ovate or obovate, coarsely and unequally serrate +or slightly lobed, ¾—1 inch long. Flowers solitary or occasionally +2, slender peduncled; petals obovate, pink, ½—1 inch long; sepals +acute, equalling or shorter than the petals, reflexed; berry light red, +fragrant and edible.</p> + +<p>In cold mossy thickets and swamps throughout the region, the first +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155"></a>[Pg 155]</span> +flowers appearing in May and early June when the stems are but a +few inches high, with the leaves hardly unfolded; in midsummer it +frequently flowers again from branched stems 8—10 inches high and +appearing like a different plant.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Rubus Americanus</b> (Pers.) Britton. <i>Dwarf +Raspberry.</i></div> + +<p>Stems herbaceous, trailing or ascending, unarmed, 6—18 inches or more +long, somewhat hairy. Leaves petioled, 3-foliate or rarely 5-foliate +leaflets rhombic-ovate, smooth or nearly so, acute, the lateral ones +mostly rounded, terminal, wedge-shaped at the base, all sharply +serrate. Flowers 1—3 on a slender glandular-hairy peduncle, ½ an inch +or less broad; petals 5—7, white, spatulate-oblong, erect, rather +longer than the acuminate calyx lobes; fruit red-purple, half an inch +long.</p> + +<p>In cold moist woods and swampy places throughout the region; flowering +in May and June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156"></a>[Pg 156]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Rubus parviflorus</b> Nutt. <i>Salmon-berry.</i></div> + +<p>Stems shrubby, 3—8 feet high, smooth or more or less glandular-hairy. +Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3—5-lobed, the lobes acute +or acutish, rarely acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate. Flowers +few, 1—2 inches broad, white, in corymbose, terminal heads, calyx +lobes tipped with a long slender appendage.</p> + +<p>Borders of woods, and in thickets among rocks, throughout the region, +but most abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_42" src="images/i156_plate42.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="553" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Rubus parviflorus Nutt. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Salmon-Berry.</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Rubus strigosus</b> Michx. <i>Wild Red Raspberry.</i></div> + +<p>Stems shrubby, biennial, 18 inches to 4 feet high, usually densely +clothed with weak glandular bristles or the older stems with small +hooked prickles. Leaves pinnately 3—5-foliate, leaflets ovate or +ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply and irregularly serrate or slightly +lobed, rounded at the base, 1—3 inches long. Flowers ½ an inch broad +in a loose raceme on slender pedicels, curved in fruit; petals white, +ascending, about equalling the spreading acuminate sepals; fruit dark +red, sweet and very juicy.</p> + +<p>The common red raspberry throughout the region in dry and rocky places; +flowering in June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157"></a>[Pg 157]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Dasyphora fruticosa</b> (L.) Rydb. <i>Shrubby +Cinquefoil.</i></div> + +<p>Shrubby, much branched; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, 6 inches +to 3 feet high, the bark shreddy. Leaves pinnate with 5—7 oblong, +entire, acute leaflets, with long silky hairs and revolute margins. +Flowers bright yellow, ¾—1½ inches broad, usually solitary at the ends +of the branches.</p> + +<p>A very abundant plant throughout the region, in swampy grounds, +gravelly river shores, on dry slopes and alpine meadows, flowering +throughout the summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Sibbaldia procumbens</b> L. <i>Sibbaldia.</i></div> + +<p>Stems densely tufted, decumbent or creeping, 1—4 inches long. Leaves +3-foliate, leaflets wedge-shaped, 3—5-toothed at the apex with +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158"></a>[Pg 158]</span> +scattered hairs on both sides. Flowers ¼ of an inch broad, greenish-yellow; +petals very small, not exceeding the calyx.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the region on rocks, usually in dry, exposed +situations at elevations varying from 4000 to 10,000 feet; flowering +during June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Fragaria glauca</b> (S. Wats.) Rydb. <i>Wild +Strawberry.</i></div> + +<p>Plant spreading, 3—6 inches tall, hairy, forming new plants by the +running stems after flowering. Leaves tufted from the root, very +hairy, palmately 3-foliate; leaflets obtuse, strongly serrate, the +teeth gland-tipped; lateral leaflets ovate, oblique on the inside, +shorter than the terminal one; terminal leaflet broadly ovate with a +wedge-shaped base. Flowers white, ¾ of an inch broad; petals slightly +longer than the sepals, borne on a scape about ⅓ longer than the +leaves. Fruit ovoid, rather small.</p> + +<p>On grassy banks and roadsides throughout the Rockies; flowering in late +May and early June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_43_1" src="images/i158_1_plate43.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="477" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. (½ Nat.)<br> Wild Strawberry.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_43_2" src="images/i158_2_plate43.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="526" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Amelanchier florida Lindl. (⅓ Nat.)<br> Service-Berry.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159"></a>[Pg 159]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Comarum palustre</b> (L.) <i>Marsh Cinquefoil.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, decumbent at the base, 6 inches to 2 feet long. Leaves pinnate, +the lower long-petioled with 5—7 oblong or oblanceolate, sharply +serrate leaflets, which are lighter-coloured and more or less hairy +beneath; upper leaflets similar, 3—5. Flowers few, in an open cyme; +calyx lobes purple within, acuminate, nearly ½ an inch long, enlarging +in fruit; petals much shorter than the sepals.</p> + +<p>A marsh plant frequent throughout the region in very wet situations, at +the lower altitudes; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Argentina Anserina</b> (L.) Rydb. <i>Silver-weed.</i></div> + +<p>Herbaceous, spreading by runners. Leaves all at the root, interruptedly +pinnate with 7—21 leaflets and smaller ones interposed; oblong, +sharply serrate, dark green above, soft, white-hairy beneath. Flowers +bright yellow, ½—1 inch broad, solitary on long pedicels, petals +exceeding the ovate, acute, calyx lobes. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160"></a>[Pg 160]</span></p> + +<p>In open and waste ground and meadows throughout the Rockies at the +lower altitudes; flowering during June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Potentilla nivea</b> L. <i>Snowy Cinquefoil.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 4—8 inches high, woody at the base, with long silky hairs. Leaves +3-foliate, the lower petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate, usually +deeply cut, densely, white-hairy beneath, green and loosely soft-hairy +above, ¾—1 inch long. Flowers 1—5, bright yellow, ½—¾ of an inch +broad; sepals silky, lanceolate, shorter than the broadly ovate, +notched petals.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies in open, rocky situations; flowering +during June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Potentilla dissecta</b> Pursh. <i>Cut-leaved +Cinquefoil.</i></div> + +<p>Stem decumbent or ascending 4—8 inches high from a woody base, more or +less silky-villous or nearly smooth. Leaves pinnate or tripinnate with +5—7 lanceolate, deeply cut leaflets, usually glaucous and with ciliate +edges. Flowers few, bright yellow, ½ an inch or more broad with notched +petals, in an open cyme. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161"></a>[Pg 161]</span></p> + +<p>In open alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region at the higher +altitudes; flowering during June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Potentilla multisecta</b> (Wats.) Rydb.</div> + +<p>Much like the preceding species but much more hairy throughout and +with more divided leaves. Flowers in a loose cyme on scapes 4—6 inches high, +not quite so large as in the preceding nor as brilliantly coloured.</p> + +<p>Dry rocky summits and ledges throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Potentilla uniflora</b> (Ledeb.) +<i>Alpine Cinquefoil.</i></div> + +<p>Densely cæspitose from a woody base. Leaves closely tufted, small, +palmately divided, leaflets deeply cut, densely white-woolly on both +surfaces. Flowers solitary on short peduncles, bright yellow, half an +inch or more broad; petals broadly obovate, notched at the apex, much +longer than the densely soft-hairy lanceolate sepals.</p> + +<p>A high alpine species in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies, not +common; flowering in July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162"></a>[Pg 162]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Geum macrophyllum</b> Willd. <i>Large-leaved Avens.</i></div> + +<p>Stout, erect, stiff-hairy, 1—3 feet high. Leaves lyrate-pinnate with +broad foliaceous stipules, basal leaves petioled, the terminal segment +much the largest, reniform, dentate, 3—7-lobed; lateral leaflets +3—6 oval or obovate with smaller ones interspersed. Flowers several, +short peduncled, borne in a terminal head; bright yellow, nearly ½ an inch +broad; petals longer than the acuminate sepals; receptacle nearly smooth.</p> + +<p>In damp places and low grounds throughout the region, most abundant in +the Selkirks; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Geum strictum</b> Ait. <i>Yellow Avens.</i></div> + +<p>Hairy, branched above, 2—4 feet high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; +basal leaves lyrate-pinnate; leaflets 5—7, obovate, cuneate, dentate +or lobed, the terminal one largest, broadly ovate or cuneate, stem +leaves sessile or short-petioled with 3—5 ovate or oblong, acute +segments. Flowers yellow, ½ an inch broad; receptacle downy.</p> + +<p>In swamps or low grounds throughout the region; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_44" src="images/i162_plate44.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="581" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens.<br> + <i>b</i> Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don.<br> Long-Plumed Purple Avens.<br>(⅔ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163"></a>[Pg 163]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Sieversia ciliata</b> (Pursh.) Don. <i>Long-Plumed Purple +Avens.</i></div> + +<p>Soft-hairy, scapose; scape 4—18 inches high, simple, 3—8-flowered +at the summit. Basal leaves petioled, interruptedly pinnate with many +small leaflets, among the numerous obovate, deeply cut larger ones. +Flowers ½ an inch broad of 5 pale purplish-pink petals hardly exceeding +the calyx and spreading linear red bractlets; styles plumose in fruit, +1—2 inches long.</p> + +<p>In dry open grounds extending into the Rockies from the plains, where +it is especially abundant, to the lower slopes and valleys throughout +the region; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Dryas octopetala</b> L. <i>White Mountain Avens.</i></div> + +<p>Stems prostrate, branched, 3—6 inches long. Leaves oblong or ovate, +½—1 inch long, obtuse at each end, closely crenate, dark green and +shining above, densely white-woolly beneath. Flowers solitary on slender +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164"></a>[Pg 164]</span> +pedicels, white, an inch or more broad; petals longer than the 6—8 +spreading linear sepals; stamens numerous, anthers bright yellow; +styles conspicuously plumose in fruit.</p> + +<p>Frequent in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies at elevations +ranging from 4000 to 10,000 feet, forming dense mats of considerable +size on the surface of the ground; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Dryas Drummondii</b> Richards. <i>Drummond’s +Mountain Avens.</i></div> + +<p>Similar in manner of growth and general appearance to the preceding +species. Leaves generally narrower at the base, the lobes +dentate-crenate. Flowers ½ an inch long, campanulate, drooping on a +densely woolly pedicel; sepals ovate, acute, black glandular-hairy; +petals lanceolate, obtuse, bright yellow, about twice the length of the +sepals; stamens included; styles numerous, conspicuously plumose in fruit.</p> + +<p>In gravel and loose stony soil throughout the Rockies, especially +abundant on river shores and flood-plains, like the previous species +frequently forming mats of considerable size; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_45" src="images/i164_plate45.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="655" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Dryas octopetala L. White Mountain Avens.<span class="ws4"> </span><br> + <i>b</i> Dryas Drummondii Rich. Drummond’s Mountain Avens.<br>(⅞ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165"></a>[Pg 165]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Rosa Macounii</b> Greene. <i>Macoun’s Rose.</i></div> + +<p>Stems branched, 2—3 feet high, prickly. Leaves pinnate, leaflets +large, ¾—1½ inches long, oval, coarsely toothed. Flowers solitary, on +slender pedicels, bright pink, petals broadly obovate, an inch or more +long, sepals entire with a long acuminate obtuse tip, persistent and +erect in fruit, fruit globose, bright scarlet.</p> + +<p>The wild rose of the region, in open ground, on slopes, borders of +woods, stream and river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering in late +June and early July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="POMACE"><span class="smcap">Pomaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Apple Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Trees and shrubs with alternate leaves, and regular, perfect flowers; +calyx superior, 5-toothed; petals 5; stamens numerous; fruit a more or +less fleshy pome.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves pinnate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Sorbus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves simple, entire-toothed or lobed.  </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Amelanchier.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166"></a>[Pg 166]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Sorbus sambucifolia</b> (Cham. and Schl.) Roem <i>Western +Mountain-ash.</i></div> + +<p>A small tree with smooth bark. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5—15, +ovate-lanceolate or oval, obtuse or short-pointed, serrate, smooth +and dark green above, pale and usually more or less hairy beneath, +especially along the veins, seldom over 2½ inches long. Flowers white, +nearly ½ an inch across in a compound flat cyme, 2—4 inches broad; +petals spreading, short-clawed, obovate; stamens numerous; fruit bright +scarlet, more than ¼ of an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>In moist stony ground throughout the region; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Amelanchier alnifolia</b> Nutt. <i>North-western +June-berry.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub, soft-hairy when young, at length nearly smooth. Leaves thick, +broadly elliptic or almost orbicular, very obtuse and often truncate at +the apex, round or subcordate at the base; coarsely dentate above the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167"></a>[Pg 167]</span> +middle. 1—2 inches long. Flowers in rather short, dense racemes, +pedicels short; petals oblanceolate, ¼—¾ of an inch long, 2—4 times +the length of the calyx; fruit purple when ripe and very sweet.</p> + +<p>On slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the region, flowering in June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="DRUPACE"><span class="smcap">Drupaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Plum Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum. Leaves alternate, petioled, +serrate, the teeth and petiole often glandular; flowers regular, +perfect; calyx 5-lobed inferior, deciduous; petals 5, inserted on the +calyx; stamens numerous, inserted on the petals; fruit a 1-seeded drupe.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Prunus demissa</b> (Nutt.) Walp. <i>Western Wild Cherry.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub or small tree. Leaves thick ovate or broadly oval, acute or +slightly obtuse, serrulate with short teeth. Flowers ¼ of an inch or +more broad, in drooping racemes at the ends of the leafy branches; +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168"></a>[Pg 168]</span> +drupe dark purple or black, globose, over ¼ of an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>In thickets in the Rockies, frequent in the vicinity of Banff; +flowering in May and early June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PAPILIONACE"><span class="smcap">Papilionaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Pea Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs or vines with alternate, compound leaves and irregular, perfect, +yellow, purple, blue, or white flowers, mainly in racemes; calyx +4—5-toothed; petals more or less united or separate, consisting of a +broad upper one (standard), two lateral ones (wings), and two front +ones more or less united (keel).</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Herbs; leaves unequally pinnate, not tendril-bearing.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Pods not jointed.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Keel of the corolla blunt.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Pod not much swollen, fleshy, leathery or papery;</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws6">flowers blue or purple.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Astragalus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Pods much inflated, membranous; flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Phaca.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Pods flat, both sutures prominent externally</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Homalobus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Keel of the corolla acute.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Aragallus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Pods jointed, flowers purple or white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Hedysarum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Herbaceous veins; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Style slender with a tuft of hairs at the summit.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Vicia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Style flattened, bearded along the inner side.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lathyrus.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169"></a>[Pg 169]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Astragalus adsurgens</b> Pall. <i>Ascending +Milk-vetch.</i></div> + +<p>Stems whitish with close hairs or nearly smooth, ascending or +decumbent, 4—18 inches long, simple or branched at the base. Leaflets +15—25 oval or linear-oblong, sometimes notched at the apex, narrowed +at the base, ½—1 inch long; peduncles exceeding the leaves. Flowers +purplish, ½—¾ of an inch long in dense short spikes; calyx villous +with long partly black hairs, ½ the length of the corolla, with slender +teeth, half the length of the campanulate tube.</p> + +<p>In open ground at low altitudes, probably the most frequent of the +vetches on the eastern slopes of the Rockies, often forming great +patches of blue during June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Astragalus hypoglottis</b> L. <i>Purple Milk-vetch.</i></div> + +<p>Hairy or nearly smooth, stems decumbent or ascending, slender, branched +at the base, usually low, but ranging from 6—24 inches long. Leaves +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170"></a>[Pg 170]</span> +2—5 inches long with 17—25 leaflets which are oblong or elliptic, +obtusish and usually notched at the apex, rounded at the base ¼—½ an +inch long. Flowers violet-purple, ½ to nearly an inch long in dense +heads, calyx nearly ⅓ the length with long black and white hairs.</p> + +<p>Frequent at the lower altitudes, in dry ground and roadsides on the +eastern slopes of the Rockies, particularly in the region around Banff; +flowering in early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Astragalus alpinus</b> L. <i>Alpine Milk-vetch.</i></div> + +<p>Ascending or decumbent, branching from the base, 6—15 inches high, +slightly hairy or smooth. Leaves 2—5 inches long, with 13—25 oval or +elliptic, obtuse or retuse leaflets, narrowed or rounded at the base, +¼—½ an inch long. Flowers ½ an inch or more long, pale violet, the +keel commonly darker, in short rather open racemes; calyx about ⅓ the +length of the corolla, with short black hairs.</p> + +<p>The most dainty of any of the vetches, frequent in rocky soil in +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171"></a>[Pg 171]</span> +slightly shaded situations throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering during June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Astragalus convallarius</b> Greene. <i>Slender +Milk-vetch.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slender, ascending and rigid, 10—18 inches high, branching from +the base; hairy throughout. Leaves 3—6 inches long with 9—17 narrowly +linear, silky leaflets ½—1 inch long, remote. Flowers pale violet or +mauve, half an inch or more long, scattered in a slender raceme 3—5 +inches long; peduncles much longer than the leaves; calyx about ⅓ the +length of the corolla with scattered white or brownish hairs.</p> + +<p>On the eastern slopes of the Rockies in dry stony ground at the lower +altitudes; flowering in early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Astragalus Macouni</b> Rydb. <i>Macoun’s Vetch.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 18—24 inches high, stout and leafy, slightly striate and nearly +smooth. Leaves 2—4 inches long, thin, odd-pinnate with 4—8 pairs of +obtuse, oblong, or oval leaflets, ½—1 inch long. Flower +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172"></a>[Pg 172]</span> +scream-coloured, tinged with blue, in heads 1½—3 inches long, on +peduncles 4—10 inches long, from the axils of the upper leaves; calyx +⅛ of an inch long, black-hairy, lobes very slender and short; corolla +¼ of an inch or more long.</p> + +<p>Frequent in more or less moist open ground throughout the Rockies at +varying altitudes; flowering during June and early July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Phaca Americana</b> (Hook) Rydb. +<i>Arctic Milk-vetch.</i></div> + +<p>Erect, nearly simple and smooth, 1—2 feet high. Leaves 3—6 inches +long with 7—17 oval or ovate-lanceolate obtuse leaflets, ¾—1½ inches +long. Flowers white, ¾ of an inch long in loose racemes on peduncles +equalling or exceeding the leaves; pedicels slender, ½ an inch long in +fruit; pod membranous, inflated, an inch long.</p> + +<p>In moist or wet rocky shaded places throughout the Rockies; flowering +during June and early July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_46_1" src="images/i172_1_plate46.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="540" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. (½ Nat.)<br> Arctic Vetch.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_46_2" src="images/i172_2_plate46.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="548" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Homalobus aboriginorum (Richards) Rydb. (⅓ Nat.)<br> Indian Vetch.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173"></a>[Pg 173]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Homalobus aboriginorum</b> (Richards) Rydb. +<i>Indian Vetch.</i></div> + +<p>Stems erect and branching, 6—18 inches high, hairy throughout, from +an enlarged root. Leaves pinnate with 7—11 linear leaflets; stipules +ovate, acute, foliaceous. Flowers white, tinged with mauve, in a loose +raceme 1—2 inches long; peduncles longer than the leaves, calyx +black-hairy, about ⅛ of an inch long, with slender teeth nearly half as +much longer; corolla more than twice the length of the calyx.</p> + +<p>An abundant species at the lower altitudes in open dry ground on the +eastern slopes of the Rockies; flowering in early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aragallus monticola</b> (A. Gray) Greene. <i>Mountain +Oxytrope.</i></div> + +<p>Silvery-pubescent throughout, with appressed or slightly spreading +hairs; tufted. Leaves basal, 3—6 inches long with 9—19 linear-oblong +or lanceolate, acute or obtusish leaflets ¾—1 inch long. Flowers pale +yellow or creamy-white ¾ of an inch or more long in dense heads, on +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174"></a>[Pg 174]</span> +peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx nearly half as long as the +corolla, with long white and short black hairs.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies in dry stony and alpine meadows and +slopes, at varying elevations; flowering from June to early July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aragallus Lamberti</b> (Pursh) Greene. <i>Loco Weed.</i></div> + +<p>Tufted, the branches of the caudex short; scapes few or several, +erect, rather slender, 4—20 inches high. Leaves several, mostly +erect, shorter than the scapes; leaflets 10—15 pairs, mostly +oblong-lanceolate, from sparsely soft-pubescent to lightly canescent, +acute, ½—1 inch long. Flowers pale yellow, ½ an inch long and twice as +long as the calyx, in a loose head, 2—4 inches long.</p> + +<p>Abundant in the open ground on the eastern slopes of the Rockies; a +strikingly handsome vetch frequently found in masses of considerable extent, +especially in the region around Banff; flowering in June and early July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175"></a>[Pg 175]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aragallus splendens</b> (Dougl.) Greene. <i>Showy +Oxytrope.</i></div> + +<p>Densely silky, silvery-villous, acaulescent, and tufted. Leaves 4—9 +inches long, erect; leaflets very numerous, in verticels of 3—6, +oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded at +the base, ½ to nearly an inch long. Flowers deep purple, about ½ an +inch long in dense spikes on peduncles exceeding the leaves.</p> + +<p>A very showy plant frequently flowering in considerable masses in +the open grounds on the eastern slopes of the Rockies and dry alpine +meadows; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aragallus viscidulus</b> Rydb. <i>Sticky Oxytrope.</i></div> + +<p>Tufted, with parts of the old leaves remaining. Leaves all basal, 4—6 +inches long with 8—15 pairs of leaflets, loosely villous-pubescent, +oblong, obtuse or acutish, ¼ to nearly ½ an inch long, glandular on +the margins. Flowers nearly ½ an inch long varying from pink to dark +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176"></a>[Pg 176]</span> +purple, in loose spikes on glandular sticky scapes, much longer than +the leaves; calyx more than half as long as the corolla with white +and shorter black hairs; calyx teeth and bracts of the inflorescence +densely glandular.</p> + +<p>In dry open ground and alpine meadows through the Rockies at the lower +altitudes, flowering in early June and forming dense tufted masses of +brilliant pink, blue, or purple flowers; probably the most striking +species in the vicinity of Banff.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aragallus deflexus</b> (Pall.) Heller. +<i>Drooping-fruited Oxytrope.</i></div> + +<p>Loosely soft-pubescent or silky, decumbent or ascending 10—18 inches +high. Leaves 4—6 inches long with 12—16 pairs of lanceolate to +oblong, acute leaflets, ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers small, pale purple, +little more than ¼ of an inch long in slender spikes 2—4 inches long +on peduncles much surpassing the leaves. Calyx nearly as long as the +corolla, with short black and longer white hairs; fruit strongly +reflexed.</p> + +<p>In moist open ground throughout the eastern Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_47_1" src="images/i176_1_plate47.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="520" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Aragallus viscidulus Rydb. (⅓ Nat.)<br> Sticky Oxytrope.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_47_2" src="images/i176_2_plate47.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="567" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Aragallus deflexus (Pall.) Heller. (½ Nat.)<br> Drooping Vetch.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177"></a>[Pg 177]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aragallus inflatus</b> (Hook) A. Nelson. <i>Inflated +Oxytrope.</i></div> + +<p>Acaulescent or more or less so, 1—4 inches high, soft-hairy. Leaves +pinnate with 5—11 pairs of short linear-lanceolate or oblong leaflets. +Flowers violet-purple, 1 or 2 on the peduncles which scarcely exceed +the leaves; calyx densely dark-hairy; pods much inflated.</p> + +<p>On high alpine slopes and summits through the Rockies, not a common +plant but probably more general than is now known; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Hedysarum americanum</b> (Michx.) Britton. <i>Purple +Hedysarum.</i></div> + +<p>Stem erect or somewhat decumbent, smooth or nearly so, 6 inches to 2½ +feet high, generally simple. Leaves 2—8 inches long with 11—21 oblong +or oblanceolate-obtuse leaflets, ½ to nearly 1 inch long. Flowers +violet-purple or nearly white, deflexed, ½—¾ of an inch long in rather +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178"></a>[Pg 178]</span> +loose elongated racemes; calyx teeth ovate-acute, shorter than the tube.</p> + +<p>One of the taller of the vetches growing in open stony places and +slides throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes, flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Hedysarum sulphurescens</b> Rydb. <i>Yellow +Hedysarum.</i></div> + +<p>Erect, 12—15 inches high, minutely hairy. Leaves with 5—6 pairs of +oblong-elliptic, obtuse-cuspidate leaflets, ½—¾ of an inch long, +finely hairy beneath. Flowers bright yellow, over ½ an inch long; +15—30 in a rather dense raceme; wings exceeding the vexillum but +shorter than the keel.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies in open woods and meadows up to 8000 feet +elevation; flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Hedysarum Mackenzii</b> Richards. <i>Mackenzie’s +Hedysarum.</i></div> + +<p>Stems erect or decumbent, 12—18 inches high, usually minutely hairy. +Leaves 3—6 inches long with 11—19 oblong-elliptic leaflets about ½ an +inch long. Flowers ¾ of an inch long, reddish-purple, 20—30 in loose +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179"></a>[Pg 179]</span> +racemes on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx teeth very slender, +longer than the tube.</p> + +<p>On slides and in loose stony soil throughout the Rockies at varying +altitudes; flowering during June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Vicia Cracca</b> L. <i>Cow Vetch.</i></div> + +<p>Finely hairy or sometimes nearly smooth; stems tufted, slender, and +weak, climbing or trailing 2—4 feet long. Leaves tendril-bearing 2—3 +inches long of 18—24 thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, +mucronate leaflets, ⅓—¾ of an inch long. Flowers deep bluish-purple, +½ an inch long or less in dense spike-like racemes 1—4 inches long on +peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves.</p> + +<p>In dry or moist soil throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, +flowering during June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Vicia americana</b> Muhl. <i>American Vetch.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth or some with appressed hairs, trailing or climbing 2—3 feet +long. Leaves nearly sessile, 2—3 inches long, tendril-bearing, with +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180"></a>[Pg 180]</span> +8—14 elliptic, ovate or oblong leaflets, ½—1½ inches long, obtuse +or sometimes notched or mucronulate at the tip. Flowers bluish-purple +about ¾ of an inch long, 3—9 in loose racemes, on peduncles usually +shorter than the leaves.</p> + +<p>In moist ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies, climbing +over the surrounding shrubs and herbaceous plants; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Vicia linearis</b> (Nutt.) Greene. <i>Narrow-leaved +American Vetch.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth or nearly so; stems weak, often zigzag, 1—2 feet long. Leaves +tendril-bearing, with 4—7 pairs of narrowly linear or linear-oblong +leaflets, 1—3 inches long, entire, acute and mucronate at the tip. +Flowers purple or purplish, about ¾ of an inch long, 2—6 in loose +racemes, on peduncles shorter than or about equalling the leaves.</p> + +<p>In dry soil at low altitudes throughout the Rockies especially near the +line of the railway; flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_48_1" src="images/i180_1_plate48.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="526" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene. (½ Nat.)<br> Loco Weed.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_48_2" src="images/i180_2_plate48.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="486" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook (½ Nat.)<br> White Vetch.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181"></a>[Pg 181]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lathyrus palustris</b> L. <i>Marsh Vetchling.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth or sparingly hairy, stems angled and winged, slender, 1—3 feet +long; stipules half sagittate, lanceolate-linear or ovate-lanceolate, +½ to nearly an inch long. Leaves with branched tendrils and 2—4 pairs +of lanceolate oblong or linear, acute, mucronate leaflets; 1½—4 inches +long. Flowers purple, half an inch or more long, 2—6 in loose-headed +racemes on peduncles about equaling the leaves.</p> + +<p>In wet ground and swamps at the lower altitudes throughout the region; +flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lathyrus ochroleucus</b> Hook. <i>Cream-coloured +Vetchling.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slender, somewhat angled, trailing or climbing, smooth and +slightly glaucous, 2—2½ feet long, stipules broad foliaceous, half +ovate and half cordate, ⅓—1 inch long. Leaves with branched tendrils +and 3—5 pairs of thin, ovate or broadly oval, obtuse leaflets, 1—2 +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182"></a>[Pg 182]</span> +inches long, green above, whitish beneath. Flowers yellowish or +creamy-white ½—¾ of an inch long, 5—10 on peduncles shorter than the leaves.</p> + +<p>On shaded river banks and hillsides at the lower altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering during June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="LINACE"><span class="smcap">Linaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Flax Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers; sepals 5, +persistent; petals 5 and alternate with the sepals; stamens 5 opposite +the sepals.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Linum Lewisii</b> Pursh. <i>Lewis’s Wild Flax.</i></div> + +<p>Perennial from a woody root, 1—2 feet high, densely tufted, smooth, +glaucous. Leaves crowded, oblong or linear, ¼—1½ inches long, acute or +acutish, 3—5 nerved. Flowers bright blue, 1—1½ inches broad; petals +5, soon falling; sepals 5, oval, mainly obtuse, ⅓ or ¼ the length of +the petals; stigmas shorter than the styles; stamens 5, longer than the +styles.</p> + +<p>In open, dry, stony ground and slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June and July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_49_1" src="images/i182_1_plate49.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="507" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Empetrum nigrum L. (Nat.)<br> Black Crowberry.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_49_2" src="images/i182_2_plate49.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="518" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Linum Lewisii Pursh. (¼ Nat.)<br> Wild Blue-Flax.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183"></a>[Pg 183]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="EMPETRACE"><span class="smcap">Empetraceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Crowberry Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Low evergreen shrubs with narrow nearly sessile leaves jointed to short +pulvini, channelled on the lower side by the revolute margins and small +monœcious, diœcious or rarely polygamous flowers; sepals, petals, and +stamens each 3, fruit a black, berry-like drupe.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Empetrum nigrum</b> L. <i>Black Crowberry.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth or the young shoots hairy, usually much branched, the branches +diffusely spreading, 2—10 inches long. Leaves crowded, dark green, +linear-oblong, thick and obtuse, about ¼ of an inch long with strongly +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184"></a>[Pg 184]</span> +revolute, roughish margins. Flowers very small, purplish; stamens +exserted; berry nearly ¼ of an inch in diameter, black.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies in damp woods, especially those of the +“Jack Pine” where it frequently forms a considerable part of the forest +floor, in dense, close mats.