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+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76505 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+ AUSTRALIAN
+ INSECTS.
+
+ BY
+
+ WALTER W. FROGGATT, F.L.S.,
+
+ Government Entomologist, New South Wales.
+
+ Member of the Association of Economic Entomologists, U.S. America;
+ Member of the Société Entomologique de France; Member of Council,
+ Linnean Society of N.S. Wales, and N.S. Wales Naturalists’ Club.
+
+ With 37 Plates, containing 270 Figures, also
+ 180 text-blocks.
+
+ [Illustration]
+
+ Sydney:
+
+ WILLIAM BROOKS & COMPANY, LIMITED, Printers and Publishers,
+ 17 Castlereagh Street.
+
+
+
+
+ PREFACE.
+
+
+There have been so many enquiries from people in all parts of
+Australia, as well as from visitors from other countries, for a book
+dealing with our insects, that the writer thinks that the time has come
+when a Text Book dealing exclusively with Australian Entomology will be
+well received, both at home and abroad, by all those interested in this
+subject.
+
+The difficulty has been to write in a popular style so as to interest
+the general reader, and induce him to further follow his studies of
+the wonders of Natural History, yet at the same time to define the
+characteristics of the insects described and give some idea of their
+classification, so that it will not lose its value as a Text Book to
+the student while enlarging the circle of its readers.
+
+Since the year 1770, when Sir Joseph Banks captured the first diamond
+beetle on the sandy shores of Botany Bay, the majority of our insects
+have been described in rare old English or foreign publications, the
+Zoology of Voyages and Travels, or the Transactions and Proceedings of
+Scientific Societies consisting of many hundreds of volumes written in
+many different languages.
+
+Many of these original descriptions, written in English or Latin,
+are so brief and obscure that without seeing the type they are quite
+unintelligible even to the trained entomologist, and therefore are
+absolutely of no value to the beginner.
+
+Most of the earlier describers of Australian insects confined their
+attention to beetles, moths, and butterflies. Among the few exceptions
+are Westwood, who has identified himself with insects in nearly all the
+orders, and as he figured many of them (often in colours), there is no
+trouble in determining his species; and Walker, who also described many
+unique Australian insects (chiefly in the British Museum Catalogues);
+but his often vague descriptions, without details or figures, have
+puzzled all entomologists who have not had access to his types.
+
+During the last decade, however, as specialists have taken up the
+work of monographing the more neglected orders, and as large general
+collections of insects have been obtained from what were, at one time,
+inaccessible parts of Australia, a writer can now obtain satisfactory
+data as to the classification and number of Australian insects hitherto
+wanting.
+
+With these views the present text book has been prepared.
+
+
+
+
+ TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+ PREFACE iii.
+
+ CONTENTS vii.
+
+ LIST OF PLATES xi.
+
+ INTRODUCTION xiii.
+
+ CLASSIFICATION 1
+
+ DISTRIBUTION 4
+
+ STRUCTURE 6
+
+ FOSSIL INSECTS 9
+
+ THE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF INSECTS 395
+
+ MUSEUM COLLECTIONS AND TYPES 409
+
+ PUBLICATIONS DEALING WITH AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY 418
+
+ ADDENDA 423
+
+ INDEX 425
+
+ [Illustration: “The White Ant City,” Somerset, Cape York, N.
+ Queensland.
+
+ (After Savelle-Kent)]
+
+
+
+
+ CONTENTS.
+
+
+ Order I.--APTERA.
+
+ Page
+
+ Family 1. COLLEMBOLA 10
+
+ „ 2. THYSANURA 11
+
+
+ Order II.--ORTHOPTERA.
+
+ Family 1. FORFICULIDAE 15
+
+ „ 2. BLATTIDAE 17
+
+ „ 3. TERMITIDAE 20
+
+ „ 4. EMBIIDAE 28
+
+ „ 5. PSOCIDAE 30
+
+ „ 6. MANTIDAE 31
+
+ „ 7. PHASMIDAE 34
+
+ „ 8. ACRIDIIDAE 40
+
+ „ 9. LOCUSTIDAE 46
+
+ „ 10. GRYLLIDAE 48
+
+
+ Order III.--NEUROPTERA.
+
+ Family 1. PERLIDAE 50
+
+ „ 2. ODONATA 51
+
+ „ 3. EPHEMERIDAE 54
+
+ „ 4. SIALIDAE 55
+
+ „ 5. PANORPIDAE 56
+
+ „ 6. HEMEROBIIDAE 57
+
+ „ 7. TRICHOPTERA 66
+
+
+ Order IV.--HYMENOPTERA.
+
+ Family 1. CEPHIDAE 70
+
+ „ 2. ORYSSIDAE 70
+
+ „ 3. SIRICIDAE 71
+
+ „ 4. TENTHREDINIDAE 71
+
+ „ 5. CYNIPIDAE 73
+
+ „ 6. CHALCIDIDAE 74
+
+ „ 7. PROCTOTRYPIDAE 81
+
+ „ 8. ICHNEUMONIDAE 83
+
+ „ 9. BRACONIDAE 85
+
+ „ 10. CHRYSIDIDAE 87
+
+ „ 11. EVANIIDAE 88
+
+ „ 12. MEGALYRIDAE 90
+
+ „ 13. FORMICIDAE 91
+
+ „ 14. MUTILLIDAE 98
+
+ „ 15. THYNNIDAE 100
+
+ „ 16. SCOLIIDAE 102
+
+ „ 17. POMPILIDAE 105
+
+ „ 18. SPHEGIDAE 106
+
+ „ 19. EUMENIDAE 110
+
+ „ 20. VESPIDAE 112
+
+ „ 21. MASARIDAE 113
+
+ „ 22. APIDAE 114
+
+
+ Order V.--COLEOPTERA.
+
+ Family 1. CICINDELIDAE 124
+
+ „ 2. CARABIDAE 126
+
+ „ 3. DYTISCIDAE 133
+
+ „ 4. GYRINIDAE 134
+
+ „ 5. HYDROPHILIDAE 135
+
+ „ 6. STAPHYLINIDAE 136
+
+ „ 7. PSELAPHIDAE 138
+
+ „ 8. PAUSSIDAE 138
+
+ „ 9. SCYDMAENIDAE 139
+
+ „ 10. SILPHIDAE 140
+
+ „ 11. SCAPHIDIDAE 141
+
+ „ 12. HISTERIDAE 141
+
+ „ 13. PHALACRIDAE 142
+
+ „ 14. NITIDULIDAE 143
+
+ „ 15. TROGOSITIDAE 144
+
+ „ 16. COLYDIDAE 146
+
+ „ 17. RHYSODIDAE 146
+
+ „ 18. CUCUJIDAE 146
+
+ „ 19. CRYPTOPHAGIDAE 147
+
+ „ 20. LATHRIDIDAE 148
+
+ „ 21. MYCETOPHAGIDAE 148
+
+ „ 22. DERMESTIDAE 148
+
+ „ 23. BYRRHIDAE 150
+
+ „ 24. GEORYSSIDAE 150
+
+ „ 25. PARNIDAE 150
+
+ „ 26. HETEROCERIDAE 151
+
+ „ 27. LUCANIDAE 151
+
+ „ 28. SCARABAEIDAE 153
+
+ „ 29. BUPRESTIDAE 162
+
+ „ 30. EUCNEMIDAE 165
+
+ „ 31. ELATERIDAE 166
+
+ „ 32. RHIPIDOCERIDAE 167
+
+ „ 33. MALACODERMIDAE 167
+
+ „ 34. CLERIDAE 168
+
+ „ 35. PTINIDAE 169
+
+ „ 36. CIOIDAE 170
+
+ „ 37. BOSTRYCHIDAE 171
+
+ „ 38. TENEBRIONIDAE 172
+
+ „ 39. CISTELIDAE 175
+
+ „ 40. LAGRIIDAE 175
+
+ „ 41. ANTHICIDAE 176
+
+ „ 42. PYROCHROIDAE 176
+
+ „ 43. MORDELLIDAE 176
+
+ „ 44. CANTHARIDAE 177
+
+ „ 45. SCOLYTIDAE 178
+
+ „ 46. BRENTHIDAE 179
+
+ „ 47. ANTHRIBIDAE 180
+
+ „ 48. CURCULONIDAE 181
+
+ „ 49. CERAMBYCIDAE 190
+
+ „ 50. CHRYSOMELIDAE 200
+
+ „ 51. EROTYLIDAE 206
+
+ „ 52. COCCINELLIDAE 207
+
+
+ Order VI.--LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+ Sub-order.--RHOPALOCERA.
+
+ Family 1. NYMPHALIDAE 214
+
+ „ 2. LIBYTHEIDAE 219
+
+ „ 3. LYCAENIDAE 219
+
+ „ 4. PIERIDAE 223
+
+ „ 5. PAPILIONIDAE 225
+
+ „ 6. HESPERIDAE 227
+
+
+ Sub-order.--HETEROCERA.
+
+ Family 1. CASTNIIDAE 232
+
+ „ 2. URANIIDAE 232
+
+ „ 3. AGARISTIDAE 233
+
+ „ 4. SYNTOMIDAE 235
+
+ „ 5. ZYGAENIDAE 236
+
+ „ 6. SPHINGIDAE 236
+
+ „ 7. HEPIALIDAE 239
+
+ „ 8. PSYCHIDAE 243
+
+ „ 9. LIMACODIDAE 246
+
+ „ 10. ARCTIIDAE 248
+
+ „ 11. LIPARIDAE 252
+
+ „ 12. BOMBYCIDAE 255
+
+ „ 13. GEOMETRIDAE 259
+
+ „ 14. NOCTUIDAE 262
+
+ „ 15. PYRALIDAE 268
+
+ „ 16. TORTRICIDAE 274
+
+ „ 17. MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA 278
+
+
+ Order VII.--DIPTERA.
+
+ Family 1. CECIDOMYIDAE 285
+
+ „ 2. MYCETOPHILIDAE 287
+
+ „ 3. COLICIDAE 288
+
+ „ 4. CHIRONOMIDAE 291
+
+ „ 5. TIPULIDAE 292
+
+ „ 6. STRATIOMYIDAE 293
+
+ „ 7. TABANIDAE 294
+
+ „ 8. BOMBYLIDAE 296
+
+ „ 9. ACROCERIDAE 297
+
+ „ 10. MYDAIDAE 298
+
+ „ 11. ASILIDAE 298
+
+ „ 12. APIOCERIDAE 301
+
+ „ 13. PIPUNCULIDAE 301
+
+ „ 14. SYRPHIDAE 302
+
+ „ 15. CONOPIDAE 305
+
+ „ 16. MUSCIDAE ACALYPTERA 305
+
+ „ 17. ANTHOMYIDAE 311
+
+ „ 18. TACHINIDAE 312
+
+ „ 19. DEXIIDAE 313
+
+ „ 20. SARCOPHAGIDAE 314
+
+ „ 21. MUSCIDAE 315
+
+ „ 22. OESTRIDAE 317
+
+ „ 23. HIPPOBOSCIDAE 319
+
+ „ 24. PULICIDAE 321
+
+
+ Order VIII.--HEMIPTERA.
+
+ Family 1. PENTATOMIDAE 327
+
+ „ 2. COREIDAE 331
+
+ „ 3. LYGAEIDAE 333
+
+ „ 4. PYRRHOCORIDAE 335
+
+ „ 5. TINGIDAE 336
+
+ „ 6. ARADIDAE 337
+
+ „ 7. HYDROMETRIDAE 337
+
+ „ 8. REDUVIIDAE 338
+
+ „ 9. CIMICIDAE 341
+
+ „ 10. CAPSIDAE 341
+
+ „ 11. CRYPTOCERATA 342
+
+ „ 12. BELOSTOMIDAE 343
+
+ „ 13. NOTONECTIDAE 344
+
+ „ 14. CORIXIDAE 345
+
+
+ Sub-order.--HOMOPTERA.
+
+ Family 1. CICADIDAE 346
+
+ „ 2. CERCOPIDAE 354
+
+ „ 3. MEMBRACIDAE 356
+
+ „ 4. FULGORIDAE 358
+
+ „ 5. JASSIDAE 360
+
+ „ 6. PSYLLIDAE 361
+
+ „ 7. APHIDAE 367
+
+ „ 8. ALEURODIDAE 370
+
+ „ 9. COCCIDAE 371
+
+
+ Sub-order.--ANOPLURA.
+
+ Family 1. PEDICULIDAE 388
+
+
+ Sub-order.--MALLOPHAGA.
+
+ Family 1. TRICHODECTIDAE 390
+
+ „ 2. PHILOPTERIDAE 390
+
+ „ 3. GYROPIDAE 390
+
+ „ 4. LIOTHEIDAE 390
+
+
+ Order IX.--THYSANOPTERA.
+
+ Family 1. THRIPIDAE 392
+
+
+
+
+ LIST OF PLATES.
+
+
+ FACING
+ PLATE. PAGE
+
+ I. COCKROACHES 17
+
+ II. WHITE ANTS 22
+
+ III. NESTS OF WHITE ANTS 24
+
+ IV. „ „ „ 28
+
+ V. LEAF INSECTS 35
+
+ VI. LONG-HORNED GRASSHOPPERS 46
+
+ VII. CRICKETS 48
+
+ VIII. DRAGON FLIES 51
+
+ IX. ANT LIONS 57
+
+ X. SAW FLIES 71
+
+ XI. „ „ 73
+
+ XII. FIG INSECTS 78
+
+ XIII. ICHNEUMON, SAND, AND FLOWER WASPS 89
+
+ XIV. ANTS 95
+
+ XV. NESTS OF WASPS 112
+
+ XVI. BEES AND WASPS 118
+
+ XVII. BEETLES 151
+
+ XVIII. FLOWER BEETLES 163
+
+ XIX. WHITE BUTTERFLIES 214
+
+ XX. MISCELLANEOUS BUTTERFLIES 220
+
+ XXI. „ „ 227
+
+ XXII. „ MOTHS 235
+
+ XXIII. GREAT SWIFT MOTH 241
+
+ XXIV. BAG SHELTER MOTHS 245
+
+ XXV. CASE MOTHS 253
+
+ XXVI. MISCELLANEOUS MOTHS 268
+
+ XXVII. MOSQUITOES 289
+
+ XXVIII. FLIES 299
+
+ XXIX. HOUSE FLIES 314
+
+ XXX. BLOW FLIES 316
+
+ XXXI. PLANT BUGS 327
+
+ XXXII. „ „ 336
+
+ XXXIII. CICADAS 346
+
+ XXXIV. GALLS OF COCCIDS AND BEETLES 374
+
+ XXXV. GALLS OF COCCIDS 380
+
+ XXXVI. LAC INSECTS 378
+
+ XXXVII. THRIP INSECTS 393
+
+
+
+
+ INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The chief drawback to the study of entomology by the outsider has
+been, until modern times, the dry-as-dust technical terms used in the
+descriptive work, and the formidable names attached to many of the
+interesting little creatures, without any information about their
+habits or life histories. This is not surprising when we know the
+methods of some of the writers, and the material on which they often
+worked; namely, specimens obtained from abroad, often in a more or less
+damaged condition, discoloured and aborted from being squeezed among
+spirit collections, and with a brief or no record of their native home.
+
+This has been all changed since trained students like Darwin, Wallace,
+Bates, and many others have spent years in the wilds studying zoology
+under natural surroundings, recording their observations while they
+made collections, and, with this wealth of material and accurate
+knowledge, gave such descriptions, that they have led into many new
+fields of investigation, one of the most important of which is economic
+entomology.
+
+The Economic Entomologist has become more necessary and important every
+year. His investigations, carried on in the field and insectarium,
+have not only done much to popularise entomology, but have saved the
+countries interested untold wealth by the discovery of methods for
+checking the spread and ravages of injurious insects. The technical
+description of an insect is not sufficient to satisfy a practical man;
+he wants to know where it passes the earlier stages of its existence,
+what it feeds upon, and its place in the insect world.
+
+In the open-air study of God’s tiny creatures many pleasant and
+profitable hours may be spent, and dwellers in the country need never
+feel time hang heavily on their hands, after they have once had their
+eyes opened to the wonders of Nature around them. It is the writer’s
+privilege to know and correspond with a great many busy men and women,
+scattered all over Australia, who are doing valuable work in collecting
+specimens, making notes, and seeing both with eyes and brain--true bush
+naturalists in every sense of the word.
+
+In acknowledging my obligations to friends who have helped me in the
+course of this work, I desire to express my thanks to Mr. Masters
+for notes on the habits and range of insects, and the examination
+of specimens in the Macleay Museum; to Messrs. Sloane, Lea, Lyell,
+R. Turner, Tillyard, Tepper, Kershaw, Dun, Dr. Jefferis Turner, Dr.
+Goding, and Rev. T. Blackburn for various notes, specimens, and help
+generally. From Mr. C. French and C. French, Jr., I have had the loan
+of papers, books, and specimens unobtainable in Sydney, and from Mr. J.
+J. Fletcher suggestions and references to works in the N.S.W. Linnean
+Society’s library.
+
+Many other correspondents have greatly assisted me in examining and
+determining specimens--Dr. Horvath, Dr. Forel, M. André, Dr. Sharp,
+Mr. W. F. Kirby, Mr. C. C. Green, Dr. Silvestri, Dr. Howard, Mr. W. M.
+Ashmead, and Mr. D. W. Coquillett.
+
+I am indebted to Mr. Maiden for the identification of the native food
+plants of many insects.
+
+I am also greatly indebted to Mr. W. S. Campbell for permission to
+use the drawings of Messrs. Grose, Burton, and Chambers, which have
+previously appeared in the pages of _The Agricultural Gazette
+of N.S.W._, and which for beauty and accuracy have rarely been
+surpassed. To Mr. Burton and Mr. Gurney my thanks are also due for
+their care in arranging and photographing other specimens. To the other
+friends who have kindly aided me in this undertaking in any way I beg
+here to offer my best thanks.
+
+
+
+
+ AUSTRALIAN INSECTS.
+
+
+
+
+ CLASSIFICATION.
+
+
+In considering the classification of our insects, I have on the
+whole followed that adopted by Sharp in his “Insects” (vol. v.,
+vi., 1895, 1899), Cambridge Natural History, but at the same time
+have considered it advisable, in a work of this kind, to leave out
+whenever possible the definition of the smaller sub-divisions. I have
+also made one important alteration in his scheme of classification
+by placing the Termitidae after the Blattidae, following on with the
+Embiidae and Psocidae, as I consider that these are nearer primitive
+Orthoptera than Neuroptera in their wing structure; we thus do away
+with Pseudo-Neuroptera that has always appeared to be an unnecessary
+division; and we should have the courage of our convictions and place
+them on one side or the other.
+
+In zoological classification, the sub-kingdom Arthopoda, comprising
+creatures whose bodies are composed of rings or segments, and jointed
+legs, contains four large groups: (1) Arachnidae, spiders, mites,
+ticks, and scorpions; (2) Crustacea, crabs, shrimps, wood lice, &c.;
+(3) Myriapoda, centipedes, millepedes, &c.; (4) Insecta, insects; and
+a fifth group, Onychophora, containing the _Peripatus_, is now
+included. Though these creatures are broadly related, insects are
+readily distinguished from the members of the preceding groups.
+
+The word Entomology is derived from two Greek words, _Entomos_,
+an insect; and _Logos_, a discourse. Insects are arranged by
+entomologists in Orders, Families, Genera, and Species. The first
+clearly-defined classification was published by Linnaeus in his
+“Systema Naturae,” 1758, where he divided them up into seven great
+orders; namely, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera,
+Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Aptera, distinguished by the number and
+structure of the wings. Later on (1778) Fabricius founded another
+classification, based on the structure of the organs of the mouth, but
+this artificial arrangement soon became obsolete.
+
+In 1815, Kirby and Spence issued the work in four volumes entitled
+“An Introduction to Entomology or Elements of the Natural History of
+Insects,” a second revised edition coming out in 1816. This was the
+first attempt in England to popularise entomology, and to give the
+ordinary reader an idea of classification. In it will be found a great
+deal of general information that all young entomologists should read.
+
+In Westwood’s “Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects,”
+published in 1839, a great advance was made, and the science placed on
+a sound footing; this has been a great help to all workers. He divided
+the insects into thirteen orders; but, though the tendency of American
+and European writers has been to increase these divisions, we have
+reduced them, and in Kirby’s “Text Book of Entomology” only seven are
+used. In the last work, “Insects” (Cambridge Natural History, 1895), by
+Sharp, the same seven orders are used, though in a somewhat different
+manner, with the addition of an eighth, Thysanoptera, to contain the
+single family Thripidae.
+
+The correct naming of insects is based on the following rules: First
+comes the Order, which may contain a number of Families, all with
+certain peculiarities; as, for example, the straight-winged insects,
+Order Orthoptera, of which we will take the Family _Acridiidae_,
+“locusts.” This Family is again subdivided into smaller divisions or
+groups, called Genera; all the individuals comprised in the Genus have
+some well-defined external characters that form a common link binding
+them together: the individuals are known as Species. Therefore each
+insect when it has been described has a generic or group name, and a
+specific or individual name. The generic name should be based on some
+Greek or Latin root, preferably the former, but it cannot of course be
+compounded from both languages; it should on translation give some clue
+to the general distinctive character of the group. The specific name
+should be derived from Latin, and give the student some idea of the
+locality, markings, colour, or shape of some part of the insect under
+observation; thus, _Locusta australis_, Brunner, is the southern
+locust or grasshopper. As a matter of convenience to students, the name
+or abbreviated name of the entomologist who first described the insect
+follows the name when mentioned in scientific articles or catalogues,
+but is not usually done in general work.
+
+The rules here laid down, however, are much more observed in the breach
+than in the observance. In former times most descriptions of insects
+were written in Latin, but at the present time they are being described
+not only in English, French, and German, but many other languages
+difficult for the ordinary English student to translate, such as
+Russian, Bohemian, Hungarian, &c., so that it is very difficult in many
+instances to find out whether some generic names have any meaning.
+The difficulty of creating generic names with pure roots that are not
+preoccupied by previous writers is always increasing, and to save the
+trouble of going through the lists of genera already in use, many
+zoologists use the names of other naturalists, names of localities, or
+“nonsense” names compounded of a jumble of letters. Then, again, when
+the genus is an extensive one containing many species, the describer
+gives it the Latinised name of the collector or some friend he wishes
+to honour, so that we may come across both a generic and specific name
+that throws no light on the identity of the insect. As an example,
+_Grabhamia curriei_; Coquillett named this mosquito in the first
+instance _Culex curriei_, Currie’s mosquito, which was consistent,
+but Theobald found on subsequent examination that it belonged to his
+Genus _Grabhamia_, dedicated to Dr. Grabham.
+
+Even without these drawbacks, a beginner naturally finds the
+classification of insects a serious task, and the simple committing to
+memory of the scientific names a big undertaking; but when he has once
+grasped the rudiments, the system will soon appear to him.
+
+One of the most difficult things the popular writer meets with in
+scientific work is to find a suitable vernacular name to fit a common
+insect; a beetle may be bright yellow, with a brown head; the first man
+comes along and calls it the “Yellow-bodied Beetle,” another passes
+by and says it is the “Brown-headed Beetle,” yet neither would be
+quite accurate or define its main peculiarities. Again, we often find
+a popular name that designates a particular insect in one district is
+used for quite a different species in another part of the State: quite
+recently I asked several correspondents for specimens of the beetle in
+the Maitland district known as the “Jackeroi,” and had four distinct
+species of weevils forwarded under that name. The “Dicky Rice” is
+the name given to a tiny grey weevil (_Prosayleus phytolymus_)
+by the orchardists about Windsor, but in other districts it is used
+indiscriminately for a number of other weevils.
+
+Should any one take up a box full of unnamed and unclassified insects,
+he will feel like a stranger in a picture gallery without a catalogue;
+for, while everything is very beautiful, how much more interesting
+if he only knew something about the subject; for the same reason,
+each insect named and arranged has an individuality that it did not
+previously possess.
+
+
+
+
+ DISTRIBUTION.
+
+
+The insect fauna of Australia is as remarkable and distinctive in its
+peculiarities as the flora, and probably for the same reason,--the fact
+of its isolated position from the larger continental areas, and the
+configuration of the continent. If we take away the eastern mountain
+range running north and south from Cape York to Gippsland, we find an
+immense tract of almost level country with hardly a river of any size
+except the Murray and its tributaries, covered with thick scrub or open
+forest, great flat unbroken plains in the south; rolling downs towards
+the north; sand-hills, and low timbered ranges in the interior. It is
+half the year without any permanent water for hundreds of miles at a
+stretch; scorched with a blazing sun and fierce hot winds in summer,
+bleak and cold in the winter. Yet there is no desert country of any
+extent in the strict sense of the word in the most arid portion; for
+given a good fall of rain, the country, apparently parched beyond
+recovery, soon puts on a coat of green, wild flowers shoot out, insects
+and little creatures of all kinds emerge from their hiding places, and
+birds appear as if by magic.
+
+Naturally our fauna, and the insects in particular, have had to adapt
+themselves to these extremes, and we find them with many curious habits
+without parallel in more normal countries.
+
+Our fauna is extremely rich in gall-producing insects in many different
+orders; there are about 50 different species of coccids that form
+well defined galls upon their host plants, yet the only record of a
+gall-making coccid outside Australia is a single species in Mexico.
+Numbers of _Thripidae_ produce galls in the leaves or flower buds of
+our native shrubs, while the galls of _Psyllidae_, _Diptera_, and
+_Hymenoptera_ are very abundant.
+
+Ants, _Formicidae_, swarm in the driest parts of the interior;
+and flies, of all kinds, blow flies, blue bottle, and the small house
+flies, are a perfect pest all through the summer months.
+
+All our coastal scrubs are rich in flowering shrubs which provide food
+or hunting ground for a large insect population. The flower wasps,
+_Thynnidae_, (in which the males are large and handsome with well
+developed wings, but the females are diminutive and wingless,) comprise
+several hundred described species; the only other countries in which
+they are represented are the west coast of South America, and a few
+in the Pacific Islands. The allied ant-like _Mutillidae_ with their
+wingless females are more numerous in the interior. Though our country
+is very rich in Sawflies, _Tenthredinidae_, they all belong to genera
+peculiar to Australia; the members of the typical genus _Cimbex_
+extending its range as far east as Japan do not reach us.
+
+The low stunted flowering shrubs covering large patches of both the
+eastern and western coasts support an immense number of Jewel-beetles,
+Genus _Stigmodera_, also peculiar to this continent. We appear to
+have few forms allied to North or South America; our affinities are
+with Africa, and the Malay Peninsula; insects of well sustained flight,
+as the Orthoptera, are found here identical with species found in
+Africa and Asia.
+
+Many insects abundant in the eastern coastal districts are very limited
+in their range; but on the western watershed others may be found
+ranging right across to the Indian Ocean.
+
+
+
+
+ STRUCTURE.
+
+
+The imago or perfect insect is encased in a more or less perfect horny
+integument composed of a substance called chiten, which forms in many
+a regular box containing all the vital organs. Every insect can be
+divided into three primary divisions: first, the head, to which is
+attached the mouth parts, antennae, and eyes; second, the thorax or
+chest, sometimes forming a solid mass, but properly composed of three
+segments, namely, the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax, to which
+are attached three pairs of legs, and two pairs of wings (there are,
+however, many exceptions to the last, as some have only one pair,
+and others are wingless); third, the abdomen or body, consisting of
+a number of segments variously estimated from five to eleven, the
+normal number being ten, which enclose the digestive, breathing, and
+reproductive organs.
+
+Every insect in the first instance comes from an egg or living larva
+produced by the female, and though, even to the naturalist, it seems
+very hard to account for the countless millions of some of the smaller
+insects such as aphids and scale insects which suddenly swarm as if by
+magic over plants, there is no such thing as spontaneous generation;
+insects cannot come out of the ground from nothing, or be produced
+from the crystalline dew upon the foliage as we have sometimes found
+stated in newspapers. Again, a grain weevil cannot change into a flour
+moth, or _vice versa_, as many of our farmers will say in all good
+faith. In some groups the insects are produced as living larvae, and
+commence to feed at once; but in the majority, eggs are deposited in
+or upon the food, in which state they may remain without hatching but
+a few days, or more than a year. As soon as the little caterpillar
+or grub emerges, it starts upon its food, spending the whole of this
+stage of its existence in eating and growing, moulting at intervals by
+casting off the outer skin to accommodate its increasing bulk; when
+full-grown and ready for the final moult, it stops eating, crawls away
+into a suitable place, and forms a cocoon, cell, or shell, in which it
+pupates. It is now a chrysalis or pupa, quiescent, without any movement
+except a slight twitching of the tip of the abdomen when disturbed.
+Under the pupal covering the different organs of the perfect insect
+become gradually defined, until one bright day the last evolution is
+completed, and with a few convulsive movements the perfect insect
+bursts out of its enveloping swaddling clothes and appears in all its
+beauty and perfection.
+
+Some groups, however, undergo a much more simple or incomplete
+metamorphosis; emerging from the egg a baby insect ready to eat, (like
+the grasshopper,) the same food as its mother; it undergoes a series
+of moults, and after casting its skin every time, becomes more nearly
+perfect without any true pupal stage, and finally after the last moult
+comes forth with well-developed wings, a perfect insect.
+
+The typical insect is furnished with a large compound eye on either
+side of the head composed of a number of small sections called facets,
+varying in number from sixteen to several thousands in some of the
+more highly developed families, and two or three simple eyes forming
+bright shining dots between the compound pair called ocelli. In some
+groups these ocelli are wanting; in others both eyes and ocelli, so the
+insects are therefore blind.
+
+The mouth parts are composed of several hard plates; in chewing or
+biting (mandibulate) insects, they consist of a pair of stout jaws,
+in front of which lies the labrum, and behind the maxillae; again
+behind the maxillae follows a second pair fused together to form the
+labium. Both labium and maxillae are provided with a pair of slender
+jointed appendages known as labial and maxillary palpi; these are used
+as fingers to assist in drawing food into the mouth. In those groups
+with sucking (haustellate) mouths these various parts are coalesced
+into a simple sucking tube ending in a sharp style-like tip, which
+is buried in the tissue of the plant when the insect is feeding. The
+antennae when well developed consist of a number of distinct rings
+or segments, standing out on either side of the head, and generally
+attached to the front of the head between the eyes; they serve as
+organs of touch, smell, and probably hearing. The legs contain five
+distinct joints; first, the coxae or hips; next, the trochanters, small
+joints with a ball and socket-like action from which the femora or
+thighs move backward and forward; to these are attached the tibiae or
+shanks terminating in the tarsi or feet at the extremity. Most insects
+are also furnished with a pair of tarsal claws, between which may be a
+small pad, called the pulvillus or empodium.
+
+The wings of insects vary considerably. Some are membranous and smooth;
+others are covered with down or scales; while in many the fore pair
+are solid chitinous wing-cases, useless for flight, and chiefly acting
+as protective covers to the hind pair, which, when the insect is at
+rest, lie folded up beneath them. The flying wings are traversed with
+branching tubes called nervures, which, while strengthening them, also
+perform an important function in the breathing of the insect, and are
+pierced with small openings; these openings are very distinct in some
+of the hymenoptera.
+
+Insects breathe by means of openings situated along the sides of the
+thoracic and abdominal segments called spiracles, opening out into
+branching air vessels called trachea, which pass into the interior,
+ramifying throughout the body and extending into every part and
+appendage, even to the tips of the antennae. The nervous system, the
+life and movement of the insect, consists of a double chain of ganglia,
+(_ganglion_, a knot,) nerve cells, which are connected with finer
+encircling nerve tissues, that radiate in all directions, returning
+to the ganglia, the latter regulating the nerve sensation. Therefore,
+as their perceptions are so much less confined to the brain than in
+vertebrate animals, they cannot feel to the same extent. Thus, you
+can frequently find a locust, beetle, or ant that has escaped from a
+bird, minus its abdomen, still crawling about, quite able to move all
+its remaining organs. You can even remove the long slender body of
+a dragon-fly, and carefully insert a bit of grass stalk of the same
+length and weight to balance the wings, and it will fly off quite
+readily; but of course they will not live long after such injuries.
+
+We know that many insects must have very keen perceptions of sound, or
+the movement of the air around them, for they will drop to the ground
+at the least alarm, before the bush upon which they are resting has
+been touched. Very little is understood about the organs of hearing,
+except in the case of grasshoppers and locusts where the ears have been
+located at the base of the abdomen or on the front leg; these in some
+species can be detected with an ordinary lens. It is considered by some
+writers that the hairs and spiracles upon the different parts of the
+body may transmit sound and act as ears. The organs of sound are very
+interesting, but can be better treated when dealing with the different
+groups.
+
+Usually, there are only two sexes of insects, males and females; but
+among those living in social communities, like the bees, ants, wasps,
+and termites, the majority of the inhabitants are neuters. These
+neuters are usually aborted females, which do all the work in the
+construction of the nest and look after the food supply of the rest of
+the community.
+
+
+ FOSSIL INSECTS
+
+In comparison with other countries, fossil remains of insects are
+scarce; only ten species have been described and named. My information
+on this subject is obtained from Messrs. Etheridge and Olliff’s Memoir
+of the Geological Survey, (Palaeontology No. 7,); “The Mesozoic and
+Tertiary Insects of New South Wales,” 1890. The first record of fossil
+insects was made by Moore in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological
+Society, 1870, entitled “Note on a plant and insect bed on the Rocky
+River, N.S.W.” “These insects were obtained from a chocolate-coloured
+micaceous laminated marl, forming a bed ten feet thick, at a depth of
+about one hundred feet from the surface, and forming a portion of the
+Tertiary drift worked at the above locality. The latter are probably of
+Pliocene age.” (E. & O.)
+
+Jack obtained the wing of a dragon fly in the Cretaceous beds of
+the Flinders River, N. Queensland, which was described and figured
+by Woodward under the name of _Aeschna flindersensis_ in the
+Geological Magazine, 1884. It was entombed in a dark chocolate
+limestone.
+
+The insects described and figured by Messrs. Etheridge and Olliff
+consist of a cicada (_C. lowei_) from the “Taeniopteris-bearing beds
+of the Talbragar River in New South Wales, and of Lower Mesozoic age”:
+a fly, _Chironomus venerabilis_: and a mayfly, _Ephemera culleni_:
+and a beetle larva belonging to the _Lampyridae_, under the name of
+_Palaeolycus problematicus_, from the Tertiary beds at Emmaville, New
+England.
+
+From the Ipswich Coal Measures of Queensland comes the fossil wing of
+a Buprestid beetle, allied to existing Stigmodera, which they called
+_Mesostigmodera typica_. Among the insect remains from this locality
+the authors note several wings that appear to belong to weevils and
+other beetles allied to existing species.
+
+Mr. W. S. Dun informs me that insect remains have been found at
+Narellan N.S.W. in Wianamatta shales, and also in the brick pits at St.
+Peters near Sydney.
+
+
+
+
+ Order I.--APTERA.
+
+ Spring-tails and Silver-fish.
+
+
+These tiny little creatures are wingless in all stages of their
+existence, with only six segments in the abdomen; they are active
+little creatures of very delicate structure, found in all kinds of
+situations. We have many indigenous species, but on account of their
+small size and retiring habits they have been seldom noticed, and a
+wide field awaits some future entomologist who undertakes the study of
+these interesting insects.
+
+Very little systematic work had been done with these insects until
+Lubbock’s “Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura” was published
+by the Ray Society in 1873. In this work not only are a large number
+described, but observations made upon their habits and life histories
+are recorded.
+
+
+ Family 1. Spring-tails.
+
+ COLLEMBOLA.
+
+These are among the smallest insects, for the largest does not measure
+more than ⅓ of an inch in length, and most of them are very much
+smaller. They are chiefly found in damp situations among loose soil,
+decaying vegetable matter, and such like material, and can stand a very
+cold temperature. They are easily distinguished from the silver-fish by
+the few joints in the antennae, and the great powers of jumping they
+possess by means of their long jointed tail appendages.
+
+Our common species, _Lipura sp._, is at times very abundant in the
+loose soil; after a sudden thunderstorm they are often washed out
+in such numbers that, carried into the little pools along the road
+side, they form a dull blue scum on the surface of the water. They
+measure ⅓ of a line in length; are of a dull blue colour, and have
+short, thickened antennae and legs; the body is distinctly segmented
+and rounded at the tip. Resting on the surface of the water they are
+constantly in motion, springing up every moment like little rubber
+balls.
+
+Another species belonging to the Genus _Smynthurus_, allied to
+_S. viridis_, a European form, but probably an undescribed native
+species, appeared in great numbers in lucerne paddocks in S. Australia
+in 1896, where they did a great deal of damage by eating the surface of
+the leaves, swarming over the fields in countless millions.
+
+It is a member of this genus (_Smynthurus lutus_) that Lubbock has
+described in such an entertaining manner when recounting the courtship
+of these queer little creatures.
+
+
+ Family 2. Silver-fish.
+
+ THYSANURA.
+
+The silver-fish are divided into two distinct groups: those clothed
+with fine loose silver-like scales, and those in which the scales
+are absent and are replaced by fine hairs. The abdomen contains ten
+segments; their bodies are elongated, furnished with long, slender,
+many jointed antennae tapering to the extremities, and the tip of the
+abdomen carries two or three slender thread-like tail appendages.
+Though the group has been divided into four divisions, there are not
+many species described; they frequent warm, dry, dark situations.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 1.=--_Lepisma saccharina_
+ (Linn.).
+
+ The common Silver-Fish.
+
+ (Redrawn from Marlatt’s “Household Insects.”)]
+
+_Lepisma saccharina_, the Common European Silver-fish, measures
+up to ½ an inch in length, and is covered with delicate lead-coloured
+scales that give it a dull metallic lustre. They are great pests in
+libraries, where they eat the glaze on papers or clothbound books,
+pasted labels, or even the surface of etchings and engravings. Our
+common species was generally supposed to be this insect; but Dr.
+Silvestri, to whom I submitted a number of specimens caught in Sydney
+houses, says that it is _Lepisma longicaudata_, the common African
+species unknown in Europe.
+
+There is another tiny, little, dull yellow species found under stones
+in ants’ nests that Silvestri has named _Lepisma cursitans_. In
+the dry western scrubs of the interior under stones, hiding in the
+dust, I collected _Lepisma producta_. In a natural open cave among
+the sandstone cliffs on the sea shore near Gosford N.S.W. I found
+a number of a very large species resting on the bare rock, with a
+striking resemblance to small dried shrimps; for this peculiar species
+Silvestri proposes the name of _Allomachilus froggatti_.
+
+
+
+
+ Order II.--ORTHOPTERA.
+
+ Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, Termites, &c.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 2.=--Mouth Parts of a Grasshopper,
+ Showing the different parts.
+
+ 1. The labrum, or upper lip.
+ 2. Mandibles.
+ 3. Jaws.
+ 4. The lower labrum.
+ 5. Tongue.
+
+ (Redrawn from Duncan’s “Transformations of Insects.”)]
+
+The members of this order are known as straight winged insects, because
+the narrow membranous fore wings (elytra) are usually laid flat along
+the sides of the body, covering the fan-shaped hind wings that are
+folded up beneath them. In some of the families we find groups or
+individuals with the wings rudimentary or so modified in structure as
+to be useless for flight, and in a few the perfect insects of one or
+both sexes are wingless. In some, like the typical grasshoppers, the
+hind legs have the thighs greatly developed and adapted for springing
+or jumping; in the Mantids the two hind pairs of legs are simple, but
+the front pair are produced into curved, spined tibiae and femora,
+weapons well adapted to capture their prey. The mouth parts are
+composed of a rounded upper lip, with two stout mandibles, and a pair
+of jaws to which are attached jointed appendages (maxillary palpi),
+the labrum or hind lip bearing similar appendages called the labial
+palpi; besides these they have a stout spade-shaped tongue, so that
+they both bite off and chew up their food.
+
+Though the majority are vegetarian in their habits, one group, the
+mantids, are carnivorous, and in these insects the mouth parts are
+produced into a sharp point to the tip of the jaws.
+
+They emerge from the eggs that are deposited singly or in masses in or
+upon the ground or attached to the twigs of their food plant; as baby
+insects they are much like the adult, undergoing a series of moults
+without any true pupal stage, until in the last moult they emerge with
+fully developed wings and reproductive organs.
+
+The Orthoptera comprise a number of very different looking insects,
+among them some giants of the insect world like the stick and leaf
+insects. I have placed the earwigs, cockroaches, termites, embids, book
+lice, grasshoppers, crickets, mantis and phasmids together, though
+there is some difference of opinion among entomologists as to the exact
+position of the termites, embids, and book lice. The latest list of
+the Orthoptera is W. F. Kirby’s “Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera,
+vol. I.,” containing all the named species of the _Forficulidae_,
+_Hemimeridae_, _Blattidae_, _Mantidae_, and _Phasmidae_. This work
+was published by the Trustees of the British Museum, 1904: a second
+volume (not yet published) dealing with the locusts, grasshoppers,
+and crickets will complete this work. The latter were catalogued by
+F. Walker 1869–1870 in five parts, (Catalogue of the Specimens of
+Dermaptera, Saltatoria, and Supplement to the Blattariae in the British
+Museum), which this work of Kirby’s when finished will supersede.
+
+Among the chief specialists on Orthoptera may be mentioned
+Henri de Saussure, who besides his monographs in the “Biologia
+Centrali-Americana,” has published many papers in scientific journals,
+of which the most important (containing descriptions of Australian
+species) is his “Melanger Orthopterologiques” in the Memoirs de la
+Societe de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Geneve 1863–4, and
+in subsequent volumes. Brunner von Wattenwyl has described other
+Australian species in different German publications, and in 1893
+published his “Révision des Système des Orthoptères” in the Annali del
+Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova.
+
+Kirby described other of our species chiefly in papers contributed to
+the “Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” and the Transactions of
+the Zoological and Entomological Societies.
+
+
+ Family 1. Earwigs.
+
+ FORFICULIDAE.
+
+These insects are slender in form, with somewhat rounded heads bearing
+two large facetted eyes, but no ocelli; and long slender antennae
+composed of short oval joints. The elytra, very short, usually not
+extending beyond the hind margin of the thorax, cover the hind wings
+when at rest. These hind wings are short but broad, somewhat resembling
+a human ear when expanded for flight, but neatly folded up beneath
+the abbreviated elytra at other times. In many groups however both
+elytra and wings are absent, the insects trusting to their legs and
+powers of burrowing to get out of danger, and even those with well
+developed wings seldom use them. The thorax is narrow; the legs stout,
+well adapted both for digging and running; and the abdomen, tapering
+to the extremity, terminates in a pair of callipers or pincer-like
+processes, sometimes curved and toothed into remarkable shapes. It is
+the possession of these curious anal appendages that has led to the
+earwig being popularly credited with all kinds of evil propensities;
+but though they certainly look very formidable they can only give
+one’s finger a harmless pinch if handled carelessly, and are otherwise
+perfectly harmless.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 3.=--_Labidura truncata_
+ (Kirby).
+
+ The common Earwig found in the sand along river banks.
+
+ (Original W. B. Gurney.)]
+
+Earwigs are met with chiefly in damp situations; some of the smaller
+ones can be collected by pulling the rotten bark off dead trees; others
+are to be found under stones or logs; and in summer time many will be
+found in burrows in the damp sand on the water’s edge after the manner
+of mole crickets. In point of numbers this is not a large family, only
+about 520 species being described from all parts of the world; and only
+about 20 from Australia, so that they are poorly represented in this
+country.
+
+The Genus _Labidura_ contains 15 described species from all parts of
+the world; _Labidura riparia_, a cosmopolitan species ranging from
+Europe to Asia and Africa does not reach Australia; but we have a
+typical species in _Labidura truncata_, which has similar habits,
+living in burrows in the sand along the edges of lagoons and creeks.
+It measures an inch in length, and is of a general reddish brown tint
+mottled with dull yellow; and the dorsal segments of the abdomen are
+deeply barred with reddish black almost confluent down the centre.
+The head is large; the prothorax small, with the elytra and wings
+well developed; the abdomen, rather narrow at the base, is broadest
+behind the large callipers, which are slender, furnished with two blunt
+teeth on the inner edge and meet at the extremities. It differs from
+_L. ripara_ in having the apical edge of the last abdominal segment
+truncate, and not scalloped as in the former.
+
+The next large Genus _Anisolabis_ is also world wide in its range
+and contains 36 described species, 3 of which are recorded from
+Australia, 2 from Tasmania, 1 from New Zealand, and 1 from Norfolk
+Island. _Anisolabis colossea_, our largest common wingless species,
+also recorded from New Caledonia, was described by Dohrn (Ann. Museo
+Genov. 1879), and a second variety by Burr under the name of _A. minor_
+in 1902; but it is most variable in size, ranging from over 1½ inches
+in length to less than half an inch. It is of a uniform dull reddish
+brown colour, with a rounded head, truncate thorax, and elongate broad
+abdomen terminating in a pair of short stout finger-like appendages
+fitting close together and turned up slightly at the tips.
+
+A second species of _Anisolabis_ common in Tasmania and recorded from
+the top of Mount Wellington is black, somewhat broad and flattened
+on the dorsal surface, with the anal appendages short, slender, and
+twisted over to the left side as if they had been damaged. It was
+described by Bormans (C.R. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1880) under the name of
+_Anisolabis tasmanica_.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 4.=--_Anisolabis colossea_
+ (Dohrn).
+
+ The large wingless earwig.
+
+ (Original W. W. Froggatt.)]
+
+_Labia grandis_ described by Dubrony (Ann. Museo Genov. 1879) comes
+from North Australia. The genus contains 47 described species; several
+undetermined species in my collection are small dark brown earwigs with
+well developed elytra, and anal appendages very narrow at the base,
+small, and curving over at the sharp tips.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate I.--ORTHOPTERA.
+
+ Family BLATTIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Blatta orientalis_ ♂ (Linn.).
+ 2. _Blatta orientalis_ ♀ (Linn.).
+ 3. _Blatta orientalis_ Larva (Linn.).
+ 4. _Polyzosteria limbata_ (Burm.).
+ 5. _Periplaneta australasiae_ (Fabr.).
+ 6. _Geoscapheus giganteus_ (Tepper).
+ 7. _Panesthia laevicollis_ (Sauss.).
+ 8. _Periplaneta americana_ (Linn.).
+ 9. _Phyllodromia germanica_ (Linn.).
+ 10. _Periplaneta americana_ (Linn.).]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate I.--ORTHOPTERA._]
+
+_Apterygida arachidis_, a cosmopolitan species recorded from
+all parts of the world, is found in Australia; and the common
+European typical species, _Forficula auricularia_, which is
+widely distributed over the old world and America, is not recorded from
+Australia in Kirby’s Catalogue, but I have specimens in my collection
+given me by Mr. J. J. Walker taken in New Zealand, who told me he had
+also captured it in Tasmania, so that it is more than probable it will
+be found on the mainland.
+
+
+ Family 2. Cockroaches.
+
+ BLATTIDAE.
+
+The typical cockroach is a shield-shaped insect, with stout horny
+plates covering both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the thorax and
+abdomen. The head, tucked under and hidden, when viewed from above by
+the rim of the prothorax, is furnished with two large compound eyes
+placed well in front; in some groups there are also two ocelli; the
+antennae springing from below the eyes are very long and slender,
+composed of a great number of short ringed segments. The jaws are well
+adapted for their vegetarian habits, though some among the domestic
+species are almost omnivorous in their tastes. Tepper considers that
+several species destroy the grubs and caterpillars of injurious
+cut-worms, but this wants further confirmation. Their legs are long and
+stout, covered with spines, and in the species living under stones and
+logs the legs are usually thickened. Many species are provided with
+two pairs of stout membranous wings, while the front pair (elytra)
+are thickened, opaque and coarsely veined; the hind wings, though
+frequently small, are fan-shaped, membranous and well adapted for
+flight.
+
+The cockroach is one of the most ancient of insects, and roaches are
+common in fossil beds both in Europe and America, many of them allied
+to our still existing forms.
+
+The female has a curious habit of carrying her keeled egg capsule
+protruding from her abdomen for some time before she deposits it in a
+suitable situation.
+
+A number of cosmopolitan species might be called domestic insects
+as they are only found about houses or the haunts of man; in London
+_Blatta orientalis_ is commonly known as the “black beetle,” swarming
+in cellars and kitchens. In Sydney the large yellow roach that comes
+flying round the room to the light is _Periplaneta americana_, an
+introduction from America, which has almost driven the smaller
+indigenous _Periplaneta australasiae_ out of our houses; while in some
+of the southern and eastern States of America our Australian roach
+has been introduced and become the common domestic pest. The little
+German Roach, or “Croten Bug” of America, _Phyllodromia germanica_,
+is sometimes found about the Sydney wharves. Many of these bush and
+household roaches are provided with glands at the tip of the abdomen,
+from which they can discharge (when disturbed) a foetid odour as a
+means of defence. The cockroaches are a very extensive family; Marlatt
+estimates that at least 5,000 occur all over the world; about 212
+species are given by Kirby (Catalogue Orthoptera vol. I. British Museum
+1904) as Australian. Most of our typical forms are wingless, and live
+under rotten logs or stones; some of the largest species are to be
+found in the dry interior.
+
+Saussure has described a number of our species (Mem. Soc. Geneve
+1863–4–9): Walker many others, (Brit. Mus. Catalogue Blattidae 1868):
+and Tepper has been a constant worker at this group in South Australia
+for some years; descriptions of most of his species will be found in
+the Transactions of the Royal Society of S. Australia between 1893–95,
+and the Zoology of the Horn Expedition 1896.
+
+The Genus _Panesthia_ contains 44 described species ranging from India
+to Australia, of which 7 are peculiar to this country.
+
+_Panesthia laevicollis_ is common in forest land, where it is found
+burrowing in damp rotting logs. It is a wingless black insect,
+measuring nearly 1½ inches in length, with the thorax narrow and
+flattened above the head, the latter furnished with comparatively short
+antennae; the legs short but very spiny; and the dorsal surface of the
+abdomen covered with irregular punctures.
+
+_Cosmozosteria coolgardiensis_ is a very distinctive, wingless, dull
+yellow species broadly marked with black on the thoracic segments, and
+finely barred with the same colour on the upper edges of the abdominal
+segments. It measures about 1¼ inches in length, and ranges from South
+Australia to the central parts of Western Australia.
+
+_Polyzosteria limbata_ is a large dark brown cockroach margined on
+the outer edge of the dorsal plates with yellow; it is common in the
+vicinity of Sydney, and may be often noticed in the neighbourhood of
+Botany resting on stumps and fences; it has the habit, like several
+other species, of discharging a most offensive liquid when disturbed.
+_Polyzosteria pubescens_ is an allied but much larger insect, measures
+up to 2 inches in length and 1½ inch in breadth; it is of a uniform
+dull brown tint, and is common about Kalgoorlie W.A., and will be
+probably found to range over a large portion of the interior.
+
+_Polyzosteria mitchellii_ is a variegated, dull metallic green
+cockroach ranging over the same country, but not more than 1½ inches in
+length. It has the upper surface margined on the edges with yellow, and
+is mottled on the legs and under-surface.
+
+ [Illustration: Fig. 5.
+
+ Fig. 6.
+
+ =Figs.= =5= and =6=.--Desert Cockroaches.
+
+ 5. _Polyzosteria mitchellii_ (Angas). The green-banded
+ cockroach.
+
+ 6. _Polyzosteria pubescens_ (Tepper). The Pubescent
+ cockroach.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Geoscapheus giganteus_ is our giant cockroach, measuring 2½ inches in
+length and 1½ across the middle of the body. Like the last three it
+is wingless, with the large prothoracic shield overlapping the head.
+In colour it is bright reddish brown, crenulated and very rugose in
+the centre of the dorsal surface. In the same year (1895) that Tepper
+obtained this fine species, Saussure described another large roach
+under the name of _Macropanesthia rhinoceros_, forming a new genus for
+its reception and adding a second species which he named _M. muelleri_.
+
+
+ Family 3. White Ants.
+
+ TERMITIDAE.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 7.=--_Mastotermes
+ darwiniensis_ (Froggatt).
+
+ The giant termite of Northern Australia, showing the
+ structure of the wings of the male.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The exact position of these insects in every scheme of classification
+has been more or less vague, and while some writers place them in the
+Orthoptera, more include them in the Neuroptera; others again to get
+over the difficulty have formed a halting ground between the two and
+called them Pseudo-Neuroptera. In the “Genera Insectorum,” Desneux has
+followed Brullé and Comstock and placed them in a distinct order as
+Isoptera. Grassi, one of the greatest living authorities on the anatomy
+of insects, considers they are allied to the Neuroptera: but taking the
+broad ground of outward structure upon which the Orders were formed,
+and comparing the perfect termites, especially my giant species from
+North Australia, _Mastotermes darwiniensis_, with other families,
+I consider they are closely allied to the cockroaches, and therefore
+place them here. Take the wing away from some of the larger species and
+they have a striking resemblance to earwigs, and one of our greatest
+authorities on the family (Hagen) actually described a damaged earwig
+from Japan as a termite.
+
+Termites are widely distributed over all the warmer regions of the
+world, though most numerous in tropical countries; and a number of
+fossil species have been described from Europe and America.
+
+When Hagen’s “Monograph of the Termitidae” was published in 1858, only
+seven species were recorded from Australia and Tasmania, and one or
+two of these are very doubtful. In my “Australian Termitidae” (Pro.
+Linn. Soc. 1896–1897) the number was brought up to 35, and there are
+probably many more to be discovered, so that the family is very well
+represented in this country. Our species have been subdivided into nine
+genera placed in six sub-families, which are chiefly formed on the wing
+structure.
+
+Broadly speaking their habits are very similar, and each nest or
+community consists of the same castes. First in order come the dark
+brown perfect winged male and female insects, only found in the regular
+nests in the early summer months; for soon after their wings are
+developed, the workers cut openings in the clay walls of the nest, and
+they fly out in a continuous stream, generally just before sunset, and
+when all have left the workers again close up the openings for another
+year. In the winged state they are known as “flying ants,” and on a
+warm summer night sometimes come in such numbers round the lights,
+dropping their easily detached wings all over the table, that they are
+a regular nuisance.
+
+These perfect termites have well developed eyes; slender antennae
+composed of short, rounded, bead-like joints standing out in front of
+the rounded flattened head; and a short stout thorax fitting close
+against the elongate rounded abdomen. They are furnished with two pairs
+of similar, elongated, narrow wings of uniform width rounded at the
+tips, with primitive parallel neuration; these are loosely attached to
+the basal wing-flap by a cross suture, where they readily tear them
+across; when at rest they are laid flat over each other down the back,
+extending well beyond the tip of the body: the legs are short and stout.
+
+Their flight is feeble, and of the millions that swarm out and flutter
+away from the nest, probably not more than halfa-dozen couples are
+fortunate enough to get into a suitable place to found a fresh colony.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 8.=--Diagram of head of
+ worker termite. Dorsal view, showing the jaws and mouth
+ parts. _Coptotermes (Termes) lacteus_ (Froggatt).
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 9.=--_Coptotermes (Termes)
+ lacteus_ (Froggatt). Fully developed female or Queen.
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: Plate II.--ORTHOPTERA.
+
+ Family _Termitidae_.
+
+ _Coptotermes (Termes) lacteus_ (Froggatt).
+
+ 1. Male (wings closed).
+ 2. Male (wings expanded).
+ 3. Worker.
+ 4. Nymph.
+ 5. Soldier.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate II.--ORTHOPTERA._]
+
+The next caste, that form the bulk of the life of the nest, are the
+workers, delicate soft white creatures with pale yellow, rounded,
+flattened heads; blind, but furnished with slender antennae; and a pair
+of short stout toothed jaws hidden by the labrum, and which in the
+course of their labours do such immense damage to all kinds of both
+native and imported timber. The third caste, also always present, are
+the soldiers, that simply act as guards for the whole nest, leaving
+all the work of building, feeding the young, and gathering supplies to
+the workers. In the fourth we have the Queen, which was originally one
+of the winged forms; after casting her wings she is impregnated, and
+while the head, thorax and appendages remain as before, the abdomen
+swells into a white cylindrical sack as thick as one’s little finger;
+the chitinous plates that once fitted close together are now widely
+separated and appear as narrow black bands. She is simply a mass
+of egg tubes; and, looked after and fed by the attendant workers, she
+devotes her life to laying eggs, which, like grains of sugar, are
+carried away and piled up by the workers in adjacent chambers under
+the nursery. From these eggs develop tiny white specks of matter that
+gradually develop by a regular series of moults into workers, soldiers,
+and immature winged forms; the latter have large rounded bodies and
+rounded wing pads representing the future wings. Supplementary Queens
+are sometimes found that have never gone through the winged stage; they
+have the general structure and large corrugated bodies of the mature
+queens. The typical white ants’ nest, known as a Termitarium, usually
+consists in the first instance of a mass of woody laminated material
+that might be likened to papier-mache, originally a stump or portion of
+a log that has been chewed up and voided in the form of a mortar-like
+substance. This termitarium is full of irregular galleries running like
+a network all through the mass, with the means of exit running out
+under the nest; a mass of stout terraced structure above the ground
+level surrounds the Royal Chambers, which might be likened in size
+and shape to an inverted saucer, from which the enclosed Queen cannot
+escape, but the attendant workers can pass to and fro. Above this is
+a rounded oval mass often as big as a child’s head, which resembles
+stiff brown paper folded round and round, full of fine openings, and
+is easily crumbled up; this, for want of a better word, I call the
+nursery, as it contains all the minute larvae as they emerge from the
+eggs. The formation above the nursery is more irregular, and terminates
+in a rounded cap. The whole of this woody structure is covered with a
+stout enveloping wall of fine clay, which, carried up grain by grain,
+has been cemented together into a firm earthy wall in contact with the
+woody structure at the base of the nest, but often with a cavity at the
+apex.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 10.=--Queen Termite (_C. (Termes)
+ lacteus_) (Froggatt). Showing her in the Royal Cell or
+ Queen’s Chamber.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The nests of the _Eutermes_ are sometimes built over stumps, but more
+often on the branches or trunks of trees, where they form rounded or
+oval masses a foot or two in diameter, with covered galleries leading
+down to the ground. In these nests there is no distinct outer earthy
+sheath; when near the ground, earth and wood are blended together in
+a very compact mass, full of small galleries running at every angle,
+and have no distinct structure like the first group. When the nest
+is placed on a tree trunk or branch away from the ground it consists
+almost entirely of woody matter, and may be quite soft and papery
+beneath the outer crust. In the West Indies these nests are popularly
+known as “Negroheads.”
+
+Other groups are never known to construct true nests, but form chambers
+and galleries under the bark of trees, in banks, or simply under logs
+and stones. Some in the interior are said to disappear underground from
+their nests in the dry summer time, returning with the first rains and
+mending up the dilapidated walls.
+
+The members of the two genera _Mastotermes_ and _Calotermes_ have
+the wings much more thickly veined than the more simple _Termes_ and
+_Eutermes_.
+
+_Mastotermes darwiniensis_ is the largest common species taken flying
+round the lights at night in North Queensland and Port Darwin. It is
+very dark brown, with thickly veined wings, and measures 1⅓ inches
+in length from the front of the head to the tip of the folded wings.
+Nothing is known of its nests or the other forms of this species. It
+is the sole representative of the sub-family. I have, through the
+observations of Mr. N. W. Christie of Port Darwin, good reasons for
+believing that _Termes errabundus_, described from the soldiers and
+workers only, is identical with this giant termite. He informs me that
+at Point Charles he finds the nests in every old post or stump in the
+wet season.
+
+_Calotermes longiceps_ is the common Sydney species of this group, of
+which we have six described from Australia, and one from New Zealand.
+The soldier measures ½ inch in length, with a long broad head armed
+with blackish projecting jaws, which are irregularly toothed on
+the inner edges. The _Calotermes_ live in logs and trees in small
+communities; they form no regular nest; this species is found in logs
+of firewood about Sydney. In some species the soldiers are very rare,
+the community consisting of immature winged forms and workers.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate III.--ORTHOPTERA.
+
+ Family TERMITIDAE.
+
+ Termitarium of the Meridonial White Ant, _Termes
+ meridionalis_ (Froggatt).
+
+ “The Magnetic Nest,” Palmerston, Port Darwin, N. Australia.
+
+ (Original photo. N. Holtz.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate III.--ORTHOPTERA._]
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In the RHINOTERMINAE we have two species, differing from the former
+group in having the wings very finely wrinkled or reticulated; and also
+in having two distinct forms of soldiers, one much larger than the
+other, but both with pear shaped heads and pointed finely-toothed
+jaws. _Rhinotermes intermedius_ is not uncommon in old stumps about
+Sydney; the winged forms are of a light reddish brown colour with
+delicate wings; both the workers and soldiers of the major type have
+large yellow heads, the latter armed with curved jaws; while the heads
+of the small form of soldiers are much more slender.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 11.=--Typical Domed Termitarium
+ or “White Ants’ Nest” from the coastal districts of New
+ South Wales. Formed by _Coptotermes (Termes) lacteus_
+ (Froggatt). (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 12.=--Vertical section of nest of the same species
+ shewing the structure of the woody interior, with the outer
+ clay covering.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The typical TERMITINAE comprise nearly all the species that build
+regular mounds, containing countless thousands of individuals. _Termes
+lacteus_ is the common species that does so much mischief to buildings
+about Sydney, and though not a mound builder about the city, yet from
+Colo Vale to Victoria and also northward it forms tall rounded nests
+up to six feet high and very regular in structure. The soldier is
+about ¼ inch long, with a bright, yellow, pear shaped head, and a pair
+of curved jaws; it also has an opening in the front of the head above
+the jaws from which it can discharge a globule of milk-like fluid when
+disturbed. This species with several allied forms has been placed in
+the genus _Coptotermes_. _Termes meridionalis_ has a small soldier,
+almost white, with a rounded yellow head armed with two slender curved
+jaws, and an incurved tooth in the centre of the inner margin; it
+measures a little over ⅙ of an inch in length. It has a world wide
+reputation on account of building what is known as the “Magnetic Nest,”
+built like a brick wall and always pointing north and south, with the
+wall facing east and west. Jack (Pro. Royal Society, Queensland, 1897)
+considers that this is done by the termites always building towards the
+rising sun; so that, as they work at night, the clay will dry rapidly.
+They are found in several localities on Cape York and near Port Darwin.
+Several very distinct species are found in the interior. _Termes
+perniger_ ranges from Kalgoorlie W.A. to Western Queensland; the
+soldier is a very dark coloured insect with a very large head furnished
+with large powerful toothed jaws, and is very savage. _T. rubriceps_
+is found in small colonies in Central Australia, forming their nests
+at the roots of the tussocks of spinifex grass. _T. krisiformes_, a
+species in which the soldier has slender irregular jaws like a Malay
+kris, makes tiny little mounds about Bulli N.S.W. or forms colonies
+under the shelter of a log.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 13.=--Nest of White Ant
+ (_Eutermes fumipennis_) (Walker), upon the summit of
+ a rock where a small stump had been situated. Manly, near
+ Sydney, N.S.W.
+
+ (Original photo. W.W.F.)]
+
+The members of the genus _Eutermes_ are common all over Australia; they
+construct hard woody nests seldom more than a foot or two high; though
+at the same time, the largest known termitarium is also built by one
+species, _Eutermes pyriformis_, pillar shaped and often 18 feet in
+height, probably in the first instance commenced over a dead tree trunk.
+
+The soldiers are very curious looking creatures; the peculiar oval or
+rounded heads produced into an awl-like point in front, the centre
+being filled with a clear honey-like fluid; this is discharged down the
+projecting snout and smothers their enemies, because they have no true
+jaws above the mouth: most of them are much darker brown insects than
+the other termites. The two species, _Eutermes fumigatus_, the darker,
+smaller species, and _E. fumipennis_, the lighter tinted, are common in
+the vicinity of Sydney.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 14.=--Typical nest, of the Spinifex termite
+ (_Eutermes triodiae_) (Froggatt), about 14 feet high.
+ Hall’s Creek, Kimberley, W.A. (Original photo. Mansbridge.)]
+
+
+ Family 4. Web-spinners.
+
+ EMBIIDAE.
+
+These rare and curious little chocolate brown creatures are elongate in
+form, not unlike a slender adult termite after it has shed its wings,
+and they form another group that has puzzled entomologists in regard to
+their classification. Only twenty species are known from all parts of
+the world; but from their affinities to prehistoric insects they have
+been carefully studied. Grassi worked at the life-history of a species
+found in Southern Europe under stones: Wood-Mason has figured and
+described Indian forms and placed them in the Orthoptera: Perkins says
+that the species in Hawaii is common on tree trunks where they conceal
+themselves under a fine web like spiders.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate IV.--ORTHOPTERA.
+
+ Family TERMITIDAE.
+
+ Termitarium of the Great Mound-nest White Ant, _Eutermes
+ pyriformis_ (Froggatt).
+
+ Palmerston, Port Darwin, N. Australia.
+
+ (Original photo. N. Holtz.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate IV.--ORTHOPTERA._]
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 15.=--_Oligotoma gurneyi_ (Froggatt). The
+ web spinning embiid. With a diagram showing the primitive
+ structure of wing. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.)]
+
+They measure up to about ½ an inch in length; are elongate in form
+with large globular heads, small toothed jaws, and long, slender
+antennae composed of 20 or more bead-shaped joints which they are
+constantly moving when they run about. The thorax is formed of three
+very elongated segments, so that each pair of legs is very wide
+apart; and in the winged forms the slender oar-shaped wings with very
+primitive nervures are so far from each other that they have quite
+a comical look; the abdomen is short, cylindrical, composed of 10
+segments, rounded at the tip, with large anal appendages (cerci). The
+legs are curiously thickened, with the tarsi of the front pair shaped
+somewhat like a weaver’s shuttle. Until last year they were unknown
+in Australia, when I described two species (Proc. Linn. Soc. 1904);
+the first _Oligotoma agilis_, is a wingless form, of which I found
+two specimens while turning over granite boulders at Bomen near Wagga
+N.S.W. The second, _Oligotoma gurneyi_, was obtained by Mr. Gurney in a
+lighted room one evening in a suburb of Sydney; it had well developed
+wings. Soon afterwards Mr. Steel had his attention called to what one
+of the men in the Colonial Sugar Co.’s refinery at Pyrmont called a
+“white fungus” under one of the windows. This Mr. Steel found to be
+a mass of white web matted with excrement and full of slender brown
+insects, which he collected into a bottle and handed to me. Though most
+of them were mature, only a few showed regular wing pads, but otherwise
+they appear to be _O. gurneyi_; in captivity they spun a great quantity
+of delicate white web among which they hid, but when wet sugar was
+placed on the cork they ate it readily.
+
+
+ Family 5. Book Lice.
+
+ PSOCIDAE.
+
+These are very delicate little creatures that run about on moss grown
+fences, tree trunks, among foliage, or hide in boxes, old baskets and
+other litter. In some groups, while the larvae and pupae are wingless,
+the perfect insects have two pairs of delicate wings with curious
+curved transverse nervures and very few cross veins, so that the cells
+are few. In other groups the perfect insects are wingless, or if
+present, aborted and useless for flight. They are all furnished with
+long slender antennae consisting of from 11 to 25 joints; the head is
+large, rounded in front, with convex eyes, and three ocelli (wanting in
+the wingless forms).
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 16.=--_Philotarsus froggatti_ (Enderlein). A
+ typical specimen of the Psocidae found near Sydney, N.S.W.
+ (Redrawn from Enderlein’s figure,--W.W.F.)]
+
+They can be collected into a small tube on fences or tree trunks, or
+shaken into a net or umbrella; but they must be handled very gently,
+and are best placed in dry tubes, and killed and mounted at home. Many
+handsome species are found in Australia, and some probably have a wide
+distribution, as they are easily introduced into a new country with
+many kinds of produce. One dull winged species is very common on the
+foliage of the orange trees, where it lays its metallic green eggs in
+patches of 9 or 12 on the midrib of the leaf, covering them over with a
+delicate white silken sheet.
+
+A number of species were obtained in Australia by the Hungarian
+entomologist L. Biro, collecting for the Royal Museum of Hungary,
+chiefly captured in the neighbourhood of Sydney. In 1903 Dr. Enderlein
+classified and described these (Die Copeognathen des Indo-Australischen
+Faunengebietes), published in the Annals of the above Museum, and
+illustrated with many fine drawings. In this monograph he divides the
+family into 16 sub-families, 39 genera and 115 species, 15 of which are
+described from Australia.
+
+_Philotarsus froggatti_, a tiny creature 2⅓ millimetres in length, with
+clear wings, is found on the Blue Mountains.
+
+
+ Family 6. Mantids.
+
+ MANTIDAE.
+
+We have no exact popular name for these peculiar insects; some of the
+bush children call them “Forest Ladies,” on account of the dainty form
+and graceful motion of several of our smaller species, which is rather
+appropriate; but unfortunately several lace-wings go under the same
+fanciful name. In the United States the common species are called “Rear
+Horses” from the way they stand at rest with raised fore legs. The
+Romans called them “Soothsayers;” and at least two species are known
+as “Praying Mantis,” namely _Mantis religiosa_ in Europe, and _Mantis
+carolina_ in the United States, from their pious attitudes.
+
+They are most numerous in tropical countries, and are well represented
+in Australia; Westwood in his “Synopsis of the Species of Mantidae,”
+published in 1889, records 624 described species, only 30 of which come
+from this country. Kirby’s Catalogue (1904) brings the list up to about
+843, and adds 5 more to our list of described species.
+
+With the exception of some curious little neuroptera (_Mantispa_),
+which can be easily distinguished by their lace-like wings, the members
+of this family cannot be confused with other groups. The long slender
+prothorax, supporting a very flexible narrow head, forms an elongate
+neck, to which are attached, well in front, the formidable spined fore
+legs, which are seldom used as means of progression, but as weapons of
+offence to capture other insects upon which they prey, for they are
+tigers of the insect world, lying in wait, perfectly motionless, with
+their colouration adapted to the foliage among which they hunt. The two
+apical portions of the thorax, and slender body, which in the ordinary
+type is covered with two pairs of wings, the first pair narrow like
+that of a grasshopper and the hind pair fan-shaped, with the two pairs
+of slender legs, are orthopterous; while the front portion, consisting
+of the narrow head turned down in front into a pointed mouth, with
+large projecting eyes, and thread-like antennae, show its carnivorous
+habits. The female deposits her eggs upon the twigs or bark of trees
+in an almond-shaped mass, consisting of regular rows of elongate eggs
+piled above each other, with the tips all pointing outward, and which
+are covered with an enveloping coat of a sticky brown secretion that,
+as it hardens in the sun, becomes dry and papery. When the baby mantids
+emerge from the eggs they are attached to them by two slender threads
+fastened to the anal appendages (cerci); they hang head downward, like
+a mass of tiny squirming caterpillars, until they cast their first
+larval skin, when they fall to the ground, soft, wingless, little
+stick-like creatures, ready to hunt for themselves. These egg masses
+are very conspicuous objects in the bush and orchard, and are often
+received from my correspondents with enquiries as to what they are, and
+whether they should be destroyed. As each is the home of some hundreds
+of little creatures that destroy thousands of smaller injurious
+insects, they should never be disturbed by the gardener.
+
+The commonest species in our gardens is the “Thick shouldered green
+mantis,” _Orthodera ministralis_ better known under the name of
+_Orthodera prasina_, but as it was described many years before under
+the first name, the latter has become a synonym. It is about 1½
+inches in length, somewhat stout and thickset, the front portion of
+the neck-like prothorax as wide as the head, fitting up close against
+it, and narrower where it joins the mesothorax. It has well developed
+wings and flies very well, but it usually remains immovable and alert,
+resting on a leaf as green as its own bright coat, its treacherous
+deadly fore-legs are raised, ready to lash out and seize any incautious
+moth or butterfly that comes within reach, and it will often secure
+one larger than itself. It ranges from Tasmania round to North-west
+Australia, and has been recorded from New Zealand, into which place it
+could have been easily introduced from Australia with foliage plants.
+
+ [Illustration: Fig. 17.
+
+ =Figs.= =17= and =18=.--Australian Mantidae.
+
+ 17. _Tenodera australasiae_ (Leach), the long-winged
+ mantis.
+
+ 18. _Archimantis latistylus_ (Serv.), the short-winged
+ mantis.
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+The Genus _Archimantis_ contains five species described from Australia,
+of which _Archimantis latistylus_ is the commonest species about
+Sydney. It measures 4 inches in length, is furnished with large well
+developed wings, and varies in colour from dull green to brownish
+yellow; the female is smaller, with more thickened body and shorter
+wings. The fore-wings, or more properly elytra, are brown, rounded
+at the tips, often marked in the centre with a dark spot; the hind
+wings are semitransparent. It hides among the dull-coloured foliage of
+the Leptospermum and Melaleuca bushes, which assimilate well with its
+own uniform tint. This species will be found, figured, in colours in
+McCoy’s “Zoology of Victoria, Decade xiii.”
+
+_Archimantis montrosa_, a slightly larger species, comes from Victoria
+River, North Australia; the type was taken by Elsey, naturalist to the
+Gregory Exploring Expedition in 1856. _A. armatus_, a smaller brown
+species, from the same district, has the prothorax curiously spined on
+the outer margins, and the under-surface covered with coarse tubercles.
+
+_Tenodera australasiae_ is another of our best known species, not
+uncommon about Sydney in the summer months on the low scrub. It was
+first described, and figured in colours, by Leach in his “Zoological
+Miscellanies” 1815; and Westwood states that the type is in the
+Banksian Collection in the British Museum. It has a wide range over
+Australia, and is also a native of New Caledonia, New Guinea and
+Ceram. It is a more brightly-tinted insect, 3½ inches in length, of a
+general yellowish brown colour; the apical edge of the elytra striped
+with green, followed with a stripe of pale salmon colour, and the rest
+semitransparent; the wings are tinged with pink along the front margin,
+the whole mottled with black and brown, thickest towards the body.
+
+There are a number of active, little, black or dark brown mantids
+with curiously shaped bodies that run about on the dull coloured tree
+trunks, seldom flying, (though many of them are winged), but trusting
+to their imitative tints to escape observation; several of our species
+belong to the Genus _Paroxypilus_.
+
+
+ Family 7. Stick or Leaf Insects.
+
+ PHASMIDAE.
+
+These are sometimes in general appearance not unlike mantids, but the
+distinctive characteristics are well defined; for though the prothorax
+is more or less elongated into a neck, and the abdomen, wings, and hind
+legs long, it will soon be noticed that the fore pair of legs are not
+spined, but are regular walking or clinging legs like the hind ones.
+The head is oval or rounded, with a somewhat simple mouth adapted for
+chewing foliage; smaller eyes; and large, thicker jointed antennae.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate V.--ORTHOPTERA.
+
+ Family PHASMIDAE.
+
+ _Podacanthus wilkinsoni_ (Macleay).
+
+ 1. Male.
+ 2. Female.
+ 3. Immature male.
+ 4. Showing structure of hind legs of immature male.
+ 5. Egg (enlarged).]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate V.--ORTHOPTERA._]
+
+They in the matter of colouration also adapt themselves to their
+surroundings, and are usually green or brown when at rest, though when
+the wings are expanded they exhibit some brilliant tints. In some
+groups the species are winged in both sexes; others have only winged
+males; and one group is wingless in both sexes, the latter generally
+long, slender, and stick-like.
+
+This family contains some of the giants of the insect world; specimens
+of several of our Australian species measure 12 inches in length; while
+supposed closely allied fossil forms unearthed in the Carboniferous
+deposits of Europe measure up to 19 inches and were supplied with
+immense wings. The female while crawling about among the foliage drops
+her eggs singly on the ground beneath, where, protected in their hard
+shells among the litter, they sometimes remain over a year before the
+baby phasma comes out. The remarkable form and texture of these hard
+oval egg cases has attracted the attention of entomologists in many
+countries, and Sharp has figured and described some from New Britain.
+
+Just as the Mantis has adapted its colour and shape to catch its prey,
+so the phasma to protect itself from its many enemies has evolved
+wonderful leaf-like processes upon the wings and legs, agreeing in
+style with the surrounding foliage. It is noticeable that the larger
+bodied female is often more leaf-like than her slender mate, probably
+because more helpless; this is particularly so in the gravid or
+egg-laying condition.
+
+G. R. Gray described a number of our species in the Transactions of the
+Entomological Society 1836, and others in the “Entomology of Australian
+Phasmidae” 1833, and later in his “Synopsis Phasmidae”; Westwood in
+his “Catalogue of the Orthopterous Insects in the British Museum” 1859
+describes some; a few have been described by Macleay, Leach, McCoy and
+Rainbow, bringing our list up to about 60 species. In Kirby’s Catalogue
+95 species are listed from all parts of the world, but no additions are
+made to our list.
+
+The members of the Genus _Bacillus_ are slender, wingless, stick-like
+creatures of which 5 species are recorded from Australia. The Great
+Brown Phasma, _Acrophylla titan_, is the type of one of our groups,
+containing 11 species described from this country. The female measures
+8 inches to the tip of the body, and is slightly broader across the
+outspread wings; the general form of head and thorax to base of tegmina
+is slender; the abdomen is thickened; the legs and mesothorax are
+spiny. The general colour is greyish brown; the tegmina light brown,
+but thickly blotched with blue-black so that it is often more black
+than brown; the wings are very large with the costal area broad and
+similar in colour to the tegmina, but shaded with red at base, the
+hind membranous part of them light chocolate irregularly mottled with
+dull greyish brown. The male is more slender in form, about an inch
+shorter, the smaller tegmina mottled with greenish yellow; the front
+of the wings, which are proportionately small, are of the same colour,
+and the hind portion dark chocolate finely mottled with light brown.
+This large stick-insect used to be common about Sydney before the scrub
+was cleared away, and ranges northward up the coast. Gray says: “It is
+found on low scrubs about Port Jackson where the inhabitants call it
+“Walking Straw” or the “Animated Stick.”
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 19.=--Group of Gregarious Phasmids, _Podacanthus
+ wilkinsoni_ (Macleay) resting upon denuded eucalyptus
+ foliage.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Podacanthus_ is represented by 3 fine species. The large
+pink winged phasma, _P. typhon_, has a wide range from Victoria to
+Queensland. When resting with closed wings it is of a uniform rich
+green tint, but when the wings are opened out, the upper surface of the
+abdomen and the wings behind the frontal stripe are bright rose red.
+The female measures 5 inches to the tip of the body and over 7 inches
+across the outspread wings. In this genus the mesothorax is short, the
+dorsal surface covered with short spined bosses and the metathorax
+swelling out into a thickened body tapering to the large boat shaped
+ovipositor. The male is smaller and much more slender.
+
+_P. wilkinsoni_ is a gregarious species, appearing in the summer in
+the New England forests in countless thousands, stripping every leaf
+off the eucalyptus bushes as they travel along to the south-east, so
+that all the trees look as if they had been killed by ringbarking, from
+which habit they have received the name of “Lourie’s Ringbarkers,”
+Mr. Lourie being the owner of Noundoc Station, where they are very
+numerous. The female measures about 3½ inches to the tip of the body,
+which is broad and thickset from the shoulders, of a general uniform
+bright green tint on the dorsal surface, with the ventral somewhat
+blackened and roughened. When the wings are expanded the front margin
+shows the basal part pale orange yellow, and the membranous part behind
+varying from rich rose red to pink. The male is a more slender insect
+of a dull olive green tint, about the same length, with the broad wings
+delicate purple. They appear with well developed wings about New Year,
+and are depositing their eggs toward the end of February, the first
+frost killing the last of them off.
+
+_Didymuria violescens_ was described and figured in Leach’s “Zoological
+Miscellanies 1815” as our typical Australian Phasma; Gray again figured
+it in colours in his “Entomology of Australia” under the name of the
+“Violet-winged tailed Spectre.” It is a slender species not unlike the
+last, of a brownish yellow colour, with wings of a deep violet almost
+red tint; and it has 3 large spines on the thighs of the hind legs.
+
+The Genus _Tropidoderus_ contains four species according to the latest
+catalogue, though there is some doubt whether one or two should not be
+defined as only varieties of _T. childreni_ described by Gray.
+
+_T. rhodomus_ is figured and described by McCoy; it measures 6 inches
+in length and 9 across the outspread wings. With closed wings it is
+a rich green, but when they are expanded, the basal portion of the
+wings is bright red, with the apical portion green, and the rest
+semitransparent. The tegmina is short, leaf-like, green above, but
+shaded with red on the under-surface. This is one of the short-necked
+broad-bodied forms, and while the fore-legs are long and slender, the
+thighs of the mid and hind pair are dilated into flattened leaf-like
+forms; it is found, clinging among the foliage of the gum trees, from
+Victoria to Queensland. The typical _T. childreni_ differs from this
+form in having the basal portion of the apical area of the wings yellow
+instead of red, and the hyaline wings tinged with yellow. McCoy has
+figured another under the name of _T. iodomus_: and Rainbow a fourth
+from the neighbourhood of Sydney under the name of _T. decipiens_ which
+also comes very close to the typical species; it has the basal portion
+of the apical area of the wings purple.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 20.=--The Spiny Green Leaf Insect. _Extatosoma
+ tiaratum_ (Macleay).
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Extatosoma tiaratum_ is remarkable for the great difference in
+the sexes; the male is a rare insect, about 4 inches long; is a dull
+dark green, with small tegmina; the wings are large, rounded at the
+tip, the apical margin green with the rest semiopaque, dark brown,
+mottled with whitish bands; the head is conical, coming to a point at
+the summit and cleft in the centre, covered with fine tubercles.
+
+The female measures about 5 inches, is of a similar colour, large and
+swollen in proportion; the tegmina are represented by two flaps, and
+the wings are wanting. The head is of the same conical shape as that
+of the male, but larger; neck short and stout; the legs produced into
+dilated spiny leaf-like processes, cut out and arcuate like the leaves
+of holly; and the lower segments of the abdomen are fringed with spiny
+leaf-like appendages. Often the large body is mottled with white specks
+and smutty blotches, giving it a wonderful resemblance to the foliage
+among which it hides. It has a very wide range from Tasmania to New
+Guinea.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 21.=--A group of Spiny Green Leaf Insects,
+ _Extatosoma tiaratum_ placed on a Japanese Holly bush to
+ show protective mimicry.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Clemacantha regale_ is a large, handsome, very long phasma over
+9 inches in length, of a combined yellow and green tint; the head is
+striped with parallel green and pale yellow. The leaf-like tegmina are
+striped with white; wings have the apical area green shaded with pink
+at base; rest semitransparent with a blue tint. It ranges from N.S.
+Wales to Queensland.
+
+
+ Family 8. Short-horned Grasshoppers.
+
+ ACRIDIIDAE.
+
+These are insects with the thighs of the hind legs swollen or enlarged,
+much longer than the fore legs, and adapted for jumping. The tarsi
+are composed of three distinct segments. The antennae are short,
+containing less than 30 joints; the ovipositor of the females is not
+sabre-shaped, but composed of short plates adapted for boring into the
+ground; and the organs representing ears are placed on the sides of the
+first abdominal segment. This group of the Orthoptera may be described
+as the short-horned locusts or grasshoppers in contradistinction to
+the tree or grass dwelling green grasshoppers with long thread-like
+antennae. All the true plague locusts that ravage many of the warmer
+countries and do an immense amount of damage belong to this division.
+Many species have a wide range; our locusts are allied to the African
+and Indian forms. Most of the species are winged, and many are capable
+of long sustained flight; these are furnished with air sacs in the
+interior of the thorax and abdomen; these when distended with air
+assist in lightening the otherwise heavy body. The remarkable shrill
+notes produced by some of these insects are caused by rubbing the inner
+edge of the hind thigh against the outer surface of the wing covers
+which are frequently furnished with ridges or raised veins for this
+purpose. The so-called ears consist of a membrane covering a small
+opening on the abdomen, and are of a somewhat different structure in
+different groups.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 22.=--Diagram of Grasshopper.
+ _Cyrtacanthacris exacta_ (♀) (Walker).
+
+ _ant_, antennae; _e_, eye; _vert_, vertex;
+ _oc_, ocellus; _fast_, fastigium; _c. fac_,
+ costae facialis; _c_, clypeus; _m_, mandible;
+ _l_, labrum; _mp_, maxilliary palpi; _lp_,
+ labial palpi; _ps_, prosternal spine; _p_,
+ pronotum; _m. epis_, meso-episternum; _m. epim_,
+ meso-epimeron; _co_, coxa; _tr_, trochanter;
+ _meta-epis_, meta-episternum; _meta-epim_,
+ meta-epimeron; _fem_, femur; _tib_, tibia;
+ _tar_, tarsus; _sp_, spiracle; _v_, ventral
+ valves of ovipositor. (Original W. B. Gurney.)]
+
+The reproductive organs of the female consist of several anal plates
+that are used after the manner of an auger to cut a circular pit in the
+hard soil, the abdominal segments being extended while the operation is
+going on; the eggs are deposited at the bottom of the hole, enclosed
+in a similar exudation as that which encloses the eggs of the mantis,
+and some of the plague locusts deposit two or more egg masses before
+they die. These grasshoppers have been studied by many entomologists,
+who have subdivided them into different groups. Brunner von Wattenwyl
+places them under nine sub-families or tribes chiefly based on the
+structure of the head. Saussure has described some of our species;
+Walker, Stoll and Blanchard others.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 23.=--_Locusta danica_ (Linn.)
+ The Yellow-winged Locust.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Yellow-winged Locust, _Locusta danica_, is common in open forest
+country all over Australia, and usually makes a rustling noise as it
+flies up; it is too well known to need describing; with its wings
+closed it is a mottled, dull brown and green insect up to 2 inches in
+length, with a short broad head and crested thorax; when the wings
+are opened it shows a large patch of rich yellow banded with black.
+The male is often fully a third smaller than the female. It has
+been described under a great number of different names, but is now
+considered the same insect as found in the South of Europe, Africa and
+Asia.
+
+The Blue Mountain Locust, _Oedaleus senegalensis_, might easily be
+mistaken for a smaller dull coloured specimen of the last one, but
+the yellow tint, when present, is very slight, and the wings have
+the tips blackened as well as the inner band. It has a wide range
+over Australia, and is also found in Africa from which place it was
+described by Krauss.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 24.=--_Chortoicetes pusilla_ (Walker). The
+ small Plague-locust of the interior of Australia.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 25.=--_Chortoicetes terminifera_ (Walker).
+ The larger Plague-locust.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Large Coast Locust, _Acridium maculicollis_, is sometimes found in
+gardens; it measures 3 inches to the tip of the wings, and is greyish
+brown with darkly mottled elytra. _Locusta australis_ is like the
+Yellow-winged Locust, with more regularly mottled elytra, and clear
+transparent wings. The small plain Locust, _Chortoicetes pusilla_, is
+under 1 inch in length; the male is of a general bright yellow colour,
+and the female, somewhat larger, of a general greyish brown tint. It is
+the species that for the last few years has done so much damage to our
+grass and crops in the Western country. _C. terminifera_ is one-third
+larger, and is of a general light brown mottled colour, with the wings
+semitransparent, tipped with dull brown; it at times is one of our
+plague locusts. The Rose-winged Locust, _Hyalopteryx australis_, is one
+of our small but very noisy locusts, about 8 lines in length; when at
+rest it is light brown mottled with darker tints, the expanded hind
+wings are brightly shaded with rose pink and clouded with black. It is
+found in open grass lands, and when disturbed rises with a very shrill
+screech. The Red-legged Locust, _Cirphula pyrocnemis_, is a short broad
+insect about 1 inch long; is of a general dark brown tint, with the
+expanded wings dark yellowish brown: the head and thorax are roughened;
+the abdominal segments are dull yellow with several black bands on
+the sides: it is common on the open flats about Sydney in summer. The
+common “Great Striped Locust,” _Cyrtacanthacris exacta_, measures
+nearly 3 inches; it ranges all along the Eastern coast and is often
+seen in secluded gardens; it has a broad dorsal stripe down the centre,
+varying from yellow to dull green.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 26.=--_Cirphula pyrocnemis_
+ (Stäl). The Red-legged Locust.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: Fig. 27.
+
+ Fig. 28.
+
+ =Figs. 27= and =28=.--Australian Grasshoppers.
+
+ 27.--_Tryxalis rafflesii_ (Blanchard). The Slender
+ Narrow-headed Grasshopper.
+
+ 28.--_Goniæa australasiae_ (Leach). The Ridge-backed
+ Grasshopper.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Long-nosed Locust, _Tryxalis rafflesii_, is very common in open
+grassed flats; the female is nearly 3 inches long, with a slender
+pointed head, and long pointed body, varying from all shades of
+grass green to pale salmon colour. It is easily recognised by its
+curious finger-like antennae, and grotesque head. The male is a very
+slender, much smaller insect. The pink-winged Tryxalid, _Atrastemorpha
+crenaticeps_, is much smaller; it has a pointed head of a uniform pale
+green tint; the wings are brightly tinted with red, deepest at the
+shoulders. The Ridge-backed Grasshopper, _Goniaea australasiae_, is a
+large, stout, reddish brown insect about 2 inches long, which lives on
+the hills in open forest; the male is a much smaller hopper, but both
+sexes have the head, thorax, and closed wings forming a sharp ridge
+down the back. In similar open forest country we find _Coryphistes
+cyanopterus_, which usually rests on the tree trunks, with its slightly
+roughened head, thorax, and mottled elytra closely resembling the bark.
+It measures 2½ inches in length, but though it is very variable in size
+and outward colouration, the wings when expanded always show a rich
+blue tint. The Crested Locust, _Ecphantus quadrilobis_, is one of our
+western forms that rests among the dry grass on the plains; it is dull
+green to yellow, short and thickset; is 1½ inches long; with the back
+ridged, and the crested thorax formed into 4 lobes. The spotted locust,
+_Stropis maculosa_, is another of our western forms; it is broad and
+thickset; about 2 inches long; of a uniform dark brown tint, with
+the thorax barred, and the elytra mottled with large patches of light
+yellow.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 29.=--_Coryphistes cyanopterus_
+ (Charpentier). The Blue-winged Locust.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 30.=--_Stropis maculosa_ (Stäl). The Spotted
+ Ground-locust of the interior.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+There are also many other curious forms of wingless, short-horned
+locusts in the interior, belonging to several genera, and probably some
+fine things that have never reached our museums.
+
+
+ Family 9. Long-horned Grasshoppers.
+
+ LOCUSTIDAE.
+
+These grasshoppers are found not only among the grass but on low
+shrubs, or in tree tops, feeding upon the foliage; while others, many
+of them wingless, live underground after the manner of crickets. Among
+those that frequent trees are some that, like the phasmids, have the
+legs and wing-covers so wonderfully veined and spotted that they
+are an exact imitation of the leaves of their food plant. They are
+easily distinguished from the previous group by their long, slender,
+thread-like antennae composed of a number of fine joints; in most cases
+the body is softer; and in the female furnished with a sabre-like
+ovipositor with which she generally deposits her eggs in rows along the
+side of a leaf or twig, though others place them on the ground. The
+basal portion of the thigh of the hind leg is generally thickest, and
+most of the species have four jointed tarsi, with the ear process not
+upon the base of the abdomen, but on the knees of the fore-legs. Some
+are said to be carnivorous, and I have twice seen a large green species
+which comes to the flowers of the stunted angophora devouring honey
+bees, but probably more for the honey they contain than the blood of
+the bee.
+
+Brunner von Wattenwyl has written a great deal about these insects
+and described a number of Australian species. Tepper is one of the
+few Australian entomologists who has taken up this group, describing
+some in the Transactions of the Royal Society of S. Australia: in the
+Locustidae of the world Sharp groups them into fifteen tribes. Most of
+these Orthoptera are solitary or found in pairs; some too have a very
+musical note.
+
+The Mountain Grasshopper, _Acridopeza reticulata_, is such a
+curious looking creature that it has been figured and noted by many
+naturalists. Both sexes are of a uniform dull brown colour, but very
+different in structure; the male measures 2 inches; has long pointed
+elytra, and well developed wings; the head is small; the antennae
+slender and thread-like; the eyes stand out on the side of the head,
+and the thorax is saddle shaped. The female is furnished with a very
+short, rounded body richly mottled with blue, white, and red, covered
+with a pair of rounded, short, shell-like elytra, but the wings are
+wanting. When disturbed she stands on tiptoes, arches her body, raises
+her elytra exposing all the bright tints of her body, which probably
+act as a warning to her enemies.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate VI.--ORTHOPTERA.
+
+ Family LOCUSTIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Acridopeza reticulata_ (Guérin), ♀.
+ 1_a_. _Acridopeza reticulata_ (Guérin), ♂.
+ 1_b_. _Acridopeza reticulata_ (Guérin), eggs.
+ 2. _Alectoria superba_ (Brunner).
+ 3. _Ephippitytha_ 32-_guttata_ (Serv.).
+ 4. _Pseudorhynchus lessonii_ (Serv.).]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate VI.--ORTHOPTERA._]
+
+Another remarkable grasshopper is _Alectoria superba_, found in
+the dry western country among the grass; it is a long, slender, green
+insect, measuring 2½ inches; the elytra and legs are richly mottled
+with bright reddish brown; the thorax is produced into a large circular
+crest edged with bright red, a large boss below on either side,
+and another projecting above the head. The female has a very small
+lance-like ovipositor. The Speckled Green Grasshopper, _Ephippitytha
+32-guttata_, is about the same length as the last, of a somewhat
+lighter green tint, and has the elytra mottled with a double row of
+black spots varying from 32 to 44 in number. The head is small, the
+thorax short and somewhat saddle-shaped. It is found about Sydney
+on flowering shrubs; and there is a darker variety which has a wide
+range over the interior, to which Tepper has given the name of _E.
+quadrigesima-guttatus_. The Small Green Grasshopper, _Caedicia valida_,
+is one of our dainty, slender, green species found in the gardens,
+where it sometimes damages the young fruit by gnawing patches off the
+skin, or nibbles holes in the foliage; it produces a sharp musical note
+uttered three times in succession.
+
+The Large Green Leaf Grasshopper, _Locusta vigentissima_, figured by
+McCoy, is also found on low shrubs in the summer; it measures nearly 3
+inches, and is of a uniform dull green colour, with the head, legs and
+antennae more or less yellow: the head is broad; the thorax stout; the
+legs long and spiny; the elytra long, tapering to the tips; the wings
+large, semitransparent; the abdomen short, in the female furnished
+with a long sabre-like ovipositor. The Lance-headed Grasshopper,
+_Pseudorhynchus lessonii_, has a wide range along the eastern coast
+among the long grass; it is green, with the tips of the elytra marked
+with yellow; the wings are small, and the front of the head produced
+into a lance-like point. Among the foliage of the eucalypts in Southern
+Australia there is a very handsome large grasshopper with the head
+small, the thorax very square, and the elytra very leaf-like in form;
+it has a curious bloom upon it like that upon many of the gum leaves,
+and is a very fine case of mimicry.
+
+The Genus _Anostosoma_ comprises a number of reddish brown wingless
+locusts more like crickets in many ways, for they live chiefly in
+holes in the ground, have long thread-like antennae, and stout spiny
+legs. _Anostosoma australasiae_ is a very formidable looking insect
+with immense head and jaws, originally described from Moreton Bay;
+it is sometimes found about Sydney, measuring 3 inches in length; it
+has antennae over 4 inches long. The smaller species, _Anostosoma
+erinaceus_, is of a similar colour and form, but not more than 1½
+inches in length; it is not uncommon in gardens.
+
+_Paragryllacris combusta_ lives in hiding during the day under a
+curled leaf spathe of a palm frond, or in a cavity in a tree trunk;
+if in the last it often forms a white tough substance of a net-like
+structure over the front, and if disturbed will snap at a grass blade
+or straw and shake the net, making a distinct sharp sound. It is of a
+uniform, yellowish brown tint, measuring about 2 inches to the tip of
+the large curled wings closely folded over the body.
+
+The curious Cave Locust, _Pachyrhamma sp._, with its small oval body,
+and long slender antennae and hind legs, is always found in caves. It
+is a dull brown wingless creature, whose slender thread-like antennae
+are many times longer than the body.
+
+
+ Family 10. Crickets.
+
+ GRYLLIDAE.
+
+These are the black field and house crickets which are so well known by
+their shrill note; this is caused by the insect rubbing the stout wing
+covers or elytra together; those of the males have a distinct circular
+wavy neuration forming distinct ridges for this purpose.
+
+Crickets are easily distinguished by their slender thread-like
+antennae, short rounded heads, black wings folded down the back, and
+spiny hind legs adapted both for creeping through the grass or jumping
+out of the road of their enemies. The abdomen is furnished with a
+pair of slender spined appendages on the sides, and the female with a
+stiletto-like ovipositor composed of two grooved pieces by which the
+eggs are deposited in the ground.
+
+We have a number of field crickets in this country; Walker in his
+catalogue of the family gives 12 species, of which _Gryllus
+servillei_ is our common field cricket, sometimes swarming out
+in sufficient numbers to do a great deal of damage to field crops
+and vegetable gardens. It is of a uniform black tint, with a short,
+shining, round head; it measures about 1 inch in length, and has a wide
+range over Australia. The Mole Cricket, _Gryllotalpa coarctata_,
+is found all over the interior, forming underground tunnels in the
+sand along the edges of watercourses; it was collected in the Horn
+Expedition in Central Australia, and is also found about Sydney. It
+is of the usual dull brown tint, with hooded thorax and spade-shaped
+fore-legs. Another curious little black cricket is common about the
+edges of watercourses, and when disturbed often jumps in and swims
+about on the surface; it belongs to the Genus _Nemobius_, and is
+only ⅙ of an inch in length.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate VII.--ORTHOPTERA.
+
+ Family GRYLLIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Gryllus servillei_ (Sauss.).
+ 1_a_. _Gryllus servillei_ (Sauss.). (Elytron ♀.)
+ 2. _Gryllotalpa coarctata_ (Walk.).
+ 3. _Pachyrhamma sp._
+ 4. _Nemobius sp._
+ 5. _Paragryllacris combusta_ (Germ.).
+ 6. _Anostostoma erinaceus_ (Gray).]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate VII.--ORTHOPTERA._]
+
+
+
+
+ Order III.--NEUROPTERA.
+
+ Lace-winged Insects.
+
+
+After excising the families usually treated as _Pseudo-Neuroptera_
+from this order, these insects can be defined as the “lace wings,”
+furnished with two pairs of delicate gauzy wings reticulated with a
+network of fine transverse and parallel veins forming a great number
+of more or less irregular cells. The head is furnished, with a few
+exceptions, with stout jaws adapted to their carnivorous habits; large
+eyes; and antennae of many different forms, sometimes short, thickened,
+or clubbed, but in others long, slender, and filiform. The legs, suited
+to their clinging habits when at rest, are generally slender, and the
+body more or less elongate.
+
+Most of them undergo a complete metamorphosis; the active larvae are
+furnished with large sucking or biting jaws; in the terrestrial forms
+they live among foliage or on the ground, and feed upon aphids, mites,
+ants, &c., and when full grown pupate in regular cocoons. While some of
+the aquatic forms go through a pupal stage in cells in the mud or under
+stones, others, like the dragon flies, have no true pupal form, simply
+going through a series of moults, and changing from an aquatic life to
+an aerial one by crawling out of the water and emerging from the pupal
+case, leaving it attached to the water plant.
+
+Sharp places the Neuroptera in eleven families, further divided up
+into a number of sub-families under five tribes. In excising the
+_Pseudo-Neuroptera_ seven families remain, though the _Hemerobiidae_
+includes a number of sub-families that by some writers are ranked as
+families.
+
+The Neuroptera are represented in Australia by many very handsome
+and curious insects, of which the dragon flies are probably the most
+typical and well known.
+
+
+ Family 1. Stone-flies.
+
+ PERLIDAE.
+
+The Stone-flies are not an extensive group, and though the European
+and American forms have been studied, very little is known about our
+species. In England several species are much prized by fishermen as
+tempting bait for fly-fishing.
+
+The perfect insects have oblong, flattened bodies of uniform width
+to the tip of the abdomen, terminating in a pair of long slender
+tails or setae. The head is long, provided with large prominent eyes,
+three ocelli, slender thread-like antennae, and weak mouth parts; the
+fore-wings are slightly longer than the hind ones, which are very
+broad and folded down the middle when closed. They are generally found
+about watercourses in early summer, and lay an immense number of eggs
+(5,000 to 6,000 some authorities state are laid by each female); these
+eggs are dropped on the surface of the water. The larvae are very like
+the perfect insects except that they have no wings; they are active
+carnivorous creatures living in the bottom of swift running streams,
+crawling under the stones, and feeding chiefly on the larvae of
+mayflies.
+
+Only four or five species have been described from Australia; I had
+a number of specimens sent me from Hobart, Tasmania, the larvae of
+which were said to be damaging the woodwork down a well. It has been
+identified as _Eusthenia spectabilis_. This insect was named by
+Westwood, and is figured in Griffith’s “Animal Kingdom,” (page 348,
+plate 72). It measures about 2 inches across the outspread wings; its
+general colour is dark brown, with the fore wings lighter, mottled with
+brown at the base and the lower half dull red; the hind pair brighter
+red with the tips blackish. The head is flattened, with long slender
+many jointed antennae tapering to the tips. The thorax is slender,
+flattened on the upper surface; the legs stout; and the tip of the
+abdomen bears two slender jointed tails (setae). This insect is also
+found in Australia. A second species, _Eusthenia thalia_, is described
+from Tasmania by Newman; I have one from Gippsland Victoria probably a
+new species. Several species have been described by Walker (Brit. Mus.
+Catalogue, Neuroptera 1852) in the typical Genus _Perla_ from Tasmania.
+
+Members of the Genus _Cupnia_ are often found upon the snow in Northern
+Europe.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate VIII.--NEUROPTERA.
+
+ Family ODONATA.
+
+ 1. _Tramea loewii_ (Brauer).
+ 2. _Synlestes weyersii_ (Selys).
+ 3. _Ischnura delicata_ (Selys).
+ 4. _Rhyothemis graphiptera_ (Ramb.).
+ 5. _Orthetrum nigrifrons_ (Kirby).
+ 6. _Diplacodes (Diplax) bipunctata_ (Brauer).
+
+ Family SIALIDAE.
+
+ 7. _Chaulcodes guttatus_ (Walk.).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate VIII.--NEUROPTERA._]
+
+
+ Family 2. Dragon Flies.
+
+ ODONATA.
+
+Everyone has noticed dragon flies that sail and dart about over swamps
+and rivers, the embodiment of grace and beauty in flying creatures. In
+England and Australia they are popularly known as “horse-stingers,” a
+very misleading name, for they cannot sting, and if they frequent the
+vicinity of horses it is for the sake of the flies or gnats they can
+capture. In America the country folk know them under the still more
+peculiar name of “Devil’s Darning Needles,” while the French children,
+who recognise their beauty and dainty form, call them “demoiselles.”
+Westwood places the dragon flies in the family _Libellulidae_; but both
+Kirby and Sharp call them _Odonata_; the former again divides them into
+the _Libellulidae_ and the _Agrionidae_, and the latter subdivides them
+into groups with the same characters, namely the _Anisopteridae_ and
+_Zygopteridae_.
+
+The members of the first group are those with the hind pair of wings
+slightly larger than the front pair, and the second with wings of equal
+size or the hind pair smaller. Specialists have further subdivided them
+into seven smaller sub-families containing about 300 genera.
+
+Dragon flies are widely distributed over the world, but are most
+plentiful in the warmer zones; about 2,000 have been described from all
+parts of the world, of which 107 species are recorded from Australia;
+but as Billinghurst was able to collect 41 species in one circumscribed
+district in Victoria (Victorian Naturalist No. 1, 1900), systematic
+collecting would certainly add many more to our list.
+
+In the early stages of their life dragon flies are aquatic; the female
+deposits her eggs on the foliage of water plants, sometimes dipping
+into the water to be sure they are submerged. The slender larvae with
+wing pads in place of the future wings have somewhat the form of the
+adults, and are carnivorous, feeding upon all kinds of smaller water
+insects.
+
+The dragon flies form a very distinct division of the Neuroptera; every
+organ is beautifully adapted for their aerial life, their immense eyes
+giving them an outlook on all sides, while the slender cylindrical
+body does not impede their flight; and the great oar-shaped wings
+strengthened with many stout nervures enable them to twist and turn in
+the air with wonderful ease and rapidity.
+
+The LIBELLULIDAE are thick-bodied dragon flies of medium size, and
+comprise a number of fine species. The larvae are short broad
+creatures with wide heads; they live in the mud on the bottom of ponds.
+_Rhyothemus graphiptera_ belongs to a genus containing over 30 species
+ranging from Africa to China, and the Eastern Archipelago to the New
+Hebrides. It measures 2½ inches across the wings, which are yellowish
+brown, beautifully mottled with darker tints; the front pair are
+blotched at the base, a slender stripe in front running into the first
+of 2 irregular transverse bands about the centre and tip; in the hind
+pair the two apical bands have basal markings consisting of three small
+irregular blotches: it is found in the northern parts of N.S. Wales.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 31.=--Diagram of a Dragon Fly.
+
+ _a_, antenna; _ar_, arculus; _b.s_, basilar
+ space; _c_, costal nervure; _s.c_, sub-costal
+ nervure; _e_, eye; _f_, front; _m_, median
+ nervure (or radius); _s.m_, sub-median; _m.s_,
+ median sector; _m_, membranule; _n_, nodus;
+ _n.s_, nodal sector; _o_, occiput; _p_,
+ pterostigma; _p.s_, principal sector; _s.s_, short
+ sector; _s.t_, sector of triangle; _t_, triangle;
+ _i.a_, inferior appendage; _s.a_, superior;
+ _a.n_, antenodals. The numerals refer to the segments of
+ the abdomen. (Original R. J. Tillyard.)]
+
+
+The Genus _Diplax_ contains a number of more delicate, short-winged
+insects, of which _Diplax rubra_, a typical form, is common both along
+the rivers and in the open scrub, often quite a distance from water.
+It is a moderate-sized dragon fly, tinted with pale yellow at the base
+of the hind wings, and has a distinctive bright red body. _Diplacodes
+(Diplax) bipunctata_ has much the same habits, and a wider range
+over the country; it is common about Sydney, and is slightly smaller
+than the previous species, and of a general yellow tint. _Orthetrum
+nigrifrons_ is a more thickset dragon fly about 2 inches across the
+wings; the head and front of thorax are black, with the hind portion of
+the latter and body deep blue; it is a very distinctive species along
+the watercourses and in the open bush. _Orthetrum villosovittatum_ is
+a slightly larger form found in Southern Queensland, with slightly
+clouded wings, blotched close to the body with yellowish brown: the
+head and thorax are brown, and the body is red.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The AESCHNIDAE contain the giants among the dragon flies: _Petalura
+gigantea_ is our largest species, and varies much in different
+localities; most of ours on the Blue Mountains measure about 5 inches
+across the wings, but Tillyard captured them at Cairns N.Q. 6½ inches.
+It is a very robust insect of a dull brown tint, with a single, broad,
+pale stripe on the sides of the large square thorax, and when viewed
+from the side seems to have the abdomen attached to the under-side of
+the thorax. The pterastigma of the wing is long.
+
+_Hemianax papuensis_ is typical of one of our large species, often
+flying in numbers about Sydney hawking for gnats high up in the air
+before a storm. It measures 4 inches across the wings, which have a
+slight smoky tint.
+
+_Aeschna brevistyla_ is about the same size as the previous species,
+but the wings are clear, and the abdominal segments are marked with two
+angulated white blotches, one on either side of the dorsal stripe. The
+larvae are curious, elongate, oval creatures, with large heads, living
+in the mud at the bottom of stagnant ponds and are common about Sydney.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The AGRIONIDAE are the delicate slender-bodied dragon flies with
+oar-shaped wings, and narrow heads with the eyes standing out on either
+side. _Lestes analis_ is our common type of the large genus; it is of
+the usual slender form, with the body nearly as long as the expanse of
+wings, and is of a general reddish brown colour. _Synlestes weyersii_
+is a very beautiful slender creature nearly 3 inches across the wings,
+and over 2 inches from the front of the head to the tip of the body.