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CELASTRACE"><span class="smcap">Celastraceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Staff-Tree Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Shrubs with simple evergreen leaves, and regular perfect flowers, +sepals, petals, and stamens each 4 in our species.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pachystima myrsinites</b> (Pursh) Raf. <i>Mountain +Lover.</i></div> + +<p>Low evergreen shrub, densely branched or nearly simple, 1—3 feet high. +Leaves opposite, smooth, ovate to oblong or lanceolate, cuneate at +the base, the upper half serrate or serrulate ½—1 inch long on very +short petioles. Flowers small in axillary cymes; petals 4, stamens 4, +inserted at the edge of the broad disc.</p> + +<p>In gravelly and stony situations extending from the Valley of the +Columbia River at Beavermouth, westward throughout the Selkirks, the +minute blossoms appearing in the latter part of May; a pretty but very +variable shrub in habit and leaf form.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_50_1" src="images/i184_1_plate50.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="515" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. (½ Nat.)<br> Mountain Lover.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_50_2" src="images/i184_2_plate50.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="516" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Viola adunca longipes (Nutt.) Rydb. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Dog Violet.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185"></a>[Pg 185]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ACERACE"><span class="smcap">Aceraceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Maple Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with watery often saccharine sap, opposite, simple and +palmately lobed leaves and axillary or terminal, cymose or racemose, +regular, polygamous or diœcious flowers; fruit of 2 long-winged +samaras, joined at the base.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Acer glabrum</b> Torr. <i>Smooth Maple.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub or small tree 6—30 feet high, 2—8 inches in diameter, smooth +throughout except the scales which are densely soft, hairy inside. +Leaves round-cordate with shallow sinus, 2—4 inches broad and nearly +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186"></a>[Pg 186]</span> +as long, more or less deeply 3-lobed or parted, the ovate-acuminate +lobes doubly serrate with slender teeth; conspicuously veined. Flowers +greenish-yellow, somewhat corymbose on short 2-leaved branchlets +appearing after the leaves. Fruit smooth with slightly spreading wings +about an inch long.</p> + +<p>One of the few deciduous trees of the region, growing on slopes with +the other forest trees and in the moist valleys.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="HYPERICACE"><span class="smcap">Hypericaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>St. John’s-Wort Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs in our species with opposite, black-dotted leaves, and cymose +yellow flowers; sepals and petals 5, twisted in the bud; stamens many.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Hypericum Scouleri</b> Hook. <i>Scouler’s St. +John’s-wort.</i></div> + +<p>Simple or sparingly branched above often with numerous small branchlets +from running rootstocks, 1—2 feet high. Leaves thin, shorter than the +internodes, about an inch long, mostly obtuse, more or less clasping +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187"></a>[Pg 187]</span> +and usually black-dotted along the margin. Flowers bright orange, ½—1 +inch in diameter in more or less panicled cymes, sepals oval or oblong, +much shorter than the petals, stamens numerous in three fascicles.</p> + +<p>In moist gravelly soil in the Selkirks at Glacier; flowering in July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="VIOLACE"><span class="smcap">Violaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Violet Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs in our species with basal or alternate simple leaves and solitary +or clustered perfect irregular flowers; sepals 5, petals 5, the lower +one larger or with a posterior spur.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Viola cognata</b> Greene. <i>Early Blue Violet.</i></div> + +<p>Acaulescent; rootstock short and thick. Leaves long-petioled, smooth or +more or less hairy, slightly fleshy, cordate with a broad sinus, acute +or acuminate, crenately toothed. Flowers large, blue or violet, scapes +2—10 inches long, equalling or surpassing the leaves; petals narrow, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188"></a>[Pg 188]</span> +½—¾ of an inch long, all villous at the base, the 3 lower strongly so.</p> + +<p>In moist shaded ground, on stream banks and in marshes, frequent +throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Viola palustris</b> L. <i>Marsh Violet.</i></div> + +<p>Acaulescent, smooth, petioles and scapes arising from a very slender, +creeping or horizontal rootstock, the scapes mostly exceeding the +leaves. Leaves thin, cordate, broadly ovate, orbicular or reniform, +1—2½ inches wide, crenulate. Flowers pale lilac or nearly white with +darker veins; petals broad, ⅓—½ an inch long, spur short.</p> + +<p>In marshy places among moss in the Selkirks near Glacier; flowering in +June; not a common species in the region.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Viola sempervirens</b> Greene. <i>Low Yellow Violet.</i></div> + +<p>Sparingly hairy, stems weak and decumbent, multiplying by long slender +rootstocks. Leaves mostly basal, rounded, cordate, reniform or +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189"></a>[Pg 189]</span> +sometimes ovate ½—1½ inches broad, finely crenate; peduncles mostly +exceeding the leaves. Flowers yellow; petals oblong, ⅓ of an inch or +more long, sparingly veined with brown toward the base; spur short and +sac-like.</p> + +<p>In open woods throughout the region at elevations ranging from 5000 +to 7000 feet, blossoming very early in May or June shortly after the +melting of the snow.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Viola glabella</b> Nutt. <i>Tall Yellow Violet.</i></div> + +<p>Minutely hairy or smooth, stems fleshy from a short fleshy horizontal +rhizome, naked or sparingly leafy below, 5—12 inches high. Basal +leaves on long petioles, the upper short-petioled reniform-cordate to +cordate, acute, crenate-toothed, 1—4 inches broad. Flowers bright +yellow on peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves; petals broadly +oblong, ⅓—½ an inch or more long, the lateral and lower with brown +lines at the base.</p> + +<p>A striking plant on shaded banks and borders of streams and rills at +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190"></a>[Pg 190]</span> +the higher altitudes, very abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Viola canadensis</b> L. <i>Canada Violet.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth or nearly so; stems 3—14 inches high, tufted, leafy throughout. +Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate, acuminate or acute, +1—2½ inches long, serrate, the veins on the lower surface often hairy. +Flowers on peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves, pale violet or +nearly white, veined with purple, and often tinged with purple on the +outside, ½—¾ of an inch broad; petals nearly in the same plane.</p> + +<p>In rich moist woods throughout the Rockies and occasionally in the open +alpine meadows, continuing in flower from June until September.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Viola adunca longipes</b> (Nutt.) Rydb. <i>Dog +Violet.</i></div> + +<p>Slightly hairy or nearly smooth, branching from the base, usually 3—11 +inches high, at length sending out runners that bear cleistogamic +flowers. Leaves ovate, more or less cordate at the base, ½—1½ inches +long, obscurely crenate. Flowers on peduncles usually longer than the +leaves, violet-purple to white; petals ½ an inch or more long; spur ¼ +of an inch long, rather slender and curved.</p> + +<p>A low-stemmed violet usually with brilliant blue flowers, growing in +dry, sandy, shaded or open ground at varying elevations throughout the +Rockies: flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_51_1" src="images/i190_1_plate51.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="510" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Elæagnus argentea Pursh. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Silver-Berry.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_51_2" src="images/i190_2_plate51.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="535" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Lepargyræa canadensis (L.) Greene. (½ Nat.)<br> Buffalo-Berry.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191"></a>[Pg 191]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ELAGNACE"><span class="smcap">Elæagnaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Oleaster Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Shrubs or trees mostly silvery-scaly or stellate-pubescent with entire +leaves and flowers clustered in the axils or at the nodes of twigs of +the preceding season; fruit drupe-like.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Stamens as many as the perianth parts; flowers perfect</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">or polygamous: leaves alternate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Elæagnus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Stamens twice as many as the perianth parts;</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">flowers diœcious; leaves opposite.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lepargyræa.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Elæagnus argentea</b> Pursh. <i>Silver-Berry.</i></div> + +<p>A stoloniferous much branched shrub sometimes 12 feet high, the young +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192"></a>[Pg 192]</span> +twigs covered with brown scurf, becoming silvery. Leaves oblong-ovate +or ovate-lanceolate, densely silvery-scurfy on both sides, acute or +obtuse short petioled, 1—4 inches long. Flowers usually numerous in +the axils of the leaves, fragrant, silvery, ½ an inch or more long; +perianth silvery without, yellowish within, the lobes ovate and short.</p> + +<p>On the eastern slope of the Rockies, on the banks of the rivers and +streams, very abundant at Banff on the Bow and Spray rivers; flowering +in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lepargyræa canadensis</b> (L.) Greene. <i>Canadian +Buffalo-Berry.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub 4—8 feet high, with brown-scurfy young shoots. Leaves with +short petioles, ovate or oval, obtuse at the apex, rounded or some +of them narrowed at the base, 1—1½ inches long, green and sparingly +scurfy, stellate above, densely silvery, stellate, scurfy beneath, some +of the scurf usually brown. Flowers small, yellowish, in short spikes +at the nodes of the twigs, expanding with or before the leaves; fruit +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193"></a>[Pg 193]</span> +showy ¼ of an inch in diameter, translucent, varying in colour on +different plants from orange to brilliant crimson.</p> + +<p>Thickets and wooded banks throughout the Rockies; flowering in May or +early June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONAGRACE"><span class="smcap">Onagraceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Evening Primrose Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves and perfect flowers; calyx +tube adnate to the ovary, 2—6 lobed; petals white, yellow, pink, or +purple, folded on each other in the bud; stamens usually as many or +twice as many as the petals.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Parts of the flower in 4’s; seeds with tufts of hair on the ends.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers large.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Chamænerion.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers usually small.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Epilobium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Parts of the flowers in 2’s; fruit with hooked hairs.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Circæa.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194"></a>[Pg 194]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Chamænerion angustifolium</b> (L.) Scop. <i>Great +Willow-herb, Fire-weed.</i></div> + +<p>Erect, stout, simple or branched, usually smooth, 2—8 feet high. +Leaves numerous, alternate, very short petioled, lanceolate, entire +or denticulate, 2—6 inches long, ¼—1 inch wide, pale beneath, thin, +acute at the apex, the lateral veins confluent in marginal loops. +Flowers ¾—1½ inches broad, reddish-purple, in elongated terminal +spike-like racemes, 1—2 feet or more long.</p> + +<p>An abundant plant throughout the entire region on open mountain sides +and banks, especially where visited by fire, flowering throughout the +summer, the air being filled with the white cottony seeds a few weeks +after flowering commences.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Chamænerion latifolium</b> (L.) <i>Sweet Broad-leaved +Willow-herb.</i></div> + +<p>Erect, usually branching, very smooth below, 6—18 inches high. Leaves +mostly sessile, 1—2 inches long, ¼—½ an inch wide, denticulate or +entire, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish at both ends, thick, +those of the branches opposite, the veins inconspicuous. Flowers +reddish-purple, 1—2 inches broad, mainly in short leafy-bracted +racemes; petals entire; stigma 4-lobed.</p> + +<p>On gravelly river bars and moist clayey banks throughout the entire +region; flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_52" src="images/i194_plate52.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="494" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Epilobium luteum Pursh. Yellow Willow-herb. (⅗ Nat.) + <span class="ws3"> </span><br> + <i>b</i> Chamænerion latifolium (L.) Sweet. Broad-Leaved Willow-herb.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195"></a>[Pg 195]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Epilobium luteum</b> Pursh. <i>Yellow Willow-herb.</i></div> + +<p>Stems rather stout, 1—2 feet high, usually simple, nearly smooth. +Leaves 1—3 inches long, ovate or elliptical to broadly lanceolate, +acute or acuminate, sinuate-toothed, sessile, or when large, obliquely +tapering to a winged petiole, slightly fleshy. Inflorescence with more +or less glandular pubescence; flowers about ¾ of an inch long, not +opening widely, pale yellow, rather few, at first nodding in the axils +of the upper leaves; style usually exserted and deeply 4-parted.</p> + +<p>A rather rare plant in springy places and along alpine brooks, confined +to the Selkirks: flowering during July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196"></a>[Pg 196]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Epilobium alpinum</b> L. <i>Alpine Willow-herb.</i></div> + +<p>Slender, smooth or nearly so, 3—12 inches high. Leaves pale, petioled, +opposite or the upper alternate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, ½—¾ +of an inch long. Flowers, few, white, nearly erect, ¼ of an inch or +more broad; stigma nearly entire; capsules slender stalked, 1—2 inches +long, seeds beaked.</p> + +<p>In damp and springy places at the higher altitudes throughout the +region; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Epilobium anagallidifolium</b> Lam. <i>Nodding +Willow-herb.</i></div> + +<p>Low, usually tufted, 2—6 inches high, slender, smooth or nearly so; +stems commonly hairy in lines and nodding at the apex. Leaves oblong or +narrowly ovate, entire or nearly so, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at +the base into a short petiole ½—1 inch long. Flowers few, axillary, +clustered at the apex, pink-purple, nodding, about ¼ of an inch broad; +stigma entire.</p> + +<p>On damp stones and along alpine brooks at high elevations throughout +the region; flowering during midsummer.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_53_1" src="images/i196_1_plate53.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="554" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Berberis aquifolium Pursh. (¼ Nat.)<br> Trailing Mahonia.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_53_2" src="images/i196_2_plate53.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="506" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Chamænerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (½ Nat.)<br> Fire-Weed.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197"></a>[Pg 197]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Epilobium Hornemanni</b> Reichb. <i>Hornemann’s +Willow-herb.</i></div> + +<p>Erect, 6—12 inches high, simple or nearly so, slightly hairy above, +otherwise smooth. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or elliptic, mostly, +broadly obtuse at the apex, narrow or rounded at the base, entire or +rather remotely denticulate, thin, ½—1¼ inches long. Flowers few in +the upper axils, pink-purple or violet, ¼ of an inch or more broad; +stigma entire.</p> + +<p>A frequent and very variable species throughout the region at the +higher elevations, along alpine brooks or in damp, partly shaded or +springy spots; flowering during June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Circæa alpina</b> L. <i>Smaller Enchanter’s +Nightshade.</i></div> + +<p>Mostly smooth or slightly hairy above, 3—8 inches high. Leaves acute +or acuminate at the apex, more or less cordate at the base, coarsely +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198"></a>[Pg 198]</span> +dentate, 1—2 inches long. Flowers about ⅛ of an inch broad, white, on +pedicels nearly ¼ of an inch long, subtended by minute, slender bracts, +in a slender raceme; fruit nearly obovoid, about ⅛ of an inch long, +covered with weak hooked hairs.</p> + +<p>In moist shaded situations and beside alpine brooks, through the +Selkirks; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Circæa pacifica</b>. Achers and Magnus. <i>Western +Enchanter’s Nightshade.</i></div> + +<p>Mostly smooth, stems usually simple, 6—12 inches high, from a +small tuber. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, acute or +acuminate, repandly dentate, 1—3 inches long, the slender petiole +about the same length. Flowers white, very small in slender racemes, +without bracts; fruit about ⅛ of an inch long loosely covered with soft +curved hairs.</p> + +<p>Growing oftentimes with the other species in moist shaded situations +through the Selkirks; flowering in July.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199"></a>[Pg 199]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ARALIACE"><span class="smcap">Araliaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Ginseng Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate or verticillate leaves, and +flowers in umbels, heads or panicles; calyx tube adnate to the ovary; +petals usually 5, sometimes cohering together; stamens as many as the +petals and alternate with them; seeds flattened, somewhat 3-angled with +a coloured, fleshy covering.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Herbs; leaves compound.<span class="ws3"> </span></td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Aralia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Shrubs; leaves simple.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Echinopanax.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aralia nudicaulis</b> L. <i>Wild Sarsaparilla.</i></div> + +<p>Acaulescent or nearly so, rootstock long. Leaf usually solitary, +arising with the peduncle from a very short stem; petiole erect, 6—12 +inches long, primary divisions of the leaf slender, stalked, pinnately +3—5 foliate; leaflets sessile or short-stalked, oval or ovate, +acuminate, rounded at the base, finely serrate, 2—5 inches long, often +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200"></a>[Pg 200]</span> +hairy on the veins beneath. Flowers on a peduncle usually shorter than +the leaves; umbels usually three, nearly round, composed of numerous +small greenish flowers.</p> + +<p>In rich woods throughout the region, flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Echinopanax horridum</b> (Smith) Dec. and Planch. +<i>Devil’s Club.</i></div> + +<p>Very prickly throughout; stems erect from a decumbent base 4—12 feet +high, leafy at the top. Leaves roundish, cordate, prickly on both +sides, palmately lobed, more or less hairy beneath, 6—24 inches long. +Flowers greenish-white in a dense terminal paniculate umbel; petals +5; stamens 5, alternate with the petals; fruit berry-like, laterally +compressed, bright scarlet when ripe.</p> + +<p>An ornamental though very prickly shrub, in moist rich woods throughout +the region, sparingly in the Rockies, west of the divide, but very +abundant in the Selkirks where it frequently forms dense impenetrable +thickets, flowering in early summer.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_54" src="images/i200_plate54.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="505" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Echinopanax horridum (Smith) Dec. & Planch. (½ Nat.)<br> Devil’s Club.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201"></a>[Pg 201]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="APIACE"><span class="smcap">Apiaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Celery Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs with alternate, compound or simple leaves; flowers small, white, +yellow or purple in compound flat heads; fruit dry, usually of two +flattened carpels.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Stems 1—2 feet high.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">Leaves pinnately or ternately compound, cut into fine divisions.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Flowers yellow or white; not purple.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lomatium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Flowers purple.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Leptotænia</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves simple or 3-lobed; flowers yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Zizia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Stems 2—3 feet high; leaves ternate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ligusticum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Stems 4—8 feet high, soft-hairy.</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves ternately divided; flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Heracleum.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lomatium macrocarpum</b> (Nutt.) C. and R. +<i>Large-seeded Parsley.</i></div> + +<p>Nearly stemless, 4—24 inches high, more or less hairy, much branched +at the base from an elongated thick root. Leaves pinnately compound, +segments pinnately-incised, on rather short petioles, purplish at the +base; flowers white or pinkish in a somewhat equally 3—10-rayed umbel; +rays 1—4 inches long. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202"></a>[Pg 202]</span></p> + +<p>In dry stony ground throughout the Rockies, very abundant on the lower +ridges in the vicinity of Banff; flowering in early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lomatum triternatum</b> (Pursh). C. and R. +<i>Narrow-leaved Parsley.</i></div> + +<p>Purplish at the base, with or without stems, 1—2 feet high, slightly +hairy. Leaves twice or thrice ternate, the leaflets narrowly linear, +2—4 inches long. Flowers small, deep yellow in an unequal umbel of +5—18 rays, with slender bracts.</p> + +<p>Through the Rockies on dry ridges and grassy slopes; flowering +in early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Leptotænia multifida</b> Nutt. <i>Cut-leaved Parsley.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 1—3 feet high, very leafy at the base, from a large fleshy +rootstock. Leaves ternate or thrice pinnate, segments very finely cut. +Flowers small, brownish-purple in nearly equal 8—20 rayed, rounded +umbels, 3—4 inches in diameter, usually without an involucre. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203"></a>[Pg 203]</span></p> + +<p>A most striking plant from its beautifully dissected leaves and rather +large heads of rich brownish-purple flowers blossoming in June; on +grassy slopes of Stony Squaw, Banff.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Zizia cordata</b> (Walt.) Koch. <i>Heart-leaved +Alexanders.</i></div> + +<p>Stout, erect, branched, and smooth or somewhat hairy, 1—2 feet high. +Basal and lower leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate or orbicular, +undivided, deeply cordate at the base, 1—3 inches long, crenate; stem +leaves short-petioled, ternate, the segments ovate or oval, crenate or +lobed. Flowers small, bright yellow, in nearly flat 7—16 rayed umbels, +1—2 inches in diameter.</p> + +<p>Common on the eastern slopes and foothills of the Rockies; flowering in +May and early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ligusticum apiifolium</b> (Nutt.) A. Gray. <i>Wild +Parsley.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth throughout except the slightly hairy inflorescence and rough +leaf margins; stems 2—3 feet high with 1—3 rather small leaves with +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204"></a>[Pg 204]</span> +inflated petioles. Leaves ternately divided, the segments usually +distinct, ovate, deeply cleft into linear acute, sharply serrate or +entire lobes. Flowers white in nearly flat, many rayed umbels, 2—3 +inches in diameter.</p> + +<p>Abundant in wet places and along streams through the Selkirks, +especially so in the Asulkan Valley at Glacier; flowering in June and +July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Heracleum lanatum</b> Michx. <i>Cow-parsnip.</i></div> + +<p>Very stout, soft-hairy, 4—8 feet high, the stems rigid, often 2 inches +thick at the base. Leaves petioled, ternately divided, very hairy +beneath, the segments broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate, stalked, +lobed or sharply serrate, rather thin, 3—6 inches broad; petioles much +inflated. Flowers white in 8—30 rayed umbels, 6—12 inches broad, the +rays stout, 2—4 inches long.</p> + +<p>Common throughout the region in wet places along streams and river +banks, frequently growing in great masses; flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_55" src="images/i204_plate55.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="450" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Cornus canadensis intermedia Farr. (½ Nat.)<br> Bunch-Berry.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205"></a>[Pg 205]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CORNACE"><span class="smcap">Cornaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Dogwood Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Shrubs or trees with simple, opposite, verticillate or alternate +leaves, usually entire; flowers in cymes, heads, or rarely solitary; +sepals and petals 4 or 5, stamens as many as the petals or more +numerous and inserted with them; fruit a drupe.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cornus canadensis intermedia</b> Farr. <i>Dwarf Cornel. +Bunch-berry.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, herbaceous from a nearly horizontal rootstock, woody only at +the base; flowering stems, erect, scaly, 5—7 inches high. Leaves +verticillate at the summit of the stem or sometimes 1 or 2 pairs +of opposite ones below, sessile, oval, ovate or obovate, smooth or +minutely appressed, pubescent, acute at each end or sometimes rounded +at the base, entire, 1—3 inches long. Flowers small, capitate, purple, +surrounded by a white involucre of 4—6 petaloid-ovate bracts, ⅓—¾ of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206"></a>[Pg 206]</span> +an inch long; stamens alternate with the petals; styles exserted, deep +purple; fruit globose, ⅓ of an inch in diameter in a close head; bright red.</p> + +<p>Common throughout the region in moist woods flowering in early summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cornus stolonifera</b> Michx. <i>Red-stemmed Dogwood.</i></div> + +<p>Shrub 3—16 feet high, usually stoloniferous, the twigs smooth +and bright reddish-purple or the youngest finely hairy. Leaves +slender-petioled, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acute or short +acuminate, rounded or narrowed at the base, finely close-hairy above, +white or whitish and sparingly hairy beneath or sometimes smooth on +both surfaces, 1—5 inches long. Flowers in flat-topped cymes, 1—2 +inches broad, petals white, less than ¼ of an inch long; berries white +or whitish.</p> + +<p>In moist places and along streams and river banks throughout the +region; an attractive shrub, sometimes forming thickets of considerable +size, the red stems contrasting beautifully with the dark green leaves; +flowering in June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207"></a>[Pg 207]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PYROLACE"><span class="smcap">Pyrolaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Wintergreen Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Low, mostly evergreen perennials with branched rootstocks and petioled +leaves; flowers nearly regular, white or pink; calyx 4—5-lobed; +corolla deeply 4—5-parted or of 5 petals; stamens twice as many as +the divisions of the corolla, anthers opening by pores or short slits; +stigma 5-lobed.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Flowers racemose; leaves basal.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pyrola.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Flowers solitary or corymbose; leaves opposite or whorled.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Stem leafy at base; flower solitary; style long.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Moneses.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Stem horizontal; branches erect, leafy; style short.</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="ws3"> </span><b>Chimaphila.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pyrola chlorantha</b> Sw. <i>Greenish-flowered +Wintergreen.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 4—10 inches high, 3—10 flowered. Leaves all basal, small, +orbicular or broadly oval, mostly obtuse at both ends, sometimes +narrowed at the base, thick, leathery, dull, obscurely crenulate or +entire, ½—1 inch long, shorter than or equalling the petioles. Flowers +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208"></a>[Pg 208]</span> +greenish-white, nodding, slightly odorous, about half an inch broad; +stamens and style declined, ascending; anther sacs short-beaked.</p> + +<p>On dry wooded slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering during June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pyrola uliginosa</b> Torr. <i>Bog Wintergreen.</i></div> + +<p>Scape 6—12 inches high, 7—15-flowered. Leaves broadly oval or +orbicular, dull, rather thick, obscurely crenulate, obtuse at both +ends. Flowers frequently over half an inch broad; calyx lobes oblong +or ovate-lanceolate, ¼—⅓ the length of the petals; style and stamens +declined; anther sacs beaked.</p> + +<p>In bogs throughout the Rockies, a very pretty species with bright rosy +flowers and rounded leaves; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pyrola asarifolia</b> Michx. <i>Liver-leaf +Wintergreen.</i></div> + +<p>Stem 6—15 inches high, 7—15-flowered. Leaves reniform, usually wider +than long, thick, shining above, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the +base, crenulate, 1—1½ inches long, usually shorter than the narrowly +margined petioles. Flowers ½—¾ of an inch broad, pink, nodding in a +slender raceme 2—4 inches long; stamens and style declined, ascending; +style exserted.</p> + +<p>In damp ground, in woods and swamps throughout the Rockies; flowering +in July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_56" src="images/i208_plate56.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="593" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liver-Leaf Wintergreen.<br> + <i>b</i> Pyrola uliginosa Torr.<br> + <i>c</i> Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. One-Flowered Wintergreen.<br> + (⅔ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209"></a>[Pg 209]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pyrola minor</b> L. <i>Lesser Wintergreen.</i></div> + +<p>Leaf blades thin, broadly oval or nearly orbicular, dark green, +crenulate, obtuse but sometimes with a spine-tipped apex, rounded, +slightly narrowed or subcordate at the base ½—1 inch long. Flowers +pinkish, ¼ inch broad, nodding, in a close raceme; style straight +included, stamens not inclined.</p> + +<p>In damp mossy places throughout the region at the higher altitudes; +flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pyrola secunda</b> L. <i>One-sided Wintergreen.</i></div> + +<p>Stems generally several together, from the much branched rootstock, +slender, 4—10 inches high. Leaves ovate or often oval, thin, acute +or rarely obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210"></a>[Pg 210]</span> +crenulate-serrate, ¾—2 inches long, longer than the petioles. Flowers +greenish-white, ¼ of an inch or more broad, many, at first erect but +soon drooping, in a dense one-sided raceme; style straight, exserted; +stamens not declined.</p> + +<p>Common in woods throughout the region at the lower altitudes; flowering +during early July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Moneses uniflora</b> (L.) A. Gray. <i>One-flowered +Wintergreen.</i></div> + +<p>Stem bearing 1—3 pairs or whorls of leaves at the base, continued +above into a bracted or naked scape 2—6 inches high. Leaves orbicular +or ovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded or sometimes subcordate +at the base, rather thin, ¼—1 inch long, longer than or equalling the +petioles. Flowers white, ½—¾ of an inch broad, nodding at the summit +of the stem; petals spreading; capsule ¼ of an inch in diameter, about +as long as the persistent style and lobed stigma; the stamens in pairs +opposite each petal.</p> + +<p>In mossy spots in the woods throughout the region; flowering in early July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_57_1" src="images/i210_1_plate57.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="520" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Prince’s Pine.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_57_2" src="images/i210_2_plate57.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="511" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (½ Nat.)<br> Bear-Berry.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211"></a>[Pg 211]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Chimaphila umbellata</b> (L.) Nutt. <i>Pipsissewa, +Prince’s Pine.</i></div> + +<p>Stems extensively creeping, sending up both sterile and flowering +branches 3—12 inches high. Leaves numerous, crowded near the summit +of the stem, spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish at +the apex, sharply serrate, bright green and shining, 1—2½ inches +long, ¼—1 inch wide above the middle. Flowers several in an umbellate +head, waxy white or pink, the form of the region being usually bright, +rosy pink, ½ an inch or more broad, petals spreading with the rosy +pink anthers opposite them in pairs; capsule about ¼ of an inch broad +surmounted by the short style.</p> + +<p>Locally abundant throughout the region; flowering during July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ERICACE"><span class="smcap">Ericaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Heath Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>In our species, shrubs with simple leaves and perfect flowers; calyx +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212"></a>[Pg 212]</span> +free from the ovary 4—5-parted, mostly persistent; corolla regular, +4—5-toothed, -lobed or -parted; stamens usually as many or twice as +many as the corolla lobes; anthers 2-celled, attached to the filaments +by the back or base, the sacs, often prolonged upwardly into tubes; +ovary 2—5-celled; fruit a capsule, berry or drupe.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Fruit a berry or drupe.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Calyx becoming large and fleshy.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Gaultheria.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Calyx small.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Leaves thick and leathery; drupe reddish-brown.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Arctostaphylos.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Leaves membranous, veiny; drupe scarlet.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Mairania.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Fruit a dry capsule.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Anther cells each with a recurved tip.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Cassiope.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Anther cells not appendaged.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Corolla with united petals.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Bracts firm, persistent; no scaly leaf-buds.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Leaves heath-like; corolla without pouches.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Phyllodoce.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Leaves lanceolate; corolla with pouches.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Kalmia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Bracts thin, deciduous; leaf-buds scaly.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Azaleastrum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Corolla globose, 4-toothed.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Menziesia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Corolla with distinct petals.</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers white, umbelled; leaves evergreen.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Ledum.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_58" src="images/i212_plate58.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="594" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM. Small Cranberry.  <br> + <i>b</i> Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray. Ovate-Leaved Wintergreen.<br> + <i>c</i> Vitis-idæa vitis-idæa (L.) Britton. Mountain Cranberry.  <br>(¾ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213"></a>[Pg 213]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Gaultheria ovatifolia</b> A. Gray. <i>Ovate-leaved +Wintergreen.</i></div> + +<p>Depressed, trailing, with ascending branches with rusty hairs. Leaves +broadly ovate, ½—1 inch long, serrulate, dark green and shining above, +lighter beneath. Flowers pink or nearly white, campanulate, less than ¼ +of an inch long, on short solitary pedicels in the axils of the leaves; +fruit bright scarlet, ⅓ of an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>A rather rare plant in the region but abundant in places on the slopes +of Avalanche Mountain at Glacier.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Gaultheria humifusa</b> (Graham) Rydb. <i>Low +Wintergreen.</i></div> + +<p>Tufted, creeping or depressed, smooth, the flowering branches 1—5 +inches long. Leaves oval or rounded, mostly only ½ an inch long; +pedicels solitary in the axils, very short, 3—5 bracteolate. Flowers +depressed-campanulate, white or pinkish, little surpassing the calyx; +fruit scarlet, ⅓ of an inch in diameter. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214"></a>[Pg 214]</span></p> + +<p>Common in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies and Selkirks; flowering +in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi</b> (L.) <i>Spreng. +Bear-berry.</i></div> + +<p>Trailing or spreading on the ground; branches 6—24 inches long, the +twigs soft-hairy. Leaves leathery, evergreen, spatulate, obtuse, +entire, smooth or minutely hairy toward the base, ½—1 inch long, ⅓ +as wide, short-petioled. Flowers ¼ of an inch or less long, ovoid, +constricted at the throat, rosy pink or white, few, in short racemes at +the ends of the branches.</p> + +<p>In dry sandy or stony soil throughout the Rockies at the lower +elevations; flowering in early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Mairania alpina</b> (L.) Desv. <i>Alpine Bear-berry.</i></div> + +<p>Tufted or depressed-prostrate, branches 2—5 inches high, the twigs +smooth or nearly so. Leaves thin, obovate, crenulate, conspicuously +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215"></a>[Pg 215]</span> +reticulate-veined, ½—1 inch long, ⅓ as wide. Flowers few, appearing +before or with the leaves from scaly buds; corolla ¼ of an inch long, +white, ovoid, constricted at the throat; berry bright scarlet.</p> + +<p>Growing in moss on the wooded slopes throughout the Rockies, flowering +in May and early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Cassiope Mertensiana</b> (Bong.) Don. <i>White Heath.</i></div> + +<p>Rather stout with rigid, ascending, woody, much branched stems, a foot +or less high. Leaves ½ an inch long, smooth, not furrowed on the back, +closely crowded in 4-ranks. Flowers pure white, nodding, campanulate, +¼ of an inch long with 5 deeply cut obtuse spreading lobes, on smooth +peduncles half an inch or less long, near the tips of the apparently +4-sided stems; calyx smooth, usually red, making the bell-like flowers +appear red and white.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region at the higher elevations, frequently carpeting +the ground; flowering in late June and early July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216"></a>[Pg 216]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Phyllodoce glanduliflora</b> (Hook.) Coville. <i>White +False-heather.</i></div> + +<p>Stems rather rigid, much branched, 3—12 inches high. Leaves numerous +and crowded but spreading, linear, oblong, obtuse, ¼—½ an inch long, +thick, leathery with a white line through the centre below and deeply +furrowed above, the margins thick and rough. Flowers ovoid, glandular +throughout, less than ¼ of an inch long, much contracted at the throat, +short-lobed, on glandular pedicels ½—1 inch long at the ends of the branches.</p> + +<p>In alpine meadows and woods at the higher elevations throughout the +region; flowering during June and early July, often in clumps of +considerable size.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Phyllodoce intermedia</b> (Hook.) Rydb. <i>Pink +False-heather.</i></div> + +<p>Much branched, from a more or less decumbent base, 6—12 inches high. +Leaves linear, ¼—½ an inch long, obtuse, leathery, with thickened +revolute, slightly glandular-toothed margins. Flowers pale pink, ¼ of +an inch long, urn-shaped, slightly contracted at the throat, with 5 +spreading lobes; at the ends of the branches on glandular pedicels ½—1 +inch long; calyx slightly glandular; corolla smooth; slightly fragrant.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region growing in the same situations as the other +heathers, and often associated with them, perhaps a hybrid; flowering +in late June and through July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_59" src="images/i216_plate59.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="520" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) Don. Red False-Heather.<br> + <i>b</i> Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Rydb. White False-Heather.<br> + <i>c</i> Cassiope Mertensiana (Bong.) Don. (¾ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217"></a>[Pg 217]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Phyllodoce empetriformis</b> (Smith) D. Don. <i>Red +False-heather.</i></div> + +<p>Much branched from the base, 6—12 inches high. Leaves linear, obtuse, +¼—½ an inch long, with strongly revolute, thick rough margins. Flowers +¼ of an inch long, bright rose-colour, campanulate, with broad, +spreading obtuse lobes, very fragrant, on slender, slightly glandular +pedicels ½—1 inch long at the ends of the stems; calyx and corolla smooth.</p> + +<p>Abundant throughout the region at the higher elevations, in the same +situations as the two previous species and flowering with them during +late June and early July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218"></a>[Pg 218]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Kalmia microphylla</b> (Hook.) Heller. <i>Small-leaved +Swamp Laurel.</i></div> + +<p>A smooth shrub, 2—6 inches high with erect or ascending branches, +the twigs 2-edged. Leaves opposite, short petioled, less than ½ an +inch long, oblong or ovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the margins +revolute. Flowers on slender pedicels 1—1½ inches long, few in simple +umbels terminating the branches; corolla saucer-shaped, bright rosy +pink about ½ an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>Frequent in mossy alpine bogs and meadows throughout the region at the +higher altitudes; flowering during June and early July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Azaleastrum albiflorum</b> (Hook.) Rydb. <i>White +Rhododendron.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub with stems 2—6 feet high, with slender hairy branches more or +less glandular when young, nearly smooth with age. Leaves, thin, light +green and shining above, paler beneath, oblong, 1—2 inches long, with +slightly wavy margins. Flowers white, nearly an inch broad, open, with +5-spreading lobes; on short nodding stems in numerous clusters of 1—3 +near the ends of the branches, on wood of the previous year; sepals +nearly ½ an inch long and leaf-like, filaments bearded at the base; +stigma peltate, 5-lobed.</p> + +<p>On the wooded hillsides at the higher elevations through the Rockies, +but much lower in the Selkirks; flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_60_1" src="images/i218_1_plate60.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="523" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Ledum grœnlandicum Œder. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Labrador Tea.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_60_2" src="images/i218_2_plate60.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="522" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb. (½ Nat.)<br> White Rhododendron.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219"></a>[Pg 219]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Menziesia ferruginea</b> Smith. <i>Smooth Menziesia.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub 2—6 feet high, twigs more or less chaffy. Leaves obovate, +obtuse and glandular-tipped at the apex, pale, glaucous and smooth or +very nearly so beneath, sparingly hairy above, ¾—1½ inches long, the +margins ciliolate. Flowers 1—5 on glandular pedicels ½—1 inch long +in spreading umbels, becoming erect, corolla ¼ of an inch long, cream +and pink or salmon, urn-shaped, with 4 spreading teeth; stamens 8, +included, with hairy filaments. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220"></a>[Pg 220]</span></p> + +<p>Throughout the region in moist woods and slopes; flowering during June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Ledum Grœnlandicum Œder.</b> <i>Labrador Tea.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub 1—4 feet high, with twigs densely rusty woolly. Leaves oblong, +obtuse, 1—2 inches long, ¼—½ an inch wide, green and deeply veined +above, densely brown woolly beneath, the margins strongly revolute. +Flowers numerous, white, nearly ½ an inch broad in close umbels or +corymbs; petals 5, narrow, spreading.</p> + +<p>Abundant throughout the region at the lower altitudes in bogs and +swamps; flowering during June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="VACCINIACE"><span class="smcap">Vacciniaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Huckleberry Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Shrubs or small trees with alternate leaves and small perfect +flowers; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, 4—5-lobed or cleft; corolla +4—5-lobed, rarely divided into single petals, deciduous; stamens twice +as many as the corolla lobes, inserted at the base; filaments mostly short; +anthers attached on the back 2-celled; fruit a globose berry or drupe.</p> + +<table class="spb2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Erect deciduous shrubs; corolla cylindric or urn-shaped</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">white, pink or greenish.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Vaccinium.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Low evergreen shrub; corolla open-campanulate, pink;</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">berry red.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Vitis-Idæa.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Trailing or creeping evergreen shrubs.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Corolla short-campanulate, white; berry white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Chiogenes.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Corolla with spreading curved petals, pink; berry red  </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Oxycoccus.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_61_1" src="images/i220_1_plate61.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="529" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Menziesia ferruginea Smith. (½ Nat.)<br> Menziesia.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_61_2" src="images/i220_2_plate61.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="505" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Dwarf Swamp-Laurel.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221"></a>[Pg 221]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Vaccinium cæspitosum</b> Michx. <i>Dwarf Bilberry.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub 3—7 inches high, much branched and nearly smooth throughout. +Leaves obovate or oblong, cuneate, obtuse or acute, green and shining +on both sides, nearly sessile, serrulate, with close bluntish teeth. +Flowers white or pink, small bell-shaped, ⅛ of an inch long, mostly +solitary in the axils and longer than their drooping pedicels; berry ¼ +of an inch or more in diameter, blue with a bloom.</p> + +<p>On slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222"></a>[Pg 222]</span> +altitudes; flowers appearing with the leaves in early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Vaccinium erythrococcum</b> Rydb. <i>Alpine Bilberry.</i></div> + +<p>Stems erect with numerous slender, strict, green branches and +branchlets, 3—18 inches high. Leaves ovate or oval, ½ an inch long or +less, bright green. Flowers ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, white or pink, +5-lobed, solitary in the axils of the leaves; berries small, bright red.</p> + +<p>On slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher +altitudes; flowering during June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Vaccinium ovalifolium</b> Smith. <i>Blueberry.</i></div> + +<p>A straggling branched shrub, 3—12 feet high, the branches slender, +twigs smooth, joints sharply angled. Leaves oval, short-petioled, +smooth on both sides, green above, pale and glaucous beneath, rounded +at both ends or somewhat narrowed at the base, thin, sometimes spine +tipped, entire or nearly so, 1—2 inches long. Flowers commonly +solitary in the axils on rather recurved pedicels; corolla pink or +white, ovoid, ¼ of an inch or more long; berries blue with a bloom ½ an +inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>In the beds of snow slides, occasionally in the Rockies, and abundant +through the Selkirks, where it is also found in the woods; flowering in May.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_62_1" src="images/i222_1_plate62.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="530" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Vaccinium erythrococcum Rydb. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Alpine Bilberry.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_62_2" src="images/i222_2_plate62.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="485" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Blueberry. (½ Nat.)<br> + Vaccinium globulare Rydb. Thin-Leaved Bilberry.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_223"></a>[Pg 223]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Vaccinium globulare</b> Rydb. <i>Thin-leaved +Bilberry.</i></div> + +<p>A branching shrub 1—3 feet high, nearly smooth throughout, stems +round, only the youngest twigs slightly angled, bark grey and somewhat +shreddy. Leaves broadly oval or obovate, obtuse to acute, somewhat pale +beneath, veiny, sharply and finely serrate, ½—1½ inches long. Flowers +on pedicels ½ an inch long; calyx teeth almost obsolete; corolla +depressed globose, frequently more than ¼ of an inch in diameter, +greenish-white; berry dark purple, ¼ of an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>In beds of snow slides and in woods in the valleys of the Selkirks; +flowering during June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_224"></a>[Pg 224]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Vitis-idæa Vitis-idæa</b> (L.) Britton. <i>Mountain +Cranberry.</i></div> + +<p>A low evergreen shrub with creeping stems, the branches erect, 3—8 +inches high, nearly smooth. Leaves thick and leathery, crowded, green +and shining above, paler and black-dotted beneath, ovate or oval, +short-petioled and entire or sparingly serrulate ¼—¾ of an inch long, +the margins revolute. Flowers in short terminal 1-sided racemes or +clusters, nodding, longer than their pedicels; corolla white or pink +nearly ⅛ of an inch long, open-campanulate, 4-lobed; berries dark red, +acid, nearly ½ an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>In bogs and moist mossy places throughout the Rockies; flowering +during June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Chiogenes hispidula</b> (L.) T and G. <i>Creeping +Snowberry.</i></div> + +<p>Creeping, branches rough-hairy, slender, 3—12 inches long. Leaves +leathery, persistent, oval, ovate or slightly obovate, acute at the +apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, dark green and smooth above, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_225"></a>[Pg 225]</span> +sprinkled with stiff, brown hairs beneath and on the revolute, entire +margins; ¼ to nearly ½ an inch long. Flowers white, ovoid, about ⅛ of +an inch long, few, solitary in the axils, nodding, on the lower side +of the creeping stems; berry about ¼ of an inch in diameter, white, +bristly, aromatic.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, growing in moss and on +damp, decaying logs; flowering in May.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Oxycoccus Oxycoccus</b> (L.) MacM. <i>Small +Cranberry.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slender, creeping and rooting at the nodes, 6—18 inches long; +branches ascending or erect 1—6 inches high. Leaves thick, evergreen, +ovate, entire, acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, +dark green above, white beneath, ⅛ of an inch or less long, ½ as wide, +the margins revolute. Flowers 1—6, from terminal scaly buds, nodding +on slender erect pedicels; corolla pink, ⅓ of an inch broad, the petals +curled backwards; stamens and style protruding; berry globose, ¼ of an +inch or more in diameter, acid, often spotted when young. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_226"></a>[Pg 226]</span></p> + +<p>In sphagnum bogs throughout the Rockies, though not common; flowering +during July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PRIMULACE"><span class="smcap">Primulaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Primrose Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs with perfect regular flowers; calyx free from the ovary, usually +5-parted; corolla 5-cleft; stamens as many as the corolla lobes and +opposite to them; flowers purple, yellow or white.</p> + +<table class="spb2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Lobes of the corolla erect or spreading.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">Leaves in a rosette at the base of the scape.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flowers pink</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Primula.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; flowers white or yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Androsace.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves whorled at the top of the stem; flowers white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Trientalis.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Lobes of the corolla reflexed.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Dodecatheon.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Primula americana</b> Rydb. <i>Bird’s-eye Primrose.</i></div> + +<p>Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or somewhat +wedge-shaped at the base, tapering into petioles, green, usually +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_227"></a>[Pg 227]</span> +white-mealy beneath, at least when young; 1—4 inches long, the margins +crenulate-dentate. Flowers umbellate 3—20, on scapes 4—18 inches +high; corolla pink or lilac, usually with a yellowish eye, the tube +slightly longer than the calyx, the lobes wedge-shaped, notched at the +apex, ¼ of an inch or more long.</p> + +<p>In swamps and wet meadows in the lower valleys of the eastern slopes of +the Rockies not penetrating far into the mountains; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Primula Maccalliana</b> Wiegand. <i>Maccalla’s +Primrose.</i></div> + +<p>Similar to the preceding species but much smaller. Leaves spatulate +or obovate, mostly quite broad; pale green above, more or less mealy +beneath, denticulate or repand, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate +at the base, petioled or sessile, ½—1½ inches long, forming +a rosette at the base of the scape. Flowers ⅜ of an inch broad or +less, umbellate, on a peduncle 1—6 inches high; pale pink or bluish +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_228"></a>[Pg 228]</span> +with a conspicuous orange eye; the lobes obcordate; corolla tube +yellow, slightly longer than the calyx.</p> + +<p>The commonest primrose of the region on wet banks and moist, sandy +or gravelly places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June, also occurs sparingly in the Selkirks.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Androsace carinata</b> Torr. <i>Sweet Flowered +Androsace.</i></div> + +<p>Proliferously branched at the base and cæspitose. Leaves folded over +each other, forming rosettes at the bases of the many-flowered scapes; +from lanceolate to oblong-spatulate or ovate, keeled, 1-nerved, ¼—½ an +inch long, acute, fringed with hairs on the margins. Flowers ¼ of an +inch or more broad, cream-coloured with a brilliant yellow eye; 4—10 +in a close umbel, on slender hairy scapes 1—3 inches high; flowers +delicately fragrant.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies in open situations either dry or moist, and at +low or high altitudes; flowering from early June to midsummer according +to the altitude.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_63_1" src="images/i228_1_plate63.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="461" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Primula Maccalliana Wiegand. (⅔ Nat.)<br> MacCalla’s Primrose.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_63_2" src="images/i228_2_plate63.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="490" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Androsace carinata Torr. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Sweet Androsace.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_229"></a>[Pg 229]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Androsace septentrionalis</b> L. <i>Alpine Androsace.</i></div> + +<p>Almost smooth, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the +base, from irregularly denticulate to laciniate-toothed. Flowers small, +little more than ⅛ of an inch broad, white with yellow centre, in +spreading umbels; peduncles 2—10 inches high.</p> + +<p>In open places and on grassy banks at the lower altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering in May and early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Androsace diffusa</b> Small. <i>Spreading Androsace.</i></div> + +<p>More or less hairy. Leaves rosulate, oblanceolate to spatulate or +nearly linear, ½—1½ inches long, obtuse or acute, sharply serrate +above the middle or sparingly toothed. Scapes erect and spreading, +often diffusely branched at the base, 2—4 inches long; pedicels +thread-like from ½—3 inches long in the same umbel. Flowers white or pink, +the corolla included or sometimes equalling the tips of the calyx segments. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_230"></a>[Pg 230]</span></p> + +<p>On grassy banks and slopes in the Rockies flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Trientalis arctica</b> Fisch. <i>Arctic Star-flower.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slender, 1—4 inches high, with small scattered obovate leaves +below; upper leaves obovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse, 1—1½ +inches long. Flowers white on slender pedicels as long as the leaves; +calyx reddish with 7 narrowly linear acute sepals; petals 7 white, +lanceolate, acute, about twice the length of the sepals; stamens 7.</p> + +<p>In moist woods throughout the region, rare in the Rockies but common +throughout the Selkirks; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Dodecatheon pauciflorum</b> (Durand) Greene. <i>Slender +Shooting Star.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth. Leaves dark green, lanceolate, acute, entire, 2—3 inches +long. Flowers few in an umbel; scape 6—8 inches tall; segments of the +corolla rich lilac purple, the undivided part yellow with a narrow +scalloped ring, midway between the base of the segments and the stamen +tube; stamen tube often nearly as long as the anthers, yellow; anthers +purple.</p> + +<p>In damp, open ground and grassy slopes throughout the eastern Rockies; +flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_64_1" src="images/i230_1_plate64.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="528" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Trientalis arctica Fisch. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Arctic Star-Flower.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_64_2" src="images/i230_2_plate64.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="512" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Dodecatheon conjugens Greene. (½ Nat.)<br> Shooting-Star.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_231"></a>[Pg 231]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Dodecatheon conjugens</b> Greene. <i>Shooting-star.</i></div> + +<p>Plant smooth. Leaves obovoid and elliptic, 2—5 inches long, including +the distinct petiole, obtuse, entire. Flowers large, in a few-flowered +umbel, scape 3—8 inches high; corolla deep purple varying to rose-red; +anthers, distinct, obtuse, the connective lanceolate, acuminate to a +linear point.</p> + +<p>In the open ground and plains in the lower Valleys of the Rockies; +flowering in June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="GENTIANACE"><span class="smcap">Gentianaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Gentian Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Smooth herbs with opposite entire leaves, and regular perfect flowers +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_232"></a>[Pg 232]</span> +in clusters or solitary at the ends of the stems or branches. Calyx +4—12-lobed; corolla 4—12-parted; stamens as many as the lobes of the +corolla and alternate with them.</p> + +<table class="spb2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Corolla funnel-form or campanulate; without glands,</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">spurs or scales.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Gentiana.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Corolla campanulate; spurred at the base.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Tetragonanthus.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Gentiana acuta</b> Michx. <i>Northern Gentian.</i></div> + +<p>Stem leafy, slightly angled, simple or branched, 6—20 inches high. +Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the upper +lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile or +somewhat clasping, ½—2 inches long. Flowers numerous in clusters in +the axils of the upper leaves; pedicels ½—1 inch long, leafy bracted +at the base; calyx deeply 5-parted, lobes lanceolate; corolla tubular +campanulate, ½ an inch long, 5-parted, pale blue or greenish; lobes +lanceolate, acute each with a fimbriate crown at the base.</p> + +<p>Along stream banks and grassy slopes throughout the Rockies, common; +flowering in July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_233"></a>[Pg 233]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Gentiana propinqua</b> Richards. <i>Four-parted +Gentian.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slender, usually much branched from the base and sometimes also +above, slightly wing-angled, 2—7 inches long. Basal leaves spatulate +obtuse, the upper distant, oblong or lanceolate, ½—1 inch long, +acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the slightly clasping base, +obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers sometimes numerous, solitary on slender +peduncles, mostly 4-parted, ½—¾ of an inch high, seldom opening; +calyx 4-cleft, two of the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceolate; +corolla blue or bluish, glandular within at the base, the lobes +ovate-lanceolate, entire or denticulate.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies on slopes and open ground beside the +trails; flowering through July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Gentiana prostrata</b> Haenke. <i>Dwarf Gentian.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slender, 1—5 inches long, when prostrate the lateral ones often +creeping. Leaves ovate, rather spreading, bright green with slightly +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_234"></a>[Pg 234]</span> +whitened edges. Flowers solitary, 4-parted, azure blue, ½ an inch high, +the lobes rather spreading.</p> + +<p>A very small and rather rare plant found throughout the Rockies at the +higher altitudes, on the alpine slopes and summits; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Gentiana glauca</b> <i>Pale-glaucous Gentian.</i></div> + +<p>Perennial; stems 2—4 inches high. Leaves oval, glaucous, ¼—½ an inch +long, obtuse, the basal forming a rosette. Flowers few or several +at the top of the stem, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, usually +subtended by a pair of bracts; calyx campanulate, the teeth shorter +than the tube; corolla blue or blue-green, ½ an inch or more long, the +tube cylindrical with short ovate obtuse lobes.</p> + +<p>In wet alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region, a rather rare +but very striking little gentian, flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Gentiana affinis</b> Griseb. <i>Large Gentian.</i></div> + +<p>Stems clustered, 6—12 inches high, mostly ascending. Leaves from +oblong or lanceolate to linear. Flowers from numerous and racemose +to few and almost solitary; calyx lobes linear or linear-awl-shaped, +unequal, the largest rarely equalling the tube; corolla an inch or less +long, bright blue or bluish; funnel-form, spotted inside with white, +the lobes ovate, acute, and spreading.</p> + +<p>A showy species in damp open meadows in the lower valleys throughout +the Rockies, especially abundant at Banff; flowering during August.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_65_1" src="images/i234_1_plate65.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="510" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Gentiana affinis Griseb. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Large Gentian.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_65_2" src="images/i234_2_plate65.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="538" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Romanzoffia.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_235"></a>[Pg 235]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Tetragonanthus deflexus</b> (J. E. Smith) Kuntze. +<i>Spurred Gentian.</i></div> + +<p>Annual, stems simple or branched, slender, erect, 6—20 inches high. +Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into petioles; stem +leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3—5-nerved, 1—2 inches +long, the uppermost smaller. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more long, few, +on peduncles about their own length, in the axils of the upper leaves; +corolla purplish-green or white, 4—5-parted, the lobes ovate, acute, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_236"></a>[Pg 236]</span> +each with a hollow deflexed or descending spur about half the length of +the corolla.</p> + +<p>In moist places and shaded slopes throughout the Rockies; a rather +frequent but inconspicuous plant owing to its green colour; flowering +in July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="MENYANTHACE"><span class="smcap">Menyanthaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Buckbean Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>In our species a smooth marsh herb, with creeping rootstock, +long-petioled, 3-foliate leaves and white or purplish flowers, in +racemes on long lateral scapes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Menyanthes trifoliata</b> L. <i>Buckbean.</i></div> + +<p>Creeping rootstocks sometimes a foot long marked by the scars of bases +of former petioles. Leaves 3-foliate, petioles sheathing at the base, +2—10 inches long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse at the +apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 1½—3 inches long. Flowers half an +inch long, pure white or purplish in 10—20-flowered racemes on +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_237"></a>[Pg 237]</span> +scape-like naked peduncles; calyx shorter than the corolla which +is bearded with white hairs within, giving the flower a feathery +appearance.</p> + +<p>In open marshes throughout the region, local in distribution; flowering +in May and early June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="APOCYNACE"><span class="smcap">Apocynaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Dogbane Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>In our species, perennial herbs with opposite, entire leaves and small, +5-parted, campanulate, pink flowers in corymbed cymes, and slender +elongated terete seed pods.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Apocynum androsæmifolium</b> L. <i>Spreading Dogbane, +Honeybloom.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 1—3 feet high, branches broadly spreading, mostly smooth. Leaves +ovate or oval, spine-tipped, smooth above, pale and usually more or +less hairy beneath. 2—4 inches long. Flowers pink, open-campanulate, ⅜ +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_238"></a>[Pg 238]</span> +of an inch broad, with 5 spreading lobes, numerous, in loose, terminal +and axillary cymes; seed pods round, slender, curved, 4—6 inches long, +narrowed at the apex, usually in pairs; plant with a milky juice.</p> + +<p>Frequent on the line of the railway from Field westward through the +valley of the Kicking Horse River.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="HYDROPHYLLAC"><span class="smcap">Hydrophyllacæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Water-Leaf Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs, mostly rough-hairy, with alternate or basal leaves, and perfect +regular 5-parted flowers in cymes, spikes or racemes, curled when in +bud and uncoiling as they flower; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla +and alternate with its lobes; filaments thread-like; flowers yellow, +purple or white.</p> + +<table class="spb2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Plant rough-hairy; leaves lanceolate and simple or pinnate;</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">flowers blue or violet-purple.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Phacelia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Plant smooth; leaves round reniform or cordate; flowers white.  </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Romanzoffia.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_66_1" src="images/i238_1_plate66.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="523" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray. (⅓ Nat.)<br> Mountain Phacelia.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_66_2" src="images/i238_2_plate66.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="470" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Phacelia heterophylla Pursh. (⅓ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_239"></a>[Pg 239]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Phacelia heterophylla</b> Pursh.</div> + +<p>Rough-hairy; stem stout, 6—24 inches high. Leaves white-hairy, +lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and obliquely, striately veined, +the lower tapering into petioles, commonly with 1—2 pairs of small +lateral leaflets. Flowers in a dense spike; corolla bluish, longer than +the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx lobes; filaments much exserted, +sparingly bearded.</p> + +<p>In the Cougar Valley in the Selkirks; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Phacelia sericea</b> (Graham) A. Gray. +<i>Mountain Phacelia.</i></div> + +<p>Silky-hairy or canescent throughout, 6—18 inches high, leafy to the +top. Leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow oblong, numerous, +often pinnatifid divisions, the lower petioled, the upper nearly +sessile. Flowers crowded in an elongated spike, corolla violet, blue or +white, open-campanulate, cleft to the middle; stamens much exserted.</p> + +<p>In dry ground and open slopes throughout the region; flowering in June +and July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_240"></a>[Pg 240]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Romanzoffia sitchensis</b> Bong. <i>Romanzoffia.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slender, weak, 3—6 inches long. Leaves mainly at the root, with +slender petioles, alternate, round-cordate, or reniform, with 7—11 +crenate, glandular-tipped lobes. Flowers more or less racemose on +slender, weak scapes with spreading pedicels longer than the flowers; +calyx lobes smooth, much shorter than the delicately veiny pale pink or +usually white funnel-form corolla with yellow throat and broad rounded lobes.