+It has transparent wings with an oval whitish pterastigma toward the
+tips, and the whole head and body is deep rich metallic green. It flies
+in a very graceful manner up and down the edges of the watercourses,
+resting every now and then on a reed or overhanging twig, and is very
+easily captured. _Ischnura heterosticta_ is our tiny, little, banded,
+blue and brown dragon fly, with the female of a more sombre brown tint:
+Tillyard has recorded two forms of females in this species, one taking
+on the garb of the bright-coloured male.
+
+_Ischnura delicata_, very similar in size and form, has the basal
+two-thirds of the abdomen red and the apical portion blue. The larvae
+of both these species are common in the ponds about Sydney in the early
+summer. Tillyard (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1905) has recently added
+three new species of the Genus _Austrogomphus_ collected in the Cairns
+district N. Queensland.
+
+
+ Family 3. May-flies.
+
+ EPHEMERIDAE.
+
+These delicate gauze-winged insects were named Ephemera from the old
+idea that their life as perfect insects lasted only for a day; they
+were born in the morning and died at the fall of day. Though their span
+of life is short, as they possess only rudimentary mouths incapable of
+absorbing food, and only live a short time after the eggs are laid, it
+is generally a matter of a few days.
+
+They have large prominent eyes; three ocelli; and minute antennae
+consisting of two thickened joints surmounted with a needle-like hair
+or bristle: the prothorax is small, the middle portion large; and the
+somewhat small body, generally composed of ten segments, is provided
+with a slender articulated hair-like tail on either side. The wings are
+broadest at the base, rounded at the extremities, with the hind pair
+small, in some genera the hind pair absent. The larvae live in burrows
+in the mud at the bottom of ponds or watercourses, and when full grown
+climb up the stalks of grass or plants and cast their pupal coverings.
+
+Most of our species are only found in odd pairs, and do not assemble
+in swarms as they sometimes do in England; but in 1885, in the Royal
+Geographical Society’s Exploring Expedition in New Guinea, when
+ascending the Fly River we met with great clouds of the large white
+Mayfly, _Palingenia papuana_, flying along over the surface of the
+water just as described by D’Albertis in his work on New Guinea;
+specimens I collected are now in the Australian Museum.
+
+The commonest species about Sydney is _Atalophlebia australasica_, a
+small chocolate brown insect marked with black; the wings are vitreous
+with black markings on the veins, the front margin tinged with umber
+brown on the cross veins. It was described by Pictet in his “Natural
+History Neuroptera” (1843–45): Walker has described another from
+Tasmania: Eaton three more from different parts of the mainland: and
+Burmeister one in his “Handbook of Entomology” as far back as 1839.
+The members of this genus have a wide range from South America through
+Africa, Japan, and Ceylon. A single species of the Genus _Coloburiscus_
+has been described from Melbourne.
+
+The chief work on these insects is Eaton’s “Revisional Monograph of
+Recent Ephemeridae or May-flies,” Parts I.-V. (Transactions of the
+Linnean Society 1883–87;) in this work he subdivides them into three
+groups containing 55 genera and 270 species.
+
+
+ Family 4. Alder Flies and Snake Flies.
+
+ SIALIDAE:
+
+This small division contains two groups that Westwood treated as two
+distinct families, the _Sialidae_ and the _Raphidae_; but Sharp points
+out, that in general structure and habits they are very closely related
+to each other,--the latter chiefly differing from the former in the
+remarkable elongation of the prothorax, and he thus only ranks them as
+sub-families.
+
+The Alder Flies have two pairs of broad wings, wide at the base, the
+hind pair slightly smaller and capable of being folded behind; they
+are all traversed by numerous veins forming irregular cells. They
+are slow in their movements, and are to be found clinging to bushes
+in the vicinity of water. Our commonest species is the _Chauliodes
+guttatus_, described by Walker; it is a large, dull brown insect
+with an elongated thorax and body; the head is furnished with long,
+slender, annulated antennae, large prominent eyes on the sides, and
+three ocelli on the summit. The wings are semiopaque, the fore pair
+finely spotted with black, thickest on the front margin; the broader
+hind pair are only lightly spotted at the extreme tip, with from 4 to 5
+larger rounded spots about the centre. It measures over 3 inches across
+the outspread wings, and 1¼ inches from the head to the tip of the
+abdomen; it has a wide range from Victoria to Queensland.
+
+The larvae are remarkable for having fringed filaments on the sides
+of the abdomen; they crawl about in the mud or among the weeds in
+water-holes, and are carnivorous, feeding upon other aquatic insects;
+when ready to transform, the pupae come out of the water and crawl
+under stones, or sometimes under the loose bark on tree trunks.
+
+The Snake Flies are curious looking creatures with elongated necks, and
+the female is provided with a very curious, long, curved ovipositor.
+They are found under bark on tree trunks, both in the perfect and
+larval state; they are unknown in Australia, but Howard states that an
+attempt was made some years ago to send living _Raphidians_ from
+California to destroy codlin moth grubs, but that nothing has been
+heard of them since.
+
+
+ Family 5. Scorpion Flies.
+
+ PANORPIDAE.
+
+These insects have the head turned down in front with the mouth parts
+forming an elongate beak; large projecting eyes; and slender antennae.
+The prothorax forms a slender neck to the larger mesothorax; the
+wings are narrow and somewhat oar-shaped, traversed with a network of
+veins; the legs are long and slender, except the hind pair, which are
+thickened on the thighs and stoutly spined; the tarsi are large and
+coated with a sticky membrane, which assists it in catching flies.
+
+At first sight many of them might be taken for crane-flies of somewhat
+clumsy build; in the European _Panorpa_ the males are furnished with
+a peculiar anal appendage from which they take the popular name of
+Scorpion Flies. Members of the Genus _Boreus_ are wingless and resemble
+tiny grasshoppers; in America they are often found on snow. The family
+is represented in Australia by _Bittacus australis_, which has a wide
+range from Tasmania to Queensland, and is very abundant in the early
+summer, hanging about the leptospermum and ti-tree bushes. It rests
+among the foliage, with the large hind legs hanging loosely down below
+but ready to strike out the moment an incautious fly comes within
+range. The long flexible tarsi fold round the captive with the stout
+spines transfixing it, while the Bitticus draws its leg round under
+the head so that it can press its sharp beak into the victim and suck
+up its blood. Its general colour is reddish brown marked with black;
+the wings are clouded, narrow, rounded at the tips, and reticulated
+with fine nervures. Nothing is known about the earlier stages in the
+life-history of this insect, but specimens in captivity laid a number
+of flattened bun-shaped eggs which did not hatch out.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate IX.--NEUROPTERA.
+
+ Family HEMEROBIIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Nymphes myrmeleonides_ (Leach).
+ 7. _Porismus strigatus_ (Burm.).
+
+ Family MYRMELEONIDAE.
+
+ 2. _Glenurus erythrocephalus_ (Leach).
+ 4. _Glenurus falsus_ (Walker).
+ 5. _Glenurus circuiter_ (Walker).
+ 6. _Glenurus pulchellus_ (Kirby).
+
+ Family MANTISPIDAE.
+
+ 3. _Mantispa strigodes_ (Westwood).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate IX.--NEUROPTERA._]
+
+
+ Family 6. Ant-lions and Lace-wings.
+
+ HEMEROBIIDAE.
+
+This interesting division of the Neuroptera comprises a number of
+smaller groups, ranked by some entomologists as families, but now
+generally regarded as sub-families. Westwood divided them into two
+families, the first containing the true ant-lions; both Kirby and Sharp
+treat them as one, but the latter places them in seven well defined
+sub-families.
+
+They come naturally together from the fact that all the larvae are
+provided with large, curved, hollow, sucking jaws, and are carnivorous
+in their habits, while the perfect insects have simple biting jaws.
+They all have, in the perfect state, long slender bodies, provided with
+two pairs of finely reticulated wings, folded over each other when at
+rest; the head is short, with large projecting eyes; ocelli generally
+wanting; and the antennae are composed of many short annular joints.
+
+The MYRMELEONIDES are the true ant-lions, whose larvae in many species
+construct funnel shaped pits in soft sandy soil an inch or two in
+depth, at the bottom of which, buried in the loose soil, with only
+the tip of their large jaws visible, they lie in wait for any ant or
+other small insect that may happen to slip over the edge and tumble to
+the bottom, where it is immediately seized in the ant-lion’s powerful
+jaws and devoured; when however, as often happens, the trapped visitor
+manages to regain its footing and nearly succeeds in clambering out,
+the ant-lion presses its head downward like a spade and throws a
+quantity of sand right at its prey, generally bringing its quarry
+within reach again. It generally excavates its pit under the shelter
+of a log or rock so that it is protected from the rain, and when full
+grown pupates at the bottom of its shaft. The larva is a short thickset
+little brown creature covered with tufts of short stout bristles; the
+head is broad and rounded behind, attached to the heart-shaped body by
+a neck-like thorax. They are easily captured by slipping a knife blade
+under them and throwing them out when they are intent on catching a
+struggling ant. In captivity they are easily kept in a saucer full of
+sand, and have the power of going for weeks without food; when placed
+on a smooth surface they always arch their heads and crawl backwards.
+
+Most of our described species belong to the Genus _Glenurus_, all
+slender elongated insects resting with their long narrow wings folded
+over their backs against a twig or grass stem, and when disturbed
+flitting away in a very awkward manner; they are very easily captured.
+
+_Glenurus pulchellus_ is the commonest species about the coast, with a
+wing expanse of about 2½ inches; its general colour is chocolate brown,
+mottled and marbled with lighter tints; the fore wings are speckled
+with black; the apical portion of the hind pair deeply blotched with
+chestnut brown, encircling a white patch, with a second smaller one
+nearer the extremity. _Glenurus falsus_ is a shade smaller; the fore
+wings darker; and a single dark patch on the hind wings. _Glenurus
+striola_ is a slightly larger species with semitransparent wings,
+marked on the posterior margin of the hind pair with a narrow light
+brown stripe. I found this species very plentiful in some swampy flats
+near Brisbane, Q., in October, where they were resting on the rushes.
+_Glenurus fundatus_ is our largest species, often measuring up to 4
+inches across the wings, and is of a general uniform mottled grey tint
+spotted with brown; it is common along the coast in North Queensland.
+_Glenurus circuiter_ is easily recognised from all the others by the
+shape of the fore wings, which are broadened to the tips, cut out
+behind at the extremities, and both pairs are irregularly blotched and
+spotted dark brown, giving it a very handsome appearance. _Glenurus
+erythrocephalus_ has semitransparent wings, elongate and rounded at
+the tips, the fore pair thickly covered with spots and blotches of
+dark brown, the hind pair usually only marked with three spots, but
+the spotting is very irregular and variable. It comes from the more
+northern parts of N.S. Wales and Queensland.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The ASCALAPHIDES are all moderate-sized, clear-winged insects with a
+stigma toward the tip, and curious long slender antennae clubbed at the
+tips; they might be likened to dragon-flies with butterflies’ heads.
+_Suphalasca sabulosa_ measures about 2½ inches across the wings; the
+head and thorax are fringed with fine hairs, the stigma on the wings
+black. It is generally found on bush land clinging to a grass stalk
+or twig, with the wings folded down, and the slender body sticking
+out at right angles. I have found the larvae living under the dry
+bark attached to dead tree trunks, their short hairy bodies covered
+with tufts of stout bristles, their large jaws pointing upward; and
+from their situation they probably capture the large sugar ants. In
+captivity they would remain for days resting against the side of the
+box without any movement, and lived for several months without taking
+any food, and finally formed a round cocoon.
+
+The female places her eggs in a double row along the edge of a blade of
+grass, and the young ones, when they hatch out, sit in the bottom of
+the eggshell, all head and jaws, waiting for something to turn up, and
+must often undergo long fasts.
+
+_Stibopteryx costalis_ is a stout bodied insect with a wing
+expanse of 3 inches, a large, dragon-fly-like head, and narrow rounded
+wings banded with parallel bands of chocolate brown. It ranges from
+Sydney right round Australia.
+
+The NEMOPTERIDES are a very curious group of lace-wings, which have the
+hind pair of wings produced into slender or clubbed appendages of most
+peculiar form. Kirby (Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1900) has
+listed all the known species from all parts of the world, 33 species in
+7 genera.
+
+_Chasmoptera hutti_, described by Westwood from Western Australia,
+has a wing expanse of 1½ inches, and the hind pair are produced into
+a spoon-shaped tail. _Croce attenuata_ is a smaller, dull coloured,
+brown insect, with the fore wings like those of a mayfly, and the hind
+pair forming a pair of antennae-like processes longer than the body.
+It was taken by my correspondent, Mrs. Black, round a lamp, and comes
+from North Queensland. It is described by me in the Proceedings of the
+Linnean Society 1904.
+
+The MANTISPIDES are lace-wings that in general form, imitate the
+orthopterous mantis; with the same elongate neck, spined fore legs and
+broad head, but the structure of the wings soon shows its affinity to
+the lace-wings. We have some very fine species in Australia, which are
+usually found hiding among the foliage of trees, and are generally
+captured when beating the bush for beetles. Nothing is known about the
+earlier stages of any of our species, but Brauer studied the larval
+and pupal forms of the European _Mantispa_, and found that the eggs
+were stalked; the larvae are long slender creatures with large jaws.
+Westwood has figured and described a number of our species (Trans. Ent.
+Soc. 1852).
+
+_Mantispa biseriata_, one of our largest species, measures up to 2½
+inches across the outspread wings. Its general colour is dull reddish
+brown; the wings are mottled with very fine black dots, and the stigma
+on the fore wing forms a dull red blotch. It has a wide range from
+Victoria to North Queensland. _Mantispa strigipes_ is a smaller darker
+species, with no distinct stigma but a stripe of dull red along the
+front margin of both pairs of wings, thickest toward the extremities.
+It ranges over Victoria and N.S. Wales.
+
+The HEMEROBIIDES are well represented in Australia by some very
+beautiful insects, which when at rest are recognised by the way in
+which their wings are folded against each other, forming a ridge above
+the back; the antennae, generally long, consist of a number of short
+annular joints. The eggs are laid upon the food plant; the larvae feed
+upon small insects.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 32.=--_Croce attenuata_
+ (Froggatt). The Thread-winged Nemopteron.
+
+ (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.)]
+
+_Nymphes myrmeleonides_, described and figured by Leach in 1814, has
+a somewhat robust body, long slender antennae and narrow head; the
+wings, which have an expanse of 3 inches, are large, of equal size, and
+semitransparent, except the tips, which are ornamented with an elongate
+brownish blotch enclosing an irregular white spot in the centre. It is
+a very ungainly insect when flying, with its large oar-shaped shining
+wings; it has a very wide range along the eastern coast. The larvae
+live under the shelter of logs hiding among the dust and dirt with only
+their jaws projecting; specimens obtained near Armidale, N.S.W., lived
+for some time in captivity, forming the usual spherical parchment-like
+pupal case, from which the insect emerged about a month later.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 33.=--_Psychopsis illidgi_ (Froggatt). The
+ Painted Lace-wing.
+
+ (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 34.=--_Psychopsis coelevagus_ (Walker). The
+ small Metallic Lace-wing.
+
+ (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Psychopsis_ was formed by Newman in 1840 (Newman’s
+Entomologist p. 415) to contain the curious creamy white moth-like
+insect _Psychopsis mimica_. It has broad rounded wings covered
+with fine hairy veins shading from buff to grey or creamy white,
+spotted with red on the base of the fore wings and a dull brown spot
+on the centre of the hind pair; the head is turned down in front when
+resting. It measures about 1½ inches across the outspread wings and
+is found from South Australia to Queensland. I figured and described
+all our known species (Notes on the Genus Psychopsis Newman, with
+descriptions of new species) in the Proceedings of the Linnean
+Society N.S.W. 1903, where I added two new species. _Psychopsis
+coelivagus_ is our smallest species, measuring 1 inch across the
+outspread wings, which are creamy white thickly mottled with a central
+band of metallic coppery brown; it comes from S. Queensland.
+
+_Psychopsis illidgi_ is one of the most remarkable looking of all
+our Neuroptera, with its large rounded buff fore wings with confluent
+ochreous yellow markings crossing them, and the usual dull spot in
+the centre of the smaller hind wings. It measures about 2¾ inches
+across the wings, and is a rare insect. Illidge has taken several
+specimens that came flying in to the light at night on the top of Mount
+Tambourina in South Queensland.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 35.=--Larva of _Psychopsis mimica_ (Newman).
+ Bred from the egg (much enlarged). (Original W.W.F.)]
+
+_Psychopsis insolens_ and _P. meyricki_ are both dull coloured smaller
+insects, the first found about Sydney and Brisbane, the latter on the
+top of Mount Kosciusko, resting on the rocks.
+
+The eggs are not stalked but are attached to the food plant; the young
+elongated larva, furnished with stout projecting jaws, crawls upon the
+foliage and feeds upon aphids. This Genus was considered peculiar to
+Australia, until in the last few years two species have been described
+from Africa and a third from Burmah.
+
+The curious black mottled lace-wing, _Porismus strigatus_, has a
+narrow red head furnished with long slender antennae and large rounded
+eyes; the front portion of the thorax forms a regular neck. The narrow
+elongate black wings, blotched and tipped with pale yellow shading into
+white, are folded over the back forming a ridge when at rest on a tree
+trunk. They are sometimes met with about Sydney, and are common in New
+England toward the end of summer. I found larvae and eggs under logs in
+that district which I believe to be those of this insect; the former
+were stalked and deposited in a narrow semicircle attached to each
+other; the larvae, of the usual tick-shaped form, covered themselves
+over with bits of burnt ashes, and clung to the surface of the log,
+where they easily escaped notice with their protective covering.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 36.=--Larva of _Porismus strigatus_ (Bohem).
+ The adult Lace-wing is shown in Plate VI., Fig. 7.
+
+ (Original W.W.F.)]
+
+The Genus _Osmylus_ contains a number of slender insects with longer,
+semitransparent, spotted, brown wings, and fine antennae clothed with
+short hairs. The larvae, active little creatures, feed about among
+the leaves destroying aphids. _Osmylus tenui_ measures about 1¼ inches
+across the outspread wings, is of the usual dull brown tint, and is
+found in Victoria.
+
+In the Genus _Drepanopteryx_ the fore wings are short, broad, rounded
+in front at the shoulders, and arcuate on the hind margin; the hind
+pair are rounded, semitransparent, with a darker costal margin; when
+resting upon a twig they tuck the head down under the thorax, and turn
+the wings upward, almost standing on their heads; they could be easily
+passed over from their resemblance to a brown leaf.
+
+_Drepanopteryx binocula_ and _D. instabilis_ are found in N.S. Wales
+and Victoria; the first has dark fore wings and measures about ¾ of an
+inch; the second is somewhat smaller and lighter coloured.
+
+ [Illustration: Fig. 37.
+
+ Fig. 38.
+
+ =Figs. 37 and 38.=--Life History of the Brown Lace-wing.
+
+ 37.--_Micromus Australis_ (Froggatt).
+
+ 38.--Larva.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The CHRYSOPHIDES comprise the lace wings known as “Ruby Eyes” from
+their rich metallic tint, or “Aphis Lions” on account of the voracious
+habits of their larvae. They hide among the foliage in the day time,
+and in summer often come buzzing round the lamp, several species
+giving out a most objectionable smell when handled. They are generally
+slender-bodied green or yellow insects with large delicate glassy
+wings, folded over the back. They attach their eggs to the foliage on
+long slender stalks, probably a means of protection against other
+larvae that might otherwise find and devour them. The larvae are active
+little creatures with large heads furnished with scythe-shaped jaws;
+their rounded backs are covered with short stiff hairs, by means of
+which they hold bits of dirt, sand, or wood, with which they cover
+themselves when feeding upon the aphids or scale. If when in captivity
+these bits are brushed off they run round and replace them bit by bit;
+pushing the bits into the jaws with their fore legs, then turning their
+heads backward, they drop each bit upon their backs, repeating the
+operation until they are again completely covered. When full-grown they
+spin a white hemispherical cocoon composed of fine white threads and
+the longer hairs of the body, from which in summer the perfect insects
+will emerge in a fortnight.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 39.=--_Chrysopa ramburi_
+ (Schiner). The Green Golden Eye.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 40.=--Life history of _Chrysopa
+ ramburi_ (Schiner).
+
+ Larva; stalked egg; and pupa enclosed in hemispherical cocoon
+ covered with the remains of the aphis upon which it has fed
+ during the larval stage.]
+
+The Green Lace Wing, _Chrysopa ramburi_, is our common orchard friend;
+and where plentiful they soon clean the trees of aphid and scale
+insects. Its general colour is bright green fading into yellow after
+death; the large golden eyes are so bright that they can be seen
+through the cocoon some time before it emerges. The Brown Lace Wing,
+_Micromus australis_, is common among dead bushes, and also in summer
+in orange orchards; it is much smaller than the last, only slightly
+over ¼ of an inch across the expanded wings; is of a general light
+brown colour mottled all over the wings with darker tints. The broad
+head is furnished with large bronzy eyes, and slender hairy antennae
+composed of 44 very short annular joints. Both the slender, brown,
+ferret-like larvae and the perfect insects are very active little
+creatures, always on the move. This species was described by me in the
+Agricultural Gazette N.S. Wales, 1904.
+
+
+ Family 7. Caddis Flies.
+
+ TRICHOPTERA.
+
+The larval forms of these interesting little creatures are common in
+our creeks and water-holes, encased in their cocoons or sacks formed
+of silken strands covered with bits of sticks, leaves, sand or small
+stones; they may be often noticed floating on the surface or crawling
+about under the water among the weeds and mud. These are protective
+coverings, for though the head and front of the thorax, that are
+projected in front when the larva is moving along, are hard and
+leathery, the abdominal segments are covered with a thin integument,
+and would soon fall a prey to the many carnivorous water insects in the
+ponds if it were not for their case-bearing habits. These cases, unlike
+those of the terrestrial case moths, are open at both ends, so that the
+water can flow right through when the creature is crawling about.
+
+They are known in England as “water moths,” or “caddis-flies,” and
+are much sought for by anglers as bait for fly-fishing. The perfect
+insects have two pairs of membranous wings with fewer cross veins
+than other members of the Neuroptera; the hind pair are broadest and
+folded when at rest; most of them are clothed with fine hairs instead
+of scales. The head is small, with very long, slender, thread-like
+antennae composed of many short indistinct joints, and the biting
+mouth is rudimentary; the prothorax is short, with an elongate body
+rounded at the extremity; and the legs are well developed, and more
+or less provided with spines. The female deposits her eggs, enveloped
+in a gelatinous mass, in the water, often carrying them about with
+her attached to the tip of the abdomen for some time before they are
+dropped.
+
+Some of the smaller species are so wonderfully like small tinead moths,
+that it takes an experienced eye, aided with a good lens, to pick them
+out of a box when mixed up with small microlepidoptera; and from their
+delicate form and small size most of my specimens have not been taken
+as caddis-flies, but obtained from the leavings of insect boxes of moth
+collectors.
+
+Between the years 1874–80 McLachlan published his fine “Monograph of
+the European Trichoptera,” illustrated with a great number of very fine
+drawings; over 500 species are identified and described in this work.
+According to Howard, about 150 species have been described from North
+America.
+
+McLachlan treats them as an Order in his work, dividing them into a
+number of families, chiefly based upon the number of spines on the
+legs, the joints of the palpi, and the ocelli.
+
+Judging from my own collection of caddis-flies I should think that
+Australia is rich in species, but they are a much neglected family
+and I do not know of a single named specimen in any of our Museum
+collections.
+
+In the British Museum Catalogue of Neuroptera published in 1852, Walker
+gives only four species from Tasmania and Australia: _Leptocerus
+magnus_ and _L. oppositus_, which he describes from Tasmania, and
+_Plectrotarsus gravenhorsti_, described by Koller from Australia; the
+latter measures nearly an inch across the wings, and ⅓ of an inch in
+the body, and is of a general yellow tint, thickly clothed with yellow
+and black hairs; the fore wings are bluish black marked with white,
+yellow at the base and along the fore border; the hind wings are yellow
+but blackish toward the tips.
+
+_Monopseudopsis inscriptus_, described by Walker, is a larger fly, of
+a general black colour, with pale wings spotted with yellow, the hind
+pair clouded. The locality of this species is given as Australia.
+
+
+
+
+ Order IV.--HYMENOPTERA.
+
+ Bees, Ants and Wasps.
+
+
+This division contains an immense number of very interesting insects
+which, though generally known as bees, ants, and wasps, comprise many
+other just as important families; some are unfortunately popularly
+called flies, such as saw-flies, gall-flies, and ichneumon-flies, but
+all true flies have only one pair of wings. Hymenoptera are, with a
+few exceptions, furnished with two pairs of semitransparent membranous
+wings, sometimes shaded with black or yellow tints, devoid of hairs or
+scales, but traversed by stout nervures forming irregular cells; the
+hind pair are the smaller, and are furnished with a row of spines along
+the front margin capable of hooking into the hind edge of the fore
+pair, thus adding to their powers of flight.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 41.=--Diagram of the Head of a Wasp.
+
+ _a_, eyes; _b_, clypeus; _c_, labrum;
+ _d_, mandibles; _e_, ocelli; _f_, insertion of
+ the antennae.
+
+ (Redrawn from Cresson’s “Hymenoptera of North America.”)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 42.=--Diagram of the Thorax of a
+ Wasp.
+
+ _a_, prothorax; _b_, mesothorax; _c_,
+ scutellum; _d_, postscutellum; _e_, metathorax;
+ _f_, tegulae; _g_, parapsidal grooves.
+
+ (Cresson’s “Hymenoptera of N. America.”)]
+
+In a few anomalous groups we find the females wingless, such as
+_Thynnidae_, _Mutillidae_ and others; in some like the fig insects
+_Blastophaginae_, the males are wingless and blind; in the ants, while
+the males and females are winged, the bulk of the community consists of
+wingless workers forming a third sex or caste.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 43.=--Diagram of Fore-wing of a Bee
+ (_Mellinus_).
+
+ 1, Costal cell; 2, median or externo-medial cell; 3,
+ sub-median cell; 4, anal cell; 5, marginal or radial cell;
+ 6, first sub-marginal or cubital cell; 7, second s.-m. or
+ cubital cell; 8, third s.-m. or cubital cell; 9, fourth s.-m.
+ or cubital cell; 10, first discoidal cell; 11, second d.
+ cell; 12, third d. cell; 13, first apical cell; 14, second
+ a. cell. _a_, Costal nervure; _b_, sub-costal
+ nervure; _c_, externo-medial nervure; _d_, anal
+ nervure; _e_, marginal or radial nervure; _f_,
+ basal nervure; _g_, first transverso-cubital nervure;
+ _h_, second t.-c. nervure; _i_, third t.-c.
+ nervure; _j_, transverso-medial nervure; _k_,
+ discoidal nervure; _l_, cubital nervure; _m_,
+ first recurrent nervure; _n_, second r. nervure;
+ _o_, sub-discoidal nervure; _p_, stigma; _q_,
+ posterior margin; _r_, apical margin. (Cresson, “Hym. N.
+ America.”)]
+
+These insects are furnished with well developed antennae; large
+compound eyes, in some groups composed of an immense number of facets;
+usually 3 simple eyes or ocelli, but these are sometimes wanting; a
+more or less tubular mouth adapted for sucking up food (commonly called
+the proboscis), though mandibles are always present. The thorax is
+stout and broad; the three primary portions, prothorax, mesothorax and
+metathorax, are distinct on the upper surface with well defined lateral
+or ventral plates. The legs are generally large, with spined tibiae,
+and slender tarsi terminating in a double claw or hook, but varying
+much in size and shape in the different families. The abdomen takes
+all kinds of remarkable forms, from the thickened sessile body of the
+sawfly to the slender stalked abdomen of the sand-wasp, and the female
+is furnished with an ovipositor, sting, or saw at the extremity.
+
+The Hymenoptera are considered by naturalists to be one of the most
+highly developed or specialised orders of insects, on account of the
+social habits of some of the chief families, and the care they display
+in providing for the safety and food supplies of their larvae.
+
+They undergo a complete metamorphosis: from the egg is hatched out a
+soft, generally legless larva which when full grown, if in a protected
+cell, is simply enveloped in a thin skin, but otherwise forms a stout
+silken or parchment-like cocoon; the larva usually takes a considerable
+time to change into the pupa; the change is not rapid as that of a
+butterfly.
+
+Australia is very rich in hymenoptera; most of the typical families are
+well represented, and we also have a few very distinct groups peculiar
+to this country.
+
+There have been many schemes of classification and sub-divisions of
+these insects proposed by various authors, and the present idea among
+specialists seems to tend to a still closer definition of the families,
+as exemplified in Ashmead’s recent Classification running through the
+pages of the Canadian Entomologist; but in a book of this kind, I can
+only deal with the most important divisions and refer my readers to the
+work of such specialists.
+
+Westwood divided the first section, _Terebranti_, in which the
+females are provided with a more or less projecting instrument for
+depositing their eggs, into two sub-sections, _Phytiphaga_, in
+which the abdomen is sessile, and _Entomophaga_, in which the body
+is stalked. Some of the French entomologists had previously suggested
+dividing them up into five large families defined by the peculiarities
+of the ovipositor or borer. Kirby used the same terms as Westwood, but
+I have followed Sharp, who uses the names _Sessiliventres_ instead
+of the first, and _Petioliventres_ for the second, for they
+certainly express more clearly the form of the body of the groups under
+observation. The first group contains four families.
+
+
+ Family 1. Stem-Sawflies.
+
+ CEPHIDAE.
+
+The first group comprises what Sharp terms “Stem-Sawflies,” which are
+not represented in Australia. They are slender little insects with
+long antennae; the larvae feed in the stems of plants; one damages
+wheat stems in Europe, another infests willows in America, a third is
+recorded from Japan; but they are unknown in Australia.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate X.--HYMENOPTERA.
+
+ Family TENTHREDINIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Phylacteophaga eucalypti_ (Froggatt).
+ 2. _Phylacteophaga eucalypti_ (Froggatt), Larva.
+ 3. _Perga dorsalis_ (Leach).
+ 4. _Perga dorsalis_ (Leach), Larva.
+ 5. _Perga lewisii_ (Westwood).]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate X.--HYMENOPTERA._]
+
+
+ Family 2.
+
+ ORYSSIDAE.
+
+This family consists of the single Genus _Oryssus_, of which only
+20 species are known. They are remarkable for the curious situation
+of the antennae on the under-surface of the head, the cylindrical
+rounded abdomen, and the exposed needle-like ovipositor. Turner
+has described one from Mackay, Queensland, in the Proceedings of the
+Linnean Society N.S.W. under the name of _Oryssus queenslandicus_. It
+is a small black insect measuring ½ an inch in length; with mottled
+brown wings, and typical shape of the genus.
+
+
+ Family 3.
+
+ SIRICIDAE.
+
+These handsome Sawflies are common in Europe and America, the larvae
+living in timber; the members of the typical Genus _Sirex_ have long
+cylindrical bodies rounded to the apex; the borer of the female extends
+beyond the tip of the abdomen. One species, _Sirex australis_, has been
+described from Australia by Kirby (List of Hymenoptera 1882). I have
+never heard of another specimen being found, and believe the type is
+unique.
+
+
+ Family 4. Sawflies.
+
+ TENTHREDINIDAE.
+
+These are the typical stoutly built Sawflies, with the pronotum narrow,
+and the thorax generally broader than the head; the abdomen sessile,
+and provided in the female with a beautiful saw-like instrument
+on the under-surface of the tip of the abdomen, with which she
+slits the leaves to deposit her eggs in the tissue. The larvae are
+caterpillar-like creatures usually furnished with three pairs of legs;
+they feed upon the foliage of many plants.
+
+Our species all belong to genera peculiar to Australia: Klug described
+several in the Berlin Magazin in 1814; Leach figured and described
+others in his “Zoological Miscellanies 1817”; Westwood described and
+figured a number in an important paper in the Proceedings of the
+Zoological Society 1880, others in his “Arcana Entomologica 1841”; and
+Kirby added to them in his List of Hymenoptera, B.M. Catalogue 1882.
+
+The Genus _Perga_ contains about 50 of our largest Sawflies, broad
+thickset insects, with reddish or light brown opaque wings, and short
+antennae forming an elongate club at the extremity. The larva is black
+or brown clothed with short scattered shining bristles, black head,
+three pairs of short stout legs, broad thorax, and abdomen tapering to
+a rounded tip. They feed gregariously upon the foliage of eucalypts,
+often stripping off all the leaves of the young bushes; they rest
+in the day time clustered together in a bunch of 50 or more round a
+branch, holding on with the legs; when disturbed they raise and rap the
+tip of the abdomen against the leaves, at the same time discharging
+a sticky yellow fluid from the mouth smelling strongly of eucalyptus
+extract. They are very subject to the attacks of dipterous and
+hymenopterous parasites, which these means of defence may keep away.
+When full grown they bury themselves in the soil, and form elongate,
+oval, parchment-like cocoons clustered together.
+
+The Steel Blue Sawfly, _Perga dorsalis_, is slightly over 1 inch in
+length; is of a deep metallic blue, marked on face and thorax with
+bright yellow, and has stout reddish brown wings; the smaller male
+has the upper surface of the abdominal segments clothed with silvery
+pubescence. _Perga kirbyi_ is dark reddish brown, similar in form and
+size to the last species; _Perga lewisii_, a much smaller yellowish
+brown insect, flattened on the dorsal surface, is common about Sydney
+upon the foliage of the “blood-wood” (_Eucalyptus corymbosa_), where
+she lays her eggs in the leaf in a double row, and stands over them
+until the tiny larvae hatch out and are able to move away; while thus
+occupied you can pick her up, but she will not move away, but raise
+her wings and fight like a hen over her chickens. Though this is our
+commonest species, and I have taken hundreds of females, I have never
+seen a male. _Perga cameronii_ is like the last species, but larger,
+with more distinct markings on the back; it is found on the Blue
+Mountains.
+
+In the Genus _Pterygophorus_ about 10 species are described; they are
+much smaller insects, with bright metallic blue colours marked with
+reddish yellow; the male has the antennae produced into a comb or
+feathery structure, those of the female are formed of short rounded
+joints. The larva is a dull olive green creature covered with small
+warty tubercules; the head is broad, and the abdomen tapers off into a
+slender pointed tail; it has seven pairs of abdominal legs. It feeds
+upon the foliage of _Leptospermum_, wild dock and other plants, and
+when full grown bores into dead wood, pupating in a rounded oval cell.
+
+The Ringed Sawfly, _Pterygophorus cinctus_, ½ an inch in length, is
+dark blue marked with deep reddish orange on the thorax, with a ring
+round the centre and tip of the abdomen of a similar colour; the wings
+are marked and clouded with black.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XI.--HYMENOPTERA.
+
+ Family TENTHREDINIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Pterygophorus cinctus_ (Klug).
+ 2. _Pterygophorus cinctus_ (Klug), Antenna ♀.
+ 3. _Pterygophorus cinctus_ (Klug), Larva.
+ 4. _Philomastix glaber_ (Froggatt).
+ 5. _Philomastix glaber_ (Froggatt), Antenna.
+ 6. _Philomastix glaber_ (Froggatt), Larva.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XI.--HYMENOPTERA._]
+
+The Pale Coloured Sawfly, _P. interruptus_, slightly larger, has the
+thorax marked with orange yellow, and the abdomen deeply blotched with
+the same colour, forming interrupted bands on the sides; both these
+species are taken upon flowers in the summer months.
+
+_Philomastix glaber_ has very curious larvae that feed upon the wild
+bramble on the northern rivers of N.S. Wales; they have large heads,
+no abdominal legs, and two slender rat-like tails on the tip of the
+body. The sawfly measures 1 inch in length; the general colour is
+shining yellow, mottled with dull metallic blue on the thorax and
+abdomen; the semiopaque wings are barred with dark brown; the male has
+shorter antennae composed of short funnel shaped segments. There are a
+number of small species, belonging to the Genera _Eurys_, _Euryopsis_
+and _Polyclonus_, found chiefly upon flowers; _Polyclonus atratus_,
+sole representative of the Genus, has 18 jointed antennae, each
+joint furnished with a hairy finger turning inward at the tips. The
+Blister-leaf Sawfly, _Phylacteophaga eucalypti_, punctures the leaves
+of small gum trees; the larva feeds in the tissue, and when full grown
+pupates in a chamber in the centre, forming a distinct blister in the
+leaf: in the pupal state it has power to bend the body and rap against
+the side of the chamber. The sawfly measures ¼ of an inch in length;
+the male is black with a red head; the slightly larger female has the
+head and thorax reddish brown; the antennae have eight joints, long and
+slender. They have long stout legs, and are very active when they first
+emerge from the leaves, making a loud buzzing sound as they run about
+and try to escape.
+
+
+ Family 5. Gall-flies.
+
+ CYNIPIDAE.
+
+This is the first group of the _Petiolata_, which are often known from
+their small size as _Micro-hymenoptera_. They are all small creatures,
+differing from the succeeding families in that they are broadly
+speaking plant eating, usually forming galls in which they live and
+pupate. However, there are some that live upon the gall-making forms;
+others live only upon the tissue of their cousins’ galls without
+disturbing their host; and again some that are known as inqualines
+(visitors that dwell in the cavity with the true gall-maker); so that
+their life histories are somewhat complicated.
+
+The typical gall-fly deposits her eggs in the tissues of the selected
+plant by means of her ovipositor, which is beautifully adapted for the
+purpose; she injects in some cases a fluid that keeps the wound from
+closing up at once and so destroying the delicate egg. Most of the
+Cynips galls are rounded woody excrescences. The Gall Wasps have wings
+with few cells and no stigma; the front portion of the thorax is joined
+to the second; the ovipositor is concealed; the antennae straight,
+containing from 13 to 15 joints. I described three hymenopterons
+forming galls on wattles (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1892), but these
+insects submitted to Dr. Mayr some years afterwards proved to belong
+to another family. The only species described from Australia are 3
+named by Ashmead (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1900), which were collected by
+Koebele without any exact locality being given; and _Hypodiranchis
+aphidis_ described by me as a parasite of the common peach aphis in
+the Agricultural Gazette N.S.W. 1904.
+
+
+ Family 6. Parasitic Wasps.
+
+ CHALCIDIDAE.
+
+This is a very extensive family, the members of which differ from the
+other small wasps in having the antennae elbowed, the first segment
+often as long as all the others combined; the antennae may be simple,
+but are often clubbed at the tips, and in the males of some groups
+with the segments or joints feathered or furnished with slender
+branching fingers. The delicate gauze-like wings are traversed by
+very few veins, and the abdomen is produced into all sorts of curious
+shapes, ornamented sometimes with remarkable anal appendages; and the
+ovipositor of the female, though often short, is sometimes much longer
+than the whole insect, and is usually prominent. These tiny little
+creatures deposit their eggs in the eggs, larvae, and pupae of other
+insects, wood galls, and excrescences produced by other insects, though
+a few groups are plant feeders and even produce galls.
+
+Most of them are very minute, and can only be collected by keeping
+infested galls, leaves, eggs and cocoons in jars and breeding them out,
+so that the majority of them escape the eye of the ordinary collector,
+though among the most beautiful of all insects in rich colours and
+delicate structure.
+
+Walker described a number of Australian species in the British Museum
+Catalogue, Hymenoptera 1846, others in his Monograph of the family
+1839, and the Proceedings of other Journals (1863, &c.); but his usual
+locality is simply “New Holland,” and without access to the types
+one would have some difficulty in determining any species. Westwood
+obtained and figured some of our largest; and Haliday others in the
+“Entomologist” 1842; while the few others described are those obtained
+by the zoologists on the various scientific expeditions visiting this
+country. Ashmead has contributed the only modern paper (Pro. Linn.
+Society N.S.W. 1900) on these and other parasitic hymenoptera collected
+by Mr. Koebele and myself. The species in the Genus _Leucaspis_ are
+large thickset chalcids, with the ovipositor curving round and fitting
+into grooves in the dorsal surface of the abdomen. _Leucaspis darlingi_
+was obtained by Westwood from the Darling Downs Queensland (I have
+specimens from Mackay Q.): it is black mottled with yellow, and has
+brownish wings; the hind legs are swollen: the antennae thickened; and
+it measures ½ an inch. _L. australis_ was obtained by Walker from S.
+Australia. Nothing is known about their habits, but _Leucaspis gigas_
+in Europe lays its eggs in the nests of mud-dauber wasps, piercing
+the clay walls with its stout ovipositor. _Trichoxenia cineraria_, a
+slightly smaller black insect, is deeply punctured all over the dorsal
+surface of the head and thorax; the wings are clouded at the apex; and
+the upper surface of the body is thickly clothed with dense yellow
+down, thickest toward the apex. Specimens in my collection were taken
+about Sydney.
+
+The typical Genus _Chalcis_ contains a number of short stout insects,
+generally black, sometimes marked with yellow and brown; they are
+easily distinguished by the globular form of the thighs of the hind
+legs, which are sometimes nearly as large as the abdomen. These insects
+are chiefly parasitic upon the larvae of small leaf-rolling moths:
+_Chalcis vicaria_ is black, with the base of the tibiae and tarsi
+yellow; it is common about Mackay Queensland. I have bred numbers of
+_Chalcis phya_, a small black species with white mottled hind legs,
+from the chrysalids of the lucerne moth (_Tortrix glaphyriana_).
+Another undetermined yellow legged species has been bred from the
+codlin moth pupa. _Eurytoma binotata_, a tiny black insect clothed
+with a white pubescence, has the pronotum spotted with yellow, and the
+antennae and legs marked with reddish brown; it can be bred from the
+galls on the twigs of the turpentine gum. _E. eucalypti_, a smaller
+black species, slightly over ⅛ of an inch, comes out of eucalyptus
+galls collected at Uralla N.S.W. The members of the extensive Genus
+_Megastigmus_ are all obtained from galls; they are more elongate in
+form, with broad globular heads, the males with short cylindrical
+bodies, but the larger females furnished with bristle-like ovipositors
+turning upward often longer than the whole insect. _Megastigmus
+brachyscelides_ measures ¹⁄₁₂ of an inch, and is black to dark brown
+marked with yellow; it is bred from the large galls of _Brachyscelis
+crispa_. _M. iamenus_, originally described from Tasmania, I have bred
+from another gall coccid (_B. pileata_); also a larger light yellow
+species bred from dipterous galls on the Snow-bush (_Aster ramulosus_)
+has been named by Ashmead _M. asteri_; _M. brachychitoni_, ⅙ of an
+inch, reddish brown and yellow, is common in the large fleshy galls on
+the Kurrajong tree.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 44.=--_Hypodiranchis aphidis_
+ (Froggatt). A cynips parasitic upon the peach aphis.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Stilbula peduncularis_ is a remarkable looking insect, with broad,
+rich metallic coppery red head and thorax; the basal portion of the
+abdomen forms a slender stalk with the apical tip produced into a small
+oval club. I have had a closely allied form out of the pupal cocoon of
+the red bull-dog ant.
+
+The PERILAMPINAE comprise some of the largest and most remarkable
+chalcids: _Thaumasura terebrator_ has been described and figured by
+Westwood; my specimens came from S. Australia, and were sent by Mr.
+Blackburn. It is a slender, rich metallic purple insect, about ¼ of an
+inch in length to the apex of the flask-shaped body, which is continued
+in a long jointed tail three times the length of the whole insect. _T.
+femor-rubra_ is a smaller insect with a tail not so long as the body,
+and of a general black colour with transparent wings and reddish legs.
+_Dinoura auriventris_ is a very curious, metallic tinted species ¼ of
+an inch in length, with the apical portion of the attenuated abdomen
+produced into four flanges. I have bred a number of these wasps out
+of the large wood galls of coccids (_Brachyscelinae_), chiefly _B.
+pileata_. _Pteromalus puparum_ is an introduced parasite of butterfly
+pupae, and is common about Sydney, where it infests that of the orange
+feeding butterfly (_Papilio erectheus_). Another tiny little metallic
+tinted chalcid, _Eupelmus antipoda_, infests the eggs of our common
+mantis.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 45.=--_Pteromalus puparum_
+ (Linn.). ♂ and ♀.
+
+ Parasitic Chalcids that destroy the pupae of many species of
+ butterflies.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+About twenty species of the cosmopolitan Genus _Tetrasticus_ are
+described by Walker, chiefly from Tasmania. The allied _Tetrastichodes
+froggatti_ is a very tiny creature, described by Ashmead from
+shot-like galls on the leaves of eucalypts. _Euryischia lestophoni_,
+a larger black insect with mottled wings, is interesting to economic
+entomologists, as it is a secondary parasite of the Cottony Cushion
+Scale (_Icerya purchasi_), feeding on the fly parasite.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The BLASTOPHAGINAE are remarkable little creatures, for there is a very
+great difference in the sexes of the same species; the males, yellow
+or brown, wingless, and blind, are more like white ants in general
+appearance than chalcids. They breed in the interior of figs, and are
+numerous in Australia. Saunders (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1883) described our
+common species (_Pleistodontes imperialis_), found in the fruit of the
+Moreton Bay fig about March. The tiny male, ¹⁄₁₂ of an inch in length,
+is of the typical form and colour; the elongate, shining black female
+(which is figured) is so different a looking creature that it would
+never be taken for the opposite sex of the insect. Their life history
+and remarkable habits have been described in the Agricultural Gazette
+(June 1900). _Idarnis australis_, described in the same paper, is a
+slender, bright, metallic green wasp, with a long tubular ovipositor
+nearly twice the length of the whole insect, which she also uses by
+pressing it down against the fig to jump like an acrobat, as well
+as for puncturing the skin of the fruit. The insect I described as
+the supplementary male of _P. imperialis_, is, Dr. Mayr tells me,
+the wingless male of this species. Mayr in “_Neue Feigen-Insekten_
+1906” states that he finds that my identification is wrong and this
+is not the one named by Saunders but a new species which he calls
+_Pleistodontes froggatti_, and places my _Idarnis_ in his Genus
+_Sycoryctes_.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 46.=--_Dinoura auriventris_
+ (Ashmead).
+
+ A parasitic Chalcid that destroys the gall-making coccids
+ (_Brachyscelinae_) by devouring the females and pupating
+ in the cavity. (Original, W.W.F.)]
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XII.--HYMENOPTERA.
+
+ Family CHALCIDIDAE.
+
+ 1. Branch of Moreton Bay Fig (_Ficus macrophylla_).
+
+ 2. Immature fig attacked by _Pleistodontes froggatti_
+ (Mayr), which are cutting their way into the fig. A female
+ _Idarnis australis_ on the right-hand side of the fig.
+
+ 3. Section of fig, showing insects in the centre.
+
+ 4. _Pleistodontes froggatti_ (Mayr). ♀.
+
+ 5. Cutting plate (mandibular appendage) used by the insect to
+ cut into the fig.
+
+ 6. Point of head, showing beak-like extremity, and the base of
+ the mandibular appendage where attached to the head.
+
+ 7. Wings of _Pleistodontes froggatti_ (Mayr).
+
+ 8. _Pleistodontes froggatti_ (Mayr). ♂.
+
+ 9. _Idarnes australis_ (Froggatt). ♂.
+
+ 10. _Idarnes australis_ (Froggatt). ♀.
+
+ 11. _Idarnes australis_ (Froggatt), Wings.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XII.--HYMENOPTERA._]
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Additional species of CHALCIDIDAE have been added to our fauna by the
+researches of Messrs. Perkins and Koebele (Bulletins 1, pts. 6 & 8
+Hawaii 1905). In the _Encryritinae_ he describes 12 new species, most
+of them bred from the pupae of the Dryinids collected in Queensland,
+but a few from more southern regions. _Chalcerinys eximia_ is only
+¹⁄₂₅ of an inch in length; is of a rich metallic green tint marked
+with black and brassy-yellowish tints, and is furnished with long
+antennae. It ranges from Bundaberg to Sydney. In the EUPELMINAE
+he describes one new species parasitic upon the parasite fly,
+_Pipunculus cinerascens_, under the name of _Anastatus pipunculi_. It
+is a bright metallic green and purple little creature about ¹⁄₁₂ of
+an inch in length. One species of the TETRASTICHINAE, which he calls
+_Ootetrastichus beatus_, has been bred from the eggs of leaf-hoppers
+from both Queensland and Fiji, while another parasite on the eggs of a
+Jassid embedded in the branchlets of a Eucalyptus was bred in Southern
+Queensland. Perkins describes it under the name of _Pterygogramma
+acuminata_, a tiny creature not ¹⁄₂₅ of an inch in length, of general
+brown and yellowish tints.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 47.=--_Megastigmus brachychitoni_ (Froggatt)
+ ♀. A yellow and brown Chalcid, bred from the large fleshy
+ galls on the kurrajong trees.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 48.=--_Coelocyba viridilineata_ (Froggatt).
+ A pale yellow and green Chalcid infesting the large fleshy
+ galls on the kurrajong trees.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+Five species of the parasitic wasps belonging to the MYMARIDAE are
+described from Queensland. They are all tiny little creatures with
+slender feathered wings and long legs. They deposit their eggs in
+the eggs of different species of leaf-hoppers, and some species are
+very abundant. Four species of the more robust parasites belonging
+to the Genus _Aphanomerus_ are also described as egg parasites from
+Queensland. After studying the galls and insects from the wattles
+which I described in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 1892, as
+belonging to the Cynipidae, Dr. Mayr finds that the insects will not
+fit into any known genera, so he has formed the Genus _Trichilogaster_
+to contain _T. maideni_, which forms galls on the branchlets of _Acacia
+longifolia_, and _T. a-longifoliae_, which aborts the flower buds
+of the same wattle into oval or rounded red and yellow galls as big
+as marbles. He describes a third species I sent him, _T. pendulae_,
+forming rounded galls on _Acacia pendula_, and has made the remarkable
+discovery that the tiny wasp deposits a female egg, which forms the
+central cavity on the gall with a second male egg in a small cavity on
+the side of the same gall, so that a male and female wasp is always
+produced from each gall, and he thinks this will be the case with our
+two common species when they are examined.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 49.=--_Ceraphron niger_
+ (Curtis) ♂. A tiny black parasitic Chalcid that infests the
+ pupae of the leaf-mining fly (_Phytomyza affinis_).
+ =49a.=--Head of Female.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+
+ Family 7. Micro-hymenoptera.
+
+ PROCTOTRYPIDAE.
+
+In general appearance these tiny creatures, some of the smallest in
+the insect world, would seem to be almost identical with those of the
+previous family; but Ashmead says: “If the anomalous group MYMARINAE
+are removed there will be no difficulty in distinguishing at a glance
+a Proctotrypid from a Chalcid,” and defines them thus: “In all true
+Proctotrypidae the pronotum extends back to the tegulae, and the
+ovipositor issues from the tip of the abdomen, the sheaths in a few
+abnormal cases being conjoined and forming a more or less cylindrical
+tube or scabbard for the reception of the two spiculae and the
+ovipositor proper.”
+
+Sharp on the other hand considers that this is one of the most
+difficult groups of the Hymenoptera to define; to a specialist of
+course they can be easily separated, but anyone who first takes up the
+study of these Micro-hymenoptera (and bear in mind that we are talking
+about insects, so small that when a collector breeds them out in jars
+he has to liberate them upon a window pane that he may see them against
+the light), he will I think endorse Dr. Sharp’s decision. Besides the
+peculiarities of the abdomen previously noted, the antennae, sometimes
+twice the length of the whole insect, are composed of from 7 to 15
+joints, and in the typical groups, though the first joint may be long,
+it is not elbowed as in the Chalcids, and is seldom branched. The
+wings are delicate, without any nervures, except in a few small groups
+where the veins are somewhat like those of small ichneumon wasps. The
+hind legs are generally longer than the others, and though some have
+the thighs swollen as in the Chalcids, they are as a rule much more
+slender, and the abdomen is usually pointed.
+
+They can be bred from galls, particularly those of small Gall-flies
+(_Cecidomyia_), the eggs of all kinds of insects, and the larvae of
+small beetles, moths, and other wasps.
+
+In Ashmead’s “Monograph of the Proctotrypidae of North America” nearly
+600 species are described, and a number have been added since these
+were recorded in 1893. The Australian species are probably numerous,
+judging from my own observations when studying gall-making insects;
+but very few have been described. Westwood described four in his
+“Thesaurus Entomologicus, Oxford 1874,” belonging to the BETHYLLIDES,
+the peculiarities of which he defines, and figures with coloured
+plates. Ashmead describes another (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1900) under
+the name of _Ateleopterus longiceps_, obtained by me in a hollow twig
+of a wattle tree; a shining black ant-like creature about ⅙ of an inch
+in length, rusty red legs, and transparent wings clouded at the base,
+probably parasitic on the larva of some wood boring beetle. _Sierola
+antipoda_ was bred from the curious bract-like gall of _Cecidomyia
+frauenfeldi_ on the twigs of Melaleuca bushes. A second species of this
+genus was collected by Webster, and forwarded to Ashmead, who named it
+after the sender.
+
+In 1890 Riley described “An Australian Hymenopterous parasite of the
+fluted scale” in “Insect Life” which he named _Ophelosia crawfordi_; it
+is a tiny reddish brown wasp with a shining black body, and the wings
+obscurely barred with smoky brown; it is easily bred from this mealy
+bug, which it greatly keeps in check. _Goniozus antipodum_, described
+by Westwood from S. Australia, is a little shining black ant-like wasp
+which has been lately discovered destroying the grubs of codlin moth
+both in S. Australia and N.S. Wales. The larvae feed upon the outside
+of the grub, burying their heads in the tissue, and when full grown
+spin a loose silken cocoon.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Perkins has recently added a number of new species to this family
+belonging to the DRYINIDAE. In his Bulletins Hawaii 1905, Nos. 1 &
+10, “Leaf Hoppers and their Natural Enemies,” he describes 45 new
+species, chiefly collected by Koebele in Queensland, but some from
+the neighbourhood of Sydney. These curious little proctotrypids
+are parasitic upon the larvae and pupae of the small homopterous
+insects commonly known as Leaf or Frog-hoppers (Families JASSIDAE and
+FULGORIDAE). The adult wasp captures the insect, holding it with its
+curious clawed feet while it deposits its egg in its body; when full
+grown the larva spins a white silken cocoon, from which the active
+winged insect emerges in about 18 days.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_Gonotopus australis_ is a tiny wingless ant-like creature about ¹⁄₁₂
+of an inch in length, which attacks jassids and fulgorids feeding upon
+grass and low herbage. This species comes from Bundaberg Queensland;
+but Koebele has bred a second species about ⅛ of an inch in length, of
+a general brownish colour, from a Jassid collected near Parramatta. The
+curious little sacs or larval bags of these parasites can be readily
+noticed projecting from the sides of the thoracic segments. Most of
+these insects have well developed wings, but, according to Koebele’s
+observations, they stalk their prey when looking for the host for their
+egg.
+
+
+ Family 8. Larger Parasitic Wasps.
+
+ ICHNEUMONIDAE.
+
+These are commonly known as Ichneumon Flies, and the family is a very
+extensive one. They play an important part in the economy of Nature in
+destroying thousands of the moth and other larvae that would otherwise
+strip our fields and forests of their grass and foliage, and they
+are therefore useful allies to the agriculturist; though they also
+often destroy other beneficial insects as well as pests, and thus
+discount their usefulness. Ichneumon Flies are moderately sized insects
+furnished with long slender antennae composed of from 16 to upward of
+60 joints, with the basal one often thickened, but never elbowed. The
+wings are well developed, with a distinct stigma and numerous nervures
+forming regular cells; a few species are wingless in both sexes, but
+these exceptional ones have not been recorded from this country.
+The legs are long, generally slender, and well adapted for running
+about; the abdomen is usually long, rounded or cylindrical, joined
+to the thorax on the under side, and more or less stalked, while the
+ovipositor of the female is characteristic of the group and adapted or
+modified for laying the eggs in or upon the different hosts they prefer
+to adopt for their offspring; when they infest wood boring caterpillars
+that are somewhat out of reach, the ovipositor is correspondingly long
+and the sheath and “tails” produced so as to guide the eggs to their
+resting place on the grub, out of the sight of the parent ichneumon.
+When the species lays its eggs on the back of leaf-eating insects with
+no protective covering, the ovipositor is generally short and stout,
+the tip sometimes so stiff and sharp, that several species are credited
+with stinging people when handled. The little wasp-grub, hatching from
+the egg either deposited on the back or placed beneath the skin, feeds
+upon the substance of the body of its victim without touching the vital
+organs, so that in most instances where the caterpillar of a moth is
+infested, it yet has the power to form its cocoon and pupate before
+the wasp-grub has finished growing; the latter thus finishes its final
+transformation in the destroyed moth pupa, and cuts its way out through
+the side of the cocoon when ready to emerge. Usually, if it is a large
+species, the ichneumon deposits only one egg in its victim, but in some
+of the smaller ones half a dozen can be bred from a single cocoon. Over
+6,000 species of these insects have been described from all parts of
+the world, and in many countries, such as this, the native species are
+still hardly known, and much confusion exists in their classification
+on account of their parasitic habits and the number of different
+hosts that the same species may infest; but now that so many economic
+entomologists are at work all over the world, it will probably not be
+long before they will have many admirers, and a rich field awaits the
+entomologist who takes up the study of Australian ichneumons.
+
+Cresson in his “Synopsis of the North American Hymenoptera” lists over
+1,100 described species, while in Australia up to the time when Brullé
+published his “Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Hymenopteres,” in 1846,
+only one or two had been described, to which he added eighteen species;
+Kirby, Smith, Cameron and several foreign entomologists have added a
+few more; and in Ashmead’s recent paper ten more Australian species are
+described, which makes a very meagre list.
+
+The Spotted Black Ichneumon, _Pimpla intricatoria_, is one of our
+largest common species, having a wide distribution over Australia,
+and it breeds in a number of different moths. It measures nearly 1
+inch in length to the tip of the short ovipositor, and is of a uniform
+black colour with red legs and antennae; the thorax and abdomen are
+ornamented with pale yellow spots, those on the latter oval, forming a
+row on either side.
+
+The Dark-winged Ichneumon, _Rhyssa semipunctata_, is a more slender
+species of about the same length; is of a uniform dull red colour
+except the basal half of the abdomen, which is black with white
+markings on the sides; the wings are clouded with brown, darkest on
+the inner portion. These wasps always follow up the cut worms and
+caterpillar plagues, and destroy immense numbers in the pupal stage.
+
+The Spotted Ichneumon, _Mesotenus albopictus_, is somewhat smaller,
+with slender stalked abdomen and the slender ovipositor turned
+downward: the general colour is black, with the antennae marked with
+yellow toward the apical portion; the head, thorax and abdomen are
+richly marked with light yellow; light brown wings and red legs mottled
+with black and yellow. This ichneumon breeds in a great number of
+different cocoons, and frequently emerges from the oval cup-like ones
+of the “Stinging Caterpillars” (_Doratifera_ and _Limacodes_).
+
+The OPHIONINAE comprises a number of genera, of which the typical
+species are reddish brown insects, with clear wings and curiously
+curved, laterally flattened bodies, broadest at the extremity. They
+are frequently noticed in numbers among the low scrub in the day time,
+and in the summer evenings often fly into the house round the lighted
+lamp. Six species of the typical Genus _Ophion_ are described from
+Australia; but none of the Genus _Anomalon_ have been recorded.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 50.=--_Bassus laetatorius_ (Fabr.). An
+ Ichneumon wasp that destroys the pupae of Syrphid flies.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Bassus laetatorius_ is a well known Ichneumon which has a very wide
+range over the globe, and is not a useful species, for it lays its eggs
+in the larvae of Syrphid flies, which feed upon different kinds of
+plant lice (_Aphis_) and are very useful insects to the gardener. It
+measures about ¼ of an inch in length, with the head, thorax, tip and
+base of the abdomen black, the rest reddish brown with yellow markings
+on the head. The tibiae of the hind legs are very distinctly banded
+with white, black, and reddish brown, giving it quite a distinctive
+character.
+
+
+ Family 9. Small Ichneumons.
+
+ BRACONIDAE.
+
+These are insects with very similar habits but easily separated from
+the large ichneumon wasps by the structure of the fore wings, as they
+have the outer cross veins wanting, thus showing two long outer cells,
+which in the former are divided into two cells. The antennae are always
+composed of more than fifteen joints, and the segments of the abdomen
+are more soldered together. Many of them, like the _Microgasters_,
+are very small, others are as large as many of the smaller true
+ichneumons. This country is probably very rich in indigenous species,
+while we have a considerable number that have been introduced with
+their host insect; but hardly anything has been done in describing our
+species. As far back as 1775 Fabricius named 4 species of the typical
+Genus _Bracon_, to which only three other species have been added,
+though over 500 species are listed in Dalla Torre’s Catalogue in the
+cosmopolitan Genus _Bracon_ from other parts of the globe.
+
+The typical Braconid is usually very small; many of them are no larger
+than some of the Chalcids. Wherever the cabbage aphis or other plant
+infesting insects such as caterpillars are to be found, these little
+wasps can be observed hovering round, waiting for an opportunity to
+deposit their eggs. They differ from the large ichneumons, in that
+while the latter only deposit a single, or at most a dozen eggs upon
+a victim, these often place hundreds in a large caterpillar, which,
+emerging when full grown, form little white oval silken cocoons on the
+top of the remains of their hosts, that are sometimes surrounded with
+a mass of white fibre exactly like cotton wool. After a plague of cut
+worms has passed over a paddock it is quite common to find clusters
+of these little cocoons attached to the grass stalks; these have been
+often sent to me from the country with the information that they were
+the eggs of the plague caterpillars or cut worms.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 51.=--_Ephedrus persicae_ (Froggatt). A
+ Braconid wasp that lays its eggs on the bodies of aphids.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Bracon limbatus_, one of our larger typical species, is found in
+Tasmania, and has a wide range over Australia. It measures about ½ an
+inch from the front of the head to the tip of the abdomen, and is of
+a general black colour on the upper surface, with dusky almost black
+wings, and a red head. The under-surface is marked with brown, with
+the thorax, thighs, and tibiae of the front and middle legs black;
+the three slender curled hair-like tails forming the ovipositor being
+longer than the whole insect. Eight other species of _Bracon_ are
+described, several of which are also recorded from New Guinea and
+New Zealand. Among the introduced species is _Lepolexis rapae_ of
+Curtis, which is parasitic upon the cabbage aphis in Europe; it can be
+collected in gardens about Sydney. Aphids containing these parasites
+are always swollen, round, and apparently dead skins through which each
+braconid eats its way.
+
+Five species of the Genus _Agathes_ are described; they are remarkable
+for their showy particoloured wings, and large size in comparison
+with other members of this family. Ashmead has described a tiny black
+species marked with yellow bred by me from the larva of a Noctuid Moth,
+an undetermined species of _Agrotis_, under the name of _Apanteles
+antipoda_; and a second larger one as _Apanteles australasiae_. In
+his Genus _Microbracon_ he has described a dainty little black and
+yellow creature that infests the larvae of our scale-eating moth
+(_Thalpochares coccophaga_) under the name of _Microbracon thalpocaris_.
+
+
+ Family 10. Ruby Wasps.
+
+ CHRYSIDIDAE.
+
+The popular and scientific names of these insects refer to the
+brilliant metallic blue, green, golden or copper coloured tints
+of their armour-plated bodies, which are also covered with coarse
+punctures, finest upon the abdomen. They are stout thickset wasps with
+short curled antennae and large eyes; the thorax is broad and closely
+attached to the abdomen, the latter composed of from three to five
+segments, the first generally much shorter than the second, with the
+last toothed along the hind margin, and characteristic of the different
+species; the under-surface of these plates is concave, with the tip of
+the abdomen produced into a tubular process, so that when alarmed the
+wasp can curl her body round into a ball, protected on all sides by
+the armour-like integument; and as she lays her eggs in the nests of
+other wasps and bees, and is sometimes caught in the act, this habit
+is probably a wise provision of Nature which enables her to resist the
+sting of the lawful nest maker.
+
+Some of the earlier observers called them “Cuckoo Wasps,” under the
+impression that their larvae, when hatched out in the nests of hunting
+wasps or bees that filled the cells with insects or bee bread, fed
+upon the stored food supplies, but later researches show that, though
+the egg of both the lawful occupant and the intruder may be deposited
+in the cell, the latter does not hatch until the former has devoured
+all the food placed there by his mother and is ready to pupate; then
+the ruby wasp baby comes out, attaches itself to the full fed larva
+beside it, and sucks him dry, pupating in his skin.
+
+Most of our species that I have bred out are parasitic in the clay
+nests of the smaller Mason Wasps, _Odynerus_ and _Alastor_, though in
+Europe many species live in the nests of bees. The perfect insects are
+generally found crawling over or flying round old fences or stumps and
+dead trees in the hottest part of the day. Our species were described
+by F. Smith in 1874 in his revision of the family, in the Transactions
+of the Entomological Society of London; a few others have since been
+added to the list by Mocsáry, who monographed the Chrysididae in 1889;
+and Gribodo in the Annals of the Mus. Geneva, 1879.
+
+No member of the typical Genus _Cleptes_ common in Europe and America
+is recorded from Australia; but two well defined species of the
+beautiful ruby wasps of the Genus _Stilbum_ that has a world wide range
+are described, _Stilbum splendidum_ confined to Australia and New
+Caledonia, and _Stilbum amethystinium_, found also in Asia, Africa and
+America. The great Genus _Chrysis_, which contains over 600 described
+species, is represented here by about 27 species.
+
+
+ Family 11. Hatchet-bodied Wasps.
+
+ EVANIIDAE.
+
+Under the recent classification of this family it now comprises three
+very well defined genera, which have moderately thick antennae, not
+elbowed, consisting of thirteen or fourteen joints; the nervures of
+the wings not so well defined as those of the Ichneumons; and the
+stalked abdomen attached to the upper part of the metathorax. They are
+well represented in this country, and have been chiefly described by
+Westwood and Schletterer.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XIII.--HYMENOPTERA.
+
+ Family MEGALYRIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Megalyra fasciipennis_ (Westwood). ♀.
+
+ Family ICHNEUMONIDAE.
+
+ 2. _Pimpla intricatoria_ (Fabr.). ♀.
+
+ Family EVANIIDAE.
+
+ 3. _Gasteruption sp._
+
+ Family MUTILLIDAE.
+
+ 4. _Mutilla formicaria_ (Westwood). ♀.
+
+ Family CHRYSIDIDAE.
+
+ 5. _Stilbum splendidum_ (Fabr.).
+
+ Family THYNNIDAE.
+
+ 6. _Diamma bicolor_ (Westwood).
+ 10. _Thynnus variabilis_ (Kirby). ♀.
+ 11. _Thynnus variabilis_ (Kirby). ♂.
+
+ Family SCOLIIDAE.
+
+ 7. _Trielus zonata_ (Smith). ♀.
+ 8. _Discolia verticalis_ (Fabr.). ♂.
+ 9. _Discolia soror_ (Smith). ♀.
+
+ Family SPHEGIDAE.
+
+ 12. _Bembex tridentifera_ (Smith).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XIII.--HYMENOPTERA._]
+
+The members of the typical Genus _Evania_ are generally shining black
+insects, sometimes variegated with dull red markings; the head and
+thorax are short and broad; the abdomen has the first segment produced
+into a slender stalk, and the remaining ones forming a vertically
+compressed hatchet-like body. They are parasitic upon the egg cases of
+cockroaches; some with a very wide range have been introduced in
+all probability with their cosmopolitan hosts, while they are often
+found in the house flying on the window panes, evidently introduced in
+the same manner. In the bush the perfect insects are commonly found on
+flowering shrubs in the summer time. About 20 species are described
+from Australia and Tasmania. _Evania princeps_ is of a uniform black
+colour with dusky wings, and is recorded from most parts of Australia,
+Woodlark Island and New Guinea. It is one of our largest species,
+measuring ½ an inch in length, broad in proportion, and furnished with
+very long spined legs.
+
+The Genus _Gasteruption_, which takes the place of the Genus _Foenus_
+in the earlier catalogues, contains 36 described species from
+Australia; as they are rare insects, there are probably many more to be
+discovered. Nothing is known about their habits for certain, but they
+are supposed to be parasitic upon the larvae of wood boring insects;
+I have generally found them flying round the trunk of a dead or burnt
+tree. They differ from the former genus in having the head almost
+globular, with antennae standing out straight in front, and large oval
+eyes on the sides; the thorax is more elongate, rounded in front, so
+that the insect appears to have a slight neck. The abdomen springs from
+a rounded node on the thorax, with the basal segments slender, swelling
+out gradually, and broadest at the tip; the females bear a very long
+hair-like ovipositor. The legs are slender, the hind pair longest,
+with both the thighs and apical half of the tibiae thickened in a very
+distinctive manner. Ten species are described from Sydney; and one,
+_Gasteruption pedunculatum_, is also common to New Zealand.
+
+The Genus _Aulacus_ contains ten described species of smaller insects.
+_Aulacus apicalis_ is parasitic upon the larvae of a longicorn beetle
+(_Piesarthrius marginellus_). I have found as many as fifty, each
+enclosed in a thin parchment cocoon, all matted together in a single
+cavity. This little wasp has a long extended ovipositor, and measures
+about ½ an inch in length; the head and greater portion of the abdomen
+is black, the rest reddish brown, with a blotch of yellow on the upper
+surface of the base of the abdomen; the hyaline wings are tipped with
+black.
+
+
+ Family 12. Long-tailed Wasps.
+
+ MEGALYRIDAE.
+
+These remarkable parasitic wasps, peculiar to Australia, are comprised
+in a single genus containing 16 species, none of which are very common.
+They are all shining black insects; the head short, broad and almost
+rounded, the thorax broad and stout, both very rugose and clothed
+with fine silvery hairs on the sides; the eyes large, circular, and
+very prominent; ocelli small; the antennae composed of irregular wiry
+joints; the wings semitransparent, generally banded with black, and
+the transverse nervures wanting in the apical half; legs long, with
+the thighs thickened. The abdomen is closely attached to the thorax,
+cylindrical, tapering to the extremity, and in the females furnished
+with an ovipositor often more than three times the whole length of the
+insect, looking exactly like three black horse-hairs. These elongated
+ovipositors are used for depositing their eggs in the wood-boring
+larvae of longicorn beetles belonging to the Genus _Phoracantha_,
+and probably others of like habits, which feed under the bark in the
+sap wood of different eucalypts. The perfect insects are generally
+found about flowers on low shrubs in summer.
+
+_Megalyra shuchardi_ is of the usual black colour with silvery
+pubescence; the wings are pitch black and opaque: the whole insect
+measures slightly under 1 inch in length, with the ovipositor over
+three inches. It is found in Victoria and New South Wales, and
+also recorded from Melville Island on the North Coast. _Megalyra
+fasciipennis_ was described by Westwood when he founded the genus,
+in the Transactions of the Entomological Society 1841; and it is again
+figured in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, Insects, Vol. II. It is much
+smaller than the previous one, of similar form, the legs and ovipositor
+reddish brown, the wings hyaline, barred across the centre and clouded
+at the extremities with blackish brown. The male is much smaller than
+the female, with similar wings, but the body is more slender and comes
+to a point at the tip, furnished with a curious bifid anal appendage.
+This is the species we have found breeding from the longicorn larvae.
+
+Six other species have been described, some by Schletterer (Berliner
+Entom. Zeitschrift 1889); one, _Megalyra melanoptera_, closely allied
+to Westwood’s dark winged species. In 1902 Szepligeti (Termes Z.
+Fuzetek, xxv.) monographed the family and added one more; and Bradley
+last year, describing the last new form (Trans. Ent. Society of London
+1905) appends a translation of the former’s tabulation of all the
+known species, seven in number. I have (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1906)
+since added 8 new species to the list.
+
+
+ Family 13. Ants.
+
+ FORMICIDAE.
+
+The ants are among the first insects that attract one’s notice in a
+new country; civilization seems to agree with many species which form
+their nests in the lawns or gardens, and even take up their quarters
+in the house. Within the last decade a small introduced species has
+appeared in the heart of London, and the small red ant, _Monomorium
+pharaonis_, is a world wide pest in houses from Europe to Australia.
+
+Ants live in communities forming nests in the ground, under logs or
+stones, or in dead trees, and sometimes among the foliage of plants.
+These communities consist of winged males and females, and wingless
+aborted females known as workers, the bulk of the family consisting of
+the latter; in some groups there are several varieties of workers, that
+are often called soldiers on account of their great size and swollen
+heads. In those species that are furnished with a sting both the
+workers and winged females should be handled with care.
+
+They are divided into five sub-families, based on the difference in
+the structure of the segments of the body, absence or presence of
+a sting, and a few other minor characters. The leading specialists
+differ somewhat in the sequence of these groups; I follow Forel in
+placing the _Ponerinae_ at the head of the family; and for a good
+classification and definition of the genera would refer my readers
+to Emery’s paper in the “Annales de la Societe Entomologique de
+Belgique,” Vol. xl., 1896. All our species described before 1858 are
+listed in Smith’s British Museum “Catalogue of the Formicidae,” where
+he described a number of new species: Lowne described a number of new
+species collected in the neighbourhood of Sydney in the Entomologist,
+Vol. ii., 1865: Mayr in several papers, chief of which are
+“Myrmecologische Studien,” “Neue Formiciden,” and “Die Australischen
+Formiciden” added many up to 1876. Emery, Forel, and others have
+since added to the list; and in Dalla Torre’s great “Catalogue of the
+Hymenoptera,” published in 1893, all species described up to that date
+are recorded. I have lately (1905) published a list of Australian
+species (Miscellaneous Publications No. 889, Dep. Agr. N.S.W.),
+including all Forel and others have added to our fauna, in which
+nearly 400 species are recorded, without counting the large number
+of races and varieties into which some of them are divided. From my
+own researches I think a great many more will be found when they are
+systematically collected in the tropical scrubs and the dry districts
+in the interior, which as yet have hardly been touched.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The sub-family PONERINAE includes many large or medium sized ants with
+elongated bodies furnished with only one constricted segment or node
+at the base of the abdomen, and the latter terminating in a powerful
+sting. The larvae are enclosed in stout silken cocoons. The Genus
+_Myrmecia_ contains most of our largest typical species peculiar to
+Australia, popularly known as “bull-dog ants,” “inchmen,” or “jumpers”;
+about 34 species have been described, some of which have a very wide
+range. The “Jumper,” _Myrmecia albo-cincta_, forms its nest under
+the shelter of a low bush; it is a low mound with an opening on the
+summit, and another on the side level with the ground; when disturbed
+these ants come rushing out like a pack of dogs with a series of short
+jumps, and attack everything they meet. It is one of the smaller
+species, about ½ an inch in length, of a uniform black colour, with
+only the front and hind portion of the thorax brownish red to yellow.
+_Myrmecia forficata_ is our large red and black “bull-dog ant,” with a
+very extended range like the previous one from Victoria to Queensland.
+They measure up to 1 inch in length, and are of a uniform dull red,
+except the eyes and abdomen, which are black. They live in rather large
+colonies up to 200 in number, digging deep circular shafts or irregular
+chambers under logs; when away from the latter, they form regular domed
+mounds over the nests, which in summer contain the large, elongated,
+oval, brown sacks enclosing the pupae, and often a number of winged
+males and females; the former with small heads and jaws, the latter
+with jaws as large or larger than those of the workers. _Myrmecia
+gulosa_ is of a lighter red colour, with the tip of the abdomen black.
+_M. tarsata_ is our common black bull-dog ant, with yellow jaws, and
+antennae and tips of the legs reddish brown; it has a great habit of
+hunting up and down the larger tree trunks, and drops to the ground at
+the least alarm; when disturbed in the nest, if the first two or three
+are captured, the others will usually retreat down their burrows, and
+not show fight like the other species. Sharp notes the bull-dog as
+forming large mounds (Cambridge Natural History); but I think he was
+misinformed, as the nests of the Mound Ant, _Iridomyrmex detectus_,
+are often confounded with these ants. The Genus _Odontomachus_
+contains a number of curious slender black ants with large heads and
+long projecting jaws; they are more tropical in their range, but _O.
+ruficeps_ and its varieties are found from the Darling River N.S. Wales
+through Queensland to North Australia.
+
+The “Green-head,” _Ectatomma metallicum_, is a common ant of medium
+size that lives in small communities under stones or logs, and often
+makes nests in the dry banks of lawns in our gardens. Though somewhat
+sluggish, they sting sharply if they crawl on one when resting on the
+grass. About 28 species and many varieties of this genus occur in
+Australia; one in New Zealand; and 3 in New Caledonia. The members
+of the Genus _Ponera_ are remarkable for their extended range; we
+have several species or varieties in Queensland closely allied to
+species from South America, Borneo, Europe, and Africa, while three
+are recorded from New Zealand; _Euponera lutea_, a slender pale yellow
+ant with the abdominal segment constricted, lives in small communities
+under stones or roots. It ranges from Sydney to Fremantle, round to N.
+Queensland. _Pachycondyla piliventris_ is a large, hairy black ant with
+large head and rounded body, roughened, and clothed with fine rusty
+down. They are generally found under stones in communities of a dozen
+or so, and when exposed or disturbed pretend to be dead, with their
+legs folded up under the body; they are common about Sydney.
+
+Six species of the Genus _Sphinctomyrmex_ are found chiefly in the
+North. They are somewhat rare ants; I have found two species, both
+small, slender, dull brownish yellow insects living under stones; _S.
+froggatti_ in a vineyard near Sydney; and the second, _S. hednigae_, in
+the New England district under large stones.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The second sub-family, DORYLINAE, comprises ants with the antennae
+placed close together in the front of the head, the abdomen elongated,
+with the first segment forming an irregular node. This group
+contains some very remarkable ants in Africa and America, but is
+only represented in Australia by two species belonging to the Genus
+_Ænictus_, both of which are described from specimens collected by
+Turner at Mackay, Queensland.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The third sub-family, MYRMICINAE, is well represented here; they are
+all small or medium sized ants, with the base of the abdomen formed
+into two small nodes, and the sting rudimentary; the pupa naked and not
+enclosed in a cocoon. Many of them live in very large communities.
+
+The members of the Genus _Meranoplus_ are tiny little brown ants with
+rounded heads and bodies, resembling some of the small wingless female
+Mutillid in shape and habits, for though they form irregular galleries
+under stones or in dry banks, they are generally found running up and
+down tree trunks; when touched they curl up the body and sham death.
+_Meranoplus oceanicus_, reddish brown, is common in N.S. Wales; _M.
+pubescens_ has a very wide range right round Australia.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_Monomorium pharaonis_ is our tiny red house-ant introduced from
+Europe, now world wide in its range; and when once it becomes
+established in a house is a difficult pest to destroy. _M. rubriceps_,
+a much larger species but under ¼ of an inch in length, is bright
+reddish brown, with the nodes very small and the apical portion of
+the abdomen black, and broadly rounded. It is found crawling upon the
+trunks of trees, and has a wide range from Sydney to Cape York. The
+typical tree-trunk ants included in the Genus _Podomyrma_ are much
+larger ants, sluggish in their habits, forming their nests in tree
+stems and always found crawling about the trunks. They are broad-headed
+ants with short stout jaws toothed at the tips; the thorax is widest
+in front, tapering to the narrow pedicle of the broadly rounded
+abdomen; the thighs of the legs are thickened in the centre. _Podomyrma
+gratiosa_, under ½ an inch in length, is bright reddish brown, rugose
+and spined on the front margin of the thorax, with the abdomen black,
+smooth, and shining; it is widely distributed over Australia from
+Adelaide to Cape York. _P. adelaidae_ is a smaller species with black
+legs, and a distinct oval brown blotch on either side of the black
+abdomen; it is common in South Australia and Victoria. _P. bimaculata_
+is still smaller, with the blotches on the abdomen smaller and more
+oval; I have had it from Kalgoorlie W.A., and Wagga N.S. Wales.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XIV.--HYMENOPTERA.
+
+ Family FORMICIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Iridomyrmex detectus_ (Smith).
+ 2. _Polyrhachis semi-aurata_ (Mayr).
+ 3. _Myrmecia gulosa_ (Fabr.).
+ 4. _Ectatomma metallicum_ (Smith).
+ 5. _Iridomyrmex rufoniger_ (Lowne).
+ 6. _Camponotus nigriceps_ (Smith).]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XIV.--HYMENOPTERA._]
+
+The Genus _Pheidole_ is well represented in Australia by 22 species and
+many varieties found in all parts of the country, forming irregular
+chambers and galleries under stones and logs; they are tiny reddish
+brown ants, with a very large headed form of soldiers often four or
+five times the size of the ordinary workers. The winged forms are
+also very large in proportion. _Pheidole bos_ is dark reddish brown,
+the soldiers furnished with very large swollen heads; it ranges from
+Western Australia to Victoria. _P. anthracina_ is a darker coloured
+form, ranging from the northern portion of N.S. Wales into Queensland.
+The members of the Genus _Cremastogaster_ are very small black, brown,
+or dull yellow coloured ants with longer legs, and heart-shaped bodies;
+they live in large communities in nests under logs and stones. _C.
+fusca_ is black with reddish tarsi, and a reddish tint on the thorax;
+it comes from Queensland. _C. pallipes_ and _C. ruficeps_ are
+lighter coloured, found under stones about Sydney.
+
+_Sima laeviceps_ is a very curious elongated shining black ant with
+reddish brown antennae and tarsi, which ranges up the Queensland coast
+to N.W. Australia, and is found crawling about on tree trunks, when
+touched curling its body up like a wasp and shamming death.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The sub-family DOLICHODERINAE comprises a number of small or medium
+sized ants living often in very large communities and having naked
+pupae. The base of the abdomen consists of a single small node
+with no constriction between the two following segments; sting
+practically wanting (rudimentary). The typical Genus _Dolichoderus_
+is represented here by five species widely distributed. _D. doriae_
+is common about Sydney living in large communities under logs, often
+clustered over each other like a swarm of bees; they collect on the
+leaves of eucalypts, upon which the sugar lerp psylla, (_Spondylaspis
+eucalypti_) constructs its larval scales, and suck or lick up the
+sugary exudation. This ant measures ¼ of an inch in length; the head
+and thorax are black and roughened; the legs reddish brown, and the
+flattened heart-shaped abdomen clothed with a silvery pubescence.
+_Leptomyrmex erythrocephalus_ might well be called the “Silly Ant” from
+the aimless manner in which it rushes about with its head stuck up in
+the air, and its abdomen curled over its back. They live in underground
+nests sometimes deep down, but others live under stones; they are
+slender-bodied, long-legged black ants under ½ an inch in length, with
+an oval red head, rounded behind with long slender antennae, and the
+front of the thorax produced into a slender neck. In some varieties the
+whole of the thorax, legs, and head are yellowish brown.
+
+The typical Genus _Iridomyrmex_ contains 18 distinct species, some
+of which have been subdivided into three or four varieties or races;
+most of them are small, except our “Mound Ant,” sometimes known as the
+“Meat Ant,” _Iridomyrmex detectus_, which is the commonest and most
+widely distributed ant in Australia. They construct large mounds a
+couple of feet above the surface of the ground, and two or three yards
+in diameter; they are formed of the soil excavated from beneath when
+forming their network of irregular open galleries; the upper surface is
+pierced with numbers of rounded vertical shafts, up which they swarm
+in countless thousands and attack any intruder, biting savagely with
+their stout sharp jaws and making things generally unpleasant for the
+stranger. When a mound is situated in open grassed country, one can
+trace regular bare roads leading off from the nest, worn smooth by the
+regular stream of ants passing backward and forward day after day. It
+is too well known to need description, but measures about ⅓ of an
+inch in length, and is of a general brownish purple tint, with the
+head light reddish brown. Smith described the worker under the name of
+_Formica purpurea_, and the male as _F. detectus_, so in most Museum
+collections it will be found under the former specific name. Forel has
+made a new variety, which he calls _Var sanguineus_, of the coastal
+form found in North Queensland, with the head and thorax light reddish
+brown.
+
+Most of the other species are small black ants: _Iridomyrmex rufoniger_
+is very common in the bush and in the gardens; a variety which Forel
+has called _domesticus_ is the common black ant that comes into
+the house in Sydney, and is a regular pest in the summer in many
+districts. _Tapinoma minutum_ is about as large as the “Mound Ant”;
+black; the head and thorax deeply pitted and corrugated; the abdomen
+slightly constricted in the centre, smooth and shining. It comes from
+Townsville, N.Q.: a second species, _T. melanocephalum_, taken in
+Cairns, is also found in Samoa and the Tonga Islands.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The last sub-family, CAMPONOTINAE, is a large division well represented
+in Australia; they live in more or less large communities, and with
+a few exceptions have the pupae enclosed in cocoons. The base of the
+abdomen forms a single node, and there is no constriction between the
+second and third abdominal segments; the sting is wanting, and the anal
+orifice is fringed with hairs. In the works of early entomologists a
+number of our ants were described under the Genus _Formica_, but they
+have been gradually identified and placed in their proper genera, until
+we only have about half a dozen still remaining in this genus, probably
+more on account of the difficulty of identifying them than because they
+really belong here.
+
+The Genus _Acantholepis_ is represented by four species all described
+by Forel from specimens I have collected and sent him from N.S. Wales,
+so that their range seems to be restricted. They are all small, reddish
+brown, smooth, shining ants; _A. bosii_ was found under stones at
+Cooma, N.S.W.
+
+The Green Tree-ant, _Oecophylla smaragdina_, found in tropical Africa,
+India, and New Guinea, is common in the tropical scrubs on the coast
+of North Queensland. They live in large communities among the foliage
+of the trees, in nests formed by webbing the leaves together into an
+irregular mass varying in size from a cricket ball to a man’s head. The
+material with which they make these nests is obtained by the workers,
+by squeezing the pupae and using the secretion they discharge. The
+winged female measures nearly ¾ of an inch in length, has a broad
+thorax and large oval body; the worker is only about ¼ of an inch,
+and slender in proportion, but for his size is the most pugnacious
+creature in the insect world; if one damages a nest pushing through the
+scrub, down tumble a swarm of green tree ants on one’s head and neck,
+and wherever they drop they stick their jaws in and hang on, and each
+one has to be picked off in detail. In these forests they destroy an
+immense number of insects, catching the little bees as they come out
+of their nests in the tree trunks, and dragging the small beetles off
+the twigs by main force. I have often seen half a dozen hanging on to
+the legs of a stout weevil, apparently trying to wear him out, for they
+would remain for hours in the same position, and probably succeeded in
+the end.
+
+The great Genus _Camponotus_ contains about 400 described species from
+all parts of the world, of which about 60 are recorded from Australia.
+Most of them are found in open forest country, forming their nests in
+the ground, under logs or stones, or near the butts of trees. Several
+of our common species are known as “sugar ants,” as they come about at
+night and invade the pantry and store room in search of sweets; but
+they are omnivorous in their tastes, and will often come round the
+camp fire at night, prowling about for the small moths that flutter
+round, often rushing right into the edge of the ashes to capture a moth
+when it falls with singed wings. _Camponotus intrepidus_ is one of our
+largest species, varying from black to reddish brown in tint, and is
+thickly clothed with short hair. They form nests in the open sandstone
+country about Sydney, sometimes raising a little mound or producing
+a fragile funnel-shaped structure above the opening leading into the
+nest. The Sugar Ant, _Camponotus nigriceps_, is the commonest house
+species; it forms large chambers under stones or logs in which they all
+cluster together. The general colour is black, with all the abdomen
+except the base dull yellow, but the variations of the yellow and black
+are common; it measures to ¾ of an inch in length.
+
+_Camponotus inflatus_ is the curious “honey ant” of Central Australia
+figured and described by Lubbock in his “Bees, Ants, and Wasps.” The
+naturalists on the Horn Exploring Expedition obtained a number of this
+and other species, described by me in the Zoology of this Expedition.
+The ordinary members of the “honey pot ants” are of the usual normal
+form, but certain individuals of each nest of these species are crammed
+with a honey secretion (probably obtained by the workers from aphids or
+psyllids), until the abdomen swells out of all proportion to the rest
+of the ant; the honey pot ants remain hanging about in the bottom of
+the nests like a number of bottles of honey, incapable of leaving the
+nest; the supply is probably used as food for the larvae. Spencer says
+that the blacks dig up these nests and look upon the “honey pots” as
+great luxuries. The honey is sweet with an acrid taste like the honey
+of our native bees. They are apparently common in Central Australia;
+Miss Ormerod sent me some from England which she had received from a
+correspondent at Kalgoorlie; and recently Mr. Field of Tennant’s Creek
+sent me a fine red species from the far north.
+
+_Camponotus claripes_, a smaller pale coloured species, generally
+makes its galleries at the base of a tree trunk, and has a very wide
+range from Victoria to North Queensland. I found the cocoons of this
+species in a nest at Howlong infested with full grown red velvet mites
+(_Trombidiidae_), which occupied the whole space.
+
+The Genus _Polyrhachis_ contains a number of black ants of fair size,
+most of which build their nests in dead logs, and live in rather
+large communities, but others form small nests by matting the foliage
+of trees together; the latter are confined to Queensland, and are
+generally smaller shining black forms. The true “wood ants” are more or
+less covered with bright metallic pubescence and fine hairs, and with
+the hind portion of the thorax and the node of the abdomen ornamented
+with a pair of slender spines.
+
+_Polyrhachis ornata_ is black, with the thorax and base of the spines
+richly tinted with gold; it comes from Queensland. _P. ammon_, ranging
+from Victoria to Queensland, is clothed with pale golden pubescence
+lightest on the head and thickest on the abdomen. _P. semi-aurata_ has
+both the head and thorax golden, with the abdomen smooth, black and
+shining. _P. laevior_ is one of the smaller tree nesting forms, and is
+smooth and shining without any metallic tints, and the thoracic and
+abdominal spines are very small. _P. turneri_, also a northern form,
+has the head golden, and large well developed spines.
+
+
+ Family 14. Solitary Ants.
+
+ MUTILLIDAE.
+
+Though these interesting little creatures were once placed in the
+Formicidae, and are still popularly known as “Solitary Ants” in Europe
+and “Cow Ants” in America, they are now classified as the first family
+of the fossorial wasps. Unlike the true ants, they are solitary in
+their habits and probably all parasitic in other insects’ nests. Until
+quite recently they were all placed in the Genus _Mutilla_, in which
+about 1,000 species have been described from all parts of the world,
+and about 130 from Australia; the earlier ones by Messrs. Westwood and
+Smith, the later ones by Andre, who has had the great advantage of
+obtaining a great many specimens from Mr. Gilbert Turner, who was able
+to sex the species, add valuable notes about their habits, and give
+the exact locality of the specimens collected. Turner, who was a most
+careful observer, after some years of collecting was not positive where
+they passed the earlier stages of their existence, but told me that he
+believed that some of them were parasitic in the nests of ants. Several
+of the European _Mutillidae_ are known to be parasitic in the nests
+of bees: I have on several occasions dug the females of the smaller
+species out of moss at the foot of tree trunks, and our two largest
+species are generally found under stones in open chambers, while on hot
+summer days both sexes of _Mutilla cordata_ and several other species
+are found running up and down the tree trunks.
+
+The males are furnished with two pairs of dark or semiopaque wings.
+The head is rounded; the antennae curving round; with large eyes and
+ocelli; the thorax broad, but showing the segmental divisions, and the
+abdomen rather short and rounded, without any pedicle; the legs stout,
+and spined on the middle pair. The whole insect is rugose and deeply
+punctured or roughened, and more or less clothed with pubescence and
+longer hairs. The females are wingless, with shorter curled antennae,
+very different in size, sculpture, and even colouration to the males
+of the same species; with the body more elongated and terminating
+in a long powerful sting. Andre remarks upon the brilliant metallic
+colouration of many of the Australian species, which is much more
+pronounced than in those from other parts of the world. He also says
+that they resemble the American species in the fact that they can be
+divided into two groups by the configuration of the eyes.
+
+Within the last few years specialists have subdivided the Genus
+_Mutilla_ into a number of new genera; and Andre places nearly
+all the Australian species in the Genus _Ephutermorpha_, but for
+simplicity I retain the old name.
+
+_Mutilla rugicollis_, described by Westwood many years ago, is
+our largest species, measuring in the larger female over ¾ of an inch
+in length. She is black, very deeply punctured, thickly clothed with
+black and silvery white hairs, the latter forming white patches on the
+hind portion of the head, sides and under-surface of the abdomen, and
+has a dorsal row of five distinct spots down the back. The male is much
+smaller, with somewhat similar but not so distinct white markings, and
+is furnished with dark brown wings, which are hyaline, close to the
+sides of the thorax.
+
+_Mutilla quadrisignata_ has about the same measurements as the
+female of the last species; with blackish hairy covering, except on
+the under surface of the abdomen, and four dark, reddish brown, oval
+spots forming a square on the dorsal surface. Both these species have
+a wide range over Australia. _Mutilla ferruginata_ is a smaller
+species with a similar deeply punctured surface; is of a uniform dull
+rusty red colour, thickly clothed with darker brown hairs; the legs
+and antennae deeper coloured than the body. _Mutilla cordata_ is
+typical of the smaller active forms that frequent tree trunks; the male
+is black with dark wings and slender abdomen, and measures about ⅓ of
+an inch in length; in this case much larger than the female, which has
+a rounded body with the centre of the dorsal surface occupied with a
+large rounded golden blotch. I have found the best time to collect
+these insects is in the hottest part of the day, when they are running
+up and down the larger tree trunks; but they are very active, and drop
+at the least alarm, so that it takes some practice to capture them.
+
+
+ Family 15. Flower Wasps.
+
+ THYNNIDAE.
+
+These handsome flower wasps are closely allied to the members of the
+previous family, as they have similar wingless females of such peculiar
+shapes that, if examined alone, they would never be taken for the
+consorts of the large wasp-like _Thynnus_, with its long stout
+antennae, well developed legs, and large powerful wings. The males fly
+about the flowers of leptospermum and eucalypts, and when captured
+bite and pretend to sting by turning up the tip of the abdomen, which
+ends in a horny, harmless process. Fortunately, when hunted for in the
+summer, most of our commoner species can be taken _in copula_ with
+the smaller female, with which he flies about quite easily; when caught
+the female immediately detaches herself and falls to the ground, where
+she crawls out of sight, so that care must be taken by the collector to
+keep each pair captured in a box by themselves, or else when once mixed
+up it is impossible to determine unknown species. Australia is the
+headquarters of this group, for of about 400 described species, 300 are
+peculiar to this country; the others are chiefly confined to Brazil and
+Chili in South America, with a few from Asia and the Islands. Smith
+has described a great number in the British Museum Catalogues; Westwood
+others; and Guerin those collected during the Voyage de Coquille in
+1830; but as many of these were determined from single specimens of one
+sex, it is certain that when a collection of sexed specimens can be
+compared with the types, the number of species will suffer considerable
+reduction.
+
+Nothing definite is known about the earlier stages of their
+development; I have however obtained cocoons composed of a stout silken
+case enveloped in a thin outer second papery covering, oval in form,
+with a nipple-like projection at the extremity, from which I have bred
+one of our large species. These cocoons are buried several inches in
+the ground like those of the _Scolias_, so that the females, which
+are furnished with short, stout, spiny legs well adapted for digging,
+probably lay their eggs in lamellicorn larvae living in the loose soil.
+
+A number of our common species are plentiful on the flowering
+Leptospermum and Melaleuca bushes, and many of the smaller ones
+may be found feeding upon the honey dew covering the foliage of
+small eucalypts that are infested with scale insects. _Thynnus
+variabilis_, our commonest species, is a very handsome wasp
+measuring over ¾ of an inch in length, and nearly 1¾ across the
+outspread wings; the general colour is brown; the front of the head,
+hind margin of thorax, and broad bands or double dots across the
+abdominal segments bright yellow; the semiopaque wings reddish brown.
+The female, very broad in proportion, is shorter than the male; she
+is reddish brown; the abdominal segments are rugose and blotched with
+yellow, forming transverse bars of rounded dots on the hind portion.
+The antennae are short and curled; the head broad, with a stout thorax;
+and she has short hairy legs. _Thynnus leachellus_, slightly
+smaller, is found in the vicinity of Sydney. The abdomen is broader and
+shorter in proportion; the general tint is black, richly marked on the
+head and thorax with bright yellow, and each of the abdominal segments
+carries a narrow transverse band of the same colour, broken by a dorsal
+stripe of black. The female is much smaller, short and thickset;
+is of a general reddish brown colour; the abdomen is marked with
+yellow blotches and bands, only the last one divided as in the male.
+_Thynnus flavilabris_, somewhat larger, is quite black, with only
+the face marked with deep yellow; the wings are dark, smoke-coloured;
+and the hind margin of the thorax is thickly covered with white hairs.
+
+_Thynnus brenchleyi_ is a type of the North Australian forms; it
+is nearly as large as _T. variabilis_, but has the whole upper
+surface smooth and shining, the hind margin of the thorax and the base
+of the abdomen truncate and fitting close against each other. The head
+and prothorax are bright yellow, the rest black. This handsome insect
+was described by Smith in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Curaçoa, and
+it was said to come from the northern coast of Western Australia; my
+specimens were taken near Charters Towers, North Queensland. A female,
+sent with this species as its mate, is black, marked on the head, sides
+of thorax, and abdomen with yellow, and is furnished with a curious
+fringe of pale buff hairs on the hind margin of the thorax, and along
+the front of the first abdominal segment.
+
+In the Genus _Rhagigaster_ the males are more slender in form; the
+abdomen, elongated and deeply constricted or corrugated at the junction
+of the segments, is usually black, with more or less dark coloured
+wings: the females are very small in proportion.
+
+Among the most remarkable is the “Blue Ant,” _Diamma bicolor_. In
+this case the female is most common; about Sydney I have caught scores
+of females, but so far have never taken a male. She measures 1 inch in
+length, and is of a rich metallic blue to purple colour, smooth and
+shining, the antennae and legs reddish brown. She is furnished with
+a fine pair of jaws and a powerful sting, more formidable than that
+of any ant, and when disturbed turns over on her back and shows fight
+with both jaws and sting. The male, much smaller in size, is black,
+with red legs and black tarsi; the wings are semitransparent with black
+nervures. The whole upper surface of head and thorax is rugose, and the
+insect very ant-like in general appearance.
+
+Mr. Roland Turner is at present engaged in working up the Australian
+Thynnidae at the British Museum, having his own and my collection
+of specimens to identify; probably this combined collection is the
+largest in existence, and contains an immense number of sexed specimens
+collected in the field, as we have both spent a great deal of time over
+these typical Australian insects.
+
+
+ Family 16. Hairy Flower Wasps.
+
+ SCOLIIDAE
+
+These insects are easily distinguished from the Thynnidae in being
+thickset hairy wasps; both sexes are furnished with wings in which the
+neuration is distinct at the base, but the nervures fade out before
+they reach the tips; the thorax is broad, rounded in front, with a very
+short pedicle attaching it to the stout abdomen. The legs are stout,
+compressed, very hairy, and spiny, with one stout spur on the tibiae
+of the middle pair of legs well adapted for burrowing. The males are
+easily distinguished from the females in being more slender in form,
+with longer straight antennae (in the latter sex short, thickened,
+and curling round the sides of the head); and the legs are slender,
+with fewer spines. Several species are plentiful about the Sydney
+gardens and bush, where they can be easily captured on the flowers. In
+observations made by earlier entomologists, their life history seems
+to have been confused with those of the long legged sand wasps, which
+burrow in the ground and form regular nests provisioned with other
+insects and spiders; but the SCOLIIDAE form no true nest;
+the female burrows into the ground or under logs, where she finds the
+larvae or white grubs of the larger lamellicorn beetles, on which
+she deposits a single egg, first carefully stinging the beetle grub
+(according to Fabre, the French naturalist, who studied the habits of
+several European species). The young wasp hatching out attaches itself
+to the helpless grub in such a manner that it does not injure the
+vital organs, and by the time it has devoured its host it is ready to
+pupate, spinning a brown silken cocoon which fits into the cavity first
+occupied by the unfortunate beetle grub; when fully developed it digs
+its way up to the surface.
+
+About 50 species have been described from Australia; Smith listed and
+described a number of new species (British Museum Catalogue Hymenoptera
+1855): Saussure described several in the same year (Memoires de la
+Societe de Physique, &c., Geneve), and later on others in the Annals
+of the Entomological Society of France 1858. In 1864 he and Sichel
+monographed the family: Smith described 8 more four years after: and
+Kirby going through the British Museum Collections in 1889 revised the
+Genera and added another to our list.
+
+_Discolia soror_ is our commonest shining black species; the
+female measures over 1 inch in length, and is easily identified by its
+beautiful, iridescent, opaque, dark blue wings. It may be often seen in
+our gardens on the flowers or hovering in numbers over a dead stump,
+looking for beetle larvae in which to deposit its eggs. _Scolia
+fulva_ is our largest species; the female measures up to 1½ inches
+in length, and is broad in proportion; it is black and reddish yellow,
+but so thickly clothed with coarse reddish hairs that it is more the
+latter tint; and the semiopaque wings are reddish brown. This species
+is figured and described by Gray in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom 1832.
+
+_Scolia radula_ is a smaller black species, under 1 inch in
+length; the head, apex of thorax, base of abdomen and most of the
+under-surface are clothed with grey hairs, but the hind margin of the
+head and dorsal surface of abdomen are clothed with reddish brown; the
+latter is orange yellow above, but marked with black at the base and
+tip.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 52.=--Life History of a Flower Wasp.
+
+ 1. _Dielis formosa_ (Guérin). ♀. (1a.--Life size.)
+ 2. „ „ Larva.
+ 3. Pupal Cocoon, showing opening whence the wasp has emerged.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Dielis 7-cincta_, one of our commonest species, often clustering
+in numbers on flowering shrubs in the gardens, was described by
+Fabricius, and is the male of _Dielis (Scolia) formosa_ which was
+not described till 1846 by Guérin. The male, ⅔ of an inch in length,
+is very slender in form, of a general black colour, clothed with fine
+grey hairs, and marked with light yellow on the head and thorax, with
+five broad bands of the same colour on the body. The female, under 1
+inch in length, is black, with the abdomen marked on the upper surface
+with reddish yellow somewhat variable in its distribution, and clothed
+with reddish brown hairs, thickest on the head and thorax. This insect
+has been found in Queensland destroying the underground grub of the
+Sugar-cane Beetle (_Lepidoderma albo-hirtum_).
+
+
+ Family 17. Sand Wasps.
+
+ POMPILIDAE.
+
+This group is well represented in Australia, and widely distributed
+over the country; about 60 species have been described: several
+collected by Sir Joseph Banks in 1775 were described by Fabricius;
+Smith, in the Catalogue previously noticed, in a series of papers
+between 1862–69 in the Transactions of the Entomological Society, other
+Journals, and a British Museum publication (New Species of Hymenoptera
+1879) published after his death, has described most of our species;
+Saussure in the Hymenoptera of the Reise Novara; and later Kohl has
+enriched our list.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 53.=--_Salius (Priocnemus)
+ bicolor_ (Fabr.).
+
+ Large sand-burrowing wasp, that attacks cicadas.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The typical genera _Pompilus_ and _Salius_ comprise a number
+of large yellow and black wasps with coloured wings tipped with black.
+They have long legs well adapted for running over the ground, and may
+be seen any warm sunny morning hunting about for spiders, with their
+antennae and wings constantly on the move as they rush about. They
+will attack the largest spider whether on the ground or hidden in a
+tree trunk; one large black undetermined species even ventures down
+the nests of the Trap-door Spiders and drags them forth. Sometimes one
+of the larger ground spiders shows fight, and it becomes a duel to the
+death, the wasp now and then being captured by its intended victim.
+They often place the spider in any suitable cavity with their eggs,
+but others form extensive burrows in the soil. _Salius (Priocnemus)
+bicolor_ is one of our largest yellow and black species, often
+measuring 2 inches across the wings, but variable both in colouration
+and size. She forms a burrow as large as a mouse hole, several feet
+in length, with quite a large mound of excavated soil outside the
+entrance; when emerging from the chamber she looks a most formidable
+creature, but unless captured never attempts to attack anyone. She
+sometimes stores her nest with cicadas many times larger than herself,
+which she rides down to their tomb before they are quite dead. The
+young larva is usually attached to the cicada’s breast when hatched
+out; but I have never been able to keep any alive after being dug out
+of the nest. This wasp has a curious habit of flying round and dragging
+a cicada off a branch when it is sucking up the sap; taking its place,
+she calmly stands over the spot and drinks up the sap that exudes from
+the puncture the dispossessed cicada had made in the bark. The members
+of the Genus _Pepsis_ are large black wasps with a beautiful
+metallic lustre on the wings; they are chiefly confined to the tropics,
+but Saussure has described one species, _P. australis_, from this
+country.
+
+
+ Family 18. Smaller Sand Wasps.
+
+ SPHEGIDAE.
+
+Westwood placed these wasps and the POMPILIDAE in a single family,
+but Kohl, while separating the latter, has grouped a number that were
+once ranked as families, under the SPHEGIDAE, calling them simply
+sub-families, thus making this a much more extensive division, the
+SPHEGIDAE proper forming only a part of the whole.
+
+Dalla Torre in his Catalogue treats them as a sub-division of the
+CRABRONIDAE; but Sharp takes Kohl’s classification, which I
+follow.
+
+The _Sphegides_ are easily distinguished by the peculiar structure
+of the abdomen; the basal portion is produced into a slender rod-like
+stalk or pedicle, with the apical part forming a rounded or oval tip;
+they are very active creatures with the habits of the larger sand wasps.
+
+The world-wide Genus _Ammophila_ is represented in Australia by
+four described species; they make their nests in sandy ground, digging
+out a straight burrow with an enlarged chamber at the end, which they
+store with different kinds of caterpillars they capture on the plants
+while hunting; these they sting but do not kill, but though paralysed
+and incapable of motion, remain alive long enough to furnish the baby
+wasps with a supply of fresh food.
+
+_Ammophila suspiciosa_ is a slender black insect under 1 inch
+in length; the thickened tip of the abdomen is dull red. This is our
+common species found all over the western country. _A. instabilis_
+is a larger black species with semiopaque wings and reddish legs; the
+tubular portion of the body and base of the thickened part are reddish
+brown: this one is a northern form found in Queensland.
+
+_Pelopaeus laetus_ is a very handsome black and yellow wasp with a
+somewhat similar shaped body tipped with black; it is very variable in
+size, the largest measuring about 1 inch in length. It has a wide range
+over Australia, and differs from the former insects in being a regular
+“mud dauber,” forming a regular clay nest consisting of a number of
+different cells, each of which is filled with paralysed spiders. It is
+a very friendly insect, often flying into the room on a summer day; and
+will build its nest on the edge of a roof or wall.
+
+The typical Genus _Sphex_ contains a number of fine black wasps
+more or less clothed with silver or golden pubescence on the head and
+thorax, with the slender pedicle at the base of the thorax very well
+defined, and the hind portion of the abdomen almost round or oval. They
+form underground burrows branching out into a chamber at the end, in
+which they store all kinds of different insects, each species seeming
+to have a preference for its particular choice. _Sphex vestita_,
+one of our largest species, has the face thickly clothed with silvery
+pubescence; it is often common in sandy patches in gardens, where it
+hunts for small orthopterous insects, and is particularly fond of a
+species of small brown cricket which lives in the long grass. _S.
+opulenta_ is a smaller species about ¾ of an inch in length, with
+the face and back of the thorax bright silver, and the dorsal surface
+of the latter coppery. About 30 species are described from Australia,
+some of which have a very wide range over the interior.
+
+The LARRIDES are medium sized black wasps with the abdomen not
+stalked, but coming to a point at the junction with the thorax, and
+often ornamented with golden or silvery pubescence forming bands on the
+body.
+
+Shuckard described a number of our species belonging to the Genus
+_Pison_ (Trans. Ent. Society 1837–40), where he gives some account
+of the group. Smith in the same Transactions, 1869, catalogued those
+previously described, and added a number of new species; and also added
+the Genus _Parapison_, containing species from India, Ceylon
+and Australia. The European _Tachytes_, which Westwood says are
+captured in sand banks, are represented here by three species, all
+shining black insects about ½ an inch in length. Saussure (1855), and
+Kohl later have described others.
+
+_Pison spinolae_ and _P. decipiens_ are both black wasps
+with silvery bands upon the sides of the abdomen; the latter are the
+smaller. They are both common about Sydney, and have a very wide range
+over the country; they are very fearless insects, flying into the
+house, and wherever they come upon a convenient hole in the rung of
+a chair, or even a key hole, will set to work and line it with clay,
+forming an irregular chamber, which they store with small spiders,
+deposit the egg, and after closing it up fly away quite satisfied.