</p> + +<p>On constantly dripping ledges of wet rocks, rare in the region +generally but rather frequent about Lake Louise and Lake O’Hara; +flowering during July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="BORAGINACE"><span class="smcap">Boraginaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Borage Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs with alternate or rarely opposite, entire, leaves and usually +rough hairy stems. Flowers perfect, regular, mostly blue, in 1-sided +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_241"></a>[Pg 241]</span> +curled spikes; corolla 5-lobed, stamens as many as the corolla lobes +and alternate with them; fruit mostly of 4 1-seeded nutlets.</p> + +<table class="spb2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Nutlets armed with barbed prickles.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lappula.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Nutlets not armed with barbed prickles.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Racemes without bracts; corolla flat, round. </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Myosotis.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Racemes with bracts; corolla funnel-form.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lithospermum.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lappula floribunda</b> (Lehm.) Greene. <i>False +Forget-me-not.</i></div> + +<p>Rough hairy, stem stout, paniculately branched, 2—5 feet high, +the branches nearly erect. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or +linear-lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, sessile, obtuse or acute at the +apex, the lower narrowed into long petioles. Flowers 5-lobed, bright +blue with a yellow centre ⅛ to nearly ⅓ of an inch broad in numerous +erect, dense racemes, nutlets ⅙ of an inch long, keeled tuberculate on +the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat barbed prickles, +on pedicels less than their own length. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_242"></a>[Pg 242]</span></p> + +<p>In moist, open ground, frequent throughout the Rockies; a striking +plant with heads of bright blue flowers, resembling large +forget-me-nots flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lappula diffusa</b> (Lehm.) Greene. <i>False +Forget-me-not.</i></div> + +<p>Similar to the preceding species, but not so tall and with broader +acute leaves. Flowers larger, ½ an inch broad, not so numerous; and +larger, more densely prickled nutlets, ¼ of an inch long, on pedicels +more than their own length.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies, probably more common than the previous species, +in moist, more or less shaded or open ground; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lappula Lappula</b> (L.) Karst. <i>Stickseed.</i></div> + +<p>Pale, leafy, rough, 1—2 feet high, the branches erect. Leaves linear +and linear-oblong, sessile or the lowest spatulate and narrowed into +petioles ½—1½ inches long, obtuse. Flowers very small, about the +length of the calyx, blue, in one-sided leafy-bracted racemes; nutlets +papillose on the back, armed with 2 rows of slender barbed prickles.</p> + +<p>In open or waste ground throughout the region, especially on or near +the railway; flowering throughout the summer.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_67" src="images/i242_plate67.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="591" > + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene.<span class="ws2"> </span><br> + False Forget-me-not.<br> + <i>b</i> Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Narrow-Leaved Puccoon.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_243"></a>[Pg 243]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Myosotis alpestris</b> Schmidt. <i>Forget-me-not.</i></div> + +<p>Stems tufted, erect, 3—9 inches high. Leaves oblong, linear, or +lanceolate, hairy, 1—2 inches long. Flowers in rather dense heads; +corolla flat, bright blue with a yellow centre ¼ of an inch or more +broad, 5-lobed.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies in alpine meadows and on grassy slopes; +flowering during June and early July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lithospermum linearifolium</b> Goldie. <i>Narrow-leaved +Puccoon.</i></div> + +<p>Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6—12 inches high, minutely +rough-hairy. Leaves all linear, sessile, acute, 1—2 inches long. +Flowers of two kinds, leafy-bracted, at the ends of the branches, the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_244"></a>[Pg 244]</span> +earlier bright yellow, ½ an inch broad with a tube an inch or more +long, the rounded lobes crenately erose; the later flowers small, +inconspicuous and pale.</p> + +<p>Dry sandy soil in the valley of the Bow River at Banff, the showy +flowers in May and early June.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="MENTHACE"><span class="smcap">Menthaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Mint Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Aromatic herbs mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; +flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically +cymose; calyx persistent, 5-toothed or lobed; corolla with a short or +long tube, the limb 4—5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, but some regular; +stamens borne on the corolla tube, typically 4. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_245"></a>[Pg 245]</span></p> + +<table class="spb2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Corolla 2-lipped, the upper arched, tube long, blue</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Scutellaria.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Calyx without a protuberance on the upper side</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped purple.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Prunella.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Corolla tube not longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped, pink.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Stachys.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; nearly regular, 4-lobed.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Mentha.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Scutellaria galericulata</b> L. <i>Marsh Skullcap.</i></div> + +<p>Perennial by slender stolons, leafy; stem erect, usually branched, +1—2 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short +petioled or the upper sessile, acute at the apex, dentate with low +teeth or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the base, 1—2½ +inches long, the uppermost usually much smaller. Flowers an inch long, +bright blue with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat, solitary +in the axils of the leaves, on peduncles shorter than the calyx.</p> + +<p>In swamps and wet places, frequent along the railway from Field west to +Beavermouth.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Prunella vulgaris</b> L. <i>Heal-all, Self-heal.</i></div> + +<p>Hairy or nearly smooth; stems slender, creeping or ascending, or erect, +usually simple but sometimes considerably branched, 2 inches to 2 feet +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_246"></a>[Pg 246]</span> +high. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at +the apex, usually narrowed at the base, thin, entire or crenate, 1—4 +inches long. Flowers in dense terminal spikes ½—1 inch long, becoming +2—4 inches in fruit; corolla violet-purple, or sometimes pink or +white, ¼—½ an inch long, twice as long as the purplish-green calyx.</p> + +<p>Common throughout the region in moist, open or shaded places at the +lower altitudes, frequently forming clumps of considerable size; +flowering throughout the summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Stachys palustris</b> L. <i>Marsh Woundwort.</i></div> + +<p>Erect, usually slender, simple or somewhat branched, hairy throughout; +1—4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or very short petioled, +acuminate or acute at the apex, wedge-shaped or cordate at the base, +2—5 inches long, ½—1 inch wide, crenulate or dentate, flowers +clustered, forming an elongated, interrupted spike, or sometimes in the +axils of the upper leaves, 6—10 in a whorl; calyx hairy, its slender +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_247"></a>[Pg 247]</span> +teeth more than ½ the length of the tube; corolla deep pink spotted +with purple, ½—¾ of an inch long, the upper lip erect, hairy, the +lower spreading 3-cleft.</p> + +<p>In swamps and wet places throughout the region from Field west to +Beavermouth along the railway; flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Mentha canadensis</b> L. <i>American Wild Mint.</i></div> + +<p>Perennial by runners; stem more or less hairy with spreading hairs, +simple or branched, 6 inches to 2½ feet high. Leaves oblong, +ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slender-stemmed, acute at the apex, +sharply serrate, smooth or sparingly hairy, the larger 2—3 inches +long, ½—1 inch wide. Flowers numerous, small, ⅛ of an inch long, +white, pink or pale purple, all in whorls in the axils of the leaves, +the calyx about ⅓ the length of the corolla.</p> + +<p>In moist soil and marshy places, frequent along the line of the railway +from Field west to Beavermouth; flowering during July.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_248"></a>[Pg 248]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="SCROPHULARIACE"><span class="smcap">Scrophulariaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Figwort Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves without stipules and mostly +perfect, complete and irregular flowers; calyx 4—5-toothed, -cleft, or +-divided; corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular and stamens 2, 4, or 5, +nearly equal.</p> + +<table class="spb2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Stamens 5, the fifth sterile or rudimentary.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Sterile stamen represented by a gland on the upper</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">side of the corolla tube.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Collinsia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Sterile stamen nearly as long as the rest.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pentstemon.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Stamens 2, leaves opposite or whorled.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Veronica.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Stamens 4.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Stamens not enclosed in the upper lip.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Mimulus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Stamens enclosed in the upper lip.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Anther cells unequal.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Castilleja.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer and much</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">narrower than the inflated lower one.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Orthocarpus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Anther cells equal and parallel.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Galea not prolonged into a beak; throat without teeth.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Pedicularis.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Galea prolonged into a very slender, recurved beak;</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">throat with a tooth on each side.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Elephantella.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_68_1" src="images/i248_1_plate68.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="457" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Collinsia parviflora Dougl. (⅔ Nat.)<br> Small-Flowered Collinsia.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_68_2" src="images/i248_2_plate68.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="527" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Elephantella grœnlandica (Retz.) Rydb.<br> (⅓ Nat.)<br> Long-Beaked Elephantella.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_249"></a>[Pg 249]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Collinsia parviflora</b> Dougl. +<i>Small-flowered Collinsia.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slightly hairy at length, diffusely branched, very slender, 3—15 +inches long. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the apex, +narrowed at the base, ½—1 inch long, entire or sparingly toothed, the +lower opposite, petioled; the floral sessile, opposite or verticillate. +Flowers few, in whorls in the axils of the leaves, on long slender +pedicels; corolla blue or whitish, the throat longer than the limb; the +upper lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower lip 3-lobed, spreading.</p> + +<p>An inconspicuous little plant on rocks and in damp places throughout +the region; flowering during June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pentstemon fruticosus</b> (Pursh.) Greene. <i>Large +Purple Beard-tongue.</i></div> + +<p>Decumbent, diffusely spreading, 6—12 inches high, woody at the base. +Leaves ovate, obovate or oblong, ½ an inch or more long, serrulate or +entire, smooth or hairy when young. Flowers in glandular-hairy terminal +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_250"></a>[Pg 250]</span> +racemes; corolla violet, blue or pinkish purple, an inch or more long, +tubular funnel-form, 2-lipped, the upper deeply 2-, the lower 3-cleft.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region in exposed stony places and on slides up to an +elevation of 10,000 feet, frequently growing in patches of considerable +size; flowering in June and early July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pentstemon confertus</b> Dougl. <i>Yellow +Beard-tongue.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth throughout or the inflorescence and calyx sometimes with viscid +hairs; stem a foot or two high. Leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceolate +to somewhat linear, usually quite entire. Flowers in a terminal head of +2—5 dense, many-flowered clusters; corolla with a narrow tube about ½ +an inch long, pale yellow; the lower lip conspicuously bearded within.</p> + +<p>In moist or dry open ground throughout the Rockies, especially abundant +in the valleys of the Bow and Pipestone in the region about Laggan; +flowering during late June and early July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_69_1" src="images/i250_1_plate69.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="526" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Pentstemon confertus Dougl. (⅓ Nat.)<br> Yellow Beard-Tongue.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_69_2" src="images/i250_2_plate69.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="531" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Pentstemon pseudohumilis Rydb.<br> (½ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_251"></a>[Pg 251]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pentstemon procerus</b> Dougl. <i>Blue Beard-tongue.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth throughout, stems slender, 2—12 inches high. Leaves lanceolate, +1—2 inches long, those of the middle of the stem largest, usually +entire. Flowers in dense verticillate clusters, in a more or less +elongated head; corolla bright blue with a slender funnel-form tube ½ +an inch or more long; the lower lip bearded within.</p> + +<p>In open dry or moist ground throughout the Rockies, not common; most +abundant in the valley of the Kicking Horse River at Field; flowering +in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pentstemon pseudohumilis</b> Rydb.</div> + +<p>Smooth; stem 8—12 inches high, simple. Basal leaves broadly spatulate +or elliptic, thin, firm, obtuse, or acute, contracted into a slightly +winged petiole, with entire margins; stem leaves oblanceolate, oblong +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_252"></a>[Pg 252]</span> +or lanceolate, mostly all opposite. Flowers blue or bluish-purple in +a loose panicle, with more or less glandular-hairy branches; calyx +glandular-hairy, ¼ of an inch long, deeply cleft into lanceolate lobes; +corolla slightly hairy, about ¾ of an inch long, funnel-form, slightly oblique.</p> + +<p>In open ground and slopes in the Selkirks; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Veronica americana</b> Schwein. <i>American +Brooklime.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth throughout; stems decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 6 +inches to 2 feet long. Leaves oblong, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, all +distinctly petioled, sharply serrate with a wedge-shaped or rounded +base, obtuse or acute at the apex, 1—3 inches long, ¼—1 inch broad. +Flowers in racemes on slender peduncles in the axils of the leaves; +corolla blue or nearly white, striped with purple, nearly ¼ of an inch +broad, rotate, with 4 unequal lobes.</p> + +<p>In brooks and swampy places in the Selkirks, especially around Glacier; +flowering throughout the summer. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_253"></a>[Pg 253]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Veronica Wormskjoldii</b> R. and S. <i>Alpine +Speedwell.</i></div> + +<p>Hairy throughout with brown glandular hairs; stems ascending or erect, +slender, usually simple, 2—12 inches high. Leaves oblong, ovate or +elliptic, sessile, mostly rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire, +½—1 inch long. Flowers light blue, in a short, narrow raceme; corolla, +⅛ of an inch broad, rotate, lobes nearly equal and rounded.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region in open woods, and in alpine meadows and slopes +up to 7000 feet elevation; flowering during June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Veronica serphyllifolia</b> L. <i>Thyme-leaved +Speedwell.</i></div> + +<p>Slightly hairy or smooth; stems slender, decumbent, the branches +ascending or erect, 2—10 inches high. Leaves all opposite and petioled +or the uppermost sessile, oblong, oval or ovate, ¼—½ an inch long, +crenulate, entire. Flowers in short spicate racemes at the ends of the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_254"></a>[Pg 254]</span> +stems and branches; corolla pale blue or sometimes white, with darker +stripes, nearly ¼ of an inch broad.</p> + +<p>In open grassy ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Selkirks, +very abundant and striking in the lawn at Glacier House; flowering +during June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Mimulus Lewisii</b> Pursh. <i>Red Monkey-flower.</i></div> + +<p>Stems viscid-hairy, 2—4 feet high. Leaves from oblong-ovate to +lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, opposite, 2—4 inches long and ½ as +broad. Flowers on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx campanulate, +¾ of an inch long, with triangular acute teeth; corolla rose-red +or paler, the tube twice as long as the calyx, throat open, limb +two-lipped; lobes of the upper lip erect or turned backward, obcordate, +the lower lip spreading, the lobes obovate.</p> + +<p>In wet ground and along streams through the Selkirks, frequently +growing in such abundance as to practically exclude all other +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_255"></a>[Pg 255]</span> +vegetation; the large showy, rose-purple flowers, each with two bright +yellow patches in the throat.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Mimulus cæspitosus</b> Greene. <i>Yellow +Monkey-flower.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, stems flattened, decumbent and rooting at the nodes, the +branches rising 3—6 inches high. Leaves orbicular or ovate, ½—1 +inch long, dentate or denticulate, usually sublyrate, purple beneath. +Flowers axillary on long peduncles; calyx campanulate, ⅓ of an inch +long, mottled with dark purple; corolla bright yellow, ¾—1 inch long, +throat spotted with dark red, lobes of the upper lip erect, ⅓—½ an +inch long, the middle lobe of the lower lip broadly cordate, pendulous.</p> + +<p>In wet, gravelly soil around springs and in the beds and banks of +alpine brooks, through the Selkirks, often forming large patches; +flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Mimulus moschatus</b> Dougl. <i>Musk Plant.</i></div> + +<p>Hairy with soft and glandular hairs, musk scented; stems creeping +or ascending, branched, slender, 6—12 inches long. Leaves ovate or +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_256"></a>[Pg 256]</span> +oblong, short petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, denticulate, +rounded or subcordate at the base, 1—2 inches long, half as broad. +Flowers ¾ of an inch long on axillary peduncles, shorter than the +leaves; corolla funnel-shaped with a spreading limb nearly ½ an inch +broad, bright yellow.</p> + +<p>In wet shaded ground at the lower altitudes, throughout the Selkirks; +flowering during June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Castilleja purpurascens</b> Greenm. <i>Painter’s +Brush.</i></div> + +<p>Perennial more or less purplish throughout, stems erect or nearly +so, 4—12 inches high, usually, several from the same root, smooth +or somewhat hairy below, soft-hairy above. Leaves sessile, clasping, +linear or narrowly lanceolate, ¾—2 inches long, usually attenuate and +acute, entire and undivided or occasionally 3-cleft near the apex, +smooth or the uppermost soft-hairy, 3-nerved. Inflorescence in a close +terminal raceme, later elongated, about 3 inches long, close-hairy; +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_257"></a>[Pg 257]</span> +bracts ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1—1¼ inches long, usually +entire or occasionally cleft, from deep purple-red to scarlet and +rarely yellow to tinged with red or pink; calyx ¾—1 inch long, ranging +in color with the bracts; corolla 1—1½ inches long, galea green or +greenish-yellow with scarlet margins and exserted beyond the calyx and +floral bracts.</p> + +<p>Frequent in the lower altitudes through the Rockies; very abundant +and striking on the flood-plain of the Kicking Horse River at Field; +flowering during June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Castilleja pallida</b> Kunth. <i>White Indian +Paint-brush.</i></div> + +<p>Commonly hairy with weak cobwebby hairs, a foot or less high. Leaves +linear to lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in +dense leafy-bracted spikes; bracts oval or obovate, partly white or +yellowish, cobwebby-hairy, equalling the corolla; calyx 2-cleft, the +lobes oblong or lanceolate, corolla ½—1 inch long; galea not exceeding +the calyx.</p> + +<p>In moist open grounds at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_258"></a>[Pg 258]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Castilleja miniata</b> Dougl. <i>Bright Painted Cup.</i></div> + +<p>A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, smooth or nearly so. +Leaves lanceolate or linear or the upper ovate-lanceolate acute, entire +or rarely 3-cleft. Flowers in a dense, short, hairy spike; bracts from +lanceolate to oval, mostly bright red or crimson, occasionally pinkish, +rarely whitish, seldom lobed; calyx lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft; +corolla over an inch long; galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube.</p> + +<p>In moist alpine meadows throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Castilleja lanceifolia</b> Rydb. <i>Scarlet +Painted Cup.</i></div> + +<p>Perennial with a long creeping rootstock, not growing in clumps, 1—2 +feet high, sparingly close-hairy or nearly smooth, very leafy. Leaves +lanceolate; often acuminate, 1½—2½ inches long, rather firm, 3-veined, +the upper seldom if ever cleft. Flowers in a compact terminal head; +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_259"></a>[Pg 259]</span> +bracts bright scarlet, oblong, obtuse; calyx 1 inch long, crimson or +scarlet with a green base about equally cleft; corolla yellowish-green, +½ an inch longer than the calyx.</p> + +<p>In moist open woods throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on +the eastern slope; flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Orthocarpus luteus</b> Nutt. <i>Yellow Orthocarpus.</i></div> + +<p>Annual, rough-hairy; stems stout, erect, branched above or simple, +6—18 inches high, densely leafy. Leaves erect or ascending, linear or +lanceolate, entire or sometimes 3-cleft, 1—1½ inches long, sessile, +long acuminate; bracts of the dense spike lanceolate, broader and +shorter than the leaves, entire or 3-cleft, green, mostly longer than +the flowers. Flowers bright yellow, an inch long or less, the upper lip +ovate, obtuse, about as long as the sac-like 3-toothed lower one.</p> + +<p>In open ground in the lower valleys throughout the region as far +west as the valley of the Columbia River at Beavermouth; flowering +throughout the summer. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_260"></a>[Pg 260]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Elephantella grœnlandica</b> (Retz.) Rydb. <i>Long-beaked +Elephantella.</i></div> + +<p>Whole plant usually purple, smooth; stem simple, erect, 1—1½ feet +high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted or the +lower pinnately divided into lanceolate, acute, crenulate, or incised +segments, the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled 2—6 inches +long. Flowers in a very dense spike 1—6 inches long; calyx short, +acutish; corolla red or purple, the galea produced into a slender beak +½—¾ of an inch long, which is decurved against the lower lip and upwardly +recurved beyond it; body of the corolla about ¼ of an inch long.</p> + +<p>In open bogs and wet alpine meadows at the higher altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pedicularis racemosa</b> Dougl. <i>White Lousewort.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth throughout, simple or sometimes branching, 6—18 inches high. +Leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenulate, 2—4 +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_261"></a>[Pg 261]</span> +inches long. Flowers short-pedicelled in a short leafy raceme or +spike, or the lower remote in the axils of the leaves; corolla white, +showy, the galea which is half an inch long produced into a slender, +elongated, incurved beak nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower lip.</p> + +<p>At the higher altitudes in the Rockies in moist open ground and alpine +meadows, flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pedicularis bracteosa</b> Benth. <i>Wood Betony.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, 1—3 feet high; leaves 3—10 inches long, all pinnately parted, +the lower divided, ample; divisions of the leaves ½—2 inches long, +linear-lanceolate. Flowers crowded in a cylindrical, leafy-bracted +spike, 2—6 inches long; corolla less than an inch long, pale yellow or +reddish, the galea much longer than the lip with a hooded summit.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies in moist open woods and alpine meadows +at the higher elevations; flowering during July.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_262"></a>[Pg 262]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="LENTIBULARIACE"><span class="smcap">Lentibulariaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Butterwort Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>In our species, stemless herbs with fibrous roots and 1-flowered +scapes; basal, tufted, entire leaves, the upper surface covered with a +viscid secretion, to which insects adhere and are caught by the curling +of the sensitive leaf margins; calyx 4—5-parted or 2-lipped; corolla +sac-like and contracted into a spur.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Pinguicula vulgaris</b> L. <i>Butterwort.</i></div> + +<p>Leaves pale yellowish-green, 3—7 in a rosette at the base of the +scape, greasy to the touch on the upper surface, ovate-lanceolate, +obtuse, 1—2 inches long, ¼ as wide. Flowers solitary on a slender +scape, violet-purple, nearly ½ an inch broad when expanded, 2-lipped; +the upper lip 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed, larger; the tube gradually +contracted into an obtuse or acute nearly straight spur, ⅓ of an inch long.</p> + +<p>In wet mossy places, on rocks, or edges of gravelly stream beds +throughout the Rockies, at the lower altitudes; the bright little +flowers suggesting violets; flowering during June.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_70" src="images/i262_plate70.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="504"> + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Pinguicula vulgaris L. Butterwort.<br> + <i>b</i> Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. (¾ Nat.)<br> + Large Purple Beard-Tongue.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_263"></a>[Pg 263]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="RUBIACE"><span class="smcap">Rubiaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Madder Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>In our species, herbs with 4-angled stems and branches, with +verticillate leaves and small 4-parted flowers, regular and perfect and +fruit separating into 2-carpels.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Galium boreale</b> L. <i>Northern Bed-straw.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, erect, simple or branched, leafy, 1—2½ feet high. Leaves in +4’s, lanceolate or linear 3-nerved, obtuse or acute, 1—2½ inches long, +the margins sometimes fringed with hairs. Flowers white, numerous in +a terminal panicle; corolla 4-parted, ⅛ of an inch across, the lobes +lanceolate, acute.</p> + +<p>In open ground and in open woods or thickets at the lower altitudes, +throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_264"></a>[Pg 264]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CAPRIFOLIACE"><span class="smcap">Caprifoliaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Honeysuckle Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Shrubs, trees, vines or perennial herbs with opposite leaves and mostly +cymose flowers; calyx 3—5-toothed, the corolla 5-lobed or sometimes +2-lipped; stamens 5-inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate +with the lobes; fruit a berry, drupe or capsule.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Corolla rotate or urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves pinnate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Sambucus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Leaves simple.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Viburnum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers in pairs, pink.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Linnæa.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Shrubs, erect or climbing.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Corolla short-campanulate, regular or nearly so.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Symphoricarpos.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Corolla tubular and irregular.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lonicera.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Sambucus pubens</b> Michx. <i>Red-berried Elder.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub 2—12 feet high, the twigs and leaves commonly hairy; stems +woody, the younger with reddish-brown pith. Leaves pinnate with 3—7 +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_265"></a>[Pg 265]</span> +ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate leaflets 2—5 inches long, sharply +serrate. Flowers numerous, less than ¼ of an inch broad, white, in a +close oblong head 3—4 inches high, longer than broad; berries in a +compact head, bright scarlet, ¼ of an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>Rocky places and thickets throughout the region though most abundant in +the Selkirks; flowering in June, the bright red berries ripe in late summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Sambucus melanocarpa</b> A. Gray. <i>Black-berried +Elder.</i></div> + +<p>A shrub 2—12 feet high, smooth or the young leaves slightly hairy. +Leaves pinnate with 3—7 or rarely 9 ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, +acuminate leaflets, 2—5 inches long, sharply serrate. Flowers small +white in a close compound cyme 3—4 inches high and as broad; berries ¼ +of an inch broad, black and shining in a close head.</p> + +<p>Rocky places and thickets in the Selkirks; growing with the other +species and difficult to distinguish from it except by the colour of +the berries. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_266"></a>[Pg 266]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Viburnum pauciflorum</b> Pylaie. <i>Few-flowered +Cranberry Tree.</i></div> + +<p>A straggling bush 2—6 feet high with twigs and petioles smooth or +nearly so. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or broader than long; 5-ribbed, +mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes above the middle, coarsely and +unequally dentate, smooth above, more or less hairy on the veins +beneath, 1½—3 inches broad. Flowers small, pure white or pinkish, ¼ +of an inch broad in compact axillary heads an inch or so broad; drupe +globose, bright red, acid, about half an inch long.</p> + +<p>A most attractive shrub in thickets and woods at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June; the acid fruit +is frequently used for preserving.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Linnæa americana</b> Forbes. <i>Twin-flower.</i></div> + +<p>Branches slender, woody, slightly hairy, trailing, 6—24 inches long. +Leaves evergreen, opposite, obovate or orbicular, obscurely crenate, +thick, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, sometimes wider than long. Flowers nodding +in pairs, rarely in 4’s, on slender pedicels ¼—¾ of an inch long, +very fragrant; corolla tubular-campanulate with 5 equal lobes, pink or +nearly white, deep pink within.</p> + +<p>In moist cool woods, frequent throughout the region, especially in the +Rockies; flowering in late June and early July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_71_1" src="images/i266_1_plate71.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="521" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Linnæa americana Forbes. (¼ Nat.)<br> American Twin-Flower.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_71_2" src="images/i266_2_plate71.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="494" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Lonicera ebractulata Rydb. (½ Nat.)<br> Fly Honeysuckle.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_267"></a>[Pg 267]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Symphoricarpos racemosus</b> Michx. <i>Snowberry.</i></div> + +<p>An erect shrub, 1—4 feet high, smooth or nearly so with slender +branches. Leaves oval, obtuse at each end, 1—2 inches long, entire, +undulate or sometimes dentate. Flowers pale pink or white, few, in +axillary clusters; corolla campanulate, ¼ of an inch long, equally +5-lobed, slightly inflated at the base and bearded within; berries +snow-white, nearly ½ an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>On rocky banks and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering during July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_268"></a>[Pg 268]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Symphoricarpos pauciflorus</b> (Robbins) Britton. +<i>Low Snowberry.</i></div> + +<p>A low, spreading, diffusely branched shrub 6—9 inches high. Leaves +broadly oval or orbicular, entire, softly hairy, especially along the +veins beneath. Flowers about ¼ of an inch long, solitary in the upper +axils, and 2 or 3 in the terminal spike; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, +bearded within; berry globose, white, ¼ of an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>In rocky places and on wooded slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering +in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lonicera glaucescens</b> Rydb. <i>Douglas’s +Honeysuckle.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, more or less shrubby or twining. Leaves smooth above, glaucous +and hairy at least on the veins beneath, 1½—2 inches long, papery on +the margins, usually only the upper pair connate-perfoliate. Flowers in +a short terminal interrupted spike, corolla 1 inch long or less, yellow +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_269"></a>[Pg 269]</span> +changing to reddish, slightly hairy without, long-hairy within, the +tube rather strongly inflated at the base, the 2-lipped limb shorter +than the tube, stamens and style exserted.</p> + +<p>In rocky places and along river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering +during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lonicera ebractulata</b> Rydb. <i>Fly Honeysuckle.</i></div> + +<p>Shrubby, 3—6 feet high with grey bark. Leaves light green, glaucous +and hairy beneath, fringed with hairs on the margins, elliptic-ovate +or broadly ovate, obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base, rounded at +the apex, 1—2½ inches long, ½—1½ inches wide. Flowers in pairs from +the axils of the leaves; peduncles about ½ an inch long; corolla light +yellow, about ¾ of an inch long, funnel-form, and spurred at the base +on the inner side; berry bright red, ¼ of an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>In moist woods throughout the region at the lower altitudes; flowering +in May and early June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_270"></a>[Pg 270]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lonicera involucrata</b> (Richards) Banks. <i>Involucred +Fly Honeysuckle.</i></div> + +<p>A nearly smooth shrub 3—10 feet high. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, +oval or obovate, 2—6 inches long, acute or acuminate at the apex, +narrowed or rounded at the base, more or less hairy at least when +young. Flowers greenish-yellow, 2 or 3 on axillary peduncles, 1—2 +inches long, bracts foliaceous, ovate or oval, often cordate, bractlets +larger, greenish-yellow, at length turning rich maroon and surrounding +the fruit; corolla hairy, funnel-form; the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; +stamens and styles slightly exserted; berries separate, globose or +oval, nearly black, about ⅓ of an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>In rich moist woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the +region, inconspicuous when in flower in late June and early July, but +especially showy when in fruit, the blue-black berries subtended by the +showy maroon bracts, making it a most striking shrub during summer and +early autumn.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_72" src="images/i270_plate72.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="666"> + <p class="f110 spb1">Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks.<br> (⅔ Nat.)<br> + Involucred Fly Honeysuckle.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_271"></a>[Pg 271]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="VALERIANACE"><span class="smcap">Valerianaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Valerian Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Perennial strongly smelling herbs, with opposite leaves and paniculate +heads of small pink or white, funnel-form, more or less gibbous +flowers, commonly with 3 exserted stamens.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Valeriana septentrionalis</b> Rydb. <i>Northern +Valerian.</i></div> + +<p>Erect, perfectly smooth throughout or the inflorescence minutely hairy, +8—16 inches high. Basal, leaves petioled, spatulate or oval, 1—5 +inches long, entire; stem leaves usually 3 pairs, the lower petioled, +the upper sessile, segments, 5—7 oval or linear-lanceolate, entire +or merely undulate on the margins. Flowers cymose-paniculate, usually +congested; corolla white, about ¼ of an inch long; fruit smooth, ⅛ of +an inch or slightly longer.</p> + +<p>In moist shaded places and on slopes in the lower valleys of the +Rockies; flowering in July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_272"></a>[Pg 272]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Valeriana Scouleri</b> Rydb. <i>Scouler’s Valerian.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth throughout; stem rather stout, 1—3 feet high. Leaves, the +basal on long petioles, oblong, 1—2 inches long, 3-lobed, the +centre one much the largest, oblong, tapering to both ends, the +lateral lanceolate; stem leaves, 2—4 pairs pinnately parted in 5—7 +lanceolate, acute, entire, or undulate segments, 1—2 inches long. +Flowers pink in a flat, cymose panicle, 2—2½ inches broad; corolla +nearly ¼ of an inch long, funnel-form; stamens and style exserted.</p> + +<p>In moist open ground throughout the Rockies at the higher elevations; +flowering during June and early July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Valeriana sitchensis</b> Bong. <i>Wild Heliotrope.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth; stems rather stout, 1—5 feet high, often branching. Leaves +in 2—4 pairs, pinnately 3—5-lobed, leaflets ovate to oblong or +lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely dentate, 1—2 inches long, densely +white-hairy at the base of the petioles; basal leaves lacking at the +time of flowering. Flowers very fragrant, pink, in a compact cymose +panicle, corolla broad, funnel-form, ¼ of an inch long with spreading +rounded lobes; stamens and style much exserted.</p> + +<p>Common along the streams and in damp places in the Selkirks, at times +forming vast masses of pink when in flower in June and early July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_73_1" src="images/i272_1_plate73.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="532" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Valeriana sitchensis Bong. (⅓ Nat.)<br> Wild Heliotrope.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_73_2" src="images/i272_2_plate73.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="535" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora Rydb. (Nat.)<br> Brook Lobelia.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_273"></a>[Pg 273]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CAMPANULACE"><span class="smcap">Campanulaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Bellflower Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs with alternate simple leaves, usually milky juice, and perfect +flowers; calyx mostly 5-lobed; corolla regular or irregular, the tube +entire or deeply cleft on one side, its limb 5-lobed, regular or more +or less 2-lipped; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Campanula uniflora</b> L. <i>Arctic Harebell.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth or nearly so, simple, 1—6 inches high. Leaves linear or +linear-oblong, acute, sessile, thickish entire or sparingly dentate, +¾—1½ inches long or the lower and basal ones spatulate, obtuse and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_274"></a>[Pg 274]</span> +narrowed into petioles. Flowers erect, calyx tube top-shaped, smooth +or hairy, shorter than or equalling the lobes; corolla narrowly +campanulate, ⅓—½ an inch long, bright blue, with 5 slightly spreading +lanceolate lobes.</p> + +<p>Alpine summits in the Rockies not common; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Campanula rotundifolia</b> L. <i>Harebell, Bluebell.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth or nearly so, stems erect or spreading, often several from +the same root, simple or branched, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Basal +leaves nearly orbicular or broadly ovate, usually heart-shaped and +slender petioled, ¼—1 inch wide, dentate or entire, often wanting +at flowering time; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong acute, mostly +entire and sessile or the lower narrowed into short petioles and +somewhat spatulate. Flowers several or numerous in racemes, drooping or +spreading, slender pedicelled; calyx lobes hair-like, spreading, longer +than the tube, corolla bright blue, campanulate, ½—1 inch long. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_275"></a>[Pg 275]</span></p> + +<p>On moist rocks or stony places, on slides or gravelly stream banks, +frequent throughout the region; flowering during most of the summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora</b> Rydb. <i>Brook +Lobelia.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth throughout or slightly hairy below; stem simple or slightly +branched, erect, leafy, 4—8 inches high. Leaves basal, small, ¼—½ an +inch long, obovate, hairy; stem leaves linear. Flowers light blue or +white, ⅓ or nearly ½ an inch long on erect pedicels slightly more than +their own length; petals 5, the two upper erect, ⅛ of an inch long, +very slender, the 3 lower broader, ¼ of an inch long and spreading, in +loose racemes, lower bracts linear-lanceolate, the upper hair-like.</p> + +<p>On wet banks or wet gravelly or sandy ground at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies, abundant locally; flowering in July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CICHORIACE"><span class="smcap">Cichoriaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Chicory Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs almost always with milky juice, alternate or basal leaves and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_276"></a>[Pg 276]</span> +yellow or rarely pink, blue, purple, or white flowers in involucrate +heads; bracts of the involucre in 1 to several series; flowers all +alike and perfect; corolla with a short or long tube and a strap-shaped +(ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray).</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Heads solitary; leaves all basal.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Achenes smooth at the apex.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Agoseris.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Achenes spinulose at the apex.  </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Taraxacum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Heads several; leaves not all basal.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Achenes flattened.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Flowers yellow.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Sonchus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Flowers blue.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Lactuca.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Achenes rounded.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Pappus white.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Crepis.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Pappus tawny.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Hieracium.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Agoseris glauca</b> (Pursh.) Greene. <i>Large-flowered +Agoseris.</i></div> + +<p>Pale and smooth throughout or a little woolly below. Leaves +linear-lanceolate or oblong, entire, dentate or pinnatifid, 2—10 +inches long, acuminate. Scapes stout, smooth or slightly hairy, longer +than the leaves, 6—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, rays bright +yellow, involucre oblong, campanulate, usually smooth.</p> + +<p>Open grounds and on grassy alpine slopes and in meadows; flowering +during June and July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_74" src="images/i276_plate74.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="515"> + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Hieracium umbellatum L.<br> Narrow-Leaved Hawk-weed.<br> + <i>b</i> Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. (⅔ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_277"></a>[Pg 277]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Agoseris aurantiaca</b> (Hook.) Greene. +<i>Orange-flowered Agoseris.</i></div> + +<p>Nearly smooth, not glaucous. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or +with lanceolate lobes toward the base, narrowed into slender petioles, +4—8 inches long. Scapes longer than the leaves, smooth below, woolly +at the top; involucre ½—¾ of an inch high, bracts lanceolate, more or +less woolly, flowers orange or copper-coloured.</p> + +<p>In open ground and alpine meadows throughout the region; flowering in +midsummer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Agoseris graciliens</b> (A. Gray) Greene. <i>Slender +Agoseris.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate entire, 6—8 inches +long, acute. Scapes slender, 10—18 inches high, woolly at the +summit; involucre ½—¾ of an inch long, bracts narrow, smooth with +hairy-fringed margins; flowers deep orange. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_278"></a>[Pg 278]</span></p> + +<p>In grassy alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher +altitudes; flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Taraxacum Taraxacum</b> (L.) Karst. <i>Dandelion.</i></div> + +<p>Root thick and deep. Leaves oblong to spatulate in outline, usually +rough-hairy at least when young, acute or obtuse, pinnatifid, +sinuate-dentate or rarely nearly entire, rather succulent, 3—10 +inches long, ½—2½ inches wide, narrowed into petioles. Scapes erect, +2—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, containing very numerous +golden yellow flowers, inner bracts of the involucre, linear or +linear-lanceolate, the outer similar, shorter, not glaucous, reflexed, +acute; achenes greenish brown.</p> + +<p>In waste places and open ground throughout the region, along roadsides +and near the railway; established as a weed; flowering in early summer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Taraxacum montanum</b> Nutt. <i>Mountain Dandelion.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth; scapes and leaves from the crown of a thick, vertical root. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_279"></a>[Pg 279]</span> +Leaves spatulate, oblong, nearly entire or runcinately-toothed, obtuse, +the teeth shallow and simple, 3—4 inches long, ½—¾ of an inch wide. +Flowers bright orange or yellow on smooth scapes, 4—8 inches high; +involucral bracts all appressed, in 2-series, the outer ovate to +lanceolate, frequently reddish; inner ones narrowly lanceolate.</p> + +<p>Throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys and slopes; flowering in +early June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Sonchus arvensis</b> L. <i>Milk Thistle.</i></div> + +<p>Stems smooth, leafy below, branched and nearly naked above, 2—4 feet +high. Lower and basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, often 12 inches +long, spinulose dentate, narrowed into short petioles, the upper +pinnatifid or entire, clasping. Flowers bright yellow, numerous in +showy heads, 1—2 inches broad; involucre nearly an inch high.</p> + +<p>An introduced weed, occurring more or less frequently along the line of +the railway throughout the region; a showy plant when in flower, during +the early part of the day. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_280"></a>[Pg 280]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Lactuca pulchella</b> (Pursh) DC. +<i>Large-flowered Blue Lettuce.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth throughout and somewhat glaucous; stem rather slender and leafy, +1—3 feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, +entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, 2—8 inches long. Flowers bright +blue or violet in numerous heads ½ an inch or more broad, in an open +panicle.</p> + +<p>Frequent along the railway in moist open places throughout the region; +flowering in midsummer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Crepis nana</b> Richards. +<i>Alpine Hawk’s-beard.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, forming depressed tufts on slender, creeping rootstocks. Leaves +chiefly at the root, 1—2 inches long including the petioles, obovate +to spatulate, entire, repand dentate or lyrate, commonly equalling the +clustered stems. Heads few-flowered, nearly ½ an inch high, narrowly +cylindric, ⅛ of an inch in diameter; flowers bright yellow, spreading ¼ +of an inch across. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_281"></a>[Pg 281]</span></p> + +<p>A small alpine plant growing among loose stones and on the moraines and +on slides and summits throughout the Rockies; flowering in midsummer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Crepis elegans</b> Hook. <i>Many-flowered +Hawk’s-beard.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, many-stemmed from a perennial tap-root, 6—12 inches high, +diffusely branched. Leaves entire or nearly so; root leaves spatulate; +stem-leaves from lanceolate to linear. Heads numerous, narrowly +cylindric, ¼—⅓ of an inch high, the pale yellow flowers little more +than ⅓ of an inch across.</p> + +<p>In gravel beds along the rivers and larger streams throughout the +Rockies; flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Hieracium umbellatum</b> L. <i>Narrow-leaved +Hawk-weed.</i></div> + +<p>Stem rather slender, smooth or puberulent, sometimes rough hairy +below, leafy, simple, 1—2½ feet high. Leaves lanceolate or the lowest +spatulate, entire, denticulate or sometimes laciniate-dentate, acute or +acuminate, 1—3 inches long, smooth above, usually hairy beneath with +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_282"></a>[Pg 282]</span> +the margins fringed with hairs. Heads of flowers nearly an inch broad, +umbellate, bright yellow.</p> + +<p>On banks and near rivers in the Rockies; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Hieracium Scouleri</b> Hook. <i>Hairy Hawk-weed.</i></div> + +<p>Hairy throughout with long, soft hairs; 1—2 feet high. Leaves +lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, 3—6 inches long. Flowers in an +irregular branching panicle. Head ½ an inch high; involucre with copious +long bristly hairs; flowers bright yellow, ½ an inch or more broad.</p> + +<p>On banks and stony open ground throughout the region flowering during +July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Hieracium gracile</b> Hook. <i>Slender Hawk-weed.</i></div> + +<p>Growing in tufts, pale green. Leaves nearly all in clusters at the +root, obovate to oblong-spatulate, 1—3 inches long, attenuate into +petioles, entire or repand denticulate. Stems 8—18 inches high, +brownish-hairy above, bearing few or several heads of flowers near the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_283"></a>[Pg 283]</span> +top; involucres about ⅓ of an inch high, usually blackish-hairy at the +base; flowers bright yellow in heads ¼ of an inch or less broad.</p> + +<p>In dry open or shaded places at the higher elevations throughout the +region, growing in sand; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Hieracium albiflorum</b> Hook. <i>White-flowered +Hawk-weed.</i></div> + +<p>Loosely branching and hairy with long hairs; 1—3 feet high. Leaves +oblong, thin, 2—6 inches long. Involucres narrow-campanulate, ⅓ to +nearly ½ an inch high; flowers white, ¼ of an inch across or more; +several in a compound cyme.</p> + +<p>On sandy banks and open mountain sides, frequent throughout the region +at the lower elevations; flowering during June and July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CARDUACE"><span class="smcap">Carduaceæ</span><br> +<span class="h_subtitle"><i>Thistle Family</i></span></h2> +</div> + +<p>Herbs with watery or resinous sap and alternate, opposite or basal +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_284"></a>[Pg 284]</span> +leaves; flowers perfect, pistillate or neutral; borne on a common +receptacle forming heads, surrounded by an involucre of few to many +bracts in one or more series; calyx tube attached to the top of the +ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, crown-like +or wanting; corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or -cleft, the marginal +flowers frequently expanded into a ligule (ray); when the ray flowers +are absent the head is said to be discoid, when present, radiate; the +tubular flowers form the disc. The largest of all the families of +flowering plants comprising about 760 genera and not less than 10,000 +species, represented in the region by the following:</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Anthers not tailed at the base; heads rayed or rayless.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">Style branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with terminal appendages.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Rays yellow or sometimes wanting.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Pappus double, the outer very short.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Chrysopsis.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Pappus simple; panicle compact.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Solidago.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Rays white, purple, or blue, rarely wanting.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3" colspan="2">Involucral bracts in 1—2 series, narrow; rays usually narrow and numerous.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3"> </td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Erigeron.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Involucral bracts in 2—5 series; rays broader and less numerous.</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_285"></a>[Pg 285]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Scales of the involucre dry, papery and appressed.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Eucephalus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Scales of the involucre more or less herbaceous, and spreading.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Aster.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">Style branches of the perfect flowers straight edged or with hairy tips.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Involucre not scarious.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Pappus never capillary; receptacle chaffy or bristly.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Receptacle conic, chaffy; pappus none.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Rudbeckia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Receptacle flat, chaffy; tall herbs; pappus 2 scales.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Helianthus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Receptacle bristly; pappus a crown of scales</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Gaillardia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Pappus capillary.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Leaves all or mostly opposite.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Arnica.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws4">Leaves alternate.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers white or pinkish; leaves large.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Petasites.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws5">Flowers yellow, leaves small.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Senecio.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Involucre scarious.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Receptacle chaffy; rays short.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Achillea.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Receptacle naked; rays conspicuous.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Chrysanthemum.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws3">Receptacle naked; rays none.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Artemisia.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Anthers with tails at the base; heads without rays.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Receptacle not bristly; corolla not deeply cleft.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Pappus hair-like in pistillate flowers; club shaped in staminate.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Antennaria.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Pappus of all the flowers similar.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Anaphalis.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Receptacle long bristly; corolla deeply cleft.</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Leaves and usually the involucral bracts prickly</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Carduus.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Leaves and involucral bracts not prickly.</td> + <td class="tdr"><b>Saussurea.</b></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_286"></a>[Pg 286]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Chrysopsis hispida</b> (Hook.) Nutt. <i>Hispid Golden +Aster.</i></div> + +<p>Stems numerous from a woody rootstock, rough-hairy throughout, +spreading, 6—12 inches long. Leaves spatulate to oblong, entire, +spreading, ¾—1½ inches long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, +often into petioles half as long as the blade or more. Heads very +numerous, about ½ an inch broad; involucre less than ½ an inch high, +its bracts lanceolate, rough-hairy; ray flowers bright yellow, ¼ of an +inch or more long.</p> + +<p>In dry soil through the lower valleys throughout the Rockies; flowering +in midsummer.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Solidago multiradiata</b> Ait. <i>Northern Goldenrod.</i></div> + +<p>Stems smooth or somewhat hairy above, slender, 6—15 inches high. +Leaves firm, smooth or nearly so, the basal and lower ones spatulate +or oblanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate, obtuse, finely +reticulate-veined, 3—5 inches long, the upper smaller and narrower, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_287"></a>[Pg 287]</span> +entire. Heads about ⅓ of an inch high, usually few in a rather compact +terminal cyme; bracts of the involucre thin, linear-lanceolate, acute, +smooth; rays 8—15, large.</p> + +<p>On open hillsides throughout the region; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Solidago decumbens</b> Greene. <i>Field Goldenrod.</i></div> + +<p>Stems clustered at the summit of a strong, perpendicular root, stout, +decumbent, 6—18 inches high, usually dark red and sparsely hairy. +Leaves spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, more +or less distinctly serrate toward the summit, upper cauline leaves +similar but few and reduced, all rough on the margins. Heads large in +a thyrsoid panicle; bracts of the involucre glandular-viscid, linear, +obtuse, of firm texture, nerved; rays large.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Solidago missouriensis</b> Nutt. <i>Missouri +Goldenrod.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, rather slender, 3—5 feet high. Leaves firm or thick, those of +the stem linear-lanceolate and sessile, acuminate at the apex, narrowed +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_288"></a>[Pg 288]</span> +at the base, 2—4 inches long, rough-margined, triple-nerved, entire +or sparingly serrate with low sharp teeth, the basal and lowest ones +longer, spatulate and petioled. Heads ⅛—¼ of an inch high on one side +of the spreading or recurving branches of the short panicle; bracts of +the involucre oblong, greenish-tipped, obtuse; rays 6—13, short.</p> + +<p>In dry soil on the edges of woodland at the lower altitudes throughout +the Rockies; flowering in August.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Solidago canadensis</b> L. <i>Canada Goldenrod.</i></div> + +<p>Stout, rough-hairy or slightly so, 2—8 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, +triple-nerved, acute at each end, the lower ones sharply serrate and +petioled, 3—6 inches long, ⅓—1 inch wide, the upper smaller, entire. +Heads small, ⅛ of an inch or less high, very numerous on one side of +the spreading or recurved branches of the usually large and dense +panicle; involucral bracts linear, obtuse or acutish; rays 9—15 small.</p> + +<p>In open usually dry soil at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering during July and August.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_75" src="images/i288_plate75.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="510"> + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Erigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A. Gray.<br> Large Purple Fleabane.<br> + <i>b</i> Erigeron acris L. Blue Fleabane.<span class="ws4"> </span><br> + <i>c</i> Saussurea densa Hook. Saussurea. (⅗ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_289"></a>[Pg 289]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erigeron simplex</b> Greene. <i>Arctic Fleabane.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 1—6 inches high, several from the same root. Leaves few, the +basal spatulate or oblanceolate, 1—2 inches long; stem leaves linear +and few. Heads ⅓ of an inch in diameter, solitary; involucre usually +rough-hairy as well as woolly, bracts linear acute, rather close, rays +¼—⅓ of an inch long, white, very numerous.</p> + +<p>An alpine plant in dry ground at the higher elevations, among stones +and on the moraines, flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erigeron salsuginosus</b> (Richards) A. Gray. <i>Large +Purple Fleabane.</i></div> + +<p>Soft hairy above, 12—20 inches high. Leaves smooth, thick, +bright green, spatulate or nearly ovate, acute or conspicuously +bristle-tipped, the uppermost small and bract-like. Heads over 1½ +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_290"></a>[Pg 290]</span> +inches in diameter; rays 50—70, purple or violet, ½—¾ of an inch +long; disc bright yellow; involucral bracts linear, attenuate and +spreading, glandular-hairy.</p> + +<p>A most striking violet or purple daisy on moist banks, slopes, and in +moist, open woodlands; flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erigeron asper</b> Nutt. <i>Rough Fleabane.</i></div> + +<p>Stem simple or branched above, more or less hairy, sometimes roughly +so, 6—24 inches high. Leaves smooth, hairy or fringed on the margin +with hairs, entire, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, 2—4 inches long, +narrowed into a margined petiole; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate or +linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, the upper smaller. Heads several or +solitary, slender peduncled, ⅓—½ an inch broad; involucre hemispheric, +its bracts linear, acute, or rough-hairy; rays 100—150, very narrow, +violet-purple or nearly white, ⅓ to nearly half an inch long.</p> + +<p>In dry soil in the lower valleys and slopes of the Rockies; flowering +in July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_291"></a>[Pg 291]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erigeron cæspitosus</b> Nutt. <i>Tufted Fleabane.</i></div> + +<p>Stems tufted, closely white-hairy from a deep root; simple or +branched above, 6—12 inches high. Leaves white-hairy, entire, +narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 1—3 inches +long; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, the +upper gradually shorter. Heads solitary or several, short-peduncled, +⅓—½ an inch broad; involucre hemispheric its bracts lanceolate or +linear-oblong acute, white-hairy; rays 40—60, ¼—⅓ of an inch long, +white or pinkish.</p> + +<p>In dry open places in the Rockies at the lower altitudes, a pretty +tufted plant resembling an Aster; flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erigeron multifidus</b> Rydb. <i>Daisy Fleabane.</i></div> + +<p>Rough-hairy or somewhat smooth, stems slender, numerous, 3—6 inches +high. Leaves crowded on the crowns of the caudex, usually twice +ternately parted into linear or spatulate hairy lobes; an inch long or +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_292"></a>[Pg 292]</span> +less including the petiole; stem-leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers +solitary at the top of the nearly leafless hairy stem; involucre ¼ of +an inch high and nearly ½ an inch in diameter, outer bracts shorter and +spreading; rays 40—60, white, purple or violet, from ⅛ to nearly ½ an +inch long.</p> + +<p>On dry rocks throughout the Rockies up to 6000 feet elevation or above, +flowering during June or July.</p> + +<p><i>Erigeron multifidus discoideus (A. Gray.) Rydb.</i>, differing from +the species in the entire absence of ray flowers and smaller heads, +and <i>Erigeron multifidus nudus Rydb.</i>, differing from the species +in being almost entirely smooth except a few hairs on the petioles +and involucral bracts, are found in similar localities throughout the +Rockies, often growing with the species and frequently much more abundant.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_76_1" src="images/i292_1_plate76.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="539" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Erigeron discoideus Rydb.<br> Erigeron multifidus Rydb.<br> (½ Nat.)<br> + Cut-Leaved Fleabane.</p> + + <img id="PLATE_76_2" src="images/i292_2_plate76.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="548" > + <p class="f110 spb1">Erigeron melanocephalus A. Nelson.<br> (¾ Nat.)<br> Black-Headed Fleabane.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_293"></a>[Pg 293]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erigeron aureus</b> Greene <i>Golden Fleabane.</i></div> + +<p>Ashy-hairy, 3—6 inches high from a tufted caudex. Leaves ovate, +spatulate or roundish, an inch or more long, contracted into a petiole; +stem leaves ¼ of an inch long, few, and very narrow. Flowers solitary, +about ⅓ of an inch high and broad; involucre usually reddish or +purplish, covered with woolly hairs; bracts nearly equal, lanceolate, +rather loose; rays numerous, ¼—⅓ of an inch long, deep golden yellow.</p> + +<p>In open ground on alpine meadows and among rocks, at the higher altitudes, +throughout the region; a striking little plant, flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erigeron melanocephalus</b> A. Nelson. <i>Black-woolly +Fleabane.</i></div> + +<p>Stems few or several, slender, erect, 2—6 inches high, with +purplish-black hairs. Leaves numerous, elliptic or narrowly oblong, +¾—1½ inches long, nearly smooth; stem leaves broadly linear, +acuminate, ¾—1 inch long, hairiness similar to that of the stem. Head +solitary, ⅓ of an inch broad; involucral scales nearly equal, with +attenuate tips, densely covered with purplish-black wool; rays 50—60, +white or pinkish, ⅛ of an inch long. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_294"></a>[Pg 294]</span></p> + +<p>In open stony or more or less grassy ground at the high altitudes; +flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erigeron acris</b> L. <i>Blue Fleabane.</i></div> + +<p>More or less hairy, varying to smooth, 3—18 inches high, simple or +branching. Leaves spatulate or lanceolate, obtuse, 1—3 inches long, +hairy and entire. Heads ¼ of an inch or more broad, single or several, +more or less paniculately disposed; involucre hemispheric, its bracts +linear and hairy; rays numerous, very narrow, only slightly exceeding +the yellow disc, blue or purple.</p> + +<p>In dry stony ground and slopes throughout the region, very variable as +to size; flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erigeron drobrachiensis</b> O. Muell.</div> + +<p>Nearly or quite smooth, 1—2 feet high, usually paniculately branched. +Leaves spatulate to lanceolate, acute, rather numerous. Heads on +peduncle-like branches, an inch or more long, involucre, ⅓ of an inch +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_295"></a>[Pg 295]</span> +or more broad, scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate and glandular, +green; rays numerous and thread-like, pink, but slightly exceeding the +disc.</p> + +<p>On banks and more or less shaded places at the lower altitudes +throughout the Rockies; flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Erigeron philadelphicus</b> L. <i>Philadelphia +Fleabane.</i></div> + +<p>Soft-hairy or sometimes nearly smooth, stems slender, mostly branched +above, 1—3 feet high. Leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse or acute, +dentate or entire, 1—3 inches long. Heads several or numerous, +corymbose-paniculate, ¼—⅓ of an inch broad; involucre depressed +hemispheric, its bracts linear with roughened margins; rays 100—150, +¼—⅓ of an inch long, bright rose-colour.</p> + +<p>In open grassy and wet places at the lower altitudes, throughout the +Rockies; flowering in June and July. This species, the most widely +distributed of any member of the genus, is found throughout North +America; though locally rare, where found it is usually in great abundance. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_296"></a>[Pg 296]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aster Richardsonii</b> Spreng. <i>Richardson’s Aster.</i></div> + +<p>Hairy, often much branched from the base, 3—12 inches high. Leaves +oblong, spatulate to broadly lanceolate, more or less sharply serrate, +an inch or more long. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches; +involucre broadly campanulate, ¼ of an inch high, shorter than the +disc; the bracts narrowly lanceolate, with mostly acute and loose +herbaceous tips; rays nearly half an inch long, violet-purple.</p> + +<p>In gravelly ground and river bottoms frequent in the region; flowering +during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aster conspicuus</b> Lindl. <i>Large Purple Aster.</i></div> + +<p>Rough, stout, and rigid, 2 feet high. Leaves firm, ovate, oblong, +or the lower obovate, acute, 4—6 inches long, 1½—4 inches broad, +acutely serrate, reticulate-veiny. Flowers numerous in a broad head, +involucre, broadly campanulate, equalling the disc, half an inch high; +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_297"></a>[Pg 297]</span> +bracts in several series, minutely glandular, lanceolate, acute, the +greenish tips a little spreading; rays ½ an inch long or more, violet.</p> + +<p>The most showy of all the Asters, frequent in the Rockies at the lower +altitudes, on slides and on gravelly river banks, forming great masses +of colour when flowering in late July and early August.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aster major</b> (Hook) Porter. <i>Great Northern +Aster.</i></div> + +<p>Stem stout, leafy to the summit, densely long-hairy, or rarely smooth, +branched above, 2—6 feet high. Leaves rather thin, lanceolate, partly +clasping by a narrowed base, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate +with low distant teeth, dark green and lightly hairy above, densely +soft-hairy on the veins beneath, 3—5 inches long, ½ to nearly an inch +wide. Heads mostly solitary, at the ends of short branches, 1½ inches +broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts little imbricated, green, +linear-subulate, densely glandular; rays 35—45 purple, about ½ an inch long.</p> + +<p>In moist soil in the valleys of the Selkirks; flowering during August. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_298"></a>[Pg 298]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aster Lindleyanus</b> T. & G. <i>Lindley’s Aster.