+Sometimes they form a row of round clay cells on a coat or other
+garment hanging on a wall.
+
+The NYSSONIDES comprise a smaller group of closely allied
+forms, differing chiefly in the venation of the wings. Smith has
+described most of our species. The members of the Genus _Gorytes_
+are represented by five described species; all small, active, bee-like
+insects with coppery fasciae upon the abdomen; several of these are
+known in the bush as “policemen flies” from their habit of coming round
+and catching flies upon one’s clothes and even snapping one off the
+back of one’s hand; these flies are killed with their stout jaws and
+deposited in their nests constructed in the ground.
+
+The curious, large, reddish brown wasp, _Stizus pectoralis_, from
+Queensland, at first sight might be taken for a _Thynnus_, but the
+distinct form of the body, and the antennae thickened toward the tips,
+show that it could not belong to the flower wasps. It is now placed in
+the allied Genus _Sphecius_.
+
+The PHILANTHIDES are easily distinguished from the other
+groups by the curious rugose or punctured integument which makes them
+look as though coated with armour plate, and the curious constrictions
+or rings between the abdominal segments, becoming smallest toward
+the tip. They are generally black or reddish brown, marked with pale
+yellow spots and bands. With the exception of one species of the Genus
+_Philanthus_ all ours have been placed in the world-wide Genus
+_Cerceris_. I have generally captured them about flowers, or
+flying round bushes infested with scale insects that were throwing
+off honey dew, which sweet secretion has a great attraction for small
+hymenoptera of many different families. Eight species are described
+by Smith and Saussure; there are probably many new species to be
+recorded. Nothing is known about their habits in this country, but
+the European species form nests in the ground, which they provision
+with small beetles; and each species is said to confine its attention
+to a different group of beetles; one uses only small weevils; another
+carries off chrysomalids, and so on with each species.
+
+The CRABRONIDES are another small group, and under the present
+classification all our species have been placed by Smith in the
+world-wide Genus _Crabro_. They are medium sized black wasps with broad
+stout heads and unstalked bodies, generally banded with orange, red, or
+yellow; they form burrows in the stems of plants, which they store with
+captured flies. Five species have been described from Australia and
+Tasmania.
+
+The BEMBECIDES are very handsome, smooth, shining wasps of fair size,
+with broad bodies, rounded and broadly pointed at the extremity. They
+are generally met with along sandy pathways and roads, flitting along
+in front of one, settling on the ground and rising again, so that
+they are easily captured with a net. They make shallow burrows on the
+roadside in which they place flies, which they capture with their
+powerful jaws.
+
+Nearly all our species have been described by Smith in the British
+Museum Catalogue Hymenoptera 1856, and the Annals and Magazine of
+Natural History 1873. Under 20 species are recorded from Australia.
+_Bembex tridentifera_ was described by Smith from Moreton Bay,
+Queensland, but it has a wide range southwards to Victoria. It measures
+just under ¾ of an inch in length; is of a general black colour; the
+face yellow with a black trident-like mark above and two black spots
+below the antennae; the legs yellow lightly marked with black; the
+upper surface of the thorax spotted and barred with yellow, and the
+abdomen beautifully banded with irregular white bands on the 2nd to
+4th segments, with the first and last only marked on the sides. _B.
+vespiformis_ ranges from West Australia to S. Australia, is somewhat
+smaller than the last, and viewed from above is black, with very faint
+markings on the thorax, and a broad white band on either side of the
+first segment of the abdomen almost meeting on the back.
+
+
+ DIPLOPTERA.
+
+The true wasps have the antennae generally elbowed and thickened toward
+the tips, and the eyes notched. They have the wings folded like a
+fan in repose, but can fly well, and have legs and feet adapted for
+walking. Some species are solitary in their habits, and consist of
+males and females only; others live in large communities, and, like the
+ants, comprise males, females, and workers, the latter aborted females.
+
+
+ Family 19. Solitary Wasps.
+
+ EUMENIDAE.
+
+This group is well represented in Australia; they are well known
+to residents in the country from their habit of constructing clay
+nests under the shelter of the verandah or the eaves of the houses.
+They usually appear in pairs, and rapidly build up the structure,
+flying backward and forward with their earthen loads; from this habit
+they get the name of “Mud Daubers” in America, and “Mason Wasps” in
+this country. A number of our species are described and figured in
+Saussure’s “Monograph des Guepes Solitaires” published in 1851.
+
+The Genus _Eumenes_ contains a number of very handsome insects that
+are easily recognised from the basal portion of the abdomen forming
+a more or less slender stalk, and the apical portion rounded at the
+junction and tapering to a sharp point at the tip. They build clay
+nests containing a number of cells, and store them with caterpillars,
+which they do not appear to be able to paralyse in the same manner as
+the large sand wasps, for they are capable of movement after they are
+enclosed in the cell. By some wonderful instinct, the female wasp does
+not deposit her egg haphazard among the wriggling grubs that would
+easily damage it, but suspends it by a fine stalk to the roof of the
+cell in such a manner, that when the little wasp larva hatches out, it
+can safely reach down and feed upon the nearest caterpillar, until it
+has finished the last bit, when it spins a thin parchment cocoon and
+pupates in the cavity which before was its larder.
+
+_Eumenes bicincta_ has a wide range over Australia; it measures
+about 1 inch in length; the stalk is not quite so long as the base
+of the abdomen, and is of a uniform deep orange yellow colour, with
+the top of the head, centre of thorax, and broad band in the middle
+of the abdomen black. _Eumenes latreillei_, a larger species,
+has the stalk of the abdomen shorter and thickened, with the basal
+half of the body from the stalk black. _Eumenes servillei_, the
+smallest of the three, is more slender in shape, has more black upon
+the thorax, and the stalked portion of the body is variegated with
+black. _Eumenes arcuatus_ is a more northern species common in
+Queensland; it measures over 1 inch in length, and is the only one
+with blackish wings; it has a very long slender stalked abdomen. It is
+black, mottled on the head and thorax with yellow; and the abdominal
+segments are barred on either side with yellow, which appear to form
+regular slender bands across, but do not actually meet in the centre.
+
+Two of our handsomest mason wasps belonging to the Genus _Abispa_
+measure 1 inch in length, but are so stout in form that they appear
+much larger; they are black and deep orange yellow, with dull yellow
+wings tipped with black, and the stout broad thorax fits close against
+the base of the abdomen. _Abispa splendida_ has the front half of
+the first abdominal segment black, with the hind portion yellow, while
+in _Abispa ephippium_ the whole of the first abdominal segment
+is yellow. They both build very large, solid, clay nests generally
+containing two rows of cells, about 6 in number, above each other,
+with thick partitions between them; the outer surface is rounded on
+the sides; each cell is stored with caterpillars upon which the larva
+feeds, and finally pupates in a reddish brown parchment-like cocoon.
+
+The Genus _Rhynchium_ comprises about six described species,
+handsome insects not unlike the former in general form, but with the
+abdomen more tapering. _Rhynchium mirabile_ measures ¾ of an inch
+in length; it is of a general black colour, the head marked with,
+and collar of thorax, yellow; and the hind margin of the abdominal
+segments is ringed with slender bands of orange yellow. _Rhynchium
+superbum_ is a smaller insect of similar form and colour, with the
+basal half of the abdomen black and the hind portion rich yellow. Both
+these species come from Queensland.
+
+The Genus _Odynerus_ contains a great number of small thickset
+wasps, that make clay nests of various shapes, sometimes very delicate
+in structure, forming a finger-shaped row of clay cells or rounded
+cup-shaped chambers; while some species make use of a hole in the
+wood or wall and simply coat it over with clay. Australia is rich in
+species, some of which have a very wide range. _Odynerus bicolor_,
+one of our commonest species, is black, with the collar of the thorax,
+legs, and all the abdomen except the basal segment, dull reddish
+yellow. _Odynerus nigro-cinctus_ is of a general dark orange
+yellow colour, with the head and centre of abdomen black. The closely
+allied species forming the Genus _Alastor_ differ slightly in the
+venation of the wings, but their habits are identical; about 30 species
+have been described from Australia, chiefly by Saussure, some of which
+are figured in colours in his Monograph. These wasps may be captured
+round water-holes in the summer months, and may sometimes be found
+resting upon grass stalks in the early morning.
+
+
+ Family 20. Social or Paper-nest Wasps.
+
+ VESPIDAE.
+
+These typical wasps are found all over the world, and next to the
+bees have probably received more attention from the casual observer
+than most of the other groups. Each community consists of males,
+females, and workers, and though the structure of their nests differs
+considerably in the various groups, the social economy is the same.
+The female first starting the nest constructs a stout stalk at the
+apex attached to a twig or roof, and constructs a six-sided cell from
+which the whole mushroom-shaped nest is built. In each little cell she
+deposits an egg from which the legless white grub emerges, attaches
+itself to the roof of the cell and hangs head downward, being fed
+by the mother wasp until full grown with food chiefly composed of
+masticated spiders, when it pupates under a silken cover spun over
+the apex of the cell. As soon as it emerges it sets to work to help
+on the nest, so that the community rapidly increases in numbers. The
+nest of _Polistes tasmaniensis_ sometimes measures six inches in
+diameter. Some confusion as to the identity of this species and _P.
+variabilis_ seems to exist, but from Saussure’s description, our
+common species appears to be _P. tasmaniensis_.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XV.--HYMENOPTERA.
+
+ Family VESPIDAE.
+
+ 1 & 5. Nests of _Polistes tasmaniensis_.
+ 2. _Icaria gregaria_ (Sauss.).
+ 3. Slender nest typical of Genus _Icaria_.
+ 4. _Polistes tasmaniensis_ (Sauss.).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XV.--HYMENOPTERA._]
+
+The widespread Genus _Vespa_, though it is recorded from as far
+down as Java, is unknown in Australia. We have however allied species
+belonging to the genera _Icaria_ and _Polistes_. Those of the
+genus _Icaria_ are the smaller wasps, the largest well under ½ an
+inch in length; most of them are reddish brown, or mottled with black
+and yellow; the abdomen is contracted into a stalk at the base, then
+becomes rounded, with the apical segments small and telescopic, so that
+when retracted it looks as if it were damaged. They all form similar
+nests commencing with the usual stalk, but, unlike the larger
+_Polistes_, the cells follow on in rows, forming finger-like
+nests. _Icaria gregaria_, our commonest species, forms these
+slender nests up to six inches in length. It is a dull reddish brown
+wasp mottled with black on the thorax and legs, with the apex of the
+abdomen lightest in colour.
+
+Some of the members of the Genus _Polistes_ grow to a considerable
+size, and armed with a powerful sting are very formidable insects;
+several of the largest form small stalked nests on the under-side of
+fallen logs; when hunting for insects and turning over dead wood one
+is liable to disturb a family party and find it wise to beat a hasty
+retreat. They differ from the previous group in having no stalk to
+the abdomen, which is very slender at the base, rounded to the middle
+and tapers to a pointed apex. _Polistes tasmaniensis_, our most
+sociable species, is very fond of building her large nest (previously
+noticed) under one’s verandah, or the porch over the door, and is quite
+ready to attack any one when disturbed. It is one of the smallest
+species, measuring under ¾ of an inch in length; is of a general dark
+brown colour marked with reddish brown; the abdomen is irregularly
+banded, with the first basal band finest. _Polistes tepidus_, one
+of our largest wasps, is almost black, with face, tips of legs, and
+thorax marked with dark orange yellow, and the abdomen banded with
+rusty red. _Polistes humilis_ is of an almost uniform yellowish
+brown tint, with the face marked with black. In the Queensland Museum
+there are some very large paper-nests of some undetermined wasps that
+have a regular comb-like structure containing thousands of cells, and
+which are several feet in length.
+
+
+ Family 21. Shining Wasps.
+
+ MASARIDAE.
+
+These curious wasps stand quite alone as the last group of the true
+Vespidae, and are a comparatively small family, comprising several
+distinctive genera containing altogether sixty species found in the
+Mediterranean region, South and North America, and Australia.
+
+They are wasp-like in waist, with the antennae thickened toward the
+tips or clubbed; the wings contain two sub-marginal cells; and the feet
+are furnished with curious toothed or rather hooked claws. The European
+species are known to build nests in the ground, forming a tunnel ending
+in a clay cell in which the larvae live and are fed by the mother in
+the same manner as the true wasps forming the papery nests; others
+construct clay chambers attached to twigs.
+
+Shuckard when he formed the typical Australian Genus _Paragia_
+named it “in allusion to its deceptive habit, which is precisely that
+of a Vespa.” Saussure wrote a monograph on the Masaridae forming
+the third part of the Vespidae published in 1856; Smith has also
+contributed to our knowledge of Australian species in the British
+Museum Catalogue 1857, and subsequently in several papers in the
+Entomological Society of London between 1864–1869.
+
+Seventeen species have been described in the Genus _Paragia_, but
+nothing has been recorded about their habits or life history: several
+are described from Tasmania and New South Wales, but all the specimens
+in my collection come from the northern part of Australia.
+
+_Paragia decipiens_ was described and figured by Shuckard in the
+Transactions of the Entomological Society, 1837; it measures under ¾ of
+an inch in length, and is of a general black colour, with the front and
+sides of the thorax spotted with yellow, and the whole of the smooth
+rounded abdomen of the same bright colour except the base, which is
+black; the wings are smoky brown, with the nervures black. _Paragia
+bicolor_ is a larger insect measuring nearly 1 inch in length; the
+head and thorax are black, and the abdomen bright metallic blue; the
+under surface and sides of the first three segments, and the base of
+the thorax, are marked with bright yellow.
+
+
+ Family 22. Bees.
+
+ ANTHOPHILA or APIDAE.
+
+The Australian region is rich in bees peculiar to the country; and
+while we have representatives of many of the foreign groups, yet
+several well-known genera, such as _Apis_, _Bombus_, _Eucera_,
+_Colletes_ and _Osmia_, though ranging over the greater part of the
+world, are unknown in Australia.
+
+The classification of the bees is still somewhat unsatisfactory.
+Latreille termed them MELLIFERA, honey gatherers, or ANTHOPHILA, lovers
+of flowers: Westwood and others, while keeping this as a group name,
+subdivided them into two large families, ANDRENIDAE, short-tongued
+bees, and APIDAE, long-tongued bees, dividing the last family into
+five smaller groups based upon their different structure and habits.
+The European bees have been since placed under six headings; while in
+Dalla Torre’s Catalogue dealing with the bees of the whole world, there
+are no less than fourteen sub-families. Most of our species have been
+described by Smith, in the British Museum Catalogue, Hymenoptera 1853;
+others in the Transactions of the Entomological Society 1862–68, and
+New Species, British Museum 1879. Cockerell (Ann. & Mag. Nat. History
+1905) described a number of new species of our bees examined by him in
+the British Museum Collections, and added some interesting information
+on species already described; as many of these specimens were collected
+by Turner, Walker, and myself and sent to the British Museum, the
+Australian localities are given.
+
+None of the short-tongued bees store up honey, but form cells or
+burrows in the ground, walls, cavities in rocks, or the stems of
+plants, in which they form a row of cells or little chambers each
+containing an egg and sufficient bee bread for the development of the
+larva. Some of these bees are parasitic, and live at the expense of
+the industrious species, crawling into the open nests and laying their
+eggs upon the food supply of the rightful occupant; these are popularly
+known as “cuckoo bees.”
+
+The members of the Genus _Prosopis_ are handsome, shining black or
+steel blue bees, marked with bright yellow upon the face and thorax.
+With the additions that Cockerell has made to the list, nearly fifty
+species are described from Australia, and a number are common in
+the vicinity of Sydney. _Prosopis vidua_, our largest species, but
+considerably smaller than the honey bee, is found upon the crimson
+flowers of the bottlebrush (_Callistemon_). It has the head and thorax
+black, with a yellow spot on the face and the base of each fore wing;
+the abdomen is bright metallic blue. A smaller undetermined species
+may be often noticed hovering round and entering holes in the soft
+sandstone rocks where it appears to nest. _Prosopis metallica_, a
+shining black species, smaller than _P. vidua_, with face and shoulders
+broadly marked with yellow, was bred out of a row of half a dozen brown
+papery cocoons placed in an empty burrow formed in the branch of a
+wattle tree by the larva of some longicorn beetle.
+
+_Lamprocolletes plumosus_ and several other species of the genus
+frequent the flowers of the Leptospermum. It is a handsome dark brown
+bee, under ½ an inch in length. The abdomen has a metallic sheen, and
+the head and thorax are clothed with fine down.
+
+_Hylaeoides concinnus_ is a very remarkable looking black bee, with
+clouded smoky wings, marked with bright red on the face, and with bands
+of the same colour on the base and tip of the abdomen. I have usually
+captured this bee upon bushes; it bears such a decided superficial
+resemblance to a small clay nesting (_Odynerus_) wasp, that this may be
+a case of protective mimicry. The Genus _Paracolletes_ has been added
+to by Cockerell, who describes twelve new species in his recent papers.
+_Paracolletes crassipes_ was described by Smith from W. Australia, but
+it is common on low scrub in the early part of the year on the Blue
+Mountains N.S.W. It is a handsome black bee about ½ an inch in length,
+with the head and thorax thickly clothed with pale buff hairs, and the
+abdominal segments banded on the upper surface with dull brown.
+
+_Gastropsis (Oestropsis) pubescens_ is nearly as large as a honey bee,
+with curious thickened antennae, slender at the basal joint. It is
+somewhat flattened on the upper surface and clothed all over with a
+dense coat of pale buff coloured hairs, only showing indistinct brown
+bars on the abdomen. I know nothing about the habits of this curious
+bee; it has been described from Western and South Australia.
+
+The Genus _Halictus_ is represented by about thirty described species;
+nothing has been recorded about the habits of our species, but most
+of the European form galleries in the ground connected with a large
+excavation or chamber in which the larvae are placed in cells.
+_Halictus floralis_ is a small bee with a reddish brown body; the front
+of the head, antennae, legs, front and middle of thorax are light
+yellow. _H. bicingulatus_ is black with the legs reddish brown, and
+the segmental divisions of the abdomen light coloured. They are found
+on grass and field flowers. _Nomia australica_, under ½ an inch in
+length, is common on the flowers of the _Leptospermum_; it is a dull,
+metallic blue bee with antennae, labrum, legs, and extreme tip of
+abdomen reddish brown. The latter has a greenish sheen, and is somewhat
+heart shaped, terminating in a fine point. Cockerell has added six new
+species to our list, most of which are described from Queensland.
+
+_Exoneura froggatti_ is a little bee not much over ¼ of an inch
+in length, black with smoky rings, reddish legs and a curiously
+sack-shaped reddish brown abdomen, broadest near the apex, but
+contracted to a point at the tip. I have frequently cut them out of
+small burrows in the dead stems of wattle trees. _Exoneura bicolor_
+is a slightly larger species, with a darker, broader abdomen, and it
+comes from Queensland. Cockerell has added three more new species, all
+from the neighbourhood of Sydney. The great Carpenter Bees of the Genus
+_Xylocopa_ are represented by four species, which are more common in
+Queensland and the northern parts of Australia; but one species at
+least, _Xylocopa aestuans_, ranges southwards. It is of the typical
+broad form with dark coloured wings; the upper surface of the thorax
+is clothed with yellow, other portions with black hairs. _Xylocopa
+bryorum_ is a larger species measuring about 1 inch in length, with a
+wing expanse of nearly two; the whole of the upper surface is thickly
+clothed with golden yellow hairs, the brown beneath giving it a
+greenish tint. The wings are light brown with black nervures, and the
+hairs on the legs and under-surface are dark brown to black.
+
+The closely allied Carpenter Bees of the Genus _Lestis_ are peculiar
+to Australia. The male of _Lestis bombylans_ measures over ½ an inch
+in length, and is of a rich metallic green, with the front of the face
+striped with white; the thorax and base of abdomen are clothed with
+golden hairs, those on the front of the thorax forming a double bar;
+the hairs on the front pair of legs yellow, those on the hind pair
+black; the wings are brown with faint iridescence. The female has the
+face silvery, but no yellow down upon the thorax; the abdomen is deep
+purple; and the wings almost opaque, varying from dark brown to rich
+metallic violet colour in different lights. The second species, _Lestis
+aerata_, is slightly larger, with the stripe on the face of the male
+yellow, and all the legs fringed with yellow pubescence, while the
+female is of a uniform brassy green, with wings light coloured, more
+like those of the males, and only showing a slight iridescence. Both
+species have a wide range; those about Sydney form their nests in the
+dead flower stalks of the grass trees (_Xanthorrhoea_). It begins by
+boring a circular hole 3½ lines in diameter towards the centre, then
+turns downward, excavating all the pith to a depth of about 4 inches,
+and then works out about the same distance above the opening, so that
+the full length of the chamber is 8 inches, with an average of ½ an
+inch in diameter. This is divided off into a row of cells, each about
+½ an inch in length, with a ball of bee bread and an egg deposited
+in the far end; each cell is separated by a stout wad of triturated
+pith. I have never found the centre of the chamber in front of the
+opening closed up with cells, a space always being left unoccupied on
+both sides. The larvae are of the usual cylindrical form, attenuated
+at the extremities, and of a dull white colour, about ½ an inch in
+length, and can be found in all stages of development in November. The
+pretty banded bees, formerly known under the name of _Anthophora_, but
+now placed in the Genus _Podalirius_, are world wide in their range.
+All our species have the head and thorax clothed with a dense coat of
+buff or pale yellow hairs, and the body banded with black and blue of
+various tints. _Podalirius emendatus_, our largest species, is found
+on the northern rivers of N.S. Wales and is common in Queensland; it
+has the head and thorax covered with rusty red pubescence, and the low
+abdominal bands broad. _P. cingulatus_ is slightly smaller, with the
+pubescence pale buff, the abdominal bands much the same; _P. pulcher_,
+much smaller, with the pubescence darker, is our commonest species
+about Sydney. _P. aeruginosus_ has the whole of the abdomen as well
+as the head and thorax thickly clothed with a dull greenish yellow
+pubescence. My specimens of this species come from Mackay, Queensland.
+Five new species are added to this genus by Cockerell.
+
+The Genus _Crocisa_ contains a few very handsome moderate sized bees of
+a uniform black colour with smoky rings, and brightly marked bodies.
+_Crocisa albo-maculata_, our largest species, has the face, upper
+and under surface, and legs thickly marked and spotted with white
+pubescence. It is a somewhat rare insect about Sydney. _C. lamprosoma_
+is a smaller bee with the marks and spots pale blue, those upon the
+abdomen forming a more regular pattern of four well defined rows.
+In _C. nitidula_ the pubescence forms rich metallic blue spots and
+blotches, most brilliant on the upper surface of the abdomen, where
+they run right round the basal segment and form a regular row of short
+bands on either side but not meeting on the dorsal surface. It is found
+in New South Wales and Queensland.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XVI.--HYMENOPTERA.
+
+ Family APIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Xylocopa aestuans_ (Linn.). ♂.
+ 1. _Xylocopa aestuans_ (Linn.). ♀.
+ 2. _Lestis aeratus_ (Smith). ♀.
+ 2. _Lestis aeratus_ (Smith). ♂.
+ 5. _Crocisa nitidula_ (Fabr.).
+ 6. _Crocisa lamprosoma_ (Boisd.).
+ 7. _Sarapoda bombiformis_ (Smith).
+ 8. _Megachile pictiventris_ (Smith).
+ 9. _Megachile blackburni_ (Froggatt).
+
+ Family ANDRENIDAE.
+
+ 3. _Hyleoides concinna_ (Fabr.). ♀.
+ 10. _Paracolletes crassipes_ (Smith).
+
+ Family EUMENIDAE.
+
+ 4. _Abispa splendida_ (Guérin).
+ 11. _Odynerus nigro-cinctus_ (Saussure).
+ 12. _Rhynchium mirabile_ (Saussure).
+ 14. _Eumenes arcuatus_ (Fabr.).
+
+ Family SPHEGIDAE.
+
+ 13. _Ammophila impatiens_ (Smith).
+
+ Family PHILANTHIDAE.
+
+ 15. _Cerceris sp._
+
+ Family VESPIDAE.
+
+ 16. _Polistes tepidus_ (Fabr.).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XVI.--HYMENOPTERA._]
+
+The great Genus _Megachile_ contains the leaf-cutting bees, so called
+from the curious habit they have of cutting circular pieces out of the
+leaves of growing plants with which they line their nests; these are
+sometimes built in excavations in old walls, or dead wood, or simply
+constructed like a cigar under stones. About 30 species have been
+described from Australia; the two largest are _Megachile monstrosa_,
+figured in Brenchley’s “Cruise of the Curaçoa,” published in 1873; and
+_M. blackburni_, described by me from specimens obtained from Central
+Australia by the Elder Exploring Expedition. _Megachile mystacea_, a
+medium sized species found in Queensland and Northern Australia, is
+also recorded from India; it is black, with the head and face clothed
+with silvery hairs, and the whole of the abdomen covered with rich
+reddish brown pubescence; while _M. pictiventris_ has the hind margin
+of the thorax clothed with silvery hairs, the apical half of the
+under-surface with reddish brown hairs which extend to form a fringe
+round the extremity. _M. chrysopyga_ is a native of Tasmania and
+Victoria. I found a nest of this species under a stone in the latter
+State, which could be lifted up bodily without breaking. It was about
+the shape and length of an ordinary cigar, and consisted of about nine
+cells containing the larvae. These cells, like a series of shallow
+thimbles, were enfolded in the outer shell of looser leaf.
+
+The Genus _Coelioxys_ comprises a number of curious bees that in
+general appearance are so very like the “leaf cutters,” that a French
+naturalist having bred one out of a Megachile’s nest described it as
+the male form of the species. They are now known to be parasitic in the
+nests of these bees in Europe, so that the similarity in form may be
+of great protective value to them. They differ chiefly in the form of
+the abdomen, which in the males is produced into forked spines at the
+extremity, and in the females into a sharp point.
+
+I have two undetermined species in my collection from Queensland
+obtained some years ago, but until last year the presence of this group
+had not been recorded from Australia. Cockerell recorded (1905) two
+species from this country; _Coelioxys albolineata_, measuring about ⅓
+of an inch in length, comes from Queensland, and is of the usually grey
+and brown tints.
+
+The last group we have to deal with are the Australian stingless honey
+bees, belonging to the Genus _Trigona_, which range all over Australia.
+They collect quantities of dark coloured somewhat acid flavoured honey,
+which they store up in little jug-shaped cells of dark brown wax,
+forming an irregular comb attached to the walls of the cavity in which
+they have constructed their hive by a network of irregular rods of wax.
+They generally choose a cavity in the heart of a large gum-tree with
+a small opening from the outside, and before commencing to make their
+comb they plaster up all the cracks and inequalities of the chamber
+with the sticky sap or gum of the Turpentine Tree (_Syncarpia_). This
+chamber is usually about the size of a man’s head, and the comb as
+a rule contains not more than a pint or two of honey. This is the
+typical nest found in N.S. Wales, but in the tropical scrubs of North
+Queensland many of them form a small funnel or spout projecting round
+the opening, composed of a waxy-substance an inch or more in length. As
+the green tree ants often capture these bees and are always swarming
+over the tree trunks, this is probably a necessary protection. The
+honey gatherers of _Trigona carbonaria_, our common species, are black,
+thickset little bees measuring about ⅙ of an inch in length. They are
+fearless little creatures when at work, and will allow themselves to
+be picked off the flowers without any attempt to fly. Several species
+have been recently added to our fauna, and though Dalla-Torre in his
+Catalogue places the members of the genus Trigona in the _Melipona_,
+which until then had only contained the allied stingless bees of South
+America and the tropics, Cockerell retains them in the old genus,
+describing a new species from Port Essington, and recording a species
+known in Ceylon (_Trigona canifrons_) also from the north coast of
+Australia.
+
+
+
+
+ Order V.--COLEOPTERA.
+
+ Beetles.
+
+
+This group is the best known of all the orders, for nearly every
+entomologist starts collecting as a “beetle hunter.” They are the most
+frequently observed because they are found everywhere; there is hardly
+a log or stone that does not shelter some beetle; they infest all kinds
+of timber, damage the living trees in the forest, devour foodstuffs,
+stored grain, skins, furs and drugs; others are attracted to all kinds
+of decaying animal or vegetable matter; while hundreds either in the
+larval or perfect state are to be found all through the year upon the
+flowers, foliage, or bark of trees and plants.
+
+Thus they are readily collected, and when obtained are much more easy
+to look after and keep than the more delicate insects, on account of
+their stout horny structure.
+
+Beetles are typical insects in that the head, thorax, and abdomen are
+very well defined, and can be readily distinguished from each other;
+the insect is more or less protected with a stout horny integument.
+But the joints are flexible, so that though the parts fit close and
+the body appears ensheathed in regular armour plate, most of the
+species are very active. They are all furnished with cutting, biting,
+or chewing jaws, and are therefore called mandibulate insects; and
+with very few exceptions have well developed eyes and antennae, the
+latter produced into all kinds of curious shapes in some groups, but
+usually slender, filiform and many jointed. The thorax consists of one
+solid segment, the three portions, so apparent in some insects, being
+soldered together to form one uniform mass when viewed from above. The
+large abdomen is said to contain ten distinct segments on dissection,
+but when viewed from the under-surface generally only five can be seen.
+Instead of the thin flying, or membranous fore-wings of other insects,
+the first pair in the beetles are transformed into two horny plates
+completely covering the dorsal surface of the abdomen and called the
+elytra. When at rest they fit close together over the back, but can
+be readily opened out in flight. Though of little use in flying, they
+probably assist a large heavy beetle in balancing or steering through
+the air, and always cover the two large pointed membranous hind flying
+wings, which when not in use are folded up beneath them. In some
+beetles the elytra are not divided, but form a solid shield; and the
+hind wings are wanting, or if they exist are simple pads. The various
+families have the head, mouth parts, and legs admirably adapted to
+their different habits and diet.
+
+Their larvae are also as variable in form as the perfect insects; many
+are active, slender grubs with three pairs of legs, and large powerful
+jaws, as in the carnivorous species; elongate cylindrical jointed
+creatures with scaly heads, or short and wrinkled grubs like the wood
+borers; others quite slug-like feed upon the surface of the foliage;
+and a few are clothed with fine hairs.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 54.=--Diagram of a Water-Beetle,
+ showing the Dorsal surface.
+
+ 1, Labrum; 2, clypeus; 3, head; 4, prothorax; 5, maxillary
+ palpus; 6, antennae; 7, eyes; 8, elytron; 9, wings; 10,
+ scutellum; 11, abdominal segments; 12, scutellum of the
+ metathorax; 13, claws of the feet or the fore leg; 14, tarsus;
+ 15, tibia; 16, femur; 17, middle leg; 18, spines or spurs on
+ tibia; 19, tarsus; 20, hind leg.
+
+ (Redrawn from Westwood [Griffiths’ Animal Kingdom].)]
+
+In the pupal state, for all beetles undergo a complete metamorphosis,
+they are inactive, mummy-like creatures showing the outlines of the
+future beetle, with the wings, antennae, and legs closely folded down,
+and the whole enveloped in a thin membrane. Some form regular cocoons
+from the material among which they feed; others seal up at both ends
+the cavity in which they have been feeding before they pupate; but many
+do not even take this precaution.
+
+The classification of the Coleoptera has been undertaken by many
+entomologists. In Gemminger and Harold’s great Catalogue of the
+Coleoptera, seventy-five families were enumerated; Sharp has recently
+adopted eighty, but when it comes to the larger sub-divisions none
+of them agree. Westwood in his Classification has an alarming array
+of sections, tribes, stirps, and sub-families: Kirby gives fourteen
+sections in his Text Book; while Sharp simplifies the matter by forming
+six series, some of them on the old lines, but his third series is
+apparently more of a dumping ground than anything else for those that
+will not fit into the other five, for it includes such dissimilar
+families as the Staphylinidae, Buprestidae, Coccinellidae and many
+others.
+
+As Masters’ Catalogue of the Described Coleoptera of Australia is the
+list used by all Australian collectors, I shall follow his grouping
+of the families (originally based on that of Gemminger and Harold),
+defining the groups of each important or distinct family, though
+through want of space many of them can be only briefly noticed.
+
+There have been so many describers of Australian beetles, that their
+names alone would take some enumerating; so that I propose to omit them
+here and notice them later on when dealing with the families upon which
+they have worked. Australia is rich in large and handsome specimens,
+which attracted the attention of the colonists at a very early date
+in the history of the country, and quite a number of collections were
+made and the specimens forwarded to England. Most of the exploring
+expeditions that traversed the back country had a collector of some
+sort on their staff, and it was usually beetles that formed the bulk of
+the entomological specimens obtained. Again the Scientific Exploring
+Ships, fitted out by our own and foreign countries, that visited the
+different ports, collected many zoological specimens, so that many
+of our larger beetles were known and described many years ago. Over
+7,200 are listed in Masters’ Catalogue, and since its publication some
+thousands have been added to our list.
+
+
+ Family 1. Tiger Beetles.
+
+ CICINDELIDAE.
+
+This family is well represented in Australia by about forty-five
+species, chiefly described by Macleay (Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W. 1871),
+and later on (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1887–8); and Count Castelnau
+(Trans. Royal Soc. Victoria). The typical Tiger Beetles are slender
+graceful insects, with broad short heads, furnished with large
+projecting eyes, and great powerful jaws; the thorax is produced into a
+cylindrical neck; and the short rounded elytra cover large wings.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 55.=--_Megacephala cylindrica_
+ (Macleay).
+
+ The Metallic Green Tiger Beetle.
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+The larvae are elongated creatures, with large curving jaws; they
+live in burrows in the ground, generally in the vicinity of a
+waterhole or creek where there is a sandy shore; here they remain
+hidden during the day, and come out at night to capture and devour
+the less powerful insects they come across. One of our largest and
+most handsome species is _Megacephala cylindrica_, found in the
+western country, where it hides deep down in the cracks of the soil;
+it lives chiefly upon ants. It measures over ¾ of an inch in length,
+and is of a rich metallic green colour: the mouth, antennae and legs
+are brownish yellow. A second species, _M. frenchi_, has been
+recently described by Sloane, and ranges from North West Queensland
+into Western Australia. The Genus _Tetracha_ contains a number
+of handsome, shorter, broad-bodied Tiger Beetles with green metallic
+tints and reddish brown or yellow legs, and similar coloured markings
+on the wing covers. They form burrows, like their larvae, along the
+sandy margins of rivers and water-holes, coming out and running along
+the water’s edge at twilight, and often flying into the lamp at night.
+_Tetracha australis_ has a wide range from the Murray river to the
+interior; I have dug them out of the sand round an artesian bore near
+the Queensland border. It is smaller than the previously described
+one, which it somewhat resembles in general colour, but can be easily
+distinguished by the larger jaws, shorter body, and the elytra tipped
+with yellow near the apex.
+
+_T. australasiae_ and _T. hopei_ are smaller species, dull
+green, marked with reddish brown on the wing covers; they are found in
+North West Australia, while several other species are recorded from
+Queensland.
+
+The _Cicindela_ are not common about Sydney; two species, however,
+are to be found; _Cicindela ypsilon_, about ½ an inch long, is
+so named from the dark markings on the cream-coloured wing cases
+resembling the Greek E; they are to be found running about on the
+seashore in hundreds in midsummer, and can easily be caught by throwing
+a handful of sand over them: though so numerous, I have never been able
+to find their larvae. In captivity one ate raw beef quite readily,
+burying its jaw in the strange food and sucking up the juice.
+
+_C. circumcincta_ is a smooth, dark green beetle with the outer
+edges of the wing covers marked with yellow; it is sometimes taken
+about Sydney, but is not very common.
+
+The smallest Australian species is _C. tenuicollis_, described
+by Macleay from specimens I collected on a sandy flat near the
+Barrier Ranges in N.W. Australia; it is a rich, metallic red insect
+with slender legs and small thorax. On a sandy road near Cairns, N.
+Queensland, several small species were so plentiful that they often
+flew up in clouds, and I have taken scores in half an hour with a
+butterfly net.
+
+The tropical Genus _Distypsidera_ is represented by about a dozen
+species, chiefly confined to North Queensland, where they hunt over the
+stems of trees; when approached they run round the trunk to keep out of
+sight; they are broader and more thickset than the _Cicindela_,
+and their eyes are very large and prominent; _D. flavicans_ is the
+only one that comes down as far as Northern N.S. Wales.
+
+The researches of Hacker in North Queensland have added several new and
+interesting species of Tiger Beetles from the Coen River, some of which
+are closely allied to New Guinea forms.
+
+
+ Family 2. Carnivorous Ground Beetles.
+
+ CARABIDAE.
+
+These are broader and thicker set than the Cicindelidae, varying in
+size from several inches to a line in length; the head is smaller than
+the thorax; and most of them are black or reddish brown, while others
+are richly marked with metallic tints.
+
+They are most numerous in open forest country, hiding under logs or
+stones during the day and hunting over the ground at night: when camped
+in the bush, where logs are plentiful, the entomologist can often trap
+many interesting species by sinking empty tins into the soil, into
+which they readily tumble.
+
+The larvae are slender creatures with three pairs of simple legs; their
+bodies are protected with stout horny plates, and the head is furnished
+with large powerful jaws; they are found in the same situations as the
+adult beetles, and devour all kinds of insects that they can capture;
+the larger ones even eat small frogs. This family has been divided
+into a great number of sub-families which it is hardly necessary to
+enumerate here.
+
+Australia is very rich in _Carabidae_; over 1,600 species have been
+described. Chaudoir described many in Russian and Belgian; Newman,
+Westwood, Pascoe, Hope, and Bates in English; Castelnau, Macleay,
+and Sloane in Australian scientific journals; so that the literature
+dealing with these beetles is very scattered, but the references can be
+found in Masters’ Catalogue.
+
+_Calosoma schayeri_ is our type of this cosmopolitan genus. They live
+in cavities in cultivated fields, and are very useful insects where
+numerous, for they devour the larvae and pupae of many species of
+cut-worms. It measures about 1 inch in length, has a small head, narrow
+rounded thorax, and very broad, short, rounded abdomen; the whole is
+bright metallic green. It has a wide range over Australia, and may
+sometimes be even taken in the Sydney streets.
+
+The Genus _Pamborus_ contains many distinctive black beetles, some of
+which are marked with coppery green tints; they measure up to 1 inch
+in length, and are broad in proportion. When captured, many of them
+discharge an acrid fluid or gas that stains the fingers reddish brown.
+
+_Pamborus viridis_ is black, with the wing covers thickly ridged with
+parallel punctured striae marked with green.
+
+_P. alternans_ is a larger beetle, 1¼ inches long, with the same
+small head, and rounded thorax tapering and narrow behind; the
+coppery-tinted elytra have very broad parallel ridges.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 56–59.=--Typical Carabidae.
+
+ 56. _Helluo costatus_ (Bonelli). The Desert-Carab.
+ 58. _Hyperion schroetteri_ (Schreib.). The Forest-Carab.
+ 57. _Trichosternus renardi_ (Chaud.). The Scrub-Carab.
+ 59. _Catadromus australis_ (Casteln.). The Swamp-Carab.
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+_Drypta australis_ is a small beetle about 5 lines in length; it has a
+pointed head, large projecting eyes, and the thorax forms a cylindrical
+neck hardly broader than the head; the wing covers do not quite cover
+the tip of the abdomen. In general colour it is yellowish brown, with
+the antennae, legs, a broad stripe down the centre and the edges of
+the wing covers dark purple to black; the wing covers are very finely
+striated and punctured. They live on the edges of swamps, and sometimes
+fly into the lamp at night.
+
+A beetle with a very wide range is _Helluo costatus_; it is a medium
+sized brown beetle; the head and thorax are about the same length, the
+latter rounded on either side in front but narrowed behind; the wing
+covers are flattened, broadly ridged, and not reaching to the tip of
+the abdomen.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 60.=--_Pheropsophus
+ verticalis_ (Dejean).
+
+ The Yellow Bombardier Beetle which discharges an acrid gas
+ when disturbed.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+Our Common “Bombardier Beetle,” _Pheropsophus verticalis_, is another
+widely distributed species; it measures over ½ an inch in length, and
+is of a general dark brown tint, with the head, antennae, and thorax
+dull yellow; the wing covers, which do not reach to the tip of the
+abdomen, are blotched on either side and the tip with the same colour.
+It can be found in any damp spot under stones or logs; and as soon
+as disturbed, it discharges a small cloud of vapour with a distinct
+report, and which feels quite warm to the fingers.
+
+The Genus _Scopodes_ contains a number of tiny beetles that are common
+on the plains and about crabholes and swamps.
+
+_Scopodes sigillatus_ has the wing covers roughened, and measures about
+2 lines in length; with its large projecting eyes it might be mistaken
+for a small Tiger Beetle.
+
+We now come to a group, PSEUDOMORPHIDES, comprising a number of genera
+that live under the loose bark on tree trunks; they have adapted
+themselves to their confined hiding places, so that they have become
+flattened and rounded, and even remarkable in colouration; and so,
+unless a collector carefully examines them, he would never at first
+sight think of including them among the Carabidae.
+
+The Genus _Silphomorpha_, in which over 40 species have been described,
+are yellow and black, or yellow and brown beetles up to ½ an inch in
+length; all their parts fit close together into a convex or oval form
+very like some of the water-beetles.
+
+_Silphomorpha colymbetoides_ and _S. nitiduloides_ are found about
+Sydney. The first has the head and thorax reddish brown, the elytra
+pale yellow broadly blotched in the centre with black: the second, much
+larger (¼ of an inch in length) is blackish, and the centre only of
+each wing cover blotched with dull yellow.
+
+The members of the Genus _Adelotopus_ are mostly black, narrow, and
+shield-shaped, with the tips of the wing covers truncated; while in
+_Philophloeus_, though very thin and flattened, they have the head
+and thorax well divided from the broad abdomen; and are dull yellow,
+striped, and barred with darker brown.
+
+Turning from these we come to the giant of all our carabs, _Hyperion
+schroetteri_, which lives in cavities in tree trunks, where it is often
+found by splitters in the red gum forests in Victoria and N.S. Wales. I
+have taken it at night round the camp fire on the Murray frontage. It
+is shining black, and measures 2½ inches in length, but being narrow
+in proportion it appears much longer than it really is; while with its
+large elongate head and immense jaws it is a very formidable-looking
+creature.
+
+The next in order is a large and interesting group, the SCARITIDES,
+which are not only wingless, but have the wing covers soldered together
+into one solid armour plate; their legs are adapted for digging, and
+many of them live in underground tunnels of considerable length. In
+most species the head, armed with large powerful jaws, fits close into
+the thorax, so that they move together; and in some groups the insect
+appears to be formed only of two parts, for the head and thorax taken
+together are as long and broad as the abdomen. After a heavy fall of
+rain in the interior, some species may be found in numbers under logs
+and stones, driven out of their holes and deep burrows. They are much
+sought after by collectors; and Macleay, Blackburn, and Sloane have
+described a number of curious species.
+
+_Eutoma tinctilatum_, found about Sydney, and typical of the elongate
+slender Scaritides, was described by Newman many years ago, and figured
+by Westwood in his “Arcana Entomologica 1841”; it is a shining black
+beetle about 8 lines in length.
+
+_Carenum bonelli_, the commonest Sydney species of this genus, measures
+about ¾ of an inch and is broad in proportion; it is black, with bright
+metallic green tints on thorax and elytra.
+
+The members of the Genus _Philoscaphus_ are short and broad, with the
+elytra covered with rows of warts.
+
+_P. tuberculatus_ has a wide range over the western country; it
+measures over 1 inch in length; is black; the head and thorax are
+broader than the body; the latter oval, with the elytra finely rugose.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 61.=--_Euryscaphus lobicollis_
+ (Sloane).
+
+ The Great Ground Scaritid Beetle, found in the interior.]
+
+The Genus _Euryscaphus_ contains the giants of the group.
+
+_Euryscaphus titanus_, a shining black beetle, is nearly 2 inches
+in length, and measures ¾ of an inch across the elytra; while _E.
+lobicollis_, a smaller beetle, has the body still broader in proportion
+to its size; both these and several other fine species are not uncommon
+on the Western Australian goldfields about Kalgoorlie.
+
+The allied CLIVINIDES, recently monographed by Sloane (Proc. Linn.
+Soc. N.S.W. 1896) are like elongate miniature Carenums furnished with
+dilated fore-legs adapted for digging; they are generally taken along
+the edges of swamps and watercourses under logs or the debris on the
+soft mud. They are world wide in their distribution, and are most
+plentiful in the warmer portions of the globe: Australia is rich in
+species: Sloane lists 55 species in his paper.
+
+_Clivina basalis_ has a wide range over S. Australia, Victoria, and
+N.S. Wales; it measures ¼ inch; is black, with the basal portion of the
+elytra and the legs red.
+
+_C. australasiae_, slightly larger, is all black; it has a similar
+range, and is also recorded from New Zealand and Lord Howe Island.
+
+The next group comprise the typical _Chlaenius_; they are rather
+long-legged beetles with a small head and somewhat heart-shaped
+thorax forming a slight neck behind, and with a broad, oval, convex
+abdomen. They are active beetles, generally found under stones or wood
+near water-holes; many of them have a greenish dull metallic tint.
+_Chlaenius puncticeps_ is black, with the legs and an irregular blotch
+at the apical half of each wing cover dull yellow. _C. maculifer_, from
+Queensland, is smaller; _C. laeteviridis_ is dull green with the edges
+of the wing covers yellow; _C. marginatus_ is a larger and brighter
+green beetle with the wing covers marked with yellow in a similar
+manner.
+
+_Promecoderus concolor_, typical of the genus, is a shining black
+beetle about ½ inch in length, of a curious cylindrical shape with
+the head turned down in front. These beetles are found all over the
+interior in dry country under stones or logs. The allied Genus _Parroa_
+was formed by Castelnau for several curious beetles taken in the
+interior near the Paroo River. _Parroa noctis_, from Kalgoorlie, W.A.,
+measures over 1 inch in length, and is a rounded solid-looking black
+beetle. The bulk of the species once included in the Genus _Harpalus_
+is now divided up into a number of groups; most of the small black
+carabs running about in the suburban gardens in the early summer belong
+to this division.
+
+The FERONIDES comprise a number of our largest carabs: _Catadromus
+australis_ measures nearly 2 inches in length, is broad in proportion;
+it is shining black with the wing covers broadly ridged, and their
+margins and the hind portion of the thorax richly marked with bright
+metallic green. _C. lacordairei_ is smaller, and similar in general
+form, with the thorax smaller and the metallic colouration on the
+thorax running right round to the hind margin of the head. Both these
+beetles are found along the edges of swamps and lagoons in the Murray
+country living under dead logs, where their black banded larvae may
+also be found, sometimes feasting on small frogs.
+
+All the beetles known under the Genera _Homalosoma_ and _Trichisternus_
+have been placed in the new Genus _Castelnaudia_ by the Russian
+entomologist Tschitscherini, as both the former names were
+preoccupied. This group contains many large handsome beetles, chiefly
+confined to our coastal forest country, where they live under dead logs.
+
+_Castelnaudia renardi_ is one of the common species in the Tweed River
+scrubs; it measures 1½ inches in length; is black with the parallel
+striae on the elytra widely apart; the head very large, is turned down
+and furnished with long powerful jaws.
+
+_C. imperiale_, from Southern Queensland, is a very handsome species;
+it is about the same size as the former but has the thorax and elytra
+more flattened; and the head, thorax, and margins of the wing covers
+are rich metallic green.
+
+In November I took several specimens on the top of Mt. Tambourine,
+S. Queensland, under deeply buried logs by the roadside, where they
+live in broad excavated galleries; in two nests I found three larvae
+and eggs. The former, probably by their size only a few weeks old,
+were elongate, flattened, light brown to ochreous coloured creatures,
+with the head and dorsal surface of segments chocolate brown. The
+head is broader than long, flattened, and furnished with long curved
+brown jaws, and has also a stout incurved tooth near the base of
+each jaw. They were very active creatures and lived for over a month
+in captivity. The eggs were dull yellow, ⅜ of an inch long, broadly
+rounded, and were enclosed in a thin clay shell like the rind of an
+orange.
+
+The Genus _Notonomus_ has been recently revised by Sloane (Pro. Linn.
+Soc. N.S.W. 1902); in this paper he enumerated 72 species, a number of
+them previously undescribed. These beetles are apterous, and confined
+to the coastal forests of Eastern Australia. Sloane says: “From the
+Grampians in Western Victoria, along the coast of Eastern Australia as
+far north as the Burnett River in Queensland, and many species are very
+restricted in their range.”
+
+_Notonomus australasiae_ is one of the commonest species around Sydney;
+it measures under ¾ of an inch in length, and is of a uniform black
+colour; the broad thorax is arcuate behind the head, swelling out and
+broadly rounded on the sides; it has a rich blue metallic tint, and
+a distinct medium suture; the wing covers are distinctly striated,
+forming broad parallel ridges.
+
+Passing over a number of more or less important genera we finish with
+the Genus _Bembidium_, which contains a number of small active beetles
+generally found along the edges of swamps.
+
+_B. ocellatum_ is a shining black beetle under ⅙ of an inch in length,
+with a broad head, and the thorax rounded on the hind margin.
+
+
+ Family 3. Water Beetles.
+
+ DYTISCIDAE.
+
+This group contains the first division of the Water Beetles; these have
+the antennae bare and filiform; short palpi and undivided eyes; the
+legs fringed with hairs, the front pair not longer than the hind pair,
+adapted for swimming. They live in the water both in the larval and
+beetle stage; the former are slender, elongate creatures, with a body
+consisting of twelve segments; the head is broad and furnished with
+powerful hollow jaws; they are very voracious creatures, devouring all
+sorts of aquatic insects, and even the smaller and weaker of their own
+species. When full grown they pupate in cells which they form in the
+soft mud.
+
+These beetles are perfectly at home in the water, and breathe by coming
+to the surface; turning head downwards, and with the tip of the wing
+covers slightly raised, they draw in a supply of air which occupies a
+cavity on the back, and when the elytra are closed down, the beetle can
+remain under water until the supply is exhausted. Many species can be
+easily captured in the water with a small hand-net; on a warm summer
+night numbers leave the water and come flying in to the lighted lamps.
+Many are very small, few over ½ an inch in length; they are quite as
+numerous in the colder waters of the globe as in the tropics, and many
+species have a very wide distribution.
+
+We have representatives of most of the typical genera; our species have
+been described by Clark (Journal of Entomology 1862), and Sharp (Trans.
+Dublin Soc. 1882).
+
+The members of the Genus _Bidessus_ are small, brown, boat-shaped
+beetles not much over ½ an inch in length; about 18 species are
+listed in Masters’ Catalogue; _Bidessus bistrigatus_ has the head
+marked with black and the wing covers clouded with dark brown; it
+has a wide range over Australia. _Antiphorus gilberti_ is more than
+twice the size, has the wing covers mottled, and is common in the
+waters of Victoria and South Australia. _Macroporus howetti_ is dark
+brown, more shining and slightly larger, the dark markings forming
+two irregular black bands connected by a dorsal stripe. _Hydroporus
+collaris_, from the north-west coast of Australia, measures under 2
+lines in length; it is all black with the dorsal surface convex and
+finely rugose. _Platynectis 10-punctata_ was described by Fabricius
+at a very early date from Australia; it is common along the edges of
+the Murray lagoons, where it is to be found in the soft mud under the
+water-weeds. It is a smooth, shining black beetle, with very convex
+wing covers. _Rhantus pubescens_ is an oval beetle, under ½ an inch
+in length, of a dull brown colour, with the whole of the wing covers
+granulated with black. _Colymbetes lanceolatus_ is a more elongate
+insect of a similar brown colour, the back of the head and wing covers
+marked with irregular parallel black lines, thickest in the middle.
+_Copelatus acuductus_ is a larger shining black beetle, typical of the
+genus, of which about twenty species are described from this country.
+
+_Cybister tripunctatus_ is one of our largest species; it measures over
+1 inch, and is broad and flattened in proportion; it is of a blackish
+or dark olive colour, margined right round from the front of the head
+to the tips of the wing covers with a dull yellow stripe. As children
+we often pulled these beetles out of the water hanging on to the bait
+used for catching crayfish, and we called them “clocks,” why I do not
+know. This species has a very wide range over Australia, and it is
+recorded from Lord Howe Island. It was once known under the name of
+_C. gayndahensis_. A second species has been described by Blackburn
+under the name of _C. granulatus_ from the Northern Territory of South
+Australia. _Eretes australis_ is another widely distributed species; it
+measures about ½ an inch; is broad and flattened, and is of a general
+yellowish brown tint, marked with black between the eyes, and the wing
+covers are finely punctured with close black spots.
+
+
+ Family 4. Whirligig Beetles.
+
+ GYRINIDAE.
+
+This family, small in number of species, is well known to all lovers of
+Nature, for it contains the water beetles that float about in shoals on
+the margin of any quiet stream or waterhole, or dart about like bits of
+silver, twisting and turning round in most remarkable gyrations, from
+which they take the popular name of Whirligig Beetles.
+
+They are distinguished from the last family (which they resemble in the
+earlier stages of their development) in having very short antennae;
+the fore-legs much longer than the two hind pairs; and in having the
+eyes on either side divided, thus having two eyes looking down into the
+water and two above, so that they can see both sides at the same time,
+an admirable adaptation of vision for beetles living so much on the
+surface of the water and liable to be attacked from above or below. The
+tip of the body is not covered by the elytra, and when diving downward
+they carry a bubble of air attached to the extremity. These beetles
+are well represented in Australia, and have been described by Clark
+previously mentioned, Regimbart (Annals Soc. Ent. France 1882), Macleay
+(Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W. 1871), and Boisduval in the “Entomology of the
+voyage de l’Astrolabe.” Our common species about Sydney, _Macrogyrus
+canaliculatus_, is of the usual boat-shaped form, silvery black, with
+the wing covers finely striated; it measures about ½ an inch in length.
+_M. oblongus_ is a somewhat smaller species not so broad in form; is
+browner, and the wing covers are very slightly striated; it is also
+found in the vicinity of Sydney. _M. paradoxus_ was described and
+figured by Regimbart from Australia with no exact locality, but I have
+collected it on the North West coast of Australia, and seen others from
+Southern Queensland, so that it has a wide range. It is not much over ¼
+of an inch in length; is dark olive; the outer margin is dull yellow,
+and it has a few fine striae on either side of the elytra. I have
+found the pupae of one species, probably _M. oblongus_, in clay cells
+attached to a bit of board on the bank of a waterhole in the western
+country of N.S. Wales.
+
+
+ Family 5. Clubbed-horned Water Beetles.
+
+ HYDROPHILIDAE.
+
+This family is also known under the Group _Palpicorna_ in reference to
+the clubbed antennae, and made to include a second family, which are
+very closely allied but are terrestial in their habits.
+
+These beetles have five jointed tarsi; short clubbed antennae, with the
+palpi slender and much longer than the antennae. Most of the beetles
+are vegetarian in their diet, though many of them in the earlier stages
+of their existence are carnivorous.
+
+These are the largest of the Water Beetles; and the typical species
+are ovate and very convex in form; the thorax very broad; the tibiae
+slightly spined on the edges, terminating in a stouter spine at the
+apex; the tarsi ciliated. They are poor swimmers when compared with the
+two last groups.
+
+Most of our species have been described by Macleay (Trans. Ent. Soc.
+N.S.W. 1871), and Blackburn (Pro. Linn. Soc. 1888). _Hydrophilus
+latipalpus_ is of the usual boat-shaped form; shining black; and the
+wing covers are very finely marked with punctured parallel striae. It
+measures nearly 1½ inches, and is found about Sydney. _H. albipes_ is
+a much smaller beetle of similar form and colour; it is found in the
+Murray River districts.
+
+
+ Family 6. Rove Beetles.
+
+ STAPHYLINIDAE.
+
+These peculiar beetles can be readily distinguished from most of the
+other families by their abbreviated elytra, which do not protect more
+than a third of the abdomen leaving the hind portion quite bare; while
+the well developed hind wings are tucked away out of sight under them,
+but can be quickly extended and used for flight. The apical segments
+of the abdomen are very flexible, and most species have the habit
+of turning up the tip of the body when running along; others have
+the power of discharging a strong scent, in some cases with quite a
+pleasant odour.
+
+They are slender elongate insects with stout jaws, and the antennae
+thickened or clubbed at the extremities; the tarsal joints are variable
+in number. Rove Beetles are found in many different situations, but
+chiefly upon the ground in the vicinity of manure, decaying vegetable
+matter, dead animals, and even on the seashore hiding under stones and
+seaweed, though most of them only seek these places to devour other
+small creatures, for they are carnivorous in their habits. Some of the
+foreign species are found living in the nests of ants, but I do not
+think any with this peculiarity have been recorded from Australia.
+
+The principal writers on our Staphylinidae are Macleay (Trans. Ent.
+Soc. N.S.W. 1871), and Fauvel in his work on “Les Staphylinides de
+l’Australie et de la Polynesie” (1878). In 1886 Olliff commenced his
+revision of the Staphylinidae of Australia (Proc. Linn. Soc.), but this
+only ran into the third part and was never finished. Others have been
+described by Blackburn (Trans. Royal Soc. S.A. 1887). About 400 species
+have been recorded from this country representing most of the typical
+sub-families.
+
+The Genus _Aleochara_ contains a number of small short black beetles
+with thickened antennae; those in _Homalota_ are even smaller but more
+slender; several species are found under cowdung.
+
+_Quedius luridipennis_ measures over ⅓ of an inch in length; the
+shining black head and thorax are almost globular, the latter the
+larger; the broad flattened fore wings are red; the margins of the
+abdomen are flanged and slightly spined, and the tip fringed with three
+tufts of bristles.
+
+The Devil’s Coach-horse, _Creophilus erythrocephalus_, is our largest
+common species and has a very wide range; it measures over ¾ of an inch
+in length and is very broad in proportion; its general colour is black
+with the head bright red, the eyes and a rounded spot between them
+black; the elytra have a metallic purple tint. It can be often found in
+stables, or hunting round dead animals in the bush; when disturbed it
+cocks up its head, turning up the tip of its body at the same time in a
+very comical manner, from which habit the allied European species has
+probably derived the above popular name.
+
+_Actinus macleayi_ is slightly longer but more slender, and is our
+most beautiful species of this somewhat dull coloured family; the
+head and thorax are rich metallic coppery green, the elytra deep
+metallic purple; the basal portion of the abdomen is black, and the
+tip, antennae, and legs bright yellow. It is a native of the tropical
+scrubs of North Queensland; in the neighbourhood of Cairns I captured
+specimens in tins I had baited with bits of meat and had sunk in the
+ground to trap Carabidae, and into which they had been attracted by the
+food.
+
+_Xantholinus erythrocephalus_ lives in the stems of rotting grass
+trees, where the beetles can be collected in all stages of development;
+the beetle measures over ½ an inch in length; is of a much more
+elongate form; black; the elytra dull red, and the tip of the abdomen
+yellow.
+
+_Paederus cruenticollis_ is one of our commonest species, and is
+often found under stones in the bush; it is a very distinctly marked
+little beetle about ¼ of an inch in length, slender in form with long
+thickened antennae; black, with the thorax and centre of the abdomen
+red, and the elytra deep metallic blue.
+
+_Sartellus signatus_ is a curious little yellow beetle quite unlike the
+typical Rove Beetle; it is short and rounded in form, with the fore
+wings much longer than usual; is of a uniform light yellow colour,
+with a curious reddish brown mark in the centre of each elytron. It
+is common on our sandy beaches, where it hides under the seaweed and
+rubbish and feeds chiefly upon dead barnacles.
+
+
+ Family 7. Ant Beetles.
+
+ PSELAPHIDAE
+
+This group includes a number of small beetles that have the elytra
+usually not covering more than half of the abdominal segments; the
+antennae thickened toward the tips; maxillary palpi large, and the
+tarsi three jointed. The ordinary collector is very apt to pass over
+these small creatures, but many interesting forms are found in this
+country by sifting rubbish, or examining debris along the water’s edge,
+which can be gathered up in a stout bag and afterwards shaken over a
+sheet of white paper. I have captured them along the edges of lagoons
+in summer time by pouring buckets of water over the dry cracked mud,
+and as they were drowned out gathering them into small tubes. They can
+also be taken with a sweeping net when on the wing; in Europe many
+species are found in ants’ nests. Westwood believes that they feed
+chiefly upon _Acari_ and other small creatures.
+
+Large numbers have been described from this country, chiefly through
+the researches of the Rev. R. L. King (Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W. 1865).
+Messrs. Sharp, Westwood, Schaufers and Blackburn added to this number;
+while in 1900 Raffray published his Monograph on the family (Pro. Linn.
+Soc. N.S.W. 1900), in which he described 45 new species, and brings the
+number known up to 200.
+
+_Pselaphus lineatus_, a reddish beetle, measures 1½ lines in length,
+and is found about Sydney; it has a wide range over N.S. Wales,
+Victoria, and South Australia.
+
+Lea (Pro. Royal Soc. Victoria 1905) records four species of the Genus
+_Articerus_ found in ants’ nests, all of which appear to have a wide
+range; _A. curvicornis_, originally described by Westwood from ants’
+nests in Melbourne, is also found in Tasmania, S. Australia and N.S.
+Wales.
+
+
+ Family 8. Comb-horned Beetles.
+
+ PAUSSIDAE.
+
+These are remarkable looking beetles, easily distinguished by their
+broad flattened toothed antennae curving round on either side. The
+head is short and angular on the sides; the thorax flattened; and the
+elongate elytra truncate at the apex and not quite covering the tip of
+the abdomen. Most of the species are of moderate size, and reddish
+brown in colour; they are confined chiefly to Africa, the East Indies,
+and Australia. Most of the African species are said to dwell in ants’
+nests, but though I have had several records of species being found
+under stones in ants’ nests, most of ours are found under logs, bark,
+or crawling about on the grass or ground. This family attracted the
+notice of entomologists at a very early date; Latreille formed the
+family to contain the two genera _Paussus_ and _Cerapterus_, which he
+called _Paussili_, afterwards changed by Leach to _Paussides_. Donovan
+described the first species from this country in 1815. Westwood has
+written a great deal about them; he monographed the family (Proc.
+Linn. Soc. 1849–1850); in his “Arcana Entomologica” he described a
+great many from Australia and other countries; others in the “Annals
+of Natural History,” 1851; and again figured others in his “Theosaurus
+Entomologica,” Oxen. 1874. Macleay added 32 new species (Trans. Ent.
+Soc. N.S.W. 1873), all belonging to the Genus _Arthropterus_; while
+Blackburn placed 3 more to the list 1891–1892, one of them in the
+typical Genus _Paussus_.
+
+_Arthropterus brevis_ is one of our smallest species; it measures
+slightly over ¼ of an inch in length; the antennae are rather short and
+broad; the thorax broad and rounded on the sides; the elytra expanded
+slightly to the truncate tips, leaving the apical portion of the
+abdomen exposed. This is our commonest species, and can be sometimes
+obtained in numbers near Sydney under the papery bark of the ti-trees.
+
+_A. humeralis_ comes from the Wellington district, and measures under
+¾ of an inch; the antennae are large; the head angular; the body
+long, narrow, and rounded to the extremity, with the elytra short and
+truncate above the tip of the abdomen. General colour dark reddish
+brown, lightly clothed with short scattered brown hairs.
+
+
+ Family 9. Ant Beetles.
+
+ SCYDMAENIDAE.
+
+The members of this family are minute creatures of which little is
+known. Sharp says: “Allied to the _Silphidae_, with the hind coxae
+separated, and the facets of the eyes coarser; tarsi five jointed; the
+number of abdominal segments visible six.”
+
+It is owing to the Rev. R. L. King that we first knew anything about
+this group in Australia; he described about 15 species (Trans. Ent.
+Soc. N.S.W. 1864); to which 2 more have been added by Macleay and Sharp.
+
+_Heterognathus carinatus_ was described by King from the nest of small
+black ants found in the neighbourhood of Parramatta; Lea has lately
+recorded it from the nests of ants (_Iridomyrmex nitidus_) taken in
+the Mallee country of North Western Victoria. He says: “It can be
+distinguished from all its congeners by the prothorax having a short
+longitudinal carina at the base, on each side of which is a transverse
+impression.”
+
+
+ Family 10. Burying Beetles.
+
+ SILPHIDAE.
+
+The typical European species are popularly known as Burying Beetles
+from the curious habit they have of excavating the ground beneath any
+small dead bird or animal they find, and finally burying it under
+the soil. This family contains a number of interesting beetles both
+large and small; the antennae are thickened or clubbed; the tarsi 4
+or 5 jointed; and the whole dorsal surface flattened. They are poorly
+represented in this country, but there are several large distinctive
+species found about dead animals or decaying vegetable matter. A large
+number of blind Silphids are found in the caves of Europe and America,
+but I have never found any as Australian cave fauna.
+
+Thirteen species have been described from this country by a number of
+different writers, chief of which is Blackburn (Trans. Royal Soc. S.A.
+1891–94).
+
+_Necrodes osculans_ comes from Queensland; I found it common about
+Cairns, feeding amongst decaying matter in the scrub. It measures over
+1 inch; is a broad flattened beetle of a general black colour; the
+elytra mottled with dull orange, ribbed, and truncate at the extremity,
+showing the tip of the abdomen. The head is small, turned down in
+front, but furnished with large clubbed antennae; the thorax is finely
+punctured and rounded in front.
+
+_Ptomaphila lachrymosa_ is a dull reddish brown beetle, with the centre
+of the head and thorax black, the head small and somewhat hidden by
+the large flattened thorax; the elytra round, somewhat depressed; both
+marked with irregular parallel black ribs and bosses; they feed about
+dead animals. Length about 1 inch.
+
+In the following family, TRICHOPTERYGIDAE, only two species are
+described, one from Tasmania, and the other from West Australia.
+They are minute beetles with fringed wings, the middle joints of the
+antennae smallest.
+
+
+ Family 11. Round Fungus Beetles.
+
+ SCAPHIDIDAE.
+
+The members of this family are small, broad, short insects that live
+in fungus, and are very active. Macleay described several species from
+Gayndah (Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W. 1871): Reitter and other foreign
+writers have added to the list.
+
+_Scaphidium punctipenne_, though described from Queensland, is also
+found in the neighbourhood of Sydney. It is a small rounded seed-shaped
+insect, but with slender legs and slightly clubbed antennae; its upper
+surface is deep orange yellow irregularly barred with black.
+
+
+ Family 12. Mimic Beetles.
+
+ HISTERIDAE.
+
+When touched these beetles contract their legs and pretend to be dead,
+from which habit they take their family name from _Histris_, the
+Latin for a stage mimic. They are shining black, or metallic coloured
+beetles; many are flattened and broad in shape, with the elytra
+truncate at the apex, leaving the tip of the abdomen uncovered; the
+exposed integument is however very much thickened, and all the parts
+fit close together; the antennae are thick, clubbed at the apex; the
+legs short and stout. Most of the flattened forms are found under bark,
+others in or under dead animal matter; both the beetles and their
+larvae are carnivorous.
+
+This family is well represented here: Macleay described some from
+Gayndah; Marseul described others in the Annals Museo Genevre 1879, and
+the Annals Ent. Belg. 1870; Schmidt in the Ent. Nachr. 1892; and a few
+are described by other writers.
+
+_Hololepta sidnensis_, one of our commonest species, can be collected
+in early summer by chopping up the dead grass tree stems; but I have
+never been able to find the larvae. It measures ½ an inch, and is
+shining black; it is very much flattened and broad in proportion to
+its length; two stout horns project in front of the eyes, coming
+together at the tips; the thorax is slightly impressed in the centre,
+and punctured on the sides; the elytra is smooth and shining, but the
+exposed abdominal plates are spotted with large punctures. Many of this
+genus are found under bark or crawling about on tree trunks.
+
+_Platysoma strongulatum_ is a broadly flattened black insect about ⅙ of
+an inch long; the head is small; the thorax truncate; the elytra smooth
+in the centre, with four distinct striae on each side, straight at the
+apex, with the tip of the abdomen turning downwards. This is another
+common Sydney species found at the base of the flower stalks of the
+“grass trees” (_Xanthorrhoea_).
+
+_Saprinus laetus_, typical of another group, is a short, thickset,
+rounded, oval beetle, ¼ of an inch in length, with the upper surface
+convex; the head is small, shining green; the thorax broad, bright
+metallic pale copper; and the short truncate elytra and exposed tip
+of the abdomen deep metallic green. This almost seed-shaped beetle is
+usually found under dead birds or animals lying in the bush. It has a
+very wide range over Australia.
+
+
+ Family 13.
+
+ PHALACRIDAE.
+
+Only one species of this family is listed in Masters’ Catalogue,
+described by Erichson from Tasmania in 1842; but in Blackburn’s paper
+(Trans. Royal Soc. S. Australia 1891) 16 new species are described
+from all parts of Australia. They are short oval beetles, very small,
+the largest not much over ¹⁄₁₂ of an inch in length; black or brown in
+colour.
+
+_Litochrus palmerstoni_ is of a uniform ferruginous colour, with the
+apex of the elytra pale testaceous; without the punctures of the other
+species; of the typical oval form; and only ⅘ of a line in length and
+¹⁄₂₄ of an inch in width. This tiny creature comes from the Northern
+Territory of S. Australia.
+
+This family is not an important one, but is well represented in Europe
+and America, where the larvae live in flowers, boring their way down
+the stems and pupating in earthen cocoons.
+
+
+ Family 14. Fruit Beetles.
+
+ NITIDULIDAE.
+
+These are all small black or brownish beetles that breed and feed upon
+decaying vegetable matter, and some are very partial to ripe fruit.
+Some have well developed wing covers, but in others these are very
+short, reminding one of the smaller Rove Beetles, but the club of
+each antennae consists of three joints, and fewer abdominal segments
+are exposed to view. About eighty species have been described from
+Australia, chiefly by Reitter (Verh. Ver. Brünn, 1874–75, and other
+Journals); Murray in his Monograph of the Family; Macleay (Trans. Ent.
+Soc. N.S.W. 1871); and Blackburn (Trans. Royal Soc. S. Australia 1891).
+
+_Brachypeplus binotatus_ is one of our commonest species, widely
+distributed over Australia; it is a typical form of the family, about
+⅕ of an inch in length; of a general dark brown colour, with reddish
+brown antennae and legs; the abbreviated wing covers leaving the
+abdominal segments exposed, the latter marked with deep orange yellow.
+Olliff (Agricultural Gazette N.S. Wales 1893) describes and figures
+this beetle and its larva, which he describes as feeding upon the
+fungus on the damaged sugar cane.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 62.=--_Pochadius pilistriatus_
+ (Macleay).
+
+ Living in the seed pods of the Kurrajong.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Carpophilus_ contains 11 described species, most of which
+have a wide range over Australia; two are well known about Sydney
+from their habit of crawling into damaged fruit and feeding round the
+stone, causing it to decay very rapidly; they are also said to cluster
+round the fruit stalks, and by gnawing the base cause the fruit to
+drop. _Carpophilus pilipennis_ is a small reddish brown boat-shaped
+beetle, with the wing covers cut off at the hind margin, exposing the
+tip of the abdomen; it measures 1½ lines in length. _C. aterrimus_ is
+a somewhat larger flatter species of a uniform black colour, with the
+whole of the upper surface finely punctured; the legs and antennae are
+reddish brown. The abdomen is not so pointed as in the first species
+and much more of it is exposed on the dorsal surface. A curious little
+species, _Pocadius pilistriatus_, about ⅙ of an inch in length, is an
+elongate rounded brown beetle clothed with fine hairs. It feeds and
+breeds in the seed cases of the Kurrajong; the larvae are reddish brown
+grubs, elongate in form; they have three jointed antennae, and short
+black jaws, with well developed legs, and the tip of the abdomen bears
+two pairs of spines, the first pair erect, the second at the extremity
+but turning upwards.
+
+
+ Family 15.
+
+ TROGOSITIDAE.
+
+These are beetles of moderate size with five jointed tarsi, the first
+so small that unless closely examined it is not noticeable. They are
+found chiefly under dead bark or wood, but are carnivorous in their
+habits, and very dissimilar in form.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 63.=--_Lophocateres pusillus._
+
+ A tiny introduced Beetle belonging to the Family
+ _Trogositidae_ that attacks dried fruit.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The cosmopolitan “Cadelle,” _Trogosita mauritanica_, frequently found
+in bagged wheat, where the larvae gnaw out the embryo of the grain, is
+world wide in its range. It is a flattened, shining, black beetle; it
+was once placed among the _Heteromera_; and at first sight might be
+taken for a flattened carab.
+
+The Genus _Leperina_ contains a number of curious, elongate beetles
+flattened on the under surface; the dorsal surface is convex, and
+rounded at the extremities, with the integument covered with mottled
+grey, brown, and black tufts of scales imitating moss, and probably of
+a protective character, for they are generally found clinging to bark.
+_Leperina decorata_ was described by Erichson from Tasmania in 1842,
+but it has a wide range over the mainland. It measures from ¼ to ½ an
+inch in length; its ground colour is light chestnut brown mottled with
+black; the sides of the thorax deeply blotched with creamy white, and
+the back marked with indistinct patches of whitish scales.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 64 and 65.=--Life History of the
+ Cadelle.
+
+ 64. _Trogosita mauritanica_ (Linn.).
+ 65. „ „ Larva.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+Pascoe described some of ours (Annals of Nat. Hist. 1872), and the
+Journal of Entomology 1860. Macleay described others in 1871; Reitter
+in 1876–77; Olliff (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1886); and later Blackburn
+(Trans. Royal Soc. S.A. 1891).
+
+
+ Family 16.
+
+ COLYDIDAE.
+
+These are small, reddish brown or black beetles, elongate in form, with
+four jointed tarsi, the coxae of the two pairs of fore-legs globular,
+and those of the hind legs transverse. They are usually found under
+dead or decaying bark, or among rotten wood. Several members of the
+Genus _Bothrideres_ are found about Sydney; they have the thorax
+flattened and the elytra ribbed.
+
+About 70 species of this family have been described from this country,
+chiefly by Macleay 1871; Pascoe in the Journal of Entomology 1860;
+Reitter in 1877 in several German journals; and later by Blackburn
+1891; and Olliff in the Memoirs of the Australian Museum 1889 on
+species from Lord Howe Island.
+
+
+ Family 17.
+
+ RHYSODIDAE.
+
+This family consists of only a few known species; Olliff has described
+one species, _Rhysodes lignarius_ (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1885), a
+pitchy black shining beetle about ⅓ of an inch in length; it was found
+in rotten wood at Yass, N.S.W.
+
+
+ Family 18. Bark Beetles.
+
+ CUCUJIDAE.
+
+The members of this group are very curious beetles, most of our species
+being found under dead bark on the trunks of the smooth gums; both the
+beetles and their larvae have adapted their form in such a remarkable
+manner to their surroundings that they are often as flat and thin as
+a bit of paper, while others living in more roomy quarters are quite
+normal in shape.
+
+_Hectarthrum brevifossum_ is a slender, somewhat cylindrical, shining
+black beetle, with thickened antennae composed of eleven bead-shaped
+joints; the head is depressed in front, with the thorax more
+elongated, and the slender ribbed elytra rounded at the tips.
+
+_Platisus integricollis_ is a reddish brown beetle, the basal joints
+of the antennae elongated and the apical ones bead-shaped; the head is
+angular, buried in the short broad thorax; the body is flattened, with
+the elytra slightly ridged round the edges. The larva is as flat as
+a knife blade, with a large head armed with stout jaws; the thoracic
+segments are furnished with short thick legs; it has seven simple
+flattened abdominal segments, with an eighth spade-shaped one, on which
+is a four-pronged trident-like process standing up at the apex, and
+a small spine at either side. The insects both in the beetle and the
+larval stage are often to be found under the same bit of bark.
+
+_Brontes lucius_, found in the same situations, is a darker reddish
+insect with the antennae very long and slender; the front of the thorax
+is spined on the sides; the elytra slightly convex, elongated and
+rounded at the extremities. _B. militaris_ can be easily distinguished
+from the last species by its darker colour, more flattened smooth
+elytra, with two oval light brown blotches on the basal half of the
+wing covers. About 60 species are described from Australia; among the
+chief writers are Grouvelle (Bull. Soc. Ent. France 1877); and other
+Journals 1876–1883, &c.; Olliff (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1885); Reitter
+1878, and Blackburn 1892.
+
+
+ Family 19.
+
+ CRYPTOPHAGIDAE.
+
+In Masters’ Catalogue only one species (_Cnecosa fulvida_) is recorded,
+described by Pascoe in the “Journal of Entomology” 1865, from Sydney.
+Since then Blackburn has described 12 more species (Trans. Royal Soc.
+of S.A. 1887). They are all minute beetles which feed upon mould. In
+Europe the larvae of several genera live in the nests of bumble bees,
+and the perfect insects in flowers.
+
+
+ Families 20–21.
+
+ LATHRIDIDAE and MYCETOPHAGIDAE.
+
+These are composed of minute beetles found on fungus. Macleay in 1871
+described some; Blackburn others (Trans. Royal Soc. S.A. 1887–1891);
+most of these were found in fungi or under bark. They are very small,
+the largest about ⅒ of an inch in length. In Europe the larvae of some
+species are covered with curious hairs, and the perfect beetles of
+others live in ants’ nests; but nothing is known about the habits of
+our species.
+
+
+ Family 22. Bacon Beetles.
+
+ DERMESTIDAE.
+
+This is a well-known group, for the hairy larvae do a great deal of
+mischief to sheepskins by gnawing holes in them when they are piled on
+each other; getting into bacon and other animal foods; even gnawing
+holes in bones. The beetles have somewhat short antennae clubbed at the
+tips; five jointed tarsi; the coxae of the fore-legs conical, the hind
+ones cylindrical.
+
+The typical Genus _Dermestes_ contains 5 species found in Australia;
+most of them have been introduced from other parts of the world, and
+several have penetrated far into the interior.
+
+_Dermestes cadaverinus_ measures over ⅓ of an inch; the upper surface
+is clothed with pale pubescence, and the under-surface thickly clothed
+with white hairs. Its general form is elongate; the head is tucked
+under the front edge of the thorax, which forms a slight hood.
+
+_D. vulpinus_ is slightly larger; has the same elongate form; is black,
+with the dorsal surface covered with short brown hairs, and the under
+surface with more buff coloured pubescence. Both these species have
+a very wide range, and can be found under dead animals in the bush,
+in sheepskins, bacon, &c., and I have even taken larvae in bags of
+grain. Under favourable conditions these beetles increase in countless
+numbers; quite recently, Mrs. Black, writing from N. Queensland,
+says that toward the end of the drought when the country was covered
+with bones and dead stock, whenever the station hands camped to eat
+their dinners, these beetles would swarm out in thousands from under
+logs and stones to pick up the bits of food scattered about. Gilbert
+in Gould’s “Birds of Australia,” records a similar instance on the
+Hautmann’s-Abrolhos Islands off the coast of W. Australia, a great
+nesting place for the Noddy Tern, where immense numbers of the young
+birds are killed by the lizards, which only eat the brain and marrow.
+The remains cumbering the ground were food for _Dermestes lardarius_,
+which swarm over the islands in immense numbers.
+
+This is the common European Bacon Beetle, and is listed in Masters’
+Catalogue as found in Australia, but I have never seen an Australian
+specimen of this very distinct beetle, and think Gilbert may have
+mistaken the species.
+
+The members of the Genus _Trogoderma_ are small, broad, and rather
+flattened black beetles, generally found under bark on tree trunks in
+the dead pupae of moths upon which they feed.
+
+_Trogoderma froggatti_ is short and broad; it measures under ⅙ of an
+inch; is a shining black beetle, with the elytra clothed with dark
+scattered hairs; it was bred from larvae taken close to Sydney. _T.
+apicipenne_ is slightly larger, and darker black, very thickly clothed
+with black hairs; a dull red blotch on either side of the apical half
+of the elytra gives it a very distinctive character. These beetles and
+their hairy larvae feed upon the remains of dead caterpillars under the
+dead bark, pupae and other organic matter.
+
+The _Anthrenus_ are known as “Museum beetles,” for they are the
+greatest pests that curators of Museums have to deal with; their small
+hairy larvae attack every kind of specimen, and are most destructive to
+pinned insect collections, though the adult beetles are generally found
+in the gardens frequenting flowers.
+
+_Anthrenus varius_ is our greatest pest; it is an introduced species,
+variable in size, the largest measuring about 1½ lines; it is almost
+round, with the small head furnished with clubbed antennae tucked
+down when at rest or disturbed; the ground colour is black, but it
+is so thickly clothed with grey and brown pubescence that it has a
+mottled buff appearance. Blackburn states that this is the species that
+has been confounded with _A. museorum_, which he says is not found
+in Australia. _A. nigricans_ is about the same size; black, with a
+delicate fascia of fine white hairs which give it a very distinctive
+character.
+
+About 44 species of Dermestidae are recorded from Australia: Fabricius
+and Linneaus described the earlier ones: Macleay others from Gayndah
+1871. Reitter described more in several German publications: and
+Blackburn all the later ones (Trans. Royal Soc. S.A. 1891).
+
+
+ Family 23. Pill Beetles.
+
+ BYRRHIDAE.
+
+These are small beetles, found under stones. They take their popular
+name from their rounded form, which is more noticeable from the fact
+that their legs and antennae are retractile. Thirteen species are
+described from this country.
+
+_Microchaetes sphaericus_, described by Hope from W. Australia, is also
+found in N.S. Wales; it is a small, rounded, black beetle, under 2
+lines in length; is very rugose on the upper surface, which is covered
+with tufts of brown scales which give it a curious roughened appearance
+and a brown tint.
+
+
+ Family 24.
+
+ GEORYSSIDAE.
+
+This family is a small obscure group. They are small beetles with
+short clubbed antennae, inhabiting damp wet ground. Only a dozen are
+described from all parts of the world, two of which are peculiar
+to Australia. King described one from Parramatta under the name of
+_Georyssus australis_: Macleay the second from Gayndah, Queensland.
+
+
+ Family 25.
+
+ PARNIDAE.
+
+These are aquatic beetles living under stones or close to water; they
+are thickly clothed with fine silky hairs like a waterproof coat; their
+antennae are thickened, and sometimes very short. Six species were
+described by King (Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W. 1864); and two others by
+Messrs. Blackburn and Lea (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1894–95). Most of
+these belong to the typical Genus _Elmis_, the members of which are
+found clinging to stones under water.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XVII.--COLEOPTERA.
+
+ Family LUCANIDAE.
+
+ 9. _Lamprima latreillei_ (W. S. Macleay).
+ 11. _Cladognathus arfakanus_ (Lansb.).
+
+ Family CETONIDAE.
+
+ 4. _Trichaulax macleayi_ (Kratz).
+ 7. _Eupoecila inscripta_ (Janson).
+ 8. _Chlorobapta besti_ (Westwood).
+ 10. _Diaphonia olliffiana_ (Janson).
+
+ Family RHIPIDOPHORIDAE.
+
+ 2. _Pelecotomoides conicollis_ (Castelnau).
+
+ Family SCARABAEIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Bolboceras proboscidium_ (Schreibers).
+ 3. _Onthophagus australis_ (Guérin).
+ 5. _Trox dohrni_ (Harold).
+
+ Family TENEBRIONIDAE.
+
+ 6. _Zopherosis georgii_ (White).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XVII.--COLEOPTERA._]
+
+
+ Family 26.
+
+ HETEROCERIDAE.
+
+This group contains a number of small beetles that are semi-aquatic
+in their habits; these are also clothed with fine hairs, and have
+short clubbed antennae with the two basal joints enlarged. They are
+found burrowing in mud or wet sand close to water. Only seven species
+are recorded from this country, most of them belonging to the Genus
+_Heterocerus_; Westwood described two (Proc. Ent. Soc. London 1874):
+Macleay another from Gayndah 1871: and Blackburn four others (Trans.
+Roy. Soc. S.A. 1887–91).
+
+
+ Family 27. Stag Beetles.
+
+ LUCANIDAE.
+
+This is the first group of the Lamellicorn beetles, which are defined
+by the structure of their short antennae composed of 9–10 joints
+ending in a three-jointed lamellated club. In the Stag Beetles the
+antennae are ten-jointed, and in the typical forms have the mandibles,
+especially in the males, produced in front of the eyes like horns.
+Australia is rich in these beetles, both in number and beauty of form
+and colouration. The chief writers upon them are Macleay (Proc. Linn.
+Soc. N.S.W. 1885); and Westwood (Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1885–63–71).
+
+_Rhyssonotus nebulosus_ is a dark brown beetle mottled with black upon
+the dorsal surface; the small narrow head is furnished with projecting
+horns with several distinct points; the thorax is broad, curiously
+divided into rounded areas interspersed with depressed punctured
+patches; the body is rather short; the wing covers very indistinctly
+ribbed and mottled with black. It measures slightly over 1 inch in
+length, and has a wide range over N.S. Wales and Southern Queensland.
+I have bred this beetle from the fleshy white grub of the usual
+Lamellicorn Beetle type taken under rotten logs.
+
+In the Genus _Lamprima_ we have 12 described species of our beautiful
+“Gold Beetles,” which in the larval state live in rotten wood, from
+which the beetles emerge and crawl up the twigs of the young gum
+saplings; in favourable localities they can often be taken in great
+numbers while mating. They are all rich metallic green, gold, blue,
+or coppery in tint; the horns, projecting and turning up in front,
+are clothed with fine hairs along the inner margin; the thorax is very
+convex, rounded on the sides; the fore-legs very robust; the body not
+twice the length of the thorax, and rounded at the apex. Many species
+are so variable that it is probable that when carefully studied the
+number of species will be much reduced.
+
+_Lamprima latreillei_ is our commonest species; it measures 1¼ inches
+in length; the head is rich coppery red, the rest metallic green; the
+thorax deeply and coarsely punctured. It is however a very variable
+species both in size and colouration; in a large series we can find
+them all shades to metallic blue; with stout horns or long horns; and
+ranging from the dimensions given to ½ an inch smaller.
+
+_L. rutilans_ is the southern form found in Victoria: _M. insularis_
+is only found in Lord Howe Island. _Phalacrognathus muelleri_, one of
+the largest and most beautiful of all our beetles, was named by Macleay
+after Baron von Mueller, from specimens obtained from Cairns, North
+Queensland; it could be best described as a giant gold beetle, 2 inches
+long; of a brilliant green and coppery red tint. The male has the horns
+greatly produced in front of the head.
+
+_Lissapterus howittanus_ measures nearly 1½ inches, and is broad in
+proportion; the abdomen is shorter than the head and thorax combined;
+the horns curve round in front and are thickened and serrate at the
+base; the rugose head forms a ridge in front, fitting closely into the
+punctured thorax. The female is about 1 inch in length; has the head
+more flattened, and furnished with short, stout, toothed mandibles.
+This curious beetle is peculiar to Victoria.
+
+The Genus _Ceratognathus_ contains 7 species of our smallest Stag
+Beetles, none of which measure ½ an inch; they are black or brown;
+the mandibles of the male are produced into short curved horns with
+a square flange on the outer basal margins. I obtained the larvae of
+the species named after me by Blackburn in considerable numbers in the
+outer bark of _Eucalyptus robusta_. The larva is a white, shining,
+semitransparent grub with a slender abdomen; the pale brownish head is
+round and slightly elongate, with stout three-toothed mandibles; with
+long slender legs; and with the dorsal surface of the body clothed with
+fine ferruginous spines interspersed with hairs.
+
+_Figulus regularis_ is a small, shining, elongate black beetle
+measuring slightly over ½ an inch; it has short angular mandibles,
+finely punctured thorax, and striated elytra. It has a wide range over
+Australia, and is very common under decaying logs.
+
+The PASSALIDES are a group of what might be called flattened hornless
+Stag Beetles (some of very large size), that are found under rotting
+logs. _Aulacocyclus kaupi_, measuring 1¼ inches, is shining black; has
+short curved mandibles in front; the head is excavated in the centre,
+with a short, bent, finger-like horn curving forward above the hollow;
+the thorax is broad; and the elytra ribbed. The larva is dull white,
+long, slender, and somewhat cylindrical; it has a small head, and very
+long legs furnished with sickle-shaped claws. When full grown, they
+pupate in elongate, oval, smooth, brown cocoons of earth and woody
+matter.
+
+Kaup in 1871 published a Monograph of the _Passalidae_, in which many
+of our species are described.
+
+
+ Family 28. Digger and Chafer Beetles.
+
+ SCARABAEIDAE.
+
+The group contains an immense number of handsome beetles, among which
+are some of the giants of the beetle world, though there are also
+many tiny ones; most of them in the earlier stages of their lives are
+thick, fleshy, white grubs that live in the ground or decaying woody
+matter, and sometimes do a great deal of damage to the roots of grass
+and cultivated crops. Though these beetles vary much in form and size,
+they have the antennae always produced at the tip into a laminate or
+pectinate club, which when expanded forms a comb or brush-like process.
+
+Kirby divides this family into eleven sub-families; Westwood into ten;
+while Sharp reduces them to five, which is quite sufficient for our
+purpose.
+
+The first comprise the COPRIDES, or true Dung-burying Beetles; they
+feed upon animal droppings, boring vertical shafts beneath fresh dung,
+and carrying portions several inches under ground; on this they not
+only feed, but also deposit their eggs in rounded balls of the same
+material. In the more tropical parts they are also attracted to dead
+animals, which they feed on in the same manner. They have a shovel-like
+rim round the front of the head, often ornamented above with spines or
+horns both on the head and thorax, particularly in the male sex; and
+their legs are admirably adapted for digging.
+
+The Sacred Beetle, worshipped and carved on the monuments by the
+ancient Egyptians, _Ateuchus sacer_, is typical of the group.
+
+_Cephalodesmius armiger_ is a black beetle, about ⅓ of an inch in
+length; it has a small head produced in front along the outer margin
+into four spines or horns standing out straight in front, the two
+middle ones longest; the thorax is finely punctured; and the wing
+covers are slightly striated.
+
+_Temnoplectron rotundum_, about the same length, is a shining black
+beetle; the head is flattened and turned down; the whole of the dorsal
+surface is smooth, and the wing covers are oval toward the apex.
+
+The Genus _Onthophagus_ contains most of our typical Dung Beetles; over
+60 species have been described, chiefly by Macleay, 1864–1887–1888, and
+Harold 1869.
+
+_Onthophagus pentacanthus_ is ¾ inch in length; the male has a large
+slender horn rising up from the centre of the head; a curved shorter
+one on either side; and a short two-pronged process in the centre of
+the thorax, which is finely granulated above, and clothed with reddish
+hairs on the under side.
+
+_O. kershawi_ has the head armed with a similar horn but without the
+side ones on the thorax; the central ones are longer and more slender
+than those on the process of the previous species. _O. cuniculus_,
+one of our commonest species, is only about ¼ inch long; the head and
+thorax are bright metallic green; the central portion of the latter
+is produced (in the male) into a conical point; the wing covers are
+shining black and rugose. Another common species, _O. granulatus_,
+is slightly smaller; it has the dorsal surface flattened; the head
+and thorax dull metallic blue; and the wing covers are mottled, light
+chocolate brown and finely granulated; the whole insect is covered with
+short reddish hairs, lightest on the dorsal surface. _O. rufosignatus_,
+which I once took in numbers busily engaged burying a dead wallaby in
+N.W. Australia, is slightly over ¼ inch in length; it is black with the
+centre of the thorax and sides of the elytra richly blotched with red.
+
+The members of the Genus _Bolboceras_ are even more remarkable in
+regard to the peculiar forms into which the head and thorax are
+produced in many species; most of them are reddish brown, and thickly
+clothed with coarse reddish hairs on the under surface. In structure
+they are somewhat similar to the former species. They are commonly
+taken at night flying to the lamp or camp fire.
+
+_Bolboceras sloanei_ is a broad hemispherical beetle, just under 1
+inch in length; the male has a great horn standing up in the middle
+of the head, and a shorter one on either side of the thorax, with an
+excavation above and below them; the female is about the same size
+without any appendages, and the front of the thorax is hollowed out
+and the hind portion very rugose. _B. proboscidium_ is common in the
+southern districts; it is smaller than the last species; of a darker
+reddish tint. The male has the front of the head produced into a
+lance-shaped process, standing out straight; this tapers toward the
+tip, which turns down like a hook, and has a short blunt spine on the
+upper surface. The female has a small truncate head, quite unlike the
+male. About 30 species were described in Masters’ Catalogue; Blackburn
+in his Monograph of the group lists 43 species (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
+1904).
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 66.=--_Phyllotocus macleayi_
+ (Fischer).
+
+ The Honey Beetle, common on flowers in summer time.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+Members of the Genus _Trox_ feed chiefly on decaying animal matter,
+and are to be found under dead animals, and a few in caves among the
+accumulated dung of bats; they are curious dull brown insects, convex
+and rounded on the upper surface; the head is so small and retractile
+that it appears to be wanting. _Trox dohrni_, from Central Australia,
+one of our largest species, is just under 1 inch; is almost black,
+covered with a regular armour plate of shining black bosses and ridges
+all over the dorsal surface. _T. australasiae_, our common species, is
+about half the length, and is dull brown, with the bosses on the elytra
+more regular and ridged.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The MELOLONTHIDES are mostly small beetles with the tip of the abdomen
+not always covered; they feed chiefly upon the foliage of plants.
+The Genus _Phyllotocus_ contains about 27 described species of small
+reddish brown beetles with long black or yellow legs: some species are
+very abundant about Sydney, swarming over the flowers of native scrubs;
+they even come to the garden plants to feed upon the honey.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 67.=--_Diphucephala aurulenta_
+ (Kirby).
+
+ The Metallic Green Wattle Beetle. In Tasmania it damages
+ young apples by eating off the skin.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Phyllotocus macleayi_ has even been found swarming round bee-hives,
+probably attracted by the smell of the honey. It is a smooth, shining,
+yellowish brown beetle about ⅓ of an inch in length, with the apical
+portion of the wing covers blackened. _P. marginatus_ is smaller than
+the last, and of the usual dull reddish colour; the head, centre of
+thorax, and stripe down the centre of the wing covers black; the whole
+lightly clothed with fine hairs. _Diphucephala aurulenta_, typical
+of another group of bright, metallic coloured, broad bodied beetles,
+measures ¼ of an inch in length, and has the dorsal surface of a rich
+reddish-copper tint, thickly and coarsely punctured; the under surface
+and legs are deep green, clothed with fine grey hairs. It is common
+upon the foliage of the black wattle about Sydney. _D. rufipes_, a
+smaller beetle, is coppery green with reddish legs; is not uncommon
+about Sydney. _D. colaspidoides_, a southern species, is metallic
+green; the thorax smooth; the elytra deeply and thickly marked with
+punctured striae. _Maechidius tibialis_, representing another group,
+is a flattened, reddish brown beetle over ⅓ of an inch; the head is
+produced into two shell-like flanges in front of the eyes; the thorax
+is finely punctured; and the elytra ribbed, with closely punctured
+striae. I have found both the beetle and its larva, a soft white grub,
+in numbers in the open galleries of the termitaria built by our common
+White Ant (_Termes lacteus_) in the Shoalhaven district, N.S.W., where
+they seemed to live in harmony with the swarms of White Ants.
+
+_Xylonychus eucalypti_ is a large cockchafer-like beetle about 1 inch
+long; it is of a delicate pale grass-green colour; its under surface
+and legs darker and thickly clothed with fine hairs. This beetle feeds
+about Sydney upon the foliage of the Swamp Mahogany (_Eucalyptus
+robusta_), and is not uncommon in early summer. The members of the
+Genus _Liparetrus_ are small, dark reddish brown, or almost black
+beetles, often thickly clothed with fine hairs; the wing covers are
+generally shorter than the abdomen. Many species swarm over the tops of
+the young gum trees devouring the foliage. Nearly 100 species of this
+extensive group have been described from Australia, chiefly by Macleay
+and Blackburn (Proc. Linn. Soc. of N.S. Wales, 1886–1888).
+
+_Liparetrus marginipennis_, common about Sydney, is black; it measures
+under ⅓ of an inch; the elytra, except the basal edges, are dark
+reddish brown; the whole insect is thickly clothed with light brown
+hairs that form a fringe round it. _L. hispidus_ is a smaller dark
+brown beetle, thickly clothed with dull yellow hairs.
+
+_Lepidoderma albo-hirtum_ is a large cockchafer; it measures 1¼ inches;
+all the dorsal surface of the head and thorax and both dorsal and
+ventral portions of abdomen are reddish brown; ventral surface of head,
+thorax and legs black. The whole of the upper and portion of the under
+surface are so thickly clothed with fine pale scales that it has a
+uniform grey tint. The larva, a large white grub, is a well-known pest
+to the Queensland sugar planters, for it eats off the roots of the
+growing cane; they are so numerous in some districts that as much as a
+shilling a pint is paid for these sugar cane grubs.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The RUTELIDES comprise a number of large beetles, popularly called
+Cockchafers; some species swarm out in immense numbers, stripping the
+foliage off the native bush and sometimes attacking the shade-trees
+in the gardens. Most of their larvae are large, white, subterranean
+grubs, either feeding on roots of grass and plants, or living in or
+under decaying logs. Dr. Ohaus has just published a “Revision des
+Anoplognathides” 1904, in which he describes 72 species included in
+13 genera. _Repsimus aeneus_ has a dark blue to coppery tint; the tip
+of the abdomen is reddish, and the hind legs are thickened. They are
+found clinging to low bushes, and are common about Sydney.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 68.= and =69=.--Life History
+ of the Shining Cockchafer.
+
+ 68. _Anoplognathus porosus_ (Dalm). 69. Larva. 69a. Pupa.]
+
+_Calloodes grayanus_ is a very handsome bright green beetle with the
+outer margins of the thorax and wing covers edged with yellow; it
+measures 1¼ inches long; is found in Queensland, but seldom in numbers.
+The two beautiful, little, metallic gold coloured species placed by
+Macleay in this genus have been removed by Ohaus into _Anoplognathus_,
+which now contains 41 species. Among these are our large reddish brown
+cockchafers. _A. viridaeneus_, the “King-beetle,” is our largest
+cockchafer; it measures 1½ inches and is broad in proportion; has
+a general bright metallic reddish golden sheen; and the tip of the
+abdomen is deep green. It is usually found clinging to the foliage of
+the smaller gum trees in early summer. _A. velutinus_ takes its name
+from the velvety patches of curious little white scales scattered
+all over its dull brown coat; it is found about Sydney, but is not
+plentiful.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 70.=--_Pentodon australis_
+ (Blackburn).
+
+ The larva and adult feed upon grass roots and sometimes
+ damage growing corn.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_A. porosus_ is a light brown beetle; the wing covers are marked with
+tiny dark spots that form irregular, short, parallel lines; the head
+and thorax are shining; it is ¾ of an inch in length. It, and _A.
+analis_, a large reddish shining beetle furnished with a tuft of hairs
+at the tip of the abdomen, are two of our commonest species; their
+larvae have been found destroying strawberry plants by eating off their
+roots; and they are frequently met with when digging over the garden in
+early summer.
+
+_Anoplostethus opalinus_, just under 1 inch in length, is a very
+beautiful pale opaline green beetle, and is peculiar to Western
+Australia.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 71= and =72=.--Life History
+ of the Queensland “Elephant Beetle.”
+
+ 71. _Xylotrupes australicus_ (Thorn), Larva. 72.
+ _Xylotrupes australicus_, Male Beetle.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The DYNASTIDES contain the giants of the family, and in several genera
+the males have the head and thorax greatly enlarged and produced into
+blunt spines and horns; while the female has them of the usual rounded
+form. _Oryctes barbarossa_ is one of our largest black lamellicorns; it
+comes from N. Australia. _Pentadon australis_ is a shining black beetle
+about ¾ of an inch in length, which has been found damaging young
+maize plants about Sydney. The Queensland Elephant Beetle, _Xylotrupes
+australicus_, in the larval state feeds upon decaying vegetable matter,
+from which the beetles emerge and climb up the first tree to hand, and
+upon which they cling during the day, but come buzzing round to the
+lamps at night. The male measures 2 inches in length; is of a uniform
+black colour; the head curves out in front into a double-pronged horn;
+and the front of the thorax is produced into a second swollen one
+curving downward over the horns on the head, arcuate and toothed on
+either side of the tip. The female as usual in this group is smaller,
+and the head and thorax are of the ordinary rounded structure.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The CETONIDES comprise the beautiful “Rose Chafers,” with their
+shorter, broader, flattened bodies, small heads, and the angular thorax
+broadest behind. Australia is rich in these flower-haunting beetles,
+and some species are very abundant in the summer months. A great number
+were at one time placed in the Genus _Schizorrhina_, but in 1880 Kraatz
+in a paper on the revision of the family (Deutsche Ent. Zeit. xxiv.)
+divided them into a great many new genera, in some cases with very
+little reason.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 73.=--_Merimna atrata_ (Lap.
+ et Gory).
+
+ A Buprestid Beetle that has the curious habit of flying into
+ the fire.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The members of the Genus _Lomaptera_ are chiefly found in the more
+tropical parts of this continent, and are easily distinguished from
+the other groups by the shape of the thorax, the hind margin produced
+into an angular wedge into the centre of the elytra; while in the other
+typical Rose Chafers the thorax is truncate, and a wedge-shaped piece
+separated from the thorax occupies the centre of the back. _Lomaptera
+wallacei_ is of the usual flattened form; uniform rich shining green;
+and measures just an inch in length. It is found upon flowers in the
+tropical scrubs of North Queensland. _L. duboulayi_, about the same
+size, is of a duller green tint, with the outer margin of the head,
+thorax, elytra and under-surface dull yellow: _L. cinnamea_, slightly
+smaller, is of a uniform shining reddish brown colour.
+
+_Dilochrosis atripennis_ is one of our largest typical cetonids; it
+measures over 1½ inches in length and is broad in proportion; it is
+shining black, with the sides of the thorax and elytra, except a stripe
+down the centre (broadest in front), rich reddish brown. It is not
+uncommon about Cairns, N. Queensland, and ranges down, according to
+Masters, to the extreme north of N.S. Wales. The Fiddler, _Eupoecila
+australasiae_, about ¾ of an inch in length, is black and reddish
+brown, marked upon the thorax and elytra with green stripes, forming
+a fanciful resemblance to a lyre upon the back, from which it takes
+its popular name. The larvae of this and the following species, (thick
+fleshy white grubs) feed in the rotting trunks of dead grass trees,
+forming stout oval cocoons in the larval stage; and the beetles are
+very abundant upon the Angophora flowers in the early summer.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 74.=--_Cisseis leucosticta_
+ (Kirby).
+
+ A Leaf-eating Flower Beetle, common on the Black Wattle.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Micropoecila cincta_ is another common species about Sydney; is
+slightly smaller; of a general black colour, the outer edges of the
+thorax and wing covers broadly margined with reddish yellow; and its
+life history and habits are identical with the “Fiddler.”
+
+_Polystigma punctata_ is one of our smaller common species; is of a
+dull yellow colour irregularly but finely spotted all over the upper
+surface with black dots. A second species, described under the name of
+_P. octopunctata_, is I think only a variety; my specimens all come
+from the Shoalhaven, N.S.W. _Cacochroa gymnopleura_, about the same
+size, is black, rather downy on the under surface; and is remarkable
+for having a variety as common as itself, with reddish brown thorax and
+elytra.
+
+The members of the Genus _Trichaulax_ are remarkable for having
+the elytra deeply furrowed, and these depressions filled with
+close short hairs. They are all large fine beetles over an inch in
+length; _Trichaulax philipsii_, taken about Sydney on the flowers
+of the blood-wood late in the summer, is marked with grey hairs. _T.
+marginipennis_ is common to N.S. Wales and Queensland; it has bright
+reddish hairs completely clothing the tips of the wing covers and
+abdomen.
+
+_Diaphonia dorsalis_ is a large common species, of a general black
+colour, with the upper surface of the thorax and elytra yellowish brown
+variably marked with black in the centre. It often comes flying about
+the garden with a loud hum, and even sometimes comes in through the
+open window.
+
+_D. olliffiana_ is a very rare species about the same size, with the
+upper surface reddish brown and the wing covers irregularly marked with
+black blotches. All the specimens known, about half a dozen in number,
+come from the same locality, Colo Vale, N.S.W., and nothing is known
+about their habits. _Glycyphana brunnipes_ is common on the flowering
+scrub about Sydney, and has a wide range round the coast of Australia;
+it measures about ⅓ of an inch, and varies from dull brown to green in
+colour, irregularly spotted and marked.
+
+
+ Family 29. Jewel Beetles.
+
+ BUPRESTIDAE.
+
+This is one of our largest and most typical groups of the Coleoptera,
+containing a great number of large beetles rich with metallic tints,
+chiefly found upon flowering shrubs, and most plentiful on the coastal
+districts of Victoria, New South Wales, and West Australia. They are
+elongate in form, with the head short, fitting closely into the broader
+thorax, and furnished with large eyes and slender, slightly serrate
+antennae. The abdomen is long with closely fitting wing covers, and
+well-developed wings which enable them to fly well, though they usually
+drop to the ground when disturbed. The larva is a slender flattened
+white grub with small black jaws and head; the thoracic segments are
+very broad behind and rounded to the much narrower abdominal segments.
+They are wood borers, feeding in the sapwood under the bark, and
+finally burrowing into the solid timber where they pupate; some of the
+smaller ones feed in dead wood; and a few form regular galls upon the
+roots or branchlets of shrubs.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XVIII.--COLEOPTERA.
+
+ Family BUPRESTIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Stigmodera fortnumi_ (Hope).
+ 2. _Stigmodera macularia_ (Donov.).
+ 3. _Stigmodera pascoci_ (Saunders).
+ 4. _Stigmodera thoracica_ (Saunders).
+ 5. _Cyria imperialis_ (Donov.).
+ 6. _Stigmodera variabilis_ (Donov.).
+ 7. _Calodema regalis_ (Lap. et Gory).
+ 8. _Chalcophora vittata_ (Waterhouse).
+ 9. _Julodimorpha bakewelli_ (White).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XVIII.--COLEOPTERA._]
+
+The Banksia beetle, _Cyria imperialis_, has a wide range and is common
+about Sydney upon the foliage of the stunted honeysuckle bushes
+(_Banksia_); the larvae feed in the stems. It measures 1½ inches in
+length; is of a uniform shining black colour, richly marked on
+the upper surface with bright yellow forming four irregular bands
+across the elytra, and the under surface is lightly clothed with grey
+hairs. The Genus _Diadoxus_ contains two very distinct species, the
+larvae of which feed chiefly on the stems of our native cypress pines,
+and sometimes attack and destroy introduced pine trees. _Diadoxus
+scalaris_, very variable in size, measuring from ¾ to 1¼ inches, is
+a slender pale yellow beetle, with the hind margin of the head and
+thorax marked with black, and the wing covers so thickly mottled with
+reddish brown that the yellow only forms a row of blotches down the
+back. It has a wide range from N.S. Wales to West Australia. _Diadoxus
+erythrurus_ known in the west as the “pine scrub beetle,” is a much
+smaller insect slightly over ½ an inch; the head and thorax are almost
+black; the wing covers are dark, the basal portion has a double blotch
+of yellow on each side followed by a row on either side of three spots;
+the under surface has a greenish tint when alive. The larvae of this
+species first feed round the stem under the bark, cutting the sap wood,
+and where the infested tree is small, cause it to snap off.
+
+The large rich metallic green or coppery _Chalcophora_ are more
+tropical beetles, the largest of which are restricted to Queensland and
+North Australia; Masters lists 24 species in his catalogue, chiefly
+described by Saunders (Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1872), and Waterhouse in
+the same Journal three years later.
+
+_Chalcophora vittata_ measures nearly 1¾ inches in length, and is broad
+in proportion; its general colour is deep metallic green, with the head
+and thorax shaded with rich coppery tints; the elytra are finely ribbed
+and are powdered with a yellow pubescence lining the parallel striae,
+and also forming two spots on the sides. _Chalcophora farinosa_ is a
+smaller and more slender species with a narrow thorax, and pointed wing
+covers; in the neighbourhood of Cairns, N.Q., I used to take them in
+the early morning resting on the wild banana leaves.
+
+_Nascio parryi_ is a small black beetle with a long thorax of a
+uniform width; the wing covers are short in proportion, and curiously
+marked with reddish orange. It is generally found upon the foliage of
+eucalypts, but nothing is known about its life history. The members
+of the Genus _Melobasis_, of which about 30 have been described, are
+small, brilliantly coloured metallic green and gold beetles. _Melobasis
+splendida_, not much over ¼ of an inch in length, is bright green, the
+thorax and elytra marbled with dull purple. The larvae feed in the dead
+branches of _Acacia longifolia_.
+
+_Julodimorpha bakewelli_ is found in South and Western Australia; it is
+a large handsome beetle with a deep coppery red thorax and deep yellow
+wing covers. It is elongate, but more cylindrical in form than the
+_Stigmodera_.
+
+The typical Australian Genus _Stigmodera_ contains about 240 described
+species which are found in open scrubby country where flowering shrubs
+are abundant; the extensive scrubs round Sydney, and similar class of
+country on the west coast of the continent are the head quarters of
+most of the larger species. _Stigmodera tibialis_ measures 2 inches in
+length, and is broad in proportion; the head, thorax and under surface
+black, with the wing covers reddish chestnut with two irregular bands
+of dull orange yellow across the apical half. _S. heros_ is half an
+inch longer, one of the giants of the group; it has the under surface
+dark bronzy brown, the dorsal surface deep dull red; the thorax finely
+punctured, and the elytra coarsely striated. Both these beetles range
+from South to Western Australia. _S. pascoei_ is a handsome rare
+species from Western Australia, measuring under 1 inches in length; it
+is of a rich yellow tint with the upper surface of the head, thorax,
+and legs rich metallic coppery red, and the apical third of the finely
+striated elytra black with a fiery red sheen. _S. thoracica_, slightly
+smaller, is black on the under surface except the sides of the thorax
+and tip of abdomen; the dorsal surface is yellow, except the head, a
+band through the centre of the thorax, and the tip of the wing covers
+which are bluish black. _S. fortnumi_ is one of the few large species
+found in the interior; it measures 1¾ inches in length, and is broad
+in proportion; the under surface is rich metallic green marked with
+yellow; the upper surface yellow with the greater part of the thorax
+and three broad bands across the elytra deep metallic blue.
+
+_Stigmodera grandis_ sometimes measures 2 inches, and is the largest
+species found about Sydney; its general colour is dark bronzy brown
+with the outer edges of the thorax and elytra margined with yellow.
+The common jewel beetle, _Stigmodera variabilis_, is very abundant
+when the _Angophora_ is in bloom; its general colour on the under
+surface, head and thorax is bronzy black, with the edge of the latter
+and the wing covers bright yellow; the markings upon the latter are
+most variable; specimens are sometimes thickly barred with black,
+others without a spot upon them, so that it is difficult to get two
+alike. _S. macularia_ is purple to black, with the wing covers bright
+yellow deeply pitted all over with purple dots. _S. jacquinoti_ might
+be easily mistaken for the last, which it resembles both in size and
+markings, but the tips of the wing covers are produced into sharp
+spines; and the markings are coarser; it is a much rarer beetle than
+the former, which is one of the commonest large species. _S. gratiosa_
+is the type of a group from W. Australia, all of a rich metallic green
+tint with deeply punctured wing covers; it has the head and thorax
+bronzy green and very finely punctured, with the elytra green and very
+coarsely punctured; its length is about ½ an inch, and it is short and
+broad in proportion. This brilliant little beetle is plentiful in some
+districts, and specimens set in gold are often used for earrings and
+brooches, for which its solid integument makes it adaptable.
+
+_Calodema regalis_ from the scrubs of Southern Queensland and the
+extreme north of N.S. Wales, is possibly our most beautiful beetle in
+shape, size, and colour. Measuring nearly 2 inches in length and broad
+in proportion, the whole of the under surface, head and thorax are
+rich metallic green, with two conspicuous blotches of dark red on the
+dorsal surface of the thorax; the wing covers are bright yellow, almost
+smooth, slightly spined at the tips, with a very fine pencil of green
+down the sides of the inner edges.
+
+The members of the Genera _Ethon_ and _Paracephala_ form galls; the
+first are short, thickset beetles of a dull coppery tint, with wavy
+markings on the wing covers. _Ethon corpulentus_ and _E. marmoreum_
+make rounded galls upon the roots of _Dillwynia cricifolia_, sometimes
+as many as twenty on one plant clustering round the base of the stem.
+_E. affinis_ forms galls upon the stems of _Pultenea stipularis_.
+_Paracephala cyaneipennis_ forms galls on the branches of the stunted
+Casuarina (_C. distyla_), growing about Sydney. It is a slender dull
+metallic green beetle about ⅓ of an inch in length. The Genus _Cisseis_
+contains a number of very pretty little metallic tinted beetles, the
+larvae of which feed in the wood of _Acacias_ and other small shrubs,
+and the perfect beetles feed upon the foliage. _Cisseis 12-maculata_, a
+pretty deep blue-black beetle covered with large white spots, is found
+on the grass tree; _C. leucosticta_, _C. similis_, and _C. maculata_
+upon the black wattle.
+
+
+ Family 30. False Click Beetles.
+
+ EUCNEMIDAE.
+
+The beetles in this group form a sort of connecting link between the
+Flower Beetles and the Clicks: many of them are very like the latter,
+but they cannot jump; they have a large terminal joint in the palpus,
+and the antennae when resting are hidden in the grooves along the under
+side of the thorax.
+
+Sixteen species are listed in Masters’ Catalogue, all of which, with
+one exception, are described in Bonvouloir’s Monograph of the family
+(Annals of the Soc. Entom. France 1871–7).
+
+
+ Family 31. Click Beetles.
+
+ ELATERIDAE.
+
+These beetles are found in many different situations, upon flowers,
+hidden under bark, or in cracks on the tree trunks. They are well
+known from their habit of flying in to the lamp at night, and falling
+on their backs go skipping all over the table. They are elongate in
+form, with slender serrate antennae, and a small head deeply sunk into
+the thorax, which is rounded in front, truncate on the hind margin and
+with a slight spine on the edge; while on the under side the thorax is
+furnished with a process that fits into a groove in the first segment
+of the abdomen, which enables it to get enough leverage, by pressing
+the head down when on its back, to jump a considerable distance upward.
+The larvae are slender, cylindrical, shining brown grubs popularly
+known as “Wire Worms,” and some European species are said to do
+considerable damage by eating off the roots of grass and crops.
+
+About 350 species have been described from Australia, most of them
+dull brown or black in colour, though a few are brightly tinted or
+marked. _Agrypnus mastersi_ measures 1 inch, and is of a uniform brown
+colour clothed with fine buff down; it ranges from Queensland to
+Western Australia. The Genus _Lacon_ contains a great number of short,
+broad, dull brown clicks usually found under bark or stones. _Lacon
+caliginosus_, half an inch in length, is dull brown; it ranges from
+Tasmania to Queensland. _Alaus gibboni_ comes from the Richmond River;
+it measures 1¾ inches, and is broad in proportion; its true colour is
+black, but it is so thickly clothed with fine short grey down that it
+is almost a dull white. _A. sericeus_ is a smaller beetle clothed with
+an admixture of buff and chocolate down; I have found them pupating
+in decaying bark on dead trees on the Richmond River. _Tetralobus
+cunninghami_ is typical of a group of the large cylindrical “clicks,”
+in which the male has feather-like antennae, and the thorax is rounded.
+It is 1½ inches long, dark brown, with the under surface of the thorax
+clothed with reddish hairs. These large clicks are generally found
+in the interior on the trunks of trees. The Genus _Monocrepidius_
+contains a number of slender black or brown insects usually living on
+flowers or foliage. _Ophidius histrio_, 1 inch long, is black, richly
+marked with dark yellow lines forming four parallel bars down the
+thorax, and a more irregular lance-shaped pattern on the wing covers;
+this is another fine species from the Northern Rivers, N.S.W. _Anilicus
+semiflavus_ is found on the Angophora flowers about Sydney; it is ½ an
+inch long, black, with the basal half of the elytra bright red.
+
+
+ Family 32. Feather Horns.
+
+ RHIPIDOCERIDAE.
+
+This is not a big family; the species are confined to the warmer parts
+of the world, and are chiefly distinguished by the peculiar structure
+between the tarsal claws, and the beautiful feathery antennae of the
+males. _Rhipidocera mystacina_, our typical form, is ¾ of an inch
+in length, elongate in form, with narrow sloping thorax and large
+feather-like antennae; the general colour is black, with the sides of
+the thorax and whole of the wing covers thickly spotted with white
+downy dots. I have often taken this insect in numbers in the North-West
+of Victoria.
+
+
+ Family 33. Fire-Fly Beetles.
+
+ MALACODERMIDAE.
+
+The members of this family have a softer integument than most beetles.
+They do not all emit light; the true “fire-flies” and “glow-worms”
+belong to the sub-family LAMPYRIDES.
+
+The Genus _Metriorrhynchus_ contains about 50 small, elongate,
+flattened beetles of a dull red colour marked with black; the wing
+covers are deeply ribbed but soft and flabby. The larvae are curious,
+smoky black creatures with blunt spines along the sides of the body,
+and live under stones or logs. _M. rufipennis_, one of the largest, is
+¾ of an inch in length; the head and thorax are black and roughened;
+the wing covers are light red, deeply ribbed and reticulated:
+Waterhouse figured and described many of these (Trans. Entom. Soc.
+1877). Our true fire-flies belong to the Genera _Luciola_ and
+_Atyphella_. On these Olliff has written an interesting paper entitled
+“New Species of Lampyridae with notes on the Mount Wilson Fire-fly”
+(Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1889). Our fire-flies are small, light brown
+beetles, which during the day cling to the foliage, flying about at
+night, emitting a bright flash of phosphorescent light from the tip of
+the abdomen as they move their wings. Several species are found on the
+Blue Mountains and in the tropical scrubs of North Queensland; they are
+very brilliant after night-fall: _Luciola flavicollis_, ¾ of an inch,
+is our common species. The Soldier Beetles, chiefly belonging to the
+Genera _Telephorus_ and _Selenurus_, are common upon low bushes and
+flowering shrubs. _Telephorus pulchellus_, ½ an inch in length, is a
+slender, dull orange coloured beetle; the dorsal surface is shining
+blue black except the apical half of the thorax, which is bright
+yellow. This beetle sometimes appears in great numbers; I have seen the
+Melaleuca scrub on the Blue Mountains black with them.
+
+
+ Family 34. Hunting Beetles.
+
+ CLERIDAE.
+
+There are many handsome little beetles in this family which spend their
+time hunting over logs, tree trunks, or in flowers to catch smaller
+insects which they devour; most of them lay their eggs in the bodies
+of the pupae of wood moths and other insects. A freshly fallen tree is
+a good locality to look for Clerids, as they find many small beetles
+attracted by the withering bark: in Europe the larvae of several groups
+infest the nests of wild bees.
+
+_Natalis porcata_, 1 inch in length, is black covered with a whitish
+down, and is found under the dead bark on tree trunks; it is probably
+parasitic upon the grubs of longicorn beetles (_Phoracantha_).
+_Cleromorpha novemguttatus_ measures only ⅕ of an inch; it is rich
+metallic blue, lightly clothed with black hairs, and the elytra spotted
+on either side with white dots: it is common in the flowers of the
+_Angophora_ in early summer. The Genus _Aulicus_ contains a number of
+bright metallic green or blue beetles which live on flowering shrubs;
+about 20 species are described, chiefly by Cheverolet (Memoirs of the
+Cleridae 1878). _Aulicus instabilis_, one of the smallest, is only ¼ of
+an inch in length; it has a wide range over Australia. _Trogodendron
+fasciculatum_ is another widely distributed species, and may be often
+seen flying about in the height of summer; if captured it bites most
+viciously. I have on several occasions pulled its body off, leaving
+the head with the jaws buried in my finger: it is parasitic on the
+pupae of our large wood moths. It is variable in size, about 1 inch in
+length, thickset and broad in proportion; is dark brown, with bright
+yellow antennae, and broad black fasciae at the base and apical half
+of the elytra. _Zenithicola obesus_, ⅓ of an inch in length, is like
+the last in general form, but with dull yellow thorax and shining black
+elytra marked with white: _Z. australis_, a slightly larger species,
+has a black thorax. The members of the Genus _Eleale_ are elongate,
+dark metallic green or blue beetles clothed with fine hairs and deeply
+punctured wing covers; they also live among flowers. _Tarsostenus
+zonatus_ is typical of the small, slender, cylindrical clerids that
+infest the gall-making coccids, and are often bred from these galls.
+It has a bright reddish brown head and thorax, and green wing covers
+barred across the centre with white. _Lemidia hilaris_, ⅙ of an inch
+long, is a short broad beetle of a shining black tint, with the basal
+half of the elytra red. The Red-legged Ham Beetle, _Necrobia rufipes_,
+an introduced species, is found all over the world. In the interior it
+swarms under dead animals, feeding upon fresh bones; and is also often
+found about cheese and other preserved foods in the pantry.
+
+
+ Family 35. Anobiums.
+
+ PTINIDAE.
+
+These beetles are small insects, with the head hidden under the
+thorax; they have filiform, pectinate or slightly clubbed antennae;
+and several species are world wide in their range, for as they live
+in all kinds of dried food stuffs they are easily introduced into new
+countries. _Gibbium scotius_ is a curious little beetle hardly over
+¹⁄₁₂ of an inch in length, with a bright shining brown body, and the
+legs and antennae covered with yellow scales; it feeds upon feathers,
+and is often found in birds’ nests. _Anobium paniceum_ is known as the
+“Biscuit Weevil,” but feeds upon all kinds of things; I have found
+it in boots, seeds, drugs, botanical specimens, and it is said to
+have been found burrowing through sheet lead. The Cigarette Beetle,
+_Lasioderma serricorne_, is another little brown beetle common in
+Sydney in waste tobacco. Olliff has described a number of Australian
+species (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1886); and Westwood others (Ent. Soc.
+1869), among which are several members of the Genus _Ectrephes_, which
+live in ants’ nests.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 75.=--_Sitodrepa (Anobium)
+ panicea_ (Fabr.).
+
+ The omniverous drug-store beetle (Introduced).
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+
+ Family 36. Powderpost Beetles.
+
+ CIOIDAE.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 76.=--_Lyctus brunneus_
+ (Douglas).
+
+ The Beetle so destructive to Rattan furniture.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+Though small in size and number of species, these are very important
+beetles on account of the damage they do to rattan furniture and
+sapwood in unseasoned timber. _Lyctus brunneus_, a small elongated,
+reddish brown beetle about ⅙ of an inch in length, lives and breeds in
+wood, and is only too common about Sydney. A second species has been
+described from South Australia by Blackburn.
+
+
+ Family 37. Auger Beetles.
+
+ BOSTRYCHIDAE.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 77.=--_Bostrychopsis jesuita_
+ (Fabr.).
+
+ The Auger Beetle which attacks dead or dying trees. Orange
+ tree stem in which a number have been feeding.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+These beetles are easily recognised by their curious cowled thorax,
+with the head turned down beneath, and the last 3 joints of the
+antennae forming a well-defined club; the body is long and cylindrical,
+adapted for burrowing in dead wood. Specimens of these beetles
+can generally be found upon fallen trees or freshly-cut timber.
+_Bostrychopsis jesuita_, one of the largest of the group, about ½
+an inch in length, is black, cylindrical, with the rounded thorax
+rugose in front, and the tip of the wing covers truncate. _Bostrychus
+gibbicollis_, about ⅓ of an inch, is dark reddish brown, with a spined
+thorax and the tips of the wing covers produced into blunt teeth.
+_B. cylindricus_, about the same size and similar colour, has elytra
+furnished with three curled spines on each side. It has been found
+damaging wine casks. In the Genera _Apate_ and _Rhizopertha_, also
+found in dead timber, we have a typical form in _Apate collaris_,
+measuring ¼ of an inch in length, with a dull yellow thorax, dark brown
+wing covers spined at the tips.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 78.=--_Bostrychus cylindricus_
+ (Macleay).
+
+ The Wine-cask borer.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette.” N.S.W.)]
+
+
+ Family 38. Mealworm Beetles.
+
+ TENEBRIONIDAE.
+
+This is a very large family of beetles, generally dull brown or black
+in colour, but varying much in shape; many of the more typical forms
+are found under logs and stones, and might easily be mistaken at first
+sight for carnivorous carab beetles until the mouth parts and head are
+noticed. They have somewhat thickened antennae placed on the sides of
+the head; some have wings, others are wingless; most of them are slow,
+heavy beetles, very easily captured. The larvae are usually slender
+shining cylindrical brown worm-like creatures living in rotten wood, of
+which the introduced Mealworm is a typical example. Our species have
+been described by a great many English and foreign writers, chief among
+which are Pascoe, in the Journal of Entomology 1869, and Annals of
+Natural History 1869–80; Hope in the Transactions of the Entomological
+Society of London 1842–48; Bates in the same journal 1873; and later
+on in the Proceedings of the Australian Societies by Macleay and
+Blackburn. Carter has within this last year described a number of new
+species (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1905–6).
+
+The Ironbark Beetle, _Zopherosis georgii_, is found in the northern
+scrubs of N.S. Wales, generally climbing on tree trunks; it is an
+elongated, flattened, dull brown beetle, slightly over 1 inch in
+length; the antennae thickened, and the whole of the upper surface
+covered with rounded irregular knobs; it is not unlike a caricature of
+a large click beetle.
+
+The members of the Genus _Pterohelaeus_ are smooth, shining,
+tortoise-shaped black beetles, found under dead bark on the trunks of
+trees. _P. piceus_, common in S. Australia and N.S. Wales, is just
+under 1 inch in length, but broad in proportion.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 79.=--_Helaeus subserratus_
+ (Blackburn).
+
+ The Tortoise Beetle.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Helaeus subserratus_, from Western Australia, is typical of a very
+curious group not only wingless, but having the elytra and abdominal
+segments soldered together into a broad flattened box with a wide thin
+flange running right round, continued round the thorax, and overlapping
+in front of the head, which latter is turned down and is thus situated
+in a regular frame; this one is dark brown, with the outer flange
+lighter coloured; it measures 1⅓ inches in length, and is broad and
+rounded in form. These beetles are usually found in the driest parts
+of the interior, where they live under stones or logs among the dust,
+and in spite of their size, remain so motionless that they can be very
+easily overlooked.
+
+_Saragus floccosus_, found on tree trunks in the north of N.S.W., is
+a smaller tortoise-shaped insect, under ¾ of an inch; is convex and
+keeled down the centre of the thorax; and the elytra have a more
+narrow flange running right round but curving in and rounded on either
+side of the head. When alive, it has the whole of the upper surface
+covered with loose flocculent matter like soft sawdust, evidently
+as a protective covering, but this is easily brushed off when dead.
+_Hypaulax tenuistriata_ is one of the common large black beetles found
+under dead bark; it measures about 1 inch in length; the head is small,
+projecting; the thorax broad, rounded, shining; and the broad wing
+covers are distinctly ribbed with punctured striae.
+
+_Chartopteryx childreni_ is one of our most remarkable and rare
+species; it is 1 inch long; the only specimen I have seen alive,
+I caught alighting on a tree trunk at Mosman, near Sydney; it is
+elongate, broad, oval in form, with the head and thorax turned down,
+and the convex, shining, black elytra deeply punctured and clothed with
+dull yellow moss-like material; the head and thorax are ornamented
+with fine white hairs, forming an elongated mark on either side of the
+latter and two parallel lines down the centre of the head and thorax.
+
+_Blepegenes aruspex_ is a shining coppery black coloured beetle
+measuring ¾ of an inch; it is slender in form, remarkably like a carab,
+with a small thorax that is produced into a spine on either side; the
+elytra are deeply ribbed; it is found under logs in the Illawarra
+district, N.S.W.
+
+_Cardiothorax howitti_ is also found under logs; it is an elongate
+beetle, black with a dull purple tint on the thorax, which is flattened
+and almost round, a regular rim running round the margin; it is arcuate
+behind the head, and produced into a spine on the hind margins; the
+wing covers are elongated to the apex, and ribbed. The members of the
+extensive Genus _Adelium_ are found under logs; some species are quite
+common, clustering together in considerable numbers; they are all black
+or coppery tinted. These beetles are about ¾ of an inch in length; the
+thorax is roughened, and the wing covers more or less striated.
+
+The Genus _Chalcopterus_, which now includes most of those described
+as _Amarygmus_, are black or brightly metallic coloured beetles; the
+head and thorax are small and curve downward; the wing covers are
+large, convex, and pointed at the tips. They are found crawling about
+on tree trunks, or hidden under dead bark, and give out a very pungent
+offensive odour when handled. _Chalcopterus variabilis_ measures ½ an
+inch in length; its head and thorax are black, the elytra rich coppery
+red, and it is common about the Sydney scrubs.
+
+The common Mealworm, _Tenebrio molitor_, has a world-wide range; it
+was introduced into Australia at a very early date, and not long ago
+a packet of seeds imported from England was found on examination by
+one of the inspectors of the Agricultural Department N.S.W. to be full
+of the shining wireworm-like larvae of these beetles. It is a common
+beetle in stables and produce stores.
+
+
+ Family 39.
+
+ CISTELIDAE.
+
+These are delicate, elongate, long-legged beetles, with weak
+integument, and are closely allied to the TENEBRIONIDAE, only differing
+from them in having comb-like or pectinate claws on the tarsi; and
+their larvae are like wireworms. The Genus _Atractus_ comprises a
+number of slender beetles of bright metallic tints common upon the
+flowering shrubs in summer; _Atractus viridis_, ½ an inch in length,
+is bright metallic green, with the thorax and shoulders tinted with
+coppery red, the wing covers deeply marked with punctured striae. _A.
+virescens_ is a smaller species with a more dull metallic coppery
+tint. The members of the Genus _Allecula_ are larger beetles, with
+long slender legs and antennae, shining brown or black in colour,
+with finely striated elytra; the larvae are slender, dark, shining
+brown wireworms living in decaying wood. _Allecula subsulcata_ is
+slightly over ½ an inch in length, of a uniform black colour, with the
+last three joints of the antennae and the last two of the tarsi pale
+ferruginous. The larvae breed in the rotten stems of dead grass trees,
+and the beetles are generally found hiding among the foliage.
+
+
+ Family 40.
+
+ LAGRIIDAE.
+
+This is another small group containing few species, but _Lagria
+grandis_ is one of our very common beetles, and can be collected on
+low scrub anywhere about Sydney. The larvae are to be found under logs
+or among damp leaves on the ground, and are thickset, black, shining
+creatures. covered with short reddish hair on the upper surface; short
+antennae standing out in front; and the tip of the abdomen is produced
+into a pair of pointed spines. The beetle is light reddish brown,
+closely covered with fine confluent punctures and short scattered brown
+hairs. It is slightly over ½ an inch in length, with a small head,
+slender, narrow thorax, and with the front of the wing covers forming a
+broad shoulder in front.
+
+
+ Family 41.
+
+ ANTHICIDAE.
+
+These are small ant-like beetles, with the head having a regular neck
+and the thorax narrow and elongate; most of them are found among
+rubbish upon the ground, or along the edges of creeks and watercourses.
+It is chiefly owing to the researches of King, who collected and
+described a great number of the species found about Sydney (Trans. Ent.
+Soc. N.S.W. 1869), that we know much about this family.
+
+
+ Family 42.
+
+ PYROCHROIDAE.
+
+This is a small group containing some beetles with the head attached
+to the thorax by a neck, and with the wing covers much broader than
+the thorax: _Lemodes coccinea_ is a pretty little bright red beetle
+with black legs and antennae, the latter tipped with white; it measures
+slightly over ¼ of an inch in length; is common under logs in the
+Illawarra district. Another species, _L. splendens_, has recently been
+described by Lea (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1906) from specimens obtained
+by me at Noundoc, N.S. Wales.
+
+
+ Family 43. Pintails.
+
+ MORDELLIDAE.
+
+This group, in which the _Rhipidophoridae_ are now included, are very
+distinctive beetles; they have the head tucked down in front; the
+thorax large, broad, and rounded at the base, with the hind margins
+angular and fitting closely into the wing covers, which taper down
+to the apex; the end of the abdomen forms a stout spine-shaped tip
+extending beyond the wings.
+
+They are very active little beetles; several species are very numerous
+and swarm over the flowers of the low scrub. _Mordella leucosticta_, ½
+an inch in length, is black; the whole of the upper surface is thickly
+spotted and marked with dull white, and the legs and under surface
+are also mottled. _M. limbata_ is a much smaller black beetle ⅙ of an
+inch in length, and has a pale silvery sheen: _Tomoxia flavicans_,
+from the northern rivers, is a shorter broader insect. _Pelectomoides
+conicollis_ is 1¼ inches in length; is of a uniform dull brown colour,
+with pectinate antennae; the head is small, turned down, and the thorax
+is broad and rounded. This fine beetle is found about Sydney. Lea has
+described and listed the members of this family (Trans. Ent. Soc.
+London 1902).
+
+
+ Family 44. Oil and Blister Beetles.
+
+ CANTHARIDAE.
+
+The true Blister Beetle is a slender insect with soft integument,
+and a small head produced into a neck behind; the thorax is small in
+proportion to the slender rounded abdomen and wing covers. A number of
+species have been described from this country by different writers,
+among whom Fairmaire has been chief (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880). Most of
+them belong to the Genus _Zonitis_, of which about 40 species have been
+described. _Zonitis bipartita_, under ½ an inch in length, has the
+head, thorax, base of the wing covers, and under surface of abdomen
+orange yellow, with the abdomen and rest of the elytra dark shining
+blue: _Z. brevicornis_ is a very similar insect, but has the whole of
+the wing covers deep metallic blue.
+
+The true Oil Beetles are more rare; unable to fly, they are found
+crawling about on the ground with the body distended and the wing
+covers overlapping each other at the base. Nothing is recorded about
+the larvae of our species of this family, but in other countries they
+are known to feed upon the eggs of locusts; others attach themselves to
+bees, and are thus carried into their nests, where they devour the eggs
+and afterwards the honey.
+
+The OEDEMERIDAE are somewhat similar looking insects to the Blister
+Beetle; _Ananca puncta_ is found in the northern parts of N.S. Wales;
+it is a very slender long-legged beetle over ½ an inch in length, of a
+general dull yellow colour, with the head, thorax, and legs mottled
+with dull blue, and the whole of the elongated wing covers dull blue
+except a dorsal stripe of the prevailing yellow which widens out
+towards the apex.
+
+
+ Family 45. Woodborers.
+
+ SCOLYTIDAE.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 80.=--_Hylesinus fici_ (Lea).
+
+ The Fig-branch Beetle, better known under the name of _H.
+ porcatus_ (Chap.).
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+This is a group the members of which are allied to the Weevils, but
+differ in having a short broad snout with clubbed antennae, and
+the tibiae toothed on the outer edge. Only a few species have been
+described from this country, but several of them are well-known
+pests, and like the smaller species of the Auger Beetles are usually
+attracted to dying trees. In the Genus _Hylesinus_ we have one,
+_H. porcatus_, which attacks the terminal buds of both the wild
+and cultivated figs. It is a short thickset black beetle, about 2
+lines in length, with the head turned down to the fore-legs, and the
+clubbed antennae 5 jointed; the head and thorax are rugose, and the
+wing covers finely striated; the whole insect is lightly clothed with
+fine hairs. The Ambrosia Beetle, _Xyleborus solidus_, is a common
+beetle in the bush, and has lately turned its attention to fruit trees;
+boring into the branch and then gnawing a chamber right round under the
+bark, she deposits her eggs at the end of the burrow, at the same time
+killing the branch and causing it to snap off. This beetle is about
+⅛ of an inch in length, of a uniform black colour, with the legs and
+antennae reddish brown. It is stout and cylindrical in form; the head
+is turned down in front and hidden from above; the rounded thorax is
+nearly as large as the body, covered with short rasp-like points in
+front; the wing covers are flattened and squared off at the tips.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 81.=--_Xyleborus solidus_
+ (Eichhoff).
+
+ The Scolytid Beetle that damages the Apple tree Branches.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+
+ Family 46. Slender Weevils.
+
+ BRENTHIDAE.
+
+These are remarkable looking beetles, very long and slender in form,
+with the snout never turned down but standing out straight in front
+of the head; the antennae not elbowed, but composed of a number of
+bead-like joints attached near the tip on either side; and the jaws
+situated at the extremity of the snout. In many of the larger forms the
+males are much bigger than the females, and have the snout much longer;
+they are chiefly found in the tropical scrubs, two small species
+however coming from the south. _Trachelizus howetti_, a shining reddish
+brown beetle about ¼ of an inch in length, has the antennae thickened
+to the tips; and _Cordus hospes_, a larger beetle of a somewhat darker
+colour, is found under dead bark on the tree trunks, and also sometimes
+in ants’ nests. _Ectocemus pterygorrhinus_ comes from North Queensland,
+and is common on the low scrub about Cairns where timber has been
+felled; it is somewhat short and thickset; the male is about 1¼ inches
+in length, with the tip of the rostrum produced into an angulate
+process, and very long cylindrical antennae. The general colour is
+dark reddish brown, with the wing covers ornamented with four parallel
+rows of shining dull yellow bars. _Ithystenus hollandiae_, also from
+Cairns, is found in similar situations; it is very long and slender,
+1½ inches long, blackish brown, with two parallel light reddish brown
+lines down the centre of the wing covers, and the extremities produced
+into a tooth at either side. _Homocerus fossulatus_, found under rotten
+bark, is of a general dull brown colour; is thickened and flattened,
+with the wing covers much roughened. The male measures about 1¾ inches
+in length, but the female is much smaller. _Mesetia amoena_ is a very
+pretty, slender, bright reddish yellow beetle, with the head, legs, and
+sides of the thorax black, and a dark medium stripe down the thorax
+and elytron. It is about 1 inch in length, and is common in the scrubs
+about the Richmond River N.S.W.
+
+
+ Family 47. Carnivorous Weevils.
+
+ ANTHRIBIDAE.
+
+These beetles are allied to, but very distinct from, the true weevils,
+and are usually found on the trunks of dead trees, where they hunt for
+and devour the small wood-boring beetles that are attracted to the dead
+twigs, or which breed out of fungus. They have a short blunt snout, and
+many have long slender antennae which are not elbowed; they are most
+plentiful in the northern scrubs and forests.
+
+_Ecelonerus albopictus_ is typical of those with short antennae clubbed
+at the tips; it is a stout thickset dark brown beetle, thickly covered
+with pubescence, and the whole of the under surface, front of thorax
+and middle and tip of the body blotched with white pubescence. It
+measures over ½ an inch in length, and is found in the northern parts
+of N.S. Wales.
+
+_Ancylotropis waterhousei_ is a good example of the long-horned forms;
+it measures over ½ an inch in length, but looks shorter as its head and
+thorax are curved downwards. It is a very slender beetle of a uniform
+brown tint, but thickly clothed with buff and grey down; the thorax
+tapers to the front, and the head is elongated but swells out again in
+front, and is furnished with long slender antennae. _Doticus pestilans_
+is known as the “Dried Apple Beetle,” from the habit that the beetle
+has of laying its eggs in any dried immature apples that are left over
+the season upon the trees; in its native state the larvae breed in
+the large wattle galls. It measures only about ⅓ of an inch, and is a
+short, thickset beetle, with the head turned downward, furnished with
+slender clubbed antennae. The general colour is reddish brown; it has
+a raised ridge on either side of the wing covers; the fore-legs are
+curiously prolonged with large tarsi, and it has a peculiar jumping
+habit. Pascoe has described most of our beetles belonging to this group
+(Journal of Entomology 1860, and Annals and Magazine of Natural History
+1859).
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 82.=--_Doticus pestilans_
+ (Olliff).
+
+ The Jumping Anthribid or “Dried-apple Beetle.”
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+
+ Family 48. Weevils.
+
+ CURCULIONIDAE.
+
+The Weevils or Snout Beetles are one of the largest and best defined
+groups of the Coleoptera, and though they comprise a great number of
+very different looking beetles in shape, they all have the front of
+the head produced into a more or less elongated snout with the jaws
+placed at the tip, and with the distinctly elbowed antennae standing
+out on either side of the snout, forming a regular angle. Most of
+them are provided with well developed wings, the elytra being usually
+very solid; and the whole insect is encased in thick armour plate
+integument. The majority are slow, sluggish beetles, that trust as a
+rule more to their shape and protective colouration harmonising with
+their surroundings, than to their activity. They feed chiefly upon
+foliage and bark, and when at rest cling to the twigs or stalks of
+their food plants, falling at the least alarm to the ground, where
+they remain perfectly motionless, with their legs and antennae tightly
+closed until the danger has passed.
+
+Those living in the dry western country are represented by curious
+wingless forms with very short stout snouts, and are usually found
+under logs and stones in open grass lands; while in the tropical scrubs
+they are chiefly arboreal, and frequently richly coloured. They are all
+vegetarian in their habits both in the larval and perfect states; some
+infest seeds, others destroy the buds, foliage or roots of plants and
+do a great deal of damage to farms and gardeners’ crops. About 1200
+described species are listed in Masters’ Catalogue, and a great number
+of new species have been added during the last few years by Messrs.
+Blackburn and Lea in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N.S.
+Wales, and Transactions of the Royal Society of S. Australia. Pascoe,
+one of the most prolific writers on this family, described a great many
+between the years 1869–1883 (Journ. Linn. Soc. & Ann. Nat. Hist.). They
+have been divided into a number of sub-families, among which only the
+most important can be noticed here.
+
+The remarkable Long-necked Weevil, _Rhadinosomus lacordairei_, measures
+under ½ an inch in length; is of a uniform dull reddish brown tint
+with a silvery white spot on either side of the rounded elytra, which
+are produced into a spine on each side. It breeds in the cavity in the
+large _Brachyscelid_ galls, feeding on the woody tissue; Lea says that
+in Tasmania it is a pest to strawberry growers.
+
+The members of the Genus _Myllocerus_ are dainty little oval weevils
+found resting upon grass stalks or among the foliage of small shrubs
+peculiar to North Queensland and North West Australia. _Myllocerus
+carinatus_ is about ⅓ of an inch in length, and is finely striated and
+densely clothed with metallic green scales. _Catasarcus spinipennis_
+is another West Australian insect of a brownish buff tint, with the
+abdomen broadly rounded; and the hind portions of the elytra covered
+with sharp spines. About 40 species of this genus are described, all
+of which with one exception are confined to West Australia. _Cherrus
+ebeninus_ is one of the large stout black weevils common in the bush
+around Sydney, where it is usually found clinging to the twigs of the
+blood-wood, _Eucalyptus corymbosa_. It is black, with broad rugose
+thorax and ribbed wing covers.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 83= and=84.=--_Wattle
+ Weevils._
+
+ =83.= _Rhinotia hœmoptera_ (Kirby). The Red Weevil.
+
+ =84.= _Leptops tribulus_ (Fabr.). The Wattle
+ “Pig-beetle.”
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Leptops_ contains a large number of very characteristic
+beetles feeding upon the foliage of wattles and other scrub trees. They
+are usually grey, buff, or dark brown insects with thickened snouts
+and broad bodies. The Apple-root Borer, _Leptops hopei_, is sometimes
+a pest to the orchardist, damaging the roots of his apple trees; the
+beetle emerging from the soil crawls up the tree trunk, and laying her
+eggs upon the leaf, turns the edges over and gums them together with a
+sticky secretion; the young grubs hatch and crawl down to the roots.
+_L. tribulus_, often called by the Sydney boys the “Wattle Pig,” feeds
+upon the foliage of the black wattle; it is a much larger species,
+about 1 inch in length; dark brown to black in colour; the broad
+rounded body covered with short blunt spines, thickest towards the
+apex. The Grey-banded Leaf Weevil, _Ethemaia sellata_, described from
+S. Australia, has a wide range over the interior. The larvae are pale
+green legless creatures about ⅓ of an inch in length, lightly clothed
+with short hairs; they remain buried in the soil, coming out at night
+to feed upon plants, but if disturbed by a light they will drop to the
+ground and bury themselves very quickly. The beetle is ⅓ of an inch in
+length, dark brown, shaded with grey, which forms an irregular pattern
+on the thorax, legs, and elytra; rugose, deeply pitted; and the whole
+surface is clothed with white and brown scales.
+
+The AMYCTERINAE are a large group of weevils with such short thick
+snouts that they are quite unlike the typical forms generally found
+in open forest country among grass or hiding under logs or stones;
+they are wingless, the elytra soldered together forming a very thick
+solid integument. Macleay described a great number (Trans. Ent. Soc.
+N.S.W. 1865). _Psalidura elongata_, common in the interior, measures
+slightly over 1 inch in length; is of a uniform black colour with a
+reddish brown tint; the short head and flattened thorax are finely
+granulated, with the elytron closely ribbed and punctured. _Talaurinus
+tuberculatus_, about ⅔ of an inch in length, is black, very coarsely
+granulated on the thorax, with the whole of the flattened elytron
+thickly covered with blunt tubercules. Nearly 90 species or this
+genus have been described, chiefly by Macleay, ranging all over
+Australia. _Amycterus draco_ is one of the most remarkable armour
+plated species in the interior; it is black, with a small deeply
+ribbed head and angulated thorax; and the broad, somewhat elongated
+elytron is turned down at the extremity and covered with rows of
+raised bosses. _Acantholophus echinatus_, as the generic name implies,
+represents a group containing a number of species covered with spines
+that extend even over the upper surface of the head and thorax. The
+Genus _Cubicorrhynchus_ contains the smaller ground beetles, almost
+cylindrical, with short rounded head and thorax: they dwell under
+stones, and when exposed lie quite motionless as if dead, their dull
+brown tints matching the ground. _C. morosus_, about ⅓ of an inch in
+length, is of the usual form and colour, with a very wide range, and
+often very numerous in grass lands.
+
+The GONIPTERINAE comprise a number of diverse forms found upon foliage
+clinging to the twigs. The Genus _Oxyops_ contains a number of stout
+moderate-sized beetles which are remarkable for the curious habits
+of their legless slug-like larvae, which, covering themselves with
+a slimy secretion, crawl about over the surface of the eucalyptus
+leaves, feeding upon the epidermis and covering their backs with their
+excrement; when full grown they pupate on the ground among the rubbish
+beneath their food plant. _Oxyops concreta_ has a narrow short head
+with the thorax broadest behind; the elytra broadly swollen, rounded,
+deeply striated, and clothed with fine scales. _Bryachus squamicollis_
+has a wide range over Australia, and is usually found clinging to the
+twigs of stunted gum trees; it measures about ½ an inch in length;
+is of a uniform dark chocolate brown, but thickly mottled all over
+with fine grey and black scales. This beetle forms rounded cells of
+a brown gummy substance (very much like large Lecanium scales) which
+are attached to the twigs, in each of which she places three eggs;
+from these emerge pale yellow oval larvae; when full grown the larva
+is an oval smooth rounded grub of a purplish tint, legless, flattened
+on the ventral surface, and with the head hidden from above, like a
+“pear-slug” larva; when adult it falls or crawls to the ground, and
+pupates among the rubbish. Mr. Gurney first discovered the curious
+egg-capsules on trees in the Bogan River district N.S.W. _Gonipterus
+gibberus_ is a small reddish-brown beetle with a white blotch on either
+side of the elytra; it has an elongated head and thorax, and is usually
+found clinging tightly to the tip of a eucalyptus twig. _Aterpus
+cultratus_, typical of the next group, measures ⅓ of an inch in length;
+the dorsal surface is flattened; is of a general dull brown tint, with
+the head, front of the thorax and tip of the abdomen buff. Usually
+found under dead bark on tree trunks, its larva forms a loose cocoon of
+bits of bark on the stems of Melaleuca bushes. _Lixus mastersi_, the
+weed weevil, is very common in neglected gardens, as its larvae feed in
+the roots of _Amaranthus_ and _Chenopodium_, causing them to swell out
+into cylindrical galls; the beetle is ⅓ of an inch in length, slender
+and cylindrical in form, of a light brown tint, but when freshly
+emerged is covered with a yellow mealy pubescence which soon rubs off.
+
+The “Botany Bay Diamond Beetle,” as Donovan described it, _Chrysolophus
+spectabilis_, is one of our commonest and at the same time one of
+the most beautiful of our weevils. It has a very wide range all over
+Australia, and is found wherever the black wattle thrives, but also
+feeds upon many other species. It is very variable in size, measuring
+to 1 inch in length; is of a uniform black tint, but so thickly covered
+with patches of bright metallic green scales, that in freshly emerged
+specimens it seems more green than black. It deposits its eggs about
+the butt of the wattle tree buried in the bark; the stout fleshy grubs
+form irregular tunnels in the wood.
+
+The Elephant Beetle, _Orthorrhinus cylindrirostris_, whose stout
+fleshy grubs do a good deal of damage to citrus trees, has a very wide
+range over Australia: it is a dark brown weevil, covered on the dorsal
+surface with fine buff and grey scales; the thorax is covered with
+irregular bosses which form ridges on the elytra. It measures about ½
+an inch in length, and has a long slender snout turned down in front,
+and very long fore-legs terminating in large feathered tarsi; in its
+native state it feeds upon gum trees. _O. klugi_ is a much smaller
+species that feeds and breeds in wattles, but is also known as an
+orchard pest, infesting the canes of vines, and also eating the leaf
+buds.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 85.=--_Chrysolophus
+ spectabilis_ (Fabr.).
+
+ The Botany Bay Diamond Beetle.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Eurhamphus fasciculatus_ is one of our largest and most remarkable
+looking weevils; it measures 2½ inches in length, and is of a general
+black tint, but the greater portion is finely clothed with grey and
+rusty red scales, which give it a uniform buff tint; it is further
+clothed with tufts of long soft reddish brown hairs forming a raised
+ridge down either side of the thorax, and are scattered in rows on the
+elytra intermixed with small tufts of long grey hairs, giving it a very
+remarkable spiny appearance. It is a rare insect as a rule, ranging
+from Pine Mountain, Queensland, to the Clarence River, N.S. Wales; but
+many years ago Masters when collecting in the north came upon a large
+dead pine tree in the scrub literally covered with hundreds of these
+great weevils boring into the dead timber with their long slender
+snouts, making a distinct scratching sound. It is therefore probable
+that they are confined to the strip of country where the Hoop or
+Maryborough Pine grows, and breed on it.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 86.=--_Myrmacicelus
+ formicarius_ (Chev.).
+
+ The Ant-like Weevil.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Tranes sparsus_, ⅓ of an inch in length, is common among the coarse
+palm-like foliage of the Currawong; it is of a uniform reddish brown
+tint with a slender snout, rounded flattened thorax, and oval,
+flattened, finely striated elytra. A smaller black species, _T.
+xanthorrhoeae_, is found in the foliage of the grass trees. The Genus
+_Belus_ contains a number of very slender weevils with the snout
+standing out in front of the head, long antennae, thickened thighs,
+and the slender elytra coming to a point at the apex. They feed upon
+wattles, and are very active, flying about in the heat of the day.
+_Belus semipunctatus_ is about ¾ of an inch in length; of a uniform
+dark reddish brown tint, with a broad white stripe down each side
+of the thorax and down the centre of the back, with small spots on
+each side. _B. bidentatus_ is a stouter thickset beetle; and is of a
+darker brown colour, with a rounded buff spot on either side of the
+wing covers. _B. plagiatus_ is a smaller almost black species, richly
+variegated with reddish yellow spots and blotches; it comes from the
+more tropical scrubs of N.S. Wales and Southern Queensland. _Rhinotia
+hoemoptera_, a very handsome slender cylindrical weevil, is about ¾ of
+an inch in length, with the snout furnished with thickened antennae
+turned down below the head; it is rich black with bright brick red
+wing covers which have a fine dorsal black stripe down the centre. The
+curious large-headed larvae feed in the stems of the Sweet-scented
+Wattle, _Acacia suaveolens_. _Eurhynchus acanthopterus_ is the type
+of another group, which has a shorter snout, and the head broad and
+rounded, fitting closely into the somewhat attenuated thorax; the body
+is broadly oval, and the wing covers furnished with short conical
+spines in the centre of the back. It measures about ½ an inch, and
+is of a uniform reddish brown tint. The Ant Weevil, _Myrmacicelus
+formicarius_, usually found crawling about on the trunks of wattle
+trees, is a shining black weevil about ⅙ of an inch in length, and is
+as ant-looking as its names suggest. The Genus _Balaninus_ represents
+the tiny little rounded weevils with very long slender snouts adapted
+for feeding upon seeds. _B. amoenus_ is black spotted with white; is
+almost oval in form, and about ⅙ of an inch in length. It feeds upon
+the ripe fruit of the little yellow fig, _Ficus rubiginosa_.
+
+The Genus _Laemosaccus_ contains a number of short flattened weevils
+of a general black or dark brown colour ornamented with white or buff
+down; they are generally found feasting upon the bark of freshly fallen
+tree-trunks, particularly wattle and eucalypts, in which they also bore
+holes and deposit their eggs. _Laemosaccus electilis_ measures ¼ of an
+inch in length; is black with white pubescence on the under surface,
+and white markings on the tips of the wing covers, which are finely
+striated. My specimens come from Condobolin, N.S. Wales.
+
+The members of the Genus _Haplonyx_ contain a number of curious,
+short, broadly rounded beetles generally found clinging to the twigs
+of eucalypts, but their larvae breed in the fleshy galls of the
+Brachyscelid coccids, where they destroy the gall makers and pupate
+in the cavity. _Haplonyx centralis_ is a typical dark brown species
+with a large white circle occupying the centre of the back. _Perissops
+ocellatus_, about ½ an inch in length, comes from the Tweed River N.S.
+Wales and Southern Queensland: it is of a general light brown tint; is
+oval and rounded in form, with the wing covers marked with buff, so
+that when viewed from behind it resembles a pair of eyes and nose on a
+man’s face.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 87 and 88.=--Kurrajong Weevils.
+
+ =87.=--_Axionicus insignis_ (Pascoe).
+
+ The Mimic Bark-weevil.
+
+ =88.=--_Tepperia sterculiae_, (Lea).
+
+ The Seed-pod Weevil.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Axionicus insignis_ is always found upon the trunk of the Kurrajong
+tree hidden in the crevices of the bark, where in spite of its size
+(¾ of an inch in length) it is very difficult to detect, owing to the
+exact blending of its white grey and brown markings with the tints of
+the bark. It lays its eggs in the injured bark; the larvae are typical
+obese legless white grubs; they feed between the bark and the wood
+often in such numbers as to kill large branches. They pupate in regular
+oval cocoons formed of gnawed wood and bark. _Tepperia sterculiae_
+breeds in the seed pods of the Kurrajong, and is a smaller but
+somewhat similar tinted beetle clothed with brown and grey scales, the
+latter forming a well defined patch toward the apex of the wing covers.
+The two species of the Genus _Enteles_ are smaller, smooth, shining,
+black beetles, with the head and legs curving underneath the body;
+they are both found in the semi-tropical scrubs of the north. _Enteles
+vigorsi_ is marked with two white transverse lines crossing the elytra;
+while _E. ocellatus_ has more parallel lines crossing the transverse
+ones, making an eye-like pattern upon the back. The Grass-tree Weevil,
+_Trigonotarsus rugosus_, is 1½ inches in length; is of a uniform
+black colour; and of the typical Calandra or palm weevil shape, with
+a slender curved snout, and small head sunk into the thorax, with the
+dorsal surface of the thorax and elytra flattened. The obese white
+larva feeds in the roots of the grass-trees. Allied to this are the two
+tiny cosmopolitan grain weevils, _Calandra orizae_ and _C. granaria_,
+which are destructive pests to all kinds of grain and other food stuffs.
+
+
+ Family 49. Longicorns.
+
+ CERAMBYCIDAE.
+
+The longicorn beetles from their number, variety, size, and the damage
+they do to timber and plants, are well known beetles, and have always
+been a favourite group with collectors. They are usually elongate
+in form, with powerful gnawing jaws, and long slender many-jointed
+antennae standing out in front of the head, the basal joint often half
+encircled by the large compound eye; the elytron is always divided down
+the centre, and the large hind wings well adapted for flight are folded
+beneath them; the legs are strongly developed, well adapted either for
+running about or clinging to their food plant.
+
+They deposit their eggs in bark or timber; the larvae burrow into
+the tissue beneath, upon which they feed; they often remain, long
+cylindrical or flattened naked grubs, for several years before they
+pupate in the end of their last gallery.
+
+They are divided into three large sub-families by modern entomologists;
+our species have been chiefly described by Newman in “The Entomologist”
+1842; “Annals of Natural History” 1840; and a number of other Journals.
+Pascoe contributed a great many papers to over half a dozen of the
+leading entomological societies in England between 1857 and 1875. Hope,
+in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1841, and
+other Transactions, added largely to our list, while Messrs. Boisduval,
+Germer, White, Saunders, and others described odd specimens. In our own
+Journals, Macleay and Blackburn have also dealt with these beetles.
+
+The PRIONINAE comprise a number of large broad thickset beetles with
+the front coxae large and transverse, and the prothorax having well
+developed side margins. The determination of several of our commonest
+species was a matter of some doubt, so I submitted most of our common
+forms to Professor Lamare of Brussels, who has identified them and
+enabled me to speak with some authority.
+
+_Sceleocantha glabricollis_ is one of the shortest thickset forms;
+about 1¼ inches in length; of the usual uniform reddish brown tint;
+the small shining thorax furnished with a fine spine on either side;
+and the broad rounded elytron finely granulated. It is found along the
+southern coast of N.S. Wales. The common large white grub which bores
+in the trunks of the honeysuckle (_Banksia serrata_) growing along
+the coast of the south-east of N.S. Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, is
+the larva of _Paroplites australis_ described in 1842 by Erichson; in
+most of our Museum collections it is known as _Macrotoma servilis_.
+It is variable in size, measuring to 2 inches in length, and is of
+a dull dark brown tint, with a flattened rugose thorax with serrate
+edges. _Eurynassa australis_ is a large somewhat slender species 2¼
+inches in length; the broad flattened dull coloured thorax is marked
+in the centre with two shining triangular patches pointing toward the
+head; the reddish brown elytra are finely granulated. _E. odewahni_ is
+a smaller species, with the thorax more constricted, shining, rugose,
+and serrate on the margins; it is found in the interior, and has an
+extended range westward from N.S. Wales to W. Australia. _Agrianome
+spinicollis_ comes from the north-east of N.S. Wales; it is a broader
+more flattened form, about 2 inches in length; the thorax is rounded
+and serrate on the sides; and the general colour is light reddish
+brown. _Iotherium metallicum_ hardly measures over ½ an inch; is of a
+rich metallic purple tint; the thorax is produced into a broad spine on
+the sides; and the wing covers are broadly round at the apex. The male
+is a much smaller coppery tinted beetle, and was described under the
+name of _Phaolus macleayi_; it is usually taken on grass stalks in open
+forest country.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 89.=--_Eurynassa odewahni_
+ (Pascoe).
+
+ The great brown Longicorn.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The CERAMBYCINAE comprise a much larger division of the longicorn
+beetles, differing from the last group in having the first coxae not
+greatly extended transversely; the thorax not margined, and the last
+joint of the maxillary palpus usually broad. _Pachydissus sericus_ is
+a slender silvery dark brown beetle about 1¼ inches in length, with
+the tip of the wing covers spined and the basal joint of the antennae
+thickened. It is generally found clinging to the rough bark of tree
+trunks. They deposit their eggs in the bark of _Acacia longifolia_; the
+larvae bore all through the trunk and larger branches; they have a wide
+range over the southern half of Australia.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 90.=--_Pachydissus sericus_
+ (Newman).
+
+ The Silvery Longicorn, breeding in the stems of _Acacia
+ longifolia_.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Phoracantha_ contains a number of typical dark yellow or
+mottled brown beetles which in the larval state feed between the bark
+and sapwood of different gum trees when the trees are dead or dying;
+several species are common in firewood blocks about Sydney. The beetles
+are remarkable for long antennae fringed on the inner edge with fine
+hairs and short spines at the joints, and a single large spine on the
+sides of the thorax. _Phoracantha recurva_ has a very wide range from
+the North-west coast to Victoria; it measures under 1 inch in length;
+is of a general dull yellow tint, with the apical half of the wing
+covers crossed with a broad band of reddish brown. _P. tricuspis_ is a
+much larger, darker reddish brown beetle with mottled wing covers that
+lives in the timber of the ironbark gums. _P. semipunctata_, smaller
+than the last, has a regular pattern of dark brown on its back; it
+is common about Sydney N.S.W., and has a wide range over Australia.
+_Epithora dorsalis_ is remarkable for its very long fringed antennae,
+and is easily distinguished by its uniform reddish tint marked across
+the centre of the wing covers with a broad patch of dull yellow. It
+also has a wide range over the continent, and is often taken about
+Sydney in summer on flowering shrubs. _Aphanasium australe_ is a
+slender, light reddish brown beetle, under ¾ of an inch in length,
+the larvae of which feed in the stems of the prickly Hakea bushes.
+_Piesarthruis marginellus_ is a very distinctive dull reddish brown
+insect with the centre of the wing covers pale brown; the smaller
+more slender male is furnished with remarkable feathered antennae.
+The larva breeds and pupates in the centre of the branches of _Acacia
+longifolia_, and can be easily reared from infested wood, though it
+is very rarely found on the food plant, for as soon as it emerges it
+crawls up to the top of the tree and clings to the branchlets.
+
+_Strongylurus thoracicus_ is a handsome brown longicorn brightly marked
+with white on the sides of the thorax. Its larva is very destructive
+in gardens, cutting off large branches of white cedar and pittosporum
+bushes.
+
+In the Genus _Uracanthus_ the beetles are long and slender, with
+almost cylindrical bodies, and the thorax contracted slightly behind
+the head. _Uracanthus triangularis_ in Victoria confines its attention
+almost exclusively to the branches of the black wattle; but in N.S.
+Wales I have bred it from a number of different shrubs. It measures
+about 1 inch in length; is of a general uniform reddish brown colour,
+but so thickly clothed with fawn-coloured pubescence that there is
+only an angular bare reddish patch on the sides of the wing covers.
+_U. cryptophagus_, the largest known species, is nearly twice the
+length, more cylindrical in form, and of a uniform buff tint. In its
+native state it fed in the northern scrubs of N.S. Wales upon the wild
+lemon, from which it migrated to the cultivated orange, and the larvae
+burrowing through the branches did a great deal of mischief to the
+trees. _Syllitus grammicus_ is a slender reddish brown beetle with six
+parallel grey lines running down the elytra, and is under ½ an inch in
+length. _Lygesis mendica_ breeds on the twigs of the black wattle in
+the neighbourhood of Sydney. It measures under ½ an inch in length;
+is of a uniform reddish brown colour, and has a slender head and long
+cylindrical thorax. The wing covers are rounded at the tips, and the
+whole insect is clothed with stout white hairs. _Macrones rufus_ is a
+long, slender, bright reddish brown beetle about 1¼ inches in length;
+the thorax is roughened into rounded bosses; the body is narrow in the
+centre, but swells out into a rounded apex; the wing covers narrow,
+and not reaching to the tip of the abdomen give it a very wasp-like
+appearance. It is usually taken upon flowers in the summer months.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 91.=--_Strongylurus
+ thoracicus_ (Pascoe).
+
+ The Pittosporum tree borer, and larva.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 92.=--_Lygesis mendica_
+ (Pascoe).
+
+ The slender grey-haired Longicorn.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 93.=--_Uracanthus
+ cryptophaga_ (Olliff).
+
+ The great Orange-tree Borer.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Hesthesis_ contains a number of brightly marked yellow
+and brown beetles that mimic flower-wasps both in colour and shape,
+and are found in similar situations upon flowering shrubs. The wing
+covers are shortened into rounded pads only covering the shoulders,
+while the wings are exposed. _Hesthesis vigilans_, under ¾ of an inch
+in length, is black, mottled on the thorax, and barred with two bands
+of bright yellow on the abdomen, and one on the front of the thorax.
+_H. ferruginea_, slightly larger, is bright yellow banded with black;
+and _H. cingulata_, about the same size, is black, blotched upon the
+thorax, and marked with three white bands on the abdomen. _Distichocera
+macleayi_ has the smaller male black with feathered antennae, and
+deeply ribbed wing covers tapering to the apex. The female, nearly
+1½ inches in length, and broader and thickset in proportion, has the
+dorsal surface clothed with rusty red pubescence. _D. maculicollis_ is
+a much smaller species, hardly over ½ an inch in length in the male,
+which is of a dull black faintly marked with white; the larger female
+is rusty red except a parallel stripe of black down the centre of
+the thorax. This species breeds in the stems of _Kunzea corifolia_;
+commencing under the bark the larva gnaws irregular passages backwards
+and forwards, finally hollowing out several large parallel chambers
+toward the centre of the stem, in one of which it pupates. Among the
+most beautiful of our flower haunting longicorns are the members of the
+Genus _Tragocerus_, with stout angular thorax and broad deeply ribbed
+wing covers almost truncated at the extremities. _T. lepidopterus_ is
+variable in size and colouration in the sexes, the smaller male being
+darker coloured than the large reddish brown female, which measures
+nearly 1¾ inches in length; both have the wing covers mottled with
+little patches of grey hairs. _T. spencei_ is a smaller species without
+the white patches, but having dark wavy bands crossing the centre of
+the back.
+
+The members of the Genus _Clytus_ are active little ant-like beetles,
+common in the more tropical parts of Australia, running up and down
+on freshly fallen tree trunks in the bright sunlight, or hunting over
+flowering shrubs; some are richly marked with golden yellow or red
+on the rounded thorax. _Clytus curtisi_, measuring under 1 inch in
+length, is black spotted and mottled with white. One of our commonest
+and most widely distributed flower haunting longicorns is _Aridaeus
+thoracicus_, a reddish yellow beetle with short rounded thorax, and the
+wing covers crossed in the centre with two black V-shaped bands. It is
+very variable in size, the largest measuring nearly 1 inch in length.
+_Purpuricenus quadrinotatus_ is a very handsome black and bright red
+beetle about ¾ of an inch in length, with a short broad almost globular
+thorax, and a short body round at the apex. It is common along the
+Flinders River N. Queensland upon low scrub, and I have taken them in
+all variations of red and black; usually the head and thorax are black,
+with the wing covers red blotched with black; a variety with the thorax
+red is described as a distinct species.
+
+The LAMIINAE comprise the third division which, usually stout and broad
+in proportion, are found chiefly upon branches or twigs feeding upon
+bark; and are frequently very numerous upon fallen timber in forest
+clearings. They differ from the former group in having the front coxae
+round and deeply embedded; the maxillary palpi pointed at the tips; and
+the fore tibiae with a more or less distinct groove on the inner side.
+
+_Microtragus mormon_ is typical of several closely allied genera of
+short, thickly coated longicorns, with the rounded slightly spined
+thorax and the tapering body ridged or coarsely punctured; they are
+found upon logs or tree trunks on the ground, and somewhat resemble
+the ground weevils. This species comes from Kalgoorlie, W. Australia,
+but has a wide range over the western country; it is of a dull reddish
+brown tint, and measures about 1 inch in length. _Ceraegidion horrens_,
+not uncommon in the Illawarra district N.S.W., is a smaller darker
+coloured beetle covered with stout spines upon the dorsal surface
+of the thorax and elytra. The Genus _Monohammus_ contains a number
+of very fine brown or mottled beetles with long stout antennae; the
+small rounded thorax produced into a blunt spine on either side; and
+the broad wing covers arcuate at the tips and sometimes spined on the
+sides. _M. holotephrus_ is of a uniform dull buff tint and measures
+over 1 inch in length; it comes from S. Australia and Queensland. _M.
+ovinus_ is a much smaller species with the thorax spined on the summit
+and sides; it is of a pale brown tint finely mottled with grey. It
+has a wide range, being recorded from Kalgoorlie W.A., N.S. Wales,
+Queensland, and S. Australia.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 94.=--_Batocera frenchi_
+ (Blackburn).
+
+ The great Fig-tree Longicorn.
+
+ (Original Photo. Burton.)]
+
+The tropical Genus _Batocera_, containing many of the largest and most
+handsome of our longicorns, is well represented in our semi-tropical
+scrubs. _Batocera frenchi_ has a very wide range from the Northern
+Coast of N.S. Wales to Cape York. The great white grubs burrow in the
+trunks of native figs and other forest trees, and the collectors in
+Cairns, N. Queensland, capture the beetles by cutting down fig trees
+and waiting for them at twilight when they come to feed upon the bark.
+This species measures over 2 inches in length, has a spined rugose
+thorax, broad wing covers, and immense stout spined curved antennae;
+its general colour is slate grey to dark brown, with the elytra marked
+with irregular oval white spots. _B. sapho_ is a more reddish brown
+beetle, somewhat more slender, and with fewer spots on the wing covers:
+it is found in the forests of Cape York, N. Queensland. _Rosenbergia
+megacephala_ is larger still, and is of a beautiful creamy white tint,
+with the basal portions of the elytra finely spotted with black; the
+thorax is deeply ridged and spined: it is found at Port Darwin N.A.,
+and Cairns, Queensland. Horace Brown informs me that this large beetle
+frequents fig trees in the forests of N. Queensland, where they can
+often be detected by the number of small branches scattered beneath,
+which have been cut off by their powerful jaws. _Thyada barbicornis_ is
+a very handsome greyish brown mottled beetle with an oval blackish spot
+on each side of the elytra, and the antennae are so thickly fringed
+with fine hairs that it forms a regular brush toward the extremities;
+it measures under ¾ of an inch in length, and is common on the foliage
+of native figs on the Tweed River N.S.W.
+
+The Genus _Hebecerus_ contains a number of moderate-sized, grey or
+brownish mottled beetles, many of which lay their eggs in the bark of
+the wattle trees; the larvae feed and pupate in the tips of the dead
+twigs. _Hebecerus australis_, a thickset greyish brown species about ½
+an inch in length, has a wide distribution over Australia, and has been
+described under half a dozen synonyms: _H. marginicollis_ is a smaller
+beetle, with the sides of the thorax marked with buff. _H. crocogaster_
+is smaller still, of a similar general tint, with the antennae barred
+with grey and brown.
+
+The Genus _Symphyletes_ contains a number of large and handsome
+longicorns that are found clinging to twigs and branchlets; many of
+them in the larval state burrow in the stems of wattles, gum trees
+and other smaller shrubs. _Symphyletes neglectus_ is an elongate
+dull brown beetle about 1 inch in length; it girdles the branches
+of _Acacia longifolia_, laying its eggs under the bark of the dying
+portion in which the little grub feeds in the early part of its life.
+_S. nigrovirens_ is a much smaller beetle, with the head, thorax, and
+base of the elytra clothed with dull yellow hairs; the rest of the wing
+covers is deep green striped with white on the sides. It feeds upon a
+number of small shrubs, but its commonest food plant is the stunted
+prickly wattle (_Acacia juniperina_). _S. solandri_, a larger beetle
+clothed with a dense coat of fine buff hairs, breeds in the flower
+stalk of the grass tree, often cutting it right through and causing the
+upper half, beneath which it pupates, to fall off. _S. vestigialis_
+measures ¾ of an inch; it is brown, richly mottled with buff and grey.
+It feeds upon wattles; it has a wide range over Southern Australia.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 95.=--_Hebecerus
+ marginicollis_ (Boisd.).
+
+ The White-cheeked Longicorn.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Penthea_ comprises a number of more thickset beetles with
+similar habits, and which have the upper surface of the thorax and
+wing covers granulated or ribbed and these are either covered with a
+dense pubescence or mottled all over in a very characteristic manner.
+_Penthea vermicularia_, one of the commonest and with a very wide
+range, is black with the antennae banded, and the elytra covered with
+irregular wavy white markings. It is very variable in size, 1¼ inches
+to under ¾ of an inch in length. _P. saundersi_, found in W. Australia,
+is much larger, of a more shining dark chocolate brown tint, and more
+deeply impressed with well defined spots, blotches and irregular buff
+coloured markings. _P. sannio_, smaller than the last and with a more
+constricted thorax, has the whole of the upper surface clothed with a
+creamy grey pubescence overlaid with deep orange red, and irregular
+dark lines crossing the wing covers; this beautiful beetle is a
+native of Queensland. _Rhytiphora argus_ takes its name from the dark
+brown eye-like spots all over its back showing through the rich buff
+pubescence; it also ranges over a large part of Queensland. _Depsages
+granulosa_ resembles a _Penthea_ in its robust form; it measures
+over 1½ inches in length; is of a uniform dark dull brown tint, with
+the elytra covered with fine granules or bosses. It is common about
+Sydney, found clinging in summer time to the stems of gum saplings.
+_Zygrita diva_ is a handsome little dark orange yellow coloured beetle
+irregularly marked and mottled with black. It is very common upon grass
+stalks in the open forest country of North Australia.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 96.=--_Symphyletes
+ vestigialis_ (Pascoe).
+
+ The Buff-painted Longicorn.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+
+ Family 50. Plant-eating Beetles.
+
+ CHRYSOMELIDAE.
+
+These foliage-destroying beetles have a regular, thickened, more or
+less oval or rounded form, with the thorax sometimes forming a neck;
+but in other groups are rounded and fit closely into the head and
+abdomen. The head, buried up to the eyes in the front of the thorax, is
+furnished with short stout biting jaws, and slender filiform antennae
+composed of many short segments; the tarsi are generally four jointed.
+They are as a rule small insects, rarely measuring over ½ an inch in
+length; their prevailing colours are red, yellow, or brown, marked with
+black or bright metallic tints. They lay their eggs on the foliage
+or twigs of their food plants, upon which the larvae feed when they
+emerge, and when full grown crawl down and pupate in the soil beneath.
+
+This is a very large family; about 18,000 species are described from
+all parts of the world, and most of the typical groups are represented
+in this country. We have had a number of workers on the Chrysomelids:
+Baly (Ann. Nat. History 1862), (Jour. Linn. Soc. 1864), and (Trans.
+Ent. Soc. of London 1877): Clark in the “Journal of Entomology” 1864:
+Marsham (Trans. Linn. Society 1808): Chapius has described a number
+(Soc. Entom. Belgium Vol. xvii.), and (Journal, Museum Godeffroy
+xiv.): while Lea (Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1904) has monographed the
+CRYPTOCEPHALIDES; and Blackburn revised the Genus _Paropsis_ (Pro.
+Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1896 and 1901), adding many new species.
+
+The SAGRIDES are very distinctive beetles, with the thorax elongated
+in front and broad behind; some of the more tropical forms are of rich
+metallic tints, with the thighs of the hind legs greatly enlarged; and
+our beautiful representative species, _Sagra papuana_, is known to
+collectors in the North Queensland scrubs as the “Kangaroo Beetle.”
+It measures 1 inch in length, and the swollen hind legs fringed with
+reddish hairs and a large angular spine are fully another inch in
+length. It is a uniform deep metallic blue. _Carpophagus banksiae_
+measures ½ an inch in length; is of a uniform dark reddish brown,
+with the elytra irregularly striped and banded with dark yellow; the
+thighs of the hind legs are thickened, and the under surface is clothed
+with fine grey hairs. It has a wide range, and is found about Sydney
+clinging to the low scrub. _Mecynodera coxalgica_ is a larger, broader,
+dull reddish brown insect, clothed with a lighter tinted pubescence,
+and is found in similar localities.
+
+The CRYPTOCEPHALIDES are a group of short, oval or truncate beetles,
+with long slender antennae: the sexes often differ in size and
+markings; they are usually found feeding upon the tender tips of
+the branches of wattle, young gum, and other low shrubs. _Elaphodes
+tiqrinus_ is a small, oval, reddish brown beetle, thickly clothed with
+golden yellow pubescence forming a mottled pattern over the elytra; it
+feeds upon the foliage of the black wattle. The members of the Genus
+_Ditropidus_ are small oval beetles, similar in shape and habits, black
+and shining; over 100 species have been described from Australia. The
+Genus _Cadmus_ contains some very handsome ovate insects, with long
+slender antennae; they chiefly frequent the young eucalypts: the larvae
+have the curious habit of living in jug-shaped cocoons fitting closely
+to the body, with the horny flat forehead closing the opening at the
+apex; when moving along the fore-legs are extended like those of a
+bag-moth. _Cadmus rubiginosus_, our largest common species, is under
+½ an inch in length; it is of a general reddish brown colour, with
+darker markings. _C. litigiosus_ is a smaller yellow beetle; the head
+and thorax are black above, and the elytra yellow, finely punctured
+and spotted with black. The Genus _Cryptocephalus_ comprises a number
+of similar shaped beetles with smaller wrinkled head and thorax, and
+the tip of the abdomen truncate. _Cryptocephalus scabrosus_ is black,
+very rugose on the upper surface, with the tip of the elytra tinged
+with reddish brown: it measures about ¼ of an inch, and is common
+about Sydney. _C. viridinitens_ is slightly larger, of a uniform dark
+metallic green on the upper surface.
+
+The EUMOLPIDES are represented by one of our most beautiful species,
+_Spilopyra sumptuosa_, common on low scrub on the northern rivers of
+N.S. Wales: it is about ½ an inch in length, and is of a fiery coppery
+red and deep metallic tint, giving out beautiful shades of colour in a
+bright light.
+
+The Genus _Edusa_ contains a number of bright metallic coloured beetles
+of oval form, which are chiefly found among the foliage of eucalypts.
+_Edusa distincta_ is of the usual bright coppery red tint, with
+greenish head and thorax; it measures nearly ⅓ of an inch in length.
+_Rhyparida didyma_ is a dull yellow beetle, with a narrow parallel
+stripe of black down each side of the elytra; it is of the usual
+elongate oval form with the head turned down in front. They are found
+clinging to grass stalks; this and several other species are common on
+the North West coast of Australia.
+
+The CHRYSOMELIDES are one of the typical groups; many of them are
+rich in bright metallic tints; are either rounded or oval in form;
+and their larvae are active six legged grubs that crawl about the
+foliage. _Aesernoides nigrofasciatus_ is a handsome, broad, convex,
+black beetle, with the elytra crossed with three broad irregular
+bands of dark orange yellow; it measures nearly ½ an inch in length,
+and is common on several shrubs in the Northern River scrubs. The
+Genus _Phyllocharis_ contains a number of more elongated beetles with
+thicker antennae; they are chiefly found upon grass. _Phyllocharis
+cyanicornis_ measures slightly over ⅓ of an inch in length; the general
+colour is dark orange, with the antennae and legs black; and the
+dorsal surface of the thorax and elytra are irregularly blotched with
+shining blue-black. It has a wide range over Australia and Tasmania.
+_P. cyanipes_, a larger species from N. Australia, has the head,
+thorax, blotch on each side of base, and tips of elytra light yellow,
+with the rest of the wing covers shining black. _Lamprolina perplexa_
+is a smaller, elongate, metallic, dull bronze coloured beetle, with
+yellow head and thorax; it is common upon the foliage of the native
+blackthorn, _Busaria spiniferous_.
+
+The larvae of several species of the Genus _Calomela_ feed upon the
+foliage of the black wattles: they are short, squat grubs, with black
+heads and small green oval bodies. _Calomela paralis_ measures 2½ lines
+in length; its general colour is dark orange yellow, with a broad
+parallel band of rich metallic green occupying the centre of each wing
+cover and tapering down to the tips; the elytra are deeply and finely
+punctured. Twenty-five species are described from various parts of
+Australia, chiefly by Baly (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856–1863: and Ann. and
+Mag. N.H. 1862).
+
+The Genus _Paropsis_ is the most extensive and characteristic of all
+our plant-eating beetles, and some of our common species are very
+plentiful about Sydney. Marsham wrote a monograph of the species
+(Trans. Linn. Soc. 1808), placing them in the Genus _Notoclea_; in
+Masters’ Catalogue 269 species are listed; since then, Blackburn has
+revised the Genus (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1896–1901), and added a
+number of new species.
+
+The beetles are found chiefly upon the foliage of young eucalypts, and
+lay their yellow spindle-shaped eggs in a ring round the small twigs:
+the young larvae when first hatched cluster together, but as they
+increase in size they scatter all over the foliage upon which they
+feed. They are very active, short, stout grubs, with three pairs of
+well developed legs; when full grown they crawl down and pupate in the
+soil. The beetles are very convex and broadly rounded; most of them are
+more or less yellow, brown, or black in tint; some are very richly and
+delicately shaded with metallic tints, which however unfortunately fade
+after death. _Paropsis variolosa_, one of our largest species, measures
+¾ of an inch in length, and is nearly as broad in proportion; it is of
+a general yellowish brown tint mottled with lighter yellow and closely
+punctured; the under surface except the legs is black. _P. alternata_
+is a smaller, dark brown beetle, the elytra banded with parallel
+lines of black and reddish brown: _P. immaculata_ is about the same
+size; dull reddish brown, with the outer half of the elytra darkest;
+it is usually found feeding upon the foliage of the black wattle. _P.
+liturata_ is slightly smaller than the last, with the wing covers
+irregularly spotted with pale yellow. It is common on the eucalypts
+about Sydney, and has a wide range over the State. The small green
+larvae of _P. pictipennis_ feed upon the foliage of _Leptospermum_; the
+beetle is a small form, dull yellow marked with bright spots, but fades
+into a dull brown when dead.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 97.=--_Calomela paralis_ (Lea).
+
+ The Green Striped Wattle Beetle.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The HALTICIDES are popularly known as “flea beetles,” as they have the
+thighs of the hind legs swollen out into rounded lumps which enable
+them to jump to a considerable distance: specimens are often found
+feeding upon sedges about watercourses. _Nisotra submetallica_ is a
+tiny, shining green beetle, with a light reddish brown head and thorax;
+it is often a pest in the herb bed, where it feeds upon mint. _Arsipoda
+macleayi_ is a much larger, deep metallic blue beetle with very large
+thighs; it has been found eating the surface of vine leaves in the
+Gosford district N.S.W., and covering them all over with brown blotches.
+
+The GALLERUCIDES comprise several very destructive garden pests, among
+which is the well known Pumpkin Beetle, _Aulacophora olivieri_,
+a reddish yellow and black beetle often called a “lady-bird,” and
+which in many parts of Australia swarms over the young melons and
+cucumbers and devours the flowers and foliage. _Monolepta rosae_ is
+a delicate pale yellow beetle, with the front half of the elytra
+shaded with rose red; it has a wide range, and on the northern rivers
+congregates in great numbers at times, eating up the young foliage of
+the citrus trees. The Fig-leaf Beetle, _Galleruca semipullata_, lays
+its spindle-shaped eggs in patches on the leaves of both the wild and
+cultivated figs, upon the surface of which the dirty yellow coloured
+larvae feed, finally crawling down the trunks and pupating in the
+ground. The beetle measures about ⅓ of an inch in length; is of a dull
+ochreous yellow, with the outer margins of the broad elytra striped
+with dull bluish black. _Hoplostinus viridipennis_ is a much smaller,
+dull brownish yellow beetle, with shorter, rounded, deep metallic green
+elytra. It feeds upon the foliage of the nettle trees growing in the
+scrubs of the Northern Rivers, N.S.W.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 98.=--_Paropsis immaculata_
+ (Marsham).
+
+ A typical Leaf-eating Beetle.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 99.=--_Monolepta rosae_
+ (Blackburn).
+
+ The Painted Leaf Beetle.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The HISPIDES are a very distinct group of the plant-eating beetles,
+whose larvae are sometimes very destructive; they bore into the foliage
+or stalks of plants, feeding in, and not upon the plant tissue. The
+beetles might be divided into two sections; those that are short and
+broad shouldered like _Monochirus multispinosus_, which measures ⅙ of
+an inch in length, is black in colour, with the whole of the dorsal
+surface covered with short fine spines, and is common upon grass blades
+on the South coast of N.S. Wales; and the elongate almost cylindrical
+forms found on sedges belonging to the Genus _Euryspa_. These beetles
+are remarkable for the situation of their antennae, which are very
+close together at the base, and stand straight out in front of the
+head. _Brontispa froggatti_, belonging to the latter section, is a very
+serious pest on the cocoa nut palms in New Britain and Solomon Islands.
+
+The CASSIDIDES are curious ladybird-like beetles of a general yellow or
+light brown colour spotted or marked with black, with the outer margins
+of the elytra spreading out into an encircling flange or rim. They are
+confined to the more tropical forests of Queensland, but one species,
+_Aspidomorpha deusta_, comes into the northern scrubs of N.S. Wales; it
+is of the usual shape and mottled tints, measuring about ¼ of an inch
+in length.
+
+
+ Family 51. Fungus Beetles.
+
+ EROTYLIDAE.
+
+The larvae of these beetles can be often found in numbers feeding in
+the different kinds of woody fungi that grow upon tree trunks, old
+fences, and fallen logs. If these infested fungi are collected and kept
+in a box the beetles can be very easily bred out. They can be readily
+recognised by their elongate, boat-shaped form, and clubbed antennae.
+
+_Episcaphula pictipennis_, one of our commonest species, is black, but
+thickly mottled with deep orange red forming three interrupted bands
+across the elytra. It measures about ¼ of an inch. _Thallis janthina_
+is a smaller, shining, blue black beetle, slightly roughened on the
+elytra; it breeds in the large, spongy, white fungus growing on the
+tree trunks known as “punks.”
+
+
+ Family 52. Lady-bird Beetles.
+
+ COCCINELLIDAE.
+
+These well-known beetles differ from the last family (which many of
+them resemble in outward appearance) in having 3 jointed tarsi, and the
+short usually 11 jointed antennae (occasionally 8–10) being slightly
+clubbed at the tips. In their habits however they differ in being
+carnivorous both in the larval and adult state, with the exception of
+the members of the Genus _Epilachna_, which are phytophagus. They are
+all small rounded beetles; the short head fits close into the thorax,
+which in turn rests against the front of the elytra: most of them are
+yellow, spotted or marked with darker yellow, metallic blue or black,
+and are slightly pubescent. These insects are well known in our gardens
+to the children as “lady-birds,” and the quaint rhyme of “Fly away
+lady-bird” is said to have originated in the hop fields of Kent: after
+the hop picking, the dead plants, where the common English lady-bird
+was abundant feeding upon the hop aphis, were burnt off, and this was
+a warning by the children to them to fly away before the fires were
+started. They have been closely studied by economic entomologists
+because they are the natural enemies of so many aphis and scale insects.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 100.=--_Epilachna 28-punctata_
+ (Fabr.).
+
+ The Spotted Leaf-eating Lady-bird.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+
+Over 2,000 species have been described from all parts of the world,
+and in the latest list given by Lea (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1901), 110
+are recorded from Australia. Mulsant published his great work (Species
+Coleopteris Trimeres Securipalpes) in 1850: Crotch published his
+“Revision of the Coccinellidae” in 1874; in both of these will be found
+descriptions of Australian species. Blackburn (Trans. Royal Soc. S.A.
+1892) and Lea previously quoted, added a number of new species to our
+fauna.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 101.=--_Epilachna
+ guttatopustulata_ (Fabr.).
+
+ The Potato-leaf Lady-bird.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 102.=--_Leis conformis_
+ (Boisd.)
+
+ The Common Spotted Lady-bird.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Epilachna_ contains all our plant-feeding lady-bird
+beetles, two of which are common. The 28-spot lady-bird, _Epilachna
+28-punctata_, has a wide range extending from China and India to all
+parts of Australia; it measures about ⅓ of an inch in length, is of a
+dull yellowish brown tint marked with rounded black spots, and clothed
+with a fine pubescence. Crotch says: “This species varies almost to
+infinity, and gradually runs into the common 6-spotted type, so that
+I cannot give any structural differences.” Its curious gregarious
+larvae are dull yellow covered with black spined tubercles; about
+Sydney they are often found upon the foliage of the trumpet flower
+(_Datura stramonium_), but in the north of N.S. Wales often damage the
+foliage of potatoes. _E. guttatopustulata_ ranges from Tasmania to
+North Australia, and is a common insect in the Richmond River scrubs,
+N.S.W.; it is a large beetle, easily recognised by the large, rounded,
+yellowish red blotch on the sides of the elytra.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 103.=--_Thea galbula_
+ (Mulsant).
+
+ The Yellow-shouldered Lady-bird.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 104.=--_Verania frenata_
+ (Erichson).
+
+ The Striped Lady-bird.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The typical _Coccinella repanda_ measures ⅕ of an inch in length; it
+is a little, rounded, bright yellow beetle, with the head and thorax
+blackish, the elytra striped down the centre, and marked on either side
+with two irregular black V-shaped blotches. It has a wide range over
+Australia, and feeds upon all kinds of aphids, sometimes appearing
+in great numbers all over the country. _Leis conformis_ is a larger
+species, of a uniform bright orange yellow, thickly spotted with black.
+It is a common garden insect, where the clusters of its slender yellow
+eggs may be often noticed attached to the bark of aphis infested
+trees; and its elongated, smoky tinted larvae, blotched on the sides
+with orange, may be often watched feeding upon rose or peach aphis.
+_Thea galbula_ is a dainty little lady-bird, with the dorsal surface
+bright pale yellow, marked with black in the centre of the thorax; the
+dorsal stripe down the centre of the elytra connects two pairs of black
+blotches crossing the centre and base. It measures about ⅙ of an inch
+in length, and is at times common in our gardens. _Verania frenata_
+is ⅙ of an inch; it is yellow, with the thorax black behind, and with
+three stripes of the same colour down the elytra. It has a wide range
+from Tasmania to New Caledonia and the Malayan Islands.
+
+The Genus _Orcus_ contains a number of metallic blue-black lady-birds
+which feed chiefly upon scale insects; their larvae are grey and black
+creatures with the dorsal surface covered with fine spines; several
+species are common on scale infested citrus trees. _Orcus chalybeus_,
+measuring about ⅛ of an inch in length, is of a uniform deep metallic
+steel blue. _O. australasiae_ is a larger species with two rounded
+yellow spots on each side of the elytra. _O. bilunulatus_ is a still
+larger insect, with only one yellow blotch on either side of the front
+of the thorax.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 105.=--_Orcus chalybeus_
+ (Boisd.).
+
+ The Steel-blue Lady-bird.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 106.=--_Orcus australasiae_
+ (Boisd.).
+
+ The Six-spot Blue Lady-bird.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Novius cardinalis_ is a tiny red and black lady-bird, very variable
+in its black colouration; it was better known as _Vedalia cardinalis_,
+when it was collected in great numbers and forwarded to America to
+destroy the Fluted or Cottony-cushion Scale (_Icerya purchasi_), which
+had been introduced from this country into California and damaged the
+orange trees. It has since been introduced into other parts of the
+world, and is now cosmopolitan. The Genus _Rhizobius_ contains a number
+of small black beetles finely punctured and clothed with pubescence,
+that gives them a rusty tint. _Rhizobius ventralis_ is very common
+in the bush upon young eucalypts that are infested with _Eriococcus
+coriaceous_; it measures about ⅙ of an inch in length and is very
+pubescent. _Cryptolæmus montrouzieri_, a great foe to all kinds of
+mealy bugs, has been introduced into Hawaii with good results. The
+larvae are flattened brown insects that cover themselves with short
+white overlapping filaments, so that their identity is quite lost;
+they frequently swarm in thousands upon the trunks of scale infested
+Auracaria pines, pupating in such numbers that they form large white
+patches over the tree stems. The beetle is ¼ of an inch in length;
+is of a uniform black tint, with the head, thorax and tip of the
+elytra light yellow. The Genus _Scymnus_ contains many of our smallest
+species: _Scymnus vagans_ is a minute black beetle only ¹⁄₂₄ of an inch
+in length, which can be found on mite infested foliage. _S. notiscens_,
+more than twice the size, is common both on wattles and orange trees;
+it can be easily identified by the distinct reddish blotch in the
+centre of each wing cover.
+
+
+
+
+ Order VI.--LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+ Butterflies and Moths.
+
+
+Butterflies and moths are scale winged insects, and are among the
+giants of the insect world; they can be defined as insects with two
+pairs of membranous wings well adapted for extended flight, clothed
+with scales overlapping each other like the slates on the roof of a
+house, flattened and rounded on the surface of the wings, but more
+or less hair-like upon the body. The head is usually provided with a
+tubular proboscis or mouth, that can be curled up like a watch spring
+when at rest, and is admirably adapted for sucking up the honey from
+flowers when expanded.
+
+The caterpillars may be smooth and naked, or thickly clothed with
+spines or hair; with few exceptions they feed upon the foliage or
+wood of plants: after undergoing a series of moults they either
+spin a cocoon, bury themselves in the ground, or (if wood borers)
+close themselves up in the burrow where they undergo a complete
+metamorphosis. If the larva of a butterfly, the caterpillar attaches
+itself to a twig by the tip of its tail and casts the larval skin,
+which slips off, leaving the naked transformed pupa simply enclosed
+in a stout, close-fitting pupal jacket. Some species of moths appear
+in such numbers at times that they do a great deal of damage to plant
+life, and are very serious pests.
+
+Lepidoptera on account of their beauty and size have always been very
+popular with entomologists, and large numbers have been collected from
+all parts of the world, so that this is one of the best known orders.
+Sharp estimates that 50,000 species are described, and every year adds
+to this long list.
+
+They are divided into two great groups, somewhat artificial, but
+definable as RHOPALOCERA, butterflies; and HETEROCERA, moths.
+
+
+ RHOPALOCERA.
+
+ Butterflies.
+
+The typical butterflies are usually slender-bodied insects, with
+filiform and more or less clubbed antennae, delicate legs, and large
+richly tinted wings; they fly about in the bright sunlight, visiting
+flowers and feasting upon the nectar that they find in the blooms.
+They have large compound eyes so that they can see very well; and the
+slender tubular mouth is very highly developed in all butterflies. The
+eggs are laid upon the food plant: the caterpillars are generally more
+or less elongated, and naked or covered with scattered tubercles rather
+than hairy; when full grown they attach themselves to the under side
+of a twig or leaf by the tip of the abdomen. Some groups are furnished
+with a silken girdle round the middle attached at each end to the leaf
+or twig; and another section roll themselves up in leaves. They do not
+form a cocoon, but as the larval skin slips off, it reveals the regular
+pupal form fitted with a skin-like jacket through which the indistinct
+lines of the rudimentary wings, legs and antennae can be traced. The
+pupa may remain in this quiescent state for several months before the
+butterfly splits the skin and emerges, a perfect, fully developed
+insect.
+
+As many of our butterflies have an extended range, some of them were
+originally described from other countries, and when captured here were
+named as new species; so that a good deal of confusion has existed in
+the proper identification of some of our common species as to whether
+they were Australian or only varieties of foreign species. In 1805
+Donovan figured some of our commonest species in his “Insects of New
+Holland.” After Kirby’s “Catalogue of Rhopalocera” was published in
+1871, Masters compiled and issued a list of our Australian species.
+In 1878 Semper published his list of Australian species; and in 1891
+Miskin produced his “Catalogue of the Australian Butterflies,” in
+which he included and described some new species (No. 1, Annals of the
+Queensland Museum); this remained our working list until Waterhouse
+published his “Catalogue of the Rhopalocera of Australia” as No. 1
+Memoir of the New South Wales Naturalists’ Club 1903. In Waterhouse’s
+list a great many changes have been made in the genera and species;
+a number of our well-known names have vanished, with very little
+explanation; for example, _Pieris teutonia_, our common white,
+appears under the name of _Belenois java_; this is unavoidable
+to a certain extent in bringing Catalogues up to date, but is very
+confusing to beginners in the work of classification.
+
+For a list of the writers upon, and references to our butterflies, the
+student is referred to Waterhouse’s Catalogue.
+
+I am indebted to Messrs. Anderson and Spry for notes on the life
+histories of some of the southern species described in their “Victorian
+Butterflies” (Melbourne 1893).
+
+
+ Family 1. Brush-footed Butterflies.
+
+ NYMPHALIDAE.
+
+This group comprises a number of large or medium sized butterflies that
+are known as “Fritillaries,” “Emperors,” “Admirals,” and many other
+popular names in England, and are generally brightly coloured; many
+have a very wide range over the world. The fore-legs of both sexes
+are imperfect, the male with one or two, the female with four or five
+tarsal joints. The larvae are usually spiny, or clothed with hairy
+warts; and the pupae are suspended by the tail. Sharp places them in
+eight sub-families, four of which are well represented in Australia.
+
+The DANAINAE are brightly coloured butterflies of a general reddish
+brown tint with blackish markings; the larvae are smooth cylindrical
+caterpillars with the tips of the body ornamented with a fleshy tail.
+The Genus _Danais_ contains six species, of which the best known in
+Eastern Australia is the “Monarch” or “Brown Gypsy,” originally a
+North American insect but now almost world wide in its range; it is
+known under at least four names, and though usually figured as _Danais
+archippus_, its correct name is _Danais menippe_. The handsome banded
+black and cream coloured larva feeds upon the introduced “bladder-weed”
+(_Gomphocarpus fruticosus_), and turns into a beautiful pale green pupa
+with metallic markings. This large, deep reddish brown and black lined
+butterfly is too well known to require description.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XIX.--LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+ Family PIERIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Pieris teutonia_ (Fabr.). Eggs on foliage.
+ 2. _Pieris teutonia_ (Fabr.). Eggs enlarged.
+ 3. _Pieris teutonia_ (Fabr.). Caterpillar.
+ 4. _Pieris teutonia_ (Fabr.). Caterpillar (enlarged).
+ 5. _Pieris teutonia_ (Fabr.). Pupa (enlarged).
+ 6. _Pieris teutonia_ (Fabr.). Pupa on leaf.
+ 7. _Pieris teutonia_ (Fabr.). Showing upper surface.
+ 8. _Pieris teutonia_ (Fabr.). Showing under surface.
+
+ This butterfly is now known under the name of _Belenois
+ java_ (Sparrman).]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XIX.--LEPIDOPTERA._]
+
+_D. petilia_, a much smaller butterfly, has broader white markings
+on the tip of the fore wings and none round the edges of the hind
+pair. It has a wide range over Australia, across Asia to Europe. The
+caterpillar is of a lavender colour and feeds upon the cotton grass;
+it transforms into a beautiful green chrysalis marked with scattered
+golden spots and a band of the same colour round the abdomen. _D.
+hamata_, a fine pearly blue and black species, is recorded by Olliff
+from Cape York to as far south as Shoalhaven, N.S.W., but is a rare
+insect in the south.
+
+Fourteen species of the Genus _Euploea_ are described, of which
+_E. corinna_ is a mottled black and white species, very abundant
+in sheltered gullies in N. Queensland, also ranging southward to
+Sydney. The larva feeds on a creeper (_Mandevillia_); it is a slender,
+dull-coloured caterpillar with four pairs of fleshy tentacles on the
+back. The pupa is suspended to a leaf, and is a rich, bright metallic
+silver.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The ACRAEINAE contains a single species, belonging to the typical
+Genus _Acraea_, which is found from North Queensland to Sydney. _A.
+andromacha_ measures 2¾ inches across the wings; is blackish brown; the
+fore wings are transparent with dull brown markings; the hind pair are
+opaque, creamy white, edged with brown; it always looks as though badly
+rubbed. It has a range from New Guinea, Fiji, and Samoa into Australia.
+The yellowish brown caterpillar clothed with branched fleshy spines,
+feeds upon the passion vine, and is not uncommon in Sydney gardens.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The NYMPHALINAE comprise a number of handsome butterflies, which differ
+from the previous ones in having the cells of both pairs of wings open
+or imperfectly closed. The larvae are very variable, some being slender
+hairy caterpillars or armed with spines and tubercles; others are short
+and cylindrical, furnished with horns upon the head.
+
+The fine East Indian Genus _Cethosia_ is represented by three species:
+the Crimson-winged Butterfly, _C. cydippe_, is not an uncommon insect
+in North Queensland frequenting the clearings on the edge of the scrub;
+it measures 3½ inches across the large rounded wings, the hind margin
+of the second pair being deeply scalloped; the central portion of both
+surrounding the body is bright red, the outer deep purple, with white
+markings toward the tips of the front pair; and the under surface of
+both is barred and spotted. _Cynthia ada_, ranging from Brisbane to
+Thursday Island, is a large light ochreous yellow butterfly, with a
+dark line diagonally crossing both wings from the middle of the fore
+pair to the level of the tip of the body; a double band of crenulated
+markings encircle the wings; and there are a pair of eye spots on the
+hind ones. _Cupha prosope_ is the representative of another northern
+genus ranging from the Richmond River N.S.W. to Thursday Island. It is
+a medium sized butterfly with dark orange coloured wings, the front
+pair tipped and edged with black; all the under-surface is pale orange
+yellow, mottled and barred, with a row of eye spots round the edge of
+the wings. The Australian Fritillary, _Argynnis inconstans_, measures
+about 3 inches across the wings; it is of a uniform dull yellow colour
+with a double row of black spots along the edge of the wings, with the
+inner portion covered with an irregular pattern of spots and dashes.
+It is common along the cleared tracks in the Queensland jungle, and
+has been recorded from as far south as Hunter River, N.S. Wales.
+_Pyrameis kershawi_, figured and described by McCoy from Victoria, is
+found throughout Australia, and is so closely related to the “Painted
+Lady,” _P. cardui_, of Europe, that it was until lately only considered
+a variety. It measures under 2 inches across the wings; its general
+colour is dull brown mottled and barred with black and white. The
+larvae feed upon “everlastings” (_Heliochrysum_) and the introduced
+cape weed; they are slender brown creatures covered with black spines,
+and the chrysalis suspended by the tail is marked with shining golden
+spots. _P. itea_, slightly larger than the previous species, has the
+edges of both pairs of wings scalloped; the fore wings are black, each
+with three small yellow spots at the tip, and a large elongated patch
+crossing through the centre, with the inner portions of both pairs
+bright ferruginous brown, and a row of four small black eyes on the
+hind wings. The slender spiny caterpillars feed upon the foliage of
+nettles. The angulated chrysalis is often marked with golden spots.
+The Genus _Junonia_ contains two common butterflies, one _J. villida_
+found all over Australia; it measures about 2 inches across the wings
+and is of a general brown tint edged with delicate white and grey
+markings, and ornamented with a pair of eyes on each wing ringed with
+yellow. It has a curious habit of flying along the track in front of
+one, settling on the ground, then flitting ahead again. The cylindrical
+somewhat stout larva is blackish brown, spined behind the head and
+clothed with fine hairs; it feeds upon rib grass (plantains). The
+short stout chrysalis is light brown marked with darker spots. _J.
+albi-cincta_ does not come south of Brisbane; it is about the same
+size, with the eyes upon the wings smaller, and the hind wings mauve,
+giving out a bright metallic sheen. The Brown Leaf-winged Butterfly,
+_Doleschallia australis_, is nearly 3 inches across the wings, which
+are elongated and oval in form, with the tip of the hind pair produced
+into a tail; the upper surface is dull reddish brown with yellow in
+the centre, while the under surface is greyish brown mottled with wavy
+lines, with a central larger bar crossing the centre and running out
+into the tail. It flits about in the undergrowth, a conspicuous insect
+when on the wing, but the moment it settles and folds its wings over
+its back, it is lost to sight, for its leaf-like wings, when closed
+with the tail forming a stalk, so closely resemble the foliage, that
+while it remains at rest it is very difficult to detect. It ranges
+from the Richmond River to North Queensland. The Blue-eyed Butterfly,
+_Hypolimnas bolina_, ranges from Cape York to Sydney, but is a rare
+insect about the latter place. It differs in the sexes both in size
+and markings; the male is rich velvety black; has both wings deeply
+scalloped, a double white spot towards the tip of each, with a blotch
+of opaline white in the centre encircled with iridescent violet blue.
+The play of colour in this beautiful butterfly flashing about in the
+bright sunlight with its ever changing tints of blue and black, makes
+it one of our most striking species. The female is somewhat larger;
+has the central markings on the fore wings more elongated and lighter
+coloured, with a blotch of fulvous red below it; the hind wings are
+much whiter in the centre and are only slightly clouded with blue.
+_Neptis shepherdi_, ranging from Brisbane to Cape York, has the typical
+delicate black wings spotted and striped with white. The Tailed
+Emperor, _Charaxes sempronius_, is our sole representative of the
+genus, the home of which is Africa and the East Indies; it is nearly 4
+inches across the wings, the inner portions of which are creamy white,
+the outer edges, tips and margins black, and with a row of creamy spots
+along the edges and two spots behind. The marginal black edging on the
+hind wings is broad, shaded on either side with pale blue, which covers
+the broad scallops in the wings; there are two stout wedge-shaped
+tails on each hind wing, and a bright reddish-yellow blotch on each
+inner edge. The larva is a very curious, short, stout, pale green
+caterpillar, with a slightly forked tail, and four short stout horns
+on the top of the head; it feeds upon the foliage of the black wattle.
+This species ranges from Sydney to Derby, N.W. Australia, where I took
+a specimen upon a baobab tree which is now in the Macleay Museum;
+Waterhouse gives Cairns, Q., as its northern limit, but this gives it a
+much extended range.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The SATYRINAE are chiefly small butterflies, black, brown, or sometimes
+white, generally marked with eye spots, and the wings are rounded. The
+larvae feed upon different grasses, and are smooth or clothed with fine
+short hair: the head is round; and the body tapers to each extremity,
+and ends in a forked tail.
+
+The Genus _Mycalesis_ contains five species; they are all reddish-brown
+butterflies of small size, that flit about in open forest country, of
+which _Mycalesis terminus_ is a very good type: it measures 1½ inches
+across its dull, rusty red wings, which are indistinctly marbled, and
+darkest at the tips; the edges of the hind pair are marked with fine
+black lines. On each wing are a pair of small eyes, the hind one on
+each wing being largest; these also show on the under surface, and
+those on the hind wings are encircled with silvery lines. It is a
+northern species found along the coast of North Queensland. _Tisiphone
+abeona_ is a common species in Victoria and on the eastern coast of
+N.S. Wales, usually found flitting along damp gullies, never flying
+high or in open country. It measures about 2½ inches across the wings,
+and is of a uniform dark brown tint: the front wings are ornamented
+with two eyes, the first smallest; a broad irregular band of yellow
+bisects the wings about the middle, crossing behind the eyes; the hind
+wings are plain, with a small eye on the inner margin, and are slightly
+scalloped round the edges. The delicate green caterpillar has a small
+rounded head; it is broadest in the centre, tapering to the head and
+forked anal extremity. It feeds upon the sedges. The chrysalis is of
+a delicate emerald green tint, with the edges of the wings outlined
+in yellow. _Ypthima arctous_ ranges from Sydney to Cape York; it is a
+small, dull brown insect with a very large eye on the tips of the fore
+wings, and a very small one on the hind pair.
+
+The Genus _Heteronympha_ contains seven species, all of which have a
+wide range along the coast; the Yellow Wood Nymph, _H. merope_, being
+one of the commonest in all open forest country from Tasmania to
+Brisbane; it is remarkable from the fact that the sexes differ both in
+size and markings. The male measures 2½ inches across the wings, which
+are of a general dull tawny yellow colour mottled with black and brown,
+the fore pair in a scroll-like pattern, the hind ones only barred
+along the edges and slightly touched with black. The female, ½ an
+inch broader, has the greater part of the fore wings black, enclosing
+two yellow patches fading into tawny yellow toward the basal portion,
+and with a large yellow angular blotch standing out on the posterior
+sides; each wing in both sexes has a small eye towards the tip. The
+dull brown larvae feed upon various grasses, and hide close to the
+roots. The chrysalis is not attached to the food plant, but rests in a
+frail network on the ground. _H. mirifica_, found between Sydney and
+Brisbane, is about the same size as the female of the last species; it
+also haunts sheltered country. It is of a uniform, blackish brown tint
+with small eye spots and a broad irregular white stripe across the
+middle of the fore wings.
+
+The Genus _Xenica_ is peculiar to Australia; it contains nine species,
+four of which are confined to Tasmania, several being found only on
+the higher portion of the mountain ranges. They are all small, tawny
+yellow or reddish brown butterflies of small size, spotted and mottled
+with brown, and have small eyes upon the tips of the wings. _Xenica
+achanta_, one of the largest, measures about 2 inches across the wings,
+and is of a uniform dark orange yellow, with the apical portion of the
+fore wings marbled with dark brown; the hind pair are regularly mottled
+all over; and the margins of both are edged with two fine black lines;
+it ranges from S. Australia to Queensland. Several smaller species have
+been described from the Australian Alps. _X. correae_, described by
+Olliff from Mt. Kosciusko, feeds upon the native fuschia: _X. fulva_,
+also described by Olliff, is the male of this species.
+
+
+ Family 2. Horned Butterflies.
+
+ LIBYTHEIDAE.
+
+This family contains only a single genus, representatives of which
+are found scattered over all the warmer parts of the world, but the
+largest and most brightly coloured forms are found in New Guinea. They
+are remarkable for the formation of the palpi, which, standing out in
+front like a beak, are four times the length of the head; the wings are
+angulated, and the pupa hangs by the tip of the abdomen. One species,
+_Libythea nicevillei_, ranging from Port Moresby across to Cape
+York, represents the family in Australia.
+
+This group appears to form a connecting link between the Nymphalidae on
+the one hand, and the Lycaenidae on the other.
+
+
+ Family 3. The Blues.
+
+ LYCAENIDAE.
+
+The “blues,” “coppers,” or “hair-streaks” are so named on account of
+their rich colourations or wavy markings on the under side of the
+wings. Though often passed over by the ordinary collector because of
+their small size, they are much sought after by lepidopterists for
+their beauty and bright metallic tints. Their bodies are slender, and
+the wings somewhat fragile; though they can fly well, they usually
+prefer to flit about the bushes and sheltered gullies, and when they
+settle have the habit of folding their wings in an erect position above
+the body, so that unless disturbed they are not very noticeable. The
+prevailing colours are metallic blue, or coppery red, with eyes upon
+the wings in some groups, while others are ornamented with dainty
+feathery tails, or lobes upon the hind wings. The colours and markings
+of the sexes often differ in the same species on the upper surface, but
+always correspond on the under-side. The legs are more developed than
+in the Nymphalidae, the tarsi of the male somewhat aborted, but that of
+the female complete. The larvae are curious, short, slug-like, greasy
+grubs, dull brown or green; some of them are gregarious, clinging to
+the twigs by day and feeding at night. The pupae are attached to the
+twig by the tip of the abdomen and girthed with a silken thread round
+the middle.
+
+In Miskin’s Catalogue 110 species were given under 18 genera; in
+Waterhouse’s list 114 species are recorded, divided into 31 genera.
+Waterhouse has monographed this family, where descriptions of all
+the known Australian species will be found (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
+1902–1903). A number are rare and restricted in their range, and many
+are confined to the rich tropical scrubs of North Queensland. The Genus
+_Danis_ contains six species, most of which are confined to North
+Queensland; _Danis taygetus_ is a very distinctive little butterfly,
+common in the Queensland scrubs, and extending as far south as the
+Richmond River, N.S.W. The male has the fore wings pale violet blue,
+with the centre of the hind ones white, the edges of both pairs black;
+in the female both pairs are marked with white with a faint shade of
+blue; on the under surface the centres of the wings are white edged
+with black, with a broad band of bright metallic blue occupying the
+lower half of the hind pair encircling a row of black spots. The Genus
+_Miletus_ contains fifteen species: _M. delicia_ has the upper surface
+brownish black, with the base of the fore and centre of hind wings
+pale metallic blue; the under side is dull yellowish brown, variegated
+with angulated blotches or spots forming bands round the wings and
+a parallel stripe across the front of the fore pair. This butterfly
+ranges from Victoria to Queensland. _M. ignita_ has a very wide range
+over the southern parts of Australia into Queensland; it was figured
+and described by Leach in 1817. _Candalides absimilis_ is a medium
+sized insect; the male has the upper surface dull blue with the
+edges fringed with white; the female is dark brown with an oval patch
+of white in the centre of both wings and metallic tints round the
+body; the under surface is pale bluish white marked with fine wavy
+lines round the wings. It is found from Victoria well into Northern
+Queensland. _Polyommatus boeticus_ has had many names, for not only has
+it a very wide distribution over Australia, but it extends over Asia,
+Africa, and Europe. It is of a uniform brown tint; has the centre of
+both wings shaded with pale metallic blue; the hind one terminates in
+a fine slender tail, with two eye spots at the base; the under side is
+creamy white with slate grey lines and eye spots touched with blue.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XX.--LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+ Family PIERIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Terias hecabe_ (Fabr.).
+
+ Family PAPILIONIDAE.
+
+ 2. _Papilio sthenelus_ (Macl.).
+
+ Family NYMPHALIDAE.
+
+ 3. _Junonia albi-cincta_ (Butler).
+ 5. _Pyrameis itea_ (Fabr.).
+ 6. _Pyrameis cardui_ (Linn.).
+ 7. _Danais petilia_ (Stoll.).
+
+ Family HESPERIDAE.
+
+ 4. _Trepezites symmomous_ (Hubn.).
+
+ Family LYCAENIDAE.
+
+ 8. _Chrysophanus aenea_ (Miskin).]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XX.--LEPIDOPTERA._]
+
+_Lucia lucanus_, one of the smaller forms, has all the upper surface of
+a dull ochreous tint, with the centres of the fore wings pale yellow. A
+fine fringe of hair-like scales of alternate tufts of black and white
+gives it a delicate pencilled appearance; the under surface is mottled
+and brownish, the white of the fore wings showing through. It has a
+wide range from South Australia to Mackay, Queensland, and is common
+about Sydney. _L. pyrodiscus_ has the upper surface black, with the
+centre of the fore wings and the greater part of the hind ones dull
+red. The whole of the under surface is purplish and finely marbled with
+a very fine tail on the outer edge of the hind pair. It ranges from
+Victoria to N. Queensland.
+
+The Genus _Ogyris_ contains eleven species, most of which are recorded
+from the southern portion of Australia. _Ogyris abrota_ has the upper
+surface dark brown with a patch of pale metallic green in the centre
+of each fore wing; the hind pair are all brown and scalloped along the
+edges; the under side is pale creamy white mottled with wavy lines. The
+larva feeds upon the foliage of _Loranthus_; it measures about an inch
+in length; is of a uniform dark yellowish brown, with the upper surface
+rough, clothed with fine bristles; they feed at night, and pupate in
+the usual manner of all members of this family.
+
+The Genus _Ialmenus_ contains eight species, among them several of our
+best known “Blues”: _Ialmenus evagorus_ ranges from South Australia
+into Southern Queensland, and was figured by Donovan in his “Insects
+of New Holland” in 1805. It is described by Olliff under the name of
+the “Imperial Blue,” but I would suggest that the “Black-wattle Blue”
+would be a much more distinctive name, for all along the coast the
+short, dull green, slug-like grubs may be met with, congregated in
+little groups clinging to the twigs of this wattle. Hundreds of ants
+are always swarming over them attracted by the secretion they discharge
+from glands on the back.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 107= and =108=.--Wattle
+ Butterflies.
+
+ 107. _Ialmenus ictinus_ (Hewitson).
+
+ The Inland Wattle Butterfly.
+
+ 108. _Ialmenus evagorus_ (Donovan).
+
+ The Coastal Wattle Butterfly.]
+
+The presence of ants is probably of great value to the larvae, for
+they keep parasitic insects and birds from molesting them. When full
+grown they sling themselves to the twigs to pupate, and are often so
+numerous that the branches are covered with pupae hanging like bunches
+of grapes. The butterfly measures nearly 2 inches across the wings,
+which on the upper surface are black on the margin, with the rest pale
+metallic blue shading into white in the centre; the hind pair are
+scalloped and produced into fine feathery tails with spots of dark
+orange yellow at the base; the under side is pearly grey, banded and
+spotted with black. _I. ictinus_, with identical habits, about the
+same size, takes the place of this species in the inland districts.
+_Pseudalmenus myrsilus_ is a handsome little butterfly with the centres
+of the wings deep orange divided with dark nervures, and the hind
+pair with long black tails; it is found from Tasmania to the southern
+districts of N.S. Wales. The last species of this family, _Liphyra
+brassolis_, is only found in North Queensland; its larvae live and
+pupate in the arboreal nests of the “Green Tree-ants.” An interesting
+account of the life history of this butterfly is given by Dodd in the
+“Entomologist” 1902.
+
+
+ Family 4. The Whites and Yellows.
+
+ PIERIDAE.