</i></div> + +<p>Stem usually stout, smooth, or sparingly hairy, 1—3 feet high, +branched above. Leaves rather thick, smooth or slightly hairy, +especially on the veins, the lower and basal ones heart-shaped at the +base, sharply serrate, ovate-acute or acuminate, 2—4 inches long, with +slender, naked petioles; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, +more or less serrate or entire, sessile or with margined petioles. +Heads usually not numerous, ⅓ of an inch or more high; involucre +broadly top-shaped; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, rather loosely +imbricated, smooth or nearly so, their tips green, rays 10—20, blue or +violet, ¼—½ an inch long; pappus nearly white.</p> + +<p>In open places and along the rivers throughout the region; flowering +during July and August.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_77" src="images/i298_plate77.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="586"> + <p class="f110 spb1">Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. (⅔ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_299"></a>[Pg 299]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aster ciliomarginatus</b> Rydb.</div> + +<p>Stems 1—2 feet high, round, slightly striate and tinged with red, +smooth below, more or less hairy in lines above. Basal leaves smooth +except the hairy-fringed margins, thin, distantly serrate or subentire, +tapering into wing-margined petioles, oblanceolate-acute, 4—8 inches +long; the upper oblong or lanceolate sessile. Heads about ½ an inch +high, ½—¾ of an inch in diameter, rather few in an open panicle; +involucral bracts linear, fringed with hairs on the margins, the upper +part foliaceous and the outer somewhat spreading; rays numerous ½ an +inch long, light blue.</p> + +<p>In moist, more or less shaded places, edges of woods and thickets, +throughout the Rockies; flowering in late July and August.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Aster frondeus</b> (A. Gray) Greene. <i>Leafy-bracted +Aster.</i></div> + +<p>Simple, stem smooth, with sparing, erect, flowering branches. Leaves +few, broadly lanceolate to oblong or spatulate, entire or nearly +so, the lower tapering into winged petioles. Heads solitary or few, +on naked peduncles; involucre ⅓ of an inch high, or less; bracts +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_300"></a>[Pg 300]</span> +linear-lanceolate, loose, all equalling the disc; rays violet or +purple, nearly ½ an inch long.</p> + +<p>In wet places and along streams throughout the Rockies; flowering +during July and August.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Eucephalus Engelmanni</b> (D. C. Eaton) Greene. +<i>Engelmann’s Aster.</i></div> + +<p>Slightly hairy or smooth, simple or somewhat branched, 18 inches +to 2 feet high, bright green. Leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly +lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, loosely veined, tapering at the apex +into a slender-spined tip, the larger sometimes with a few small acute +teeth. Heads ½ an inch high, hemispherical, either racemosely disposed +on slender axillary peduncles, or somewhat cymose; involucral bracts +mostly acute or acuminate, some outer ones loose, narrow, and partly +herbaceous, or with loose pointed tips; inner purplish; rays about ½ an +inch long, spreading, violet or pinkish.</p> + +<p>In open woods and on slopes, principally in the Rockies at the higher +elevations; flowering during July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_301"></a>[Pg 301]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Rudbeckia hirta</b> L. <i>Black-eyed Susan, Yellow +Daisy.</i></div> + +<p>Rough-hairy throughout, stems simple or sparingly branched, often +tufted, 1—3 feet high. Leaves thick, sparingly serrate with low teeth +or entire, lanceolate or oblong, the lower and basal ones petioled, +mostly obtuse, 3—5-nerved, 2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, the +upper sessile, narrower, acute or acutish. Heads commonly few or +solitary, 2—4 inches broad; rays 10—20, deep yellow or orange; bracts +of the involucre very rough-hairy; spreading or reflexed, much shorter +than the rays; disc globose-ovoid, purple-brown.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region, not infrequent along the railway from Field west +to the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in July and August.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Helianthus scaberrimus</b> Ell. <i>Stiff Sunflower.</i></div> + +<p>Stems simple or a little branched, rough-hairy or only slightly so, +1—8 feet high. Leaves thick, leathery, serrate, rough-hairy on both +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_302"></a>[Pg 302]</span> +sides, 2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, acute at the apex, narrowed +at the base, the lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the upper +lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, all +opposite, or the uppermost bract-like and alternate. Heads solitary or +few, 2—3 inches broad, involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute +or obtuse, fringed with hairs; disc brown or purple; rays 15—25, light +yellow.</p> + +<p>Frequent along the railway in the valley of the Kicking Horse River and +in the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in August.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Helianthus Nuttallii</b> Torr and Gray. <i>Nuttall’s +Sunflower.</i></div> + +<p>Stem smooth, except the summit which is soft-hairy, slender, mostly +simple, 2—4 feet high. Leaves rough on both surfaces, lanceolate or +the upper linear, 3—6 inches long, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, frequently +opposite, serrulate or entire. Heads ½ an inch high, scattered; bracts +of the involucre linear-lanceolate with a subulate tip, hairy at the +base; rays narrow, acute, deep yellow, 1—1½ inches long.</p> + +<p>In moist grounds and on river banks throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering during July.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_78" src="images/i302_plate78.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="572"> + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Erigeron aureus Greene.<br> Golden Fleabane.<br> + <i>b</i> Gaillardia aristata Pursh. (⅗ Nat.)<br> Great-flowered Gaillardia.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_303"></a>[Pg 303]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Gaillardia aristata</b> Pursh.<br> <i>Great-flowered +Gaillardia.</i></div> + +<p>Rough-hairy, stems simple or little branched, 1—3 feet high. Leaves +firm, densely and finely hairy, the lower basal ones petioled, oblong +or spatulate, laciniate-pinnatifid or entire, mostly obtuse, 2—5 +inches long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, entire or +dentate, rarely pinnatifid. Heads 1½-4 inches broad, long peduncled; +bracts of the involucre spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, rough-hairy, +rays 10—18, bright yellow, wedge-shaped, deeply 3-lobed; disc +reddish-purple.</p> + +<p>One of the most showy of the midsummer plants, in the lower valleys of +the Rockies, in dry ground and on slopes, especially in the Bow Valley +at Banff and in the open country around Golden. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_304"></a>[Pg 304]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arnica cordifolia</b> Hook. <i>Heart-leaved Arnica.</i></div> + +<p>Somewhat hairy, stem simple or sparingly branched, 1—2 feet high. +Leaves hairy, the basal ovate or orbicular, obtuse or acute, deeply +cordate at the base, dentate, 1—3 inches long with slender sometimes +margined petioles; stem leaves in 1—3 pairs, ovate or oblong, sessile +or short-petioled, much smaller. Heads 1—8, 2—3 inches broad, bracts +of the involucre, acute or acuminate, ½—¾ of an inch long; rays 12—16, +deep yellow, an inch or more long, toothed at the apex; pappus white.</p> + +<p>In woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arnica gracilis</b> Rydb. <i>Slender Arnica.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, slender and branched, 6—12 inches high. Leaves with short +glandular hairs on both surfaces or smooth, the basal broadly ovate, +petioled, dentate, 3-ribbed; stem-leaves about 2 pairs, similar, the +upper sessile. Heads several on slender glandular peduncles, disc ½ an +inch or less high; involucral bracts, 12—15, lanceolate, acuminate, +glandular-hairy as are also the seeds; pappus white; rays about ¾ of an +inch long, narrow, bright yellow with a single notch at the apex.</p> + +<p>On alpine slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July, not common.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img id="PLATE_79" src="images/i304_plate79.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="563"> + <p class="f110 spb1"><i>a</i> Arnica cordifolia Hook. Heart-Leaved Arnica.<br> + <i>b</i> Arnica louiseana Farr. Pale-Flowered Arnica.<br> (⅗ Nat.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_305"></a>[Pg 305]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arnica latifolia</b> Bong. <i>Broad-leaved Arnica.</i></div> + +<p>Minutely hairy or nearly smooth, simple or branched. Leaves thin, +nearly smooth, or with long scattered hairs; the lower cordate; stem +leaves in 2—3 pairs, equal, ovate or oval, sharply dentate, closely +sessile by the broad base, or the lowest with contracted bases. Heads +¾ of an inch high on long, slender, hairy peduncles; involucral bracts +½ an inch or more long; oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with scattered +hairs, rays yellow, ¾ of an inch long, with 2 notches at the apex; +achenes nearly smooth; pappus white.</p> + +<p>Throughout the region in woods and open ground usually at an elevation +of 5000 to 7000 feet; flowering during July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_306"></a>[Pg 306]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arnica Chamissonis</b> Less. <i>Chamisso’s Arnica.</i></div> + +<p>From lightly hairy to densely so or nearly smooth, 1—2 feet high. +Leaves rather thin, hairy, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, dentate or +denticulate, acute or obtuse, lowest tapering into a margined petiole, +upper broad at the base and somewhat clasping. Heads ½ an inch or more +high, single or several on hairy peduncles; involucral bracts ⅓ of an +inch or more long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-hairy; rays +bright yellow, ½ an inch or more long with a single notch at the apex, +rather broad; achenes with a few scattered hairs; pappus tawny.</p> + +<p>On the borders of streams and wet places at the lower altitudes +throughout the region; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arnica louiseana</b> Farr. <i>Pale-flowered Arnica.</i></div> + +<p>Slender, hairy, 3—8 inches high. Leaves in about 3 pairs, the two +lowest at the base of the stem, 1½—2 inches long, elliptical or +obovate, entire or denticulate, glandular-hairy on both surfaces, as +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_307"></a>[Pg 307]</span> +are the margins. Heads of flowers, 1—3, nearly half an inch broad, +on long, slender, nodding, hairy peduncles; rays 8—10, light yellow, +about ½ an inch long; involucre ⅓ of an inch high, campanulate, densely +glandular-hairy at the base, brownish-purple, the bracts lanceolate, +acute, with scattered white hairs; pappus white.</p> + +<p>Among loose stones at the base of Mt. Fairview at Lake Louise; +flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arnica fulgens</b> Pursh. <i>Alpine Arnica.</i></div> + +<p>Glandular-hairy throughout, 8—12 inches high. Leaves oblong lanceolate +to lanceolate, acute, the lower denticulate and petioled, the upper +sessile and entire. Heads of flowers several on long, slender, +glandular-hairy peduncles; involucres campanulate, ½ an inch high, +bracts lanceolate acute, glandular and with long white hairs; rays +bright yellow ¾—1 inch long, ¼ of an inch wide, twice notched at +the apex; achenes hairy; pappus white.</p> + +<p>On stony alpine slopes at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_308"></a>[Pg 308]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Arnica eradiata</b> (A. Gray.) Heller. <i>Rayless +Arnica.</i></div> + +<p>Densely soft-hairy throughout; simple or branched, 12—18 inches high. +Leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate or the upper ones lanceolate, obtuse +or acute, entire or sharply denticulate, 1—3 inches long. Heads of +flowers on short, hairy peduncles, without rays; involucre ½ an inch +high, bracts lanceolate, acute; achenes black, smooth or nearly so; +pappus tawny.</p> + +<p>On grassy alpine slopes through the Rockies at the higher elevations; +flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Senecio pseudaureus</b> Rydb. <i>Western Golden +Ragwort.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth from a creeping rootstock, 1—2 feet high. Leaves smooth, +basal broadly ovate, somewhat cordate, serrate, 1½—3 inches long, +long-petioled; stem leaves more or less laciniate at the base, the +upper sessile. Heads of flowers ⅓ of an inch high in a flat-topped +corymb, rays bright orange-yellow, ⅓ of an inch long.</p> + +<p>In moist ground and borders of woods and slopes throughout the Rockies +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_309"></a>[Pg 309]</span> +at the lower altitudes; flowering during June and early July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Senecio discoideus</b> (Hook.) Britton. <i>Northern +Squaw-root.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth except for the small tufts of wool in the axils of the lower +leaves; stem rather stout, 1—2 feet tall. Basal leaves oval or ovate, +thin, sharply dentate, abruptly narrowed into petioles longer than the +blade; stem leaves few, small, more or less irregularly cut. Heads few +or numerous, corymbose; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, nearly +½ an inch high; rays very short or wanting; achenes smooth.</p> + +<p>Frequent throughout the Rockies on river shores and borders of woods +and thickets; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Senecio flavovirens</b> Rydb. <i>Western Balsam +Groundsel.</i></div> + +<p>Light or yellowish-green, slender, woolly in tufts at the base of +the leaves or smooth in age; stem 12—18 inches high, striate, pale. +Leaves 1—3 inches long, at the base obovate or broadly oval, generally +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_310"></a>[Pg 310]</span> +tapering into the petiole but sometimes truncate at the base, obtuse, +crenate or sinuate, light green; lower stem-leaves lanceolate in +outline and petioled, the upper lanceolate or linear and sessile, +deeply pinnatifid with narrow oblong or linear segments, cymes +contracted, corymbose. Heads ¼ of an inch or more high; bracts linear, +acute, yellowish-green and occasionally with brownish tips; rays pale +yellow, ½ an inch long, 4-nerved or often lacking.</p> + +<p>In the lower valleys of the Rockies, on the borders of woods, thickets, +and marshes; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Senecio canus</b> Hook. <i>Silvery Groundsel.</i></div> + +<p>Permanently silvery-hairy with felted hairs; stems several, 6—12 +inches high from a woody base. Leaves sometimes all undivided, the +radicle and lower from spatulate to oblong or roundish-oval, ½—1½ +inches long, slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed, or +pinnatifid. Heads of flowers few and terminal, ⅓ to nearly half an inch +high; rays yellow, nearly ½ an inch long. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_311"></a>[Pg 311]</span></p> + +<p>In stony dry ground and slopes throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Senecio lugens</b> Richards. <i>Black-tipped +Groundsel.</i></div> + +<p>More or less woolly when young, soon smooth; stem stout, 1—3 feet +high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acute, +denticulate or dentate, 2—5 inches long, ½—1½ inches wide, narrowed +into margined petioles; upper leaves few, sessile, small and +bract-like. Heads of flowers several or numerous, corymbose, often +short-peduncled, ½ to nearly an inch broad; involucre campanulate, ¼—⅓ +of an inch high, its bracts lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, +green with conspicuous black tips; rays 10—12, bright yellow, ½ an +inch long.</p> + +<p>In moist soil at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering +in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Senecio triangularis</b> Hook. <i>Giant Ragwort.</i></div> + +<p>Rather stout, simple, 2—5 feet high. Leaves thin, all more or less +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_312"></a>[Pg 312]</span> +petioled and dentate, deltoid-lanceolate or the lower triangular-hastate +or deltoid-cordate, the uppermost lanceolate, with cuneate base. Heads +of flowers about ½ an inch high, numerous in a flat open cyme; involucre +campanulate; rays 8—12, bright yellow, oblong-linear, ¼—⅓ of an inch long.</p> + +<p>In wet ground and along the borders of streams and wet slopes at 5000 +to 6000 feet elevation throughout the Rockies; at much lower altitudes +in the Selkirks where it is a very abundant plant; flowering in June +and early July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Petasites palmata</b> (Ait.) A. Gray. <i>Palmate-leaved +Coltsfoot.</i></div> + +<p>Scape slender and scaly, 6—24 inches high. Leaves nearly orbicular +in outline, 3—12 inches broad, deeply 7—11-cleft to much beyond +the middle, green and smooth above, densely white-woolly beneath, at +least when young; the lobes oblong to obovate-acute, often somewhat +wedge-shaped, sharply dentate or cut. Heads mostly diœcious, numerous, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_313"></a>[Pg 313]</span> +corymbose, ⅓—½ an inch broad; flowers usually white, fragrant, the +marginal ones of the pistillate heads with narrow pinkish or white rays +about ¼ of an inch long; cottony in fruit.</p> + +<p>In wet places and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the +Rockies; flowering in May and early June before the leaves appear.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Petasites sagittata</b> (Pursh.) A. Gray. <i>Arrow-leaved +Coltsfoot.</i></div> + +<p>Scape slender and scaly, 6—12 inches high. Leaves deltoid-ovate or +reniform-ovate, persistently white-tomentose beneath; smooth or nearly +so above, 4—10 inches long, thin, margins sinuate-dentate, not cleft +or lobed. Heads diœcious, loosely corymbose, involucre campanulate, +⅓ of an inch high; flowers nearly white, the marginal ones of the +pistillate heads with white rays.</p> + +<p>In similar situations to the preceding; in wet places and along streams +at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; readily distinguished by +the shape of its leaves; flowering in May and early June. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_314"></a>[Pg 314]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Petasites frigida</b> (L.) Fries. <i>Arctic +Coltsfoot.</i></div> + +<p>Scape very, scaly, 3—10 inches high. Leaves thin, hastate-reniform to +triangular-ovate, 1—4 inches long, irregularly and angulately lobed +and incised, smooth and green above, persistently white-woolly beneath, +the lobes entire or few-toothed. Heads usually few, ½ an inch or more +high in a capitate corymb; involucre short, campanulate; flowers nearly +white and fragrant, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads with +white or pinkish rays ¼ of an inch or more long.</p> + +<p>In shaded wet places and along alpine brooks at the high altitudes +throughout the region; flowering during June and July with the +expanding leaves.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Achillea lanulosa</b> Nutt. <i>Yarrow.</i></div> + +<p>Woolly throughout; stems simple, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves +narrowly oblong in outline, bi-pinnately dissected into numerous small +linear divisions. Heads numerous, crowded into a rather contracted cyme; +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_315"></a>[Pg 315]</span> +involucre oblong, nearly ¼ of an inch high; bracts lanceolate, green +with brown translucent borders; rays 4—5, white, broadly obovate, +notched and spreading, about the length of the involucre.</p> + +<p>Open ground, slopes and meadows throughout the region; flowering during +July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Chrysanthemum leucanthemum</b> L. <i>Ox-eye Daisy. White +Daisy.</i></div> + +<p>Smooth, simple, 1—3 feet high, often tufted, the branches nearly +erect. Leaves smooth, the basal oblong or spatulate, coarsely dentate +or incised, narrowed into long, slender petioles; stem-leaves mostly +sessile or partly clasping, 1—3 inches long, linear, pinnately-incised +or toothed, the uppermost small, nearly entire. Heads few or solitary, +1—2 inches broad on long naked peduncles, rays 20—30, white and +spreading; disc flat, bright yellow, bracts of the involucre lanceolate +or obtuse, smooth with translucent margins.</p> + +<p>In open ground throughout the region; flowering during July. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_316"></a>[Pg 316]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Artemisia frigida</b> Willd <i>Pasture Wormwood.</i></div> + +<p>Simple or branching, silky-hairy and silvery throughout; stems numerous +and spreading, about a foot high. Leaves mainly twice ternately divided +into linear crowded lobes. Heads globular, about ⅛ of an inch in +diameter, numerous, in more or less racemose heads; involucre pale, +greenish-yellow, woolly; bracts narrow and herbaceous.</p> + +<p>In open dry ground and on banks throughout the Rockies at the lower +altitudes; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Artemisia discolor</b> Dougl. <i>Green Wormwood.</i></div> + +<p>Stems slender, 9—12 inches high, spreading from a woody base. Leaves +pinnately parted into narrow, linear or lanceolate, entire or spreading +cut divisions and lobes, white beneath with cottony hairs, green and +nearly smooth above. Heads ⅛ of an inch high, numerous in a wand-like +panicle; involucre hemispherical-campanulate, greenish and smooth or +nearly so, 20—30 flowered. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_317"></a>[Pg 317]</span></p> + +<p>On Rocky slopes throughout the region; flowering in June or July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Antennaria lanata</b> (Hook.) Greene. <i>Alpine +Everlasting.</i></div> + +<p>Densely white-woolly; stem simple, 2—6 inches high. Lower leaves +spatulate-lanceolate, 1—1½ inches long, the upper linear with +conspicuous papery tips. Heads several in a close cluster at the end +of the stem, ½ an inch high; involucre nearly ¼ of an inch high, +conspicuously woolly at the base, the inner bracts with conspicuous +white tips, the outer straw-colour or greenish.</p> + +<p>An alpine plant in meadows and on slopes from 7000 feet up; flowering +during July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Antennaria pulcherrima</b> (Hook.) Greene. <i>Tall Alpine +Everlasting.</i></div> + +<p>White-woolly throughout, stem simple, 6—18 inches high. Leaves +spatulate to lanceolate or linear, 1—4 inches long, acute, nerved. +Heads numerous in a close capitate cluster, ½—1 inch high, outer +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_318"></a>[Pg 318]</span> +bracts of the involucre straw-colour or greenish, rounded and often +notched at the apex; inner ones nearly white.</p> + +<p>In moist open ground in the Rockies at the lower elevations; flowering +in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Antennaria racemose</b> Hook. <i>White Everlasting.</i></div> + +<p>Lightly woolly, becoming smooth, stems 6—20 inches high, slender, +sparsely leafy. Leaves thin, the radicle broadly oval, an inch or two +long, obscurely 3-nerved at the base, rather veiny, the lower stem +leaves oblong, the upper smaller and lanceolate. Heads of flowers +about ¼ of an inch high, all on slender peduncles in a loose raceme, +involucral bracts, thin and translucent, greenish-yellow or brownish.</p> + +<p>On shaded slopes throughout the Rockies, at the higher altitudes; +flowering in June.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Antennaria Howellii</b> Greene. <i>Howell’s +Everlasting.</i></div> + +<p>More or less woolly; stem 6—10 inches high. Leaves rather thin, the +lower spatulate, acute, 1—2 inches long, green above, woolly beneath; +stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, 1 inch long, becoming smaller toward +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_319"></a>[Pg 319]</span> +the summit. Heads in a compact capitate cluster, ½ an inch or more in +diameter, woolly at the base; involucral bracts very narrow, acute, +thin, and translucent, straw-colour, the outer ones densely woolly and +occasionally rosy.</p> + +<p>In dry ground and on slopes, frequent in the Rockies at the lower +altitudes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Antennaria parvifolia</b> Nutt. <i>Mountain +Everlasting.</i></div> + +<p>Plant silvery throughout, freely spreading; stems prostrate and leafy, +forming mats of considerable extent; flowering stems 2—8 inches high. +Leaves from obovate to spatulate, ½ an inch or less long, persistently +white-woolly. Heads in compact terminal clusters about ⅓ of an inch +broad; involucral bracts, lanceolate, obtuse, thin and translucent, +yellowish.</p> + +<p>In dry sterile ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; +flowering in June, frequently growing with the next species which it +closely resembles in manner of growth. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_320"></a>[Pg 320]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Antennaria rosea</b> (D. C. Eaton) Greene. <i>Pink +Everlasting.</i></div> + +<p>Silvery throughout, stems prostrate and leafy, forming broad mats; +flowering stems 6—15 inches high. Leaves very thin in texture, densely +hairy, lanceolate to linear, ½—1½ inches long, acute. Heads small, +closely compacted into a rounded terminal cluster, ½ an inch or more in +diameter; involucral bracts in 2 series, lanceolate, the outer greenish +and woolly, the inner from pink to bright rose-colour.</p> + +<p>In dry sterile or moist open ground throughout the Rockies up to an +elevation of 6,000 feet; flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Anaphalis subalpina</b> (A. Gray) Rydb. <i>Pearly +Everlasting.</i></div> + +<p>A foot or two high in tufts, very leafy, the white tufts of woolly +hairs rarely becoming tawny. Leaves 2—5 inches long, broadly +lanceolate, green above, white-woolly beneath. Heads numerous, ¼ of +an inch high in a contracted corymb; involucral bracts numerous, +ovate-lanceolate, pearly white, spreading in age. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_321"></a>[Pg 321]</span></p> + +<p>Abundant throughout the region in dry or moist ground and on slopes up +to an altitude of 7000 feet; flowering in June and July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Carduus Kelseyi</b> Rydb. <i>White Thistle.</i></div> + +<p>Stems 18 inches to 4 feet tall, striate, more or less cobwebby-woolly. +Leaves linear, sinuately toothed and fringed, with rather weak +spines, green above, cottony beneath. Heads several in a leafy spike, +1—1½ inches high, subtended by linear, cut and bristly-fringed and +cobwebby-hairy leaves; bracts rather unequal, lanceolate, a few of the +outermost with weak spines, the rest unarmed but with a long slender +tip; corolla cream-colour.</p> + +<p>Open ground and on slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the +Rockies; flowering in July.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Carduus undulatus</b> Nutt. <i>Wavy-leaved Thistle.</i></div> + +<p>Persistently white-tomentose, 1—3 feet high, branching. Leaves rarely +pinnately parted, moderately prickly. Heads of flowers about 1½ inches +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_322"></a>[Pg 322]</span> +high, usually solitary at the ends of the branches; principal +bracts of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader +glandular sticky ridge, comparatively small and narrow, tipped with a +short spreading prickle; corollas rose-colour or pale purple.</p> + +<p>In open grounds throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; +flowering during July and August.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Saussurea densa</b> Hook. <i>Saussurea.</i></div> + +<p>Nearly smooth, with a decumbent base; 3—12 inches high. Leaves thin, +oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate-dentate, or entire. Heads of +flowers several in a compact terminal corymb, involucre campanulate, +½ an inch high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal; corolla +purple or violet-blue.</p> + +<p>On stony slopes or on the moraines at the higher altitudes throughout +the Rockies, not common, but frequent in the region around Lake Louise; +flowering during July.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_323"></a>[Pg 323]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">INDEX</h2> +</div> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub8"><span class="fs_120"><b>A</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Abies, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="isub4">lasiocarpa, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Aceraceæ, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Acer glabrum, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Achillea, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">lanulosa, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Actæa, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub4">arguta, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li class="isub4">eburnea, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Adder’s-Tongue Family, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Adiantum, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pedatum, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Agoseris, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> +<li class="isub4">aurantiaca, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> +<li class="isub4">glauca, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> +<li class="isub4">graciliens, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Large-flowered, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Orange-flowered, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Slender, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Alder, Slender-leaved, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Alexanders, Heart-leaved, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Allium, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li class="isub4">recurvatum, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li class="isub4">sibericum, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Alnus tenuifolia, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Alsine, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li class="isub4">borealis, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li class="isub4">læta, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li class="isub4">longipes, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Alum-root,</li> +<li class="isub4">Smooth, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Round-leaved, <a href="#Page_135">135</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_324"></a>[Pg 324]</span></li> + +<li class="isub2">Amelanchier alnifolia, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Anaphalis, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">subalpina, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Androsace, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> +<li class="isub4">carinata, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> +<li class="isub4">diffusa, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> +<li class="isub4">septentrionalis, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Spreading, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Sweet-flowered, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Anemone, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Drummondii, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> +<li class="isub4">globosa, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> +<li class="isub4">parviflora, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Antennaria, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Howellii, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> +<li class="isub4">lanata, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> +<li class="isub4">parvifolia, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pulcherrima, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> +<li class="isub4">racemosa, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> +<li class="isub4">rosea, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Antiphylla, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="isub4">oppositifolia, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Apiaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Apocynaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Apocynum, androsæmifolium, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Apple Family, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Aquilegia, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub4">brevistyla, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li class="isub4">flavescens, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li class="isub4">formosa, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Arabis, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Drummondii, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li class="isub4">hirsuta, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Holboldii, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lyallii, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Araceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Aragallus, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="isub4">deflexus, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li class="isub4">inflatus, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lamberti, <a href="#Page_174">174</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_325"></a>[Pg 325]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">monticola, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li class="isub4">splendens, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li class="isub4">viscidulus, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Araliaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Aralia nudicaulis, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Arctostaphylos, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li class="isub4">uva-ursi, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Arenaria, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li class="isub4">capillaris nardifolia, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li class="isub4">sajanensis, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li class="isub4">verna equicaulis, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Argentina, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="isub4">anserina, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Arnica, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Chamissonis, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> +<li class="isub4">cordifolia, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> +<li class="isub4">eradiata, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> +<li class="isub4">fulgens, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> +<li class="isub4">gracilis, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> +<li class="isub4">latifolia, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> +<li class="isub4">louiseana, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Broad-leaved, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Chamisso’s, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Heart-leaved, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Pale-flowered, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Rayless, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Slender, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Artemisia, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">discolor, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> +<li class="isub4">frigida, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Arum Family, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Aruncus, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Aruncus, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Aspen, American, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Asphodel,</li> +<li class="isub4">False, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Scottish, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western False, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Asplenium, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Filix-fœmina, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li class="isub4">viride, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Aster, <a href="#Page_285">285</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_326"></a>[Pg 326]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">ciliomarginatus, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> +<li class="isub4">conspicuus, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> +<li class="isub4">frondeus, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lindleyanus, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> +<li class="isub4">major, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Richardsonii, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Engelmann’s, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Great Northern, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Hispid Golden, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Large Purple, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Leafy-bracted, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lindley’s, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Richardson’s, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Astragalus, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="isub4">adsurgens, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li class="isub4">alpinus, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li class="isub4">convallarius, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li class="isub4">hypoglottis, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Macouni, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Atragene, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> +<li class="isub4">columbiana, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Avens,</li> +<li class="isub4">Drummond’s Mountain, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Large-leaved, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Purple-plumed, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li class="isub4">White Mountain, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Yellow, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Azaleastrum, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li class="isub4">albiflorum, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>B</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Baneberry,</li> +<li class="isub4">Western Red, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western White, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Barberry Family, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Batrachium, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub4">trichophyllum, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bear-berry, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Beard-tongue,</li> +<li class="isub4">Blue, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Large Purple, <a href="#Page_249">249</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_327"></a>[Pg 327]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">Yellow, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bed-straw, Northern, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bellflower Family, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Berberidaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Berberis aquifolium, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Betony, Wood, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Betula,</li> +<li class="isub4">glandulosa, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li class="isub4">occidentalis, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li class="isub4">papyrifera, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Betulaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bilberry,</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Dwarf, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Thin-leaved, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Birch,</li> +<li class="isub4">Canoe, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Paper, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Scrub, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western Red, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bishop’s-Cap, Naked, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bistort, Alpine, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Black-eyed Susan, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bladder-pod, Double, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bladderwort Family, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bluebell, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Blueberry, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Blue-eyed Grass, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Borage Family, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Boraginaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Botrychium,</li> +<li class="isub4">lunaria, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> +<li class="isub4">simplex, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li class="isub4">virginianium, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bracken, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Brake,</li> +<li class="isub4">American Rock, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Slender Cliff, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Brassicaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Braya, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">humilis, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Brooklime, American, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Buckbean, <a href="#Page_236">236</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_328"></a>[Pg 328]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Buckwheat Family, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Buffalo-berry, Canadian, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bunch-berry, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Bunch-flower Family, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Buttercup,</li> +<li class="isub4">Low, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Meadow, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Pursh’s, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Snow, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Butterwort, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>C</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Caltha, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub4">leptosepala, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Calypso, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Campanula,</li> +<li class="isub4">rotundifolia, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> +<li class="isub4">uniflora, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Campanulaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Campion, Moss, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Capnodes aurea, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Caprifoliaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cardamine, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pennsylvanica, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Carduaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Carduus, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Kelseyi, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li> +<li class="isub4">undulatus, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Carophyllaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cassiope, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Mertensiana, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Castilleja, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> +<li class="isub4">lanceifolia, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> +<li class="isub4">miniata, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pallida, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> +<li class="isub4">purpurascens, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Catchfly, Lyall’s, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cedar,</li> +<li class="isub4">Giant, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Shrubby Red, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Celastraceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_329"></a>[Pg 329]</span></li> + +<li class="isub2">Celery Family, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cerastium, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li class="isub4">arvense strictum, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li class="isub4">behringianum, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Chamænerion, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li class="isub4">angustifolium, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li class="isub4">latifolium, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cheilanthes, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Féei, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cherry, Western Wild, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Chickweed,</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Field, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Chicory Family, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Chimaphila, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li class="isub4">umbellata, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Chiogenes, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> +<li class="isub4">hispidula, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Christmas-green, Trailing, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Chrysanthemum, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">leucanthemum, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Chrysopsis hispida, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Chrysosplenum, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li class="isub4">tetrandum, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Cichoriaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cinquefoil,</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Cut-leaved, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Marsh, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Shrubby, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Snowy, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Circæa, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li class="isub4">alpina, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pacifica, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Claytonia,</li> +<li class="isub4">lanceolata, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li class="isub4">parviflora, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Clintonia, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li class="isub4">uniflora, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Club-moss,</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Arctic, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Fir, <a href="#Page_18">18</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_330"></a>[Pg 330]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">Stiff, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cœloglossum, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="isub4">bracteatum, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Collinsia, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> +<li class="isub4">parviflora, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Small, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Coltsfoot,</li> +<li class="isub4">Arctic, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Arrow-leaved, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Palmate-leaved, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Columbine,</li> +<li class="isub4">Small Blue, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Yellow, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Comandra,</li> +<li class="isub4">livida, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pallida, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Pale, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Comarum, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="isub4">palustre, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Convallariaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Coral-root,</li> +<li class="isub4">Early, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Large, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Corallorhiza, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Corallorhiza, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li class="isub4">multiflora, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Cornaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cornus,</li> +<li class="isub4">canadensis intermedia, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li class="isub4">stolonifera, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Corydalis, Golden, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cranberry,</li> +<li class="isub4">Mountain, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Small, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Tree, Few-flowered, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Crassulaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Crepis, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> +<li class="isub4">elegans, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> +<li class="isub4">nana, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cress,</li> +<li class="isub4">Drummond’s Rock, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Hairy Rock, <a href="#Page_119">119</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_331"></a>[Pg 331]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">Lyall’s Rock, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern Rock, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Pennsylvania Bitter, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Penny, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Stony Rock, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Water, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Crowberry,</li> +<li class="isub4">Black, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Crowfoot,</li> +<li class="isub4">Creeping, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Ditch, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> +<li class="isub4">White Water, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cryptogramma, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="isub4">acrostichoides, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Stelleri, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Currant, Howell’s, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cypripedium, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li class="isub4">parviflorum, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="isub4">passerinum, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Cytherea, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li class="isub4">bulbosa, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>D</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Daisy,</li> +<li class="isub4">Ox-eye, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> +<li class="isub4">White, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Yellow, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Dandelion, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Mountain, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Dasyphora, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="isub4">fruticosa, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Delphinium, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Brownii, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Menziesii, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Devil’s Club, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Disporum, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Large-flowered, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li class="isub4">majus, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li class="isub4">oreganum, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Dock,</li> +<li class="isub4">Pale-leaved, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_332"></a>[Pg 332]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">Sour, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Dodecatheon, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> +<li class="isub4">conjugens, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pauciflorum, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Dogbane,</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Spreading, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Dogwood,</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Red-stemmed, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Draba, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">andina, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li class="isub4">aurea, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li class="isub4">glacialis, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">incana, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li class="isub4">lonchocarpa, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li class="isub4">nivalis, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li class="isub4">oligosperma, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Drupaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Dryas, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Drummondii, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li class="isub4">octopetala, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Dryopteris, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Filix-mas, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li class="isub4">oreopteris, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li class="isub4">spinulosa dilatata, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>E</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Echinopanax horridum, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Elæagnaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Elæagnus, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li class="isub4">argentea, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Elder,</li> +<li class="isub4">Black-berried, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Red-berried, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Elephantella, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> +<li class="isub4">grœnlandica, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Long-beaked, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Empetraceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Empetrum nigrum, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Epilobium, <a href="#Page_193">193</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_333"></a>[Pg 333]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">alpinum, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li class="isub4">anagallidifolium, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Hornemanni, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li class="isub4">luteum, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Equisetaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Equisetum,</li> +<li class="isub4">arvense, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> +<li class="isub4">fluviatile, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li class="isub4">hyemale, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li class="isub4">scirpoides, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li class="isub4">sylvaticum, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> +<li class="isub4">variegatum, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Variegated, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Ericaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Erigeron, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> +<li class="isub4">acris, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> +<li class="isub4">asper, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> +<li class="isub4">aureus, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> +<li class="isub4">cæspitosus, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> +<li class="isub4">drobrachiensis, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> +<li class="isub4">melanocephalus, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> +<li class="isub4">multifidus, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> +<li class="isub4">philadelphicus, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> +<li class="isub4">salsuginosus, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> +<li class="isub4">simplex, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Eriogonum, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +<li class="isub4">ochroleucum, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li class="isub4">subalpinum, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Tall White, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Yellowish-White, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Erysimum, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">inconspicuum, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Erythronium,</li> +<li class="isub4">grandiflorum, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Eucephalus, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Engelmanni, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Everlasting,</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Howell’s, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Mountain, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Pearly, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Pink, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Tall Alpine, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> +<li class="isub4">White, <a href="#Page_318">318</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_334"></a>[Pg 334]</span></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>F</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Fern,</li> +<li class="isub4">Beech, Long, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Beech, Western, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Brittle, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Grape, Virginia, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Holly, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lady, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lip, Hairy, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Maidenhair, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Male, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Oak, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Shield, Spinulose, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Figwort Family, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Filix, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="isub4">fragilis, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li class="isub4">montana, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Fir,</li> +<li class="isub4">Balsam, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Red, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Sub-alpine, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Fire-weed, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Flax,</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lewis’s Wild, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Fleabane,</li> +<li class="isub4">Arctic, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Black-woolly, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Blue, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Daisy, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Golden, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Large Purple, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Rough, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Tufted, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Foam-Flower, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Forget-me-not, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> +<li class="isub4">False, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Fragaria, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="isub4">glauca, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_335"></a>[Pg 335]</span></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>G</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Gaillardia, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">aristata, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Great-flowered, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Galium boreale, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Garlic, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Gaultheria, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li class="isub4">humifusa, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> +<li class="isub4">ovatifolia, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Gentian,</li> +<li class="isub4">Dwarf, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Four-parted, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Glaucous, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Large, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Spurred, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Gentiana, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> +<li class="isub4">acuta, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> +<li class="isub4">affinis, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> +<li class="isub4">glauca, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> +<li class="isub4">propinqua, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> +<li class="isub4">prostrata, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Gentianaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Geum, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="isub4">macrophyllum, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li class="isub4">strictum, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Ginseng Family, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Globe-flower, Western, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Goat’s-Beard, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Golden Rod,</li> +<li class="isub4">Canada, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Field, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Missouri, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Gooseberry,</li> +<li class="isub4">Bristly, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Swamp, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Grass, Blue-eyed, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Grass-of-Parnassus,</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_126">126</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_336"></a>[Pg 336]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">Fringed, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Marsh, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Small-flowered, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Grossulariaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Groundsel,</li> +<li class="isub4">Black-tipped, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Silvery, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western Balsam, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>H</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Halerpestes, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Cymbalaria, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Harebell, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Arctic, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Hawk’s-beard,</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Many-flowered, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Hawk-weed,</li> +<li class="isub4">Hairy, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Narrow-leaved, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Slender, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> +<li class="isub4">White-flowered, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Heal-all, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Heath,</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li class="isub4">White, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Heather,</li> +<li class="isub4">False Pink, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li class="isub4">False Red, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> +<li class="isub4">False White, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Hedysarum, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="isub4">americanum, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Mackenzii, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li class="isub4">sulphurescens, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Mackenzie’s, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Purple, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Yellow, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Helianthus, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Nuttallii, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> +<li class="isub4">scaberrimus, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Heliotrope, Wild, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Hellebore, American White, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Hemieva, <a href="#Page_130">130</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_337"></a>[Pg 337]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">ranunculifolia, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Hemlock,</li> +<li class="isub4">Mountain, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Heracleum, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li class="isub4">lanatum, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Heuchera, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li class="isub4">glabra, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li class="isub4">ovalifolia, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Hieracium, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> +<li class="isub4">albiflorum, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> +<li class="isub4">gracile, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Scouleri, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> +<li class="isub4">umbellatum, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Homalobus, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="isub4">aboriginorum, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Honeybloom, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Honeysuckle,</li> +<li class="isub4">Douglas, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Fly, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Involucred, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Horsetail,</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Field, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Swamp, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Wood, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Huckleberry Family, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Hydrophyllaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Hypericaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Hypericum Scouleri, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>I</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Ibidium, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="isub4">romanzoffianum, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Iridaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Iris Family, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>J</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">June-berry, North-western, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Juniper, Alpine, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Juniperus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="isub4">prostrata, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li class="isub4">siberica, <a href="#Page_32">32</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_338"></a>[Pg 338]</span></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>K</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Kalmia, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li class="isub4">microphylla, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Kruhsea, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li class="isub4">streptopoides, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>L</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Labrador Tea, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lactuca, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pulchella, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lady’s Slipper,</li> +<li class="isub4">Small White, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Small Yellow, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lady’s Tresses, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lappula, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> +<li class="isub4">diffusa, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> +<li class="isub4">floribunda, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> +<li class="isub4">lappula, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Larch, Lyall’s, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Larix, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lyallii, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Larkspur,</li> +<li class="isub4">Blue, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lathyrus, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li class="isub4">ochroleucus, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li class="isub4">palustris, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Laurel, Small-leaved Swamp, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Ledum, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li class="isub4">grœnlandicum, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Lentibulariaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lepargyræa, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li class="isub4">canadensis, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Leptarrhena, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pyrolifolia, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Leptasea, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="isub4">austromontana, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Van-Bruntiæ, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Leptotænia, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li class="isub4">multifida, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lettuce, Large-flowered Blue, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Ligusticum, <a href="#Page_201">201</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_339"></a>[Pg 339]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">apiifolium, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Liliaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lily Family, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Mountain, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Snow, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lily-of-the-Valley Family, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lilium, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li class="isub4">montanum, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Limnorchis, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="isub4">borealis, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li class="isub4">dilatatiformis, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li class="isub4">fragrans, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li class="isub4">viridiflora, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Linaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Linnæa, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> +<li class="isub4">americana, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Linum Lewisii, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lithophragma, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li class="isub4">parviflora, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lithospermum, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> +<li class="isub4">linearifolium, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lobelia,</li> +<li class="isub4">Brook, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Kalmii strictiflora, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Loco Weed, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lomatium, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li class="isub4">macrocarpum, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li class="isub4">triternatum, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lonicera, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> +<li class="isub4">ebractulata, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> +<li class="isub4">glaucescens, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> +<li class="isub4">involucrata, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lousewort, White, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lutkea, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pectinata, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Cut-leaved, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lychnis,</li> +<li class="isub4">apetala, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Nodding, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Lycopodiaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lycopodium,</li> +<li class="isub4">alpinum, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li class="isub4">annotinum, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li class="isub4">clavatum, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_340"></a>[Pg 340]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">complanatum, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Selago, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li class="isub4">sitchensis, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lysichiton kamtschatcense, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Lysiella, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li class="isub4">obtusata, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>M</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Madder