+
+The members of this family are popularly known as “Whites” and
+“Yellows” on account of their prevailing colours. Both sexes have six
+perfect legs, and are butterflies of moderate size, with the hind wings
+rarely crenulated or produced into tails. Their larvae are slender,
+hairy caterpillars with small heads, and are often gregarious in their
+habits; the pupae are sharply angulated to each extremity, attached
+both by the tail, and a silken girdle round the body of their food
+plant.
+
+In Miskin’s Catalogue 34 species are listed, contained in 7 genera;
+Waterhouse reduces them to 31 species, and discards several well-known
+genera.
+
+The Genus _Terias_ contains all the small “Yellows,” which are low
+flitting, dainty, little butterflies found in the tropical jungle, but
+equally at home in the far western scrubs and open forest land. _Terias
+smilax_, our smallest species, is common about Sydney, and has a wide
+range both north and south from Adelaide to Rockhampton. It is bright
+yellow, with the black markings in the fore wings extending to the tips
+of the hind pair. The Mottled Yellow, _T. hecabe_, is much larger than
+the last; is of a bright yellow colour with the black markings coming
+round to the edge of the hind wing and swelling out into a rounded
+patch; the hind wings are lightly edged with black, and on the under
+side are thickly mottled with yellowish brown spots. It extends from
+Sydney to Queensland, and has a wide range out northward and eastward
+among the islands.
+
+The Genus _Elodina_ contains several small, pearly white butterflies,
+with wings edged with black. The small white, _Elodina angulipennis_,
+is found about Sydney, ranging as far north as Mackay, Queensland. Our
+common white butterfly known under the name of _Pieris teutonia_, and
+the sole representative of that well defined genus, has been recently
+identified as _Belenois java_, and as Sparrman described it some few
+years before Fabricius, this well-known name will unfortunately have to
+give way. This butterfly has a wide range over Australia, especially in
+the interior, where several native shrubs belonging to the _Capparidae_
+are plentiful; upon these the slender brown and yellow caterpillars
+feed. This is the species that sometimes comes flying over the eastern
+coast in immense swarms. It measures 2½ inches across the wings, and
+is black and white on the upper surface, with the under portion more
+mottled with black and canary yellow. It ranges from Australia to
+Fiji, Tonga, and the Malay Archipelago. The smaller Whites, which have
+the under side of the hind wings of a more uniform yellow tint, are
+represented by _Appias (Tachyris) ega_, first described by Boisduval in
+1836; it has an extended range from Victoria to Cape York, Queensland.
+
+The typical Genus _Delias_ is represented in Australia by 8 species,
+three of which can be collected from Sydney to Cape York, and two
+others from South Australia northward. The Painted Delias, _D.
+harpalyce_, first figured by Donovan in 1805, measures 3 inches across
+the wings, which on the upper surface are creamy white, broadly
+margined on the apical half with black, the fore pair banded with a
+row of white spots; on the under surface the white markings above are
+much broader, and the hind wings are blotched with a bright red band
+surrounded with black but lined with white. The larvae feed upon the
+native mistletoe (_Loranthus_) which grows upon the she-oaks, and are
+slender, dark coloured caterpillars covered with fine hairs. They are
+gregarious in their habits, often 20 to 30 in a family, and not only do
+they keep together when feeding, but they spin a curious web over the
+denuded twigs of their food plant to which they attach themselves when
+pupating. The pupa is dark brown, slightly over 1 inch in length, armed
+with short black spines along the sides of the body, and the front of
+the head is furnished with a curious two-pronged fork.
+
+The Tinted Delias, _D. argenthona_, is a Queensland species, with the
+outer half of the hind wings on the under surface black, enclosing a
+number of bright red blotches; while on the hind wings of the Striped
+Delias, _D. mysis_, the red forms a continuous broad curved band round
+the tips. In the Yellow-tinted Delias, _D. aganippe_, the wings of
+the male on the upper surface are creamy white, while those of the
+female are tinged with yellow, and the black extends further into the
+wing; on the under surface both sexes have the wings blackish, mottled
+with large white blotches, and yellow markings; a patch of bright red
+on the shoulders; and with a row of rounded spots of the same colour
+running round the hind wings. The larvae feed upon the foliage of
+_Loranthus_. The Dusky Delias, _D. nigrina_, generally flies high, and
+is not so easily caught; it has an extended range from Sydney to North
+Queensland; the upper surface is of the usual colour, but the whole of
+the under surface of the wings is dull black washed with grey; there is
+a band of yellow on the fore pair, and the hind pair is marked with
+the same colour and a horse-shoe band of red. The larvae when full
+grown are almost black spotted with yellow, and with fine white hairs;
+they are gregarious and also feed upon the _Loranthus_.
+
+_Catopsilia (Callidyras) pomona_ is a large light butterfly, with the
+upper surface creamy white tinged with yellow, and with dusky spots
+toward the tips of the wings; all the under surface is dull yellow,
+with a few white spots, and with pale purple markings, forming a darker
+patch in the centre of each wing. It is found from Sydney northward
+through the Malay Peninsula, and into Ceylon.
+
+
+ Family 5. Swallow Tails.
+
+ PAPILIONIDAE.
+
+The members of this group of butterflies are popularly known as
+“Swallow Tails” from the peculiar structure of the hind wings of the
+typical species, which are produced at the tips into spatulate lobes or
+tails; though in a large number these tails are wanting. They are all
+furnished with well developed legs; antennae distinctly clubbed; and
+the pupae are attached both by the tip of the body and a silken girdle.
+In this family many of the largest and most beautiful insects in the
+world are congregated.
+
+The Bird-winged Butterflies (_Ornithoptera_) are represented by
+three more or less distinct species from the mainland, and a fourth
+from Darnley Island. _O. richmondia_, typical of the group, is the
+southern form, ranging from the Richmond River, N.S.W., into Southern
+Queensland. The smaller male measures about 6 inches across the wings,
+which are rich velvety black, with a bright green stripe along the
+front of the fore wings; the whole of the body is golden; and the hind
+wings except the black margins and four black spots are of a slightly
+brighter tint. The large female is of a uniform dark blackish brown
+with white markings on the wings. _O. (cassandra) euphorion_, found
+from Mackay to Cairns, N.Q., is somewhat larger, with a second stripe
+of green on the fore wings, and a row of golden spots on the hind pair.
+The large black caterpillars have short black fleshy spines along the
+sides of the body, with the front ones bright red.
+
+Rippon has recently monographed the Ornithoptera, and places
+our species in the Genus _Troides_, but I prefer to retain the
+original name, under which our species are so well known. The Genus
+_Papilio_ contains 18 species in Miskin’s Catalogue, reduced to 15
+in Waterhouse’s list, many of them with a very wide range. _Papilio
+sarpedon_ is common in Sydney gardens, and extends away up the coast
+to India and Ceylon. Olliff called it the “Wanderer” from its rapid
+restless flight. It is of a general black colour, with sharp angular
+fore wings, and rounded crenulated hind wings coming to a blunt
+finger-like tail at the tips. The centre of both pairs of wings is pale
+green forming a broad elongate stripe, widest in the centre, and with a
+row of fine crescent-shaped spots down the sides of the hind pair. The
+larvae are short, green, slug-like creatures with a patch of yellow on
+the back; they feed upon the foliage of the camphor laurel.
+
+The Black Orchard Butterfly, _Papilio erectheus_ (now known as _P.
+aegeus_), is a larger black insect with an irregular band of white
+crossing the tips of the fore wings; the centre of each hind one is
+occupied by a rounded mauve patch; the edges are crenulated, tipped
+with white, and have a red eye-like spot on the inner margin. The
+female is much larger; has the inner portion of the fore wings black,
+but the outer portions dusky white; the hind wings are black at the
+base, banded with white shaded with black, and have a row of red spots
+round the margins. The mottled orange green larva is furnished with a
+broad head, from which shoot out a pair of retractile fleshy horns when
+touched, at the same time giving off a musky scent. They feed upon the
+foliage of orange trees, and when numerous are a nuisance in the plant
+nurseries. The larvae of Macleay’s butterfly (_Papilio macleayanus_)
+feed upon the foliage of the Sassafras in the Illawarra district, and
+range from Tasmania to Cairns N.Q. The butterfly is somewhat after the
+same slender shape as _P. sarpedon_, but has the hind wings produced
+into slender swallow tails. The portion of the wings surrounding the
+body is pale green, the outer parts black, with three small green
+patches toward the front of the fore pair, and a row of small spots
+along the lower edges of the hind pair.
+
+The Imperial Swallow Tail, _Papilio ulysses_, measures 5 inches across
+the wings, which are rich metallic blue margined with deep velvety
+black, and are produced into long swallow tails behind. It is found
+in the tropical scrubs of North Queensland ranging up into the Malay
+Archipelago, and for shape and colour is one of the most beautiful
+butterflies in the world, but should be seen in its native haunts
+to fully admire its beauty as it goes floating through the tropical
+brushes.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXI.--LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+ Family NYMPHALIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Heteronympha merope_ (Fabr.). ♂.
+ 2. _Heteronympha merope_ (Fabr.). ♀.
+ 3. _Danais hamata_ (Macl.).
+ 4. _Cethosia cydippe_ (Linn.).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXI.--LEPIDOPTERA._]
+
+The last of this genus I shall notice is the very distinct yellow
+and black butterfly, _Papilio sthenelus_, which has a wide
+range from South Australia to Queensland, and is one of the very few
+large butterflies found far inland. The Painted Gauzewing, _Eurycus
+cressida_, is a rare species in N.S. Wales, though recorded from as far
+south as Sydney, but is abundant in the tropical northern scrubs. The
+male has the fore wings denuded of scales and semitransparent, with the
+shoulders and two spots in the front black; the hind ones are black
+mottled with white and red, the latter colour also on the sides of the
+thorax and tip of the abdomen. The female is smaller, of a dull brown
+colour, with semitransparent wings, looking very much like a small
+rubbed specimen of the male; the amateur collector generally discards
+them under that impression.
+
+
+ Family 6. Skippers.
+
+ HESPERIDAE.
+
+These butterflies are popularly known as “Skippers” on account of the
+peculiar way they fly, so different from all the other groups. They
+have broad, short, thickset heads and bodies; and the antennae, wide
+apart at the base, are produced at the tip into an irregular club
+or pointed hooked process. The legs are perfect in both sexes and
+often spined; most of them are brown or reddish yellow, more or less
+variegated. The larvae are long, cylindrical, naked caterpillars, with
+the head hard and horny; the prothorax narrow, forming a regular neck.
+When full grown they attach themselves by the tail to the leaf, which
+they roll round themselves into a primitive kind of cocoon.
+
+Messrs. Meyrick and Lower have lately revised this group (Trans. Roy.
+Soc. S.A. 1902), and list 79 species that they identify, and note
+a number of others that are so badly described that they cannot be
+determined.
+
+_Netrocoryne repanda_, one of our largest species, of a uniform light
+brown tint, has the tips of the wings darkest, the centres of the fore
+pair marked with large translucent blotches of a pale yellow tint, and
+a single spot in each hind one. It has an extended range from Sydney to
+N. Queensland.
+
+The Genus _Hesperilla_ contains 31 species, some of which are very
+local, while others have a very wide range: _H. picta_ is about 2
+inches across the wings; its general colour is dark brown with a dull
+greenish tint on the body, ornamented with five yellow spots on the
+fore wing; the centres of the hind ones and the hind margins of the
+same yellow colour, and with the markings on the under surface more
+numerous. _H. ornata_ is a smaller species, of a general dark brown;
+the fore wings carry a number of spots and four angular golden yellow
+blotches; the hind pair are reddish orange mottled on the under surface
+of the body, the tips of the fore and the whole of the hind wings with
+pale yellow. It has an extended range from Victoria up to Cooktown
+N.Q. _Trapezites iacchus_, one of our commonest species, described by
+Fabricius in 1775, measures 1¾ inches in length, and is of a uniform,
+dull brown colour shaded with yellow; the fore wings are blotched
+with small irregular marks; those on the hind pair are parallel and
+confluent. The under surface is dull yellow; the fore wings are mottled
+and the hind ones marked with four to five small purple spots ringed
+with black. It has a wide range from Tasmania over Australia. _T.
+symmomus_ is a darker, larger species very similar in the markings,
+only the yellow spots are more defined. It does not range further north
+than Brisbane.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 109= and =110=.--Earlier
+ stages of the Palm Skipper, _Pamphila augiades_
+ (Fielder).
+
+ 109. Larva. 110. Pupa.]
+
+_Apaustus lascivia_ is one of the small dull brown skippers washed with
+yellow, with pale slender transverse bars crossing the centre of the
+wings; the body is marked with white; the under surface is dull yellow,
+with the tips of the fore wings darkest. The larvae of _Pamphila
+augiades_, another common species in the Sydney gardens, and found as
+far north as Bowen, Queensland, feeds upon the foliage of young palms;
+that of _Erynnis sperthias_ is found on the same plant.
+
+_Badamia exclamationis_ is a light brown species with the fore wings
+narrowed to the extremities, and the hind pair arcuate on the edges.
+It measures 2 inches across the wings, and ranges from Sydney to
+Cape York. In the Genus _Hasora_ we have several large skippers, all
+northern species, with the upper surface dark; the under surface richly
+marked with purple and pale golden yellow in _H. discolor_; and with
+simple silvery stripes on the under surface in _H. hurama_.
+
+
+
+
+ HETEROCERA.
+
+ Moths.
+
+
+Moths differ from butterflies in having the abdomen stout and thickset,
+and not pinched or constricted in front at the junction with the
+thorax; and the antennae, instead of being clubbed or thickened at
+the tips, are either slender filiform appendages or are uniformly
+thickened, pectinate, or feathered; when of the latter form they are
+much more pronounced in the males.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 111.=--Head of Hawk Moth.
+
+ _a_, upper lip; _b_, mandibles; _c_,
+ proboscis; _d_, lower lip; _e_, antennae; _f_,
+ eyes.
+
+ (Redrawn from Duncan’s “Transformations of Insects.”)]
+
+Most moths are nocturnal in their habits; in the day time they are
+usually found hiding among the foliage or resting in dark corners,
+and many can be obtained by shaking the bushes over a net. The larger
+species may be killed at once in the cyanide bottle, but must be
+transferred to a box as soon as they are dead, for they rub very
+easily; the smaller forms can be placed alive in glass-topped or chip
+boxes, and afterwards killed, and then mounted before they are stiff.
+The members of a few groups fly about in the daylight; for instance
+_Agarista glycine_, our vine moth, but they are exceptions. The
+beautiful hawk moths only flit about at twilight, and are known as
+“crepuscular” moths.
+
+This great group contains some giants of the insect world, such as some
+of the Atlas Moths of India, and Wood Moths of Australia, which are as
+big as small bats; while among the Micro-lepidoptera we come to many
+tiny creatures which require to be examined with a lens before their
+identity can be established.
+
+The typical moth caterpillar constructs a stout silken bag or cocoon,
+within the shelter of which it casts its skin and becomes a well
+defined pupa; but there are many which bury themselves in the ground,
+or pupate in cavities in timber that form no true cocoon but simply
+undergo their transformations in such secure hiding places.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 112.=--Wings of Moth.
+
+ _=A=_, Fore wing: _c.m_, costal margin;
+ _o.m_, outer margin or termin; _i.m_, inner margin;
+ _a.a_, apex; _o.a_, outer angle or tornus; _c_,
+ discoidal cell; _d_, discocellulurs.
+
+ _=B=_, Hind wing: _c.n_, costal nervure; vein
+ 12 fore wing, 8 of hind wing; _s.n_, sub-costal nervure;
+ _m.n_, median nervure; _1a_, _b_, _c_, three
+ branches of internal nervure; _2_, _3_, two branches
+ of median nervure; _4_, _5_, _6_, three branches
+ of radial nervure; _7_, _8_, _9_, _10_,
+ _11_, five sub-costal branches of fore wing; _7_
+ sub-costal nervure of hind wing.]
+
+Moths are well represented in all parts of Australia, but are most
+numerous in well wooded country: a considerable amount of work has
+been done in this group by Messrs. Lewin, Scott, Walker, Meyrick,
+Lower, Turner, and others in Australia, and Messrs. Guérin, Boisduval,
+and many other foreign writers. I have in the arrangement of the
+families followed Lower’s Catalogue of Victorian Heterocera (Victorian
+Naturalist Vol. x. 1893--Vol. xiv. 1898).
+
+
+ Family 1. Connecting-link Moths.
+
+ CASTNIIDAE.
+
+The members of this group comprise a few insects that form an
+intermediate state of development between butterflies and moths;
+for while there is no doubt that they are moths, they have hooked
+or thickened antennae like the “Skippers,” somewhat similar habits,
+and even the general colouration. They are chiefly confined to South
+America and Australia. _Euschemon rafflesiae_ is one of the
+largest hesperid-like forms; is black, blotched with white, and is
+found in the northern parts of Australia.
+
+The Genus _Synemon_ contains a number of small reddish brown moths
+which flit about over the grass, just like small butterflies: _Synemon
+sophia_ is about 1½ inches across the wings, which are brown, slightly
+marbled in front, and the hind pair blotched with dull yellowish
+brown; it is common on the grassy flats along the eastern coast. _S.
+hesperoides_ is common in Victoria in similar localities; is about the
+same size, but of a darker brown colour; the fore wings marbled with
+fine wavy grey lines, and the hind ones with a rusty red tint.
+
+
+ Family 2. Butterfly Moths.
+
+ URANIIDAE.
+
+These are large usually day-flying moths with slender antennae; broad
+wings, the hind pair crenulated and produced into tails; the abdomen
+like that of a stout butterfly, and never extending beyond the hind
+wings.
+
+The typical species (Genus _Urania_) are found in America, others in
+Madagascar; but our beautiful forms belong to the Genus _Nyctalemon_,
+one species of which, _Nyctalemon orontes_, is very common in North
+Queensland. In the neighbourhood of Cairns a score of this species can
+often be taken in the early morning resting on the low scrub, and small
+swarms of them can often be seen flying across the rivers in the middle
+of the day. This species is a very handsome large velvety black moth
+marked with broad dull green bands, and having short creamy swallow
+tails. Several very beautiful species are also found in Southern New
+Guinea.
+
+
+ Family 3. Day Moths.
+
+ AGARISTIDAE.
+
+This family has been lately revised by Hampson (Catalogue of the
+Lepidoptera Phalaenae Vol. I. British Museum 1898); he divides them
+into 55 Genera containing 225 species, of which some typical forms are
+peculiar to Australia; they are conspicuously coloured and further
+noticeable from their habit of flying in the daytime. The members of
+this family are chiefly confined to the tropical parts of the Old World
+and the Australian region; in America a few only are found in Mexico
+and Brazil.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 113.=--_Phalaenoides glycinae_
+ (Lewin).
+
+ The Caterpillar and Adult of the Vine Moth.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Vine Moth, _Phalaenoides (Agarista) glycinae_, better known under
+the old generic name of _Agarista_, is one of our regular vine pests
+in the caterpillar state, devouring the foliage and young grapes.
+The moth lays her eggs upon the vine canes; the grubs when full grown
+measure up to 2 inches; are of a general deep greenish yellow tint,
+with the whole of the upper surface covered with small tubercles each
+bearing a single hair; and they have a band of bright red blotches
+round the dorsal surface of the anal segment. They bury themselves
+in the ground, forming a dark reddish brown chrysalid enclosed in a
+primitive cocoon or covering of particles of earth. The moth measures
+2¼ inches across the wings, and is of a uniform black colour marbled
+on the head, thorax, and sides of the wings with white; the fore wings
+are tipped with white, and an irregular transverse bar of pale yellow
+is followed by a smaller blotch through the centre; in the hind pair
+the outer margins are irregularly edged with white. _Phalaenoides
+tristifica_, formerly known under the name of _Agarista lewinii_, is
+slightly smaller; the fore wings are more mottled, and the hind pair
+have an irregular white spot in the centre by which it can be easily
+identified. _Cruria donovani_, also smaller than the Vine Moth, has
+the fore wings mottled with a number of small white blotches, and a
+broad irregular patch in the centre of the hind ones. _Eutrichopidia
+latina_ comes closer still to the Vine Moth in size and colour, but
+can also be easily recognised by having a single broader, irregular,
+dull yellow band across the outer half of the fore wings. The Painted
+Day Moth, _Agarista agricola_, attracted the attention of our earliest
+entomologists by its brilliant colouration, and was described and
+figured in colours by Donovan in his “Insects of New Holland” 1805, and
+again by Dr. Leach in his “Zoological Miscellanies” published in 1815.
+It has a wide range from Sydney northward, and the several sub-species
+placed under this name extend its range to New Guinea and Timor. This
+is now the sole type of the Genus _Agarista_, in which so many of our
+species were formerly placed; it is a handsome black moth; measures
+up to 3 inches across the wings, the fore-pair of which are richly
+blotched with pale yellow, deep orange, and blue; in the hind pair
+the centre is bright red and blue, and the margin is white. The head
+and thorax are pale yellow above; the legs and under surface red; the
+tip of the abdomen dark orange. The larva is a handsome dark coloured
+caterpillar clothed with scattered and curious long clubbed hairs.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXII.--LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+ Family NOTODONTIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Danima banksiae_ (Lewin).
+
+ Family AGARISTIDAE.
+
+ 2. _Hecatesia fenestrata_ (Boisd.).
+ 6. _Agarista agricola_ (Donov.).
+
+ Family HYPSIDAE.
+
+ 3. _Nyctemera amica_ (White).
+
+ Family SPHINGIDAE.
+
+ 4. _Cizara ardenia_ (Lewin).
+ 8. _Hemaris hylas_ (Lewin).
+
+ Family LIPARIDAE.
+
+ 5. _Darala ocellata_ (Walker).
+
+ Family SYNTOMIDAE.
+
+ 7. _Syntomis annulata_ (Fabr.).
+
+ Family CASTNIIDAE.
+
+ 9. _Synemon hesperoides_ (Feld).
+
+ Family PYRALIDAE.
+
+ 10. _Zenckenia recurvalis_ (Fabr.).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXII.--LEPIDOPTERA._]
+
+The Genus _Hecatesia_ contains our curious “whistling moths,” which
+fly about just at dusk, making sharp continued notes like the calls
+of some of our small cicadas. The sound is said to be produced by the
+male rubbing his curiously clubbed antennae against a pellucid ridged
+area in the front of the fore wings. Hampson doubts this, and says
+it is probably caused by rubbing the tarsal spines against the ribbed
+space. _Hecatesia fenestrata_ is a pretty little moth, about 1 inch
+across the wings; is of a general dark brown tint; the outer margins of
+the fore wings are provided with a broad semi-lunate ribbed band (the
+musical apparatus) in front, and two white lines behind; the centre
+of the hind pair and abdomen richly blotched with reddish yellow; the
+head, antennae, centre of thorax, and outer margins of the wings marked
+with white.
+
+Three species of this Genus are recorded from Australia, two of which
+were described from the west coast, while _Hecatesia fenestrata_ has a
+range from South Australia into N.S. Wales.
+
+
+ Family 4. Ringed Moths.
+
+ SYNTOMIDAE.
+
+The typical Genus _Syntomis_, in which Hampson places all our species
+that were previously described under the Genus _Hydrusa_, comprises
+about 138 species, chiefly confined to Africa, Asia, the Malay
+Archipelago and Australia; 12 species are recorded from this country.
+They are all rather small moths of a general black or brown tint
+mottled with orange yellow or lighter brown.
+
+_Syntomis annulata_, about 1 inch across the outspread wings, has a
+very wide range from the Philippines through New Guinea and Australia,
+and naturally varies much in different localities; our variety is of a
+blackish tint, with six orange spots in the fore wings, and two more
+angular blotches on the hind ones; the abdomen is regularly banded with
+orange and black. _S. aperta_ measures 2 inches across the wings, which
+are of a brownish tint with large blotches of orange yellow occupying
+the greater portion of the surface, divided from each other by slender
+lines. It ranges from New Guinea and Queensland round to S. Australia,
+and has been captured out west about Bathurst, N.S.W.
+
+_Euchromia creusa_ is a very handsome form about 2 inches across the
+narrow fore wings, which are black with two large transparent divided
+spots forming a double row across them, and another very small one at
+the base: the hind pair have two similar blotches. The head, thorax,
+and basal portion of the abdomen are black, shot with metallic blue;
+the basal abdominal segments are crimson, finely barred with black.
+This beautiful moth has a wide range over the Malay Archipelago
+and the Pacific Islands, coming down to Thursday Island and North
+Queensland.
+
+Many of the foreign species in the larval state feed upon lichens or
+grass.
+
+
+ Family 5. Burnet Moths.
+
+ ZYGAENIDAE.
+
+These moths form an extensive family represented in most parts of the
+world; they are also day-flying moths, and some are very brilliant in
+colour. In England some of them are known as “Burnet Moths” and “Green
+Foresters.” They have long narrow wings, and the antennae thickened
+toward the middle.
+
+Most of our species belong to the Genus _Procris_, which are also
+very abundant in Southern Europe. They are small creatures measuring
+under 1 inch across the wings, and are of a general dark brown tint
+with greenish markings. _Hestiochora bicolor_ is a curious little
+moth remarkable for its bright colouration, which has a wonderful
+resemblance to one of our small parasitic wasps (_Braconidae_). The
+wings are clouded with black; the head and front of the thorax are red,
+the hind margin of the latter black; the abdomen black and white.
+
+
+ Family 6. Hawk Moths.
+
+ SPHINGIDAE.
+
+The hawk moths have a stout rounded abdomen tapering to a point;
+thickened antennae; stout narrow pointed wings; the proboscis or
+sucking mouth-tube very long, curled up under the head when at rest,
+but capable of being uncurled in front of the head to suck up the
+nectar from the deepest tubular flower while the moth is hovering over
+it. They hide during the day, and are most active just at twilight,
+when they dart about, over, and around the flowering shrubs. Their
+caterpillars are very handsome thick cylindrical grubs marked with
+brilliant eye spots and stripes of various striking colours, and are
+easily distinguished by a curious curved fleshy horn on the dorsal
+surface of the tail segment.
+
+They take their scientific name from the fanciful resemblance of their
+stiff horny pupae (which are naked and generally buried in the sand
+beneath their food plant) to the Egyptian Sphinx, and their popular
+names of “hawk” and “humming-bird moth” from their powers of flight.
+
+Our species have been divided into five sub-families, and in Miskin’s
+“Catalogue of the Australian Sphingidae” (Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland)
+42 species are listed under 13 genera; to which list a few species have
+since been added.
+
+The first group contains what are popularly called the “Clear-winged
+Hawk-moths,” from the large bare scaleless areas in the wings; they fly
+about in the daytime with a loud humming noise, very much resembling
+some of the Carpenter-bees when hovering over the flowers. _Hemaris
+kingi_ is marked with black and yellow, and has a thick tuft of stiff
+hairs on either side of the abdomen; it is not uncommon in Southern
+Queensland. _H. hylas_ is a similar stout moth with unspotted wings
+which has an extended range across Queensland to Japan, Asia, and
+Africa; while a third species, _H. janus_, ranges from Brisbane to
+Rockhampton. In the Genus _Macroglossa_ 4 species are recorded from
+Queensland, some of which extend into our north coast scrubs.
+
+In the second group we have a very distinctive little banded hawk moth,
+_Cizara ardenia_, which ranges from New South Wales into Southern
+Queensland; most of my specimens come from the Illawarra scrubs,
+N.S.W., where the larva feeds upon the wild vine. Its ground colour is
+dark brown with narrow grey bands running round and crossing the middle
+of the wings, with a curious eye spot on the shoulders. The Genus
+_Chaerocampa_ contains a number of large handsome hawk moths, some of
+which are introduced species world wide in their range; about 17 are
+recorded from Australia. The Silver Stripe, _Chaerocampa celerio_, is a
+common European species, that is well known here. French describes the
+caterpillar as a vine pest in Victoria; it is a cylindrical greenish
+to purple tinted grub with eye spots on the hind segments. The moth
+measures 3 inches across the wings; its ground colour is greyish fawn,
+with four slender lines of silvery white forming a stripe down the
+centre of the fore wings, and the body marked with silver spots; the
+hind wings are bright pink. _C. oldenlandi_, which comes close to this
+species, feeds upon vines in N.S. Wales. It differs in having no short
+oblique silvery stripes on the front of the fore wings, hardly any red
+on the hind ones, and has an unbroken silvery dorsal stripe down the
+abdomen. _C. erotus_, about the same size, has dark reddish brown
+fore wings, slightly marbled, and the hind pair yellow, darkened on
+the hind margins; its larvae sometimes feed upon sweet-potatoes. _C.
+scrofa_ is a much smaller species of a lighter brown colour, with the
+hind wings dull brick red, darkest along the hind margin. This is one
+of our commonest species with a wide range over Australia; the brown
+small-headed larvae feed upon grass and low herbage. Among our most
+striking forms are the two species of the Genus _Coequosa_, both about
+the same size, sometimes measuring up to 7 inches across the wings.
+_Coequosa triangularis_ is of a reddish brown and grey tint, mottled
+on the hind wings with bright yellow, the darker brown forming a large
+angular patch in the centre of the fore wings; _C. australasiae_ is
+of a light buff or fawn colour, more marbled, with the wedge-shaped
+blotch merging into the colouration of the tip of the wing; and the
+hind pair yellow, only edged with brown on the hind margin. The
+caterpillar of _C. triangularis_, our commoner form, is dull green,
+with a rough granulated skin and a small elongate head; the tip of the
+abdomen is furnished with a pair of stout plates used as claspers to
+cling to its food plant; above this on either side is a black shining
+bead-like eye, which is only an ornamental process, but this often
+leads people to think that this is the head end, and in some places it
+is known as the double-headed caterpillar. It feeds upon the foliage of
+_Persoonia_ and _Acacia_, and when touched has a habit of swinging its
+body round, as if trying to strike; when full grown it is enclosed in
+a black shining pupa-case hidden among the rubbish beneath the trees.
+The Genus _Macrosila_ contains 4 species, two of which are not uncommon
+in N.S. Wales. The She-oak Hawk-moth, _M. casuarina_, measures up to
+5 inches across the wings, and is of a general greyish mottled brown
+colour, with a darker blotch in the centre of the fore wings, which
+are slightly mottled with black toward the tip; and the hind wings are
+often very dark brown.
+
+The Convolvulus Hawk-moth, _Protoparce convolvuli_, ranges all over the
+world, the caterpillars feeding upon the convolvulus; and it is also
+sometimes quite a pest upon sweet-potatoes. The moth measures 3½ inches
+across the wings, and is of a general dark grey colour thickly mottled
+with dark brown; the abdomen has a broad brown stripe down the centre
+with short transverse white, pink, and black bars on either side.
+
+The Privet Hawk-moth, _Sphinx ligustri_, has light brown fore wings,
+the abdomen and hind wings being marked with pink and black. It, like
+the vine hawkmoth, has a world wide range, and the caterpillars, with
+their delicate green tint beautifully striped with white, are very
+common in our gardens toward the end of summer on privet and other
+garden shrubs. In spite of their large size, they are very difficult to
+detect until the damaged foliage calls attention to their presence.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 114.=--_Protoparce convolvuli_
+ (Linn.).
+
+ The Hawk-moth of the sweet potato and convolvulus.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+
+ Family 7. Wood Moths.
+
+ HEPIALIDAE.
+
+This is a very distinct group, the members of which usually have
+long deflexed wings rounded at the extremities, and the neuration of
+both pairs of wings alike; the tongue is generally obsolete; ocelli
+absent; the tibiae without spurs; while the abdomen is very long and
+cylindrical in the typical forms. They lay their eggs upon the bark of
+different forest trees; the little caterpillars, after feeding for a
+short time on the surface, tunnel into the tree trunk, becoming fleshy
+naked grubs which bore cylindrical chambers of various forms in the
+timber, in which they sometimes remain for years, finally pupating in
+the burrows. The moth develops and escapes in the summer from the pupal
+case, which is frequently found projecting from the hole in the trunk
+or root after it has emerged. The moths are generally found clinging
+to the tree trunks, where they are easily captured. They frequently
+come to the light at night, but are difficult things to kill and mount,
+on account of their size and the ease with which the scales rub off.
+The females of some species lay many thousands of eggs. If these eggs
+are not removed from captured specimens and the bodies stuffed before
+setting, they generally become greasy and spoil in a very short time.
+
+On account of their large size and beautiful colouration the wood
+moths have attracted a great deal of attention; Scott figured and
+described a number in his “Australian Lepidoptera,” part of which
+has been published by the trustees of the Australian Museum N.S.W.
+Meyrick published a revision of the family (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
+1889), which is much more satisfactory, and has been followed in these
+notes. The moths, which Meyrick considers to be the ancestral forms
+of the _Bombycina_, have a world wide distribution, and are well
+represented in Australia.
+
+Donovan in his “Insects of New Holland” described one under the
+name of _Hepialus australasiae_, which is now known as _Perissectis
+australasiae_. With outspread wings it measures up to 3½ inches across;
+the body and fore wings are of a general dark yellowish colour, marbled
+and mottled with dark brown, and the hind wings have a reddish tint.
+The Genus _Porina_ contains 8 described species from this country;
+others are recorded from New Zealand and Africa; they are smaller moths
+of a general brown, yellow, or grey tint.
+
+The Genus _Hepialus_ comprises a number of very beautiful moths with
+all kinds of delicate green, yellow, pink, and silvery shades of
+colour. The moth lays her eggs upon a tree stem; the newly hatched
+larva eating off the surface of the bark forms a matted web under which
+it bores into the centre of the branch, and then makes a vertical
+shaft downward, varying in length from a few inches to several feet,
+in which it feeds and pupates. The best method to obtain specimens of
+these moths is to collect the infested branches or stems, cutting them
+off a foot or more on either side of the silken webs (which often form
+a regular ring round the stem), and placing them in several inches of
+damp sand in a box, with a sheet of glass over the top. The wood thus
+dries slowly and does not damage the delicate pupae or larvae from
+which, if collected at the proper time, the perfect moths of several
+species will readily breed out. The males and females of the same
+species differ from each other in size, colour and markings.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXIII.--LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+ Family HEPIALIDAE.
+
+ _Leto staceyi_ (Scott).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXIII.--LEPIDOPTERA._]
+
+Lewin’s wood-moth, _Hepialus lewini_, is one in which the sexes are
+very different. The larger female measures 2½ inches across the wings;
+the fore pair, head, and thorax are dull claret red, mottled on the
+centre and tips of the wings with green; the hind pair dull yellow,
+with a pinkish tint. In the male, the head, thorax, and fore wings are
+pale green, the latter banded with opaline white; the hind pair of
+a paler green with white tints. This is one of our common species, and
+feeds in the stems of the Casuarina.
+
+The larva of _H. exima_ feeds on the stems of the “Lilly-pilly” and
+Water-gums, forming quite a felted bag round the branch, and is said to
+remain in the larval state for several years; like the great wood-moth,
+before it pupates it eats the web off in front of its chamber and
+replaces it with a wad to protect the opening; this it can easily
+push out with its horny pupal head when ready to emerge. This is a
+much larger green form, with the edges of the fore wings marked with
+brownish yellow and two eye spots of the same colour in the centre;
+the small male has the green fore wings marked with opaline white. _H.
+ramseyi_ is easily recognised by its greater size and the green fore
+wings richly mottled with large silvery white spots forming irregular
+transverse bands.
+
+The Bent-wing, _Leto staceyi_, is one of our most remarkable moths
+both for size and colour: it was originally described by Scott under
+the generic name _Zelotypia_, but Meyrick placed it in the Genus
+_Leto_, in which another species has been described from S. Africa.
+Both of these species are peculiar in having the hind wings tufted
+with stout shaggy hairs. This moth, chiefly obtained in the forest
+country about Newcastle, has been largely bred from the infested timber
+by miners in the district, who had a ready sale for them, and who at
+this work naturally learnt a good deal about their habits. When the
+young larva enters the tree trunk it covers the opening so carefully
+with web and particles of bark, that it requires an observant eye
+to detect the injury. According to some of the collectors the larva
+lives and grows in its shaft, about a foot in depth, for a period of
+six years (but this needs verifying); it generally pupates early in
+December after blocking the opening with a felted wad; but soon after
+its transformation it pushes this wad out. The chrysalid fits close
+to its vertical shaft, and aided by rows of fine spines round the
+apex of each abdominal segment can move up and down; when reaching
+maturity it has a favourite habit of resting in the shaft with the top
+of its head level with the transverse burrow, and dropping downward if
+disturbed. Thornton, who bred or captured nearly 100 in the Newcastle
+district, generally obtained them in the month of March, and found
+that those under observation invariably came out about 3 o’clock in
+the afternoon. The larger female measures up to 8 inches across the
+wings, of which the front pair are long, slender, and arcuate on the
+hind margins; these are of a general greyish fawn brown, wonderfully
+marbled with black and brown, and with a large eye-spot in the centre
+toward the tip: the hind wings and body are reddish yellow. Meyrick
+suggests, in his paper previously quoted, that the curious eye-spots on
+the wings, together with the general outline of the moth resting upon
+the tree trunk, might be a case of protective mimicry, resembling a
+snake’s head; this appears to me however to be very far fetched. Skuse
+reproduced a drawing of the moth and a monitor lizard’s head in the
+“Records of the Australian Museum,” to show this fancied resemblance,
+but if the correct colouration had been added the resemblance would
+have been very much less marked.
+
+The Genus _Pielus_ contains some large brownish moths with very
+hairy legs, two of which have been described from Australia: _Pielus
+hyalinatus_, slightly under 4 inches across the wings, is of a general
+chocolate brown tint with an irregular silvery white stripe and dark
+lines running through the centre of the fore wings; the hind pair are
+brown. The larvae feed in the roots of several species of wattles, and
+are frequently attacked by _Cordiceps_, the curious fungus that turns
+them into what are known as “vegetable caterpillars.” This species
+has a range from the southern parts of W. Australia through Victoria
+to North Queensland. Messrs. Olliff and Prince figured and described
+(Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1887) a handsome variety of this moth under
+the name of _Pielus imperialis_. The marbled wood-moth, _Trictena
+labyrinthica_, is a large dark brown moth, measuring up to 6 inches
+across the wings, which are covered with a scroll-work pattern of
+lighter colour. The larvae of these also feed upon the roots of trees.
+
+In the COSSIDAE we have a typical goat-moth, _Culama caliginosa_,
+resembling the English species in form and habits. The larva is a
+short, dull, red, naked grub that feeds in the stem of the apple-gum,
+tunnelling round under the bark until nearly full grown, when it bores
+into the wood and pupates in a cocoon at the end. The moth is of a
+uniform delicate slate-grey, finely marbled with black lines all over
+the broad rounded wings, which are folded downward when at rest.
+
+The ZEUZERIDAE comprise some of our giant wood-boring moths; some are
+as large as small birds, with great rounded bodies, and grey wings
+thickly mottled with black, brown and fawn: _Zeuzera eucalypti_ has
+received an unfortunate specific name, for it feeds in the larval state
+in the stems and branches of several different species of wattles, and
+kills a great number of these trees by perforating them with great
+circular burrows; when ready to pupate, it forms a silken bag close to
+the outer skin of the bark, which has been gnawed away so that it can
+easily push its way out when ready to emerge. The moths have the usual
+brown tint mottled with irregular blotches of grey. The rust-coloured
+wood moth is a much larger species, and is commonly known under the
+name of _Z. liturata_, but is probably identical with _Z. cinerens_. It
+measures up to 4¼ inches across the wings, and is of a delicate mottled
+grey and brown tint, with the hind wings and central portion of the
+dorsal surface of the abdomen bright chocolate brown. The larvae of
+this and the following species live in the centre of the stems of large
+forest gums, and are said to take a number of years to come to maturity.
+
+Macleay’s wood moth, _Zeuzera macleayi_, said to be identical with
+Herrick-Schafer’s _Eudoxula boisduvalli_, has a large cylindrical body,
+and is the giant of the family, measuring up to 10 inches across the
+wings. They are brown thickly mottled with grey scales; when taken they
+are generally found clinging to the tree trunks, upon which each female
+deposits many thousands of small shot-like eggs.
+
+Olliff has given a detailed description of _Leto staceyi_, and an
+account of a variety (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1887). In a general
+account of these wood-moths (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1894) I recorded a
+number of Thornton’s observations.
+
+
+ Family 8. Bag Moths.
+
+ PSYCHIDAE.
+
+The members of this group are more remarkable in the caterpillar than
+in the moth stage, for as soon as they emerge the larvae construct
+protective caps of silken threads and bits of their food-plant, which
+as they increase in size become regular silken sacks open at the neck,
+through which the head and fore-legs protrude as they crawl about,
+but retract at the least alarm. They take their popular name of “Bag”
+or “Case Moths” from this peculiar habit, and the different species
+construct different forms of bags and ornament them with sticks or
+leaves. In Germany they are called “Sacktragers”; in America are known
+as “Basket Worms”; and the family is fairly represented all over the
+world.
+
+This country is rich in large species, some of which were noticed
+as curiosities at a very early date, and Westwood described and
+figured most of our bag moths (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854) under the
+Genus _Oiketicus_: McCoy in his “Podromus of Natural History of
+Victoria” Decade iv. gave additional notes on the habits of two of
+our common species; and an interesting paper on how they construct
+their portable homes will be found in the “Victorian Naturalist” by
+Hill (1898). The caterpillars themselves are short, naked, dull green
+creatures with stout horny heads, and are apparently so well protected
+from their many enemies that one would hardly expect to find them
+suffer from the attacks of parasites. But they must have some weak
+point in their armour for a very large percentage, even when collected
+and kept in breeding cages, produce only wasp and fly parasites. When
+full grown the caterpillar closes up the neck of its bag and fastens
+it by a stout silken band to a twig before changing into the chrysalid
+state; but while the male turns round and pupates head downward, the
+female remains head up as before, and when she casts her pupal skin
+is an aborted wingless creature, with small head and legs; the body
+simply develops into a great swollen sack of eggs, which hatch out in
+her body, or in the shelter of the cocoon; and the larvae make their
+way out at the open tip of the bag, each attached to a silken thread, a
+squirming mass of hundreds of little black creatures, leaving her only
+a shrivelled skin in the cocoon. The male moth, which is rare, is a
+very active creature, which dashes about as soon as he emerges from the
+pupal case, and damages his wings (even when bred in captivity) before
+he can be caught. He has curious toothed antennae; the head and body
+are thickly clothed with fine hairs; the body has telescopic segments,
+capable of being protracted to double their ordinary length when
+impregnating the female enclosed in her cocoon. The wings are narrow,
+very lightly covered with scales, and without any very distinctive
+pattern.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXIV.--LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+ Family LIPARIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Teara contraria_ (Walker). ♀.
+ 2. _Teara contraria_ (Walker). Caterpillar.
+ 3. _Teara contraria_ (Walker). ♂.
+ 4. _Teara contraria_ (Walker). Bag shelter among
+ the foliage of _Eucalyptus albens_.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXIV.--LEPIDOPTERA._]
+
+About 13 species of these moths are described from Australia, of which
+several are very common at times in the bush. Saunders’ Case Moth,
+_Metura elongata_, is our largest species; the larva constructs an
+elongate silken sack often up to 4 or 5 inches in length, broadest in
+the centre and tapering to both extremities; the outside is covered
+with short lengths of sticks nibbled from the food plant, or picked up
+during its wanderings. On an average these sticks are about as long as
+wooden matches, and are securely attached at irregular distances, the
+lower ones often extending beyond the silken tip. The caterpillar, of
+which only the head, thorax, and fore-legs can be seen, is a stout,
+naked, dull brown grub barred with black and reddish orange,
+measuring about 2 inches in length. The female moth differs so little
+from the caterpillar that it is hardly worth noticing, but the active
+winged male, with a wing expanse of about 2 inches, has the head and
+thorax thickly clothed with bright reddish orange down, and the dusky
+wings are lightly clothed with fine scales. Though the moth is a
+somewhat rare insect, the bag cocoon can be often found on a twig or
+attached to a fence, for in spite of the large house they carry they
+are great travellers. The Faggot Case-moth, _Entometa ignoblis_, forms
+a very different kind of portable home; the silken sack is covered
+with a coat of stout sticks which are generally cut from the gum trees
+and laid parallel to each other, and closely fastened to the silken
+surface, so that it reminds one of a bundle of faggots. They vary much
+in size and length; the larger measures up to 3 inches; one stick will
+be often found projecting an inch or more beyond the others; this is
+said to be a resting place for the male moth when seeking the enclosed
+female. She is of the usual obese form; of a general brown tint, the
+head and thorax creamy white spotted with black. The male moth with
+a wing expanse of 1¼ inches is of a uniform brown colour. The Leaf
+Case-moth, _Thyridopteryx hubneri_, forms a shorter oval silken sack
+averaging about 2½ inches in length and broad in proportion, covered
+with different kinds of leaves, for they feed on many shrubs and trees;
+but the commonest are clothed with bits of gum leaves attached only on
+the upper edge, and might be likened to a rag mat. When they infest
+pine trees in the garden, they are uniformly clothed with short lengths
+of pine needles and have a much neater appearance. The caterpillar is
+a stout black grub with the head and thorax dull white, mottled with
+brown. The male moth is a pretty little creature, with reddish brown
+antennae, the body thickly clothed with black down; the wings have very
+few scales, and are almost transparent, with a slight blotch in the
+centre of the hind pair.
+
+The Ribbed Case-moth, _Thyridopteryx herrichii_, differs from the
+others in constructing a smooth white silken bag, oval in form, angled
+on the sides, and with a slender tail at the base; and the long
+attenuated neck forms a regular stalk when attached to the twig; it
+measures about 2 inches, and is never covered with sticks or leaves.
+The caterpillar is blackish brown with the head and first thoracic
+segment lighter coloured. The moth is about 1 inch across the wings,
+thickly clothed with black hairs, and a reddish orange spot behind the
+thorax; the wings are semitransparent, with very few scales.
+
+
+ Family 9. Cup or Slug Moths.
+
+ LIMACODIDAE.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 115.=--_Doratifera vulnerans_
+ (Lewin).
+
+ The “Cup or Slug Moth,” with larva and cup-shaped cocoon.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+These are moderate sized moths with plump bodies thickly clothed with
+shaggy hairs, retracted heads, and toothed antennae. The caterpillars
+are curious short stout slug-like creatures feeding on the surface
+of the foliage; their feet are almost obsolete, while the under
+surface is quite flat, soft and fleshy; the whole body rests on the
+leaf when crawling along like that of a snail. The upper surface is
+saddle-shaped, with the two extremities raised and ornamented with
+fleshy spiny tubercles, with little bunches of sharp retractile spines
+like rosettes, which can be withdrawn into the tubercle or erected at
+will; the spines are sharp and appear to be hollow, and give a smart
+sting if they touch the body; in some of the American species, the
+stinging sensation is so severe as to cause serious swellings. When
+full grown they spin curious egg-shaped, brown, parchment-like cocoons
+attached at the base to the twig, with the apex rounded and forming
+a circular cap or lid, which, closely cemented on, is loosened and
+pushed off by the enclosed moth when she emerges. They do not pupate
+as soon as the cocoon is finished, but remain for a long time in a
+semi-caterpillar state before the chrysalis is formed.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The Painted Cup Moth, _Limacodes longerans_, is one of our commonest
+species. The female is about 1¾ inches across the wings; has a very
+large abdomen; is of a general dull brownish tint; the head and thorax
+are slightly coloured with red, and the under surface dark brown, the
+wings chocolate brown, with the outer margins light brown. The much
+smaller male has semitransparent wings, with the head and thorax marked
+with bright red. The larvae feed on eucalypts and are of a delicate
+green colour and of the typical form; about 1 inch in length; with
+four large tubercles at each end carrying a rosette of retractile red
+spines; the centre is marked with red and blue, and the outer margins
+are fringed with short tubercles. They form regular oval cocoons
+generally attached on their sides to the twig or bark. The Mottled Cup
+Moth, _Doratifera vulnerans_, is another common species, the larvae of
+which sometimes attack the foliage of apricot trees. It is a larger
+slug caterpillar than the last, with a patch of bright yellow in the
+middle of the back. The cocoons are pear-shaped with the apex somewhat
+contracted, showing the lid more distinctly. They sometimes swarm over
+the bush about Sydney N.S. Wales. The moths are of a general reddish
+brown tint with the fore wings marbled in the centre with a redder
+shade; the hind wings are lighter brown; they are somewhat smaller than
+the last species.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_Doratifera quadriguttata_ is of a dull reddish tint; the fore wings
+are crossed with a row of 3 darker raised spots, the hind wings being
+much lighter: the female measures about 1¼ inches, the male somewhat
+smaller. The larvae, when young, cluster together up to a dozen in
+number, and feed on the under-side of the leaf, but when full grown
+they scatter about, destroying much of the foliage of the gum trees.
+Numbers were collected near Gosford N.S.W. about the end of February.
+They are short and broad, black, with a pair of dull yellow fleshy
+horns in front, and 4 tubercles surmounted with bunches of yellow
+spines tipped with black at each extremity; the centre of the flattened
+back has rows of short yellow spines with a fringe of similar ones
+round the outer margins. When full grown they form the usual egg-shaped
+brown cocoon.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_D. acasta_ is a very similar moth, with a row of 6 or more similar
+spots crossing the fore wings. The larvae feed in the same manner, and
+are very plentiful toward the end of summer in the Bathurst district,
+N.S.W. Rainbow has figured the larvae of this species in the “Records
+of the Australian Museum” 1904.
+
+The curious warty, pale green, oval, slug-like caterpillar with a
+yellow stripe down the centre of the back that is figured by Scott as
+_Apoda xylomeli_ feeds upon the under surface of the leaves of the
+waratah; and when at rest along the midrib of the leaf, with the yellow
+dorsal stripe in line, in spite of its size it is very hard to detect,
+and is a wonderful instance of protective colouration.
+
+
+ Family 10. Tiger Moths.
+
+ ARCTIIDAE.
+
+This family, including the LITHOSIIDAE, known to collectors as
+“Footmen,” is now one of the largest divisions of the moths that were
+once all grouped among the true silkworms. The larvae of most of the
+species are short hairy grubs popularly known as “woolly bears,”
+feeding on all kinds of low plants, and common in our gardens. In this
+country they comprise a number of delicate and often very handsome
+moths of medium size, with moderately long pectinate antennae, the body
+often large, and the wings brightly coloured. The “Footmen” differ from
+the “Tiger” moths in having the fore wings longer, more slender, and
+folded over the shorter, more elongate body; they take their popular
+name from the livery-like pattern of their markings, as the latter take
+theirs from the tiger-like stripes and spots; while others again are
+known as “Ermine” moths from their soft silken wings.
+
+The Genus _Tigriodes_ contains a number of small moths hiding under
+or among foliage and therefore not often noticed. _Tigriodes alterna_
+is of a uniform yellowish brown tint, with darker brown markings upon
+the thorax and wings, forming zig-zag lines across the fore pair, and
+clouding the hind ones. It measures about 1 inch across the wings and
+ranges from Victoria into New South Wales. _T. furcifera_ is slightly
+smaller, of a bright yellow on the fore wings, with three slender
+parallel stripes separating into finer lines at the extremities; the
+hind pair paler with traces of black lines toward the edges; there is
+a wedge-shaped patch of the same colour on the thorax. Another species
+common about Sydney N.S.W. is _T. heminephes_, pale orange yellow with
+the apical edges of the wings and thorax blotched with blackish brown.
+
+Among the “Footmen” we have in the Genus _Spilosoma_ a number of fine
+white to greyish brown moths, mottled with blackish spots and dashes.
+The Light Ermine, _Spilosoma obliqua_, is common in Victoria and N.S.
+Wales; it has a wing measurement of 2 inches; is of a uniform dull
+white, lightly mottled over the wings with dark brown spots, some of
+them forming a slender irregular transverse band across; the abdomen
+is red with a dorsal stripe of black dots. _Spilosoma fulvohirta_ is
+about the same size, but much more darkly and thickly marked with
+brown, also forming dark stripes on the thorax. _Spilosoma fuscinula_
+is a much smaller moth, slightly over 1 inch across the wings; it has a
+general rich pink tint, very variably spotted and blotched with black;
+the latter is sometimes quite the predominating colour, in others only
+marking the tips; the hind wings are spotted in the centre and on the
+hind margins only. The larvae are short, flattish, hairy grubs of a
+reddish colour, and feed upon the foliage of young gum trees.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 116= and =117=.--_Spilosoma
+ obliqua_ (Walker).
+
+ 116. The Light Ermine Moth.
+ 117. Larva, known as a “Woolly bear.”
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Termissa_ contains a number of smaller pretty little moths
+flying low and hiding among the foliage; about 10 species are well
+known. _Termissa shepherdi_, slightly over 1 inch across the wings, has
+the fore pair broad at the tips, is blackish brown, with 3 irregular
+yellow transverse bars; the hind pair yellow, with two rounded marks on
+the outer margin. _T. nivosa_ is a smaller moth of a delicate creamy
+white, with the front and outer margins of the fore wings delicately
+edged with dark yellow and black, and with two indistinct spots on the
+front margin; there is a small dot on each hind wing. Anderson says
+about Melbourne the larvae are to be found under the bark of gum trees
+in August. _Clauca rubricosta_ measures 1 inch across the wings; is
+of a general blackish tint with the palpi and collar behind the head
+dull red, a slender costal stripe of reddish yellow along the fore
+wings, and a yellow spot on the centre of the inner margin forming a
+distinctive mark when the wings are folded; the hind pair are pale
+yellow with dark edges. The Genus _Mosoda_ contains several moths whose
+larvae feed upon moss and lichens on the surface of the rocks about
+Sydney. _Mosoda anartoides_, under 1 inch across the wings, has the
+fore pair dark brown, delicately mottled; the hind pair dull orange
+yellow irregularly edged with brown. _M. consolatrix_, a smaller moth,
+has the fore wings greyish mottled brown; the hind pair pale buff. _M.
+jocularis_ is slightly smaller, pale buff yellow; the fore wings tipped
+and speckled with black and the outer tips of the hind pair clouded
+with brown. The Genus _Comarchis_ contains 8 described species, all
+small moths; _C. aspectatella_ is under 1 inch across the wings, the
+fore pair grey barred with yellow, and the hind pair pale ochreous; it
+is common in January on Mt. Kosciusko; _Eutane terminalis_ and _Asura
+lydia_ are two little black moths thickly mottled with dark orange
+yellow forming bars and spots on the fore wings; the hind wings of the
+former are yellow in the centre, thickly margined with black; in _A.
+lydia_ the yellow of the hind wings is divided in the centre by a black
+band. The larvae feed upon moss. The larvae of the Speckled Footman
+(_Deiopeia pulchella_) feed upon the forget-me-not; it is of a bright
+leaden colour, with a white stripe down the back and red spots on the
+sides of the segments. The moth has a very wide range over the world,
+and has probably spread from Europe. I have generally taken these moths
+on the grassy flats close to the sea shore; it is a slender winged
+creamy white moth, the fore wings mottled with black and red spots,
+and the hind pair irregularly edged with black. _Nola metallopa_ is a
+silvery grey moth with the fore wings marked with darker coppery tints.
+The curious hairy larva feeds upon the foliage of young gum trees; when
+it moults the skin of the head remains attached to the hairs above the
+head, forming a regular crest.
+
+The members of the small family HYPSIDAE, chiefly found in the tropics,
+are represented in this country by 4 genera containing about 18
+species. They differ from the last in the venation of the hind wings,
+and are medium sized brown or yellow moths.
+
+_Nyctemera amica_ is one of our commonest species with a wide range
+from Victoria to Queensland; it may be found flying about or resting
+on flowers at all times of the year. The larvae, marked with black
+and red and furnished with tufts projecting on either side of the
+head, feed upon the “native ivy” (_Senecio scandens_). The moth is of
+a general blackish brown tint; the fore-wings are mottled with two
+irregular pale yellow blotches forming a transverse bar toward the
+tips; each of the hind pair has a more regular blotch in the centre.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 118, 119= and =120=.--Life
+ history of _Nola metallopa_ (Walker).
+
+ The Seedling-gum Moth.
+
+ 118. Moth. 119. Larva. 120. Pupa.]
+
+
+ Family 11. Brown Tails.
+
+ LIPARIDAE.
+
+These are the “Tussock” moths of America, and the “Vapourers,”
+“Brown-tails,” and “Black-arches” of English collectors; some of
+ours are known as “Bag-shelter moths” from the curious silken bags
+the gregarious larvae spin, in which they shelter during the day and
+come out at night to feed upon the foliage. The typical “Brown-tails”
+are stout, thickset moths with rather long hairy fore-legs generally
+stretched out in front when resting; the antennae are pectinate in both
+sexes, and the abdomen is tipped with tufts of downy hairs; in some
+species the females are wingless. They lay their eggs in clusters on
+the under-side of the leaves, covering them over with a felted mass of
+the hairs from the tip of the abdomen.
+
+The famous “Gypsy Moth,” common in Europe, belongs to this group; it
+was introduced into the State of Massachusetts, where it has multiplied
+so enormously that it has become a regular plague, and though hundreds
+of thousands of dollars have been spent in fighting it, it is still
+a serious pest. _Porthesia obsoleta_, one of our typical species,
+measures about 1½ inches across the wings, and is pure white with a
+black body tipped with golden brown hairs. It was described by Donovan
+in 1815 in his “Insects of New Holland,” and is more common in Victoria
+than New South Wales. _Trichetra marginalis_ is a moth with a wingless
+female; the male is a little larger than the last species; is of a
+uniform greyish brown colour, with the outer edges of the fore wings
+white, and the hind pair pale brown. The larva feeds upon the foliage
+of gum trees.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXV.--LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+ Family PSYCHIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Entometa ignoblis_ (Walker). Cocoon of Faggot
+ Case-moth.
+ 2. _Entometa ignoblis_ (Walker). Cocoon made with
+ Cherry stalks.
+ 3. _Thyridopteryx herrichii_ (Westwood).
+ 4. _Metura elongata_ (Saunders).
+ 5. _Thyridopteryx hubneri_ (Westwood). Cocoon made
+ of gum leaves.
+ 6. _Thyridopteryx hubneri_ (Westwood). Cocoon made
+ of pine needles.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXV.--LEPIDOPTERA._]
+
+The Genus _Teara_ contains over 20 named species of the “Bag-shelter
+Moths,” with gregarious larvae. _Teara contraria_, one of the largest
+species, measures up to 2½ inches across the wings; it is of a general
+dark brown tint with a small white spot in the centre of each wing;
+the thorax thickly clothed with long lance-shaped plumes yellow at
+the tips; and the abdomen rich orange yellow barred with black. The
+caterpillars are thickly clothed with long hairs, and when they take up
+a position on the branch of their food tree (generally a eucalypt or
+wattle) they spin a silken bag, drawing the leaves and twigs together,
+but not acting like the “Leaf-rollers,” for the silk forms a regular
+felted brown covering which soon becomes full of their excrement and
+cast skins, among which they rest during the day. They trail
+out at night in a regular procession and often strip all the foliage
+of the tree. When full grown they crawl down the trunk and pupate
+in loose open cocoons (formed from their body hairs) buried in the
+ground, and the large liver-coloured silken bag remains long after they
+have deserted it. This species in some districts makes its home upon
+wattles, but in other localities attacks the eucalypts in a similar
+manner. _Teara tristis_ is not more than 1¼ inches across the wings,
+and varies from blackish brown to silvery grey; the fore wings are
+marbled with white and yellow and a light circular spot in front; the
+hind ones are nearly black with a minute white spot in the centre; the
+head and thorax are grey; the abdomen black, barred and tipped with
+orange; it is common in Victoria and N.S. Wales, generally clinging
+to some low bush, and slow and sluggish in its movements. _Teara
+melanostica_ is larger than the last; silvery grey, spotted, with the
+front edge and transverse bar black; hind wings yellow edged with
+brown; head and thorax silvery white, hind portion dark brown; abdomen
+barred, and tipped with yellow. The larvae feed upon the leptospermum
+bushes, and form soft loose cocoons. _Ptilomacra senex_ is a large
+handsome moth about 3 inches across the straight, square-cut fore
+wings; is of a general dark brown colour with wavy irregular dark lines
+and scattered grey scales giving it a greyish tint. It is remarkable
+for its large feathery antennae.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 121.=--_Apina callisto_
+ (Doubleday).
+
+ The day-flying cut-worm moth.]
+
+_Apina callisto_ is a brightly mottled yellow and brown moth that flies
+about in the daylight. Its curious hairy larvae feed upon the open
+grass lands, and are often very numerous. It has a wide range over
+Australia.
+
+_Chelepteryx collesi_ is one of our largest bat-like moths, measuring
+to 6 inches across the wings; it is of a uniform dark brown colour
+with an irregular marbled pattern upon the wings; but it varies much
+in size and pattern in the sexes. Where common they may be often seen
+fluttering round the street lamps in the suburbs of Sydney, N.S.W.
+This handsome moth was first taken to England by a Mr. Colles, after
+whom Grey described it (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1835). The caterpillars are
+great, reddish brown creatures, thickly clothed with stout spiny
+bristles, feeding on the small white stemmed eucalypts, and often found
+crawling over the rocks and fences. They spin long silken cocoons, and
+as they pupate force all the body spines through the silk, making the
+cocoon a very awkward thing to handle, for the fine spines are easily
+detached, and sticking into the fingers cause a very unpleasant itching.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 122.=--_Nyctolemon orontes_
+ (Linn.).
+
+ The great day moth of the Queensland scrubs.
+
+ (Original drawing, W.W.F.)]
+
+The Genus _Darala_ is peculiar to Australia; about 30 species have been
+described; their larvae are short, thick, black, hairy caterpillars
+often found crawling about in the gardens, and constructing soft fluffy
+or white silken cocoons attached to the foliage. _Darala ocellata_,
+one of our commonest species, measures 1½ inches across the wings,
+and is of a uniform brownish fawn colour, with two black spots in the
+middle of the fore wings and a pattern of spots or parallel black lines
+in the central portion. _Darala acuta_ is slightly larger, with very
+variable markings upon a general greyish fawn to dull yellow ground;
+the fore wings are broad with an acute point at the extremity. The
+Wattle-moth, _Teia anartoides_, which in the larval state often appears
+in the orchards and destroys the apple-tree foliage, is sometimes
+very abundant. The larvae are short brown hairy grubs with a tuft of
+hairs standing out in front on either side of the head, and several
+stiff brushes of grey hairs upon the centre of the back. The males are
+much smaller than the females, and in the pupal state when hanging
+up in their loose flimsy cocoons can be easily distinguished. The
+adult female is wingless, simply crawling on to the top of her cocoon
+to lay her eggs and die. The male is a handsome little moth about
+1 inch across the wings; the fore pair are dark brown marbled with
+slender lines and black spots, the hind pair bright yellow surrounded
+with black, and the outer edges yellow; the antennae are large and
+feather-like.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 123.=--_Ocinara lewinae_
+ (Lewin) and Caterpillar.]
+
+_Ocinara lewinae_ is a handsome light reddish brown moth with darker
+lines running round the wings. It was described by Lewin in 1803, who
+figured it in colours and called it the “Hook Tip.” The larva is a
+slender caterpillar covered with fine hairs. They are gregarious, and
+web the leaves of the eucalypts together with a loose, open, silken
+strand.
+
+
+ Family 12. Silkworm Moths.
+
+ BOMBYCIDAE.
+
+In this group I include several families that may be broadly placed
+together as typical silkworm moths. Some writers divide them into three
+families; Packard on the other hand adds a number of other well defined
+groups, such as the Psychidae, Arctiidae, and others, to the Bombycidae.
+
+Typical silkworm moths have thick heavy bodies, with small heads
+furnished with pectinate antennae and an imperfect mouth; the wings
+are large and often falcate. The larvae are usually fleshy thickset
+caterpillars covered with scattered tubercles, and are of somewhat
+sluggish habits; but all form stout silken cocoons. Our silkworm moths
+are more closely related to the Atlas moths of India, Saturnidae, than
+to the silkworm moth of domestic fame, _Bombyx mori_, which,
+originally a native of China, is now bred and cultivated in many parts
+of the world for commercial silk.
+
+_Bombyx trimacula_ measures 1¾ inches across the wings; it is a dark
+brown moth, mottled and marbled with white on the head, thorax, and
+tip of the abdomen, and forming a delicate wavy pattern across the
+fore wings interspersed with some blackish markings; it is found in
+Victoria. _Odonestis australasiae_ has been known under many different
+names: Lewin called it _Bombyx nasuta_, and his specific name was much
+more appropriate than the former, as it has the head produced into
+a regular point in front. The larger female measures about 2 inches
+across the wings, which are of a uniform dull reddish brown colour
+with faint markings on the fore wings; the hind ones are of a lighter
+tint. The short hairy caterpillars have a tuft of hairs standing out
+on either side of the head; in their natural state they feed upon the
+foliage of the black wattle, forming white silken cocoons, attached to
+the plant. It is sometimes called the “Long-nosed Wattle Moth,” and
+in Victoria is said to turn its attention to the apple-tree foliage.
+_Pinara despecta_ is a large, handsome, reddish fawn moth, with fore
+wings ornamented with several zig-zag bands across the centre. It is
+a thickset moth, often measuring over 3 inches across the wings. The
+larva feeds upon the foliage of the eucalyptus, and is a very slender
+caterpillar of a general greyish brown tint, with the sides of the body
+fringed with fine downy hairs, and when it is resting the fringes lie
+along the twig so closely that it is very hard to detect. It spins a
+large silken cocoon tinted with pink, attached to the leaves of the
+gum trees. _Cosmotriche exposita_ is a pretty little thickset moth of
+a uniform greyish brown tint, covered with fine soft downy hairs round
+the body and hind wings; the fore pair are thickly mottled with dark
+brown; the larger female measures about 1½ inches across the wings;
+the smaller male is a much darker brown insect with fine mottled
+fore wings. The caterpillar feeds upon the foliage of the “she-oak”
+(_Casuarina_), and is a slender greyish creature lightly clothed
+with grey hairs, marked with yellow and carmine on the sides of each
+segment, and black marks on the back. It forms an elongate oval cocoon
+attached to the twigs.
+
+The second group, NOTODONTIDAE, are known as “Prominents” to English
+collectors from the curious angular form of the caterpillars, though
+this is not noticeable in our typical forms. The Banksia Moth, _Danima
+banksiae_, was named by Lewin after its food plant, though it feeds
+equally upon the Hakea bushes. It is a very handsome moth, nearly 3
+inches across the wings, which are of a general slate brown tint;
+the thorax and tip of abdomen are thickly blotched with white, which
+is also sprinkled over the body and fore wings in the form of little
+white scales; the central portion of the abdomen is orange yellow. The
+caterpillar is a rather slender, cylindrical, ochreous brown creature
+with the tip of the body lead colour, and the whole surface irregularly
+blotched with white spots encircled with black, forming irregular
+bands round each segment. They are generally found feeding in groups
+of three or four, and when disturbed turn both the head and tip of the
+abdomen over the back, and protrude two red fleshy filaments from the
+under-surface of the first segment.
+
+The SATURNIDAE are our most important group for size and colour, and an
+immense fellow, _Coxinocera hercules_, is found in Cape York. Another
+very beautiful Chinese species, _Attacus cynthia_, which feeds on the
+foliage of _Ailanthus glandulosa_, has been accidentally introduced
+into Australia, and is sometimes taken about the Sydney gardens.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 124= and =125=.--Life history
+ of the Australian Silkworm Moth.
+
+ 124. _Antheraea eucalypti_ (Scott). Moth and Cocoon.
+ 125. Caterpillar.]
+
+The Genus _Antheraea_ contains some of our finest moths; others are
+found in Japan and India that yield a strong brown silk. Our commonest
+species, _Antheraea eucalypti_, is variable both in colour and size,
+ranging from delicate fawn to dull brick red, and is from 4 to 5½
+inches across the wings, which in the male are smaller and narrower
+behind; each wing is ornamented with a circular eye-spot in the
+centre, those on the hind pair being larger and ringed with black, with
+narrow irregular dark bands running round or across the hind margin.
+The tip of the fore wings in the smaller males is rounded, corrugated,
+and touched with pink. The large green caterpillar, covered with
+scattered tubercles tipped with clusters of retractile red and blue
+spines, feeds upon the foliage of eucalypts, but has acquired a taste
+for the foliage of the cultivated pepper tree (_Schinus mollis_). It
+constructs a stout, hard, dark brown cocoon in which it pupates, and
+is furnished with a curious spine at the base of the fore wings, which
+enables the moth to cut her way out through the tough cocoon when
+ready to emerge. _A. helena_, very similar in general appearance to
+the former, is slightly larger, with broader wings of a more uniform
+reddish brown colour, without a white mark on the fore wings; the
+inner bands are more irregular and rounded, with the parallel bar
+not continued into the hind wings. _A. simplex_ is a smaller species
+varying in colour from pale yellow to reddish brown, with smaller
+eye-spots, those upon the hind wings somewhat oval, broadly marked
+along the costal nervure; the parallel bar and band on each hind wing
+are very narrow, and both pairs are wrinkled at the tips. The black
+and yellow caterpillars are very common at times in the Richmond
+and Clarence River scrubs, N.S. Wales, and more gregarious in their
+habits, often covering the bushes with their light coloured rather
+flimsy cocoons, which are very subject to the attacks of ichneumons.
+_A. janetta_ is about the same size as _A. eucalypti_, but with
+flatter broader wings of a much duller reddish brown tint without
+any eye-spots, and only a simple white spot in the centre of each of
+the fore pair; two fine irregular lines run round the outer half of
+both pairs with an extra row of small spots along the hind wings. The
+larva forms a hard shell-like cocoon on the trunks of the she-oaks.
+_A. loranthiae_, described by Lucas from North Queensland, is a large
+handsome reddish moth, the larvae of which when pupating form their
+cocoons in a mass on the top of a stump or branch.
+
+
+ Family 13. Loopers.
+
+ GEOMETRIDAE.
+
+In this family there are a number of handsome delicate moths with
+slender bodies, large flattened wings often toothed round the edges,
+which when the insects are at rest (usually upon the under surface
+of leaves) are pressed flat and spread out like a fan against the
+surface. The caterpillars are slender cylindrical creatures, green or
+brown in tint and so imitative of the twigs or foliage among which
+they feed, that it is possible to pick off a branch upon which a
+caterpillar is resting without observing the creature until it moves;
+they are furnished with the usual six legs on the thoracic segments
+close behind the head, and two pairs of abdominal legs near the anal
+claspers, so that they have legs at each end, and when moving along
+they draw the hind portion of the body up to the head before the front
+legs are moved: thus at every step forward the body is arched up into
+a semicircle, from which habit they are popularly known as “Loopers.”
+The best method of collecting the moths and their caterpillars is by
+beating or shaking the low scrub in the early morning; and the latter
+are very easily bred in captivity if supplied with material from their
+food plants. These moths are well represented in Australia; most of the
+earlier species have been described by Walker and Guérin (Proc. Linn.
+Soc. N.S.W.). Meyrick has classified and described a great number of
+species of this family in a series of papers entitled “A Revision of
+Australian Lepidoptera,” which the student will find in the volumes
+dating from 1886 to 1891.
+
+The Genus _Euchloris_ contains a number of beautiful moths with
+delicate pale green wings frequently marbled with white lace-like
+tracery. Meyrick (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1887) lists 43 species; and
+Lower, in his “Catalogue of Victorian Heterocera,” published in the
+“Victorian Naturalist,” lists 15 as Victorian species; but some of
+these have a wide range.
+
+_Euchloris submissaria_ measures about 1½ inches across the outspread
+wings; its general colour is rich deep green, with the antennae, front
+margin of each fore wing, outer edges of both pairs of wings, a central
+stripe on the thorax and body, and the legs creamy buff white. The
+caterpillar is of the usual cylindrical form, varying from dull buff to
+light brown, and it feeds upon the foliage of the black wattle.
+
+_Crypsiphona occultaria_ measures nearly 2 inches across the wings, and
+is of a uniform light greyish brown on the upper surface, very finely
+banded in irregular circles; but the under surface is pearly white,
+spotted on the fore wings with black, crimson and brown; the hind ones
+are banded with brown and crimson. It has a very wide range, and has a
+habit of resting against weather-worn posts and walls, its outspread
+wings matching the colour of its surroundings. The larva feeds upon the
+foliage of the gum trees, and is of a uniform dull green tint, striped
+down the sides, the head pointed in front; the whole caterpillar looks
+wonderfully like a eucalyptus twig.
+
+The Genus _Selidosema_ contains a large number of cosmopolitan
+species; Meyrick lists 29 species as Australian; they are usually grey
+or brown with darker lines and blotches. _Selidosema lyciaria_ is one
+of our largest species, measuring about 2 inches across the wings;
+is of a uniform brownish grey, with both pairs of wings marbled in a
+regular pattern with black and chocolate brown, and crenulated round
+the edges. The larvae feed upon the black wattle, and vary much in
+colour, from grey to dark brown; the head is curiously notched, and
+there are two little projections upon the back by which they can be
+easily identified. _S. excursaria_ has a range from S. Australia to
+N.S. Wales, and is one of our commonest species; it measures 1½ inches
+across the wings, and is of a uniform dull greyish tint, very finely
+pencilled with darker transverse markings, but is somewhat variable in
+colour. The caterpillars are of a general light brown colour, with the
+sides pencilled with fine parallel white lines running down the whole
+length of the body; they are said to feed upon a number of different
+plants, but are common on the wattles. _S. canescaria_, slightly larger
+than the last, has a dull grey tint, thickly mottled with dark brown
+wavy lines; it ranges from S. Australia to Queensland. Another species,
+_S. acaciaria_, is a little larger, of somewhat similar colour, with
+whitish markings; it is common in this country, and is also found in
+India, Ceylon, and S. Africa.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 126= and =127=.--The Marbled
+ Looper.
+
+ 126. _Lophodes sinistraria_ (Guérin) ♂.
+ 127. _Lophodes sinistraria_ ♀.]
+
+_Lophodes sinistraria_ is slightly over 2 inches in the large females;
+the sexes vary much in size and colour. They are of a general dark
+chocolate brown tint blotched with grey along the front of the fore
+wings, with a distinct row of short grey stripes round the hind wings
+in a line with the dentate crenulations. It has a wide range over
+Victoria and Eastern Australia. The larvae feed upon the foliage of the
+black wattle, but I have also recorded them damaging the foliage of
+young apricot trees. They are reddish brown caterpillars, covered with
+transverse bands of darker coloured spots, and they measure about 1½
+inches in length.
+
+The Genus _Thalaina_ contains 5 described species, all of which are
+very handsome moths easily separated from the other loopers. _T.
+clara_ measures 1½ inches across the wings; it is of a uniform pearly
+white, with the fore wings marked with regular transverse bands of
+reddish brown forming the letter W when viewed from the side; the hind
+pair have only a blackish blotch on the outer edge. It has a wide
+range, and in the larval state feeds upon wattles. _T. inscripta_ is
+about the same size, with a similar ground colour of white, but the
+markings on the fore-wings form a less perfect W, and there is a row
+of short bars of the same colour round the edges; the hind pair are
+more deeply blotched. It has a wide range from Tasmania over the south
+and eastern portion of Australia. _Gastrophora henricaria_ is a large
+handsome moth, in which the sexes differ both in size and colouration;
+the smaller brown male has bright orange hind wings, and very fine
+feathered antennae; the female has the fore wings mottled but not
+striped. The slender dark brown striped larva, according to Anderson
+(Victorian Naturalist 1902) feeds upon the foliage of eucalyptus.
+
+
+ Family 14. Cutworm Moths.
+
+ NOCTUIDAE.
+
+This from an economic point of view is a very important family, for
+the cut-worms do an immense amount of damage to pasturage and gardens.
+These moths are of medium size with stout bodies; their fore wings
+generally speaking are narrow, stiff, and triangular, with the broader
+rounded hind ones folded beneath; the antennae are only slightly
+toothed in the males of a few species, and the mouth is produced
+into a tubular proboscis with which they can suck the nectar out of
+the flowers. In colouration they vary from bright brown to black, a
+few being marked with white or metallic tints; they are nocturnal in
+their habits, resting under bark, rocks or other sheltered places, and
+at night often flying into the lighted lamps. The larvae, which are
+known as “cut-worms,” “plague caterpillars,” and “army worms,” are
+usually elongate, dull brown, or greenish, naked caterpillars of a
+uniform thickness with 8 pairs of legs. When full grown they pupate
+underground, forming no regular cocoon, though a few groups form a
+flimsy silken one attached to their food plant.
+
+The world wide Genus _Agrotis_ contains a number of variable forms
+whose larvae are typical “cut-worms,” hiding in the ground or under
+rubbish during the day, and coming out at night to feed. The short
+stout moths have the head scaly; the fore wings black to grey, the hind
+pair always lighter coloured; the antennae of the males are slightly
+pectinate.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 128.=--The Bugong Moth, or
+ Plague-Cutworm.
+
+ _Agrotis infusa_ (Boisd.).]
+
+The “Bugong Moth,” _Agrotis infusa_, has gone under many different
+specific names, and is quite an historical insect. It is a dark brown
+moth, the fore wings marked with two parallel black lines, two dull
+grey spots in the centre and wavy lines at the extremities; the hind
+pair are light brown. These moths frequently appear in immense swarms,
+and take their popular name from the Bugong Mountains among the rocks
+of which they used to congregate in millions; they formed an important
+food supply to the natives who used to sweep them off into their bags,
+and after denuding them of their wings and scales over a small fire,
+pound the bodies (at this time distended with eggs) into a dough or
+paste. Dr. Bennett has given an interesting account of this in his
+“Naturalist in Australia.” A rather curious error regarding this
+Bugong Moth has crept into popular natural history books. In the Rev.
+J. G. Wood’s “Insects Abroad,” he figures and describes a butterfly,
+_Euploea hamata_, as the Bugong Moth; Aflalo in his “Natural History of
+Australia” makes the same statement, and in a recent magazine article
+on “Insects as Food” Theodore Wood repeats the same error.
+
+Scott (Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W. 1867) gives an account of an appearance
+of Bugong Moths in Sydney, when they were so numerous one Sunday
+morning at North Shore that the service at St. Thomas’ Church could
+not be held, and some observant persons counted 80,000 moths on the
+windows. They have appeared at irregular intervals about Sydney and the
+coastal districts in similar swarms, the last time being in 1905.
+
+_Agrotis breviuscula_ is a smaller variable species ranging from
+reddish brown to grey; the antennae are long; the fore wings have a
+dark spot of irregular form in the centre, a few fine dots along the
+edge, and a fine line round the tips; the hind wings are light brown.
+_Agrotis ypsilon_ is not unlike the “Bugong Moth” and by some writers
+is considered only a large variety, but it has a distinct mark like the
+Greek letter e in the centre of the fore wings, the tips finely marbled
+with wavy lines; and the light brown hind wings give a metallic sheen.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 129= and =130=.--The
+ Climbing-Cutworm or American Army-worm.
+
+ 129. _Leucania unipuncta_ (Horvath).
+ 130. _Leucania unipuncta_, Larva.]
+
+_Leucania unipuncta_ is one of the most destructive caterpillars found
+in North America, where it is known as the “Army worm,” devouring
+crops, grass, and garden stuff. Though the moth has been known for
+many years in Australia it was not until 1903–4 that it was observed as
+a plague caterpillar, attacking crops and grass nearly all over Eastern
+Australia. The caterpillars, 1¼ inches long, are dull olive green with
+light stripes down the back and sides. The moth measures 1½ inches
+across the wings, which are of a uniform reddish fawn colour finely
+speckled with little black scales.
+
+The “Boll Worm,” or “Maize Moth,” _Heliothis armigera_, is another
+cosmopolitan cut-worm which does a great deal of damage to cotton bolls
+and maize; is common in the pea crops, and also damages tomatoes. The
+moth measures about 1 inch across the wings; the fore pair are greyish
+yellow with purplish-brown tints, but are very variable in colouration;
+the hind wings are silvery grey with the apical portions dark brown;
+the latter pair are constant in their markings.
+
+The handsome little moths belonging to the Genus _Thalpochares_ are
+remarkable for their curious plump naked larvae, which feed upon
+different kinds of scale insects, at the same time covering themselves
+with a portable cocoon composed of fragments of the coccids matted
+together with silken strands. _Thalpochares coccophaga_ is a pretty
+creamy winged moth with the basal portion shaded with brown and reddish
+tints, and measures about ¾ of an inch across the wings. The larvae
+feed upon a number of different insects native to the bush, and have
+lately been of some economic value in destroying olive scale (_Lecanium
+oleae_) in the orchards. Several other species have been described with
+identical habits. _Earias fabia_ is a pest of the cotton plant; I have
+bred numbers obtained in the cotton bolls growing at the Hawkesbury
+College, N.S.W.; the larva is a slender dull green grub, which when
+full grown forms a stout, oval, light brown, felted cocoon attached to
+the dead foliage. The moth is slightly over one inch across the wings,
+which are of a uniform pale yellow colour, each with a greenish bar
+in the centre; the hind pair are lighter. In forming such a well-made
+cocoon this moth seems out of place in the Noctuids; and Lower says in
+his Catalogue, “that some writers refer this moth to the BOMBYCINA.”
+Westwood and Swinhoe place it in the TORTRICIDAE.
+
+The Genus _Hadena_ contains a number of Australian species rather more
+abundant in Tasmania than the mainland; it is another cosmopolitan
+group, found in Europe and America. _Hadena expulsa_, slightly over
+1 inch across the wings, has the fore pair of a general grey tint,
+mottled with brown; the hind pair are darkest towards the apex and are
+fringed on the margin with fine white down.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 131.=--The Grey-Cutworm Moth.
+
+ _Mamestra ewingii_ (Westw.).]
+
+_Mamestra ewingii_ is typical of another large world wide genus. Its
+larvae are among our most destructive cut-worms to crops and grass: it
+is a pale slate-coloured moth, marked with short parallel lines of a
+darker tint on the tips of the wings. _Spodoptera exempta_ was figured
+in the Agricultural Gazette 1898 under the name of _Phlegetona carbo_.
+It is one of our climbing cut-worms, and in that year the caterpillars
+swarmed all over the Camden and South Coast districts of N.S. Wales.
+They are very active grubs, olive green to almost black in colour,
+striped on the sides with fine yellow lines; and when full grown
+measure 1½ inches in length. The moth is under 1½ inches across the
+wings; is of a general dark brown tint, indistinctly mottled all over
+the fore wings with yellowish or sometimes silvery grey scales; the
+hind wings are silvery and semitransparent.
+
+_Prodenia littoralis_ is a handsome moth of about the same dimensions
+as the last; the fore wings are dark brown finely striped and pencilled
+with grey lines; the hind pair pearly white. The moth often lays her
+eggs upon the foliage of apple and other trees; the young on hatching
+out feed upon the foliage but afterwards make their way to the ground.
+_Plusia verticillata_ is a species that feeds upon the foliage of
+peas, beans, and potatoes; the slender pale green grub differs from
+the typical “cut-worm” in moving about like a “looper,” and when full
+grown pupates in a flimsy silken cocoon it spins upon the under surface
+of the leaf. The moth, measuring 1½ inches across the wings, has the
+fore pair brown tinted with mauve, marbled with a coppery tint, and
+with two elongate oval spots of silvery white scales in the centre of
+each, and fine lines behind; the hind wings are dark brown fringed with
+grey down. _Plusia argentifera_ is a smaller form with a silvery mark
+in the centre of each fore wing. The handsome dark brown caterpillar
+of _Calogramma festiva_, which was figured by Donovan in his “Insects
+of New Holland,” feeds upon the foliage of the Crinea lilies; they
+are sometimes plentiful in the Botanic Gardens. This moth measures
+1½ inches across the wings, and is of a uniform pale creamy-yellow
+colour, thickly mottled on the base of the wings with red and black.
+
+We now come to a curious allied group, the OPHIDERINAE, the members of
+which are known as the “Orange-piercing moths”; they are large handsome
+insects with the head and thorax thickly clothed with scales forming a
+regular crest, and furnished with a proboscis which, pointed and barbed
+at the tip, enables them to thrust it through the rind of oranges and
+other ripe fruit and suck up the juice. Tryon has figured and written
+an interesting account of these moths in the Queensland Agricultural
+Journal Vol. ii. 1898.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 132.=--Life History of the Bean
+ Moth, _Plusia verticillata_ (Guérin).
+
+ Showing the half looper form of the caterpillar, and the
+ loose silken cocoon of the pupa.]
+
+_Maenas salaminia_ measures 3½ inches across the wings; the fore pair
+are bright olive green, with a broad stripe of creamy white along the
+anterior margins; the hind wings are an orange yellow colour, and
+each with the margin and centre black. The thorax is bright olive
+green, and the abdomen of an orange yellow colour. It ranges from the
+northern parts of New South Wales to North Queensland, and at Cairns
+I used to capture them at night with a net and bull’s-eye lantern, as
+they hovered round bunches of ripe bananas hanging under the house.
+_Othreis fullonica_, slightly larger than the last, has the fore wings
+mottled with grey and brown among the olive green; the body and hind
+wings are of the same rich orange colour as the former species, with
+smaller black markings on the hind margins. This species ranges from
+Queensland to Africa, India, Ceylon, and the New Hebrides. _Argadesa
+materna_ is about the same size, but has lighter coloured fore wings,
+and further distinguished by a much smaller black spot in the centre
+of each hind wing. The caterpillars of these moths are large handsome
+cylindrical creatures with the body humped up at the eleventh segment,
+and two large spots like eyes on either side of the body. They feed
+upon several different creepers in the scrub.
+
+The EREBIDAE contains a number of large dark brown moths often
+curiously mottled with zig-zag lines running round the wings, and a
+dull coloured eye-spot in the centre of each fore wing. Several species
+are common in Australia; they often come into the house at night and
+will be found resting on the ceiling in the morning. One of the largest
+moths known, the great owl moth of Brazil, measuring a foot across
+the wings, belongs to this family. _Dasypodia selenophora_ measures 3
+inches across the wings, and is of a uniform pale chocolate brown tint;
+the outer margins of the wings are finely crenulated and spotted with
+white; the centre of each fore wing has a large irregular eye-spot of
+black, mauve and orange tints. It ranges from Australia to Tasmania
+and New Zealand. _D. cymatoides_, about the same size, is of a much
+darker brown colour, with less distinct eye-spots, a black transverse
+band behind each white one, and the whole of the inner surface thickly
+covered with zig-zag wavy lines. This species ranges from Sydney to
+North Queensland.
+
+_Sericea spectans_ is a slightly larger moth not unlike the last, but a
+little darker, with the transverse band thicker and more blurred, and
+with an eye-spot on each hind as well as each fore wing.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXVI.--LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+ Family Ophiderinae.
+
+ 1. _Moenas (Ophideres) salaminia_ (Fabr.).
+ 2. _Othreis fullonica_ (Linn.). ♂.
+ 4. _Othreis fullonica_ (Linn.). ♀.
+
+ Family NOCTUINA.
+
+ 3. _Sericea spectans_ (Guérin).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXVI.--LEPIDOPTERA._]
+
+
+ Family 15. Leaf Rollers.
+
+ PYRALIDAE.
+
+These moths are a very interesting division of the smaller lepidoptera
+on account of the habits of their larvae, which live upon the foliage
+of different plants in small communities, matting and drawing the
+leaves together with silken strands and feeding under the shelter thus
+constructed; when ready to pupate they usually curl the remains of
+one of the half-devoured leaves into a flimsy cocoon with a little
+silk, from which the moth emerges later on in the season.
+
+The majority of these moths are small and unattractive; at the same
+time we have some brightly green and yellow tinted species of medium
+size. The caterpillars are slender naked larvae, often green marked
+with black spots and a few scattered hairs; they are very active and
+drop to the ground whenever disturbed.
+
+These moths are easily separated by specialists from the preceding
+groups by the structure of the nervures of the hind wings. Several
+specialists have undertaken their classification: Meyrick (Trans. Ent.
+Soc. London 1890) placed them as a group containing 8 families: Ragonet
+(Ann. Ent. Soc. France 1890), while restricting them to 2 families,
+made 17 smaller divisions which he called tribes: Lower, who partly
+follows Meyrick, gives 13 families in his “Catalogue”; I simply deal
+with them here as a group, describing a number of typical forms with
+their life histories.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 133.=--The Common Flour Moth.
+
+ _Asopia farinalis_ (Linn.).]
+
+_Margarodes vertonalis_ is a handsome bright green moth, with the
+margins of the outer edges of both pairs of wings marked with dark
+reddish brown; it measures about 1½ inches across the wings. The
+caterpillars, about an inch in length, are bright green mottled with
+black; the head shining reddish brown. My specimens were collected in
+the Botanical Gardens, Sydney, at the end of January; they were matting
+the tips of the branches of one of the ornamental shrubs (_Ochrosia
+moorei_) into irregular rounded masses. They pupated a week later and
+emerged before the end of the month.
+
+_Sceliodes cordalis_, measuring slightly over 1 inch across the wings,
+is of a uniform creamy tint; the whole of the fore wings are mottled
+with light brown, the tips blotched with the same colour; and the hind
+pair more spotted; my specimens were bred from the foliage of the egg
+plant.
+
+_Asopia farinalis_ is the well known “meal moth” common, in most parts
+of the world; the caterpillars feed upon all kinds of corn, bran,
+pollard, and flour; it mats its food particles together with a silken
+web into a tube in which it hides. The moth is often found upon the
+walls of feed houses, mills, &c., and sometimes comes into the light at
+night. It measures 1 inch across the wings, and has a ground colour of
+yellow buff to dull greyish yellow, blotched with a darker tint at the
+base and tip, the latter marbled with grey; the hind wings are silvery.
+_Zinckenia recurvalis_ is a common little moth about Sydney; it is
+under 1 inch across the wings, which are of a dark brown tint, with a
+white bar traversing the centre of each wing, and with a second white
+spot on each fore wing towards the tip. The caterpillars are sometimes
+found destructive to salt-bush hedges about Sydney by stripping off the
+foliage and causing the bushes to die back.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 134.=--_Notarcha clytalis_
+ (Walker).
+
+ The Kurrajong Leaf Roller.]
+
+_Notarcha clytalis_ is a bright yellow moth with an irregular wavy line
+of black crossing the outer portions of the wings, and another shorter
+band near the base of each fore wing. The gregarious larvae are green
+spotted with black; they roll the leaves on the terminal branches of
+the Kurrajong into regular slender masses up to a foot or more in
+length, in which they finally pupate. It has a wide range over the
+country, rendering these handsome trees very unsightly when numerous.
+The larvae of _Godara comalis_ is a greenish yellow caterpillar barred
+with lighter yellow at the back of each segment, and lightly clothed
+with long brown hairs; it feeds upon the leaves of the horse radish and
+turnip. The moth measures 1 inch across the wings; the fore pair are
+buff irregularly mottled with dark brown; the hind wings of a uniform
+silvery white with a brown patch at the apical margin.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 135.=--Nest of _Notarcha
+ clytalis_ (Walker).
+
+ Showing how the caterpillars roll up the foliage.]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 136.=--_Godara comalis_
+ (Guérin).
+
+ The caterpillar of which webs the leaves of the horseradish.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 137.=--_Cognogethes
+ punctiferalis_ (Guérin).
+
+ The Northern Peach Moth, with damaged peach.]
+
+_Mecyna polygonalis_ defoliates the tree lucerne (_Citysus prolifera_);
+I have also bred it from broom bushes in gardens at Armidale, N.S.W.,
+and on a native bush (_Templetonia_) in the western plains, so that
+it has a wide range: Mr. Lyell tells me it is very destructive to the
+foliage of willows in some parts of Victoria. The caterpillars are
+slender light green creatures spotted with black and white shaded with
+yellow on the sides; when full grown they spin a loose silken cocoon.
+The moth is slightly under 1½ inches across the wings; the fore pair
+are light brown, and the hind pair each blackish brown round the outer
+portion and bright yellow in the centre. The two introduced bee moths,
+_Achraea grisella_ and _Galleria melonella_, belong to a division of
+this family: the moths lay their eggs about the hive, the grubs crawl
+in and feed upon the wax which they mat together with silken web, and
+if overlooked they destroy the whole of the hive; in the days of the
+old-fashioned hives they were a great source of trouble to bee-keepers,
+but now with well constructed bar-hives they are easily checked. The
+first named is of a uniform brown colour with the fore wings rounded;
+the second has the wings arcuate behind and irregularly mottled.
+
+_Aphomia latro_ measures about 1½ inches across its slender somewhat
+pointed fore wings; is of a general buff colour shot with fine black
+spots, and divided down the centre of the fore wings with a broad dull
+white parallel stripe; the hind wings silvery grey. The larvae live
+in small communities feeding upon and matting together the scape of
+the flower stalk of the grass trees, in which they pupate within an
+elongate white silken cocoon.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 138.=--_Mecyna polygonalis_
+ (Hubner).
+
+ The Native Broom Bush Moth.]
+
+The Peach Moth, _Conogethes punctiferalis_, is a bright yellow moth
+thickly mottled with black spots. The larvae attack peaches when
+ripening, eating and webbing the surface and pupating on the side of
+the stone. It is common in the northern districts of N.S.W.
+
+The “Mediterranean Flour Moth,” _Ephestia kuhniella_, though not an
+Australian moth, is worthy of note, for it is widely distributed over
+the country, and causes a lot of annoyance by the bad habits of its
+larvae of webbing the flour into masses with its silken strands.
+Another cosmopolitan moth, _Plodia interpunctella_, is known in America
+as the “Indian Meal Moth,” though it feeds upon all kinds of dried
+foods; it is a much smaller moth of a general brown tint, the apical
+portion of the wings much darker than the basal part. This moth also is
+very common in Australia.
+
+
+ Family 16. Bell Moths.
+
+ TORTRICIDAE.
+
+These moths have slender bodies; short generally broad fore wings,
+truncate at the extremities; the hind pair also broad; and when they
+are at rest during the day time their wings are folded flat down. The
+costal margins of the fore wings are much rounded when the wings are
+folded, giving a general bell shaped form; from which these moths take
+their popular name. They are sometimes called “leaf twisters” or “leaf
+rollers,” but differ from the true gregarious leaf roller caterpillars
+in seldom matting a number of the leaves together. The caterpillars
+also feed upon seeds.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 139.=--_Cacaecia postvittana_
+ (Walker).
+
+ The light-brown Apple Moth.]
+
+The members of the Genus _Cacaecia_ are interesting insects because
+several have been found attacking fruit in orchards: _C. postvittana_,
+was recorded by Olliff gnawing in apples like a codlin moth. It
+measures ¾ of an inch across the wings; is of a general dull yellow
+marked with brown, but its colour and markings are very variable. It
+has a wide range over Tasmania and the eastern coast of the mainland
+into Queensland; and about Sydney the caterpillars feed upon half a
+dozen different common native shrubs. French in his Handbook of the
+Destructive Insects of Victoria Pt. I. 1891 has named and figured
+one, _C. responsana_, the “Light Brown Apple Moth,” as an apple pest
+in Victoria; this is probably _C. postvittana_. _C. Australasiae_ is
+a larger species of a dark brown colour; the fore wings are lightly
+mottled or marbled. _C. lythrodana_ is a smaller, similar coloured
+moth, but the colouration is finer. _Paramorpha aquilina_ is a tiny,
+creamy-grey moth not quite ½ an inch across the wings: in its native
+state it frequents damp or marshy ground, flying low among the herbage.
+The larva is a short, pale green grub that, in several of the orange
+growing districts, attacks the ripening oranges; boring through the
+skin, it feeds upon the pith between the rind and flesh, where it
+finally pupates and causes the orange to turn yellow and drop off.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 140.=-_Paramorpha aquilina_
+ (Meyrick).
+
+ The Orange-skin Borer.]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 141.=--Life history of the Lucerne
+ Leaf Roller, _Tortrix glaphyriana_ (Meyrick).]
+
+The Lucerne Moth, _Tortrix glaphyriana_, is a small, dark yellow moth
+about ½ an inch across the wings; the fore pair are light buff with
+a silvery tint, blotched with irregular patches of dark brown. The
+caterpillars are dark green with scattered white hairs on the segments;
+they are a regular pest in lucerne paddocks in the Hunter River
+district, N.S. Wales, feeding upon the lucerne tops and drawing them
+together with silken threads. _Arotrophora ombrodelta_ is a handsome
+little moth which I bred out of the seed pods of _Acacia farnesiana_
+growing near Lismore, N.S.W.; the yellowish brown caterpillar has a
+pink stripe down the back, and each segment is spotted with green; they
+devour the seeds and then pupate inside the pod close to the hole,
+through which the pupa works its head just before the moth is ready to
+emerge; the anal segments being ringed with fine spines enable it to
+screw right out of the hard pod, so that the moth is not damaged. The
+moth, under 1 inch across the wings, has the fore pair chocolate brown,
+mottled and darkest at the tips; the hind pair are brown. Meyrick
+says that the larva of another species feeds enclosed in a short,
+stiff, silken tube among the leaves of _Lomantia silarfolia_; and a
+third feeds in the flower cone of our common honeysuckle (_Banksia
+serrata_). The Codlin Moth, _Carpocapsa pomonella_, the world-wide pest
+to apple growers, is found in most parts of Australia; but though the
+reddish tinted caterpillar is universally known, there are a great many
+orchardists who do not know the moth, though it is easily recognised
+from all other species by the copper coloured blotch on the apical
+portion of the fore-wings.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 142.=--_Cryptophaga
+ unipunctata_ (Donovan).
+
+ The Cherry-stem Borer, showing the larva.]
+
+We now come to an anomalous group, whose exact place in the
+classification of Lepidoptera has puzzled entomologists, but which is
+usually placed at the end of this family. These are the CRYPTOPHAGINAE,
+whose larvae, naked, slender caterpillars, live in shallow chambers
+or short tunnels in the branches of the smaller forest trees. They
+cover the entrance to their burrow with a screen of loose silken web
+covered with gnawed bark and droppings. Resting during the day, they
+come out at night and, biting off some of the leaves, drag them down
+into the burrow (the ends often sticking out through the web) to feed
+on at their leisure. When full grown they pupate within the burrow.
+_C. unipunctata_ is a very handsome satiny white moth about 1½ inches
+across the wings; the fore pair each have a single black dot in the
+centre; the abdomen is black fringed with yellow hairs forming a tuft
+at the extremity. In its native state the caterpillars feed upon the
+branches of our common honeysuckle (_Banksia serrata_), but have a
+very great liking for the branches of cherry trees in the orchards;
+where neglected, they often kill large branches by their attacks. _C.
+irrorata_ is a larger moth, measuring up to 2 inches across the wings,
+the fore pair being very broad and square at the extremities; they are
+of a uniform greyish brown, slightly mottled with a darker pattern
+round the outer margins; the hind pair are silvery brown fringed
+round the edges. The larva feeds on the stems of _Casuarina_. _C.
+rubriginosa_ is nearly as large as the last; the fore wings are reddish
+brown. There is a salmon tint on the thorax extending on to the base of
+the fore wings; the hind wings are brownish yellow. The larvae feed in
+the stems and branches of several species of _Acacia_.
+
+
+ Family 17. Grain and Clothes Moths.
+
+ MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+In concluding the Lepidoptera I place these families, often grouped
+together under the comprehensive term _Micro-lepidoptera_, in the
+above division. Most of these moths are small, but the group is very
+important in that it contains some of the most destructive pests of
+grain, cloth, &c., and they are world-wide in their range. Meyrick has
+made a special study of these moths, and has classified and described
+an immense number in a series of papers in the Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
+1878–1904.
+
+The larvae of the different groups are usually slender naked grubs with
+a few scattered hairs, and are sometimes legless; but others again have
+from 14 to 18 pairs of legs. They feed upon all kinds of material,
+sometimes forming tubular cells out of their food, while others move
+about quite freely. The moths may be obtained by beating or shaking
+bushes, or breeding them from the material among which they feed.
+
+The Family OECOPHORIDAE is the most extensive in Australia; in his
+first paper on the group in 1883, Meyrick estimated that over 2,000
+species would be discovered, and later in 1889 he had actually
+described 756 species, most of them new. The Genus _Philobota_ contains
+105 described species, many of them handsome brightly marked little
+moths. _P. arabella_, slightly over ¾ of an inch across the wings,
+is of a general greyish brown tint, with the central portions of the
+fore pair pale yellow edged with brown forming wedge-shaped patches.
+_P. catascia_, slightly larger, has the fore-wings silvery white,
+slightly clouded; the hind ones dull yellow in the centre fringed
+with light brown. _P. productella_ a little smaller, is all silvery
+white, with yellowish tints in the hind pair; and _P. agnesella_ is
+a larger silvery one with a narrow irregular dark stripe along the
+centre of each fore wing from the base to the apex. _P. gascialis_,
+a very different larger winged form, has the fore pair dark orange
+yellow, each with a broad brown blotch through the centre, and tip dark
+brown; the hind pair dull brown fringed with fine plumes. _Macrobatha
+platychroa_ is under ½ an inch across the wings; the fore pair are
+marked with alternate bars of white and black, and the hind pair
+greyish brown. _Heliocausta hemitelis_, about twice the size, has
+the fore wings yellow, tipped and blotched with purplish brown, the
+blotch on each hind margin angular; the hind wings brown. _Zonopetala
+decisiana_, under ½ an inch across the wings, has the fore pair white,
+each with a large brown blotch across the centre, and others at the
+tip, and with a band of the same colour across the thorax; the hind
+wings light buff and fringed with hairs. The caterpillar of _Ocystola
+hemicalypta_ constructs a protective covering about as thick and long
+as a large wax match out of a section of a gum twig, in which it lives
+and feeds after hollowing it out like a tube; these curious cocoons are
+not uncommon in the bush on the leaves of eucalypts.
+
+The GELECHIADAE is another large family recently revised by Meyrick
+(Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1904); he says that these moths are not so
+numerous as in Europe, but as they are such small, inconspicuous
+insects there are probably a great number still to be discovered. He
+describes 274 species, of which 207 are new, and 85 of which belong
+to the Genus _Protolechia_. Several species that infest grain belong
+to this group: _Gelechia simplicella_, a tiny little brown moth,
+has pointed slender wings, the fore pair nearly black, with a very
+distinctive irregular white bar across each apical half. Meyrick has
+placed it in the Genus _Anacampsis_; it has a wide range over Tasmania
+and Australia: I have bred it from the foliage of Soy beans, which the
+larvae matted together and seriously damaged. _Sitotroga cerealella_
+is a tiny yellowish brown moth with pointed wings. It has a wide
+range round the Australian coast, and has been introduced from Europe
+or America with corn upon which the larvae feed. It is known as the
+“Angoumois Grain Moth” from the province of that name in France, where
+in 1760 it swarmed over the country and nearly caused a famine. I have
+bred it from wheat at Bingara N.S.W.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 143.=--_Gelechia simplicella_
+ (Walker).
+
+ The Soy-bean Moth.]
+
+The ELACHISTIDAE were described and revised by Meyrick (Pro. Linn. Soc.
+N.S.W. 1897), who lists 254 species, most of which were new. He says:
+“The species of this family are almost all small and therefore often
+neglected by collectors. Larva with 10 prolegs seldom almost apodal,
+usually mining in leaves, or amongst seeds or in stems, sometimes
+case-bearing, rarely amongst spun leaves.”
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 144.=--_Batrachedra sparsella_
+ (Walker).
+
+ The larva of which constructs a web amongst, and feeds on,
+ scale insects.]
+
+The larvae of the members of the Genus _Batrachedra_, according to
+Meyrick, feed usually upon seeds. _B. arenosella_, a small dull pale
+yellow moth with spotted fore wings and grey hind ones, is common over
+Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. The larvae web the seeds and
+stalks of sedges together, and form a cocoon among the seeds. I have
+bred a species of _Batrachedra_, _B. sparsella_, Walk., but can find no
+record of this species in Meyrick’s list. The larva of this moth spins
+a web on the trunks of trees that are infested with scale insects
+which they devour, finally forming an elongate cocoon attached to the
+bark; in the orchard they destroy white louse on oranges, and San Jose
+scale on peach trees. _Strathmopoda melanochra_, a little brown moth,
+has the fore wings dull white with metallic reflections and darker
+markings; the wings are very finely fringed on the hind margins.
+
+The Family PLUTELLIDAE contains one very destructive little pest in the
+Diamond-backed Cabbage Moth, _Plutella cruciferarum_; the slender green
+larvae gnaw holes in the leaves and pupate in net-like cocoons on the
+foliage. It has a world-wide range and is very common in Australia.
+
+The Family TINEIDAE, containing the clothes moths, is defined by
+Meyrick (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1892) as the rough-headed _Tineina_,
+with the palpi strongly developed in front of the head, and the hind
+wings usually as broad as the fore wings, sometimes narrower but seldom
+broader. Larva with 16 legs, or legs wanting.
+
+The Genus _Xystmatodoma_ contains 29 species, of which _X. guildingi_
+is a typical form described by Scott in his “Australian Lepidoptera”;
+it is a slender-winged dull brown moth, the larva of which crawls about
+in a stout silken sack like that of an immature case moth, and feeds
+upon low scrub. _Scardia australasialla_ is a handsome little moth,
+which is figured in Donovan’s “Insects of New Holland”; it measures
+about 1¼ inches across the wings; the fore pair are dull brown but so
+thickly covered with shining white to pale yellow spots that it looks
+very brilliant; the hind pair are brown fringed with long plumes.
+_Blabophanes ethelella_ is about ¾ of an inch across the wings; the
+fore pair are dark brown finely spotted with white and some have a
+comparatively large white dot in the centre of each wing, the hind
+margin also edged with white; the hind pair light brown. The Genus
+_Tinea_ is represented by a number of both native and introduced
+species. The common clothes moth, _Tinea pellionella_, is too well
+known to need description; it is world-wide in its range, and lays its
+eggs upon clothes on which the larvae feed and finally use particles to
+construct their cocoons. _T. tapetzella_ feeds among furs and skins.
+_Tineola biselliella_ is a third cosmopolitan species of clothes moth.
+_Tinea fuscipunctella_ feeds upon dried animal matter, refuse and such
+like; it also is world wide in its range. Among our native species,
+_T. nectaria_ is under ½ an inch across the wings; the fore pair have
+the basal two thirds silvery yellow with the tips black; the hind pair
+dull yellow darkest at the tips. Meyrick says that these larvae make
+cases out of eucalyptus leaves, but my specimens were bred out of
+blister-like excrescences or galls upon the leaves of a shrub in the
+Botanic Gardens Sydney. _Thudaca obliquella_, about 1 inch across the
+wings, is a beautiful little silvery white moth, with the fore wings
+deep yellow thickly marked with parallel and transverse bars of silvery
+white; the hind pair broad, silvery, lightly clouded, and fringed
+behind with long plumes.
+
+The EPIPYROPIDAE comprise a small group of moths that have been raised
+to the rank of a family by Perkins (Bulletin I. part 2, “Leaf Hoppers
+and their Natural Enemies,” Hawaii 1905), though it would probably
+be more correct to place them as a sub-family of the Tineidae. Sharp
+(Cambridge Natural History: Insects part II.) places them in the
+_Limacodidae_. They are small black, grey or brown moths, with small
+eyes; no ocelli; the palpi wanting or very minute, and the mouth
+parts little developed. They have remarkable parasitic habits in the
+caterpillar state living upon the backs of different leaf hoppers
+(_Homoptera_) and feeding upon the waxy or sugary secretions discharged
+by their hosts. Perkins describes 7 new Australian species, which
+are placed in three genera, based on the neuration of the wings.
+Three species come from Cairns, N. Queensland, and four from the
+neighbourhood of Sydney. _Heteropsyche melanochroma_ measures under ½
+an inch across the outspread wings and is of a general black or fuscous
+colour with purple tints on the fore wings. Koebele records it as
+common about Sydney, parasitic upon a number of different Fulgorids and
+Jassids.
+
+Rothschild (Novitates Zoologicae 1906) has named another species,
+_Epipyrops doddi_, after the well known collector, P. F. Dodd, who had
+worked out its life history in North Queensland.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 145.=--_Plodia interpunctella_
+ (Hubner).]
+
+
+
+
+ Order VII.--DIPTERA.
+
+ Flies.
+
+
+House flies are well known to everyone; but as a number of other
+insects belonging to different orders are often called flies, such
+as “saw-flies,” which are Hymenoptera, and “lace-winged flies” and
+“May-flies,” which are Neuroptera, it is advisable to define them.
+Some of the Diptera might be mistaken by a casual observer for
+Hymenoptera which the members of several families often mimic in form
+and colouration, but they can be readily separated by the absence of
+a second pair of wings, which are represented by two little clubbed
+processes, known as balancers, poisers, or halteres. The mouth parts
+are very variable in structure in the different groups, but always
+adapted for piercing or sucking; the eyes are large, often occupying
+the greater part of the head and consisting of an immense number of
+fine facets; the small ocelli are three in number; and the antennae,
+except among midges, are short, composed of few joints, and often
+terminate in a bristle.
+
+The thorax is not so distinctly divided into the three segments
+as in some other insects, nor the parts so well defined as in the
+hymenoptera; the wings, transparent or parchment-like, are seldom
+coloured; the legs, usually not thickened, are furnished with five
+tarsi, and well developed claws, with a small pad under each, known
+as the pulvillus. The abdomen is composed of a variable number of
+segments ranging from four to nine, but in the former case though
+not visible the terminal ones are probably absorbed into the anal
+tube at the extremity. Most diptera are brown, black, or grey, though
+metallic tints predominate in some families; and are clothed with short
+scattered hairs or bristles.
+
+The typical fly larva is an elongated legless maggot with the head
+portion slender, enclosing a pair of black retractile hooked jaws,
+with tracheae opening behind and running through to the broadened anal
+segment where they form small rosette-like processes round the external
+aperture. The eggs are laid in all kinds of decaying vegetable or
+animal matter, with the exception of the few that produce galls, or
+otherwise damage plant tissue; when full grown they change into a hard
+shell-like chrysalis, the tip of which is pushed off by the perfect fly
+when ready to emerge.
+
+Though this country is very rich in Diptera and many cosmopolitan
+species have been introduced such as the house flies, they have been
+much neglected by Australian collectors and entomologists. The Diptera
+are divided into two large sections, which are further subdivided
+into four main groups, to which a fifth has been lately added for the
+reception of the fleas, which however are often placed by specialists
+in a class by themselves (_Siphonaptera_). The older writers
+subdivided them into about 70 families but latterly these have been
+reduced, and most of our species will come under about 30 families, of
+which I can only note our most striking representatives.
+
+In 1830 the French naturalist Robineau Desvoidy published his “Essai
+sur les Myodaires,” in which some of our species were described.
+Between the years 1834 and 1835 Macquart brought out his “Histoire
+naturelle des Insectes Diptères” (forming part of the great French
+work Suites à Buffon), followed (1838–42) by his “Diptères exotiques,
+nouveaux ou peu connus” comprising two volumes and many plates,
+with 5 supplements (1846–55). Walker between 1848 and 1855 compiled
+a “Catalogue of the Diptera of the British Museum” consisting of 7
+volumes; and others are described in his “Diptera Saundersiana” 1856.
+
+In 1864 Dr. Schiner estimated that the number of described Australian
+Diptera was 1056, including those which he described (Diptera des
+Novara), collected by Frauenfeld in the neighbourhood of Sydney during
+the visit of the Austrian Frigate. In a long series of papers reaching
+from 1859 till just before his death in 1892 Bigot described a great
+many species (among them some from Australia) chiefly in the Annales de
+la Societé Entomologique de France.
+
+The only systematic Australian work is Skuse’s “Monograph of the
+Australian Diptera” (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1888–90), which however was
+never completed, dealing only with the NEMATOCERA comprising
+the Culicidae, Tipulidae, Cecidomyidae and some of the smaller
+families. There is no complete catalogue of Australian Diptera, but
+I have been greatly assisted in my work on this family through the
+identification of my specimens by Mr. Coquillett of Washington.
+
+
+ Family 1. Gall-Gnats.
+
+ CECIDOMYIDAE.
+
+This is an extensive family of small delicate midges with long slender
+antennae composed of many bead-like segments beautifully feathered with
+whorls of hairs. The abdomen is stout at the base, short and tapering
+to the tip; the legs are long and slender without spurs; the wings are
+clothed with fine hairs that easily rub off, and furnished with very
+few longitudinal veins, and in some genera only one cross nervure.
+
+They are known as “Gall-gnats,” or “Gall-flies,” and though the habits
+of the larvae are very diverse, some living under bark, others in
+animal matter, and a few predaceous or even cannibalistic in their
+habits, the majority of them are found in plant tissue and produce
+malformations or regular well defined galls, often of very remarkable
+structure, upon the foliage or twigs of their food plant.
+
+The egg is deposited in or under the bark, epidermis of the leaf,
+or frequently in the flower buds of plants, the irritation caused
+by the active larvae producing the aborted tissue. These larvae are
+very easily recognised if examined with a lens after they have been
+extracted from the gall, as they are furnished with a “breast bone,”
+an anchor shaped process that stands out very distinctly in the centre
+of the ventral surface and is unknown in the larvae of any other
+gall-producing insect.
+
+Through the discovery of Wagner, a Russian entomologist, that the larva
+of a Cecidomyia produced young; also through the curious exudations of
+the larvae and pupae of others which are sometimes called “flax seed”
+from their shape; and the very destructive habits of several species
+which damage the wheat, like the Hessian Fly in America, this family
+has received a great deal of attention. Over 1,000 species have been
+described from all parts of the world, and Australia is particularly
+rich in these insects. Skuse (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1888 and 1890) has
+described over 100 species and figured some of the most peculiar galls.
+
+_Cecidomyia frauenfeldi_ was named by Dr. Schiner after the naturalist
+who collected the galls on _Leptospermum_ in the vicinity of Manly,
+N.S. Wales. These galls are produced upon a leaf-bud and consist of a
+number of rounded leaf-like bracts, not unlike the petals of a rose
+bud; folding over each other, brown in colour, soft and loose, and
+about the shape and size of a small marble. The enfolded larva will be
+found in the base at the centre, and the gnats can be easily bred out
+in a glass jar. The Acacia Gall-gnat, _C. acaciae-longifoliae_, infests
+the flowers of this wattle, depositing its eggs in such numbers that
+every tiny seed-pod is produced into a contorted mass of finger-like
+tubes, together forming a rounded base attached by a stalk, and each
+tube containing a larva. This is one of our commonest species and the
+galls can often be collected in numbers in the neighbourhood of Sydney.
+
+_Diplosis frenelae_ produces very remarkable little light brown
+spherical structures upon the tips of the foliage of the desert
+cypress, about the size of small peas; these when mature split into
+four shell-like sections, quite unlike the usual gall. They are very
+abundant in the early summer upon cypresses in Wagga and the western
+pine scrubs of N.S. Wales. _Diplosis paralis_ forms curious little
+blisters upon the young foliage of _Eucalyptus corymbosa_, dotting
+the leaves all over with reddish spots with a keyhole-like mark on
+the apex. A third species, _D. eucalypti_, aborts the young twigs of
+Eucalypts into gouty swellings in which a number of larvae feed and
+pupate.
+
+There are certain red rounded shot-like galls of the Eucalyptus,
+generally several in number on the midrib of the leaf, which, on
+account of the pupal skins always remaining in the holes in the
+sides of the galls through which the flies have escaped, can be
+easily distinguished from many very similar ones that are the work
+of micro-hymenoptera. These are formed by a large stout gnat named
+_Hormomyia omalanthi_ by Skuse, who first obtained specimens from
+galls on the under side of the leaves of _Omalanthus populifolius_.
+
+_Lasioptera miscella_ aborts the leaf stalks of _Eucalyptus
+haemastoma_, one of our white stemmed gums growing about Botany,
+N.S.W., with its irregular swellings.
+
+I have also bred several undetermined species from galls on the twigs
+of the Weeping Myall, _Acacia pendula_, and other wattles in the
+western scrubs. There is a rich field awaiting the naturalist who takes
+up the study of the life-history of our Gall-gnats.
+
+Though the Hessian Fly, _Cecidomyia destructor_, is not known in
+Australia it has been introduced into New Zealand, and in the United
+States of America is one of the most serious pests that the wheat
+farmers have to fight. This gnat deposits her eggs under the sheath
+of the growing wheat stalks; the larva sucks up the sap, so that the
+ear is impoverished and no grain forms in the head; and when they are
+numerous the greater part of the crop is destroyed.
+
+
+ Family 2. Shade Midges.
+
+ MYCETOPHILIDAE.
+
+These small flies, popularly known as “Midges,” are placed by Skuse
+in four well defined families, which I place under the one heading as
+their habits are very similar.
+
+The SCIARIDAE are the typical “Shade midges” infesting forest country;
+their larvae live under dead bark or decomposing leaves and are
+slender, cylindrical, semi-translucent maggots, white or pale yellow in
+colour, with the body composed of 13 segments including the head. The
+perfect insects have moderately long, curved, many jointed antennae;
+two ocelli; long slender legs; and the wings often clouded. Skuse has
+described 42 species in this group, all of which with one exception he
+placed in the typical Genus _Sciara_; these have the wings longer than
+the abdomen, the surface of them microscopically pubescent, and the
+wing-lobes more or less developed.
+
+The MYCETOPHILIDAE are popularly known as “Fungus-midges” from the
+fact that the larvae, which are slender white maggots attenuated at
+both extremities, and with horny heads, are often found feeding upon
+the juices of fungi; some spin silken webs under which they live, and
+a few are said to be luminous. They are small flies with beautifully
+marked wings in many species, and have slender antennae; 3 ocelli;
+and a short proboscis; the rather long legs have the coxae elongated
+and are furnished with spurs upon the tibiae; the wings, without a
+discoidal cell, have more veins than those of the Gall-gnats. Walker
+described 4 species (Insecta Saundersiana 1856); to which Skuse added
+31 new species. _Lyomya setiosicaudata_ was described by Skuse from
+the neighbourhood of Sydney in the Genus _Acrodicrania_, but it has an
+extended range: I have taken it with a sweeping net about Inverell N.S.
+Wales. It measures about ⅙ of an inch in length; has a shining head and
+thorax; abdomen black, and variegated black and yellow legs.
+
+The SIMULIDAE contains a number of small Diptera abundant in Europe
+and America, where they are known as “Sand-flies,” “Black-flies,” or
+“Buffalo-gnats”; they swarm in the marshy lands of the Mississippi
+where Howard says, “They rival the mosquito in their blood-thirsty
+tendencies, and not only do they attack human-beings, but poultry and
+domestic animals are frequently killed by them.” We are fortunate in
+having very few of these pests; only one species was discovered by
+Skuse, who named it _Simulium furiosum_, and says it is a rare fly
+only found in the Gosford district N.S. Wales. These flies must not be
+confounded with the midges known in Australia as “Sand-flies,” which
+are very different insects belonging to the Genus _Ceratopogon_, of the
+Family Chironomidae.
+
+The BIBIONIDAE are medium sized flies with thickset bodies somewhat
+hairy; smoky wings; robust legs; short antennae; and three ocelli. The
+females deposit their eggs in dung or vegetable matter, and the maggots
+have rows of transverse bristles on the segments; and traces of eyes
+can be found in the head segment. The perfect flies are sluggish in
+their movements and are commonly found upon flowers. Twelve species
+have been described from Australia, of which _Bibio imitator_ is our
+commonest species; it is very abundant in the early summer upon the
+flower heads of _Astrotricha floccosa_, which grows in most of the
+valleys round Sydney; it has a wide range from Tasmania northwards in
+similar forest country. The male is under ½ an inch in length and is of
+a uniform black tint, with the thorax dull red; while the larger female
+is of a uniform reddish brown, and both sexes have the typical dark
+clouded wings.
+
+The South American Genus _Plecia_ is represented by four species, two
+of which I collected in North Queensland. The North American Genus
+_Scatopse_, the larvae of which breed in all kinds of decaying matter
+and in sewers, is represented by two species, of which _Scatopse
+fenestralis_ is so common about Sydney that Skuse says: “In the spring
+months it is scarcely possible to find a window without one or two
+specimens, while I have frequently seen hundreds swarming on the inside
+of shop windows in the city.”
+
+
+ Family 3. Mosquitoes.
+
+ CULICIDAE.
+
+No insect pests are better known or more world wide in their
+distribution than mosquitoes. As might be expected, they are abundant
+in tropical countries, yet one would hardly expect them to be much of
+an annoyance in the temperate regions. Yet in Lapland, and even farther
+north, they worry the inhabitants and the reindeer all through their
+brief summer.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXVII.--DIPTERA.
+
+ Family CULCIIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Culex fatigens_ (Wiedermann). Larva.
+ 2. _Culex fatigens_ (Wiedermann). ♀.
+ 3. _Culex fatigens_ (Wiedermann). Wing.
+ 4. _Anopheles annulipes_ (Walker). ♀.
+ 5. _Anopheles annulipes_ (Walker). Wing.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXVII.--DIPTERA._]
+
+They are insects with long slender legs; delicate narrow wings folded
+down over an elongate body; the head is provided with a proboscis
+projecting below. The proboscis is adapted for sucking blood, though
+many of the bush species seldom or never taste blood and obtain their
+nutriment from the sap or moisture upon plants. The male mosquito
+is a more delicate creature than the female, furnished with plumose
+antennae; he does not bite, but hides away in dark sheltered corners
+taking no food in his short life of four or five days, but has a
+low droning hum, noticeable when a number are disturbed. The larger
+females on the other hand swarm into the house, and bite whenever
+they get the chance. She lays her eggs in little boat shaped masses
+of elongate eggs, which within 24 hours give birth to larvae that
+are often called water-fleas or “wrigglers.” Thread-like in form at
+first, the “wriggler” has a rounded ciliate head, and the tip of the
+body is provided with a pair of tubular breathing appendages. They
+move about with a series of jerks, always coming to the surface head
+downward; they increase in size rapidly and in seven or eight days are
+full grown, when they change into pupae, the creatures becoming quite
+different; the head and thorax are drawn up into a rounded mass with
+two trumpet shaped horns, which are its new breathing tubes, rising
+upon the sides. The abdominal segments are short and turn downward;
+and though it does wriggle slightly, it usually rests in an upright
+position floating close to the surface; it remains in this state for
+two or three days, when the pupal skin splits along the top of the
+head, and the perfect insect emerges, using the floating skin as a raft
+from which to rise into the air and fly away.
+
+Only 9 species of mosquitoes had been described from Australia when
+Skuse commenced his work on these insects in the Macleay Museum
+Collections (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1889), where he listed all the
+known species and added 19 new ones. Since then Theobald, in his
+“Monograph of the Culicidae of the World” 1900–1903, with a great deal
+more material to study, revised the genera, made several of Skuse’s
+species synonymous, and described others, bringing our list to about 34
+species.
+
+The typical Genus _Culex_ contains 21 species scattered all over
+Australia; several are cosmopolitan and have been introduced from
+abroad. Our common house mosquito, that appears in the early summer,
+is _Culex albo-annulatus_, a moderate sized species with the reddish
+thorax densely clothed with brownish golden scales, traversed by five
+very fine lines; it has regularly white banded legs. It was described
+by Macquart in 1732, and ranges from Southern Queensland to Sydney,
+Mittagong, and the Blue Mountains N.S.W. _Culex fatigans_ is widely
+distributed over Australia: _C. macleayi_ and _C. skusei_ according
+to Theobald are only sub-species or varieties; it is one of the
+cosmopolitan mosquitoes also found in America, Africa and Asia, and
+was probably introduced into this country in the water tanks of the
+old sailing vessels many years ago. After New Year a smaller, darker
+mosquito is the most annoying about Sydney; this has been described by
+Theobald under the name of _Culex marinus_; its larvae were discovered
+by Dr. Bancroft, Queensland, breeding in salt water. It also flourishes
+freely in any stagnant water left in tanks, buckets, or water-holes,
+and has a wide range down our eastern coast.
+
+Four species of the Genus _Anopheles_ are found in Australia; these
+insects have long palpi with clubbed or spatulate tips, and dark
+spotted wings. _Anopheles annulipes_, described by Walker, said to
+be identical with Skuse’s _A. musivus_, is found about Sydney and
+Newcastle N.S.W. ranging northward; the members of this genus are well
+known as the mosquitoes that transmit the germs of malarial fever, and
+have a wide range over the world. The important results that have come
+from the study of the relation of tropical fevers to mosquito bites,
+have led to the collection and description of these insects from all
+quarters of the globe. _Mucidus alternans_, one of our largest species,
+is thickly clothed with grey and light brown scales and hairs which
+give it a striking appearance. It is a day flying species famous for
+its biting powers; it has a wide range; in the Maitland district N.S.W.
+about the Hexham swamps it is locally known as the “Hexham Grey”; in
+Queensland it is sometimes called the “Scotch Grey.” I have also taken
+it at Bourke on the Darling River N.S.W. Skuse described this species
+as _Culex hispidosus_, but Westwood’s name, _C. alternans_, has a prior
+claim.
+
+_Stegomyia notoscriptus_ is one of the small dark mosquitoes that bite
+so sharply just at dusk in our gardens around Sydney in midsummer,
+and has a wide range from Adelaide S.A. to Queensland. It belongs to
+the same genus as the dreaded Cuban Yellow-fever Mosquito, _Stegomyia
+fasciata_, which has been introduced into Hawaii. Theobald has in
+the last volume of his Monograph formed a new Genus _Skusea_ for the
+reception of two Queensland species and a third from Africa.
+
+
+ Family 4. Sand-flies.
+
+ CHIRONOMIDAE.
+
+This group comprises a number of small flies which have the head
+furnished with a fleshy proboscis; the slender antennae adorned with
+fine hairs, thickest upon the male; and the ocelli wanting. Their wings
+are usually narrow; and many of the large species have the general
+appearance of mosquitoes.
+
+The members of this family are very extensive and world-wide in their
+range; the larvae of the typical Genus _Chironomus_ live chiefly
+in stagnant water. They sometimes swarm in such numbers in the North
+American lakes that they form the chief food of the fresh-water fish.
+In England on account of their colour they are known as “blood-worms.”
+Some species live in salt water, and others breed in excrement and
+dung. The perfect insects are easily collected with a sweeping net in
+the vicinity of swamps and watercourses.
+
+Skuse has described 64 species from Australia (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
+1889), previous to which only 8 species, described by Messrs. Walker
+and Macquart, had been recorded. The family is divided into a number of
+genera, of which _Chironomus_ includes 21 species of the more typical
+slender-bodied midges, and the Genus _Ceratopogon_ 17 species of our
+vicious “Sand-flies.” These pests are also found in Great Britain and
+in North America, ranging as far south as Chili.
+
+_Ceratopogon molestes_, described by Skuse, is our common “Sand-fly,”
+though there are others probably quite as annoying if not so abundant.
+It is a tiny little dark coloured midge, so quiet and small that it
+is usually felt before it is seen. There is another very large grey
+“Sand-fly” I have met with in the interior of N.S. Wales on the Darling
+River that frequents grassy watercourses and flies straight at the
+hands or face like a wasp.
+
+It has been reported from Central Queensland that after the great flood
+and abundant growth of grass (1905) the sand-flies increased in such
+numbers, that they caused the blindness and death of a great number of
+marsupials, through biting them in the eyes.
+
+
+ Family 5. Crane-flies.
+
+ TIPULIDAE.
+
+The Crane-flies or Daddy-longlegs are a large family with long slender
+legs, from which they take their popular names, and might be described
+as exaggerated mosquitoes that do not bite. They have the usual small
+head and long thread-like antennae (in some groups the latter are
+clothed with long hairs, in others short and feathered); in most
+species the ocelli are wanting. The thorax has a V-shaped transverse
+suture, and the well developed wings have a complete venation. They
+are to be found in all situations among low scrub, but prefer the
+shelter of cliffs, or tree trunks in damp gullies, often resting in
+considerable numbers in retired spots during the day, where they can
+easily be captured. They require to be killed and mounted in the place
+of capture to secure good specimens, as their legs drop off very
+readily, and on this account are not a popular group with the ordinary
+collector. The larvae live in the ground or among decaying vegetable
+matter.
+
+They are divided into two large groups, characterised by the possession
+of long or short palpi, the _Tipulidae brevipalpi_ and _Tipulidae
+longipalpi_; about 20 species had been recorded from Australia when
+Skuse’s Monograph, “Diptera of Australia Pt. VII.” (Pro. Linn. Soc.
+N.S.W. 1889) appeared; in this he added over 80 new species.
+
+The Painted Crane-fly, _Gynoplistia bella_, described by Walker in
+1835, is one of our commonest species, frequenting flowers and low
+scrub in the early summer months. It is a very distinctly marked black
+and orange yellow fly, the wings thickly barred and mottled with the
+former colour; and is one of the short-legged species. It has a wide
+range from Western Australia and Tasmania to N.S. Wales; the genus is
+represented by 17 described species in Australia.
+
+The Long-horned Crane-fly, _Macromastix costalis_, has a wide range
+from Tasmania to Queensland. In the neighbourhood of Sydney they are
+commonly found resting among the low scrub. It has a uniform dull brown
+tint with clear transparent wings, striped along the front margin with
+dull brown, and can be easily recognised from its large size, with
+the long slender antennae three times the length of the wings in the
+male, and its curious darting flight when disturbed. It was described
+by Swederus as _Tipula costalis_ in 1787, and has been renamed half a
+dozen times since. _Clytocosmus helmsi_ was described by Skuse from
+specimens obtained at Mt. Kosciusko; it is a large handsome fly with
+the stout thickened abdomen black, and bordered or mottled along the
+segments with white; the wings are semitransparent shaded with yellow;
+the head and thorax are reddish yellow.
+
+The Genus _Semnotes_ contains two very large and handsome crane-flies,
+both of which were originally described by Westwood. They are giants of
+the family, with a large thorax, and swollen abdomen narrowed slightly
+into a waist, coming out broad and rounded to the tip; the general
+colour is bright yellow mottled with black, with semitransparent wings.
+_Semnotes ducalis_ has dark markings on the wing, and is the rarer
+species. It is recorded by Westwood from North Australia, and by Skuse
+from Manly, N.S.W. _S. imperatoria_ is found in Victoria, about Sydney
+and the Blue Mountains N.S.W.; it is slightly larger than the former,
+and can be easily distinguished by the very long tarsi, the plain
+wings, and the different markings on the body.
+
+
+ Family 6. Soldier Flies.
+
+ STRATIOMYIDAE.
+
+These are flat-bodied flies with narrow strongly veined wings;
+3-jointed antennae; and the pronotum furnished with slender spines.
+Comstock has called them “Soldier Flies” on account of the bright
+coloured stripes with which many species are marked. The larvae of most
+of these flies live in decaying vegetable matter, but some are known to
+be carnivorous in their habits.
+
+_Neoexaireta spinigera_ is one of our commonest species, often to be
+found in the early summer months resting on the window pane with its
+broad hind legs flattened out; it is very easily captured. It is a
+slender shining black fly about 1 inch in length, with banded legs;
+the sides of the body fringed with white hairs, and the apical half
+of the wings clouded with black enclosing a small white blotch; the
+pronotum is furnished with four slender spines standing out from the
+hind margin. The larvae are usually found under damp rotting bark or
+decaying vegetable matter, and are elongate flattened brownish and
+distinctly segmented creatures, with narrow horny heads standing out
+in front like a stalk; they are sluggish creatures with very little
+movement. I figured and described a species (doubtfully) under the
+name of _Ephippium albitarsis_ in my “Entomology of the Grass-trees”
+(Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1896) with somewhat similar larvae breeding
+in the decaying stems of these trees. The little black fly measures
+about ⅓ of an inch in length; it has white tarsi and dusky wings; the
+pronotum has the usual short spine on either side; and the legs are
+stout. _Odontomyia stylata_ is an elongate, broad, flattened, bronzy
+green fly with the outer edges of the abdomen light green; and the long
+pointed wings are folded down over the back; the head is very broad;
+the rounded thorax is long, furnished with two small spines behind the
+pronotum, and the abdomen is broadly rounded at the tip. It is a common
+rather large fly about ½ an inch in length, usually found resting on
+foliage in damp places. It has a wide range over Australia. In other
+parts of the world these flies are numerous, and about 1,000 species of
+the family have been described.
+
+
+ Family 7. March Flies.
+
+ TABANIDAE.
+
+These flies are large or moderate sized insects, with broad heads
+furnished with a fleshy proboscis well adapted for biting; the
+4-jointed antennae stand out in front of the head and do not terminate
+in a bristle; in the male the large eyes meet in front, but in the
+female are separated; the wings are large, often long, and well adapted
+for flight; the legs moderately stout; and the abdomen long, broad, and
+somewhat flattened.
+
+They are common in the early summer months in open forest country,
+and are popularly known in Australia as “March Flies”; in England and
+America they usually go under the name of “Horse or Gad Flies,” and are
+a great pest to both man and horse; they are so persistent in their
+endeavours to bite and suck up blood that they are very easily captured
+with the hand.
+
+The larvae of TABANIDAE live in damp earth, or are found in water;
+they are carnivorous, feeding upon larvae and pond snails. The flies
+deposit their eggs in bunches on herbage or low shrubs. These flies
+are very interesting from an economic point of view, for they are said
+to be sometimes responsible for outbreaks of anthrax by introducing
+the bacillus when biting. Some years ago an outbreak of malignant
+pustules on cattle in New Caledonia was said to have been traced to an
+undetermined species of _Pangonia_ (Megnin and Germain, Bulletin Soc.
+Ent. France Vol. viii. ser. 5).
+
+The Genus _Pangonia_ is well represented in this country by many
+large handsome flies that differ from the typical _Tabanus_ in having
+ocelli, and the third joint of the antennae elongate instead of
+compressed. _Pangonia guttata_ was figured by Donovan in his “Insects
+of New Holland”; it measures over 1 inch in length, and is broad in
+proportion; its general colour is black, clothed with little tufts
+of white downy hairs fringing the thorax in front of the wings, and
+forming a band round the outer edge, with similar spots down the centre
+of the abdominal segments; the under-surface is variegated with longer
+white and black hairs, and the wings are clouded with black. This large
+handsome fly is common in the coastal forests, usually found resting
+on tree trunks in the heat of the day. _P. rufovittata_ is a smaller
+more showy insect of a dull yellow colour. The eyes, parallel markings
+on the thorax, and broad transverse bands on the abdomen of black, the
+alternate abdominal bands of beautiful golden hairs, together with
+the yellow clouded wings, give it a very striking appearance; it also
+has a wide range over Australia, and is occasionally taken in the
+neighbourhood of Sydney. _P. auriflus_, about ½ an inch in length, also
+black, has the face, front of thorax, under-surface and outer margins
+of the abdomen clothed with silvery hairs, while the hind margin of the
+thorax, a blotch in the centre, and the tip of the abdomen are richly
+coloured with bright yellow hairs. _P. concolor_, a much larger fly, is
+of a uniform reddish brown colour, with black eyes, and mottled wings;
+_P. violacea_ is a small bright metallic violet tinted insect not
+unlike a blue bottle fly, but is easily distinguished when the antennae
+are examined.
+
+The Genus _Tabanus_ contains many of the typical “March Flies”:
+_Tabanus brevidentatus_ measures ½ an inch in length; is of a uniform
+grey ash colour, with the hind edges of the abdominal segments barred
+with light brown. _T. edentulus_ is a slightly larger, darker coloured
+fly with greyer bands on the body; it is common on the slopes of Mt.
+Kosciusko. _T. abstersus_ is still larger and darker, but with the
+same general colour; the head and under-surface are clothed with
+white hairs; the wings clouded; the base and sides of the abdomen
+reddish brown with the dorsal surface barred with fine white hairs.
+_T. sanguinarius_, one of the largest species, is of a uniform reddish
+brown, with black eyes; the thorax tinted with yellow; and the wings
+clouded. It has a wide range over Queensland and N.S. Wales. _Silvius
+angusta_ is like a very small specimen of _Tabanus brevidentatus_.
+
+The members of the small Family LEPTIDAE are distinguished from the
+preceding one, in having the third joint of the antennae simple and
+furnished with a bristle, and the tibiae spined. The curious looking
+larvae have the abdomen divided into two points at the tip; they live
+in pits like the ant-lions. _Leptis aequalis_ is a greyish looking
+species about the size of a house fly, with the head composed of two
+large globular eyes touching in the centre; the legs are long; the
+wings smoky; the elongated abdomen rounded at the tip, and barred
+with black; the whole insect clothed with scattered hairs standing up
+thickly on the dorsal surface. These flies are very common flying over
+aphis infested wheat fields; my specimens come from Molong, N.S. Wales.
+
+
+ Family 8. Bee-flies.
+
+ BOMBYLIDAE.
+
+These are popularly known as bee-flies, on account of their remarkable
+powers of flight, and hairy appearance. They are all more or less
+clothed with delicate downy hairs, furnished with 3 jointed antennae,
+and slender legs terminating in fine claws.
+
+They frequent flowers, hovering over them like bees; and many species
+have the wings richly marked with black. The life history of our
+species is but little known, but I have bred several out of the clay
+nests of wasps, and two out of lepidopterous pupae (_Agrotis sp._).
+A European species is said to drop her eggs upon the clay nests of
+wasps; the newly hatched larva is furnished with a boring apparatus in
+front of its head by means of which it works its way through into the
+chamber; there it undergoes another stage of development and emerges
+from it with a simple sucking mouth to eat up the wasp larva. The larva
+of those attacking the “cut-worms,” _Agrotis_, devours the whole of the
+moth grub and pupates inside the chrysalid skin. The pupa is a very
+curious looking creature enclosed in a dark brown shining skin about ¾
+of an inch long, with projecting spines on the head and extremity. The
+body is cylindrical with the first 7 segments furnished with a band of
+rasp-like spines or ridges on the dorsal surface, with which it moves
+round and round when touched. _Anthrax nigricosta_ is a handsome little
+black fly, with the head, under surface of the body, and two bands
+across the abdomen fringed with white down. The wings are deeply marked
+with black on the front margin, widest at the base. It measures about ½
+an inch in length, and comes from Queensland. _Comptosia albo-fasciata_
+is a large black fly shaded with fine reddish hairs on the dorsal
+surface of the body; the wings are brown, very long, with white tips;
+the body measures about ¾, and across the outspread wings 1½ inches.
+_Neuria quadripennis_ is a much smaller, but somewhat similar looking
+fly, with the dorsal surface and margins of the body more hairy; each
+wing is darkly clouded, with the base light, and the tip white. Both
+these species are not uncommon in New South Wales.
+
+_Acreotrichus gibbicornis_ is a beautiful little black fly with brown
+eyes; not much over ¼ of an inch long; the elongate antennae and head
+are clothed with tufts of black and white down; the rest of the body
+is enveloped in long silvery white down. _A. fuscicornis_ is of a rich
+violet black tint, a yellow line round the hind margin of the head,
+and a broader band round the dorsal margin of the thorax of a similar
+colour; the broad rounded abdomen is lightly banded with pubescence.
+These flies were taken in numbers hovering over the flowers of
+plum-trees in an orchard near Sydney.
+
+
+ Family 9. Bladder Flies.
+
+ ACROCERIDAE.
+
+These are very curious looking flies with such very small round heads,
+that at first sight one would think that they were broken off; but on
+closer examination the little knobs in front will be found to consist
+of two large eyes joining together on the inner edge, with small, 2 or
+3 jointed antennae. Nothing is known about the larval habits of our
+species, but in Europe they are parasitic on spiders or their cocoons.
+
+The members of the Genus _Pterodontia_ have the body inflated like a
+bladder; we have several species in Australia, generally found resting
+on twigs or tree trunks. _Pterodontia mellii_ measures under ½ an inch
+in length; the thorax and body are swollen out like a bladder; it is of
+a general black colour, with a mark on the back, the fore legs, and a
+large blotch on either side of the body bright ochreous yellow; but the
+dark portions are thickly clothed with fine black downy hairs like a
+bumble bee. The wings on account of the swollen body look much smaller
+than they really are. I have specimens from Queensland, and Hunter
+River N.S.W., and they probably have a wide range.
+
+_Panops flavipes_ is a very curious looking fly from Moruya, N.S.
+Wales, measuring over ½ an inch in length; it is of a general dark
+bronzy black tint thickly clothed with fine down, silvery on the tip
+of the abdomen. The head is very small, black and shining, with the
+thickened cylindrical antennae standing out in front; the thorax,
+swollen out behind the head, has a large angular white patch on
+either side; the abdomen not quite as thick as the thorax is deeply
+corrugated. The wings have the front half deeply clouded and the hind
+portion transparent.
+
+_Acrodes fumatus_ is a much smaller species about ⅕ of an inch in
+length; the head and thorax are black; the bladder shaped abdomen
+is tawny yellow, with parallel stripes of black down the centre and
+sides, and transverse white bars at the apex of each segment. They were
+collected in numbers about Cook’s River, near Sydney.
+
+
+ Family 10. Mydas Flies.
+
+ MYDAIDAE.
+
+These might be called “mimic flies,” because, with their large
+thickened antennae (often swollen out into a compressed club at the
+tips), their broad heads, elongated bodies, and bright variegated black
+and yellow markings, they can be very easily mistaken at first sight
+for Pompilid wasps. The mimicry is further emphasised by the thickened
+spined legs, and coloured wings.
+
+We have a number of species in Australia; they are allied to the
+“Robber-flies” which some of them resemble. The larvae of foreign
+species are predaceous, feeding upon the grubs of various wood-boring
+beetles.
+
+_Mydas fulvipennis_ has the greater part of the head, thorax, under
+surface of the abdomen, and thighs black; with the face, antennae,
+legs, wings and rest of the abdomen except two indistinct narrow bars,
+bright reddish yellow. It measures over ¾ of an inch in length, and
+is of the usual elongate robust form with long clubbed antennae and
+thickened legs. My specimens come from Southern Queensland.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXVIII.--DIPTERA.
+
+ Family MUSCIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Chaetogaster violacea_ (Macq.).
+
+ Family TABANIDAE.
+
+ 2. _Pangonia guttata_ (Donov.).
+ 6. _Pangonia auriflus_ (Donov.).
+ 14. _Tabanus abstersus_ (Walk.).
+ 7. _Lamprogaster laeta_ (Guérin).
+
+ Family ASILIDAE.
+
+ 3. _Asilis grandis_ (Macq.).
+ 8. _Craspedia coriaria_ (Wied.).
+ 12. _Phellus glaucus_ (Walk.).
+ 13. _Blepharotes splendissima_ (Wied.).
+
+ Family DIOPSIDAE.
+
+ 4. _Zygotricha sp._
+
+ Family BOMBYLIDAE.
+
+ 5. _Comptosia albo-fasciata_ (Thomp.).
+ 11. _Trichophthalma eques_ (Sch.).
+
+ Family DEXIIDAE.
+
+ 9. _Rutilia decora_ (Guérin).
+ 10. _Amphibolia fulvipes_ (Guérin).
+
+ (Original photo. Burton.)]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXVIII.--DIPTERA._]
+
+
+ Family 11. Robber-flies.
+
+ ASILIDAE.
+
+This group is well represented in Australia by some very large handsome
+robber-flies which attack and kill many insects larger than themselves,
+transfixing them with their horny bayonet-like proboscis. The
+large projecting eyes forming the greater part of the head are well
+separated from the thorax; the three jointed antennae stand out at
+an angle from each other; the legs are long, stout, and covered with
+stiff hairs well adapted for holding their prey; they have more or
+less clouded wings; and a slender, rather cylindrical body tapers to
+a blunt tip in the female, but in the male terminates in a pair of
+pincer-like processes. It is an extensive family, over 3,000 species
+being described from all parts of the world; they are very numerous in
+America, where one is a very serious pest to honey bees. Their larvae
+live in the ground and are predaceous, feeding upon the larvae of other
+insects, particularly those of beetles.
+
+The members of the Genus _Dasypogon_ are small delicate flies that
+cling to grass stalks, and are easily taken with a sweeping net; they
+have the typical form of the family, and their slender bodies taper
+to a point. _Laphria diversipes_ is a common insect about Sydney
+often taken on fences; it is slightly over ½ an inch in length; its
+general colour is black, with stout reddish brown legs variegated with
+black. The head is clothed with stiff grey hairs, the upper surface
+mottled with golden pubescence, and scattered black hairs. _Laphria
+rufifemorata_ is a somewhat large insect from Queensland, with the
+abdomen of a deep metallic blue. _Leptogaster geniculatus_ is a
+remarkably slender bodied fly, about the same length, found about the
+Blue Mountains N.S.W. The head is short but wide across; the thorax
+is oval, and the linear abdomen swells out slightly to the apex; the
+legs are long and slender, the hind pair with the thighs swollen in the
+centre. The general colour is shining black with the legs marked with
+white.
+
+The typical Genus _Asilis_ contains some handsome flies generally
+met with in open forest country: _Asilis inglorius_, over 1 inch in
+length, has large black eyes; the front of the head is clothed with
+grey bristles; the thorax is olive green, marbled with grey pubescence,
+thickest on the ventral surface; the legs are red, the tarsi black; and
+the wings are clouded with yellow; the abdomen is much elongated to the
+pointed tip, reddish brown, the first 3 segments thickly clothed with
+long, pale, golden, downy hairs, and with the terminal segments covered
+with very short reddish brown hairs. _A. plicatus_ is slightly larger,
+of a general greyish brown tint, with pale reddish brown markings on
+the thorax; the legs are darker brown; the abdomen is lightly clothed
+with fine scattered grey hairs. _A. fulvitarsus_ is a much smaller
+species of a somewhat uniform buff tint, inclined to a golden tint on
+the lower portion of the abdomen; the face is clothed with grey and
+buff hairs, and the wings are light brown.
+
+_Blepharotes splendidissma_ is a very handsome fly with the abdomen
+flattened, broad, and almost heart shaped; it measures nearly 1½ inches
+in length, and 2½ across the outspread wings. It is of a general black
+colour with the abdomen of a shining bronzy green tint; the face is
+clothed with yellow bristles; the thorax has grey pubescence on the
+sides, and the outer margins and tip of abdomen are fringed with tufts
+of yellow and black downy hairs. I have frequently captured it flying
+about in the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, in the early summer. _Phellus
+glaucus_ is a very curious fly found in the interior of Western
+Australia; it measures nearly 2 inches from the front of the head to
+the tip of the wings; a great tuft of bright yellow hairs stand out
+in front of the head; it is thickly clothed on the under-surface of
+the head with pale yellow hairs; the legs are very stout and hairy,
+and clothed with black down marked with white and large yellow tufts
+on the hind legs. The abdomen is thickened, elongated and broadly
+rounded to the tip, of a uniform deep metallic blue tint, but so
+thickly clothed with short black down that its rich colour is somewhat
+obscured. _Craspedia coriaria_ is one of our largest robber-flies,
+widely distributed all over the interior of the continent; its mouth
+is produced into a stout pointed awl-like process, with which it can
+pierce the integument of the stoutest insect, and it can be often seen
+flying along with its beak buried in the back of a large cockchafer
+beetle (_Anoplognathus_), and with its large legs clasping its victim
+as it sucks up its blood. Its general colour is black, with the broad,
+flattened, more elongate abdomen thickly clothed with short brick-red
+hairs; the legs and under surface are very hairy, with tufts of stiff
+black hairs fringing the outer edges of the abdominal segments. The
+wings are opaque and almost black, with an expanse of about 3 inches.
+
+_Saropogon princeps_, described by Macquart, has a large reddish brown
+wasp-like form that at first sight might be easily mistaken for a
+Pompilid wasp. It measures 1½ inches in length, with a wing expanse
+of about 3 inches. The head, under-surface, centre of the thorax
+above, the basal segment, and two bands on the abdomen are black; the
+rest is dull red, with the hind margin of the wings hyaline. I have a
+specimen from Mittagong N.S. Wales. _Brachyrhopala ruficornis_ comes
+from Mackay, Queensland, and has a very wasp-like appearance both in
+the colouration and shape of the body. It is under ½ an inch in length
+with the typical robber-fly head and spiny legs, but the abdomen is
+contracted into a cylindrical waist behind the thorax, rounded in the
+centre, and tapered to the tip. The head and thorax are almost black;
+the hind margin of the latter and legs are dull red; the abdomen is
+dull yellow with the basal segments marked with blackish brown, forming
+two almost confluent bands round the broad centre.
+
+
+ Family 12. False Robber-flies.
+
+ APIOCERIDAE.
+
+These flies are of medium size not unlike _Muscidae_, with large
+elongated bodies, short antennae, and clear wings. This is a small
+family containing two genera, the species of which are peculiar to
+North America, Chili, and Australia.
+
+_Apiocera bigotii_, described by Macquart, is about ¾ of an inch in
+length; it has a short head not so wide as the thorax, with a long
+projecting proboscis; the elongate broadly rounded thorax is truncated
+behind; the abdomen is broadest in front, rounded, and tapers to
+the tip, which terminates in a tuft of fine spines. The wings are
+somewhat iridescent with reddish veins; the general colour of the fly
+is a dull brown, with white hairs and silvery pubescence clothing the
+hind portion of the head and under-surface of the thorax, and also
+mottling the dorsal surface of the body with grey. Some specimens in
+my possession come from the Shoalhaven district. _Apiocera asilica_
+described by Westwood is a larger much darker insect, with black hairs
+on the upper surface and grey on the under surface; it ranges from
+Queensland to the Blue Mountains N.S.W.
+
+
+ Family 13. Big-eyed Flies.
+
+ PIPUNCULIDAE.
+
+These are tiny little creatures with very large heads consisting almost
+entirely of two great hemispherical eyes. The short antenna terminates
+in a bristle.
+
+About 80 species had been described, chiefly from Europe, until Perkins
+published the descriptions of 26 species from Australia (Leaf Hoppers
+and their natural enemies Pt. iv. Pipunculidae) Hawaii 1905.
+
+They are remarkable for their habits in the larval state, being
+parasitic upon the larvae and pupae of frog-hoppers, chiefly Jassidae,
+particularly those Homoptera that have the tip of the abdomen clothed
+with waxy filaments. When full grown the dipterous larvae leave their
+host and bury themselves in the soil, where they pupate. Mr. Koebele
+allowed me to examine the collection he made of these little flies
+before they were described by Mr. Perkins. Many of these he reared from
+infested frog-hoppers in Queensland when studying sugar-cane pests.
+
+_Pipunculus helluo_ was observed swarming round the larvae of
+_Siphanta_, which were abundant on fig trees near Bundaberg Queensland;
+this species was also taken by Koebele near Sydney. _P. cinerascens_
+is remarkable in the larval form, as it does not fall to the ground
+and pupate in the soil, but forms its puparium upon the surface of the
+living leaves in the open. _P. cruciator_ comes from the district of
+Cairns, N. Queensland.
+
+
+ Family 14. Hover Flies.
+
+ SYRPHIDAE.
+
+Several species are well known and common in gardens, where they
+are popularly known under the name of “Bee” or “Hover Flies” from a
+way they have of poising, apparently motionless, over flowers and
+aphid-infested bushes, for the movement of their wings is so rapid as
+scarcely to be detected. The perfect flies, which among the carnivorous
+species have slender bodies more or less barred or banded with yellow,
+lay their eggs upon aphis-infested plants; the young larvae emerging
+from the white eggs feed exclusively upon aphids and plant lice; the
+full-grown larva is legless, very elongate in form, and has great
+powers for extending and contracting its abdominal segments, so that
+the body, from a rounded mass, can extend into a long and slender form.
+The full-grown larva pupates in an oval hard chrysalid which usually
+falls to the ground.
+
+The typical Genus _Syrphus_ is well represented in Australia by
+several fine species, all of which are aphid eaters, and fly about
+in the bright sunshine but shelter among the foliage at other times;
+whenever aphis appear the syrphid flies soon follow, and I have seen
+them round the aphid-infested briar bushes in countless thousands.
+_Syrphus pusillus_, figured in the Agricultural Gazette N.S.W. 1904
+under the name of _Syrphus viridiceps_, is our commonest species found
+upon aphis-infested rose bushes, orchard trees, and wheat fields. It
+measures about ⅓ of an inch in length; has large reddish eyes, yellow
+face, and dull metallic green thorax with yellow scutellum; the darker
+abdomen is banded with three interrupted transverse yellow bands, and
+smaller marks on the apical segments. _S. viridiceps_ is a more slender
+form, with a green face; the whole of the thorax is shining lead
+colour, with fine yellow bands on the abdomen; the legs are dark, and
+the whole fly is lightly clothed with fine hairs. Both these species
+may be taken on the same bush, and both have a very wide range over
+Australia.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 146.=--_Syrphus viridiceps_
+ (Macquart).
+
+ A common Hover-fly that destroys rose and peach aphis.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Drone or Bee Fly, _Eristalis tenax_, is another common garden
+fly with a very wide range, and is an introduced European species.
+It measures over ½ an inch in length and is broad in proportion; the
+head and thorax are clothed with yellowish brown down, and the smooth
+shining abdomen is mottled with black and brown. The larvae are dirty
+white maggots with slender rat-tails at the tip of the body, and they
+live in all kinds of rotten or semi-liquid refuse.
+
+_Helophilus bengalensis_ is a smaller, robust fly with rounded eyes;
+the thorax is richly barred with parallel grey lines on the dorsal
+surface; and there are two large lunate yellow spots at the basal
+portion of the abdomen. The lower part of the abdomen tapers to a
+rounded tip and is clothed with yellow down. This fly was originally
+described from Bengal by Wiedemann; Schiner has reported it from
+Batavia; my specimens come from Queensland. _H. griseus_ was described
+and its life history given in my “Entomology of the Grass-trees”
+(Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1896) under the name of _Orthoprosopa nigra_.
+The larvae, elongate in form, with a short anal tubular tail, swarm
+in great numbers between the outer shell and the caudex of the dead
+rotting trunk of the grass-trees among the slime and water. They pupate
+in the damp earth in captivity, forming a light brown oval case with
+the remains of the larval tail shortened and retracted. This handsome
+black fly, over ½ an inch in length, has the face and antennae bright
+yellow; the dorsal surface clothed with fine black pubescence; the
+scutellum smooth and shining; the sides fringed with scattered grey
+hairs; and the wings clouded. There is a second species found in
+similar situations; the larvae have the typical slender rat-tails, and
+when they pupate transform the tail into a curved tubular process at
+the extremity of the chrysalis.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 147.=--_Eristalis tenax_
+ (Linn.).
+
+ The Drone or Bee-fly; usually found upon flowers.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Sphiximorpha australis_, from Southern Queensland, is a very curious
+broad thickset black and yellow fly, with spatulate tipped antennae
+standing out in front of the two large eyes; the head is slightly
+larger than the thorax, which is stout and thickened; and the broad
+abdomen is rounded at the extremity. The general colour is black, with
+the face, three spots on the sides of the thorax, scutellum, apical
+portion of legs, and two bands on the abdomen rich yellow. The wings
+are clear, except a dark stripe along the front margin. This curious
+fly has a striking resemblance to some of the yellow banded mud-nest
+wasps (_Odynerus_ and _Alastor_), but the reason for their bright
+colouration and abnormal shape is at present unknown.
+
+
+ Family 15. Wasp-flies.
+
+ CONOPIDAE.
+
+These are handsome flies of moderate size, many of which are very
+wasp-like in the shape of the abdomen and in general colouration; they
+have the proboscis prolonged but usually drawn up and hidden; the
+3-jointed antennae inserted in front of the head are close together at
+the base, with the first joint very short. Comstock says that the larva
+of _Conops_ is a soft whitish 11-jointed flask-shaped grub, with
+a long neck and mouth armed with lips and hooks (mandibles) and two
+lateral elevated plates supporting the two spiracles. It was found by
+Lachat and Audouin living in the body of a _Bombus_. Most of the
+members of this family are found as parasites upon different bees and
+wasps; the flies deposit their eggs upon the perfect insects; the larva
+bores into the abdomen, feeds upon the contents, and finally pupates in
+the shell of the body. They are considered by most writers to be allied
+to the _Syrphidae_.
+
+This is a small family in regard to numbers of species, but they
+are widely distributed: Van der Wulp lists 14 species of the Genus
+_Conops_ from South Asia, including the Malay Archipelago (Cat.
+Described Diptera 1896), and others have since been described.
+
+_Conops pica_, described by Macquart from Australia, is found in the
+Mittagong district, N.S.W. It is slightly over ¼ of an inch in length;
+has large lance-tipped antennae standing out in front; a large head;
+the abdomen very slender at the base swelling out to a broadly rounded
+tip, giving it a striking resemblance to the small “mud-nest wasps.”
+This resemblance is further borne out by its general dark brown colour
+marked and banded with yellow, which upon the abdomen forms two broad
+bands, a spot on the sides, and a large rounded blotch on the extreme
+tip; the legs are banded, and the wings are striped in front with brown.
+
+
+ Family 16. Fruit Flies, Leaf Mining Flies, &c.
+
+ MUSCIDAE ACALYPTRATA.
+
+Under this heading Sharp places a large division of closely related
+flies comprising 29 families, which he treats in a very brief manner;
+we have a large number of interesting species in some of these families
+that are worthy of notice, for some of them are very serious pests
+to the gardener and orchardist. Sharp says: “Taken collectively, they
+may be defined as small flies with 3-jointed antennae (frequently
+looking as if only 2-jointed) bearing a bristle that is not terminally
+placed; frequently either destitute of squamae or hairy, these
+imperfectly developed so as not to cover the halteres; and possessing
+a comparatively simple system of neuration, the chief nervures being
+straight, so that consequently few cells are formed.”
+
+The DIOPSIDAE comprise in the typical Genus _Diopsis_ some very curious
+looking flies, rather slender in form, with narrow wings, and the sides
+of the head produced into an elongate stalk, at the tip of which is
+placed the rounded eye, reminding one of the stalk-eyed crabs. Westwood
+monographed this genus in the Transactions of the Linnean Society 1835,
+where he figured and described 21 species from Africa, India and Java.
+I have two very fine species from North Queensland, belonging to the
+Genus _Zygotricha_, and a number of allied forms placed in the Genus
+_Achias_ by Van der Wulp (Catalogue of the Described Diptera from South
+Asia 1896) recorded from New Guinea. The Stalk-eyed fly, _Zygotricha
+sp._, measures nearly ½ an inch in length, with the eyes measuring over
+¼ of an inch from tip to tip; its general colour is yellowish brown,
+the face bright yellow; eyes black; thorax finely striped with grey;
+wings mottled; the curious angulated abdomen shining with metallic
+tints, and tipped with stout hairs.
+
+The cosmopolitan “Skipper” in cheese, is the larva of _Piophila casei_;
+it pupates in a slender dark chrysalid; the small slender dark fly
+swarms round over-ripe cheese, fat, and other dried foods.
+
+The little “Fruit Flies” belonging to the DROSOPHILIDAE, sometimes
+also known as “wine flies” from their habit of swarming round the
+freshly-filled wine casks, lay their eggs in decaying vegetable matter;
+they are often attracted to over-ripe fruit, and by their presence
+sometimes cause it to decay; they are common all over the world. The
+maggots sometimes found among pickles in vinegar and brine belong to
+flies of this group. _Drosophila obscura_, a tiny light brown fly with
+a dark coloured head, breeds in damaged tomatoes.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 148.=--_Dacus (Tephritis)
+ tryoni_ (Froggatt). The Queensland Fruit Fly.
+
+ 1. Showing the jaws of the larva; 2. adult fly enlarged;
+ 3. larva; 4. chrysalid; 5. tip of the abdomen showing the
+ breathing orifices; 6. fly natural size.]
+
+The TRYPETIDAE comprise the true “fruit flies,” many of them very
+handsome little creatures; some of them form regular galls in the twigs
+of plants; others with their needle-like ovipositors puncture the
+ripening fruit, depositing their eggs beneath the skin; the maggots
+cause the fruit to rot, often before it can be gathered, and thus
+do a great deal of damage in Australian orchards. The Queensland
+Fruit-fly, _Dacus (Tephritis) tryoni_, ranges from Queensland (where
+it probably originally infested native bush fruits) into N.S. Wales,
+and is now a serious orchard pest in both States. It is a dull brown
+insect marked with yellow, about the size of a large house fly, with a
+rather wasp-shaped body, and large transparent wings. I have described
+several other allied species coming into Australia from the Islands in
+damaged fruit, “Notes on Fruit-maggot Flies with Descriptions of New
+Species” (Agr. Gazette N.S. Wales 1899). _Dacus (Tephritis) psidii_
+was bred out of guavas imported from New Caledonia; it is about ¼ of
+an inch in length; is dull yellow, with the thorax distinctly striped,
+and the abdomen black; the transparent wings are thickly mottled with
+brown. Tryon says that it is a common fruit-fly pest in Queensland,
+damaging bananas and other fruits. _Trypeta musae_ was obtained from
+bananas brought from the New Hebrides: it is a slightly larger fly,
+with the head and thorax dull yellow; it has no distinct dorsal stripe
+on the thorax, and the wings are very thickly mottled. _T. bicolor_ is
+a larger native species with reddish brown head and thorax; with black
+body; with beautifully mottled black wings having the base and sides
+unclouded. I have taken it on the trunks of wattle trees near Bathurst,
+N.S. Wales. The “Mediterranean Fruit Fly,” _Ceratitis (Halterophora)
+capitata_, first recorded from oranges brought from the Azores to
+London, was described by Macleay in 1826; it has a wide range, and was
+introduced into New South Wales some years ago; it is now one of the
+most serious pests that orchardists have to fight. It is a smaller more
+thickset fly than the Queensland pest, with the thorax dark metallic
+brown, and the wings richly variegated. The male is remarkable in
+having a pair of spatulate hairs, like a second pair of antennae,
+springing out in front between the eyes. _Trypeta poenia_ is a tiny
+little fly with a grey pubescence over the thorax and abdomen; the
+thorax is finely mottled, and the delicate wings are very finely but
+thickly marked with dark brown; I have taken this species when beating
+the low scrub in the western country round Condobolin, N.S. Wales.
+_Lonchaea splendida_ is a very brilliant metallic green fly with pale
+smoky wings; it is smaller than a house fly, with a much more elongated
+body; its larvae infest decaying tomatoes, potatoes, egg-fruit and
+other solanums; it has a wide range from the Pacific Islands and New
+Zealand, over Australia.
+
+The family ORTALIDAE is represented here by a very handsome species,
+_Ortalis coerulea_; it is about the size of a house fly, with deep
+metallic blue thorax and banded black abdomen; the transparent wing is
+clouded with black at the base and the tip, and has a black V-shaped
+band in the centre. It is very common in summer usually resting on the
+foliage of the grass-trees, and can be easily captured with a net.
+_Lamprogaster laeta_ is another fine species, with a wide range from
+Victoria to Queensland. It measures nearly ½ an inch from the front of
+the head to the tip of the body; the large semitransparent wings are
+blotched along the front with black. The dorsal surface and curious
+angular abdomen are deep metallic blue; the legs and under-surface
+reddish brown. I have usually found it on the highlands, and it is
+common on the Blue Mountains N.S.W. in the summer months.
+
+The AGROMYZIDAE are small yellow flies, sometimes marked with green;
+they puncture the tissue of plants and cause excrescences and galls
+upon the foliage and flower buds. One tiny species, _Agromyza sp._,
+attacks the midrib of the leaves of the “Blood-wood” (_Eucalyptus
+corymbosa_), common about Sydney; producing soft yellow spongy
+excrescences aborting all the young foliage. _A. phaseoli_ is a great
+pest to the growers of french beans in the Gosford district N.S.W.;
+the fly inserts her eggs in the stem of the young plant just above the
+surface of the ground. It is a tiny black fly, with bluish tints on the
+body. It was described by Coquillett (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1899) from
+specimens I sent to him for identification.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 149.=--_Agromyza phaseoli_
+ (Coquillett).
+
+ The French-bean fly, the larva of which feeds on the stems.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 150.=--_Phytomyza affinis_
+ (Fallen).
+
+ An introduced Leaf-mining fly, and a common garden pest.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The PHYTOMYZIDAE are small dark coloured flies, whose larvae are leaf
+miners; and several species are well known pests to the gardener.
+_Phytomyza affinis_ breeds in the winter in the leaves of the sow
+thistle; the next generation swarm on the marguerites, sunflowers and
+many others of the _Compositae_, thereby causing them to wither and
+fall.
+
+The SAPROMYZIDAE contain a great number of small flies which are
+generally met with resting among the foliage when sweeping or beating
+the scrub in the early morning. They seldom have the wings spotted,
+and the abdomen is broader than that of the former group. The larvae
+feed under the bark of trees, or among decaying vegetation. _Sapromyza
+fuscicornis_ is of a uniform pale brownish yellow, with dark eyes, and
+with scattered stout bristles on the thorax; it is a large species over
+¼ of an inch in length to the tip of the closed wings. It has a wide
+range over Australia. _S. decora_ is a very much smaller dark brown
+fly, with a fine white stripe on each side of the thorax extending
+across the sides of the head above the eyes. It is common in summer in
+the orchards among the orange trees.
+
+In the members of the Genus _Celyphus_ the scutellum is so abnormally
+inflated that it covers all the posterior parts of the body, so that
+these tiny shining black creatures are quite unlike the typical
+Diptera. A dark brown fly about the size of a house fly that has been
+described under the name of _Batrachomyia nigritarsis_ by Skuse, is
+a parasite in the larval state on the back of several of our common
+frogs, where feeding under the skin it forms a regular blister; when
+full grown the larva makes its way through the skin, and pupates in the
+damp soil.
+
+The SCATOPHAGIDAE are slender, elongate, medium sized flies that can be
+bred out of dung or decaying vegetable matter, and are found in most
+parts of the world. _Scatophaga guerini_ measures over ⅓ of an inch
+in length; it is of a dull greyish brown tint, marked on the head and
+thorax with parallel whitish bars, thickly clothed on the stout legs
+with fine hairs; and the long wings are folded over the back when at
+rest. It has a wide range; I have it from Sydney, and have bred it from
+the cylindrical white maggots in “toad-stools” collected on the banks
+of the Darling River, N.S. Wales.
+
+The Genus _Nerius_ (placed by Van der Wulp in the Sub-family
+CALOBATINAE, following the SCIOMYZINAE) is represented by two fine
+species common in North Queensland. They are very slender, long-legged
+flies, with long, straight-veined wings, rounded at the extremities,
+and folded over the narrow pointed abdomen; the head, which has a
+distinct neck, might be described as pear-shaped, with short, stout,
+lance-shaped antennae standing out in front, and elongate flattened
+eyes with a dorsal depression between them; the abdomen is elongate,
+oval; and both species, about the same size, measure ½ an inch in
+length. _Nerius inermis_, “the Banana-stalk Fly,” is of a uniform dull
+brown colour, with the dorsal surface of the head and thorax striped
+with white, and the whole of the under surface and thighs (except a
+brown comma-like mark on the sides) white. The slender white maggots
+feed in the ends of the decaying stalks of the bunches of Queensland
+bananas, forming elongate reddish brown chrysalids when they pupate;
+they are easily bred out in captivity. This species was originally
+described from the Nicobar Islands by Schiner; and has also been
+recorded from Celebes and Aroe. _N. lineolatus_, described by Wiedemann
+from Java, is common in North Queensland; it differs from the last
+species in having the dorsal surface more thickly and brightly striped
+with white, and the legs being barred with white.
+
+
+ Family 17. Anthomyia Flies.
+
+ ANTHOMYIDAE.
+
+In general appearance they are very like the house fly, of small size
+and indefinite colour; they differ in the structure of the wings, and
+the eyes of the male are generally large and in contact; the antennae
+are bare or feathered. In their larval habits they vary very much: some
+are simply scavengers; others feed on living vegetation, and like the
+onion and cabbage flies are serious pests; and a few are parasitic. The
+family is a large one, and species are found in most parts of the world.
+
+The common bluish fly resting on the decaying weed, and flying along
+in front when one is walking along the sea shore, belongs to the Genus
+_Lispe_; it looks like a house fly with longish legs and a pale tint.
+
+_Ophyra analis_ is a very common inland fly, and may be found swarming
+round dead sheep, or bred from pupae found under carrion lying in the
+bush. It is a shining blue black fly about the size of an ordinary
+house fly, and is lightly clothed with bristles on the sides of the
+thorax; it has a somewhat heart-shaped body, and clear wings. A
+second species, _O. nigra_, originally described by Wiedemann from
+China, is found in Australia, and is also recorded by Walker from the
+East Indies. It may be found swarming about dead sheep in summer.
+_Phoania personata_ might be taken for a large house fly from the
+regular stripes on the thorax, but it is more thickly clothed with
+bristles, and the abdomen has a deep metallic blue tint. I have bred
+numbers from larvae pupating in rotting oranges piled on the ground.
+_Limnophora ruficoxis_ is a somewhat smaller fly with the dorsal
+surface of the thorax and abdomen clothed with a dull buff pubescence;
+and the scutellum is smooth and shining. I have specimens from Sydney,
+N.S.W., and Gatton, Queensland.
+
+
+ Family 18. Parasite Flies.
+
+ TACHINIDAE.
+
+This is one of the most useful groups of flies to the agriculturist,
+for nearly all the members deposit their eggs upon the living larvae of
+other insects such as the plant-destroying cut-worms, many different
+moths, and the grubs of our large saw-flies, and immature grasshoppers.
+This is a family of considerable extent, for over 1,000 species have
+been described from America alone, and in Van der Wulp’s Catalogue 187
+species are listed from South Asia, but very little has been done in
+working up the Australian species.
+
+In general appearance they are not unlike large house flies, but more
+bristly; the bristle of the third antennal joint is bare; the posterior
+cell of the wing almost or quite closed, and the large squamae cover
+the halteres. They attach their white eggs to the surface of the
+caterpillar with a gummy secretion, and it is quite common in summer
+time to find caterpillars thus infested, the perfect flies generally
+emerging from the pupal shell of their victim.
+
+The members of the Genus _Winthemia_ are rather large flies, parasitic
+upon the larvae of different moths; several American species are great
+checks upon the increase of the “Army worm” (_Leucania unipuncta_).
+_Winthemia lata_ measures slightly under ½ an inch in length, and
+is thickset in proportion; it has a silvery face, with the brownish
+thorax covered with short stout bristles on the sides; the abdomen
+is black, with the sides and outer margin of the segments blotched
+with dull yellow; and the whole upper surface is lightly clothed with
+fine bristles. I have bred this fly from our Native Silkworm Moth
+(_Antheroea eucalypti_), from Lewin’s Moth (_Ocinaria lewinae_), and
+from an undetermined hawkmoth.
+
+The Genus _Miltogramma_ comprises a number of smaller flies common in
+Europe, which lay their eggs upon the captured prey of the sand wasps
+while the latter are placing them in their burrows in the ground; and
+not only does the parasitic fly larva devour the food supply, but also
+when that is finished, feeds on the baby wasp. An Indian species is
+parasitic upon one of the large plague locusts. I have a very handsome
+undetermined species from Southern Queensland which has the abdomen
+ringed with bright yellow bands; this would suggest that it may deposit
+its eggs in the underground chambers of a similarly banded _Bembex_.
+Another much smaller species, not unlike the house fly in size and
+general colouration, has the grey abdomen barred with black.
+
+
+ Family 19. Metallic Green Flies.
+
+ DEXIIDAE.
+
+These flies differ from the Tachinidae, which they otherwise resemble,
+in having longer legs, and the bristle of the antennae pubescent or
+plumose. Australia is rich in large handsome species, often brightly
+marked with metallic tints; they are usually most plentiful in open
+forest country, often resting on tree trunks; when flying round they
+make a loud humming sound. Most of them are parasitic in their habits,
+depositing their eggs upon the larvae of lamellicorn beetles that are
+buried in the ground.
+
+_Chaetogaster violacea_ is of the usual thickset form, with a broad
+body and long pointed wings; it measures nearly 1 inch from the front
+of the head to the tips of the folded wings. It is of a general dark
+metallic blue colour, with the dorsal surface of the head and thorax
+marked with grey, and the whole insect is clothed with scattered black
+bristles. The wings are clouded with dull yellow on the basal half,
+giving it a very distinctive appearance. _Amphibolia fulvipes_ is
+another very handsome and smaller fly with a broader body than the
+last, but the wings are shorter and clouded at the base; the head and
+legs are yellow; the rest black, with the thorax spotted behind and
+marked with a row of short broken parallel bars in front; the greater
+part of the abdomen above and below is creamy white mottled with seven
+bilobed blotches of black forming a pattern on the dorsal surface. It
+is found about Sydney and has a wide range on the eastern coast.
+
+_Amenia leonina_ is about ½ an inch in length with a more rounded
+abdomen. The large head is bright yellow, with the thorax and abdomen
+rich metallic blue; the sides of the thorax and abdomen are marked with
+several white circular dots, the last two on the tip of the abdomen
+very distinct. It is found in Tasmania, and ranges along the eastern
+coast of the mainland into Queensland.
+
+The typical Genus _Rutilia_ is well represented in Australia by a
+number of large, showy flies rich in metallic tints, and as a general
+rule not so thickly or coarsely clothed with bristles. _Rutilia
+formosa_, originally described from New Holland by Desvoidy, is not
+uncommon along the eastern coast in the summer months. It measures from
+¾ to 1 inch in length; is of a general rich light metallic blue tint;
+the abdomen indistinctly barred with black is rich metallic coppery
+red, duller in the larger females, which have the abdominal segments
+more hirsute and bristly. The larvae are parasitic upon beetle grubs,
+probably those of the brown cockchafer (_Anoplognathus_). _R. decora_
+is about the same size and has much the same habits and range. The
+thorax is rich metallic blue, darker in front, with a row of short
+black bars; the abdomen is black with a double row of bright green
+metallic spots down the centre, the two at the anal tip largest. _R.
+vivipara_ measures about 1 inch in length, with a wing expanse of 1½
+inches; it is of a general dull greyish brown tint; the abdomen is
+lighter brown, and has a dark line down the centre and the sides and
+tips lightly clothed with grey hairs. _R. inornata_, about the same
+size as the last species, is a much darker fly; the abdomen is of a
+uniform dull shining black with grey hairs on the sides but none on the
+tip. Both these species have an extended range in forest country.
+
+_Myocera longipes_ has the general colouration of a house fly, with
+long, clear wings behind which are large white squamae; and it has very
+long slender legs. It has a curious habit of resting on the tree trunks
+with its long legs spread out in a very characteristic manner.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXIX.--DIPTERA.
+
+ Family MUSCIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Lucilia tasmaniensis_ (Macquart). Large blue-bottle
+ fly.
+ 2. _Lucilia caesar_ (Linn.). Introduced sheep fly.
+ 3. _Lucilia sericata_ (Meigen). Metallic blue-bottle fly.
+ 4. _Musca domestica_ (Linn.). Common house fly.
+ 5. _Musca corvina_ (Fabr.). Bush fly.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXIX.--DIPTERA._]
+
+
+ Family 20. Flesh Flies.
+
+ SARCOPHAGIDAE.
+
+These flies differ from the true house flies in having the bristle
+of the antennae plumose at the base but fine and hair-like at the
+extremity. They lay their eggs or living larvae upon meat or other
+exposed food, and are also known as “Scavenger” flies because they
+frequent evil-smelling places like pig-sties and slaughter-yards. Some
+species are known to deposit their larvae in the nostrils of animals,
+and there are several records of the death of human beings from
+infestation by these maggots.
+
+The typical Genus _Sarcophaga_ is world-wide in its distribution, and
+contains a number of well known species. _Sarcophaga aurifrons_ is
+our commonest species in Australia, and is also found in the Malay
+Archipelago. It is over ⅓ of an inch in length; the front of the head
+is golden; the large eyes deep red; the legs black; and the thorax
+and abdomen black but thickly clothed with silvery grey pubescence;
+the black shows through, forming three black bands on the front of
+the thorax; and the abdomen is mottled with indistinct spots. _S.
+frontalis_ is a slightly larger species with the face very bright
+golden yellow; the black bars on the thorax finer and darker; and the
+abdomen mottled with a more irregular pattern. A much smaller species,
+hardly larger than a house fly, was described by Skuse (Agricultural
+Gazette N.S.W. 1891, p. 251) as a parasite of the plague locust; he
+named it _Masicera pachytyli_; this fly Mr. Coquillett says belongs
+to the Genus _Sarcophaga_. I have since bred a much larger species
+from the bodies of locusts in the Bombala district, N.S.W. _Tachina
+oedipoda_, described by Olliff (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. 1891, p. 769), I am
+also informed by Mr. Coquillett, should be _Sarcophaga oedipoda_, and
+is closely allied to _S. aurifrons_: it also is a parasite on the same
+species of locust.
+
+
+ Family 21. House Flies.
+
+ MUSCIDAE.
+
+This group comprises all the typical house flies, some of which are
+world-wide in their distribution. All of them have the bristle that
+forms the tip of the antennae hairy or plumose, while the abdomen is
+spineless, without bristles except at the extremity.
+
+They deposit their eggs in stable manure or other decaying matter; the
+maggots, developing very rapidly in warm weather, form the usual hard
+parchment-like chrysalids from which the perfect flies emerge. Many
+interesting observations have been lately made on the habits of house
+flies and the danger of their spreading diseases by carrying germs or
+particles of putrid matter upon their feet, and thus contaminating
+food or transferring germs into open wounds; it was proved in the
+Spanish-American war that the swarms of flies had a great deal to
+do with the spread of fever in this manner. _Musca domestica_, the
+common house fly, is almost world-wide in its distribution, and is the
+chief species found inside the house. In the larval state it chiefly
+develops in stable manure. It measures about ¼ of an inch in length; is
+of a uniform black tint but is so thickly clothed with grey tomentum
+that it appears to be brown; the eyes are red; the thorax is clothed
+with stiff black bristles, and has four parallel bars down the centre
+of the dorsal surface. The freshly deposited eggs hatch within a day
+or two; the maggots develop within six days, and remain in the pupal
+state for only a few days in the summer; so that it is no wonder that
+they multiply with such marvellous rapidity, particularly when we
+discover that one house fly will lay over 1,000 eggs in the season.
+_Musca corvina_ is a smaller darker tinted species, showing only two
+parallel stripes down the thorax. It is a common bush species and a
+great pest in the bush all through the summer, swarming in countless
+thousands from the eastern coast into the interior. It has a wide
+range over Europe, North America, Ceylon, and the Malay Archipelago.
+_Stomoxys calcitrans_ is of a more brownish tint, with the abdomen more
+flattened, and it differs from the last two species in having a well
+developed biting mouth; this fly is a troublesome pest to horses, and
+will alight on one’s hand and bite quite sharply. It has a wide range
+from Europe across Asia to Ceylon, Java, and Australia.
+
+The Genus _Calliphora_ is well represented by several very distinct
+species of typical “Blow-flies”; but though the common European
+species, _Calliphora vomitaria_, is said to be common in New Zealand
+I have never taken it in Australia. _C. villosa_ is our large common
+blow-fly; it measures about ½ an inch in length; is of a general
+slate grey colour with the abdomen thickly clothed with fine golden
+pubescence giving it a bright mottled yellow tint. _C. oceaniae_ is the
+smaller blow-fly with a steely blue abdomen, the base on either side
+bearing a dull yellow blotch by which it can be easily distinguished.
+Both these species are found in the bush and in the house; they lay
+their eggs on any food they can gain access to; but in the summer, or
+when they cannot get at food in time, the egg is hatched in the body of
+the mother and dropped as a living maggot. Some of the bright metallic
+species also come in this Genus; _C. rufifaces_ is a much smaller
+bright rich metallic blue fly, with a silvery face, red eyes, and white
+flaps behind the wings; it, and the much smaller _C. varipes_ with a
+yellow face and darker tinted body, are common about dead sheep or
+decaying matter in the interior.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXX.--DIPTERA.
+
+ Family MUSCIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Calliphora oceaniae_ (Desv.). Blue-bodied blow-fly.
+ 2. _Calliphora oceaniae_ (Desv.). Maggot.
+ 3. Head segment of maggot, showing mouth hooks.
+ 4. Anal segment of maggot, showing tubercles.
+ 5. Pupa.
+ 6. _Calliphora villosa_ (Desv.). Yellow blow-fly.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXX.--DIPTERA._]
+
+_Neocalliphora ochracea_ is somewhat thicker and broader than
+_Calliphora villosa_, and a much rarer species; it is of a general dull
+reddish brown colour, with the head and thorax darkest.
+
+In the Genus _Lucilia_ we have the typical “Bluebottle” flies, which
+are well represented in this country: _Lucilia sericata_ and _L.
+caesar_, both of a moderate size and deep metallic green and coppery
+tints, are widely distributed. _L. tasmaniensis_ is a larger species,
+measuring under ½ an inch in length; it is of a uniform bright metallic
+blue, and has a wide range.
+
+
+ Family 22. Bot-flies.
+
+ OESTRIDAE.
+
+The members of this family are well known in most parts of the world
+in the larval state as “bots,” internal parasites in the stomach of
+the horse, in the nostrils of sheep, and the skins of cattle. The
+life history of the common European bot-fly, _Gastrophilus equi_, is
+well known; the active fly lays her eggs upon the shoulders or jaws
+of the horse, attaching them to the hair by a gummy secretion; the
+horse licking itself transfers the eggs into its mouth, where the
+tiny maggots hatch out and are carried down into the stomach. They
+are provided with a pair of fine curved hooks in front of the head by
+which these little creatures hook themselves into the membrane of the
+stomach, absorbing their nutriment from the liquid with which they
+are surrounded. When fully developed these oval spiny bots detach
+themselves and pass out with the excrement, the maggots at once burying
+themselves in the damp soil and pupating; the perfect fly emerges early
+in February in most parts of N.S. Wales. The flies, about ½ an inch in
+length, have large thickset bodies thickly clothed with short brown
+or golden hairs, giving them the general appearance of a hairy bee;
+the male has a short rounded abdomen; that of the female is greatly
+elongated and usually curled up underneath. There are probably several
+introduced species now common in Australia with a wide range over the
+country. It is remarkable that though they do not bite or sting the
+horses when laying their eggs, yet as soon as the horses hear the loud
+hum of the bot-fly they gallop about and show an inherited fear of this
+pest, which, though it does not kill them, must be a very unpleasant
+parasite when numerous. The members of the Genus _Hypoderma_ are a very
+serious pest in Europe and other countries where they infest cattle,
+and are known both as “warble” or “bot-flies.” The fly lays her eggs
+upon the back of the beast; the tiny larva makes its way through the
+hide, beneath which it lives and feeds upon the putrid matter caused
+by the irritation of its presence; it finally produces an inflamed
+blister-like swelling or “warble,” eventually working its way out
+through the hide and falling to the ground, where it buries itself and
+pupates. No species have been found in Australia, but in some parts of
+England very serious damage is caused to the health of the beast, and
+the skin by being perforated loses value for making leather.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 151.=--_Gastrophilus equi_
+ (Fabr.).
+
+ 1 and 2, The introduced Bot-fly, showing dorsal and lateral
+ view of female; 3, eggs attached to hairs of horse; 4, egg
+ enlarged (the eggs should be more truncate at the tips); 5,
+ larval bots attached to piece of the stomach of a horse; 6,
+ bot much enlarged; 7, enlarged head of bot showing the mouth
+ hooks.]
+
+The Sheep Nostril Fly, _Oestrus ovis_, has a wide range over the
+world, and was probably introduced into Australia many years ago,
+though it has been noticed only quite recently as a serious pest.
+This fly lays living maggots in the nostril of the unfortunate sheep;
+the maggots work their way up into the frontal sinuses of the head,
+where they remain until fully developed, when they turn downward and
+are usually sneezed out by the sheep in their efforts to get rid of
+the obstruction. The fly is slightly under ½ an inch in length; the
+upper surface of the head and body are grey to dull yellow, spotted or
+mottled with darker tints; the abdomen is yellowish mottled with darker
+markings. It has been found chiefly in the Blue Mountains N.S.W.
+
+
+ Family 23. Louse or Spider Flies.
+
+ HIPPOBOSCIDAE.
+
+These are parasitic Diptera, that having taken to idle and slothful
+habits (though some of them can fly very well), take up their quarters
+among the fur or feathers of different animals and birds, where they
+live and are carried about by their hosts. To suit this method of
+existence they have become quite altered in structure; they have flat
+leathery bodies, and their feet are produced into large pincer-like
+claws which enable them to cling to the skin of their host. Some have
+large wings with stout nervures but very rudimentary venation; a few
+though provided with wings at birth bite them off soon after; and
+others like the well known “sheep tick” are wingless.
+
+As a rule their presence even when numerous does not seem to incommode
+the infested animals after they have become used to them, for the
+wild ponies in the New Forest in England are often covered with the
+horse-fly, _Hippobosca equi_, and they take no notice of them. Yet
+if one alights upon a horse unaccustomed to the presence of the fly
+he becomes almost crazy with fright, probably from the pinching or
+tickling sensation produced by their claws.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 152.=--_Ortholfersia macleayi_
+ (Leach).
+
+ A parasitic fly that lives upon wallabies. Figured by me
+ as _Olfersia macleayi_ (Leach) in the “Agricultural
+ Gazette,” N.S.W.]
+
+The Common European Sheep Tick, _Melophagus ovinus_, was introduced
+at a very early date into this country among the wool on the backs
+of sheep. It is a dark-brown, wingless creature thickly clothed with
+fine hairs, more like a stout-legged spider than a fly in general
+appearance, but it has not the requisite fourth pair of legs. These
+bristly legs are furnished with the usual stout curved claws, between
+which is a slender appendage like a short string, supposed to be used
+to hang on with by coiling it round the wool. From their blood-sucking
+habits and these pincer-like claws, they are very annoying to the sheep
+when numerous.
+
+The Wallaby Louse Fly, _Olfersia macleayi_, is very common on small
+marsupials in Australia and Tasmania. When the dogs while hunting pull
+down and kill a wallaby, these flies generally crawl off and cling
+to the dog’s nose, rendering him very unhappy. It is a winged form,
+measuring under ½ an inch to the tip of the folded wings, and is of a
+uniform shining dark brown tint with a greenish shade very noticeable
+in the legs. Speiser (Annals Musei Nationalis Hungarici 1904) has
+placed this species in his Genus _Ortholfersia_.
+
+_Ornithomyia perfuga_, taken on an owl (probably _Spiloglaux boobook_)
+near Brisbane, has been recently described by Dr. Speiser: it is a
+larger species of a more reddish brown colour. A very fine louse fly,
+also taken in Southern Queensland upon a white hawk, measures nearly ¾
+of an inch to the tip of the folded wings, and has been identified by
+the same gentleman as _Ornithoctona nigricans_, described originally
+by Leach. Among the few other species described from Australia is one
+found on our pretty little emu wren, which was described by Schiner
+in the “Zoology of the Voyage of the Novara 1850” under the name of
+_Ornithomyia stipituri_. A number of our native birds act as hosts
+for these curious flies; the fruit pigeons, swallows, fly-catchers,
+and others are known to have them; and when they are systematically
+collected our list will probably be a large one.
+
+The NYCTERIBIIDAE are another typical family of louse-flies found
+upon different bats, which are very small in comparison with the
+true louse-flies: they are always wingless, and have a world-wide
+distribution. They are reddish brown creatures covered with stout
+spines; the head is buried in the thorax; and the legs, very long and
+slender, terminate in immense pincer-shaped claws. Nearly all our
+bats are more or less infested with these “spider flies,” and several
+species have been described. Rainbow has recently described one under
+the name of _Nycteribia pteropus_ from a flying fox taken at Batavia
+River, N. Australia (Records Australian Museum 1904).
+
+
+ Family 24. Fleas.
+
+ PULICIDAE.
+
+The classification of the fleas has always been a matter of doubt;
+modern entomologists usually place them at the end of the Diptera,
+considering them a group of degraded flies that from their parasitic
+habits have become wingless, and have developed wonderful jumping
+powers; other specialists who have devoted much attention to the
+question consider them as worthy to rank in an Order, and follow
+Latreille, who called them SIPHONAPTERA; other writers, like
+Taschenberg, who wrote his Monograph entitled “Die Flöhe” in 1880,
+formed them into distinct families. The latest revision of the family
+is Baker’s “Revision of American Siphonaptera, &c.” (Smithsonian
+Institute 1904); in this he gives a list of the described species,
+placing them in five families, and records a total of 134 species from
+all parts of the world.
+
+Messrs. Jordan and Rothschild in a “Revision of the Sarcopsyllidae”
+(University of Liverpool 1906) criticise Baker’s classification,
+and reduce the families to four, extending the limits of the Family
+SARCOPSYLLIDAE, and adding seven new species.
+
+The flea differs from most other insects in having the whole
+wedge-shaped body vertically flattened. It is admirably adapted for
+crawling through hair or feathers, and the large stout spiny legs are
+well suited for jumping. The head, indistinctly separated from the
+body, is short, furnished with jointed antennae situated above but
+behind the eyes; the mouth is produced into a stout pointed proboscis
+with which it punctures the skin and sucks up the blood of its host.
+They are all of a more or less reddish brown tint, clothed with
+scattered stout bristles, and the abdomen is rounded at the apex; the
+legs are furnished with a pair of tarsal claws. The fact that fleas are
+capable of spreading the germs of plague and even leprosy has caused
+a great deal of attention to be devoted to this group, and they have
+during the last few years been sought for and collected from all parts
+of the world.
+
+Two species are common in the house in Australia, of which the
+“domestic flea,” _Pulex irritans_, is too well known to need much
+description. They deposit their eggs, which are tiny ribbed crystalline
+spheres (very beautiful objects under the microscope) in the dry dust
+in cracks and crannies in the floor, or in the corners of badly-swept
+rooms. From these eggs hatch out slender, legless, transparent grubs
+with several short bristles on the anal extremity; these grubs feed
+upon the dust and, when full grown, spin a silken tube in which they
+pupate buried in the dust.
+
+_P. serraticeps_ is known as the dog and cat flea, though it is not
+uncommon at times in the house where animals are running about; but
+though it sometimes comes on man, it is an accidental infestation, and
+it gets away to its natural host as soon as it can escape. It can be
+easily distinguished from the common house flea by its more elongate
+form, and by the black comb-like spines fringing the back of the head
+and the first thoracic segment, which are absent in the former.
+
+The Rat and Mouse Flea, _P. fasciatus_, is a paler coloured, more
+slender flea, also with a very extended range over the world. It is
+notorious as the species that, when living upon plague-infested rats,
+can transmit bubonic plague to man.
+
+Denny (Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. XII. 1843) has described another
+species, which he placed in this Genus, obtained from Tasmania and
+found upon the _Echidna_, and which he has called _Pulex echidnae_.
+About a dozen indigenous species have been recorded from Australia.
+
+The Genus _Echidnophaga_ was created by Olliff (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
+1886) to contain a species he described under the name of _Echidnophaga
+ambulans_; it is remarkable for its very long proboscis, and short
+legs which render it unable to jump. Large numbers of this flea were
+found upon a Porcupine Ant Eater (_Echidna hystrix_) in the Australian
+Museum. Messrs. Jordan and Rothschild in the Revision previously
+noticed place 8 species in Olliff’s Genus, adding two more to the
+Australian fauna, _E. macronychia_ from West Australia found upon a
+small marsupial (_Bettongia lesueuri_), and _E. liopus_ also from
+West Australia on _Echidna aculeata_, at the same time recording the
+last-named species upon rats at Agra, India. They give a number of
+additional hosts of _E. ambulans_, namely: the opossum, several other
+marsupials, and the brown snake; and they extend its range from Sydney
+to West Australia.
+
+The Chicken Flea, _E. gallinaceus_, which they place in this Genus
+(originally described by Westwood under the generic name _Sarcopsylla_)
+though it has not been recorded from Australia has a range from
+America, Africa, and Russia to Fiji; it infests a great number of both
+wild and domestic animals and birds.
+
+Skuse (Annals of the Australian Museum 1893) described a very curious
+flea, found in the pouch of a native cat (_Dasyurus_) which he called
+_Stephanocircus dasyuri_. I have since had the typical legless larvae,
+found also in the marsupial pouch of the same animal, and it is also
+common upon the bandicoot in Queensland. This flea has an elongate
+body, with the front of the head flattened and fringed with fine
+spines; it has no eyes.
+
+Skuse is said to have described two species belonging to different
+genera as the sexes of his flea; and Rainbow in the same journal
+(Records Aust. Mus. 1905) proposes the name of _Ceratophyllus
+rothschildi_ for the second. Rothschild has described two other species
+in this genus, _C. hilli_ from N.S. Wales on the native cat, and a
+second, _C. woodwardi_, from W. Australia.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 153.=--_Stephanocircus
+ dasyuri_ (Skuse).
+
+ Flea of the “Native-cat” and “Bandicoot.”
+
+ (Original photo. G. Turner.)]
+
+Rothschild also describes two other species which he places in Skuse’s
+Genus _Stephanocircus_, namely _S. thomasi_ (Nov. Zool. X. 1903) from
+Barrow Island N.W. Australia, and _S. simsoni_ (Entomologists’ Month.
+Magazine XVI. 1905), which comes from Tasmania, taken upon a native
+cat, _Dasyurus maculatus_. In the Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine
+1906 Rothschild forms a new Genus _Pygiopsylla_ for a large Tasmanian
+flea taken on a native rat which he calls _Pygiopsylla colossus_. He
+makes _Ceratophyllus hilli_ the type of this new genus, in which he
+also places three other Australian species originally described in the
+latter genus, namely: _C. woodwardi_, _rothschildi_, and _echidnae_, in
+the new one.
+
+
+
+
+ Order VIII.--HEMIPTERA.
+
+ Bugs, Frog-hoppers, Scale Insects, &c.
+
+
+The structure of the mouth is the distinctive character of the insects
+of this great Order. Instead of the biting jaws (or sucking mouth)
+of many other insects previously described it is produced into a
+slender pointed tube of complicated structure, which usually lies
+along the under-surface of the head and thorax. This beak, called the
+rostrum, consists of a jointed sheath (labium) enclosing hair-like
+setae (mandibles and maxillae). When the insect feeds the sharp tip
+is pressed into its food, and the sap or juice sucked up, not by the
+proboscis-like sheath, but by the delicate enclosed setae. Kirkaldy
+doubts if the sheath “ever even penetrates the tissues, either
+vegetable or animal, unless these be already lacerated by the setae”;
+and it is often used only as a fulcrum to steady their operations.
+
+In the outward appearance (often a deceptive character in
+classification) the members of this group are very dissimilar; probably
+no two insects could be more unlike than the typical plant bug and the
+ordinary scale insect.
+
+They all undergo an incomplete metamorphosis, often changing their
+colours and even shape in the various moults before they are fully
+developed. The eggs of those living upon plants are generally deposited
+in clusters, and these are often very beautiful crystal spheres with
+stellate caps upon the summits. In other groups the eggs are buried
+in the tissue of the food plant or covered with woolly or sticky
+secretions.
+
+They take the name Hemiptera from the structure of the fore wing,
+one half of which is, in the typical bugs, horny and the rest
+semitransparent.
+
+The families of the plant and water bugs are much more closely related
+to each other than to the frog-hoppers, cicades and scale insects; and
+the whole Order has been separated into groups or sub-orders, viz.,
+HETEROPTERA; HOMOPTERA; ANOPLURA; MALLOPHAGA.
+
+
+ Sub-order I. HETEROPTERA.
+
+ Bugs.
+
+This sub-division contains all the plant, carnivorous, and water bugs,
+which vary in size and shape from the tiny little leaf-infesting
+forms to the great “fish-killer,” _Belostoma indicum_, found in our
+water-holes.
+
+They are usually furnished with two pairs of wings. The basal portion
+of the front pair is horny and opaque, and the apical half more or less
+transparent; this pair covers the larger hind pair, which, well adapted
+for flight, are folded up beneath when at rest. The members of some
+groups however are apterous.
+
+Many are furnished with glands on the body secreting an offensive,
+buggy-smelling fluid, which they discharge when handled or disturbed.
+
+Some species are serious pests to plant life, and swarm in countless
+thousands over vegetation, sucking up the sap and causing it to wither
+and die in consequence, as in the case of the Chinch Bug of North
+America upon wheat, and the Rutherglen Bug in Australia among field
+crops. Others are predaceous and very useful, destroying great numbers
+of leaf-eating grubs and caterpillars.
+
+These insects are well represented in Australia, and many of the larger
+and more showy ones were collected and described at a very early
+date, and their descriptions are scattered through the pages of many
+scientific journals. Numbers of our species have been described by
+Westwood (Hope Catal. 1837); Dallas (List Hemip. 1851); Walker (Catal.
+Heter. Brit. Museum 1867); Distant (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1886,
+etc.); Kirkaldy (The Entomologist); and others in English journals;
+while among the Continental writers Messrs. Stal, Bergroth, Montandon,
+Horvath, and Reuter have been the chief workers.
+
+In 1893 Messrs. Lethierry and Severin commenced a “Catalogue of the
+Described Heteroptera of the World”; three parts were published, but,
+probably owing to the death of Lethierry, it was never completed, part
+three closing with the ANTHOCORIDAE, and most of the aquatic groups are
+not listed. Dr. Mayr has in his “Monograph of the Belostomidae 1871”
+noted our species.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXXI.--HEMIPTERA.
+
+ Family PENTATOMIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Biprorulas bibax_ (Bredden).
+ 3. _Peltophora pedicellata_ (Kirby).
+ 4. _Chaerocorus paganus_ (Fabr.).
+ 7. _Plautia affinis_ (Dallas).
+ 8. _Cuspicona simplex_ (Walk.).
+ 10. _Dindymus versicolor_ (Herr. Sch.).
+ 11. _Tectocoris lineola_ (Fabr.).
+ 13. _Oncoscelis sulciventris_ (Stal.).
+
+ Family PYRRHOCORIDAE.
+
+ 2. _Dysdercus sidae_ (Montrz.).
+
+ Family COREIDAE.
+
+ 5. _Mictis profana_ (Fabr.).
+
+ Family LYGAEIDAE.
+
+ 6. _Oxycarenus luctuosus_ (Mont.).
+ 12. _Oncopeltus quadriguttatus_ (Fabr.).
+ 15. _Lygaeus hospes_ (Fabr.).
+
+Family REDUVIIDAE.
+
+ 9. _Ptilocnemus femoralis_ (Horvath).
+
+ Family TINGIDAE.
+
+ 14. _Froggattia olivina_ (Horvath).]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXXI.--HEMIPTERA._]
+
+The Heteroptera have been divided into about twenty families, chiefly
+defined by the structure of the head and wings; these families are
+again subdivided into a great number of sub-families, many of the more
+important being represented in Australia.
+
+
+ Family 1. Shield Bugs.
+
+ PENTATOMIDAE.
+
+This group comprises many of our largest and most brilliantly marked
+tropical plant bugs, distinguished from all those of other families
+by the remarkable size of the scutellum which frequently covers the
+two pairs of wings and dorsal surface of the abdomen. The majority of
+these insects fly well. The head is usually furnished with 5-jointed
+antennae (though some are restricted to four joints), and two ocelli.
+It is one of the largest groups, and has been divided into fourteen
+sub-families. There are over 4,000 species in the family, and it is
+well represented in Australia. This family is sometimes known under the
+name SCUTELLERIDAE.
+
+The Cherry Bug, _Peltophora pedicillata_, is a bright metallic green
+bug mottled with black spots on the back; the greater part of the under
+surface, edges of the thorax, and two blotches at the base of the
+scutellum are bright coral red: it measures ½ an inch in length and is
+broad in proportion. It has a range from New South Wales (where it is
+often found on strong-scented flowering shrubs and has been recorded as
+a cherry pest) to N. Queensland, where it is very abundant on the wild
+fig trees. _Tectocoris lineola_ is so variable in size and colouration
+that it has been described under eight varietal names and has an
+extended range from the north of N.S. Wales through Queensland to New
+Caledonia and China. It has a broad, elongate, convex body of a bright
+orange colour edged on the margins of the body with metallic green; the
+dorsal surface is covered with curious green or blue patches reminding
+one of Chinese letters; sometimes these markings are almost absent,
+in others so confluent that it is more blue than red. Donovan named
+our variety _T. banksi_, after Sir Joseph Banks, who first obtained
+specimens from Australia. _Chaerocoris paganus_ is under ½ an inch in
+length, and of an oval, beetle-like form; its general colour is red
+with dull metallic green forming blotches on the back, head, and sides
+of the thorax. It is very common at times crawling about on the rocks
+and ground about Sydney. _C. similis_ is a smaller darker form, only
+taken about Gunnedah, N.S.W., but it probably has a wider range.
+
+_Philia basalis_ is one of the common fruit bugs of N. Queensland. It
+is slightly over ½ an inch in length, with elongate convex scutellum,
+and a uniform rich metallic green tint, with a bright coral-red spot
+behind the head and two similar ones at the base of the scutellum; the
+sides of the abdomen are bright red on the under surface. _P. senator_
+is a smaller, more variable form, with the coral-red markings not so
+distinct. _Philia regia_, about the same size as the last species, is
+of a rich coppery-red tint, with the hind portion of the back bright
+yellow, and the ventral surface and legs bright green and yellow. Both
+these species and _P. senator_ are found along the Queensland coast.
+
+The Genus _Calliphara_ contains a number of large bugs, elongate but
+broadly rounded in front, with the scutellum forming a complete convex
+shield over the back; 26 species are described ranging from China
+through the Malay Peninsula to Queensland. _Calliphara imperialis_
+measures over ¾ of an inch in length, and has the whole of the dorsal
+surface, except the tip of the abdomen, bright shining red; the
+under surface, legs, and tip of abdomen are dark metallic green. _C.
+billiardierei_, about the same size, has the back and the under surface
+of the abdomen (except the tip) red; the head, thorax, legs and tip
+of abdomen deep metallic green with dull purple tints. _C. cruenta_
+is a much smaller species, the thorax and basal half of the back red,
+shading into purple toward the tip. _C. nobilis_ has the head and
+thorax dark, with the dull red back spotted with black. All our species
+of this genus are found in the tropical scrubs of N. Queensland.
+
+_Cantao parentum_ measures over an inch in length, and is more elongate
+in form; it is of a uniform dull red tint, with the whole of the dorsal
+surface marked with small irregular black dots; the legs and under
+surface are black. It ranges along the Queensland coast. It has been
+reported to have attacked cherries in Southern Queensland. The Genus
+_Testrica_ contains several little brown bugs, short and broad, with
+the front of the thorax more or less produced into a spine, and the
+extremity of the abdomen broadly rounded. _Testrica bubala_ is not more
+than ⅙ of an inch in length, with the shoulders sharply spined; it is
+found upon the foliage of small gum trees.
+
+The sub-family CYDINAE contains a number of curious little black
+shining bugs that live on the ground and are often found hiding under
+stones. They are quick and active in their habits, and might easily be
+mistaken for small black beetles. _Geobia australis_, under ¼ of an
+inch in length, is of a uniform pitch-black colour, with the exposed
+tips of the elytra greyish-brown; it has spiny legs; the head is
+clothed with scattered hairs forming a fringe. _Adrissa_ atra is a much
+larger black bug; it has pitch-coloured elytra with brown tips. This
+common species is found about Sydney under stones and rubbish.
+
+In the PENTATOMINAE we have a large number of species. They are
+broadest across the base of the thorax, which is sometimes slightly
+angulate; the scutellum is large and angular, occupying the centre
+of the back but not covering the whole of the wing covers. _Notius
+depressus_ measures over ½ an inch in length, and is broad in
+proportion; the general colour is deep blue to purple, the sides of the
+head and thorax and ventral surface marked with yellow. It ranges from
+Tasmania to N.S. Wales.
+
+_Eumecopus australasiae_ has a wide range, and is often found in wattle
+scrub resting on tree-trunks. It measures about an inch in length, is
+a very active insect, and flies readily when disturbed. Its colour is
+dull brown, mottled with small dull yellow spots; these form several
+short parallel rows on the pointed head, and there is a distinct yellow
+spot at the apex of the scutellum.
+
+The Genus _Poecilometis_ contains 14 species peculiar to Australia.
+They are of the same general form as the last group, are found in
+similar localities, and are all of a more or less reddish-brown tint.
+_Poecilometis histricus_, about ¾ of an inch in length, is of a light
+brown colour with ochreous markings. _P. gravis_, found upon wattle
+scrub, is smaller than the last species and is of a more reddish-brown
+tint. _P. strigatus_, about ½ an inch in length, is of a similar
+brownish colour.
+
+_Dictyotus plebejus_ is one of our commonest little dull brown bugs; is
+about ¼ of an inch in length and nearly as broad as long. It has a wide
+range over Eastern Australia, and is found, often in numbers, under
+stones, dry cowdung, or dead logs. The genus is peculiar to Australia,
+and contains 18 described species.
+
+_Commius elegans_ is common on the foliage of the native cherry about
+Mittagong, N.S.W.; it is just under ½ an inch in length; is of a
+general blue black colour with the thorax and under surface yellow
+blotched with black; the sides and apex of the scutellum are edged
+with yellow; and a narrower transverse band of dull white crosses the
+back just below the tip of the scutellum. It has a wide range over
+Australia, and was described by Donovan in 1805. _Plautia nigripennis_
+is a much smaller plant bug, with the upper surface green, and the
+sides and tips of the elytra reddish brown; it ranges up the Queensland
+coast from the Tweed River, N.S. Wales. _P. affinis_ is a pretty little
+green insect which feeds on rice and other plants in the northern
+district of N.S.W. It measures about ⅓ of an inch in length.
+
+The members of the Genus _Cuspicona_ range from India to Australia and
+New Caledonia; eight species are described from Australia. _Cuspicona
+simplex_ is a finely rugose and green coloured bug about ⅓ of an inch
+in length, with the sides of the thorax produced into blunt spines,
+and the elytra broadly rounded to the tip. It infests many field crops
+and has been reported as doing serious damage to growing potatoes.
+_C. thoracica_ is a small green species, with the thorax produced
+into a stout spine on each side. The head and a broad band across the
+thorax are reddish brown; the margins of the thorax and the centre
+of the scutellum are marked with bright yellow. It is common in the
+eastern coastal districts, and has been found feeding on ground crops
+about Gosford, N.S.W. _C. forticornis_ is a larger green species with
+the thoracic spines red, and the dorsal surface thickly and finely
+punctured. It is common in the northern scrubs of N.S. Wales.
+
+The ASOPINAE contains two well known species of Australian bugs:
+_Cermatulus nasalis_ is common on the Richmond and Tweed Rivers,
+N.S.W. It measures slightly over ½ an inch in length, and has a
+somewhat rounded form, with a small projecting head. Specimens vary
+from an olive brown to almost black colour, and are mottled with
+deep red; the upper surface is deeply and closely punctured, and the
+tips of the elytra are metallic bronze. The Vine-moth Bug, _Oechalia
+schellembergi_, is one of our most interesting species from an economic
+point of view because it preys upon the caterpillar of the vine moth
+(_Phalaenides glycine_), several species of cut-worm, and the larvae of
+the fig-leaf beetle (_Galeruca semipullata_). They lay their rounded
+glassy eggs in patches of about a dozen upon the foliage, and the
+freshly emerged bug is dark brown, and flattened in form. The adult bug
+varies very much in size; the largest is about ½ an inch in length;
+it is very finely punctured, and is of a general light reddish brown
+colour mottled with yellow; the sides of the thorax are stoutly spined,
+and the abdomen is rather tapering toward the tip. It has a wide range
+over Australia, and is recorded from New Zealand.
+
+The Spined Orange Bug, _Biprorulus bibax_, is a well known orange pest
+about Moree and the Tweed and Richmond Rivers, N.S.W. It is a handsome
+bright green bug when alive, but after death usually changes to dull
+yellow; it measures nearly an inch in length and ¾ of an inch across
+from tip to tip of the large thoracic spines; the front of the thorax
+between these stout spines is somewhat depressed; the abdomen is broad
+and rounded, and the dorsal surface finely punctured.
+
+The TESSARATOMINAE are usually large insects found upon plants, and
+among them are several destructive species. Among a number of hemiptera
+submitted to D’Horvath for identification were two species, viz.,
+_Rhoecocoris (Oncoscelis) sulciventris_ and _Stilida indecora_, which
+both in the larval and perfect state swarm over the orange orchards
+in the north of N.S. Wales and, by sucking up the sap of the stalks,
+cause the unripe oranges to fall. Their habits and life history
+being identical, _Rhoecocoris (Oncoscelis) sulciventris_, which was
+identified by Olliff in the Agricultural Gazette N.S.W. 1892, I at
+first confused with _Stilida indecora_ (Ag. Gazette, N.S.W., 1901). _S.
+indecora_ is of a more reddish brown tint than _R. sulciventris_, with
+the dorsal surface of the thorax not punctured, and the apical areas of
+elytra more bell shaped, while the venation is much finer; while the
+thorax of _R. sulciventris_ is distinctly punctured and the anterior
+edge of the apical area of the elytra is broadly rounded. _Oncomeris
+flavicornis_ is our largest Australian plant bug, over 1½ inches in
+length, of a broad shield shape, over ¾ of an inch across the rounded
+thorax, and of a general dark reddish brown almost black colour on the
+dorsal surface; each elytron is richly marked on the basal half with
+bright yellow, and the apical portion is rich metallic purple. It comes
+from the tropical scrubs of N. Queensland.
+
+In the Sub-family DINIDORINAE we have _Megymenum insulare_, a typical
+form very common on the foliage of the low scrub of the semi-tropical
+forests of N.S. Wales and Queensland. It is of a general chocolate
+brown tint, with the inner apical markings of the elytra dull white; it
+measures just under ½ an inch; the sides of the head and the front of
+thorax are furnished with short angular spines, which are also present
+round the outer edge of the abdominal segments; and the whole of the
+dorsal surface is rugose. The immature larvae are brown, flattened, and
+fringed right round with bract-like processes.
+
+
+ Family 2. Gum-tree Bugs.
+
+ COREIDAE.
+
+This group contains bugs in which the scutellum does not extend as
+far back as the middle of the body; the head is generally furnished
+with four-jointed antennae inserted above on the sides of the head;
+there are two ocelli; and the sheath of the proboscis consists of
+four segments. Many species have the femora of the hind legs dilated
+or armed with blunt spines. The majority are dull coloured insects
+that have no distinctive common name in Australia, so for want of
+better, I propose to define them as “Gum-tree bugs,” as many typical
+forms feed upon the young shoots of our gum trees (_Eucalyptus_). In
+America they are sometimes called “Squash Bugs” from their fondness for
+pumpkin plants. Over 1,500 species have been described and placed in 29
+sub-families; and they are well represented in Australia.
+
+The MICTINAE are represented by one of our best known species, which
+I called the “Crusader Bug,” _Mictis profana_. It is a somewhat
+variable elongate insect just under an inch in length, of a uniform
+dull drab-brown, with the inner edge of each elytron marked with a dull
+yellow stripe, which, intersecting each other in the centre, produce a
+distinct cross on the back. The hind legs are thickened and the apex of
+the tibia forms a blunt spine. It has a wide range over Australia, and
+of late years has been found infesting the citrus orchards, where it
+punctures the young shoots and causes them to die back.
+
+The Genus _Amorbus_ contains 15 described species peculiar to this
+country, most of which feed upon the foliage of young gum trees and
+give out a very strong odour when touched; the young larval forms are
+often brightly coloured, but in the adult state all these bugs are
+dull brown. _Amorbus angustior_, under ¾ of an inch in length, has the
+dorsal surface flattened; the abdomen swells out on the sides beyond
+the edge of the folded elytra, and the whole surface is granulated or
+roughened. It is of a uniform chocolate colour with the antennae and
+abdomen rusty red. _A. robustus_ is a much larger species, stout in
+proportion, with the same elongate form, but the edges of the abdomen
+not projecting beyond the wings.
+
+_Mutusca brevicornis_ is a very slender brown bug, about ½ an inch in
+length, usually found resting among the grass. The head and thorax are
+elongate, with the former produced in front of the antennae into two
+slender lobes; the elytra are long and slender, and the wings well
+adapted for flight. _Riptortus robustus_ is also an elongate bug, but
+shorter and stouter, with the head short and angular; the thorax is
+short, rounded in front, and produced into a ridge behind, with a stout
+spine on either side. The body is long, constricted in the centre, and
+rounded at the tip: the thighs of the hind legs long, thickened and
+armed with a row of spines along the inner edge. The general colour is
+reddish brown.
+
+The Genus _Leptoglossus_ contains some handsome species which are
+remarkable for having the tibiae of the hind legs dilated into
+leaf-like processes. _Leptoglossus membranaceus_ is an elongate,
+flattened, black bug banded with a slender red line across the thorax;
+the head is small, projecting in front of the triangular thorax; and
+the shield shaped body comes to a rounded tip. The fore legs are
+slender, but the hind pair are slightly thickened on the thighs and
+roughened on the inner edges; and the tibiae have leaf-like projections
+on either side, giving it a very remarkable appearance. It is common
+in North Queensland and ranges over Africa, India, Ceylon, and the
+Philippines.
+
+
+ Family 3. Chinch Bugs.
+
+ LYGAEIDAE.
+
+This is a family containing about 1,400 described species divided into
+thirteen sub-families, but many of the latter are very restricted
+in their numbers, the majority coming under the typical sub-family
+LYGAEINAE. Their general characters are similar to those of the
+Coreidae except that the antennae are inserted below the eyes, and the
+head is not so flattened and more angular in front. They are smaller
+bugs of more delicate structure, and their prevailing colours are brown
+or black variegated with red and yellow; some of them, such as the
+Chinch Bug of North America, are very destructive pests. As they have
+no distinctive group name I have adopted Professor Comstock’s name of
+“Chinch Bugs.”
+
+The LYGAEINAE contain most of the bright coloured species, often marked
+with red; the wing covers are usually of a somewhat delicate texture.
+
+_Astacops laticeps_, about ⅓ of an inch in length, is a slender black
+bug with the head and sides of the elytra bright red. _Scopiastes
+vitticeps_, about the same size, has the head, thorax, and sides of the
+body red. Both these insects are common on the grass and field crops
+on the Northern Rivers of N.S. Wales. _Lygaeus hospes_ measures ½ an
+inch in length, is of the typical elongate form, and is black marked
+with bright red forming a broad indistinct cross on the basal portions
+of the elytra. It has a wide range from China and India to Australia
+and New Caledonia. _L. mactans_ is a much smaller insect, with the
+head, base of thorax, and the greater part of each elytron bright red.
+It has a wide range over Australia, and is also recorded from Fiji.
+_L. decoratus_, about ½ an inch in length, has the whole of the head,
+thorax, and sides of the elytra banded with red and black; it comes
+from Queensland.
+
+The Cotton Bug, _Oncopeltus quadriguttatus_, figured in my notes in
+the Agricultural Gazette 1901, should be according to Horvath _O.
+sordidus_, Dallas, though the latter name is given as a synonym of the
+first in L. and S.’s Catalogue. It measures ½ an inch in length, is
+of a general black colour, with the head and two depressions in the
+centre of the thorax dull red, and the scutellum and basal half of each
+elytron deep orange red; the abdomen is dull red and clothed with short
+down. They lay their eggs to form a ring round a twig, sometimes as
+many as a hundred in a cluster; the larvae are flat and almost circular
+in form, of a general red colour mottled with metallic blue spots, and
+the legs and antennae are dark coloured. This bug is common on the
+cultivated cotton plants about the Richmond River, and ranges from
+Sydney into Queensland.
+
+The Rutherglen Bug, _Nysius vinitor_, is one of the most destructive
+plant bugs in Australia; breeding in grass lands, during the summer
+it swarms over all kinds of field crops and fruit trees in countless
+millions, sucking up the sap of both the foliage and fruit. It has a
+very wide range, and takes its popular name from the town in Victoria,
+in which it was first recorded damaging grapes. It is a tiny creature,
+under ⅙ of an inch in length, is dull brown to grey in colour with
+silvery grey wings; it is very active and flies well. It is so common
+that under favourable conditions it might become here as serious a pest
+as the Chinch Bug of North America. The Genus is a very extensive one,
+containing 69 species distributed from Greenland to S. America, thus
+almost world wide in its range.
+
+The Coon Bug, _Oxycarenus luctuosus_, is a tiny black and white bug
+about the same size, originally described from New Caledonia. It is
+very common, chiefly in the inland districts, swarming over the ground
+in millions. When in the larval state, before the wings are developed,
+its general colour is bright red, and it is then much more noticeable,
+giving the fences on which it rests in the day time a curious blood-red
+tint. So far it has never been recorded as a plant pest, but that is
+probably only because it is chiefly a western species, where little
+fruit is grown.
+
+
+ Family 4. Fruit Bugs.
+
+ PYRRHOCORIDAE.
+
+These bugs differ from the last family only in the fact that they are
+not provided with ocelli. It is a small family containing under 400
+described species, placed in two sub-families.