Family, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Mahonia, Trailing, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Mairania, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li class="isub4">alpina, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Maple,</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Smooth, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Marigold, White Marsh, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Meadow Rue,</li> +<li class="isub4">Veiny, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Melanthaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Mentha, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +<li class="isub4">canadensis, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Menthaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Menyanthaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Menyanthes trifoliata, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Menziesia, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li class="isub4">ferruginea, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Smooth, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Micranthes, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lyallii, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Nelsoniana, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li class="isub4">rhomboidea, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Mimulus, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> +<li class="isub4">cæspitosus, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lewisii, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> +<li class="isub4">moschatus, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Mint,</li> +<li class="isub4">American Wild, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Mistletoe,</li> +<li class="isub4">Dwarf, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Mitella, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li class="isub4">nuda, <a href="#Page_132">132</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_341"></a>[Pg 341]</span></li> + +<li class="isub2">Mitrewort, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Mœhringia, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li class="isub4">lateriflora, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Moneses, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li class="isub4">uniflora, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Monkey-Flower,</li> +<li class="isub4">Red, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Yellow, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Moon-wort, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Small, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Mountain-ash, Western, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Mountain Lover, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Muscaria, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="isub4">adscendens, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li class="isub4">cæspitosa, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Musk Plant, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Mustard,</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Hedge, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Tansey, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Treacle, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Myosotis, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> +<li class="isub4">alpestris, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>N</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Nightshade,</li> +<li class="isub4">Smaller Enchanter’s, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western Enchanter’s, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>O</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Oleaster Family, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Onagraceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Onion, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Ophioglossaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Ophrys, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li class="isub4">borealis, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li class="isub4">convallarioides, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li class="isub4">nephrophylla, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Orchidaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Orchid,</li> +<li class="isub4">Family <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Fragrant Bog, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_342"></a>[Pg 342]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">Long-bracted, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Purplish-green Bog, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Round-leaved, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Small Green Bog, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Small Northern Bog, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Small White Bog, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Orchis, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li class="isub4">rotundifolia, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Orthocarpus, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> +<li class="isub4">luteus, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Yellow, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Oxycoccus, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Oxycoccus, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Oxyria, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +<li class="isub4">digyna, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Oxytrope,</li> +<li class="isub4">Drooping-fruited, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Inflated, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Mountain, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Showy, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Sticky, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>P</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Pachystima myrsinites, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Paint-brush, White Indian, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Painted Cup,</li> +<li class="isub4">Bright, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Scarlet, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Painter’s Brush, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Papaveraceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Papilionaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Parnassia,</li> +<li class="isub4">fimbriata, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Kotzebuei, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> +<li class="isub4">montanensis, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li class="isub4">parviflora, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Parnassiaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Parsley,</li> +<li class="isub4">Cut-leaved, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Large-seeded, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Narrow-leaved, <a href="#Page_202">202</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_343"></a>[Pg 343]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">Wild, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Parsnip, Cow, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pasque-Flower, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pea Family, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pearl-wort, Arctic, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pectiantia, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Breweri, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pentandra, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pedicularis, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> +<li class="isub4">bracteosa, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> +<li class="isub4">racemosa, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pentstemon, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> +<li class="isub4">confertus, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> +<li class="isub4">fruticosus, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> +<li class="isub4">procerus, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pseudohumilis, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Peramium, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Menziesii, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li class="isub4">repens, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Petasites, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">frigida, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> +<li class="isub4">palmata, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> +<li class="isub4">sagittata, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Phaca, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="isub4">americana, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Phacelia, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> +<li class="isub4">heterophylla, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> +<li class="isub4">sericea, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Mountain, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Phegopteris, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="isub4">alpestris, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Dryopteris, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Phegopteris, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Phyllodoce, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li class="isub4">empetriformis, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> +<li class="isub4">glanduliflora, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li class="isub4">intermedia, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Physaria, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">didymocarpa, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Picea, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="isub4">albertiana, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Engelmanni, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Pinaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_344"></a>[Pg 344]</span></li> +<li class="isub2">Pine,</li> +<li class="isub4">Black, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Jack, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Prince’s, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Running, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li class="isub4">White-bark, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pinguicula vulgaris, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pink Family, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pinus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="isub4">albicaulis, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Murrayana, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pipsissawa, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Plantain,</li> +<li class="isub4">Rattlesnake, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern Rattlesnake, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Plum Family, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Polygonaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Polygonum, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +<li class="isub4">viviparum, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Polypodiaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Polystichum, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lonchitis, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Pomaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Poplar, Balsam, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Poppy Family, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Populus</li> +<li class="isub4">balsamifera, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li class="isub4">tremuloides, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Portulacaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Potentilla, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="isub4">dissecta, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li class="isub4">multisecta, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li class="isub4">nivea, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li class="isub4">uniflora, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Primrose</li> +<li class="isub4">Bird’s-eye, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Evening, Family, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Maccalla’s <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Primula, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> +<li class="isub4">americana, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Maccalliana, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Primulaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_345"></a>[Pg 345]</span></li> + +<li class="isub2">Prince’s Pine, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Prunella, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> +<li class="isub4">vulgaris, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Prunus demissa, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pseudotsuga, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="isub4">mucronata, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pteridium, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="isub4">aquilinum pubescens, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Puccoon, Narrow-leaved, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pulsatilla, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub4">hirsutissima, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> +<li class="isub4">occidentalis, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Purslane Family, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Pyrola, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li class="isub4">asarifolia, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li class="isub4">chlorantha, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li class="isub4">minor, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li class="isub4">secunda, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li class="isub4">uliginosa, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Pyrolaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>R</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Ragwort</li> +<li class="isub4">Giant, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western Golden, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Ranunculaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Ranunculus, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub4">alpeophilus, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li class="isub4">eremogenes, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Eschscholtzii, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li class="isub4">eximeus, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li class="isub4">inamœnus, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li class="isub4">montanensis, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pedatifidus, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Purshii, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li class="isub4">reptans, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li class="isub4">saxicola, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Suksdorfii, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Raspberry</li> +<li class="isub4">Arctic, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Creeping, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Dwarf, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Wild Red, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Rattlesnake Plantain, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_346"></a>[Pg 346]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">Northern, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Razoumofskya americana, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Rhododendron, White Mountain, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Ribes</li> +<li class="isub4">Howellii, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li class="isub4">lacustre, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li class="isub4">oxyacanthoides, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li class="isub4">setosum, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Romanzoffia, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> +<li class="isub4">sitchensis, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Roripa, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">nasturtium, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Rosa, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Macounii, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Rosaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Rose</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Macoun’s, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Rubiaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Rubus, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li class="isub4">americanus, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li class="isub4">arcticus, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +<li class="isub4">parviflorus, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pedatus, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li class="isub4">strigosus, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Rudbeckia, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">hirta, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Rumex, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +<li class="isub4">acetosa, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li class="isub4">salicifolius, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Rush, Common Scouring, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>S</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Sagina, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li class="isub4">saginoides, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li class="isub2">St. John’s-wort</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Scouler’s, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Salicaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Salmon-berry, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sambucus, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> +<li class="isub4">melanocarpa, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pubens, <a href="#Page_264">264</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_347"></a>[Pg 347]</span></li> + +<li class="isub2">Sandalwood Family, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sandwort</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Blunt-leaved, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Rock, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Vernal, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Santalaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sarsaparilla, Wild, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Saussurea, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">densa, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Saxifraga, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="isub4">cernua, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li class="isub4">rivularis, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Saxifragaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Saxifrage</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine Brook, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Common, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Fleshy, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Golden, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lyall’s, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Nelson’s, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Nodding Bulbous, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Purple, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Tall, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Tufted, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Scouring Rush, Common, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Scrophulariaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Scutellaria, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> +<li class="isub4">galericulata, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sedum stenopetalum, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Selaginella</li> +<li class="isub4">densa, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li class="isub4">selaginoides, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Low, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Selaginellaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Self-heal, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Senecio, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> +<li class="isub4">canus, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> +<li class="isub4">discoideus, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> +<li class="isub4">flavovirens, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> +<li class="isub4">lugens, <a href="#Page_311">311</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_348"></a>[Pg 348]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">pseudaureus, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> +<li class="isub4">triangularis, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Shooting-Star, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Slender, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sibbaldia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="isub4">procumbens, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sieversia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="isub4">ciliata, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Silene, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li class="isub4">acaulis, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lyallii, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Silver-Berry, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Silver-weed, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sisymbrium, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">altissimum, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sisyrinchium, septentrionalis, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Skullcap, Marsh, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Skunk-Cabbage, Western, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Smelowskia, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">calycina, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Snowberry, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Creeping, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Low, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Solidago, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> +<li class="isub4">canadensis, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> +<li class="isub4">decumbens, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> +<li class="isub4">missouriensis, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> +<li class="isub4">multiradiata, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Solomon’s Seal,</li> +<li class="isub4">False, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Star-flowered, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sonchus, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> +<li class="isub4">arvensis, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sophia, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">intermedia, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sorbus, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li class="isub4">sambucifolia, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sorrel, Mountain, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Spatularia, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="isub4">brunoniana, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Spearwort, Creeping, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Speedwell</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_253">253</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_349"></a>[Pg 349]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">Thyme-leaved, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Spiræa, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li class="isub4">densiflora, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li class="isub4">lucida, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Beech-leaved, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Pink, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Spleenwort, Green, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Spring Beauty, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Small-leaved, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Spruce</li> +<li class="isub4">Alberta, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Douglas’s, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Engelmann’s, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Squaw-root, Northern, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Stachys, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +<li class="isub4">palustris, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Staff-tree Family, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Star-flower, Arctic, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Stenanthella, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li class="isub4">occidentalis, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Stenanthium, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Stickseed, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Stitchwort</li> +<li class="isub4">Glaucous, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Long-stalked, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Stone-crop</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Narrow petaled, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Strawberry, Wild, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Streptopus, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li class="isub4">amplexifolius, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li class="isub4">curvipes, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Sunflower</li> +<li class="isub4">Nuttall’s, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Stiff, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Symphoricarpos, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pauciflorus, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> +<li class="isub4">racemosus, <a href="#Page_267">267</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_350"></a>[Pg 350]</span></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>T</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Taraxacum, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> +<li class="isub4">montanum, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Taraxacum, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Taxaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Taxus brevifolia, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Tellima, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li class="isub4">grandiflora, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Tetragonanthus, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> +<li class="isub4">deflexus, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Thalictrum, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub4">megacarpum, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li class="isub4">occidentalis, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Thistle</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Milk, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Wavy-leaved, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li> +<li class="isub4">White, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Thlaspi, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li class="isub4">arvense, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Thuja, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="isub4">plicata, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Tiarella, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li class="isub4">unifoliata, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Tofieldia, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li class="isub4">intermedia, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li class="isub4">occidentalis, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li class="isub4">palustris, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Trientalis, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> +<li class="isub4">arctica, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Trollius, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub4">albiflorus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Tsuga, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="isub4">heterophylla, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Mertensiana, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Twayblade</li> +<li class="isub4">Broad-lipped, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Heart-shaped, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Twin-flower, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Twisted stalk</li> +<li class="isub4">Smaller, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Tall, <a href="#Page_48">48</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_351"></a>[Pg 351]</span></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>V</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Vacciniaceæ, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Vaccinium, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> +<li class="isub4">cæspitosum, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> +<li class="isub4">erythrococcum, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> +<li class="isub4">globulare, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> +<li class="isub4">ovalifolium, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Vagnera, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li class="isub4">amplexicaulis, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li class="isub4">stellata, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Valerian</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Northern, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Scouler’s, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Valeriana</li> +<li class="isub4">Scouleri, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> +<li class="isub4">septentrionalis, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> +<li class="isub4">sitchensis, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Valerianaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Veratrum, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li class="isub4">viride, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Veronica, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> +<li class="isub4">americana, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> +<li class="isub4">serphyllifolia, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Wormskjoldii, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Vetch</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine Milk, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li class="isub4">American, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Arctic Milk, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Ascending Milk, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Cow, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Indian, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Macoun’s <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Narrow-leaved American, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Purple Milk, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Slender Milk, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Vetchling,</li> +<li class="isub4">Cream-coloured, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Marsh, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Viburnum, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> +<li class="isub4">pauciflorium, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Vicia, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li class="isub4">americana, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li class="isub4">cracca, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li class="isub4">linearis, <a href="#Page_180">180</a> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_352"></a>[Pg 352]</span></li> +<li class="isub2">Viola</li> +<li class="isub4">adunca longipes, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li class="isub4">canadensis, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li class="isub4">cognata, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li class="isub4">glabella, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li class="isub4">palustris, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li class="isub4">sempervirens, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Violaceæ</span>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Violet</li> +<li class="isub4">Canada, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Dog, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Early Blue, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Low Yellow, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Marsh, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Tall Yellow, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Virgin’s-Bower, Purple, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Vitis-idæa, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Vitis-idæa, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>W</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Water-leaf Family, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Whitlow-Grass</li> +<li class="isub4">Arctic, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Golden, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Hoary, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Willow-Herb</li> +<li class="isub4">Alpine, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Broad-leaved, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Great, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Hornemann’s, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Nodding, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Yellow, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Willow Family, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Wind-flower, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Wintergreen</li> +<li class="isub4">Bog, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Greenish-flowered, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Lesser, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Liver-leaf, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Low, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> +<li class="isub4">One-flowered, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li class="isub4">One-sided, <a href="#Page_209">209</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_353"></a>[Pg 353]</span></li> + +<li class="isub4">Ovate-leaved, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Woodsia, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="isub4">oregana, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li class="isub4">scopulina, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Oregon, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Rocky Mountain, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Wormwood</li> +<li class="isub4">Green, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Pasture, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Woundwort Marsh, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>Y</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Yarrow, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Yew</li> +<li class="isub4">Family, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Western, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="isub8 ifrst"><span class="fs_120"><b>Z</b></span></li> +<li class="isub2">Zizia, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li class="isub4">cordata, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> +<li class="isub2">Zygadenus, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li class="isub4">elegans, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +<li class="isub4">gramineus, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Grass-like, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> +<li class="isub4">Tall, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +</ul> + +<div class="chapter"> +<div class="transnote bbox spa2"> +<p class="f120 spa1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> +<hr class="r10"> +<p>The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up + paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p> +<p>Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p> +<p>The scale factor for the illustrations has been included in file, however + this will be meaningless in an ebook since we have no control over + how big the displayed image will be.</p> +</div></div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT 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b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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