+
+The LARGINAE contains a number of red coloured bugs, the majority
+of which are confined to South America. The members of the Genus
+_Physopelta_ however belong to the Indian and Malay region; and _P.
+famelica_ ranges from Ceram to Woodlark Island, and down the Queensland
+coast to the Tweed River. It measures under ¾ of an inch in length, is
+of the typical form, and of a general dull red tint, with the head,
+centre of the thorax, and legs dark brown; the centre of the scutellum
+and four spots on the sides of the elytra are black.
+
+The PYRRHOCORINAE comprise the bulk of this family, which are chiefly
+found in Africa and Asia. The “Harlequin Fruit-bug,” _Dindymus
+versicolor_, was originally described from Tasmania, but has a wide
+range over Australia. They shelter and breed in the crevices on tree
+trunks, and often damage ripe fruit. It measures slightly over ½ an
+inch in length; the under surface is yellowish, with the head and
+thorax blood red, the latter barred with white. The upper surface and
+legs are black, with the greater part of the thorax and basal half
+of the side of each elytron bright red. _Dindymus circumcinctus_ is
+a slightly smaller, much darker species, the red only showing on the
+outer margins of the thorax and elytra. I have specimens collected near
+Sydney.
+
+_Dysdercus sidae_ belongs to a genus world wide in its distribution,
+and containing over 50 described species. This species is common on the
+Richmond River N.S.W., frequenting the cultivated cotton plants, where
+it can be seen running over the opening cotton bolls, and discolouring
+them with its excrement in the same manner as the “American Cotton
+Stainer,” _Dysdercus suturellus_, is reported to do in the United
+States. Our species measures about ½ an inch in length; it is red, with
+the scutellum and a distinct rounded spot in the centre of each elytron
+black. The antennae, eyes, and apical areas of the elytra are also
+black; the front and sides of the thorax marked with dull white.
+
+
+ Family 5. Lace Bugs.
+
+ TINGIDAE.
+
+These are all small plant bugs without ocelli; the terminal joint of
+the antennae is swollen or clubbed; the pronotum is large, covering
+the scutellum; the neuration of the elytra is very distinct, forming
+intricate, lace-like patterns; the feet consist of two joints. They
+are true plant-feeding bugs, generally sucking up the sap from the
+under-side of the leaf, and when numerous often become pests. Between
+four and five hundred species of TINGIDAE have been described,
+and are placed in two sub-families. Few species have been recorded from
+Australia, but this is probably not owing to their absence, but because
+collectors are apt to overlook these small creatures.
+
+_Serenthia pectipennis_ is a tiny dark brown bug, hardly ½ of an inch
+in length; the oval body is convex, and broadly rounded to the apex,
+with a curious lighter brown pattern on the elytra. It comes from Glen
+Innes, N.S.W.
+
+The Olive-tree Bug, _Froggattia olivina_, was described from specimens
+sent to Horvath; its native food plant is the wild olive (_Notalaea
+longifolia_); the larvae infest the under surface of the leaves, and
+cause them to wither and drop off. It has now transferred its attention
+to the cultivated olive, and when numerous will almost defoliate the
+trees; it has a wide range over N.S. Wales, but I know no record of
+it from the other States. It is a slender, handsome little dark brown
+bug, about ⅙ of an inch in length, and has typical clubbed antennae.
+The elytra are swollen out toward the base, arcuate on the sides, and
+rounded at the extremities, with lace-like reticulations on the apical
+areas; the thorax is rounded and convex.
+
+_Oncophysa vesiculata_ is another curious little elongate bug, about
+the same length; of a uniform dark brown tint; the upper surface is
+marked with distinct ridges and fine punctures, and a pair of large
+bulbous processes stand up prominently at the base of the elytra. It is
+common about Sydney, where it feeds upon the little native cotton bush.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXXII.--HEMIPTERA.
+
+ Family REDUVIIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Opistoplatys australasiae_ (Westw.).
+ 3. _Pirates ephippiger_ (White).
+ 6. _Pristhesancus papuensis_ (Stal).
+ 12. _Gminatus nigroscutellatus_ (Bredden).
+ 15. _Gardena australis_ (Horvath).
+
+ Family PENTATOMIDAE.
+
+ 2. _Cuspicona forticornis_ (Bredden).
+ 4. _Poecilometis strigatus_ (Westw.).
+ 7. _Megymenum insulare_ (Westw.).
+ 8. _Philia basalis_ (Grey).
+ 9. _Poecilometis histricus_ (Stal).
+ 13. _Cermatulus nasalis_ (Westw.).
+ 14. _Geobia australis_ (Erich.).
+ 16. _Notius depressus_ (Dall.).
+
+ Family COREIDAE.
+
+ 5. _Amorbus robustus_ (Mayr).
+
+ Family GALGULIDAE.
+
+ 10. _Mononyx annulipes_ (Horvath).
+
+ Family PENTATOMIDAE.
+
+ 11. _Oechalia schellembergi_ (Guérin).]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXXII.--HEMIPTERA._]
+
+
+ Family 6. Fungus Bugs.
+
+ ARADIDAE.
+
+These are dull coloured black or brown bugs of moderate size, with the
+dorsal surface very rugose, and the whole insect thin and flattened,
+admirably adapted to the life it leads hidden under the dead bark on
+tree trunks, their chief food being fungous growths found upon the damp
+bark. Howard calls them “Flat Bark Bugs,” and remarks that they look as
+if they had been stepped upon.
+
+They have the tip of the abdomen exposed, as the elytra are shorter
+than the body, which is also exposed on the sides when the wings are
+folded. Like the Lace-bugs (_Tingidae_) they have no ocelli, but,
+unlike them, they have the scutellum exposed. This family contains
+about 300 described species, divided into four sub-divisions. Erichson
+has described several from Tasmania (Arch. 1842); Bergroth (Verh. Z. b.
+Ges. Wien 1886) and Walker (Cat. Heter. 1874) others from Australia.
+
+There are a number of undetermined species in our Museum collections,
+most of which are to be found upon fallen timber where the bark is
+rotting and peeling off the trunk.
+
+
+ Family 7. Water Striders.
+
+ HYDROMETRIDAE.
+
+These are aquatic insects, living upon the surface of the water,
+and some are even found on the open ocean, hundreds of miles away
+from land. They, like most other water-dwellers, are covered with a
+velvet-like pubescence; the head is ornamented with large projecting
+eyes; the antennae are four-jointed. They may be wingless; when
+present, the elytra are of a uniform texture. Most of the species are
+furnished with very long legs. The tarsi are two-jointed. About 160
+species are described under four sub-families; only three or four are
+described from Australia; but more from the open waters of the Pacific
+Ocean.
+
+In the genus _Gerris_, Skuse (Records of the Australian Museum, 1893)
+described a species from the waters of Sydney Harbour under the name
+of _Gerris australis_. It varies from dark shining olive to black on
+the dorsal surface; the ventral surface is yellow with grey tints. It
+is covered with a fine silvery pubescence, and measures ⅓ of an inch
+in length. _Hydrometra strigosa_, described by Skuse from specimens
+from the swamps about Botany, N.S.W., is a larger insect, of a uniform
+brownish yellow tint; and it has a more slender shape.
+
+_Halobates whiteleggi_ is a small ochreous water-bug about ⅙ of an
+inch in length, and was obtained by Skuse in swarms in the sheltered
+nooks of Sydney Harbour. Another species discovered in Torres Straits
+has been named _Hermatabates haddeni_, after its discoverer, Professor
+Hadden.
+
+The closely allied small family HENICOCEPHALIDAE consists of a single
+genus, the members of which are widely distributed. We have one
+described from Tasmania by Westwood under the name of _Henicocephalus
+tasmanicus_. They fly in swarms, dancing in the air together like
+midges. It is noticed they give off a musk-like smell.
+
+
+ Family 8. Assassin Bugs.
+
+ REDUVIIDAE.
+
+This is a large division of the Hemiptera, and its members are
+carnivorous, destroying different kinds of insects, which they impale
+with their beaks, and from which they suck the blood; many can give
+a painful stab with the stout beak if handled carelessly. The head
+is long, narrowed behind, and freely movable; the rostrum or beak is
+short, stout, and is curved under the head, not extending far under
+the thorax; the antennae are long, slender towards the tips; the legs
+are long, slender, and often hairy; the elytron consists of three
+divisions. Some species are wingless. They exhibit much variety in size
+and colouration, and their shape is often adapted to their habits. The
+large immature forms of one undetermined species, found plentifully
+about Maitland, N.S.W., hides in the sand under the shelter of a
+log or stone; each covers its back with bits of sand or dirt, and,
+thus disguised, it lies in wait for its prey. Over 2,000 species are
+described from all parts of the world, and they are grouped into 14
+sub-families.
+
+The EMESINAE contain a very curious group of slender grey bugs with
+long legs. They might at first sight be mistaken for “daddy longlegs”
+or “crane-flies”; and are found, too, in similar situations, viz.,
+resting on tree trunks or under the cover of logs and bark; and they
+probably live chiefly on these long-legged flies. _Gardena australis_
+is of a uniform brown tint, mottled on the legs and elytra with grey.
+It is of the usual slender form, with elongate hairy legs. It and
+several similar but undetermined species are common about Sydney.
+
+_Opistoplatys australasiae_, representing the small sub-family
+TRIBELOCEPHALIDAE, was described and figured by Westwood in 1859; it
+is not uncommon on tree trunks about the Richmond River, N.S.W. It
+measures over ½ an inch in length, and is flattened on the dorsal
+surface; the abdomen is elongate, and rounded at the apex; its general
+colour is dull chocolate brown, with the centre of the back slightly
+pubescent.
+
+In the group HOLOPTILINAE are some species with feather-like hind legs,
+the tibiae being densely clothed with long dark hairs. They are usually
+found on the trunks of dead trees, under the shelter of the drying
+detached bark, where they are found in all stages of development;
+they probably feed upon the small insects that come there for
+shelter. Horvath has identified those I have sent him as _Ptilocnemus
+femoralis_, a new species, though there are four other species
+described from Australia. This new species measures over ⅓ of an inch,
+and has the head, thorax, and joints of the legs dull yellow; the under
+surface and apical areas of the elytra are marbled with black and
+brown; the antennae, head, thorax and legs are fringed with long black
+hairs, which on the hind tibiae are so thick as to give the appearance
+of a feather or brush. _Aradellus cygnalis_, figured and described by
+Westwood (Thesaurus Ent. 1874), is also found hiding under dead bark on
+tree trunks. Some specimens were taken at Gunnedah, N.S.W., but I also
+have a closely allied, if not a new species, from Bathurst, N.S.W. It
+measures slightly over ⅙ of an inch in length, is of a general blackish
+brown colour, with yellowish legs, and the elytra are black, mottled
+with blotches of white; the curious thickened antennae and legs are
+fringed with short stout, bristle-like hairs.
+
+The ACANTHASPINAE are larger slender-legged bugs, well represented
+in Australia. The genus _Sphedanocores_ contains several distinct
+species with a wide range. _S. distinctus_ measures over ¼ of an inch
+in length, and is mottled and barred with dark orange and black; the
+head is turned downwards and the rostrum is stout; the thorax is very
+rugose. _Reduvius personatus_ is a cosmopolitan species that takes
+up its quarters in the house, covering itself with bits of dirt and
+feeding upon the common bed bug. It is recorded both from Australia and
+Tasmania. The larval form of an allied bug has the broad back concave,
+and covers itself with particles of sand; it rests under the shelter of
+logs and stones where it lurks during the day. _Reduvius rivulosus_ is
+a large bug measuring ¾ of an inch in length; it is of a general dull
+brown colour with the elytra mottled with dull yellow, while the whole
+insect is clothed with fine woolly hairs, denser upon the legs. It
+comes from the Shoalhaven district, N.S.W.
+
+The PIRATINAE comprise some of the so-called “Assassin bugs”; in colour
+most of them are dark brown or black, marked with dull yellow; they
+hide under stones in the daytime, and often in summer come flying to
+the lights in the house at night, when, if carelessly handled they can
+inflict a very severe stab with the beak. _Pirates ephippiger_ is one
+of our largest species, measuring over ¾ of an inch in length. It is of
+a uniform dull black, with the stout legs reddish brown in colour, and
+there is a heart-shaped patch of bright yellow behind the scutellum.
+The prothorax is narrow, smooth and rounded, with a constriction
+separating it distinctly from the broader mesothorax which is also
+smooth and rounded. _P. flavopictus_ is a very much smaller species,
+black in colour, with the yellow blotch behind the scutellum. The whole
+insect is clothed with fine hairs. It is a common species in New South
+Wales, and has a wide range over the southern part of the continent.
+Twelve other species of this large genus are described from Australia
+and Tasmania.
+
+The HARPACTORINAE is the largest division of this family, and comprises
+both the large spiny “assassin bugs” that crawl about among the foliage
+or hunt over the tree trunks, and some typical forms, most plentiful in
+tropical countries.
+
+_Havinthus depressus_ is a small, flat, dark brown species, under ½
+an inch in length, with the outer margins of the body mottled with
+dull red. _H. rufovarius_ is a larger bug of a general black colour,
+with the head, front of thorax, legs, bases of the elytra, and under
+surface of the abdomen marked with deep red. The body is rugose and
+clothed with short stiff hairs. It has a wide range over Australia; and
+a very large variety, with blood red markings, from Kalgoorlie (W.A.),
+measures over an inch in length.
+
+The members of the Genus _Gminatus_ are peculiar to Australia, and
+are found hunting over tree trunks and flowers. The body is somewhat
+constricted behind the thorax, broadening towards the rounded apex.
+_Gminatus nigroscutellatus_, over ½ an inch in length, is of a
+general bright red colour, with the legs and scutellum black, and the
+apical areas of the elytra rich metallic bronze. The dorsal surfaces
+of the head and thorax are ornamented with a number of tubercles
+or spines. _G. australis_, slightly smaller and more slender than
+the previous one, differs in having the head black; the prothorax
+black and furnished with two pairs of black spines, and the shorter
+spines in the rest of the thorax tipped with black. The Bee Killer,
+_Pristhesancus papuensis_, is a large brown bug, nearly 1¼ inches in
+length, and thickly clothed with short buff hairs. The outer edge of
+the thorax is produced into erect blunt tubercles, seven in number,
+forming an angle on the outer margins. The dorsal surface of the
+abdomen is very concave; the folded elytra lie sunk well below the
+sides of abdomen, which are flanged and raised.
+
+It has been observed sitting on the tassels of maize cobs, catching and
+sucking the blood out of hive bees as they come for the pollen. It is
+common on the Tweed River, N.S.W., and in Queensland.
+
+The members of the Genus _Helonotus_ are similar large carnivorous
+bugs. Specimens are recorded from Cape York (Queensland), and the
+tropical scrubs of New Guinea.
+
+
+ Family 9. Bed Bugs.
+
+ CIMICIDAE.
+
+The family to which the common bed bug of unsavoury reputation belongs,
+is a very small one, comprising only a few genera and about a dozen
+species. They have no ocelli; the wing cases are short and do not reach
+to the tip of the abdomen; the head is short, with the rostrum when at
+rest fitting into a groove beneath it.
+
+_Cimex lectularius_, the common house bug, is supposed to have come
+originally from Asia into Europe, and thence transported over the
+world. Several other species are found in Europe and America, another
+in India, and indigenous species both in Chili and the Isle of Bourbon.
+A fossil bug has been found in the Lower Tertiary beds in Scotland
+which is said to be very similar if not identical with the present
+household pest. Kirkaldy has recently created the Genus _Klinophilos_
+to contain our common bed bug, though it has always been considered to
+be Linne’s type of the Genus _Cimex_.
+
+
+ Family 10. Leaf Bugs.
+
+ CAPSIDAE.
+
+These are all small plant-eating bugs of somewhat delicate structure,
+and form a family of considerable size; over 2,000 species having been
+recorded from all parts of the world. Several species are well known
+pests in India and Ceylon, and a few in America are said to prey on
+small insects. Very little attention has been paid to the collection of
+these small bugs in this country, but Mr. Kirkaldy informs me that 35
+species have been described from Australia, chiefly by Walker, Reuter,
+Distant and himself.
+
+They have no ocelli; the antenna is four jointed, with the second joint
+usually very long; the scutellum is triangular and very small; the
+elytra and wings are large, the former remarkable for having only two
+cells in each apical area; the female is furnished with a well-defined
+ovipositor. In his “Memoir upon the Rhynchotal family Capsidae” (Trans.
+Ent. Soc. London 1902), Kirkaldy lists 6 described species, and also
+defines 5 new species which were collected at Alexandria, Victoria.
+_Eurybrochis zanna_ is a mottled reddish brown insect, darkest towards
+the extremity, measuring under ¼ of an inch in length, and of the
+usual form. _Austomiris viridissimus_ is a longer, more slender bug of
+a general greenish tint. _Zanessa rubrovariegata_ is again a little
+longer, of a uniform brown tint marked with red on the elytra.
+
+Stal (Eugenie’s Resa Novara 1859) described 3 Australian species.
+
+
+ Family 11. Water Bugs.
+
+ CRYPTOCERATA.
+
+The several families included in this group comprise a number of
+aquatic or semi-aquatic bugs.
+
+The GALGULIDAE, known as “Sand-bugs,” are curious little creatures
+distinguished from the others in having ocelli. They are very short
+and broad in form, with projecting eyes, and in general appearance
+each suggests a miniature crab. They have short four jointed antennae
+situated below the eyes, and are furnished with legs well adapted
+for running on the ground. They are found on the edges of swamps or
+creeks, and feed upon different kinds of small insects. In colour they
+are usually of a uniform dull brown to black; the upper surface is
+generally much roughened. Never moving unless touched, they trust to
+their sordid colours to escape detection, for as they match the ground
+so well, they are difficult to find.
+
+_Mononyx annulipes_, one of our commonest species, is about ¼ of an
+inch in length; is of a uniform dirty brown tint, with the legs and
+under surface dull yellow; the body is very rugose and fringed on the
+outer edges with fine bristles. Montandon has described several other
+Australian species (Bulletin, Societé des Sciences, Roumania, 1899).
+
+The NEPIDAE are popularly known as “water scorpions” on account of
+the curious tail appendages projecting from the tip of the abdomen.
+They live in ponds, and feed upon different water insects, attaching
+their eggs to the leaves of the plants. They have the wing covers
+folded closely over the back protecting the wings from the water, and
+fly rapidly from pool to pool when the water dries up. There are many
+species found in Australia, most of which have a wide range. _Rantara
+varipes_, under 1 inch in length, has a tail about as long again as the
+body, and is of a light yellowish brown colour. It might be likened to
+a mantis, with its slender form and fore pair of legs furnished with
+spines on the inner edges to hold its prey. The other legs are long and
+slender with curved claws at the extremities.
+
+In the Genus _Nepa_ the insects have the head and body flattened;
+the elytra cover the wings; the abdomen is broadly rounded at the
+extremity, terminating in a pair of long slender bristles. The beak
+curved under the head is large and stout; the eyes are large, the fore
+legs are spined, and the other legs furnished with a pair of slender
+curved claws.
+
+_Nepa tristis_, measuring about 1 inch to the tip of the body, is of
+the usual form and dull brown colour, with the upper surface of the
+abdomen showing bright red when the wings are expanded. It is found in
+the bottom of ponds crawling about among the weeds.
+
+
+ Family 12. Fish-killers.
+
+ BELOSTOMIDAE.
+
+In the typical genus of this family we have some of the largest known
+Hemiptera, measuring up to 3 inches in length and broad in proportion.
+They are aquatic, generally living in still waters, feeding on small
+fish which they capture with their stout spined legs; they play havoc
+with the small fry in a pond, and are popularly known in consequence as
+“Fish-killers.”
+
+The body is broad, but flattened on the dorsal surface, coming to a
+rounded point at the apex; the well developed wings are folded beneath
+the horny elytra; the whole shape being well adapted to the life they
+lead. In summer time they often leave their ponds, and, attracted by
+the light, come flying to the windows.
+
+_Belostoma indicum_ has a wide range from Southern India to Australia;
+it measures slightly under 3 inches in length, and is of a uniform dark
+brown colour. The large curved beak bent under the head, projecting
+eyes, and great spined fore legs show its carnivorous propensities;
+the middle and hind legs are fringed with delicate swimming hairs, and
+terminate in a pair of fine claws. Unlike most of the other aquatic
+hemiptera, the abdomen terminates in an oval tip without any anal
+appendages.
+
+Sharp speaking of this family (Insects Pt. II. p. 567) says: “In the
+waters of the warm regions of the continents of both the Old and New
+Worlds they are common insects, but as yet they have not been found in
+Australia.” However, Mayr records it from Australia, “Die Belostomiden
+1871” (Verh. Z. C. Gesell, Wien); and I have a specimen from Port
+Darwin, Northern Territory, and also a number of specimens from
+Southern Queensland.
+
+_Sphaeroderma equis_ is a curious oval-shaped water-bug that crawls
+about among the mud and water weeds in water-holes and creeks; it has
+a very wide range, probably all over Australia; the female has the
+curious habit of carrying her eggs stuck upon her back in a regular
+sheet covering the whole of the elytra. It is of a uniform shining
+brown colour, and measures ¾ of an inch in length; the head is smaller
+than that of _B. indicum_, with the eyes not so prominent and angular.
+
+
+ Family 13. Back-Swimmers.
+
+ NOTONECTIDAE.
+
+These water-bugs have oval convex bodies and always swim with the belly
+upwards; their eyes are very large, situated on the sides of the head,
+the latter inserted into the prothorax, which overlaps it. The front
+legs are shortest, the fore tarsi not flattened but furnished with two
+claws. Their bodies are provided with long hairs which enable them to
+carry an air supply about with them. They are very active insects, and
+can be often observed in our water-holes and ponds swimming beneath
+the water, or coming to the surface and raising the tip of the body to
+obtain a fresh supply of air, when they can be easily captured with a
+hand net.
+
+They insert their eggs in the stems of water plants, which the female
+pierces with her sharp ovipositor; and some European species are known
+to hibernate in the mud at the bottom of the pools and water-holes.
+
+Several species are common in our ponds and creeks, and are savage
+little creatures destroying many other aquatic insects, and even small
+fish.
+
+_Enithares bergrothi_ is our common species with a very wide
+range over Australia. In their larval state they are silvery white in
+appearance, but as the elytra develop and cover the back they change to
+dark brown, mottled, shining creatures, with the body measuring about ⅓
+of an inch in length.
+
+
+ Family 14. Water-Boatmen.
+
+ CORIXIDAE.
+
+The members of the family CORIXIDAE differ from the “Back-swimmers,”
+though both are often called “Water-Boatmen,” in having the fore tarsi
+flattened, fringed with hairs on the edges, but without any claws,
+while the head overlaps the thorax. They swim the opposite way (with
+the back upwards), and are flattened on the ventral surface. One or
+more species may be often captured with a net in the same situations as
+the members of the former group.
+
+_Corixa eurynome_, described by Kirkaldy, is our common species found
+in creeks and water-holes all over Australia. It measures over ⅓ of an
+inch in length, with the scythe-shaped hind legs projecting behind; it
+is of a uniform chocolate brown colour on the dorsal surface, except
+the space between the eyes, which with the legs and ventral surface
+are dull yellow. The large flattened lead-coloured eyes are almost
+triangular.
+
+
+ Sub-Order II.--HOMOPTERA.
+
+This sub-division was formed to include some families of haustellate
+insects which, though closely related to the true plant bugs, have
+well-defined characteristics that bring them into a natural Sub-Order
+of their own. They all have the typical suctorial mouth, but the front
+of the head is much inflexed so as to be in contact with the coxae. The
+front pair of wings are not true elytra, being generally membranous,
+and are usually referred to as tegmina. Some, like the aphids, have
+both pairs of wings delicate and transparent; while in the scale
+insects, the females are always wingless, and the male is provided
+with a single, imperfectly veined pair only. When at rest, the wings
+in the typical homoptera are folded over the back like a roof, forming
+a ridge. All the families are well represented in Australia, except
+the _Aphidae_, of which no indigenous species have been recorded, the
+_Psyllidae_ with similar habits taking their place, at any rate in our
+western scrubs. Like true hemiptera, they each undergo an incomplete
+metamorphosis, some moulting many times before the final ecdysis; and
+all feed in the immature and perfect state on the sap of plants.
+
+Kirkaldy has recently described about 200 new species of the families
+Fulgoridae, Membracidae, Cercopidae, and Jassidae (Leaf Hoppers and
+their Natural Enemies Bulletin I. pt. IX., Hawaii 1905), collected
+by Messrs. Koebele and Perkins chiefly in Queensland. In his
+classification based on Hanson’s (Ent. Tedssker xi. 1890) he divides
+them into 8 families and creates 76 new genera.
+
+
+ Family 1. Cicadas.
+
+ CICADIDAE.
+
+The most familiar sound in the summer months in Australia, particularly
+along the coastal districts is the harsh, incessant screech of the
+cicadas; the hotter the day the shriller the tone, and from the first
+week in November to the end of January it is more or less constant.
+They are too well known to need much description, but it might
+be remarked that it is very unfortunate that they are commonly called
+“locusts” for, strictly speaking, the term “locust” should only be
+applied to the short-horned grasshoppers belonging to a different
+order, Family Acridiidae.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXXIII.--HOMOPTERA.
+
+ Family CICADIDAE.
+
+ 4. _Cyclochila australasiae_ (Donovan).
+ 1. Pupa on emergence from the ground.
+ 2. Pupa casting its skin.
+ 3. Fore-leg of pupa.
+ 5. Ovipositor and sheath separated.
+ 6. Side view of ovipositor.
+ 7. Ovipositor viewed from above.
+ 8. Cross section of ovipositor, showing cutting saws and egg
+ passages.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXXIII.--HOMOPTERA._]
+
+The head is broad, more or less truncate in front, with prominent
+eyes on the sides, and small gem-like ocelli arranged triangularly on
+the summit; each antenna consists of one stout basal joint surmounted
+with several (usually four) segments forming a bristle. The tegmina or
+fore wings, larger and stouter than the hind pair, are furnished with
+thickened veins, and are frequently mottled with brown, usually forming
+bands or spots on the cross nervures. The swollen fore legs are spined;
+the thorax is well developed; and while the large hollow abdomen of
+the male is pointed at the extremity, that of the female (usually the
+larger insect) is furnished with a horny retractile ovipositor, which
+is adapted for cutting the bark of the twig, wherein she deposits her
+eggs.
+
+The complicated musical apparatus of the male is situated between the
+thorax and base of the abdomen, and consists of a large plate on either
+side attached to, but extending over the basal portion of the abdomen
+(these plates are often called the drums or opercula); beneath in the
+abdomen is a cavity formed into two cells within which are two thin
+glass-like plates called mirrors; above these mirrors are bundles of
+muscles which lead to two membranes formed like kettle-drums; each
+membrane has a concave and a convex surface, the latter folded and full
+of ridges.
+
+Haswell (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1886) describes it thus: “The loud
+shrill note emitted by the insect is the result of a quick succession
+of crackling sounds produced by the movement of the stiff membrane
+with its horny ribs, through the agency of the muscle. Under ordinary
+circumstances, the sounds follow one another with sufficient quickness
+to produce a continuous note, and this is effected not by the
+contraction of the muscle as a whole, but by the successive contraction
+of individual _fasciculi_ (different filaments forming the whole),
+all of which act on the horny plate, and thus the movements of the
+muscle on the tendon during the production of the note resemble those
+of the hammer-board of a piano when a number of keys are being struck
+in quick succession.”
+
+The life history of cicadas has attracted much attention; on first
+emerging from the eggs they might easily be taken for minute shrimps,
+apparently all heads and claws. They cast themselves off the branch
+and, falling to the ground, burrow into the soil and follow down the
+roots, where they feed upon the sap and undergo a series of moults. We
+do not know the length of time that they take to develop underground,
+but the adults of several of our large species, though each year more
+or less in evidence, appear in greater numbers every third year, so
+that it is probable that three years is about the cycle of their
+subterranean existence. The grotesque pupa burrowing upward when fully
+developed, bores a vertical shaft often several feet long before it
+comes to the surface, when it crawls out and climbs up the nearest tree
+trunk or fence, where it clings till the skin splits down the back, and
+the perfect cicada emerges. The dry brown pupal shells firmly attached
+by the sharp claws remain long after the inmates have departed.
+
+Cicadas are well represented in our insect fauna, a number of large
+handsome species being found along the coastal forest country, and many
+smaller ones in the interior. The large ones attracted the attention of
+collectors at a very early date: Donovan, Leach, and Guérin described
+several, and Walker (British Museum Catalogue, Homoptera 1850) added a
+number of new species from material in the Museum collections, but his
+localities and descriptions are very vague and unsatisfactory. Since
+then Distant between 1882 and the present date has greatly increased
+our list of described species. In 1904 Dr. Goding and I monographed the
+Australian Cicadas (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.), describing a number of new
+forms, and bringing the number up to 120 species in 18 genera. Last
+year (1906), the Trustees of the British Museum issued a “Synonymic
+Catalogue of Homoptera, Part I., Cicadidae,” compiled by Distant; in
+this a number of alterations in the earlier classification are made,
+as indicated in his recent contributions on this family in “The Annals
+and Magazine of Natural History” 1900–1906. He places them in three
+distinct sub-families which are subdivided into seventeen smaller
+divisions. Many of our species are now placed in other genera.
+
+The sub-family CICADINAE contains many of our largest and most striking
+species. Its members have the front edge of the basal abdominal segment
+on each side produced forward in a leaf-like expansion, which more or
+less covers the sound organs.
+
+The genus _Thopha_ contains two very fine species: _Thopha saccata_,
+“The Double Drummer,” takes its popular name from the great size of
+the opercula projecting on the sides of the thorax. It is a reddish
+brown cicada, its wings marked with brown and black, and it measures 5
+inches across the outspread wings; it lives in open forest country; has
+a loud, distinct note; and ranges from South Australia to Brisbane.
+_Thopha sessiliba_ is a somewhat smaller but brighter-coloured species
+ranging northward along the Queensland coast from Townsville, and is
+found in Central Australia at Tennant’s Creek.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 154.=--_Thopha saccata_
+ (Fabr.).
+
+ The large Cicada called by the children “The Double Drummer.”
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Arunta_ was formed by Distant to contain two Australian
+species, of which _Cicada perulata_ described by Guérin is the type. It
+is a handsome insect, 4 inches across the wings; is of a reddish brown
+tint mottled with lighter colours; the wings are unspotted; and the
+male can be easily recognised by the large white frosted opercula. It
+is not a very common species; it is taken sometimes about Sydney.
+
+The next division contains three genera typical of Australian species.
+The Genus _Cyclochila_ until lately contained a single species, but
+Distant has lately described a second from N. Queensland. _Cyclochila
+australasiae_ is our common large green cicada, called by the children
+the “Green Monday.” The whole insect is rich green, the colour
+extending into the nervures of the tegmina; there is a yellow variety
+not so common, called in consequence the “Yellow Monday”: I have
+counted as many as 40 of these fine insects resting on the trunk of a
+small oak-tree in my garden in the early morning.
+
+The Genus _Psaltoda_ contains 7 species peculiar to Australia.
+_Psaltoda moerens_, our common black cicada, is called the “Red Eye”
+by the Sydney boys on account of the bright colour of the ocelli.
+It measures over 4 inches across the wings, which are mottled with
+black on the tegmina, and marked with the same colour on the wings.
+It frequents the smooth white-stemmed gum trees, and ranges from
+Brisbane, Queensland to Adelaide, South Australia, and is also found
+in Tasmania. _P. harrisi_ is a smaller and somewhat variable form both
+in size and colour; it varies from black to brown and even dull green;
+the wings are very slightly mottled, and it can be easily distinguished
+from the “Red Eye” by the more distinct silvery patch on the sides of
+the body.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 155.=--_Psaltoda (cicada)
+ moerens_ (Germer).
+
+ The Common Black Cicada or “Red Eye.”]
+
+The members of the Genus _Henicopsaltria_, four in number, are also
+peculiar to this country. _Henicopsaltria eydouxi_, one of our
+commonest species, frequents the trunks of the rough-barked gum trees;
+I have counted over 300 on a single tree on the coast near Gosford,
+N.S.W. It measures nearly 5 inches across the wings; is of a general
+mottled light brown and chestnut colour, with the wings infuscated with
+three zig-zag bands of brown; the opercula are orange red. _H. fullo_,
+peculiar to W. Australia, is a very distinctive blackish coloured
+species measuring about 3 inches across the wings; it can be easily
+identified by its banded wings and the dorsal surface of the abdomen
+ornamented with a transverse white band about the centre of the body.
+The Genus _Macrotristria_ now contains 7 species; most of these were
+originally described in the Genus _Cicada_, and have representatives
+in all parts of Australia, two coming from W. Australia, and two
+richly-coloured green species from the tropical forests of N.
+Queensland, while _Macrotristria angularis_, our common, large, dark
+brown species, variegated with light yellowish spots on the head and
+thorax and with deeply infuscated wings, ranges from Adelaide, S.A., to
+Queensland.
+
+The Sub-family GAENINAE contains a number of South American and Asiatic
+cicadas, among them some with very brightly coloured wings. Two members
+of the Genus _Tettigia_ are found in North Queensland and North
+Australia, both of which were once placed in the genus _Tibicen_;
+while _Tettigia tristigma_ is the type of the Genus _Tamasa_. The
+handsome black and yellow mottled _Gaeana maculata_, common in India
+and China, has been recorded by White from Australia, and Goding and I
+had specimens from the Northern Territory of S. Australia, but Distant
+does not notice this record.
+
+The Sub-family TIBICININAE have the front edge of the basal abdominal
+segment straight, not produced forward; and the sound organs are
+entirely uncovered. _Venustria superba_ is a curious ferruginous insect
+with rich coppery tints upon the tegmina and wings, which comes from
+North Queensland. Dodd usually collected it in the neighbourhood of
+termite nests.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 156.=--_Henicopsaltria
+ eydouxi_ (Guérin).
+
+ The Mottled Grey Cicada.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Abricta_ now includes most of our species previously placed
+in the Genus _Tibicen_; thirteen are listed from Australia. _Abricta
+curvicosta_, one of the largest, measures about 4 inches across the
+wings; is reddish brown with a pale stripe down the centre of the
+prothorax, and three black spots on each of the tegmina. It is one of
+the common species about Sydney, N.S.W., in midsummer, and is called
+the “Floury Miller” on account of the silvery pubescence covering the
+body which makes it look as if it had been dusted with flour. _A.
+aurata_ ranges from Tasmania and Victoria into the southern districts
+of N.S. Wales, and is usually found upon the fern trees; it is a
+smaller darker coloured cicada with a large, sometimes double, black
+spot on each tegmina.
+
+Distant (Pro. Zool. Soc. 1882) described a number of new species
+chiefly obtained from North Queensland; and, finding it difficult
+to give them distinctive specific names that would define their
+peculiarities, he got over the difficulty by naming them after
+Australian explorers. _A. willsi_ is a small species measuring
+about two inches across the wings, which are marked with two small
+spots, and it can be easily distinguished from all the others by the
+curious rugose yellowish patch on the sides of the prothorax. It has
+a very wide range over N.S. Wales, Queensland, North, and probably W.
+Australia, both along the coast and in the interior.
+
+_Parnkella muelleri_ is only about 1½ inches across the wings which
+have two spots on each tegmina, and is of a pale yellow tint. It is
+restricted in its range to North Queensland. The tiny little yellowish
+green cicada found upon the grassy plains of Southern Victoria and S.
+Australia, described as _Tibicen infans_, is now placed in the South
+African Genus _Quintilia_.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 157.=--_Macrotristria (cicada)
+ angularis_ (Germer).
+
+ The “Fiddler.”
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+The Genus _Chlorocysta_ contains two curious pale green insects with
+vitreous tegmina and wings, the former much more closely reticulated
+than the ordinary cicada, with many cross and parallel nervures. The
+head is small, and the body of the male is swollen and cylindrical.
+_Chlorocysta vitripennis_ was described by Westwood (Ann. Nat. Hist.
+1851); the larger male measures slightly over 2 inches across the
+wings. The female is greenish or reddish, the abdomen conical but not
+inflated. They frequent low scrub; the southern forms found about
+the Tweed River, N.S.W., are green or yellowish; those from North
+Queensland quite brown. _Glaucopsaltria viridis_, described by Goding
+and me from S. Queensland, is placed by Distant in this genus.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 158.=--Section of stem of
+ eucalyptus, in which the Black Cicada (_Psaltoda
+ moerens_) has laid her eggs.]
+
+The Genus _Melampsalta_ contains a great number of our small black or
+dark brown cicadas often marked with orange red or dull yellow. The
+members of the genus are found over Asia, Africa and Europe, over 40
+are described from Australia, and 7 from New Zealand. Some species are
+very numerous in early summer, and are known as “Squeakers” on account
+of their musical notes. _Melampsalta torrida_, originally described by
+Erichson from Tasmania, has a wide range round from Queensland to W.
+Australia. It is almost black, with several light marks in the centre
+of the thorax, and two irregular rounded confluent black spots at the
+tips of the tegmina. It measures about two inches across the wings, but
+is variable both in size and in the wing markings. _M. abdominalis_,
+about the same size, is black, with two lines of reddish yellow on the
+apical portion of the dorsal surface of the abdomen, and the under
+surface red; when the tegmina are closed there is a distinctive opaline
+mark on either side. It is common in S. Australia and N.S.W. _M.
+eyrei_ is a much smaller species, with the head and thorax black, lined
+with yellow, and the whole of the abdomen except the black tip, bright
+yellow; it is common in N. Queensland.
+
+The members of the Genus _Pauropsalta_ are easily distinguished
+from those of the previous group by having five apical areas in the
+wings, while the former have six. Sixteen species are described from
+Australia. _Pauropsalta encaustica_ is our commonest species with a
+very wide range over Australia; it is of a uniform black tint, with
+faint pale brown marks on the head and prothorax, and an infuscated
+patch on the hind margins of the wings; the abdominal segments
+are finely ringed with white to reddish brown. _P. annulata_ is a
+synonym of this cicada. _P. nodicosta_ is a small brown species from
+Kalgoorlie, W.A., with a curious node in the centre of the costal
+nervure of the tegmina. _P. mneme_, larger, and broader than _P.
+encaustica_, has the abdominal segments richly edged with red. It is
+common on the Blue Mountains, N.S.W.
+
+The Genus _Cystosoma_ was created by Westwood (1842) to contain the
+great green “Bladder Cicada” which he called _Cystosoma saundersi_,
+that at one time was common in the orange orchards around Newcastle,
+N.S.W. Mrs. Ross says it is now common about Armidale, N.S.W., on the
+sweet brier, and I have also had it on willows from Glen Innes N.S.W.
+A second much smaller species, with similar opaque green tegmina, _C.
+schmeltzi_, ranges up the coast of North Queensland.
+
+The two curious hairy brown cicadas belonging to the Genus
+_Tettigarcta_ are restricted in their range. _Tettigarcta tomentosa_,
+the darkest in tint, has each side of the thorax produced into a
+distinct spine; it is only found in Tasmania. _T. crinita_ comes from
+similar country in the Gippsland forests, Victoria; it is not quite
+so hairy, and has the thorax rounded on the outer margin without any
+spines.
+
+
+ Family 2. Frog-Hoppers.
+
+ CERCOPIDAE.
+
+The members of this family are not very numerous though world-wide in
+their distribution. They are stout, wedge-shaped, elongate insects
+of moderate size; the head is furnished with large flattened eyes
+on the sides; with a few exceptions two ocelli are present on the
+vertex between the eyes; the small, short antennae, composed of two
+bead-shaped joints surmounted with a bristle, are placed in front
+of and between the eyes. The pronotum is large with the triangular
+scutellum occupying the centre of the back; the tegmina, longer than
+the body, are coriaceous, reticulate, with two long discoidal and five
+or more apical cells. The coxae and femora are short; the posterior
+tibiae are hardly longer than the others, rounded at the base,
+spatulate at the apex, armed on the outer margins with two stout spurs,
+the second twice the length of the first; the tibiae and basal joints
+of the tarsi are terminated with rows of spines.
+
+Most of our known species were described by the French naturalists,
+Amyot & Serville (Annals Soc. Entom. de France 1845); and Walker (Brit.
+Museum Cat. Homoptera 1851); and but little attention has been paid
+to them since. Our most characteristic species belong to the Genus
+_Eurymela_. Seventeen species are listed by Walker from all parts
+of Australia. They are large, thickset frog-hoppers, with the head
+broad and truncate in front with the face much inflexed; their general
+tint is blue-black with the head and elytra marked with red or white
+bands or spots. They lay their eggs under the bark of young gum trees,
+slitting it in regular rings with their stout ovipositors and leaving
+a white papery substance along the punctures. The young cling to the
+twigs in clusters after they emerge, and they may often be seen in
+different stages of growth upon the same bush. They are very active
+little creatures, creeping round the twig when disturbed, and jumping
+as soon as they are touched. Many of them are much sought after by ants
+which come to them for the honey dew they secrete.
+
+_Eurymela bicincta_ measures ½ an inch in length, and is broad in
+proportion; it is of a uniform dark shining blue tint, with the head,
+thorax, and base of the elytra bright red. It has a wide range and may
+often be found in colonies of 30 or 40 clustering together on a gum
+sapling. _E. rubrovittata_ is about the same size; it is black, with
+the under surface, face, and three narrow transverse bands round the
+thorax and elytra bright red. It has a range from Western Australia to
+Queensland. _E. speculum_ is a common species, recorded from Tasmania
+to Queensland; it is of a uniform dark blue-black tint with a white
+patch on either side of the face, and two irregular oval white spots
+on each wing cover. _E. pulchra_ is smaller, with the head and thorax
+marked with red, and two irregular broken bands of white on the side of
+each wing cover.
+
+Five species of the Genus _Aphrophora_ are described by Walker from
+Tasmania and Australia. The members of this genus are known as
+“Cuckoo-spittle Insects” from the remarkable habit the larvae have of
+enveloping themselves in a mass of frothy liquid, which is supposed to
+be formed to protect their soft bodies from insects that might prey
+upon them; it, however, really makes them very conspicuous objects on
+a twig, and several species of wasps are known in America to drag them
+out of this covering and use them to provision their nests.
+
+Our common “Cuckoo-spittle Insect,” found upon the she-oak (Casuarina),
+ti-tree (Leptospermum), and Melaleuca, is _Chalepus teliferus_; the
+larvae are pale-brown soft oval creatures, which jump when removed
+from the frothy liquid, and in this liquid they remain enveloped until
+they are ready to emerge. The perfect insect measures under ½ an inch
+in length, is of an elongate boat-shaped form; the head is produced
+in front as a slender process, curved upwards; the tips of the elytra
+come to a compressed point; the general colour is dull reddish brown,
+with the horn on the head ferruginous, and the wing covers mottled on
+the sides with black. A second species, _Chalepus pugionatus_, has been
+described by Stal from Australia.
+
+
+ Family 3. Tree-Hoppers.
+
+ MEMBRACIDAE.
+
+This is a group of homopterous insects chiefly confined to the tropical
+parts of the world. They are well represented in Australia, though
+we have nothing like the remarkable creatures covered with horns and
+spines found in South America and popularly known in consequence as
+“little devils.” They are remarkable for the wonderful development of
+the prothorax which, projecting in front, often forms a hood above the
+head, so that the latter is much hidden when viewed from above; the
+eyes are globular and project on the sides of the head, and there is
+a pair of ocelli in a line between them; while the short bristle-like
+antennae are well below the eyes on either side of the base of the
+stout rostrum (beak), which at rest is turned down between the legs.
+The abdomen is covered with the wings and parchment-like tegmina,
+the extremities of which come together to form a sharp point. The
+legs are short and stout, without the numerous spines common on the
+“frog-hoppers”; and the tarsi consist of three joints, the first
+longest. They can both fly and jump very well, but trust to the latter
+method to escape from their enemies. They and the members of allied
+families can be easily collected by shaking or beating low scrub over
+an open umbrella; or can be bred from larval forms on the food plant.
+
+Very little attention had been paid to our tree-hoppers until a few
+years ago when Goding published his “Check List of the Membracidae
+described from Tasmania and Australia” (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1898);
+in this he gives many notes and lists 22 species, chiefly described by
+Walker (Brit. Museum Cat. Homoptera 1851), Fairmaire, in his Review
+of the family in 1846, and Stal in 1869. In 1903 Goding, in the same
+Journal, published a “Monograph of the Australian Membracidae.” In
+this he re-describes all the known, and adds a number of new species
+to our fauna, bringing the list up to a total of 32 described species,
+comprised in 14 genera, grouped in 6 sub-families, based chiefly upon
+the shape and structure of the prothorax.
+
+The Genus _Sextius_ contains five species, in which the prothorax is
+ridged in the centre and produced on either side into a rather short
+acute horn standing out on either side, and with the apical portion
+produced into a keeled spine extending to the tip of the abdomen.
+_Sextius virescens_, our commonest species, is of a delicate green
+colour, and feeds upon the sap of the black wattle and other species of
+Acacia. In early summer it may be found among the foliage in all stages
+of development; the trees they frequent are frequently infested with
+ants which come to obtain the honey dew. The female slits the bark with
+her ovipositor, and lays the eggs in rows. _S. depressus_, about the
+same size, slightly over ¼ of an inch in length, ranges from Western
+Australia to Queensland: at Kempsey, N.S.W., I obtained specimens on a
+slender leafed Acacia. It is of similar green colour to _S. virescens_,
+with the front of the thorax of a lighter tint, but the projecting
+horns are shorter and depressed, and the venation of the elytra is much
+finer. _S. australis_ is about the same size, and of a uniform black
+tint with a patch of bright silvery pubescence on the sides of the
+thorax, which is rounded in front and has very short blunt horns. It
+lives upon the branchlets of a prickly Hakea growing about Sydney.
+
+_Lubra spinicornis_ is a slightly smaller insect, of a general dull
+brown tint: it has the prothorax produced into two almost erect clubbed
+horns. Specimens have been obtained from Brisbane, Queensland, and the
+northern rivers of New South Wales. _Daunus tasmaniae_ is of the same
+chocolate brown colour; is more robust in proportion. The prothorax
+forms a regular hood swelling out on either side at the base of the
+tegmina, and the projecting horns are curved and deeply ridged, and
+are chisel-shaped at the tips. It is one of the commonest species in
+Tasmania, and is recorded over a wide area of the eastern mainland as
+far North as Brisbane.
+
+_Eufroggattia tuberculata_ is a rare insect usually found resting on a
+twig of a eucalyptus sapling, and is shaped very much like some of the
+small plant bugs belonging to the Genus _Testrica_; it is short and
+broad in form, with the head exposed; the thorax has short blunt horns;
+and the abdomen is broadly rounded at the apex.
+
+
+ Family 4. Lantern-flies.
+
+ FULGORIDAE.
+
+This is a very difficult family to satisfactorily define, as their
+members are very diverse in general shape and structure, with points of
+resemblance that bring some of the genera very close to the Cercopidae
+(from which however they differ in the shape of the head), while they
+somewhat resemble the Jassidae in the structure of the legs.
+
+The typical forms have the front of the head either produced into a
+lance-shaped structure, or the face and vertex either rounded in front
+or forming an acute angle. The eyes are large and stand out on the
+sides of the head; the ocelli, usually two in number, are situated
+below or near the eyes and are placed in the cavities on the cheeks; in
+a few species there are three ocelli, while in others they are wanting.
+The antennae, situated beneath the eyes, and often very peculiar in
+structure, consist of two short joints surmounted with a bristle.
+
+Many are large handsome insects with bright coloured tegmina and wings;
+others are of delicate green and grey tints, quite moth-like in form,
+but can be easily distinguished by the way they rest with their stiff
+roof-like wings, and by their active jumping habits. The legs are often
+long, and the hind pair are furnished with a few stout spines on the
+tibae, but never thickly spined as in the Jassidae. Many of our larger
+species are found both in the larval and perfect state, on tree trunks.
+A few species are well-known pests and have an extended range beyond
+Australia.
+
+Donovan described and figured several species (Insects of New Holland,
+1815); Westwood figured and described two in his “Monograph of the
+Genus Fulgora” (Trans. Linn. Soc. 1837): but the majority of our
+species are described by Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat. Homoptera, 1851), and
+he also named others in “Insecta Saundersiana, Homoptera,” 1858, which
+describes the insects in W. W. Saunders’ great collection.
+
+_Siphanta acuta_, better known under the name of _Cromna acuta_, is one
+of our commonest fulgorids, moth-like in appearance, of a pale green
+colour, with broad square-cut fore wings and a short pointed head. It
+measures about an inch across the outspread wings. It has a wide range
+in Australia; and its pale green fluffy larvae feed upon the sap of
+many plants, and readily jump when touched. It is also well known in
+Hawaii, Sandwich Islands, where it is called the “torpedo-bug” from the
+way it jumps; and it is said to be a pest on the coffee plants (Smith
+Annual Report, Hawaii 1904). A number of species of these moth-like
+forms are described by Walker from Australia and Tasmania, and placed
+in the Genus _Bythoscopus_, which genus, when further studied, will
+probably be much subdivided.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 159.=--_Scolypopa (Pochazia)
+ australis._
+
+ The Common Passion-vine Hopper.]
+
+_Pochazia australis_ measures about ¾ of an inch across the short broad
+fore wings, which are margined and irregularly barred with chocolate
+brown; the head is short and rounded in front. Melichar, in his
+“Monographie der Ricaniiden, Wien,” 1898, places _P. australis_ in the
+Genus _Scolypopa_. The larva is a green wedge-shaped little creature
+clothed at the tip of the abdomen with a bunch of white filaments.
+It is a very common insect with a wide range. Sometimes it is a pest
+on passion vines; the eggs are laid in the slender tendrils, and
+the larvae suck up the sap of the stalks. Another species is common
+among the foliage of the silky oak (_Grevillia robusta_) in Southern
+Queensland.
+
+_Achilus flammeus_ has the body and wings of a bright red colour, with
+the small head showing prominently in front: the broadly rounded opaque
+elytra and wings cover the short body. It measures about an inch across
+the outspread wings. Nothing is known about its habits or life history,
+but in the summer evenings it sometimes comes flying towards the light,
+and can be found on the windows.
+
+The Genus _Poeciloptera_ contains a number of small, short broad-winged
+forms. Donovan figures _Poeciloptera modesta_, which has pink fore
+wings, each marked with two small red spots, and the hind wings have a
+pale bluish tint.
+
+_Prolepta dilatata_ is a typical, dull reddish-brown fulgorid,
+measuring nearly an inch from the tip of the long slender head to the
+extremities of the folded tegmina which are broadest across the tips:
+and the slender prolonged forehead is over two lines in length. This
+insect was described from W. Australia, but it has a wide range and can
+be collected about Sydney. _P. obscurata_ is about the same size, more
+rugose in structure, and with markings of dark brown; the markings on
+the somewhat opaque wings are more distinct, striated and irregular
+than in _P. dilatata_: it can also be easily recognised by the shorter
+and thicker process on the forehead. It has a wide range over Australia.
+
+The Genus _Eurybrachys_ contains a number of short, dark brown insects
+with broad rounded heads; they run about on the trunks of trees,
+jumping at the least alarm. _Eurybrachys leucostigma_ is a very stout,
+broad, dull brown insect, about ¾ of an inch across the outspread
+wings. Some 16 species are described from all parts of Australia. The
+members of the Genera _Ledra_ and _Stenocotis_ are broad elongate
+insects with the front of the head spade-shaped, and the convex body
+tapers to a sharp point. Their larvae are almost as flat as a bit of
+paper. _Stenocotis australis_ is about ¾ of an inch in length, and of a
+dull brown tint.
+
+
+ Family 5. Leaf-Hoppers.
+
+ JASSIDAE.
+
+These insects are minute froghopper-like forms with the head rounded in
+front, and with the body tapering towards the tips of the tegmina. The
+head is large, with the oval or rounded eyes projecting on the sides,
+and with a pair of ocelli situated on the front margin. The antennae,
+bristle-like, of considerable length, are each composed of two short
+cylindrical basal joints with a thread-like terminal portion, and are
+placed in front and below the eyes. The legs are long, well adapted for
+jumping (their chief means of progression); and the tibiae of the hind
+pair are thickly clothed with stout spines.
+
+Though these insects are very small, many species appear upon crops
+and herbage in such immense numbers that they often do a great deal
+of damage, and are very interesting from an economic standpoint. In
+Japan, for instance, there are several species very serious pests in
+the rice fields; while in North America _Erythroneura vitis_ is a
+well-known pest upon the foliage of vines.
+
+They are abundant on the low scrub and grass lands in this country in
+favourable localities, and may be easily collected with a sweeping
+net, or by shaking the bushes over an open umbrella; yet, probably on
+account of their small size and retiring habits, few specimens are to
+be found even in our Museum collections.
+
+The sugar-cane hopper, _Perkinsiella saccharicida_, a native of
+Queensland, is a dull brownish yellow hopper with a dark parallel
+stripe down the centre of the basal portions of the tegmina; it
+measures a ¼ of an inch in length. Kirkaldy described it from Hawaii,
+where it has been introduced, and is a serious pest to the sugar-cane.
+
+A very pretty little unidentified species, bright red and yellow, with
+the fore wings marked with dark brown, is common upon the broad soft
+leaves of _Eucalyptus robusta_, where the curious little larvae rest
+in families of three or four; each is enveloped in white filaments
+which proceed from round the tip of the abdomen. The larvae of another
+species have been observed to form large colonies on the surface of
+the leaves of low eucalyptus bushes on the hills near Capertee N.S.W.
+They suck up the sap, discolouring the centre of the leaves; each
+exudes a globule of liquid from the tip of the abdomen, which they drag
+out into thin threads with their hind legs, to form a spider-web-like
+covering over their bodies, and this web dries soon after the leaves
+are gathered.
+
+
+ Family 6. Lerp Insects.
+
+ PSYLLIDAE.
+
+These are small homoptera, in appearance suggesting miniature cicadas.
+The head is generally broader than long, sometimes deflected and with
+large eyes; the ocelli are three in number, the lateral ones situated
+on the summit of the head close to the hind margins of the eyes, and
+the central one at the apex of the median suture. The antennae are
+each composed of ten joints, the first two shorter and thicker than
+the following ones, and the terminal joint surmounted with two short
+bristles. The thorax is broad, with well developed tegmina and wings,
+and like the aphids both pairs might properly be called wings. The
+venation is simple, constant, and useful in the work of classification.
+They are formed for jumping, with a spine-like process on the coxa of
+each hind leg, and the apex of the tibiae of the hind legs furnished
+with a row of short fine spines. The tarsi are two jointed, terminating
+in a pair of large claws.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 160.=--Diagram of Psylla (_Thea
+ opaca_) ♀.
+
+ Showing the structure and venation of the wings.
+
+ 1_a_, Face lobes; 2_a_, prothorax; 3_a_,
+ mesanotum; 4_a_, dorsulum; 5_a_, scutellum, tegmina;
+ 1_b_, costal nervure; 2_b_, primary stalk; 3_b_,
+ clavus; 4_b_, clavical suture; 5_b_, stalk of
+ sub-costa; 6_a_, stalk of cubitus; 7_b_, sub-costa;
+ 8_b_, lower branch of cubitus; 9_b_, upper branch of
+ cubitus; 10_b_, lower fork of lower cubitus; 11_b_,
+ stigma; 12_b_, upper fork of the lower branch of cubitus;
+ 13_b_, radius; 14_b_, lower fork of upper cubitus;
+ 15_b_, upper fork of upper cubitus.
+
+ 3, Genitalia ♂; 4, Genitalia ♀; 5, Head of _Spondyliaspis
+ eucalypti_, showing face lobes.
+
+ (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.)]
+
+The female lays her eggs in clusters on the twigs or foliage, from
+which the curious, little, large-headed larvae emerge, and, after
+undergoing a series of moults during which they develop large
+wing-pads on the shoulders and more joints in the antennae, they
+finally come forth, perfect four-winged insects. They take their family
+name from _Psylla_, a flea, given them by Linnaeus in reference
+to their jumping powers, and their popular name of “Lerp Insects,”
+from the habit of the larvae of many species of forming “lerp scales,”
+shell-like protective coverings formed from exudations from the
+insects. Other species cover themselves with flocculent matter after
+the manner of mealy bugs; and yet another group form regular oval or
+rounded galls on the foliage. They are found in most of the warmer
+parts of the world, and are very numerous in Australia, where they seem
+to take the place of the APHIDAE to a certain extent; they are
+readily collected in all stages of growth upon their food plant, and
+can be easily bred.
+
+The Sugar lerp, _Psylla eucalypti_, whose larvae cover the leaves
+of several species of gum trees with their white woolly shells, was
+described by Dobson from Tasmania (Pro. Royal Soc. Van Diemen’s Land,
+1851). It is a slender little green creature with very long face lobes,
+and, when crawling about, turns the tip of its body upwards, so that it
+looks as if it were walking on its head. It is now placed in the Genus
+_Spondyliaspis_.
+
+In the same year (1851) Walker published his Homoptera (Cat. Brit.
+Museum) in which he recorded 5 species, all from Tasmania; and it was
+not until 1898 that they were again noticed when Maskell described 3
+species from Australia (Trans. N. Zealand Inst.); and Schwarz defined
+another (Pro. Ent. Soc. Washington) in 1897. Between the years 1900 and
+1903 I contributed three papers (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.) monographing
+our species, in which 64 new species are added to our fauna. I followed
+Low in the classification of the sub-families, adding Scott’s fifth
+division for those with small heads and no face lobes.
+
+In the LIVIINAE, the front of the head is not produced into face lobes;
+the stalk of the cubitus is either shorter, as long as, or longer than
+the lower branch of the cubitus. _Crewiis longipennis_ is of a general
+bright red tint, and is ¼ of an inch in length; it ranges from Tasmania
+to the North of New South Wales. The larva forms a rounded pale yellow
+lerp covered with fine woolly filaments upon the leaves of gum trees.
+_Lasiopsylla rotundipennis_ forms a large, flattened, irregularly
+rounded white scale on the foliage of _Eucalyptus melliodora_, under
+which the flattened, pale green larva hides.
+
+The Sub-family APHALARINAE contains a number of small species, and
+the head is produced in front into face lobes, with the stalk of the
+cubitus as long as or longer than the stalk of the sub-costa. They
+usually form lerp scales; but some are naked, or clothed with soft
+white woolly filaments.
+
+Several species of the Genus _Spondyliaspis_ belong to this group; all
+of them form “sugar lerp scales,” often encrusting all the foliage
+of the young gum trees, and are so abundant that in the Mallee scrub
+country in Victoria and S. Australia the blacks used to collect and
+eat it in quantities, and had a regular “manna harvest.” _Cardiaspis
+artifex_ is a short, reddish yellow insect, the larvae of which form
+beautiful barred shell-like lerps, marked with red and yellow to look
+like delicate fretwork, upon the leaves of _Eucalyptus robusta_.
+_C. tetrix_ is a pretty pink and grey species found in the Adelong
+district, N.S.W. The larva constructs a most remarkable cage of fine
+red bars, not unlike a lady’s hair net, beneath which the larva
+crawls about freely like a bird in a cage. _Rhinocola corniculata_
+often covers the leaves of different eucalypts with its elongate,
+opaque, horny, yellow lerps. The test is not unlike that of a large
+_Mytilaspis_ scale, but is open at the broad end through which the
+little larva can creep in and out. It ranges from New South Wales to
+Western Australia. _R. eucalypti_ is a very tiny, little, dark brown
+psylla, the larvae of which cluster at the tips of the foliage of young
+blue gums (_Eucalyptus globulus_), and cover themselves with threads
+of white flocculent matter. It was described by Maskell from New
+Zealand, but is common both in Tasmania and Australia: it has also been
+introduced into Africa on the same eucalypt.
+
+The larvae of the Genus _Thea_ are curious, broad, flattened creatures,
+with hard integument. They hide under the dead bark on the trunks of
+the white stemmed gums, spreading their white woolly secretion around
+them; the ants look after them, and probably protect them from many
+enemies in return for the “honey dew,” of which secretion the ants are
+very fond. _Thea opaca_ is of a general reddish pink colour mottled
+with brown and black; the wings are transparent, with a dark stigma on
+the fore wing.
+
+The members of the Sub-family PSYLLINAE have the same well-defined
+conical face lobes, but the stalk of the cubitus is shorter than the
+stalk of the sub-costa. The larvae may be quite naked, but most of
+them produce woolly filaments more or less covering them, and form
+no true lerp scales or galls. The typical Genus _Psylla_ comprises a
+number of usually small and somewhat stouter insects, many of which
+cluster in swarms like aphids upon the foliage of wattles and other
+trees. The eggs, larvae, pupae, and perfect insects may be found on
+the same twigs. _Psylla acaciae-decurrentis_ is a slender, dark-winged
+insect remarkable for the length of its slender antennae; it is
+common upon the black wattle in early summer. _P. acaciae-baileyanae_
+is a much smaller yellow species with mottled wings that often swarms
+over the cultivated “Cootamundra wattle,” and is reported to have
+destroyed all the flower-buds of this wattle in the neighbourhood of
+Melbourne in 1905. _P. capparis_ is a mottled winged species that
+frequents the foliage of _Capparis mitchelli_ in the western scrubs:
+_P. schizoneurodes_ infests the twigs of the allied “Warrior Bush”;
+the larvae are covered with flocculent matter and have a globule of
+liquid substance at the tip of the abdomen; when massed together they
+look much like “woolly blight” on the apple trees. _P. sterculiae_ is a
+small brownish species, found upon the twigs of the Kurrajong, and has
+a wide range over New South Wales.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 161.=--_Psylla sterculiae_
+ (Froggatt).
+
+ The Kurrajong Twig Psylla.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+Two very curious species are found upon the thick fleshy leaves of
+our native figs, and one, _Mycopsylla fici_, lays her eggs upon the
+foliage, the squat grey larvae burying their beaks in the leaf cause a
+flow of milky sap, under which they hide in small colonies, and when
+ready to emerge crawl from beneath the viscid mass. Where numerous,
+they cover the foliage with these sticky patches, and cause the leaves
+to fall. The perfect psylla is a handsome, dark-coloured insect with
+long antennae and ample transparent wings.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 162.=--_Tyora sterculiae_
+ (Froggatt).
+
+ The Star-psylla found on the surface of the leaves of the
+ Kurrajong.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+Sub-family TRIOZINAE. The cubitus of the wing has no stalk, the veins
+forking directly from its junction with the sub-costa. All our species,
+with one exception, come into the typical Genus _Trioza_: many of them
+are gall makers in the larval state, others are naked and cling to
+the under surface of twigs and leaves. The larvae of the gall-makers
+are broad, oval, flattened creatures, covered with a mealy secretion,
+the outer margin of the dorsal shield in each case being fringed with
+fine regular ciliae. Most of the perfect insects are thickset; they
+range from chestnut brown to reddish yellow; and have clear transparent
+wings. _Trioza carnosa_ makes a large, oval, fleshy, brightly tinted
+gall with an irregular opening at the summit, often covering and
+aborting the foliage of eucalypts about Sydney. The larva of _T.
+eucalypti_ forms a rounded, hard, woody gall upon the leaves, without
+any opening on either side until the gall contracts and splits open,
+when the full grown pupa emerges. _T. casuarinae_ is a very pretty
+little psylla with dark-barred wings, and its curious naked fish-like
+larva clings to the slender foliage of the she-oak (_Casuarina_). _T.
+banksiae_ has a tiny, naked, yellow larva covered with silvery down; it
+is a rare insect found on the under surface of the honeysuckle leaves.
+Nearly all these species have been collected within a day’s journey
+from Sydney, but have a wide range on the eastern coast.
+
+The Sub-family PRIONOCNEMINAE was formed by Scott for Walker’s Genus
+_Tyora_, in which I have placed two species. _Tyora sterculiae_ is a
+pale green, aphid-like psylla, with long antennae and large transparent
+wings. The larvae cluster together on the leaves of the Kurrajong,
+forming white patches over the foliage, and each larva throws out
+slender white threads, fringing the tip of the abdomen and radiating
+about the body. _T. hibisci_ is a delicate pale green insect which has
+been taken on the foliage of _Hisbiscus tiliaceus_, about Brisbane,
+Queensland, and also on a creeper on the Tweed River, New South Wales.
+
+
+ Family 7. Aphids or Plant Lice.
+
+ APHIDAE.
+
+These destructive little creatures are well known to gardeners under
+different names, such as “smother or green-fly,” “plant lice,” or
+“blight.” This family contains one of the most destructive and
+widespread pests that ever attacked cultivated plants, namely the vine
+louse (_Phylloxera vastatrix_), which has destroyed millions of
+pounds’ worth of vines, and has followed its host all over the world.
+Aphids are all small soft-bodied creatures, green, black, or yellow in
+colour; and at least ten introduced species are to be commonly found in
+our gardens and fields; but as far as I know, no indigenous aphid is
+recorded in Australia.
+
+The life history of these insects is very complex; the winter eggs or
+larvae lie dormant during the cold season in crevices on the trunks, or
+hidden underground on the roots of their host plants; but as the warm
+weather approaches they crawl up the trunks, cluster round the opening
+leaf buds, and sticking their sharp beaks into the tissue, suck up the
+sap. These give birth to living larvae which grow very rapidly, and in
+turn (though virgin females) bring forth fresh broods of live larvae
+that in the course of several generations develop two pairs of large
+transparent wings, and consist usually of both sexes, though in some
+species the males are wanting. The last generation fly away in swarms
+but before dying deposit eggs which carry on the cycle of their life
+into the next summer.
+
+The wingless forms are short, stout, rounded creatures with small,
+slightly lobed heads, and rather stout 3 to 7 jointed antennae; the
+legs are well-developed with two-jointed feet. The abdomen often
+swells out into a flask-like shape; it is furnished on the 5th segment
+with a pair of cylindrical tubes called siphons, through which it
+discharges a sweet secretion known as “honey dew”; this liquid is often
+ejected in such quantities on aphis-infested plants that it covers the
+foliage, and attracts the ants, which come and lick up the globules of
+honey-dew on the tips of the siphons, and even caress the aphis with
+their antennae; and therefore in popular works these insects are often
+described as “ants’ cows.”
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 163.=--_Siphonophora rosae_
+ (Linn.).
+
+ The Rose Aphis of the garden.
+
+ 1, Rose buds infested with aphis; 2, larva; 3, winged female
+ aphis.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 164.=--_Aphis persicae-niger_
+ (Smith).
+
+ The American Peach Aphis (introduced).
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+Among the introduced species common in Australia is the Cabbage Aphis,
+_Aphis brassicae_, a dull green insect covered with a floury exudation;
+it is one of the greatest pests that the cabbage-growers have to deal
+with, and is always most troublesome in dry weather. The Rose Aphis,
+_Siphonophora rosae_, is a pale green species appearing in the spring
+on the young buds of the roses, but seldom doing very serious damage.
+The Woolly Aphis, _Schizoneura lanigera_, common both on the roots and
+branches of apple trees, is found in most of our old orchards; the dull
+blue aphids cluster together in colonies with their beaks buried deeply
+in the bark, and the clusters become covered with a mass of soft white
+flocculent exudation, hiding them from view. From the irritation to
+the plant tissue caused by their presence large galls or excrescences
+appear all over the branches. The Peach Aphis, _A. persicae-niger_, is
+another common orchard pest which winters on the roots of the peach
+trees: in early summer they commence to spread, and if neglected do a
+great deal of damage to the leaf and flower buds.
+
+The chief work dealing with the systematic classification of plant lice
+is Buckton’s “Monograph of the British Aphidae,” published by the Roy.
+Society, London 1881. A number of new species have been described since
+by American entomologists in bulletins on Economic Zoology.
+
+
+ Family 8. Snow-Flies.
+
+ ALEURODIDAE.
+
+These are all very small delicate creatures; both sexes are furnished
+with two pairs of broad rounded wings with simple parallel veins, and
+are usually thickly covered with a mealy white dust from which they
+take their popular name of “Snow-Flies.” The head is broad, furnished
+with a three-jointed beak enclosing setae; seven-jointed antennae; and
+large reniform eyes, with an ocellus on either side above the eyes.
+The thorax is broad and the abdomen soft and rounded. The tarsi are
+two-jointed terminating in two claws at the extremities.
+
+The female lays her eggs in clusters on the under surface of the
+leaves, where the young larvae later on form regular oval, glassy tests
+of various colours, enclosed in which they feed and finally pupate.
+The adult insects have their short broad wings slightly expanded,
+and cluster together in threes and fours: but the moment their food
+plant is touched they fly out in a little cloud. They can, like the
+scale insects, be very easily introduced into a new country with their
+food plant, and several species, like _Aleurodes vaporariorum_
+described by Westwood from Europe, have a wide range over America and
+this continent.
+
+The snow-flies are well represented in Australia, and several species
+do a considerable amount of damage to native shrubs, but on account
+of their delicate structure and small size they are difficult to
+collect, and harder to preserve when collected; if mounted on card
+they dry up, with nothing to determine them from but the wings, which
+have very few distinctive characters. The most satisfactory method of
+preserving them, is to drop the live insects into oil of cloves on
+a micro slip, when they usually open their wings and legs, and then
+make, with a little care, very fine objects when mounted in balsam; at
+times, however, the floury covering floats off the wings and body and
+sometimes clouds the mount.
+
+Maskell has described 8 species from Australia (Trans. N. Zealand Inst.
+1896); most of these descriptions, however, were based upon the larval
+tests or scales (and not the adult insects) which had been sent to him
+under the idea that they were scale insects; so that whoever takes up
+the study of snow-flies will have to breed them out, to be sure of
+the identity of his species. _Aleurodes styphelia_ forms a flattened,
+oval, black test fringed with white waxy tubes almost as long as the
+encircled larva, scattered about over the leaves of _Styphelia richei_,
+a common scrub bush about Sydney. _Aleurodes t-signata_ forms a spiny
+black test; and with a second undetermined pale yellow species without
+a marginal fringe, is found about Sydney on the foliage of _Acacia
+longifolia_. Another species, _A. banksiae_, is found upon both the
+honeysuckle (_Banksia_) and the bottle brush (_Callistemon_).
+
+In Maskell’s paper, which is an important contribution to the study of
+these small but very interesting insects, he lists 65 known species
+belonging to the typical Genus _Aleurodes_; some have since been
+described from America, of which a few have been placed in the Genus
+_Aleurodicus_, formed by Douglas for those with a distal and basal
+branch on both wings.
+
+
+ Family 9. Scale Insects.
+
+ COCCIDAE.
+
+These insects take their popular name of scale insects from the habit
+that many of the typical species have of protecting themselves, after
+they have settled down on their food plant, by forming a shield or
+scale over their backs under which they feed and produce their eggs or
+living larvae. To form the scale the moulted larval skin, called the
+pellicle, becomes a nucleus in the first place, round which exudations
+are added until the scale insect ceases growing.
+
+The larvae are pale yellow, pink, or dull-red coloured little
+creatures, oval or shield-shape in form, usually fringed round the
+margins of the body with fine filaments, which are often long upon
+the somewhat thickened irregularly-jointed antennae and form longer
+setae upon the tip of the abdomen. They have distinct black eyes,
+well-developed legs; the mouth is pointed and beak-like. At this stage
+of their existence the sexes do not differ in outward appearance, but
+when they attach themselves to their food plant the males and females
+of the same species often construct scales of very dissimilar form;
+while in others the male scales are simply more elongate than those of
+the female.
+
+The male coccid is a delicate fragile little creature, usually
+microscopic in size, so that, unless bred out in confinement from
+scale-infested foliage, they are seldom seen. He has a well defined
+head rounded behind, furnished with moderately long antennae composed
+of thickened irregularly-jointed segments fringed and surmounted with
+fine filaments. The globular black eyes stand out on the sides of the
+head, but the mouth is aborted so that it cannot feed. The thorax,
+lobed on the dorsal surface, is furnished with a pair of rounded wings
+each with a simple central nervure, but he can fly well in spite of
+their delicate structure. The slender legs are simple, terminating in
+rudimentary hooks; the elongated abdomen is distinctly segmented and
+furnished at the extremity with a pair of long slender white filaments.
+This period of his existence is short: thousands of them perish very
+soon after they leave their scale, and the survivors as soon as they
+have impregnated the female die.
+
+The female coccid as soon as she settles down to suck up the sap
+develops under her protective shield (which, unlike the male, she never
+leaves) into an oval or rounded yellow mass: her legs, antennae, and
+even head become aborted though the segments of the abdomen are well
+defined in most species, and finally she becomes simply a sack of eggs.
+She deposits her eggs under the protection of the shield, in other
+cases the larvae develop within her shrunken dead skin.
+
+The larvae swarm out and spread over plants when, owing to their
+immense numbers sucking up the sap with their sharp beaks, they soon
+injure the tissue and often kill the food plant. Thus from an economic
+point of view the scale insects are one of the most important groups
+of the insect-world that man has to deal with, and thousands of pounds
+are spent in spraying and fumigating cultivated trees to destroy these
+pests. Many species are cosmopolitan in their range and choice of food
+plants, having been introduced all over the world, but Australia has a
+great number of indigenous species, many remarkable for their curious
+habits, particularly those forming solid woody galls on the eucalypts.
+
+The classification of the scale insects is based chiefly upon the
+structure of the adult female coccid, viz.:--Of the spinnerets,
+abdominal cleft, lobes, spines, and anal ring of the abdomen, and the
+structure and number of joints of the antennae. The shape and structure
+of the puparium or scale, or other secretions are used to separate them
+into the larger sub-divisions.
+
+The greater number of our species were described by Maskell in
+the “Transactions of the New Zealand Institute between the years
+1878–1898,” in which period he added over 100 new species to our list:
+Green (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1900) has described some others; and
+in the same Journal (1882–1898) I dealt with the gall-making coccids
+belonging to the sub-family BRACHYSCELINAE. In 1894 Maskell
+issued a “Synoptical List of the Coccidae reported from Australia and
+the Pacific Islands,” in which 180 species were credited to Australia.
+To this Maskell added later a number of new forms; and Fuller others
+from Western Australia (Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1899). In Mrs.
+Fernald’s “Catalogue of the Coccidae of the World” (Hatch Experiment
+Station Bulletin 88, 1903) over 328 species are listed, from this
+country, but there are a considerable number of doubtful species among
+them.
+
+The COCCIDAE have been divided into a number of sub-families: I follow
+Green (Coccidae of Ceylon, 1896), though Mrs. Fernald in following
+Cockerell reverses the families and starts with the mealy bugs; I also
+retain most of the well-known generic names unless there is a very
+valid reason for discarding them, which does not appear to be the case
+in many of Cockerell’s amendments.
+
+The Sub-family DIASPINAE are known as armoured scales and embrace most
+of the forms which cover themselves with stout horny shields (puparia).
+When adult the female is almost legless, with rudimentary antennae,
+and incapable of movement. The members of the Genus _Aspidiotus_ form
+round scales, and among them are some of our worst orchard pests.
+The introduced species _Aspidiotus auranti_, the Red scale of citrus
+trees, is now found on many garden shrubs. The puparium of the adult
+female is dull reddish yellow with the centre lighter coloured, and
+the twigs, leaves and fruit of neglected trees are often covered with
+these scales in all stages of growth. _A. perniciosus_, the notorious
+San José Scale, that attacks deciduous fruit-trees in the same manner,
+is a dull brown circular scale; its original home is somewhat doubtful,
+and though it was first recorded as a pest in California, is said to
+have come from China. The scales are much darker than those of the red
+scale, and infest the branches and twigs so thickly that they destroy
+the bark, and whenever they attach themselves to the fruit produce a
+red spot. _A. hederi_ (better known under the name of _A. nerii_), is a
+pure white scale with a yellow centre; it has a world-wide range, and
+its range extends far out into our western scrubs, sometimes covering
+the whole of a large tree. _A. rossi_ is a very distinct, round, black
+scale, partial to _Euonymus_ in the garden, and to grass trees in the
+bush. _A. ficus_ is often known as the “Round Scale” from its size and
+regular shape; it is deep chocolate brown in colour, common upon palms,
+and is sometimes found upon oranges coming from the Pacific Islands.
+
+_Fiorinia acaciae_ covers the stems and twigs of _Acacia longifolia_
+with its narrow white ribbed scale; it is much longer than broad,
+and is truncate at the extremities; this gives it a very distinctive
+character.
+
+The Genus _Diaspis_ contains a number of delicate, more elongated
+scales, among which is the well known white rose scale _Diaspis rosae_,
+common in the garden. _Poliaspis exocarpi_ is another white scale
+infesting _Oxylobium_, _Dillwynia_, and other bush shrubs; the male
+scales are long, slender, and loosely attached to the smaller twigs.
+
+The Genus _Chionaspis_, containing a number of cosmopolitan and
+indigenous species, has the base of the scale narrow, elongate, but
+broadly rounded at the extremity. _Chionaspis xerotides_ is white,
+common upon the blades of the sedge growing along the sea shore at
+Botany, N.S.W., and has a wide range. _C. eugeniae_ is a larger broader
+scale, variable in size and shape; it infests several native shrubs,
+and a very large form is found on the waratah.
+
+_Mytilaspis_ is another world-wide genus, in which the scales are
+attenuated at the base and are oyster-like in shape; _Mytilaspis
+pomorum_ is the common “Mussel” or “Oyster” scale of the apple tree
+found all over the world. _M. spinifera_ is a handsome, broad, white
+scale common on the weeping myall (_Acacia pendula_), growing in the
+interior. _M. striata_ is a very slender form of scale that has had
+to adapt its shape to the slender foliage of the Casuarina which it
+infests. _M. acaciae_ is a grey species that clusters thickly together
+in masses like the apple scale, covering the stems of several different
+species of Acacias in the bush with its stout irregular scales.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXXIV.--HOMOPTERA.
+
+ Family =Coccidae=.
+
+ 1. _Apiomorpha urnalis_ (Tepper).
+ 2. _Frenchia semiocculta_ (Mask.).
+ 4. _Frenchia casuarinae_ (Mask.).
+ 3. Galls of Buprestid beetles (_Ethon corpulentum_,
+ Bohem.).]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXXIV.--HOMOPTERA._]
+
+In the Sub-family LECANIINAE the female coccids are active or
+stationary; naked or covered with some secretion; sometimes without
+legs; the abdomen marked with a median cleft and furnished with two
+dorsal lobes. Several species of the tropical Genus _Ceroplastes_ are
+found about Sydney, where they were introduced into the gardens at a
+very early date, and have since spread into the orchards and bush. The
+Indian wax-scale, _Ceroplastes ceriferus_, covers orchard trees, and
+bush and garden shrubs with its irregular rounded masses of greasy
+white matter that protect the liver-coloured coccids beneath. _C.
+rubens_ is a smaller and more regularly rounded dull red scale, the
+enveloping material forming a hard waxy shell.
+
+The members of the Genus _Ctenochiton_ are chiefly confined to New
+Zealand, but two fine species have been described from Australia.
+_Ctenochiton eucalypti_ comes from the Newcastle district, N.S.W.,
+where it infests the leaves of gum saplings. The scales of the sexes
+differ very much; those of the male are slender, white, and glassy,
+while those of the female are broad and dark coloured. _C. rhizophorae_
+comes from Queensland, where it is found upon the mangrove. The
+beautiful, brittle, glass-like scales of _Inglisia foraminifer_ and _I.
+fossilis_, are often very plentiful in the interior on low scrub trees.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 165= and =166=.--Scale
+ Insects.
+
+ 165. _Icerya purchasi_ (Maskell).
+
+ The Cottony-cushion or Fluted Scale of the orange tree.
+
+ 166. _Ceroplastus ceriferus_ (Anderson).
+
+ The introduced Indian Wax Scale of citrus trees, etc.]
+
+In the Genus _Ceronema_, the males form delicate angulated scales, but
+the females are clothed with a woolly secretion. _Ceronema banksiae_ is
+a somewhat rare scale found on the foliage of the banksia; it has the
+secretion upon the dorsal surface, formed into a distinct rib down the
+centre. _C. caudata_ is a large species with a white woolly covering, a
+large filament towards the apex forming a large loop rising above the
+back like a handle. It has a wide range from the South Coast of N.S.W.
+to North Queensland, and about Bulli, N.S.W., is found on gum trees.
+
+The Genus _Lecanium_ (which has been cut up into a number of new
+genera) contains many distinct species peculiar to our fauna. _Lecanium
+tesselatum_, a flattened species with crenulated margins, and common
+on palms in the gardens, and _L. oleae_, known as “black bug” or
+“olive scale” by the orchardists, are both introduced species: _L.
+patersoni_ is a slender form found upon the foliage of _Patersonia
+glabrata_ growing about Sydney. _L. scrobiculata_ is a bright, shining,
+convex, dark brown scale infesting several species of acacias; and _L.
+mirificum_, one of the largest, is found in the interior upon _Acacia
+pendula_. The curious coccid, _Cryptes (Lecanium) baccatum_, covers the
+twigs of several acacias, among them the common black wattle in the
+vicinity of Sydney. At first dull white, they swell out into rounded
+bead-shaped, blue sacks, so close together that they encrust the whole
+of the infested twig; when adult they turn dull brown.
+
+The Sub-family DACTYLOPINAE contains most of the well-known “mealy
+bugs”; they are soft bodied creatures in the earlier stages of their
+existence, and many species are able to move about until their latter
+days; instead of forming a separate scale like the first group, they
+cover themselves with white, woolly, mealy, cottony, or waxy secretions.
+
+The members of the Genus _Asterolecanium_ are represented in Australia
+by the introduced “oak scale” _Asterolecanium quercicola_, a typical
+form which, half buried in the infested bark at the tips of the
+branches, is covered with a waxy, greenish yellow, rounded scale; when
+numerous it causes the tips of the branches to die back. _A. acaciae_,
+when numerous, aborts the bark and twigs of _Acacia longifolia_ and is
+covered with dull brown and white shields; and with _A. stypheliae_,
+with its raised, shining, oval, bright yellow tests, found on a number
+of different shrubs, are both native species with a very wide range
+over Australia.
+
+The Genus _Rhizococcus_ is represented by 8 species, found chiefly
+upon the twigs of wattles (_Acacia_) and she-oaks (_Casuarina_); and
+the cosmopolitan Genus _Eriococcus_ by 17 species. Several species of
+_Eriococcus_ enclosed in their egg-shaped, white-felted sacks are very
+common in the forest, clustering over and often killing the young
+trees. _Eriococcus coriaceous_ varies from white to yellow in colour;
+the sacs are oval, with a distinct anal opening on the summit; they
+infest the foliage and twigs of many young Eucalypts. _E. paradoxus_
+is a somewhat larger, sticky insect; they mass together in regular
+lumps on the twigs of the same trees: while _E. eucalypti_, as far as
+my experience goes, is never found on gum trees, as its name implies,
+but upon the prickly twigs of _Bursaria spinosa_, and its sacs are more
+depressed and have a browner tint.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 167.=--_Eriococcus coriaceous_
+ (Maskell).
+
+ The Eucalyptus scale. Natural size and enlarged.
+
+ (Original photo. T. Kirk).]
+
+The typical _Dactylopius_ are free-moving insects, often crawling
+about until their final stage, when they become covered or surrounded
+with flocculent woolly matter. _Dactylopius albizziae_ is common on
+the black wattle, and is sometimes a pest in wattle plantations; it
+is a blackish-blue berry-shaped coccid surrounded with and lightly
+clothed on portions of the dorsal surface with white mealy and woolly
+filaments. _D. aurilanatus_ is chiefly confined to the branchlets of
+_Araucaria bidwilli_, or “Bunya Bunya.” It is very abundant at times
+on these trees in the Sydney gardens, and is easily recognised by the
+broad lines of sulphur-yellow meal or down across the dorsal surface.
+_D. lobulatus_ is an oval coccid, hiding under loose bark on the trunks
+of the blue gum, _Eucalyptus globulus_; it is so thickly clothed with
+white mealy secretion forming filaments round the edges that its form
+and colour are quite hidden.
+
+In the Genus _Ripersia_ the species have a world-wide range; they
+are curious wrinkled naked coccids, but are sometimes more or less
+enveloped in a white covering; they lead an underground existence
+on the roots of grass and plants: a single species is recorded by
+Maskell from S. Australia on the roots of a _Leptospermum_. The curious
+_Antonina australis_ is an underground coccid which infests the roots
+of the Nut-grass, _Cyperus rotundus_, and was described by Green (Pro.
+Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1904) from specimens obtained in the Hunter River
+district, N.S.W., where it was so plentiful that in the dry seasons it
+killed a great deal of this sedge. The adult female is a rounded black
+smooth shining creature about ⅛ of an inch in diameter, enveloped in a
+coat of white woolly secretion, from which it can be easily removed.
+The legs and antennae are aborted, but the segmental divisions of the
+abdomen remain, and the tip is produced into two irregular roughened
+tubercles, joined at the base with a tuft of stout bristle-like hairs.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXXVI.--HOMOPTERA.
+
+ Family COCCIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Tachardia australis_ (Froggatt). On Melaleuca.
+ 2. _Tachardia australis_ (Froggatt). Male and female
+ tests.
+ 3. _Tachardia australis_ (Froggatt). Female coccid.
+ 4. _Tachardia decorella_ (Maskell). On Eucalyptus.
+ 5. _Tachardia decorella_ (Maskell). Female in test.
+ 6. _Tachardia decorella_ (Maskell). Female exposed.
+ 7. _Tachardia decorella_ (Maskell). Larva.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXXVI.--HOMOPTERA._]
+
+The Sub-family TACHARDIINAE contains a number of remarkable species,
+some of considerable commercial value on account of the resinous
+secretion they encrust themselves with; this secretion is known as lac,
+and is used for making varnish. The typical female is an irregular
+wrinkled fleshy mass with a pair of tubular appendages on the back.
+These appendages were supposed at one time to be used for producing
+the lac, but Green considers them to be breathing structures. Five
+species are described from Australia, of which _Tachardia australis_
+is so thickly encrusted with reddish brown lac, that it might be
+of some commercial value in the future; it is very plentiful upon
+Melaleuca bushes near Maryborough, Queensland, but was described by
+me from specimens obtained on a small shrub, _Beyeria viscosa_,
+at Gunnedah, N.S.W. _T. decorella_ is enclosed in a very dainty,
+flattened, ribbed, cushion-like mass of dull slate-coloured lac; it
+is found on a number of different trees, among them the water gums
+(_Eugenia smithii_); and I have also found it on the desert cypress
+(_Callitris_) in the interior.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 168.=--_Antonina australis_
+ (Green).
+
+ The Nut-grass Coccid.
+
+ 1. Nut-grass showing coccid upon the roots.
+ 2. Adult female coccid removed from enveloping cover
+ (enlarged).]
+
+The Sub-family IDIOCOCCIINAE comprises a number of very curious
+coccids, some of which are naked; some form waxy tests; while others
+are enveloped in woody galls. Maskell, who created this division, says
+they are separated from the MONOPHLEBIINAE by the absence of anal
+tubercles and the antennae, and from the BRACHYSCELIINAE by the absence
+of anal appendages. The members of the Genus _Sphaerococcus_ number
+21 described species, all but two of which are peculiar to Australia;
+some form galls, others waxy tests. _Sphaerococcus pirogallus_ cover
+the whole of the tips of the bushes of _Leptospermum flavescens_ with
+its curious little pear-shaped galls. At first pink or red, these
+galls are dull brown when full grown, and have an aperture on the
+side of the stalk, and the coccid within is attached to a saucer-like
+rim on the roof of the apex. This is one of the commonest galls about
+Sydney; acres of these low bushes often have the whole of their foliage
+covered with masses of these small galls. _S. melaleucae_ does not
+form a gall, but surrounds itself with a dark waxy secretion like the
+lac insect; both scales and twigs are often blackened with smut or
+fumagine. _L. leptospermi_ forms a swelling in the twig which looks
+as if the tissue had risen over it like a blister and then split
+down the middle, exposing the dorsal surface. _S. froggatti_ is very
+common on the tips of Melaleuca bushes growing about Sydney; the dull
+red coccid is clothed with white secretion resting in an excrescence
+fringed with slender, reddish brown finger-like processes curling over
+in an irregular protective gall. _S. socialis_ produces a very curious
+greyish globular gall with no opening on the outside, and measures up
+to ½ an inch in diameter. Maskell says: “The outer surface is formed
+of very closely imbracted scales, which are apparently aborted and
+coalesced leaves of the tree”; the interior is of a loose structure
+containing several female coccids, and a few males. It was collected by
+Lea near Geraldton, W. Australia.
+
+The Genus _Cylindrococcus_ contains 3 species which form curious
+cone-like galls upon the twigs of the She-oak, _Casuarina_.
+_Cylindrococcus spiniferus_ varies much in size and shape. They are
+often very numerous, covering the whole of the bush with their curious,
+rough, bracteate galls, which are rounded at the base and taper to the
+extremity. The female, a cylindrical, dull red creature, is enclosed
+in an elongate, thin tube, which occupies the centre of the gall; this
+tube is attached at the base of the gall and is surrounded with the
+bracts. Some of the typical forms might be easily mistaken for seed
+cones. _C. amplior_, which is a more solitary species, forms a solid
+seed-shaped gall with the base set in a bract like the calyx of a
+flower, and the whole might be likened to an unopened bud. It is found
+in South Australia and the north-western parts of Victoria.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXXV.--HOMOPTERA.
+
+ Family COCCIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Apiomorpha duplex_ (Schr.). ♀ Gall.
+ 2. _Sphaerococcus leptospermi_ (Mask.). ♀ Galls.
+ 3. _Cylindrococcus spiniferus_ (Mask.). ♀ Galls.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXXV.--HOMOPTERA._]
+
+The Sub-family BRACHYSCELIINAE contains some of the most remarkable
+insects in our fauna. They were first noticed by Schrader (Trans. Ent.
+Soc. N.S.W. 1862), who described and figured a number of our commonest
+species and their galls; to these I have added a number of new
+species (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1892–1898). They are all gall makers;
+the beautiful little larva born in the gall is usually yellow, oval,
+flattened, and fringed round the margin with short glassy filaments. In
+most species the full-grown female has antennae and legs aborted, and
+becomes simply a sac of eggs and liquid matter enclosed in a leathery
+skin, and is furnished with horny tail appendages.
+
+The Genus _Frenchia_ was formed by Maskell for a species, _Frenchia
+casuarinae_, which forms a gall like a stout blunt thorn; it is about
+the thickness of a slate pencil and has a small opening at the apex.
+These twig-like galls spring directly from the branch of the infested
+_Casuarina_, while the aborted tissue at the base swells out like a
+blister. The slender, attenuated, red female coccid rests head downward
+with the tail reaching up to the apical orifice of the gall. A second
+species, _F. semiocculta_, forms a raised swelling on the twigs of
+_Casuarina_, with a cleft in the centre, thus forming two lobes. The
+first is common in Tasmania, Victoria, and N.S. Wales; the latter was
+collected at Manly, near Sydney.
+
+Schrader called the next Genus _Brachyscelis_, but Rubasmann finding
+the name preoccupied changed it to _Apiomorpha_; over 30 species are
+given in Mrs. Fernald’s Catalogue, but there are several species
+described both by Rubasmann and Tepper that were described from
+variable or aborted galls that may prove to be synonyms. The female is
+remarkable for forming a stout woody gall, sometimes sessile, sometimes
+springing from a stalk; it encloses an oval cell with a circular or
+transverse aperture at the apex of the gall, through which the male
+impregnates her by means of his long slender abdomen. The young larvae
+are hatched within its shelter, and crawl out to reach their food
+plant. The female is a top-shaped (turbinate) creature encased in a
+leathery skin, more or less clothed with fine hairs, enveloped in a
+mealy secretion, with rows of fine spines on the dorsal surface of the
+abdominal segments, and the body terminating in two horny tails (anal
+appendages). The head is merged into the thoracic portion, and has the
+ventral surface wrinkled and bearing a rudimentary mouth; the antennae
+and legs are aborted. The only distinct specific characters are the
+dorsal spines and the form of the anal appendages. The males are
+delicate two-winged insects, with long antennae, slender legs, and the
+body very long and attenuated, ornamented with two fine filaments. They
+either form single short tubular galls on the leaves, or form masses of
+the same tubular galls; or they are placed in rows enfolded in a hood
+growing from the side of the female gall like a small cockscomb. All
+the members of this genus are confined to the eucalypts.
+
+_Apiomorpha duplex_ is the largest insect-gall in the world. Springing
+directly from the twig, it swells out into a stout four-sided gall,
+1½ inches in diameter, 3 inches in length; beyond this the apex of
+the gall is produced into two stout flattened appendages extending
+another 9 inches. The enclosed female coccid measures up to 1½ inches.
+_A. munita_ forms an angulated gall rounded at the base, with each
+angle on the apex furnished with a slender curled horn, but it is very
+variable both in form and size. _A. pileata_ is an egg-shaped gall,
+with the apex truncate and forming two lips, the apical orifice forming
+a keyhole-like slit between them. We have two varieties of this gall,
+which in their immature state have a membranous tailed cap covering
+the apex which dries and falls off as the gall matures, leaving the
+apical orifice exposed. _A. pomiformis_ is shaped like and about the
+size and shape of a small apple, with the apical orifice situated in
+a depression in the centre. It is a North Australian form, and is
+also found on stunted gums in the interior. Specimens of a large gall
+received from Tennant’s Creek, Central Australia, with the enclosed
+coccid, show that the structure of the coccid is very different from
+the _Apiomorpha_ the anal extremity being thimble-shaped, fitting
+against the apical orifice, so it will require to be placed in a new
+genus. _A. dipsaciformis_ is an oval gall covered with curled filaments
+like a “teasel.” In the group in which the male galls are formed on
+the side of the oval female gall, _A. pharatrata_ is a typical form;
+the female gall is oval, overshadowed with the mushroom-shaped mass of
+coalesced tubular galls growing out near the apex.
+
+The female coccids of the Genus _Opisthoscelis_, as they change from
+the larval stage, lose almost every vestige of the first two pairs of
+legs, while the hind pair are produced into long attenuated appendages,
+which in some species (when enclosed in the gall) curve round over
+the back like hairs; the whole insect is rounded or top-shaped, with
+a peg-shaped anal appendage. Thirteen species are described, all of
+which produce galls upon different species of eucalypts. _Opisthoscelis
+subrotunda_ is our commonest species; the solid fleshy galls, about
+the size of a pea, often cover and abort much of the foliage of the
+infested tree. The short rounded coccid fits tightly to the cavity, and
+the opening, closed by the tip of the anal peg, is on the under side of
+the leaf. Schrader has described the male galls of this species, which
+are probably very rare, and I have never been able to discover them.
+
+The short, slender, reddish, tubular galls of _O. spinosa_ are as
+plentiful as the curious thorn-shaped female galls, which latter
+have the opening at the tip, and are common on the foliage of the
+large-leaved ironbark, _Eucalyptus siderophloia_, growing around
+Sydney. The female coccid, in this and several of the other gall-making
+coccids with the spine or thorn-shaped structure, is firmly attached to
+the sides and base of the cavity, and is difficult to remove without
+damage. The galls of the Genus _Ascelis_ are often dissimilar in form;
+that of _Ascelis praemollis_ is rounded, with the opening on the under
+side of the leaf, and except for the shape of the scar and larger size
+might without close examination be taken for that of _Opisthoscelis
+subrotunda_; but the enclosed insect is a very different looking
+creature; it is simply an irregular jelly-like mass, with a short
+peg-like structure rising from what looks to be the back, but is the
+tip of the abdomen; this structure is produced into three finger-like
+projections, which, holding a lump of gummy substance, plug up the
+basal opening in the gall. _A. schraderi_, which forms a circular,
+flattened, blister-like gall in the tissue of the leaves of _Eucalyptus
+corymbosa_, is more flattened, with the anal tail truncate at the apex,
+without the curious finger-like appendages, and the anal aperture as
+fine as a pin prick is on the upper surface of the leaf.
+
+I have gone somewhat extensively into the description of these
+gall-making coccids, owing to the fact that they form such remarkable
+structures, and differ from all other solid galls in the fact that
+they are formed by the larvae and are not the result of eggs deposited
+beneath the plant tissue. Specialists in the study of vegetable growths
+may find some key to the mystery of gall development in this fact.
+
+The MONOPHLEBIINAE comprises a number of large “mealy bugs,” so called
+because they form no protective scale, but are simply clothed with a
+mealy secretion, fine filaments or masses of felted wool. The females
+are often of considerable size, and during the greater part of their
+existence are capable of crawling about, but when adult and about to
+lay their eggs they often become fixed to the food plant. The males
+are of the usual two-winged type with long antennae and the tip of the
+abdomen fringed with fine filaments. This division has been cut up into
+a number of sub-families by Cockerell, and these divisions are given
+in Mrs. Fernald’s Catalogue, but here I propose to place them together
+under the one sub-family.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 169.=--_Pulvinaria maskelli_
+ (Olliff).
+
+ The Saltbush Mealy Bug of the interior.
+
+ _a_, Male; _b_, Showing the male enclosed in pupal
+ test; _c_, Larva; _d_, Ventral view of adult female.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+_Monophlebus crawfordi_ is one of our largest species; the female
+measures about 1 inch in length and is broad in proportion; she is dull
+orange yellow marked with parallel bars of purple, and fringed round
+the edges with fine hairs; and is of a general flattened, broad, oval
+form, with the dorsal surface distinctly segmented. She is generally
+found clinging to the stem of a smooth-barked eucalyptus tree,
+sometimes half hidden under a bit of loose bark and surrounded with
+white mealy secretion. When egg-laying she sometimes produces a great
+quantity of fine curled cottony filaments forming a mass much larger
+than the original size of her body, under which the eggs are deposited.
+
+The Genus _Callipappus_ contains 6 Australian species; the females
+are flattened, oval, irregularly segmented coccids of a dull brown
+to purplish red tint, which are usually found crawling about on tree
+trunks. _Callipappus australe_ was described by Maskell (Pro. Linn.
+Soc. N.S.W. 1890) under the generic name of _Coelostoma_, a group
+confined to N. Zealand. The male is a beautiful two-winged insect of
+a general deep red colour, the wings rose-pink, and the tip of the
+abdomen clothed with a large bunch of silky white filaments like a
+tuft of spun glass; from this latter character it has received the
+fanciful but rather appropriate name of the “Bird of Paradise Fly.” The
+female is of an oval, flattened form about an inch in length; the body
+is irregularly segmented and lightly clothed with flakes of a mealy
+secretion. When depositing her eggs, generally on the trunk of a tree,
+she becomes attached to the bark with a patch of silk on the ventral
+surface of the body; the body swells irregularly, the extremities of
+the abdomen shrink and turn upwards, the whole body later becoming
+simply a dry shell. Guérin described a species, _C. westwoodi_, from
+West Australia; and Fuller a few years ago re-described this and named
+two new species.
+
+_Icerya purchasi_, known as the “Fluted or Cottony Cushion Scale,” was
+first described from New Zealand, but had been a well-known pest to
+the citrus orchards in California many years before it was discovered
+in New Zealand. The adult female is a very distinctive red coccid with
+black legs and antennae, and a dull red body with the thoracic portion
+flattened and fringed with hairs. She produces a quantity of felted
+woolly filaments forming a mass completely covering the abdomen, which
+is marked with well-defined parallel furrows and ridges; under this
+secretion the eggs are deposited. This scale is found upon several
+species of wattles (_Acacia_) in the neighbourhood of Sydney, and on
+the roses in the gardens. It does little or no harm in Australia, as
+it is very much affected by different species of parasites. Several
+other species placed by Maskell in this Genus have been removed.
+_Palaeococcus nudata_ is one that he described from Australia on
+verbenas and cosmos. I found it to be very abundant on red clover
+in the Lismore district, N.S. Wales; it is a smaller oval species
+uniformly clothed with mealy secretion. _P. rosae_, described by Riley
+as _Icerya rosae_, the “Floridian Scale,” is a convex dull brown
+shining coccid with the outer margin fringed with short white tufts.
+Though originally described as a rose pest in Florida it is found upon
+_Hakea_ and _Grevillea_ bushes in the vicinity of Sydney.
+
+ [Illustration: =Figs. 170–172.=--Mealy Bugs.
+
+ 170. _Callipappus (Coelostoma) australe_ (Maskell). ♂.
+
+ The “Bird of Paradise Fly.”
+
+ 171. _Callipappus australe._ ♀.
+
+ 172. _Callipappus australe._ ♀. After egg laying.]
+
+ [Illustration: 173. _Monophlebus crawfordi_ (Maskell). ♀.
+
+ 174. _Monophlebus crawfordi_, when she is laying her
+ eggs, which she covers with felted fluted wool.
+
+ (“Agricultural Gazette,” N.S.W.)]
+
+
+ Sub-Order III. ANOPLURA.
+
+ Sucking Lice.
+
+These insects are wingless, with a more or less thin integument. The
+rather complicated sucking mouth is furnished with hooks; the thoracic
+segments are indistinctly divided, and the foot terminates in a single
+stout claw. They were usually placed at the end of the HEMIPTERA in the
+Order PARASITA; but later investigators consider them so very closely
+allied to the true bugs that they are here placed as a Sub-Order.
+Burmeister called them PEDICULINA.
+
+
+ Family 1. Sucking Lice.
+
+ PEDICULIDAE.
+
+These are purely parasitic upon animals, and derive their food from the
+blood of their hosts, which they obtain by puncturing the skin with
+their tubular sucking mouth. It is not an extensive family, containing
+only about 40 described species included in 6 genera, and they are
+widely distributed over the world.
+
+Three species are known to live upon the clothes and skin of unclean
+men, the eggs of which, known as nits, are attached to the hairs of
+the animal or man infested. From their repulsive habits lice are not
+popular insects even for entomologists to take up. Nothing is known
+about those infesting the natives of Australia, though it is believed
+that the different races of man, particularly savage tribes, are
+infested with distinct species of these parasites.
+
+The common head louse, _Pediculus capitis_, is confined to the fine
+hairs of the head, seldom or never going on the coarser hair of the
+body; the pale-coloured eggs are glued to the hairs, from which
+emerge larvae closely resembling the adults. _Pediculus vestimenti_
+lives in the clothes of unclean persons, only coming on the skin
+to suck up blood; it differs merely in being darker and broader in
+general appearance. The Crab-louse, _Phthirius inguinalis_, is a very
+short-bodied creature which clings with its large claws to the stouter
+hairs of the body. In ancient times all these were very common, and a
+loathsome disease called _Phthiriasis_ was said to be due to them. The
+domestic animals, hogs, cattle, horses, &c., are infested with distinct
+species.
+
+
+ Sub-Order IV. MALLOPHAGA.
+
+ Biting Lice.
+
+The classification in which this group should be placed is not yet
+definitely settled; Sharp places them in the Order NEUROPTERA between
+the PSOCIDAE and the TERMITIDAE: Cholodkovsky combines them with the
+sucking lice and creates a new Order, PSEUDORHYNCHOTA (Zool. Anz.
+xxvii. 1903); while Kellogg has given them the rank of an Order under
+the group name MALLOPHAGA.
+
+They are certainly not lace-wings in the strict sense of the word; and
+their habits are so similar to those of the preceding division that I
+propose to place them as the fourth group of the Order HEMIPTERA.
+
+They consist of biting lice infesting animals and birds, and feed
+chiefly upon the hair, feathers, scales, or excretions of their hosts
+by means of stout biting jaws, but are also said to be furnished with
+an apparatus enabling them sometimes to suck up the blood. They all
+have flattened bodies encased in horny integument, lightly clothed
+with stout hairs; the antenna contains from 3 to 5 short joints, and
+the eyes when visible are situated behind the antennae; the thorax is
+narrow, apparently composed of two divisions; the short stout legs
+are provided with 1 or 2 fine claws well adapted to their parasitic
+habits. The wings are wanting, and the oval abdomen contains from 9 to
+10 segments. They attach their eggs to the hairs or feathers of their
+hosts, and the larvae develop upon the body.
+
+Though some members of the group might be confounded with the ANOPLURA,
+they are easily distinguished from them by the structure of the mouth,
+and the different shaped claws at the extremity of the tarsi. While
+the sucking lice are always confined to a particular host, the biting
+lice are not so exclusive, for the same species may be found upon
+several dissimilar birds or animals, and it is not uncommon for several
+distinct species to infest the same host.
+
+A number of European writers have studied and described these parasitic
+creatures; Denny (Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniae 1842) described
+all the British species, which he illustrated with coloured plates:
+Piaget’s “Le Pediculines,” Leyden 1880, is a more important work, and
+was followed by a supplement in 1885; the first contains a description
+of all the species known up to that date, and the second adds 100 new
+species which he had examined. Taschenberg in 1882 published a fine
+Monograph, which however was never completed.
+
+In America the chief writers have been Osborn and Kellogg; the
+first in Bulletin 7, Division of Entomology U.S. 1891, dealing with
+“Insects affecting domestic animals, Chapter v., Mallophaga,” figures
+and describes a large number, among them some new species. Kellogg
+describes a great many new species (New Mallophaga i., ii., iii.,
+1886–89, Proceedings California Academy of Sciences, Vol. vi.),
+and also gives a great deal of information about the structure and
+classification of these insects. He says: “I propose therefore, in
+the light of the present position of the Mallophaga as an independent
+order of insects, to rank the Nitzschian families as sub-orders, the
+Nitzschian genera as families, and the Nitzschian sub-genera, the
+genera of the present day writers, as genera.”
+
+In this classification two sub-orders are created, ISCHNOCERA,
+containing two families, viz.: TRICHODECTIDAE, in which the members
+have 3 jointed antennae and tarsi with one claw, and found upon
+animals; and PHILOPTERIDAE, lice with five jointed antennae and two
+tarsal claws, which infest birds. The second sub-order, AMBLYCERA, also
+comprises two families, viz.: GYROPIDAE, with four jointed antennae and
+one tarsal claw, infesting animals; and second the LIOTHEIDAE, with
+four jointed antennae and two tarsal claws, chiefly found upon birds,
+but in Australia also found upon marsupials.
+
+There are about 1,000 species of these lice described from all parts
+of the world, but the genera are few in number. Very little work has
+been done in Australia on the Mallophaga: Piaget described a species
+on the wombat for which he created the Genus _Boopia_, naming it _B.
+tarsata_ (1880). In his Supplement (1885) he described a second on
+the red kangaroo as _Boopia grandis_; and others on Australian birds,
+among them _Menopon infumatum_ on the “Laughing Jackass,” and _Menopon
+pallipes_ on the “Swamp Quail.”
+
+In 1902 (Victorian Naturalist) Messrs. Le Souëf and Buller published
+two papers dealing with these parasites; the first entitled
+“Descriptions of some Mallophaga on Australian Birds,” and a second
+“Descriptions of some new Mallophaga from Marsupials,” illustrated with
+drawings. They describe the kangaroo louse, _Heterodoxus macropus_, as
+common upon wallabies and kangaroos in most parts of Australia. The
+female is a pale chestnut-coloured insect about 1½ lines in length,
+with the typical conical blunt head, 4-jointed antenna, and elongate
+oval abdomen fringed with hairs, and barred with black between the
+segments. The Genus _Boopia_ contains the wombat louse described by
+Piaget, and three other species found on wallabies. A fifth species,
+_Latumcephalum macropus_, is also parasitic upon wallabies. The Native
+Companion or Australian Crane is infested by a species described
+by these writers under the name of _Lipeurus giganteum_; it is of
+a uniform dull white colour, with an angular head, and measures ¼
+of an inch in length. Three species are found upon the Lyre-bird,
+namely: _Lipeurus menura_, _Nirmus menura_, and _Menopon menura_.
+The white ibis has a distinct species, and another is found upon
+the sulphur-crested cockatoo. The emu is the host of an elongate
+dark-coloured species measuring up to 2 lines in length; the “Apostle
+Bird” and the “Rosella” parrot have each a distinct parasite.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 175.=--The Kangaroo Louse.
+
+ _Heterodoxus macropus_ (Le Souëf and Bullen).
+
+ (Drawn from the type W.W.F.)]
+
+When these insects are carefully collected probably our fauna will be
+found to be rich in curious and interesting forms, judging from the
+number of undetermined species in my own collections. They can be very
+easily collected in small spirit tubes as soon as the animal or bird
+is shot, but like the “Louse-flies” they soon leave the dead body, and
+all sportsmen know this to their cost when carrying their game any
+distance.
+
+
+
+
+ Order IX.--THYSANOPTERA.
+
+
+These insects are often called PHYSAPODA in allusion to their
+bladder-shaped feet; but though some are wingless, the name
+THYSANOPTERA seems much more suitable, for all the typical forms have
+both pairs of wings beautifully fringed with hair-like filaments, hence
+the name “fringe-wings.”
+
+Thrips have few affinities with any of the other orders, and their
+exact position in any system of classification has puzzled most
+entomologists. The remarkable structure of the mouth, which has
+been studied by Messrs. Jordan and Garman, appears to consist of a
+compound of biting jaws and a sucking style. Uzel has figured it
+in his “Monographie der Ordnung Thysanoptera” 1905, but the exact
+manner in which they take their food is not yet clearly understood.
+The integument is very thick and opaque, and the head comes to a
+cone-shaped point at the mouth adjacent, to the ventral surface of the
+sternum, so that the complicated structure of the mouth is difficult to
+study. The eggs are laid upon the food plant, and the young undergoing
+a series of moults resemble the adult in general form, and the
+distinction between the larval and pupal forms, though noticeable, is
+very slight.
+
+The members of this Order sometimes appear in immense swarms and do a
+great amount of damage to cultivated plants and field crops. They are
+widely distributed over the world, and many species are cosmopolitan,
+having been spread with the introduction of their food plants. The
+group is well represented in Australia by many remarkable and striking
+species, some of which form distinct galls. This Order contains the
+single family THRIPIDAE.
+
+
+ Family 1. Thrips.
+
+ THRIPIDAE.
+
+These are elongate, black, or brown, with 6 to 9 jointed antennae
+standing out in front of the head; large eyes; with ocelli (usually
+absent in the wingless forms). The elongate head comes to a cone-shaped
+point at the extremity; the mouth consists of a pair of jaws with a
+pointed style between them. The thorax, as broad or slightly
+broader than the body, is elongate, and furnished in the typical forms
+with two pairs of delicate oar-shaped wings with a simple medium
+parallel vein in the centre of each fore wing, and both pairs fringed
+with delicate feather-like filaments; both pairs are attached at
+the base to the dorsal surface of the thorax, and when at rest are
+folded down the centre of the back. The legs are short and simple, but
+sometimes the thighs of the front pair are thickened; the tarsi consist
+of two short simple joints, the last bladder-shaped. The abdomen is
+slender and is rounded at the extremity, and in one division ends in a
+slender tubular process. Most of them are minute creatures; the giant
+among them comes from Australia, but this only measures ½ an inch in
+length. Though most species are vegetarian in their habits, feeding
+upon the surface of plants or the pollen of flowers, a few are said to
+devour mites and other tiny creatures.
+
+ [Illustration: Plate XXXVII.--THYSANOPTERA.
+
+ Family THRIPIDAE.
+
+ 1. _Idolothrips spectrum_ (Haliday). Giant thrips.
+ 2. _Thrips tabaci_ (Lindeman). Rose and Onion thrips.
+ 3. _Kladothrips rugosus_ (Froggatt). Gall thrips.
+ 4. _Kladothrips rugosus_ (Froggatt). Larva.
+ 5. 5_a_. 5_b_. Various stages of galls
+ (_K. rugosus_) on Acacia foliage.]
+
+ [Illustration: _Plate XXXVII.--THYSANOPTERA._]
+
+In Uzel’s Monograph only 135 species are catalogued, half of which are
+European. Haliday (Entomological Magazine 1836) divided all the known
+species into two groups or sub-families, viz.: _Terebrantia_, in which
+the females have an external toothed ovipositor (including all the
+typical European forms); and the _Tubulifera_, in which the ovipositor
+is hidden and the tip of the abdomen is produced into an elongated
+tubular process (most of our indigenous species fall into this latter
+group).
+
+_Heliothrips haemorrphoidalis_, an introduced species, is our commonest
+thrips, and is world-wide in its range. It measures about ¹⁄₁₆ of
+an inch in length, is stout in proportion; has the head and thorax
+rugose, and is of a uniform black tint with very light-coloured wings.
+It not only infests and damages a great number of garden plants, but
+is spreading to our native bushes, for I have taken them on young
+eucalypts far away from any gardens. The Giant Thrips, _Idolothrips
+spectrum_, was described by Haliday from specimens collected by Charles
+Darwin in 1836; he described the sexes as different species; and a
+smaller dark variety was given a third specific name. It is a very
+common insect in Eastern N.S.W., hiding among the foliage of dead
+eucalypts; when disturbed it runs about with its wings and elongated
+body turned upward in the manner of a small “rove beetle.” It has an
+extended range from Tasmania to Southern Queensland. I recorded its
+life-history (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1904), where the different stages
+of development are figured. Its large size, long antennae, elongated
+neck-like prothorax, and red spined abdominal segments and tubular
+appendage are very distinctive characters.
+
+The most remarkable THRIPIDAE however are those that infest many
+of our forest shrubs, such as _Acacia_, _Hakea_, _Callistemon_, and
+other scrub trees in Central Australia. These live in galls which they
+produce by puncturing the edges of the young leaves and causing them
+to curl over; or by attacking the leaf buds and aborting the tips of
+the twigs into irregular masses of thin woody galls; or again, the leaf
+is pierced from the under side by the female thrips, causing the leaf
+to blister on the upper surface, which gradually expands into an oval
+or rounded gall as large as a small marble, and into which most of
+the leaf is often absorbed, leaving only the leaf stalk and the tip,
+which forms a short tail curving up from the basal scar. Many of these
+galls are closely packed with small semitransparent larvae and pupae in
+all stages of development, the offspring of the single female thrips
+that first caused the gall. Noting this remarkable habit of Australian
+thrips, so different from that of all other known species, I forwarded
+specimens and galls to Dr. Sharp, who notes the fact in the Cambridge
+Nat. Hist.: Insects. It seems apparently to be a case of the survival
+of the fittest, for in the dry intense summer heat of the interior
+these delicate insects could not live on the outer surface of the
+foliage, while, enclosed in these galls, they can survive the hottest
+and driest season. Species of gall-making thrips have been recorded
+recently from Java. Uzel described one of these gall-making species,
+_Phloeothrips tepperi_ (Acta Societatis Entomologicae Bohemiae 1905)
+from specimens obtained in S. Australia by Tepper, and which form oval
+galls upon the “Mulga,” _Acacia aneura_. This species is also common in
+the western parts of N.S. Wales upon the same tree, which also bears
+two other distinct thrips galls.
+
+I have figured a remarkable rugose gall, obtained near Tamworth, N.S.
+Wales, upon a short-leaved acacia (Agricultural Gazette N.S.W. 1906);
+the maker of this gall will not fit into any known genus, and therefore
+I propose for it the name of _Kladothrips rugosus_. It has an elongate
+rounded head, with the thighs of the fore-legs greatly thickened and
+the apex of the tibia produced into two blunt claws.
+
+
+
+
+ THE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF INSECTS.
+
+
+A collector’s outfit will vary considerably in different kinds of
+country, and depend to a certain extent upon the particular group of
+insects he is interested in. But there are some things he will require
+on every tramp through the bush. For general collecting the first
+thing needed is a strong leather bag; a large-sized school bag that
+can be slung over the shoulder is preferred by some entomologists, as
+it leaves their hands free; others carry a hand-bag; but a combination
+of both, with handle and also swivels to which a shoulder strap can
+be attached, is sometimes used, so that it can be carried either way.
+I prefer the hand-bag, though it has its disadvantages, and one is
+that when shaking or sweeping the scrub it is apt to be left behind,
+and time spent in returning for it; and if the scrub is thick, may
+have to be searched for. The bag should not be too big, for in a long
+day’s tramp it becomes a burden, and if string and paper be carried,
+galls, infested twigs, and foliage can always be made up into a bundle
+and attached to the bag when an extra good find has been made. Some
+collectors have the bag divided into compartments or pockets, which are
+very handy at times for bottles and tubes, but it must be borne in mind
+that every piece of leather adds weight.
+
+With regard to nets, they must be adapted for the work they are to do;
+and first in importance comes the butterfly net. If one is in camp
+a simple net can be constructed with a ring of stout fencing wire,
+fashioned into a circle with the two ends bent down for about six
+inches, and tightly lashed to a straight sapling about eight feet in
+length; round the ring is sewn a strip of stout calico, to which is
+attached a mosquito net bag about 18 inches long, tapering to a rounded
+tip, and about 15 inches in diameter; this net is however a fixture and
+cannot be taken to pieces and folded up for travelling. Where nets can
+be obtained from dealers’ shops, there are some very neat and handy
+ones for packing up in small compass, such as the three fold net. The
+handle, like an ordinary light walking stick, is fitted at the end with
+a tubular Y; the base of the Y fits on to the handle, and the arm on
+either side receives the ends of the cane ring; the cane is shod with
+brass and jointed in three places, and there is a sheath to draw over
+each joint to form the ring; the net is then slipped on. A short stick
+is handy for many things; but when necessary a long sapling can be cut
+for a net-stick.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 176.=--Collecting Net for Butterflies showing the
+ ring fitted into ferrule; and folded up.]
+
+For catching wasps, flies, and other small insects a little hand-net
+about nine inches in diameter, made of mosquito net and a bit of
+fencing wire, is much more handy than the large butterfly net. When
+dragging water-holes or creeks a bag of cheese-cloth placed on the
+butterfly net ring will be found very serviceable, and will stand
+much rough use. A stout umbrella will be found one of the most useful
+collecting appliances when hunting in scrub or forest country. If
+the bushes are beaten or shaken with one hand while holding the open
+umbrella below them, the collector will be surprised at the number
+of fine things, large and small, that come tumbling down into the
+umbrella, including many that he would never see otherwise. In the
+dry western scrubs I find the early hours of morning between daylight
+and eight o’clock to be the best time for beating and shaking, as
+everything that falls then is more or less torpid; later in the
+day they begin to get very active and fly off when disturbed. Some
+collectors go to the trouble of having a special umbrella made of white
+material or lined with calico, so that the fallen insects can be more
+easily noticed, but the advantage is slight. Mr. Masters suggests the
+use of a sheet spread under the bushes, and the whole tree beaten and
+shaken. This method in suitable country has its advantages.
+
+The killing bottles come next in importance, and the first and most
+commonly used is the cyanide bottle. An empty 1 oz. quinine bottle
+makes one of a very serviceable size, but any other light wide-mouthed
+bottle will answer the purpose. Place a piece of cyanide of potassium
+about 1½ inches square and ½ an inch in thickness at the bottom of the
+bottle, and then pour in enough liquid plaster of Paris to embed and
+cover it; drain off any surplus moisture with blotting paper; and when
+the plaster is set hard, close the bottle with a tight-fitting cork.
+It is an advantage to coat the top of the cork with red sealing-wax,
+so that if it is dropped or left behind, the bright cork will make
+it more conspicuous. Young collectors may get the insects covered
+with particles of damp plaster and perhaps spoilt; to prevent this,
+the plaster should be covered with scraps of paper, moss, dry grass,
+or some such material, to absorb the moisture and keep the specimens
+clean. The dead insects should always be turned out of the cyanide
+killing bottle on returning from a day’s hunt, for if kept long in the
+bottle they will often become more or less discoloured.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 177.=--Glass-bottomed Box, handy
+ for catching small moths.]
+
+A killing bottle favoured by museum and professional collectors is a
+similar bottle, but, instead of using cyanide, a pad of cotton wool is
+placed in the bottom, on to which some chloroform is poured to charge
+the bottle. But when collecting is brisk and the cork constantly being
+taken out for fresh captures, the chloroform evaporates, and the bottle
+must be re-charged at intervals. When one is collecting different kinds
+of small specimens it is advisable to carry several small tubes charged
+with chloroform, and if a circular pad of blotting paper be carefully
+cut and pressed down on the wadding, the little creatures will not
+get their legs and antennae tangled in the fibre of the cotton. If
+delicate winged insects remain long in the moist atmosphere of the
+tube, their wings stick to the sides or curl up, so that it is wise
+to turn them out every now and then into pill boxes carried for the
+purpose, and any special treasures should be rolled up in soft paper.
+At one time most English entomologists used chopped laurel leaves in
+the bottle instead of cyanide; this foliage gives off a certain amount
+of hydrocyanic acid vapour, sufficient to kill insects, at the same
+time keeping them clean and relaxed so that they are easily mounted.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 178.=--Killing Bottle
+
+ In which a piece of cyanide of potassium is placed, and then
+ covered with plaster of Paris.]
+
+The collector’s bag should contain several empty tins of all shapes
+and sizes, to carry the hundred and one things found in a day’s
+collecting, such as live larvae, cocoons, galls, eggs, &c. When hunting
+for small moths the lepidopterist always carries a pocket full of
+small glass-bottomed boxes; the glassed portion is used to slip over
+the resting moth, which, when disturbed, at once flies upward to the
+glass, and the lid of the box is slipped under. These delicate little
+creatures are taken home alive, and can be killed in a jar and mounted
+while quite fresh. A stock of small tubes containing methylated spirit
+can be packed in one of the empty tins; these are very necessary to
+keep separate from one another specimens of ants, termites, or other
+insects taken direct from their nests. On a long trip one also wants
+a larger bottle or jar of spirit in which scorpions, millepedes,
+centipedes, and such-like creatures can be stored.
+
+ [Illustration: =Fig. 179.=--Chloroform Tube, used for
+ killing small, delicate insects.]
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+ =Fig. 180.=--Butterfly set upon corked and grooved board
+ to show the process of mounting.]
+
+When timber is found infested with beetle or moth larvae, it should be
+secured and brought home, where it can be placed in a tin trunk, glass
+jar, or proper breeding cage and the perfect insects bred out. When
+engaged at this very profitable work a small hatchet and hand saw are
+needed to cut the branches. At all times a stout old butcher’s-knife
+should be among the kit, as it is useful for digging round the roots of
+trees and under logs, tearing bark off tree trunks, and if it be jagged
+on one edge will make a rough saw. A newspaper or two is handy for many
+things, among others to make envelopes in which to place butterflies.
+
+Specimens collected in camp must be kept in good condition until
+they can be properly mounted at home; in a dry country this is not
+difficult, but in the wet season in a semi-tropical climate both
+botanical and entomological specimens are very liable to damage.
+
+Most collectors put all the hard-bodied insects such as beetles
+into a wide-mouthed jar of methylated spirits, where they will keep
+indefinitely, but any beetles that are clothed with fine hairs or
+floury pubescence should be carefully pinned in a box, and, unless very
+large, will dry quickly. Some entomologists place their captures of
+this kind in clear carbolised sawdust in tins or jars: I have packed
+small specimens in circular tins in the following manner:--First a
+layer of camphor covered with a circular sheet of blotting paper
+fitting close into the tin, then the insects fresh from the killing
+tubes, and after sprinkling the insects with camphor a layer of
+blotting paper, and so on. Thus many thousands of micro-coleoptera,
+hemiptera, &c., could be securely packed and added to day by day until
+the tin was full, when a wad of cotton wool was placed on the last
+sheet of paper, and the tin put aside or posted to its destination.
+
+With regard to butterflies, the collector can generally see whether
+they are good or damaged specimens as soon as they are taken out
+of the net; if the latter, he should let them go (unless unique or
+rare forms), for an imperfect or rubbed butterfly is comparatively
+valueless. If it be a perfect specimen, the wings should be folded
+together over the back, and a sharp nip on the thorax between the
+fingers will kill it in a moment. Each specimen should be placed in a
+folded paper envelope, made by crossfolding an oblong piece of soft
+paper in the shape of a triangle and folding down the overlapping
+edges. Packed side by side, a square tin will hold hundreds of these
+paper envelopes, which can be stored in this manner indefinitely
+or till the collector is ready to relax and set them. Thousands of
+butterflies are sent in these papers from all parts of the world to
+London for sale, and are usually disposed of at so much per hundred.
+
+Moths cannot well be treated in this manner on account of the thickness
+of their bodies and the looseness of the scales upon their wings;
+they have therefore to be pinned in a corklined box as they are
+collected, but later on can be relaxed and their wings set as with the
+butterflies. When we come to the tiny moths known as MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,
+we find they require special treatment, and most lepidopterists take a
+box fitted with narrow setting boards, when out for a few days, and set
+their captures every evening before they become stiff, for otherwise
+many make very unsatisfactory specimens.
+
+In collecting HYMENOPTERA the different groups need special treatment;
+and where there are several sexes dissimilar in size and structure they
+should be carefully kept together. Ants are always best collected from
+their nest, and a number of specimens of the different sexes secured
+and placed in a tube of methylated spirits. The locality and date
+should be written with a hard lead pencil upon a slip of paper and
+placed in the tube with them. A series can afterwards be sorted out and
+mounted, the large ones on pins and the smaller on gummed card. Wasps
+should be pinned, and when the forms with wingless females (Thynnidae
+and Mutillidae) are obtained _in copula_, a very common state in
+midsummer, they should be captured and killed together and the paired
+insects mounted with a check mark on each pin beside the locality and
+date label, so that no mistake can be made as to their identity.
+
+The bulk of the HEMIPTERA will with their hard integument carry
+well in spirit or carbolised sawdust. Some of the more delicate of
+the HOMOPTERA, such as the Psyllidae, Aphidae, and Coccidae (Scale
+insects), should be collected with their food plant. They can be
+obtained in various stages of their development; the perfect insects
+can be bred in confinement upon their food plants. They should be
+mounted on card when fresh, but, if not, can be placed in the camphor
+tin or even a dry tube plugged with cotton wool, but if the tube be
+corked they will spoil, owing to the moisture generated within the
+tube. In the case of scale insects, portions of the leaves, bark, or
+twigs infested with the tests of the injects can be cut to a uniform
+size and mounted with gum or small pin on card, and if mounted
+carefully make very neat specimens. Many of the larger HOMOPTERA, such
+as cicadas, fulgorids and frog-hoppers, can be mounted, with the wings
+outspread, but should not go into spirits.
+
+ORTHOPTERA, particularly the large phasmids, are very unsatisfactory
+creatures to deal with when captured; often too large to go into a
+killing bottle, they have to be brought into camp alive. If a female,
+it may be kept a while to lay its eggs, as they are very interesting
+objects. The eggs can be mounted on card or placed in a small pill box
+and pinned beside the insect in the box. These insects, as well as all
+large grasshoppers, should be cut down the abdomen on the under side
+and the contents removed with forceps; a little paris green should then
+be sprinkled inside or some weak corrosive sublimate applied with a
+brush; then a wad of cotton wool should be pushed into the cavity to
+give shape to the empty body when it dries. In the case of the larger
+cockroaches, which are often very brittle when cleaned and dried, a
+bit of sheet cork instead of cotton wool can be shaped for a false
+body, coated with gum and slipped in; when pinned through the cork it
+makes a very firm specimen. Some collectors mount their grasshoppers
+and other orthoptera with the wings outspread, and as show specimens
+they look best, but take up a great deal of room; others mount the
+wings on one side, and leave the others folded down in their natural
+condition in repose, so that some idea is given of the natural form,
+and the outspread wings can also be examined for specific differences.
+In collecting phasmids and stick insects for transmission by post or
+packing in small space, the best plan is to get a slender stick and lay
+the insect along it with outstretched legs and folded wings, and then
+wind soft worsted thread round it from end to end; it can be unwound
+and mounted properly when received at its destination. Orthoptera
+should not be put into spirit with other specimens, as they lose their
+colour, become soft, and break up easily; they will however travel well
+in a 5 per cent. solution of formalin; this has a hardening effect and
+only alters the colour slightly unless the insects are kept in it for a
+considerable time. If kept in formalin for say a week and then packed
+in sawdust they will not rot or spoil as they often do when killed and
+packed before they are dried.
+
+NEUROPTERA are delicate creatures, and many of them keep best if killed
+and placed in papers as in the case of butterflies, unless there is
+room to pin them in a store box. The bodies of the dragon-flies rot
+very quickly and break off very easily; if carefully handled they
+can be placed _alive_ in papers with their wings folded over their
+backs, and will remain alive for several days, long enough to travel a
+considerable distance by post when dispatched direct to a specialist,
+who will then receive them with their natural colours. If kept in the
+store box it is advisable to impale the slender body with a bristle
+or grass stem, inserting it at the front of the thorax and pushing it
+through to the tip of the abdomen, but not far enough to injure the
+anal appendages. Many specimens can be pinned in the store boxes with
+the wings closed, and relaxed and mounted with outspread wings months
+afterwards.
+
+DIPTERA is another group that requires delicate manipulation,
+particularly such species as “daddy-long-legs” (_Tipulidae_),
+mosquitoes (_Culicidae_), &c. When Skuse was collecting he always
+carried a pocket-box containing pinned card slips of various lengths,
+and a tube of gum, and, after killing the insects in a chloroform
+tube, he mounted them at once while they were flexible and the legs not
+detached. Theobald mounts his mosquitoes on fine pins, which are pushed
+from beneath through a circular piece of cardboard (these circular
+cards are stamped out with a wad-cutter); the legs are spread out and
+an ordinary pin pushed through the circle to pin them in a cabinet. The
+larger flies are pinned dry in the ordinary manner, and the smaller
+ones are carded.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ANIMAL PARASITES, which belong to quite a number of groups, are
+obtained on the live birds or mammals as soon as they are shot. When
+the animals are dead the parasites leave the bodies as soon as they
+begin to get cold. They should be transferred at once to small spirit
+tubes, in which should also be placed a slip of paper upon which is
+written in lead pencil the name of the mammal or bird upon which it was
+taken, the date of capture, and the locality.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+LAMP AND NIGHT COLLECTING.--In suitable localities a great haul of
+insects can often be obtained on a warm sultry summer night by laying
+a sheet on the ground with a powerful lamp on it and hanging another
+sheet behind the lamp; the insects are attracted to the light, and
+falling on the sheet are then easily captured. In camp many fine
+insects may be obtained round the lamp or camp fire; and during the wet
+seasons in North Queensland and the north coast of Australia I have
+taken many rare insects in this manner.
+
+SUGARING is greatly practised in Europe; a suitable spot in a forest
+being chosen, a mixture of sugar and beer that have been boiled
+together is smeared upon the tree trunks and fences; at night-fall the
+ground is visited with a bull’s-eye lantern, and the insects (moths
+chiefly) that come to feed are captured, sometimes in great numbers.
+This has been tried by our collectors in Australia; but I have never
+had any success myself nor heard of anyone here who has had better
+fortune.
+
+TRAPPING.--When settled down in a fixed collecting camp many beetles
+and other insects can be obtained by trapping. If in brush or forest
+land a number of empty jam or milk tins with the tops cut neatly off
+are buried, with the edges level with the surface of the ground, many
+carnivorous ground beetles tumble in, and will be found there on
+going round in the morning. If a bone or bit of meat be placed at the
+bottom of the trap, it often attracts certain beetles that feed on
+such food. In the same manner a dead bird or small animal half buried
+in the ground, or placed under a sheet of bark or log, will prove an
+attractive bait for the burying beetles and other curious and often
+rare species; a dead animal should therefore be always investigated by
+the beetle hunter, as it often hides entomological treasures.
+
+Fallen timber always has a great attraction for all bark-feeding
+weevils, longicorns, and other small wood-borers that come to it as
+soon as the bark begins to wither. Here also come Cleridae, Antribidae
+and other carnivorous beetles to feed upon the smaller wood-borers, and
+many an hour can be profitably spent over a large fallen tree or bit of
+brush a few days after it has been chopped down, particularly in the
+tropical scrubs. Slicing the bark of living trees that exude any sap,
+and letting the bark hang down, attracts insects that feed on the sap
+or take shelter under loose bark; a number of such blazed tree trunks
+round a camp is a great source of revenue, particularly in the summer.
+
+There are many other devices that the collector will only gain by
+experience in the field, which will enable him to obtain many curious
+specimens that a novice would never find.
+
+MOUNTING, SETTING, AND STORING.--Having collected specimens, the
+next question is the storage of the insects. All entomological
+specimens (other than those kept in spirit tubes) must be preserved
+in close-fitting boxes lined with cork, linoleum, or other suitable
+substance, and the lining covered with clean white paper pasted over
+it. Many different kinds of store boxes are used by entomologists who
+cannot afford the luxury of cabinets; most of them are made of deal,
+with hinges in the centre; the two sides of the box fold together,
+fitting closely over a rim along the inner edge of one half; and they
+are fastened with two hooks on the outside. These English boxes made of
+light pine can be obtained in Sydney; they fit beautifully and are much
+lighter than the local ones made of kauri, but are slightly dearer. To
+make a useful store box, nail down the lid of a large-sized cigar box
+(cleaning, sandpapering, and varnishing it); cut the box through the
+centre with a fine saw, and then fit a projecting rim into one half
+with wood from another cigar box, so that the two halves fit close
+together over the rim without needing catches. This is handy only for a
+temporary store box, as it is rather difficult to get the two halves to
+fit accurately, and when made is rather small and deep.
+
+Specimens should be pinned or mounted on cards on a uniform plan;
+nothing looks worse than insects mounted in different styles. Except
+the smaller specimens, beetles and other insects should be pinned, and
+the most serviceable pins are perhaps Kirby, Beard and Co.’s Nos. 1
+and 5, though there are several useful intermediate sizes. When an
+insect is too delicate to pin with either of these, mount it on card,
+for more insects are lost or damaged through mounting with slender
+pins that refuse to stick into the cork, and curl up or buckle in the
+middle, than in any other manner. There are however many professional
+naturalists who always use the soft, slender, very fine, Continental
+pins, but they require very delicate handling, and are not suitable
+for the general collector. There is a great difference of opinion as
+to how insects should be set and pinned; many, particularly English
+naturalists, advocate low setting, while most of our collectors set all
+insects high, as the insects when thus pinned are raised well above
+the bottom of the box, and their legs and antennae are not so liable
+to get broken; all mites, dust and dirt will be noticed at once; and
+the name affixed beneath can be read without removing the insect. In
+the case of low setting, the insects are resting on the floor of the
+box; they are liable to damage with the least bump; anthrenus and mites
+can feed away under cover without being seen until the remains of the
+infested specimen fall apart; the insect has to be lifted up every time
+to see its name; while the locality and date-label is always liable to
+fall off. My standard height (first suggested to me by Mr. Masters to
+use when working in the Macleay Museum, Sydney) is the lid of a wax
+matchbox, which is about ¾ of an inch. A small hole is pierced through
+the centre of the lid; the beetle is placed on the top of the lid, and
+the pin pressed through it and the hole in the lid until the point
+touches the table beneath. The pin, in the case of a beetle, should
+be pushed through the upper half of the elytron (wing cover) on the
+right-hand side when the head is facing the same way as the person
+mounting, the pin coming out on the under surface between the middle
+and hind legs. The antennae and legs may be arranged with pins, but,
+during the season in Australia, insects are so plentiful that there is
+not always time to more than roughly open them out.
+
+In the case of insects too small to pin, they are carded. Sheets of
+the best white cardboard (little thicker than that of a visiting card)
+are cut into neat strips of uniform width and length for different
+specimens. No. 1 pins are run through the cards at one end to bring
+the under side of the card the same height up the pin as the under
+surface of the directly pinned insect. To give the little card mounts
+a finished appearance the card used in my collections is ruled with a
+double line of red ink, the first thick and the inner line fine; each
+strip of card is cut along the thick red line, and the pin is pushed
+through the red band. Where one has more than a single specimen, two
+or more can be mounted side by side on the same card, with their legs
+and antennae neatly set out, one with the dorsal surface uppermost,
+and the second one gummed with the reverse side upward, so that the
+specific characters of both sides of the insect can be examined without
+having to remove the specimen from the card.
+
+Moths, butterflies, cicadas, lace-wings and other large winged insects
+when fresh, or after they have been relaxed, are pinned down on setting
+boards; the body should rest in the parallel groove down the centre
+of the board, and the wings should be opened out and strapped down on
+either side with braces of paper or cardboard. The wings should be
+expanded in a natural manner, and so that the whole of the venation
+and beauty of the wings are shown. A setting board is simply a strip
+of soft pine wood with two sheets of cork gummed on the upper surface,
+with a groove between them to receive the body; fine white paper is
+pasted over the whole of the board. They are made of various sizes to
+suit both large and small moths. Most of the old setting boards had the
+cork rounded so that the wings drooped downwards; afterwards many used
+them with the outer side turning upward so that the wings were raised
+at the extremities; those in general use now are perfectly flat.
+
+All these insects are easily relaxed by placing them between damp
+blotting paper on the top of some wet sand in a plate, and covering
+them over with a bell glass or similar vessel; within twenty-four hours
+they are limp enough to be pinned and their wings opened out without
+any danger.
+
+NUMBERING AND LABELLING.--Every specimen, as soon as it is mounted,
+should have a small label attached to the pin; this can be written with
+a fine-pointed pen on small slips of paper as distinctly as possible,
+with the exact locality in which the insect was collected, the date
+of capture, the name or initials of the collector, and the food plant
+when known. It is however sometimes better to pin a second slip below
+for the food plant and a distinctive catalogue number. Every young
+naturalist starting a collection should have consecutive numbers on
+each series of specimens he collects, and keep a note-book or stock
+register, in which to enter any information about the insect bearing
+the number. These notes in the course of time will become more and
+more valuable, and give an added value to the collection. Many young
+naturalists may think of labels only as a record of the collector’s
+name, but the locality and food plant are the important points, and to
+the working entomologist a collection of Australian insects without
+any such records have lost half their value. The label is placed on the
+top of the matchbox lid, and the pin bearing the specimen is pushed
+through to bring the label about halfway between the specimen and the
+point of the pin, which allows of the label being easily read, and when
+uniformly placed adds to the neat appearance of the collection. I have
+mentioned a matchbox lid as a standard height for mounting specimens,
+but when constantly at work something more solid is required. Take a
+small block of soft deal wood about 4 inches in length by 2 in width,
+and just under ¾ of an inch in height; bore two or three holes through
+it at one end, tack a sheet of white cardboard over the top, and above
+this at one end tack a slip of cork 1½ inches in width; then make holes
+through the cardboard above the holes bored in the deal block, and you
+have an excellent mounting table to work upon.
+
+An entomologist does not require much apparatus after his boxes and
+setting boards, but one indispensable article is a pair of strong
+entomological forceps with curved tips; the curved extremities allow of
+the pin being gripped below the insect when fixing it in or lifting it
+out of the box. These in the hands of an expert are as good as an extra
+pair of fingers, both for moving about specimens and picking up pins.
+A second fine-pointed pair of forceps is useful for handling specimens
+when mounting, or for picking up small active insects under logs and
+stones. Two needles mounted in pen handles are invaluable for arranging
+the legs and antennae when being set. Fine-pointed paint brushes for
+cleaning dust and dirt from the insects are used; and a pair of pointed
+scissors are necessary for opening the large-bodied insects, cutting
+mounting cards, labels and such-like. A pocket lens should be always
+at hand, for without it one loses half the beauty and details of
+structure, and it would often be difficult to classify the specimens.
+Later on, the entomologist will find a dissecting microscope, which
+leaves both hands free to work, an indispensable part of his outfit.
+A bottle of gum is another requisite, and different recipes are given
+in manuals on the subject; at one time a mixture of tragacanth gum was
+generally used, but the great objection to its use is that, though very
+fine and transparent, it is very difficult to remove from the specimen
+when necessary to remount or to detach it for examination. The mixture
+now generally used is made of clean lumps of gum arabic dissolved in
+water to the consistency of thin honey, with a little ground lump sugar
+added; a few drops of carbolic acid are added, which, though apt to
+discolour it if much is used, will keep the mixture sweet, and prevents
+mould getting on the specimens. The gum should always be kept corked
+to prevent dust being introduced, which would show very readily on the
+mount.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+CARE OF COLLECTIONS.--After the collections are formed, the insects
+pinned, labelled, and placed in their natural groups, one’s work is by
+no means finished; thousands of valuable specimens, and even types,
+have been irretrievably damaged or completely destroyed from want
+of a little care in preserving them from mites and museum beetles
+(_Anthrenus_). The specimens may be perfectly clean and stored in
+close-fitting boxes, and yet later may become infested, by the addition
+of specimens that have been in an infested collection. It is advisable
+to keep a receiving box in which to place exchanged specimens for
+some time before setting out in the collections; as a general rule a
+collector eagerly adds any new specimen to his collections, and so at
+the same time may introduce _Anthrenus_, often in the egg state, whose
+little hairy larvae will rapidly destroy his insects. Some collectors
+contend that they can preserve their specimens from the attacks of
+museum pests by dipping them in a very weak solution of corrosive
+sublimate in spirits of wine; but this can only be effectively done
+in the case of beetles and other hard-bodied creatures, for it must
+be remembered that this chemical is apt to affect the metallic and
+bright-coloured tints of the specimens, and will even corrode the pins.
+Camphor and napthaline kept in a muslin bag or cell in the corner of
+the insect box will poison the air and certainly kill all mites, and
+will keep some pests out; but _Anthrenus_ are able to live in this
+poisoned atmosphere, and will still carry on the work of destruction.
+Having once found _Anthrenus_ among the specimens, no time should be
+lost before destroying them: a wad of cotton wool should be pinned in
+the corner of the box, and chloroform or bisulphide of carbon poured
+over it, and the box kept closed for about twenty-four hours, when it
+should be again opened, all dead _Anthrenus_ shaken out, the remains
+of damaged insects removed, and the most injured specimens (if common)
+burnt. Another method when _Anthrenus_ are found is, to hold the
+open box or drawer in front of the fire for a few moments, when the
+pests, even if feeding within the insects, will wriggle out and can be
+destroyed. When once a box has been infested it will require constant
+attention for months after.
+
+MOULD is also difficult to get rid of when once it appears in a box. If
+all insects are well dried before they are placed in the boxes, and the
+boxes kept in a dry place, there should be no mould among the contents,
+but if a few damp or mould-infested insects be placed in a clean box
+the mould may spread and eventually affect the whole collection,
+especially if the room is inclined to be damp. When mould appears, the
+affected insects should be cleaned with a brush dipped in benzine, and
+a few drops of carbolic acid should be poured on a piece of cotton wool
+in the box.
+
+GREASE is often a great trouble to the collector. Many of the large
+wood-moths, particularly the bodies, sometimes get into a very bad
+state if not cleaned out thoroughly; and also on old specimens of
+beetles the grease develops verdigris, corroding the pins. Soaking all
+such specimens in benzine will soften the grease so that it can be
+rubbed off with a soft brush.
+
+
+
+
+ MUSEUM COLLECTIONS AND TYPES.
+
+
+The type of a species is the actual specimen from which the published
+description has been drawn up by the entomologist; and the care and
+safe custody of such types should be the aim of every naturalist and
+museum curator. In the case of insects, they are often such delicate
+creatures that the type is very easily destroyed or damaged, either by
+careless handling, bad storage, or from the attacks of museum mites and
+pests; and at the present time, since many insect types have been thus
+lost or destroyed, often doubt exists as to which particular insect
+in the group is the species defined by the author, especially where
+the written description, as in many cases, is brief or incomplete.
+Many large private collections have been made by entomologists in
+which there are numbers of types either described by the owner, or of
+specimens he has obtained and submitted to specialists. Some of these
+collections have afterwards been broken up, sold, and distributed, so
+that it is now very difficult to trace the whereabouts of many types
+that do exist. Every year brings more independent entomologists into
+the ranks of the describers, so that our insects are being described
+in all parts of the world; and though the importance of types is much
+better understood than it used to be, the ultimate resting place of
+many of these types is very uncertain.
+
+The proper place for every type is in the cabinet of some accredited
+museum, though unfortunately there are some museums where the
+collections of insects are no safer than they are in private hands,
+either from want of proper storage or the lack of a special curator.
+Yet if it were an understood thing that the types of each specialist
+would be placed in the museum of his country, there would be some hope
+of them being available for the use of future students.
+
+The drawbacks to such a disposal of types are that most entomologists
+when they monograph a group intend to follow up the work as new
+material comes to hand, which occurs when through their publications
+collectors begin to forward specimens for identification; so that the
+types are often required by entomologists for supplementary papers.
+
+Again, each insect as soon as it becomes a type has a certain
+commercial value, and as most naturalists are poor men, this enhanced
+value is a consideration, and it would be hardly fair to expect them
+to give away valuable assets. The best way to get over the difficulty
+would be for each museum to have a sum of money put aside to purchase
+all types at a certain fixed rate, and with an understanding that no
+types go out of their native country before they have been submitted to
+the museum authorities.
+
+It is very unfortunate that many of the early and most prolific writers
+never definitely marked their type-specimen when it was described,
+simply returning it to the cabinet with the new name either on the pin
+or below it; and where there has been a series of the same species, and
+some assistant affixed the names, the recognised type may be a co-type.
+Co-types are very valuable when they are determined by the describer
+from the same species, but some writers have the bad habit of treating
+co-types as types, which leads to much distrust and confusion.
+
+Every type should if pinned have a second label besides the ordinary
+label placed well up on the pin, and bearing the word “type,” with the
+date, initials of the author, and name of the insect on the reverse
+side, so that as long as the specimen is in existence there can be no
+doubt as to it being a type.
+
+I therefore propose in the following pages to give some brief notes
+upon our Museum Collections, with reference to the types they contain;
+and also to refer to those types in private collections. To work out
+the location of the Australian type-specimens and collections in
+British and foreign museums would require a book to itself, but the
+destination of a few types of the more important collections can be
+indicated.
+
+Through the kindness of the Curators of the different Australian
+Museums and many interested friends, I have been enabled to gather much
+valuable information about the early collections made in Australia, and
+their final destinations.
+
+THE MACLEAY MUSEUM, Sydney, contains the finest general collection of
+Australian insects that exists, and is rich in types; it also contains
+a large series of insects from all parts of the world, among which
+are some historical specimens. Unfortunately here also the types of
+many species cannot be distinguished from their co-types, as they
+bear no distinctive type-labels. The entomological collections of the
+Macleay Museum are the accumulated gatherings of three distinguished
+naturalists. It was originally commenced by Alexander Macleay, who,
+when he left England to come to Sydney in 1825, had one of the
+finest and most extensive collections of insects at that time in the
+possession of any private individual. He added to this many Australian
+species, some of which still bear his labels. His son, William Sharp
+Macleay, inherited this collection on the death of his father in 1848,
+and added to it, bequeathing it to his cousin, Sir William Macleay,
+on his death in 1865. Sir William Macleay, to whom the foundation of
+the Macleay Museum as a general zoological museum is due, began to
+accumulate insects in 1861, when Mr. Masters went to Port Denison,
+Queensland, to collect for him; Masters afterwards went on several
+extended collecting expeditions in Queensland, South and Western
+Australia, and the specimens collected by him were chiefly described
+by Macleay, though the actual types of many of the insects were in the
+early days placed in the Australian Museum, Sydney. The types of those
+collected by me at Cairns, N. Queensland, in 1886, and at King’s Sound,
+N.W. Australia, 1887–8, are in the Macleay Museum, also the other
+Macleay types described in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of
+N.S.W., except a few that are said to be in the Brisbane Museum. Mr.
+Lea informs me that some of Bates’ types of the _Tenebrionidae_ are in
+the Macleay Collections. The types of all the _Staphylinidae_ loaned
+for description to Olliff are in this Museum; the others described by
+Olliff are in the Australian Museum. In the Macleay Museum are also
+Skuse’s types of Australian _Diptera_, as described in the Proceedings
+of the Linnean Society of N.S.W., and which are distinctly marked and
+mounted, and in a fine state of preservation. Lea’s type-specimens of
+_Coleoptera_, described from unique specimens in this museum on loan,
+are in this museum; while all his other types, with the exception of a
+few in the National Museum in Melbourne, are in his own collections.
+Dr. Jefferis Turner informs me that a few of Meyrick’s type of
+_Micro-lepidoptera_ are in the Macleay Museum; but Mr. Masters and I
+examined a number that Meyrick named for Macleay, and there is nothing
+to indicate that there are any types among the specimens.
+
+Two specimens of Sawflies (_Tenthredinidae_) described by me, and
+most of the types of the _Cicadidae_ described by Dr. Goding and
+myself (with the exception of those types derived from specimens
+loaned from the Victorian and Adelaide Museums and returned thereto)
+are in this museum collection; also Marsham’s types of _Notoclea_
+(_Paropsis_), containing many of our commonest species as described in
+the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London in 1818, are in this
+collection, and also, it is said, some of Boisduval’s types.
+
+THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, Sydney, was founded in 1836 and incorporated by
+Act of Council in 1853. The first collection of insects was made by Mr.
+Roach of Petty’s Hotel about 1835, who presented it to the Government;
+they were exhibited in the “Round House” near Circular Quay, where they
+were placed in charge of W. S. Wall, afterwards the first Curator of
+the Australian Museum.
+
+The types now in the collections contain Macleay’s Gayndah Collection
+obtained by G. Masters, and described by Sir William Macleay in the
+Transactions of the Entomological Society of N.S. Wales. Some of
+Macleay’s _Coleoptera_ from Port Denison, and South and West Australian
+specimens also collected by Masters are said to be in the Australian
+Museum, but a number of the latter are said by Mr. Masters to be in the
+Macleay Museum.
+
+Macleay never affixed a type-label to his specimen, and if there were a
+series of the same species he never indicated the type, so that it is
+only where there was a single specimen that we can be positive which
+specimen is the type; and further confusion arises as he presented many
+specimens to the Australian Museum from his own collections. Scott’s
+Lepidoptera (still kept as a separate collection) comprise the types
+described by him, and are the identical butterflies and moths figured
+in his work, “Australian Lepidoptera,” 1864.
+
+Olliff’s types of _Coleoptera_ and _Lepidoptera_ described while he
+was the museum entomologist are in the museum collections, with the
+exception of the _Staphylinidae_ previously mentioned and a few others
+described from Macleay Museum specimens, one or two types that went to
+Jansen, London, in whose collection they are now said to be, and two
+butterfly types said to be in South Africa.
+
+King’s types of _Coleoptera_, collected by himself, and which he
+described in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of N.S.W.,
+were purchased by the Trustees of this museum after his death. Many
+of the smaller ones are mounted in balsam on glass slips; others are
+pinned and carded; and though some of the types have vanished owing to
+insect pests, they are on the whole in fairly good condition.
+
+Types of all the specimens described by both Skuse and Rainbow in the
+Records of the Australian Museum are in the collections; and also one
+of G. A. Waterhouse’s types (_Lepidoptera_) and a number of Sloane’s
+type _Carabidae_.
+
+THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, Melbourne, was formed early in 1854, and
+temporarily housed in the Melbourne University buildings in August,
+1856, under the charge of the late Director, Professor (afterwards) Sir
+Frederick McCoy. The old museum situated in the University grounds was
+completed early in 1864, and the collections placed in it in March of
+that year.
+
+The Entomological Collection was commenced about 1861 by the late
+William Kershaw, under whose charge it was placed with other of the
+zoological collections until his retirement in August, 1891. He was
+succeeded by his son, J. A. Kershaw, who is the present Curator of the
+Zoological Collections.
+
+In the formation of the entomological collections no professional
+collectors were engaged, but specimens were obtained by purchase,
+exchange and donation from various sources. By the latter the Messrs.
+Kershaw were probably the largest contributors.
+
+The collection of general entomological specimens from all parts of the
+world is an extensive one occupying 31 cabinets. It contains several
+well-known collections, of which the most important is the “Curtis
+Collection of British Insects,” which was purchased by the National
+Museum authorities in 1863. It occupies 5 large mahogany cabinets, four
+of which contain British Insects of all orders, among them many of
+Curtis’ types (described in his work on British Insects); and the fifth
+cabinet of 50 drawers contains a general collection of exotic insects.
+Nothing has been removed from this collection, which is in an excellent
+state of preservation, and remains exactly as Curtis left it 45 years
+ago. Curtis’ MS. Register or Catalogue of this collection, comprising
+4 quarto volumes, is also the property of the National Museum. Some
+interesting notes on the Curtis Collection were published by J. J.
+Walker, R.N., in the Entomological Monthly Magazine, 1904.
+
+The “Howett Collection” made by Dr. Howett, consisting of Australian
+Coleoptera, was bequeathed to the Melbourne University by its founder,
+with a condition that it must be kept intact, and nothing added to,
+or taken from it. It was handed over to the National Museum by the
+University authorities in April, 1904, on loan, together with Dr.
+Howett’s library of entomological works. This collection is contained
+in 10 cabinets, and includes a large number of types of Australian
+insects, principally those of Count Castelnau, in whose handwriting
+many of the labels attached to the insects are written.
+
+Another large and valuable collection is that of the late Count
+Castelnau, embracing his general collection of Coleoptera. It occupies
+5 large cabinets containing about 200 drawers. The specimens are all
+mounted on uniformly sized pieces of papered cork, and in a great many
+instances a species not in the collection is represented by a carded
+figure.
+
+THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, Adelaide.--Mr. F. Waterhouse was the first
+Curator. It contains the following: Messrs. Kreusler and Odewahn’s
+joint collection of Coleoptera, named by Pascoe, and Mr. E. Guest’s
+_Micro-lepidoptera_ named by Meyrick; these were both purchased for the
+museum, but the types in these collections are not noted by any special
+reference.
+
+A large portion of Tepper’s original collection before 1883, and some
+of F. Waterhouse’s specimens, were also added to the collection.
+
+A comparatively large number, but a small proportion of the whole of
+the Rev. Thos. Blackburn’s types of _Coleoptera_, are in this museum.
+A number of Mr. O. Lower’s types of _Lepidoptera_ are also deposited
+here; and also all or nearly all of Mr. Tepper’s types, described
+chiefly in the Transactions of the Royal Society of S. Australia.
+
+The Kreusler and Odewahn Collection was formed between the years 1855
+and 1875, and consists chiefly of Coleoptera collected about Gawler and
+Blanchtown, on the Murray River, S.A. Messrs. Schulz, Bathurst, Jung
+and O. and P. Tepper collected about Lyndoch, South Para River, and
+P. Tepper later on about the Lower Murray plains, Ardrossan, Yorke’s
+Peninsula and the Mount Lofty Ranges. Messrs. C. A. and G. M. Wilson
+also collected extensively in the early days. All these collectors
+exchanged specimens and forwarded S. Australian insects to Europe and
+England, while the Messrs. Tepper sold to Berlin a large collection
+chiefly of _Coleoptera_ in 1868.
+
+THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Brisbane, is not rich in types, but contains a
+large collection of Queensland and New Guinea insects of considerable
+value; but the specimens, from want of funds and a special custodian,
+are stowed away, and not arranged in any particular order.
+
+The types contained in the large collection of Miskin’s Lepidoptera,
+purchased some years ago by the museum authorities; a few types
+created by Dr. Jefferis Turner; and others by Lower, are all in this
+collection. I understand that there are also in this collection some
+Australian and New Guinea types created by Mr. Tryon.
+
+The following notes on the Australian types that are to be found in
+British and other collections, furnished by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N.,
+of Oxford, and Dr. D. Sharp, of Cambridge, are very interesting. Mr.
+Walker says: “The Hope Collection (made by the Rev. F. W. Hope and
+bequeathed to the University of Oxford at his decease about 1861), in
+combination with that of the late Prof. J. O. Westwood, forms the basis
+of the now very extensive collections of insects in the University
+Museum. You may safely assume that _all_ Hope’s Australian types, and
+the majority of those described by Westwood, are at Oxford. We have no
+fewer than 55 types of the Genus _Stigmodera_ alone described by Hope.
+We also have a large number of insects from the collection of the late
+W. W. Saunders, chiefly _Lepidoptera_, _Heterocera_, _Hymenoptera_,
+_Orthoptera_, &c., and these include many types described by F. Smith,
+Walker, and others. The majority of Walker’s types (such as they are)
+are in the National Collection, which in 1896 was enriched by the
+purchase of Pascoe’s collection of Coleoptera, including at least 2,000
+type-specimens, with a large number of Australian species among them.”
+
+Dr. Sharp says: “We have no Australian types in the Cambridge
+Museum, and my own collection, containing the types of many species
+of Australian Coleoptera, was transferred to the British Museum a
+few weeks ago. The rest of my collections are also there except
+the Lamellicorns; these were sold by me many years ago to Mr. Rene
+Oberthier, of Rennes, and the types of the Australian Lamellicorns I
+described are consequently with him. Though Westwood’s collections
+are at Oxford, many things that he described from the British Museum
+Collections are in the British Museum. Most of Newman’s types are I
+believe in the British Museum. Castelnau’s Collection was sent from
+Australia to Paris about 40 years ago and sold there; the Carabidae
+were purchased by the Genoa Museum, and they have the types. The
+Lamellicorns were purchased by Von Lansberg, and subsequently sold
+by him to R. Oberthier. The Stapylinidae and Dytiscidae I bought
+and are now with the rest at the British Museum. R. Oberthier also
+possesses the Thomson types. The Cetoniidae of Janson are still in his
+possession. Edward Saunders’ collection of Buprestidae was purchased
+by the British Museum, and they have also acquired the Kerremans’
+Collection of Buprestidae.”
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Among the many collections of Australian insects that contain types,
+the following might be noticed:--
+
+ BLACKBURN.--Coleoptera; a very large collection containing
+ many types created and described by the Rev. T. Blackburn,
+ of Adelaide, S. Australia, who informs me that “A few of the
+ types are in Mr. C. French’s collection, a comparatively large
+ number (but small in proportion to the whole) are in the South
+ Australian Museum.” The rest are in his own collections.
+
+ LEA.--Coleoptera: Another extensive collection from all parts
+ of Australia and Tasmania is that of Mr. A. M. Lea, Hobart,
+ containing a great number of the owner’s type specimens. A few
+ of Mr. Lea’s types are in the Macleay and National Museums; one
+ or two in Mr. A. Simson’s collection in Launceston; and others
+ are in Mr. French’s collection in Melbourne.
+
+ SLOANE.--Coleoptera: This collection consists chiefly of
+ Cicindelidae and Carabidae, and contains nearly all the types
+ created and described by the owner, Mr. T. G. Sloane, Moorila,
+ N.S. Wales. Some of his types however are in the Lea Collection;
+ others in French’s; one in Mr. F. Taylor’s (Sydney), and a
+ few, as previously mentioned, are in the Australian Museum
+ collections.
+
+ FRENCH.--Coleoptera: The owner, Mr. C. French, Melbourne, has
+ never described any species himself; but his present collection,
+ of which the Scaritidae is a very important part, contains
+ many types described by other entomologists. During the last
+ twenty years French made and bought several large collections
+ of beetles, which he informs me have been dispersed in the
+ following manner. “My first collection went to Leyden purchased
+ by Count Lansberg. My second collection also to Leyden purchased
+ by Van de Poll.” Among the collections he purchased were
+ Atwell’s W. Australian beetles, the Diggles Collection, and the
+ last of the Du Boulay’s Coleoptera.
+
+ LYELL.--Lepidoptera: The owner, Mr. G. Lyell, Gisborne,
+ Victoria, has one of the finest general collections of
+ Lepidoptera in Australia; it contains a number of types of both
+ Messrs. Lower and Turner, and also one of his own types.
+
+ LOWER.--Lepidoptera: This contains the majority of the types
+ created by the owner, Mr. O. Lower, Broken Hill, New South Wales.
+
+ LUCAS.--Lepidoptera: This is a general collection containing
+ most of the types created by the owner, Dr. Lucas, Brisbane,
+ Queensland.
+
+ MEYRICK.--Lepidoptera: This is an immense collection of
+ Micro-lepidoptera chiefly, containing many thousands of types
+ created by Mr. E. Meyrick, Wilts., England.
+
+ TURNER.--Lepidoptera: This collection is located in Brisbane,
+ Queensland, and is the property of Dr. Jefferis Turner. It
+ contains most of the owner’s types, but some of his types
+ are in the Lyell, Illidge, and Retter collections, and the
+ Queensland Museum.
+
+ WATERHOUSE.--Lepidoptera: This collection comprises a very
+ extensive series of Australian butterflies, in which are nearly
+ all the types of the owner, Mr. G. A. Waterhouse, Sydney.
+
+ FROGGATT.--Miscellaneous: It contains all the owner’s types of
+ Psyllidae, Termitidae, Neuroptera, most of the Coccidae, and a
+ few of Hymenoptera and Diptera. It also contains many co-types
+ of Prof. Forel’s Formicidae, Dr. Andre’s Mutillidae, and Dr.
+ Horvath’s Hemiptera.
+
+ ILLIDGE.--Miscellaneous: I do not think that Mr. Illidge, of
+ Brisbane, Queensland, has created any types, but his collection
+ contains types, chiefly of Lepidoptera, described by Dr. Lucas
+ and Dr. Turner.
+
+ CARTER.--Coleoptera: This is one of the latest collections of
+ Australian beetles, and belongs to Mr. H. J. Carter, Sydney. He
+ has described a few Tenebrionidae, the types of which are in
+ this collection.
+
+ MASKELL.--Coccidae: This collection (Coccidae, Psyllidae and
+ Aleurodidae), made by the late Mr. W. M. Maskell, New Zealand,
+ contains a very valuable series of his types of Coccidae,
+ Psyllidae and Aleurodidae from Australia. It was, on the owner’s
+ death, sold to the New Zealand Government.
+
+
+
+
+ PUBLICATIONS DEALING WITH AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY.
+
+
+In making out a bibliography of books and the more important
+papers on our insects, it is impossible to notice the hundreds of
+scientific papers scattered through English and foreign proceedings
+and transactions of learned Societies. There are, however, a number
+of books describing Australian insects which do not come under this
+category that an Australian entomologist may yet want to know something
+about. Like all such lists, this must be more or less incomplete, but
+it may give the student some idea of where and what to look for.
+
+ “AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE OF NEW SOUTH WALES.”
+
+Commenced in 1890 on the creation of the Department of Agriculture, it
+contains many papers on Australian Entomology, with descriptions of new
+species by Messrs. Olliff, Fuller, and Froggatt.
+
+ ANDERSON, E. AND SPRY, F. P.
+
+Victorian Butterflies, and how to collect them, Part I., complete with
+index, Melbourne 1893. Victorian Butterflies, Part II., 1894. A useful
+little work published in pamphlet form, 130 pages, illustrated with a
+number of very good wood-cuts.
+
+ AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, RECORDS OF.
+
+Commenced in 1890–91, Vols. I.-VI. (1905), Sydney; issued in numbered
+pamphlet form at irregular intervals. Among other scientific
+descriptions are papers on entomology by both Messrs. Skuse and Rainbow.
+
+ BENNETT, DR. G.
+
+“Gatherings of a Naturalist in Australia,” London 1860. Among general
+natural history there is a considerable amount of information on our
+insects.
+
+ BRENCHLEY, J. L.
+
+“Jottings during the Cruise of H.M.S. Curaçoa among the South Sea
+Islands in 1865,” London 1873. Natural History Notes, Insects, p. 456.
+Among the insects described and figured in colours are Australian
+Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera.
+
+ DONOVAN, E.
+
+ Insects of New Holland, London 1825.
+
+This rare work contains the original descriptions, accompanied by
+very fine coloured plates, of a number of our common insects of all
+orders. The specimens from which the drawings were made were chiefly
+collected by Sir Joseph Banks. A copy of this book is in the library of
+the Linnean Society of N.S. Wales, and another in the Public Library,
+Sydney.
+
+ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF N.S. WALES (TRANSACTIONS).
+
+ Vols. I.-II., 1866–1873, Sydney.
+
+These Transactions contain a number of papers by Macleay, Scott, King
+and Schrader, with original descriptions of new species.
+
+ FABRICIUS, J. C.
+
+ Systema Entomologiae, 1775.
+
+He described a number of Australian insects from the Banksian Cabinet.
+These had been collected by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander during
+Cook’s voyages. The collections were afterwards presented to the
+British Museum.
+
+ FRENCH, C.
+
+ Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria.
+
+Part I., 1891; Part II., 1893; Part III., 1900; Melbourne. Each part
+is complete in itself, containing many coloured plates and popular
+descriptions of injurious insects.
+
+ GRAY, G. R.
+
+ The Entomology of Australia, Part I. Monograph of the Family
+ Phasmidae, 1833; British Museum.
+
+This contains coloured plates and descriptions of all our known species
+up to that date.
+
+ GRIFFITHS, EDWARD.
+
+The Animal Kingdom. Insecta, Vol. I., 1832; Vol. II., 1844. With
+supplementary additions to each order by Griffiths and Pidgeon, and
+notices of new genera and species by Gray, with 132 plates. A number of
+Australian species are described, and some figured.
+
+ HORN EXPEDITION (edited by Prof. Baldwin Spencer).
+
+ Part II., Zoology, 1896.
+
+In this are a number of papers on the insects collected by the members
+of the Horn Exploring Expedition in Central Australia. Blackburn and
+Sloane described Coleoptera; Lower, Lepidoptera; Tepper, Orthoptera;
+Kirby and Froggatt, Hymenoptera.
+
+ KIRBY, W.
+
+ “Descriptions of several new species of Insects collected in
+ New Holland by Robert Brown.” (Linnean Transactions, Vol. XII.,
+ 1818.)
+
+These insects were collected during Flinders’ voyage. Thirty-three
+species are described, and thirteen figured on plate 23.
+
+ KIRBY, W.
+
+ “A Century of Insects.” (Linnean Transactions, Vol. XII., 1818.)
+
+In this paper he described 17 new species, and made 4 new genera.
+
+ LEACH, DR. W. E.
+
+ “Zoological Miscellanies.” “Being descriptions of new and
+ interesting animals, illustrated with coloured figures drawn
+ from Nature by R. P. Noddes.” 3 Vols., London. Vol. I., 1814;
+ Vol. II., 1815; Vol. III., 1817.
+
+A number of Australian insects are figured and described for the first
+time in these volumes.
+
+ LEWIN, JOHN W.
+
+ “Podromus, etc. Natural History of Lepidopterous Insects of N.S.
+ Wales. Collected, engraved, and faithfully painted by J. W.
+ Lewin.” London 1805.
+
+A manuscript copy of this work with the original coloured drawings by
+Lewin entitled “Insects of Australia,” 1803, is in the library of the
+Linnean Society of N.S. Wales.
+
+ LINNEAN SOCIETY OF N.S. WALES, PROCEEDINGS.
+
+Commencing in 1871, an annual volume of four parts has been published
+every year since. These proceedings contain a great number of
+entomological papers by the leading entomologists of Australasia, among
+which are Messrs. Macleay, Meyrick, Olliff, Blackburn, Sloane, Skuse,
+Masters, Froggatt, Lea, Lower, Turner, and Waterhouse.
+
+ MACLEAY, W. S.
+
+“Catalogue of Insects collected by Captain King, R.N.; 192 species of
+Annulosa; (188 insects and 4 arachnida) pages 438–469.” Eighty-one of
+the species are new. This is an appendix to Captain Phillip King’s
+“Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of
+Australia performed between the years 1818 and 1822.” 2 Vols., London,
+1827.
+
+ MARSHAM, THOS.
+
+“Description of Notoclea, a new genus of Coleopterous Insects from New
+Holland.” (Transactions Linnean Society, Vol. IX., p. 283, pls. 24–25,
+1818.) These insects are now placed in the Genus _Paropsis_. They
+were probably collected in the vicinity of Sydney.
+
+ MCCOY, F.
+
+“Podromus of Zoology of Victoria,” Decade I.-XX., 1878–1890. In these
+memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, McCoy figured and described
+a number of Australian insects.
+
+ MASTERS, G.
+
+“Catalogue of the Described Coleoptera of Australia,” Parts I.-VII.
+(Proceedings of the Linnean Society N.S. Wales, Vol. X., 1885; Vol.
+II., new series, 1887.) Though this originally appeared in the
+proceedings of this Society, so many sets of reprints have been sold
+that it may be classed as a separate work. Two supplements have since
+been published (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.), but they only deal with the
+first families.
+
+ MISKIN, W. H.
+
+“Synonymical Catalogue of the Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera (Butterflies) of
+Australia, with full Bibliographical references, including descriptions
+of new species.” Annals of the Queensland Museum, No. 1, Brisbane 1891.
+
+ NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE, TRANSACTIONS.
+
+The publication of the Transactions of this Society commenced in 1867,
+and are published annually.
+
+The most important articles dealing with Australian entomology are
+those of the late W. M. Maskell on Australian Coccidae, which commenced
+in 1889 and continued till his death in 1898.
+
+ OLLIFF, A. SIDNEY.
+
+ “Australian Butterflies. A brief account of the native families,
+ with a chapter on collecting and preserving insects, with
+ numerous wood-cuts.”
+
+A pamphlet published by the Natural History Association of N.S. Wales;
+Sydney 1889. This is now offered for sale by the N.S.W. Naturalists’
+Club, Sydney.
+
+ ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA, TRANSACTIONS.
+
+The Transactions commenced in 1878, and are published annually.
+
+They contain a number of entomological papers by Blackburn and by Lea
+(Coleoptera), Tepper (Orthoptera), Lower (Lepidoptera), and other
+writers.
+
+ SCOTT, A. W.
+
+“Australian Lepidoptera and their transformations,” Vol. I., published
+by the author; London, 1864; 9 plates; Vol. II., Parts 1–2. Edited
+and revised by A. S. Olliff and Mrs. Forde. This was published by the
+Trustees of the Australian Museum, who purchased the drawings and
+MS. from the Scott family. There is still a considerable amount of
+unpublished MS. and drawings in the possession of the Trustees.
+
+ SCHREIBERS, C.
+
+“Descriptions of some singular Coleopterous Insects.” (Linnean
+Transactions, Vol. VI., p. 185, pls. 19–21, 1802.) Among these are a
+number of large showy Australian beetles. Their exact localities are
+not known.
+
+ TRYON, H.
+
+“Report on Insect and Fungus Pests.” (Queensland Department of
+Agriculture, Report I., 1889.) In this important report on injurious
+insects a few new species are described, and the habits and life
+histories of many well-known species given.
+
+ “VICTORIAN NATURALIST, THE.”
+
+The Journal and Magazine of the Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria.
+The first volume was issued in 1884–85. A number of original
+descriptions of insects, catalogues, and notes in general are given
+in the pages of this Journal by Messrs. Kershaw, Lower, Lyell,
+Billinghurst, and others.
+
+ WESTWOOD, PROF. J. O.
+
+“Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis,” Oxford, 1875. “Illustrations of
+new, rare, or interesting insects for the most part contained in the
+Collections presented to the University of Oxford by the Rev. T. W.
+Hope. With 40 coloured plates and with drawings by the author.” Among
+these are some original descriptions of Australian species.
+
+“Arcana Entomologica,” London 1841–5, 2 vols. Among other exotic forms
+this describes a number of Australian species and some are illustrated
+by means of coloured plates.
+
+ WATERHOUSE, G. A.
+
+“Catalogue of the Rhopalocera of Australia.” “Memoirs of the New South
+Wales Naturalists’ Club,” No. I., 1903. This pamphlet brings the list
+of Australian butterflies up to date.
+
+ WHITE, ADAM.
+
+“Notes on some Insects from King George’s Sound.” This is an appendix
+to Captain Gray’s “Travels in N.W. and West Australia,” Vol. II.,
+1841. This contains the original descriptions of a number of insects
+collected by Captain Gray and numerous wood-cuts.
+
+ ZOOLOGICAL RECORD.
+
+Commencing in 1864, the Insecta was edited at first by Dallas,
+afterwards by Rye, and is now edited by Sharp. Contains a list of all
+genera and species of insects described during each year. All the
+Australian species described since 1864 are listed.
+
+
+
+
+ ADDENDA.
+
+
+The following books and papers dealing with Australian insects have
+been overlooked, or have appeared since this book has been in course of
+preparation.
+
+ (1) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, Vol. II. Orthoptera
+ Saltatoria, Part I. Achetidae and Phascognuridae 1906. W. F.
+ Kirby.
+
+ This is the second volume of the Catalogue already noticed on
+ page 14, and deals with crickets and long-horned grasshoppers.
+ A few alterations are made, viz.: _Gryllus servillei_, Sauss.,
+ is a synonym of _Gryllus commodus_, Walker; and the species
+ of Ephippitytha 32-guttata figured by me in the Agricultural
+ Gazette, N.S.W., 1904, is, Kirby says, a new species which he
+ calls _E. froggatti_.
+
+ (2) “A Revision of the Cicindelidae (Coleoptera) of Australia,”
+ by T. G. Sloane (Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1906). In this paper
+ all the species formerly placed in the Genus _Tetracha_ are now
+ placed in the Genus _Megacephala_. In a supplementary paper in
+ the same volume Sloane records _Tricondyla aptera_, Oliver, a
+ tree hunting tiger beetle described from New Guinea as also a
+ native of Cape York, North Queensland.
+
+ (3) “Notes on the Genus Leptops, with descriptions of new
+ species,” by A. M. Lea (Annales Soc. Ent. Belg. 1906). This is a
+ typical group of Australian weevils. The author notices all the
+ described species, and describes 27 new ones.
+
+ (4) “A list of the Libellulidae (Dragon Flies) of Australia,” by
+ J. G. O. Tepper (Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 1899). This paper,
+ based upon a collection of dragon flies sent to France to Rene
+ Martin, for identification, gives a quantity of information
+ about the names and distribution of Australian species.
+
+ (5) “Les Odonates du Continent Australien,” by Rene Martin
+ (Memoires Soc. Zool. France, 1901). This is a very fine paper on
+ the dragon flies recorded from Australia.
+
+ (6) Descriptions of new dragon flies. In the Proceedings of the
+ Linnean Society N.S.W. 1906, R. J. Tillyard has contributed four
+ papers, in which a number of described species are identified
+ and recorded for the first time from Australia; while a number
+ of new species have been figured and described.
+
+ (7) “A Revision of the Thynnidae,” by Roland C. Turner (Pro.
+ Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1907). This is part I. of an important
+ Monograph of these remarkable flower wasps peculiar in
+ having wingless females. The author in this paper deals with
+ the Sub-family _Diamminae_ and part of the Sub-family
+ _Thynninae_, describing a number of new species.
+
+ (8) On page 382 a very large gall is mentioned formed by a
+ coccid obtained from Tennant’s Creek, Central Australia. This
+ insect will probably come in the Genus Cystococcus formed by
+ Fuller (Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1899), for the reception of a
+ species he called _Cystococcus echiniformis_.
+
+
+
+
+ INDEX.
+
+
+ _Abispa ephippium_, 111
+
+ _Abispa splendida_, 111
+
+ Abricta, 351
+
+ _Abricta curvicosta_, 357
+
+ _Abricta aurata_, 357
+
+ _Abricta willsi_, 357
+
+ Acacia gall gnat, 286
+
+ Acanthaspinae, 339
+
+ _Acantholepis bosii_, 96
+
+ _Acantholophus echinatus_, 184
+
+ Achias, 306
+
+ _Achilus flammeus_, 359
+
+ _Achraea grisella_, 272
+
+ _Acraea andromacha_, 215
+
+ Acraeinae, 215
+
+ _Acreotrichus gibbicornis_, 297
+
+ _Acreotrichus fuscicornis_, 297
+
+ Acridiidae, 40
+
+ _Acridium maculicollis_, 42
+
+ _Acridopeza reticulata_, 46
+
+ Acroceridae, 297
+
+ _Acrodes fumatus_, 298
+
+ Acrodicrania, 287
+
+ _Acrophylla titan_, 35
+
+ _Actinus macleayi_, 137
+
+ Addenda, 423
+
+ Adelium, 174
+
+ Adelotopus, 129
+
+ Admirals, 214
+
+ _Adrissa atra_, 328
+
+ Aenictus, 93
+
+ _Aeschna brevistyla_, 53
+
+ _Aeschna flindersensis_, 9
+
+ Aeschnidae, 53
+
+ _Aesernoides nigrofasciatus_, 202
+
+ Agathes, 87
+
+ _Agarista agricola_, 234
+
+ _Agarista glycine_, 230
+
+ _Agarista lewinii_, 234
+
+ Agaristidae, 233
+
+ _Agrianome spinicollis_, 191
+
+ Agrionidae, 51, 53
+
+ _Agromyza phaseoli_, 309
+
+ _Agromyza sp._, 309
+
+ Agromyzidae, 308
+
+ _Agrotis infusa_, 263
+
+ _Agrotis breviuscula_, 264
+
+ _Agrotis ypsilon_, 264
+
+ Agrotis (destroyed by bee fly), 296
+
+ _Agrypnus mastersi_, 166
+
+ Alastor, 112
+
+ Alastor (parasite on), 88
+
+ Alastor (mimicry of), 304
+
+ _Alaus gibboni_, 166
+
+ _Alaus sericeus_, 166
+
+ Alder Flies, 55
+
+ _Alectoria superba_, 46
+
+ Aleochara, 136
+
+ _Aleurodes styphelia_, 371
+
+ _Aleurodes t-signata_, 371
+
+ _Aleurodes banksiae_, 371
+
+ _Aleurodes vaporariorum_, 371
+
+ Aleurodicus, 371
+
+ Aleurodidae, 370
+
+ _Allecula subsulcata_, 175
+
+ _Allomachilus froggatti_, 12
+
+ Amarygmus, 174
+
+ Ambrosia beetle, 178
+
+ Amblycera, 390
+
+ _Amenia leonina_, 313
+
+ _Ammophila instabilis_, 107
+
+ _Ammophila suspiciosa_, 107
+
+ _Amorbus angustior_, 332
+
+ _Amorbus robustus_, 332
+
+ _Amphibolia fulvipes_, 313
+
+ Amycterinae, 184
+
+ _Amycterus draco_, 184
+
+ Anacampsis, 279
+
+ _Ananca puncta_, 177
+
+ _Anastatus pipunculi_, 79
+
+ _Ancylotropis waterhousei_, 180
+
+ Andrenidae, 114
+
+ Angoumois grain-moth, 279
+
+ _Anilicus semiflavus_, 167
+
+ Animated stick, 36
+
+ _Anisolabis colossea_, 16
+
+ _Anisolabis tasmanica_, 16
+
+ Anisopteridae, 51
+
+ Anobiums, 169
+
+ _Anobium paniceum_, 170
+
+ _anomalon_, 85
+
+ _Anopheles annulipes_, 290
+
+ _Anoplognathus analis_, 159
+
+ _Anoplognathus porosus_, 158
+
+ _Anoplognathus velutinus_, 158
+
+ _Anoplognathus viridaeneus_, 158
+
+ _Anoplostethus opalinus_, 159
+
+ Anoplura, 325, 388
+
+ _Anostosoma australasiae_, 47
+
+ _Anostosoma crinaceus_, 47
+
+ Ants, 68, 91
+
+ Ant-beetles, 138
+
+ Ant nest beetles, 139
+
+ Ant-lions, 57
+
+ Ant weevils, 188
+
+ _Antheraea eucalypti_, 257, 258
+
+ _Antheraea helena_, 259
+
+ _Antheraea janetta_, 259
+
+ _Antheraea loranthiae_, 259
+
+ _Antheraea simplex_, 259
+
+ Anthicidae, 176
+
+ Anthomyia flies, 311
+
+ Anthomyidae, 311
+
+ Anthophila, 114
+
+ Anthophora, 117
+
+ _Anthrax nigricosta_, 296
+
+ _Anthrenus museorum_, 149
+
+ _Anthrenus nigricans_, 149
+
+ _Anthrenus varius_, 149
+
+ Anthribidae, 180
+
+ _Antiphorus gilberti_, 133
+
+ _Antonina australis_, 378, 379
+
+ _Apate collaris_, 172
+
+ _Apanteles antipoda_, 87
+
+ _Apanteles australasiae_, 87
+
+ Aphalarinae, 363
+
+ _Aphanasium australe_, 193
+
+ Aphanomerus, 80
+
+ Aphidae, 367
+
+ Aphids, 367
+
+ _Aphis brassicae_, 368
+
+ _Aphis persicae-niger_, 369
+
+ Aphis lions, 64
+
+ _Aphomia latro_, 273
+
+ _Aphrophora chalipus_, 355
+
+ Apidae, 114
+
+ _Apina callisto_, 253
+
+ Apioceridae, 301
+
+ _Apiocera bigotti_, 301
+
+ _Apiocera asilica_, 301
+
+ _Apiomorpha duplex_, 382
+
+ _Apiomorpha munita_, 382
+
+ _Apiomorpha pileata_, 382
+
+ _Apiomorpha pharatrata_, 382
+
+ _Apiomorpha dipsaciformis_, 382
+
+ _Apiomorpha pomiformis_, 382
+
+ Apis, 114
+
+ _Apoda xylomeli_, 248
+
+ _Appias (Tachyris) ega_, 224
+
+ Aptera, 1, 10
+
+ _Apterygida arachidis_, 16
+
+ Arachnidae, 1
+
+ Arachnidae, 337
+
+ _Aradellus cygnalis_, 339
+
+ _Archimantis armatus_, 34
+
+ _Archimantis latistylus_, 32
+
+ _Archimantis montrosa_, 34
+
+ Arctiidae, 248
+
+ _Argadesa materna_, 268
+
+ _Argynnis inconstans_, 216
+
+ _Aridaeus thoracicus_, 196
+
+ Army worm, 262, 264
+
+ _Arotrophora ombrodelta_, 276
+
+ _Arsipoda macleayi_, 204
+
+ Arthopoda, 1
+
+ _Arthropterus brevis_, 139
+
+ _Arthropterus humeralis_, 139
+
+ _Articerus curvicornis_, 138
+
+ _Arunta perulata_, 349
+
+ Ascalaphides, 58
+
+ _Ascelis praemollis_, 383
+
+ _Ascelis schraderi_, 383
+
+ Asilidae, 298
+
+ _Asilis fulvitarsus_, 299
+
+ _Asilis inglorius_, 299
+
+ _Asilis plicatus_, 299
+
+ _Asopia farinalis_, 270
+
+ Asopinae, 330
+
+ _Aspidiotus auranti_, 373
+
+ _Aspidiotus ficus_, 374
+
+ _Aspidiotus hederi_, 373
+
+ _Aspidiotus nerii_, 373
+
+ _Aspidiotus perniciosus_, 373
+
+ _Aspidiotus rossi_, 374
+
+ _Aspidomorpha deusta_, 206
+
+ Assassin bug, 338
+
+ _Astacops laticeps_, 333
+
+ _Asterolecanium acaciae_, 376
+
+ _Asterolecanium quercicola_, 376
+
+ _Asterolecanium styphelia_, 376
+
+ _Asura lydia_, 250
+
+ _Atalophlebia australasica_, 54
+
+ _Ateleopterus longiceps_, 82
+
+ _Aterpus cultratus_, 185
+
+ _Ateuchus sacer_, 153
+
+ Atlas moths, 231
+
+ _Atractus viridis_, 175
+
+ _Atractus viriscens_, 175
+
+ _Atrastemorpha crenaticeps_, 43
+
+ _Attacus cynthia_, 257
+
+ Atyphella, 168
+
+ _Axionicus insignis_, 188
+
+ Auger beetles, 171
+
+ _Aulacocyclus kaupi_, 153
+
+ _Aulacus apicalis_, 84, 89
+
+ _Aulacophora olivieri_, 205
+
+ _Aulicus instabilis_, 168
+
+ _Austomiris viridissimus_, 342
+
+ Australian Fritillary, 216
+
+ Australian Mantidae, 33
+
+ Australian Museum, 412
+
+ Austrogomphus, 54
+
+
+ Bacillus, 35
+
+ Back-swimmers, 344
+
+ Bacon beetles, 148
+
+ _Badamia exclamationis_, 228
+
+ Bag moths, 243
+
+ _Balaninus amoenus_, 188
+
+ Banana-stalk fly, 311
+
+ Banksia beetle, 162
+
+ Banksia moth, 257
+
+ Bark beetles, 146
+
+ Basket worms, 243
+
+ _Bassus laetatorius_, 85
+
+ _Batocera frenchi_, 198
+
+ _Batocera sapho_, 198
+
+ _Batrachedra arenosella_, 280
+
+ _Batrachedra sparsella_, 280
+
+ _Batrachomyia nigritarsis_, 310
+
+ Bay shelter moths, 252
+
+ Bed bugs, 341
+
+ Bee flies, 296
+
+ Bees, 68, 114
+
+ Beetles, 121
+
+ Bell moths, 274
+
+ _Belenois java_, 223
+
+ Belostomidae, 343
+
+ _Belostoma indicum_, 344
+
+ _Belus bidentatus_, 187
+
+ _Belus plagiatus_, 187
+
+ _Belus semipunctata_, 187
+
+ Bembecides, 109
+
+ _Bembex tridentifera_, 109
+
+ _Bembex vespiformis_, 109
+
+ _Bembidium ocellatum_, 132
+
+ Bent-wing moth, 241
+
+ Bethyllides, 81
+
+ Bibionidae, 288
+
+ _Bibio imitator_, 288
+
+ _Bidessus bistrigatus_, 133
+
+ Big-eyed flies, 301
+
+ _Biprorulus bibax_, 330
+
+ Bird of Paradise fly, 385
+
+ Bird-winged butterfly, 225
+
+ Biscuit weevil, 169
+
+ Biting lice, 389
+
+ _Bittacus australis_, 56
+
+ _Blabophanes ethelella_, 281
+
+ Black-arches, 252
+
+ Black cicada, 353
+
+ Black flies, 287
+
+ Black orchard-butterfly, 226
+
+ Black-wattle Blue, 221
+
+ Bladder cicadas, 354
+
+ Bladder flies, 297
+
+ Blastophaginae, 68, 77
+
+ _Blatta orientalis_, 17
+
+ Blattidae, 14, 17
+
+ _Blepegens aruspex_, 174
+
+ _Blepharotes splendidissima_, 300
+
+ Blight, 367
+
+ Blister beetle, 177
+
+ Blister leaf sawfly, 73
+
+ Bloodworms, 291
+
+ Blues, 219
+
+ Blue ant, 102
+
+ Bluebottle fly, 317
+
+ Blue-eyed butterfly, 217
+
+ Blue-mountain locust, 41
+
+ _Bolboceras probiscidium_, 154
+
+ _Bolboceras sloanei_, 154
+
+ Bollworm, 265
+
+ Bombardier beetle, 128
+
+ Bombus, 114
+
+ Bombycidae, 256
+
+ Bombylidae, 296
+
+ _Bombyx mori_, 256
+
+ _Bombyx nasuta_, 256
+
+ _Bombyx trimaculata_, 256
+
+ Book lice, 30
+
+ _Boopia tarsata_, 390
+
+ _Boopia grandis_, 390
+
+ Boreus, 56
+
+ Bostrychidae, 171
+
+ _Bostrychus gibbicollis_, 171
+
+ _Bostrychus cylindricus_, 171
+
+ _Bostrychopsis jesuita_, 171
+
+ Botany Bay diamond beetle, 185
+
+ Bot flies, 317
+
+ Bothrideres, 146
+
+ _Brachypeplus binotatus_, 143
+
+ _Brachyrhopala ruficornis_, 300
+
+ Brachyscelid galls (home of weevils), 182, 188
+
+ Brachysceliinae, 77, 380
+
+ _Brachyscelis crispa_, 76
+
+ _Brachyscelis pileata_, 76
+
+ Braconidae, 85, 236
+
+ _Bracon limbatus_, 86
+
+ Brenthidae, 179
+
+ _Brontes lucius_, 147
+
+ _Brontes militaris_, 147
+
+ _Brontispa froggatti_, 206
+
+ Brown leaf-winged butterfly, 216
+
+ Brown tails, 252
+
+ Brush-footed butterfly, 214
+
+ _Bryachus squamicollis_, 185
+
+ Buffalo gnats, 287
+
+ Bugong moth, 263
+
+ Bugs, 325, 326
+
+ Bulldog ants, 92
+
+ Buprestidae, 162
+
+ Burnet moths, 236
+
+ Burying beetles, 140
+
+ Butterfly moths, 232
+
+ Butterflies, 212
+
+ Butterfly envelope, 400
+
+ Byrrhidae, 149
+
+ Bythoscopus, 359
+
+
+ _Cacaecia australasiae_, 275
+
+ _Cacaecia lythrodana_, 275
+
+ _Cacaecia postvittana_, 274
+
+ _Cacaecia responsana_, 275
+
+ _Cacochroa gymnopleura_, 161
+
+ Caddis flies, 66
+
+ Cadelle, 144, 145
+
+ _Cadmus litigiosus_, 202
+
+ _Cadmus rubiginosus_, 202
+
+ _Caedicia valida_, 47
+
+ _Calandra granaria_, 189
+
+ _Calandra orizae_, 189
+
+ _Callipappus australe_, 385
+
+ _Callipappus westwoodi_, 385
+
+ _Calliphara billiardierei_, 328
+
+ _Calliphara cruenta_, 328
+
+ _Calliphara imperialis_, 328
+
+ _Calliphara nobilis_, 328
+
+ _Calliphora oceaniae_, 316
+
+ _Calliphora rufifaces_, 316
+
+ _Calliphora varipes_, 316
+
+ _Calliphora villosa_, 316
+
+ _Calliphora vomitaria_, 316
+
+ _Calloodes grayanus_, 158
+
+ Calobatinae, 310
+
+ _Coloderma regalis_, 165
+
+ _Calogramma festiva_, 266
+
+ _Calomela paralis_, 203, 204
+
+ _Calosoma schayeri_, 126
+
+ _Calotermes longiceps_, 24
+
+ _Camponotinae_, 96
+
+ _Camponotus claripes_, 98
+
+ _Camponotus inflatus_, 97
+
+ _Camponotus intrepidus_, 97
+
+ _Camponotus nigriceps_, 97
+
+ _Candalides absimilis_, 220
+
+ _Cantao parentum_, 328
+
+ Cantharidae, 177
+
+ Capsidae, 341
+
+ Carabidae, 126
+
+ _Cardiaspis artifex_, 364
+
+ _Cardiaspis tetrix_, 364
+
+ _Cardiothorax howitti_, 174
+
+ Care of Collections, 408
+
+ _Carenum bonelli_, 130
+
+ Carnivorous ground beetles, 126
+
+ Carnivorous weevils, 180
+
+ Carpenter bees, 116
+
+ _Carpocapsa pomonella_, 276
+
+ _Carpophagus banksiae_, 201
+
+ _Carpophilus aterrimus_, 144
+
+ _Carpophilus pilipennis_, 144
+
+ Case moths, 243
+
+ Cassidides, 206
+
+ Castelnaudia, 131
+
+ _Castelnaudia imperiale_, 132
+
+ _Castelnaudia renardi_, 132
+
+ Castniidae, 232
+
+ _Catadromus australis_, 131, 127
+
+ _Catadromus lacordairei_, 131
+
+ _Catasarcus spinipennis_, 182
+
+ _Catopsilia (Callidryas) pomona_, 225
+
+ Cave locust, 48
+
+ Cecidomyia, 81
+
+ _Cecidomyia destructor_, 286
+
+ _Cecidomyia acaciae-longifoliae_, 286
+
+ _Cecidomyia frauenfeldi_, 285
+
+ Cecidomyidae, 285
+
+ Celyphus, 310
+
+ Centipedes, 1
+
+ Cephidae, 70
+
+ _Cephalodesmius armiger_, 153
+
+ _Ceraegidion horrens_, 197
+
+ Cerambycidae, 190
+
+ Cerambycinae, 192
+
+ _Ceraphron niger_, 80
+
+ Cerapterus, 139
+
+ _Ceratitis (Halterophora) capitata_, 308
+
+ _Ceratognathus froggatti_, 152
+
+ _Ceratophyllus hilli_, 324
+
+ _Ceratophyllus rothschildi_, 323
+
+ _Ceratophyllus woodwardi_, 324
+
+ _Ceratopogon molestes_, 291
+
+ Cerceris, 109
+
+ Cercopidae, 354
+
+ _Cermatulus nasalis_, 330
+
+ _Ceroplastes ceriferus_, 374, 375
+
+ _Ceroplastes rubens_, 375
+
+ _Ceronema banksiae_, 376
+
+ _Ceronema caudata_, 376
+
+ _Cethosia cydippe_, 215
+
+ Cetonides, 160
+
+ _Chaerocampa celerio_, 237
+
+ _Chaerocampa erotus_, 238
+
+ _Chaerocampa oldenlandi_, 237
+
+ _Chaerocampa scrofa_, 238
+
+ _Chaerocoris paganus_, 327
+
+ _Chaerocoris similis_, 327
+
+ _Chaetogaster violacea_, 313
+
+ Chafer beetles, 153
+
+ _Chalcerinys eximia_, 78
+
+ Chalcididae, 74, 78
+
+ _Chalcis phya_, 75
+
+ _Chalcis vicaria_, 75
+
+ _Chalcophora farinosa_, 163
+
+ _Chalcophora vittata_, 163
+
+ _Chalcopterus variabilis_, 174
+
+ _Chalepus pugionatus_, 356
+
+ _Chalepus teliferus_, 356
+
+ _Charaxes sempronius_, 217
+
+ _Chartopteryx childreni_, 174
+
+ _Chasmoptera hutti_, 59
+
+ _Chauliodes guttatus_, 55
+
+ _Chelepteryx collesi_, 253
+
+ Cherry bug, 327
+
+ _Cherrus ebeninus_, 182
+
+ Chicken flea, 323
+
+ Chinch bug, 333
+
+ _Chionaspis xerotides_, 374
+
+ _Chionaspis eugeniae_, 374
+
+ Chironomidae, 291
+
+ _Chironomus venerabilis_, 9
+
+ _Chlaenius laeteviridis_, 131
+
+ _Chlaenius maculifera_, 131
+
+ _Chlaenius marginatus_, 131
+
+ _Chlaenius puncticeps_, 131
+
+ _Chlorocysta vitripennis_, 352
+
+ Chloroform tube, 399
+
+ _Chortoicetes pusilla_, 42
+
+ _Chortoicetes terminifera_, 42
+
+ Chrysididae, 87
+
+ Chrysis, 88
+
+ _Chrysolophus spectabilis_, 185
+
+ Chrysomelidae, 200
+
+ Chrysomelides, 202
+
+ Chrysophides, 64
+
+ _Chrysopa ramburii_, 65
+
+ _Cicada lowei_, 9
+
+ Cicadas, 346
+
+ Cicadidae, 346
+
+ Cicadinae, 348
+
+ Cicindelidae, 124
+
+ _Cicindela circumcincta_, 125
+
+ _Cicindela ypsilon_, 125
+
+ _Cicindela tenuicollis_, 125
+
+ Cigarette beetle, 169
+
+ _Cimex lectularius_, 341
+
+ Cimicidae, 341
+
+ Cioidae, 170
+
+ _Cirphula pyrocnemis_, 43
+
+ _Cisseis leucosticta_, 165
+
+ _Cisseis maculata_, 165
+
+ _Cisseis 12-maculata_, 165
+
+ _Cisseis similis_, 165
+
+ Cistelidae, 175
+
+ _Cizara ardenia_, 237
+
+ Classification, 1
+
+ _Clauca rubricosta_, 250
+
+ Clear-winged Hawk-moth, 237
+
+ _Clemacantha regale_, 39
+
+ Cleptes, 88
+
+ Cleridae, 168
+
+ _Cleromorpha novemguttatus_, 168
+
+ Click beetles, 166
+
+ _Clivina australasiae_, 131
+
+ _Clivina basalis_, 131
+
+ Clivinides, 130
+
+ Clothes moths, 278
+
+ Club-horned Water-beetles, 135
+
+ _Clytocosmus helmsi_, 292
+
+ _Clytus curtisi_, 196
+
+ _Cnecosa fulvida_, 147
+
+ Coccidae, 371, 373
+
+ Coccinellidae, 207
+
+ _Coccinella repanda_, 209
+
+ Cockchafer beetles, 157
+
+ Cockroaches, 17
+
+ Codlin moth, 276
+
+ _Coelioxys albolineata_, 119
+
+ _Coelocyba viridilincata_, 79
+
+ Coelostoma, 385
+
+ _Coequosa australasiae_, 238
+
+ _Coequosa triangularis_, 238
+
+ Coleoptera, 1, 121
+
+ Collection of Insects, 395
+
+ Collector’s bag, 398
+
+ Collecting net, 396
+
+ Collembola, 10
+
+ Colletes, 114
+
+ Coloburiscus, 55
+
+ Colydidae, 146
+
+ _Colymbetes lanceolatus_, 134
+
+ _Comarchis aspectatella_, 250
+
+ Comb-horned beetles, 138
+
+ _Commius elegans_, 329
+
+ _Comptosia albo-fasciata_, 296
+
+ Connecting-link moths, 232
+
+ _Conogethes punctiferalis_, 273
+
+ _Conops pica_, 305
+
+ Conopidae, 305
+
+ Convolvulus Hawk-moth, 238
+
+ Coon bug, 334
+
+ _Copelatus acuductus_, 134
+
+ Coppers, 219
+
+ Coprides, 153
+
+ Coptotermes, 26
+
+ _Coptotermes (Termes) lacteus_, 22
+
+ Cordiceps, 242
+
+ Cordus hospes, 174
+
+ Coreidae, 331
+
+ _Corixa eurynome_, 345
+
+ Corixidae, 345
+
+ _Coryphistes cyanopterus_, 43
+
+ _Cosmotriche exposita_, 257
+
+ _Cosmozosteria coolgardiensis_, 18
+
+ Cossidae, 242
+
+ Cotton bug, 333
+
+ Cottony Cushion Scale, 77, 385
+
+ Cow ants, 98
+
+ _Coxinocera hercules_, 257
+
+ Crabs, 1
+
+ Crabro, 109
+
+ Crabronides, 109
+
+ Crane-flies, 292
+
+ _Craspedia coriaria_, 300
+
+ _Cremastogaster fusca_, 94
+
+ _Cremastogaster pallipes_, 94
+
+ _Cremastogaster ruficeps_, 95
+
+ _Creophilus erythrocephalus_, 137
+
+ Crested locust, 44
+
+ _Crewiis longipennis_, 363
+
+ Crickets, 48
+
+ Crimson-winged butterfly, 215
+
+ _Croce attenuata_, 59
+
+ _Crocisa albo-maculata_, 118
+
+ _Crocisa lamprosoma_, 118
+
+ _Crocisa nitidula_, 118
+
+ _Cruria donovani_, 234
+
+ Crusader bug, 332
+
+ Crustacea, 1
+
+ _Crypsiphona occultaria_, 260
+
+ _Cryptes (Lecanium) baccatum_, 376
+
+ Cryptocephalides, 201
+
+ Cryptocerata, 342
+
+ _Cryptocephalus scabrosus_, 202
+
+ _Cryptocephalus viridinitens_, 202
+
+ _Cryptolaemus montrouzieri_, 211
+
+ Cryptophagidae, 147
+
+ Cryptophaginae, 277
+
+ _Cryptophaga irrorata_, 278
+
+ _Cryptophaga rubriginosa_, 278
+
+ _Cryptophaga unipunctata_, 277
+
+ _Ctenochiton eucalypti_, 375
+
+ _Ctenochiton rhizophorae_, 375
+
+ _Cubicorrhynchus morosus_, 184
+
+ Cucujidae, 146
+
+ Cuckoo-spittle insects, 355
+
+ Cuckoo wasps, 87
+
+ _Culama caliginosa_, 242
+
+ _Culex albo-annulatus_, 289
+
+ _Culex alternans_, 290
+
+ _Culex fatigans_, 289
+
+ _Culex hispidosus_, 290
+
+ _Culex macleayi_, 289
+
+ _Culex marinus_, 290
+
+ _Culex skusei_, 289
+
+ Culicidae, 288
+
+ Cup moth, 246
+
+ _Cupha prosope_, 215
+
+ Cupnia, 50
+
+ Curculionidae, 181
+
+ _Cuspicona forticornis_, 330
+
+ _Cuspicona thoracica_, 330
+
+ _Cuspicona simplex_, 329
+
+ Cutworm moth, 262
+
+ _Cybister gayndahensis_, 134
+
+ _Cybister granulatus_, 134
+
+ _Cybister tripunctatus_, 134
+
+ Cydinae, 328
+
+ _Cylindrococcus amplior_, 380
+
+ _Cylindrococcus spiniferus_, 380
+
+ _Cyclochila australasiae_, 349
+
+ Cynipidae, 73
+
+ _Cynthia ada_, 215
+
+ _Cyria imperialis_, 162
+
+ _Cyrtacanthacris exacta_, 40, 43
+
+ _Cystosoma saundersi_, 354
+
+ _Cystosoma schmeltzi_, 354
+
+
+ Dactylopinae, 376
+
+ _Dactylopius albizziae_, 378
+
+ _Dactylopius aurilanatus_, 378
+
+ _Dactylopius lobulatus_, 378
+
+ _Dacus (Tephrites) psidii_, 307
+
+ _Dacus (Tephrites) tryoni_, 307
+
+ Danainae, 214
+
+ _Danais archippus_, 214
+
+ _Danais hamata_, 215
+
+ _Danais menippe_, 214
+
+ _Danais petilia_, 214
+
+ _Danima banksiae_, 257
+
+ _Danis taygetus_, 220
+
+ _Darala acuta_, 254
+
+ _Darala ocellata_, 254
+
+ Dark-winged Ichneumons, 84
+
+ _Dasypodia cymatoides_, 268
+
+ _Dasypodia selenophora_, 268
+
+ Dasypogon, 299
+
+ _Daunus tasmaniae_, 357
+
+ Day moths, 233
+
+ _Deiopeia pulchella_, 250
+
+ _Delias aganippe_, 224
+
+ _Delias argenthona_, 224
+
+ _Delias harpalyce_, 224
+
+ _Delias mysis_, 224
+
+ _Delias nigrina_, 224
+
+ Demoiselles, 51
+
+ _Depsages granulosa_, 200
+
+ _Dermestes cadaverinus_, 148
+
+ _Dermestes lardarius_, 149
+
+ _Dermestes vulpinus_, 148
+
+ Dermestidae, 148
+
+ Desert cockroaches, 19
+
+ Devil’s Coach-horse, 137
+
+ Devil’s Darning Needles, 51
+
+ Dexiidae, 313
+
+ _Diadoxus erythrurus_, 163
+
+ _Diadoxus scalaris_, 163
+
+ Diagram of dragon-fly, 52
+
+ Diagram of bee, fore wing of, 69
+
+ Diagram of grasshopper, 40
+
+ Diagram of grasshopper, mouth parts, 13
+
+ Diagram of hawkmoth, head of, 230
+
+ Diagram of moth, wings of, 231
+
+ Diagram of psylla, 362
+
+ Diagram of termite, head of worker, 22
+
+ Diagram of wasp, head of, 68
+
+ Diagram of wasp, thorax of, 68
+
+ Diagram of water beetle, 122
+
+ _Diamma bicolor_, 102
+
+ Diamond-backed Cabbage Moth, 281
+
+ _Diaphonia dorsalis_, 162
+
+ _Diaphonia olliffiana_, 162
+
+ Diaspinae, 373
+
+ _Diaspis rosae_, 374
+
+ _Dictyotus plebejus_, 329
+
+ _Didymuria violescens_, 37
+
+ _Dielis formosa_, 104
+
+ _Dielis 7-cincta_, 104
+
+ Digger beetles, 153
+
+ _Dilochrosis atripennis_, 160
+
+ Dinadorinae, 331
+
+ _Dindymus circumcinctus_, 335
+
+ _Dindymus versicolor_, 335
+
+ _Dinoura auriventris_, 77, 78
+
+ Diopsidae, 306
+
+ Diopsis, 306
+
+ _Diphucephala aurulenta_, 156
+
+ _Diphucephala rufipes_, 156
+
+ _Diphucephala colaspidoides_, 156
+
+ _Diplacodes (Diplax) bipunctata_, 53
+
+ Diplax, 52
+
+ _Diplax rubra_, 52
+
+ Diploptera, 110
+
+ _Diplosis eucalypti_, 286
+
+ _Diplosis frenelae_, 286
+
+ _Diplosis paralis_, 286
+
+ Diptera, 1, 4, 283
+
+ _Discolia soror_, 103
+
+ _Distichocera macleayi_, 195
+
+ _Distichocera maculicollis_, 195
+
+ Distribution, 4
+
+ _Distypsidera flavicans_, 125
+
+ Ditropidus, 201
+
+ _Doleschallia australis_, 216
+
+ Dolichoderinae, 95
+
+ _Dolichoderus doriae_, 95
+
+ _Doratifera acasta_, 247
+
+ _Doratifera quadriguttata_, 247
+
+ _Doratifera vulnerans_, 84, 246, 247
+
+ Dorylinae, 93
+
+ _Doticus pestilans_, 181
+
+ Double Drummer, 348
+
+ Dragon flies, 51
+
+ _Drepanopteryx binocula_, 64
+
+ _Drepanopteryx instabilis_, 64
+
+ Dried-apple beetle, 181
+
+ Drone fly, 303
+
+ _Drosophila obscura_, 306
+
+ Drosophilidae, 306
+
+ Dryinidae, 82
+
+ Dryinids, 78
+
+ _Drypta australis_, 127
+
+ Dung beetles, 153
+
+ Dusky Delias, 224
+
+ Dynastides, 159
+
+ _Dysdercus sidae_, 335
+
+ _Dysdercus suturellus_, 335
+
+ Dytiscidae, 133
+
+
+ _Earias fabia_, 265
+
+ Ears of locusts, 40
+
+ Earwigs, 15
+
+ _Ecelonerus albopictus_, 180
+
+ _Echidnophaga ambulans_, 323
+
+ _Echidnophaga gallinaceus_, 323
+
+ _Echidnophaga liopus_, 323
+
+ _Echidnophaga macronychia_, 323
+
+ _Ecphantus quadrilobis_, 44
+
+ _Ectatomma metallicum_, 93
+
+ _Ectocemus pterygorrhinus_, 180
+
+ Ectrepes, 170
+
+ _Edusa distincta_, 202
+
+ Elachistidae, 280
+
+ _Elaphodes tigrinus_, 201
+
+ Elateridae, 166
+
+ Elephant beetle, 186
+
+ Elmis, 150
+
+ _Elodina angulipennis_, 223
+
+ Embiidae, 28
+
+ Emesinae, 338
+
+ Emperors, 214
+
+ Encyrtinae, 78
+
+ _Enithares bergrothi_, 345
+
+ _Enteles ocellatus_, 189
+
+ _Enteles vigorsi_, 189
+
+ _Entometa ignoblis_, 245
+
+ _Ephedrus persicae_, 86
+
+ _Ephemera culleni_, 9
+
+ Ephemeridae, 54
+
+ _Ephestia kuhniella_, 273
+
+ _Ephippitytha quadrigessimaguttatus_, 47
+
+ _Ephippitytha 32-guttata_, 47
+
+ _Ephippium albitarsis_, 293
+
+ Ephutermorpha, 99
+
+ _Epilachna guttatopustulata_, 208
+
+ _Epilachna 28-punctata_, 208
+
+ Epipyropidae, 282
+
+ _Epipyrops doddi_, 282
+
+ _Episcaphula pictipennis_, 206
+
+ _Epithora dorsalis_, 193
+
+ Erebidae, 268
+
+ _Eretes australis_, 134
+
+ _Eriococcus coriaceous_, 211, 377
+
+ _Eriococcus eucalypti_, 377
+
+ _Eriococcus paradoxus_, 377
+
+ _Eristalis tenax_, 303, 304
+
+ Ermine moths, 248
+
+ Erotylidae, 206
+
+ _Erynnus sperthias_, 228
+
+ _Erythroneura vitis_, 361
+
+ _Ethemaia sellata_, 184
+
+ _Ethon affinis_, 165
+
+ _Ethon corpulentus_, 165
+
+ _Ethon marmoreum_, 165
+
+ Eucalyptus scale, 377
+
+ _Euchloris submissaria_, 260
+
+ _Euchromia creusa_, 235
+
+ Eucnemidae, 165
+
+ _Eudoxula boisduvalli_, 243
+
+ _Eufroggattia tuberculata_, 358
+
+ _Eumecopus australasiae_, 329
+
+ _Eumenes arcuatus_, 111
+
+ _Eumenes bicincta_, 110
+
+ _Eumenes latreillei_, 111
+
+ _Eumenes servillei_, 111
+
+ Eumenidae, 110
+
+ Eumolpides, 202
+
+ Eupelminae, 79
+
+ _Eupelmus antipoda_, 77
+
+ _Euploea corinna_, 215
+
+ _Euploea hamata_, 263
+
+ _Eupoecila australasiae_, 161
+
+ _Euponera lutea_, 93
+
+ _Eurhamphus fasciculatus_, 186
+
+ _Eurhynchus acanthopterus_, 187
+
+ _Eurybrachys leucostigma_, 360
+
+ _Eurybrochis zanna_, 342
+
+ _Eurycus cressida_, 227
+
+ _Euryischia lestophoni_, 77
+
+ _Eurymela bicincta_, 355
+
+ _Eurymela pulchra_, 355
+
+ _Eurymela rubrovittata_, 355
+
+ _Eurymela speculum_, 355
+
+ _Eurynassa australis_, 191
+
+ _Eurynassa odewahni_, 191
+
+ Euryopsis, 73
+
+ Eurys, 73
+
+ _Euryscaphus lobicollis_, 130
+
+ _Euryscaphus titanus_, 130
+
+ Euryspa, 206
+
+ _Eurytoma binotata_, 75
+
+ _Eurytoma eucalypti_, 75
+
+ _Euschemon rafflesiae_, 232
+
+ _Eusthenia spectabilis_, 50
+
+ _Eusthenia thalea_, 50
+
+ _Eutane terminalis_, 250
+
+ Eutermes, 24
+
+ _Eutermes fumigatus_, 28
+
+ _Eutermes fumipennis_, 27, 28
+
+ _Eutermes pyriformis_, 27
+
+ _Eutermes triodiae_, 28
+
+ _Eutoma tinctilatum_, 129
+
+ _Eutrichopidia latina_, 234
+
+ _Evania princeps_, 89
+
+ Evaniidae, 88
+
+ _Exoneura bicolor_, 116
+
+ _Exoneura froggatti_, 116
+
+ _Extatosoma tiaratum_, 38
+
+
+ Faggot case-moth, 245
+
+ False Click beetles, 165
+
+ False Robber flies, 301
+
+ Feather horns, 167
+
+ Feronides, 131
+
+ Fiddler, 161
+
+ Fig-leaf beetle, 205, 330
+
+ _Figulus regularis_, 152
+
+ _Fiorinia acaciae_, 374
+
+ Fire-fly beetles, 167
+
+ Fish-killers, 343
+
+ Flat Bark-beetles, 337
+
+ Fleas, 321
+
+ Flea beetles, 204
+
+ Flesh flies, 314
+
+ Flies, 283
+
+ Floridian Scale, 387
+
+ Floury Miller, 351
+
+ Flower wasps, 100, 105
+
+ Fluted Cushion-scale, 385
+
+ Foenus, 89
+
+ Footmen, 248
+
+ Forest Ladies, 31
+
+ _Forficula auricularia_, 17
+
+ Forficulidae, 14, 15
+
+ Formica, 96
+
+ _Formia purpurea_, 96
+
+ Formicidae, 4, 91
+
+ Fossil Insects, 9
+
+ Fossil Phasmidae, 35
+
+ _Frenchia casuarinae_, 381
+
+ _Frenchia semiocculta_, 381
+
+ Fritillaries, 216
+
+ _Froggattia olivina_, 336
+
+ Frog-hoppers, 325, 354
+
+ Fruit beetles, 143
+
+ Fruit bugs, 335
+
+ Fruit flies, 306
+
+ Fulgoridae, 82, 358
+
+ Fungus beetles, 206
+
+ Fungus bugs, 337
+
+ Fungus midges, 287
+
+
+ Gadfly, 294
+
+ Gaeninae, 350
+
+ Galgulidae, 342
+
+ Gall flies, 81, 285, 73
+
+ Gall gnats, 285
+
+ Gall wasps, 74
+
+ _Galleria melonella_, 272
+
+ _Galleruca semipullata_, 205
+
+ _Galleruca_ (destroyed by bug), 330
+
+ Gallerucides, 204
+
+ _Gardena australis_, 338
+
+ _Gastrophilus equi_, 317
+
+ _Gastrophora henricaria_, 262
+
+ _Gastropsis (Oestropsis) pubescens_, 116
+
+ _Gelechia simplicella_, 279, 280
+
+ Gelechiadae, 279
+
+ _Geobia australis_, 328
+
+ Geometridae, 259
+
+ Georyssidae, 150
+
+ _Georyssus australis_, 150
+
+ _Geoscapheus giganteus_, 19
+
+ _Gerris australis_, 337
+
+ Giant thrips, 393
+
+ _Gibbium scotias_, 169
+
+ Glass collecting box, 397
+
+ _Glaucopsaltria (Chlorocysta) viridis_, 352
+
+ _Glenurus circuitor_, 58
+
+ _Glenurus erythrocephalus_, 58
+
+ _Glenurus fundatus_, 58
+
+ _Glenurus falsus_, 58
+
+ _Glenurus pulchellus_, 58
+
+ _Glenurus striola_, 58
+
+ Glow-worms, 167
+
+ _Glycyphana brunnipes_, 162
+
+ _Gminatus australis_, 340
+
+ _Gminatus nigroscutellatus_, 340
+
+ _Godara comalis_, 271
+
+ Gold beetles, 151
+
+ _Goniaea australasiae_, 43
+
+ _Goniozus antipodum_, 82
+
+ Gonipterinae, 184
+
+ _Gonipterus gibberus_, 185
+
+ _Gonotopus australis_, 82
+
+ Gorytes, 108
+
+ Grain moth, 278
+
+ Grass-tree weevil, 189
+
+ Grease on insects, 409
+
+ Great Brown Phasma, 35
+
+ Great Striped Locust, 43
+
+ Green Tree-ant (host of butterflies), 96
+
+ Green-head Ant, 93
+
+ Green fly, 367
+
+ Green lace-wing, 65
+
+ Green Monday, 349
+
+ Green Foresters, 236
+
+ Gregarious Phasmids, 36
+
+ Grey Cutworm moth, 266
+
+ Gryllidae, 48
+
+ _Gryllotalpa coarctata_, 48
+
+ _Gryllus servillei_, 48
+
+ Gum-tree bugs, 331
+
+ _Gymnoplistia bella_, 292
+
+ Gypsy moth, 252
+
+ Gyrinidae, 134
+
+ Gyropidae, 390
+
+
+ _Hadena expulsa_, 265
+
+ Hairy Flower-wasps, 102
+
+ Hair-streaks, 219
+
+ _Halictus floralis_, 116
+
+ _Halictus bicingulatus_, 116
+
+ _Halobates whiteleggi_, 338
+
+ Halticides, 204
+
+ _Haplonyx centralis_, 188
+
+ Harpactorinae, 340
+
+ Harpalus, 131
+
+ _Hasora hurama_, 229
+
+ _Hasora discolor_, 229
+
+ Hatchet-bodied wasp, 88
+
+ _Havinthus depressus_, 340
+
+ _Havinthus rufovarius_, 340
+
+ Hawk moths, 236
+
+ _Hebecerus australis_, 198
+
+ _Hebecerus crocogaster_, 198
+
+ _Hebecerus marginicollis_, 198
+
+ _Hectarthrum brevifossum_, 146
+
+ _Hecatesia fenestrata_, 235
+
+ _Helaeus subserratus_, 173
+
+ _Heliocausta hemitelis_, 279
+
+ _Heliothis armigera_, 265
+
+ _Heliothrips haemorrphoidalis_, 393
+
+ Helonotus, 341
+
+ _Helophilus bengalensis_, 303
+
+ _Helophilus griseus_, 303
+
+ _Helluo costatus_, 127, 128
+
+ _Hemaris kingi_, 237
+
+ _Hemaris hylas_, 237
+
+ _Hemaris janus_, 237
+
+ Hemerobiidae, 47, 57
+
+ Hemerobiides, 59
+
+ _Hemianax papuensis_, 53
+
+ Hemimeridae, 14
+
+ Hemiptera, 32
+
+ Henicocephalidae, 338
+
+ _Henicocephalus tasmanicus_, 338
+
+ _Henicopsaltria eydouxi_, 350, 351
+
+ _Henicopsaltria fullo_, 350
+
+ Hepialidae, 239
+
+ _Hepialus australasiae_, 240
+
+ _Hepialus lewini_, 240
+
+ _Hepialus exima_, 241
+
+ _Hepialus ramseyi_, 241
+
+ _Hermatobates haddeni_, 338
+
+ Hesperidae, 227
+
+ _Hesperilla picta_, 227
+
+ _Hesperilla ornata_, 228
+
+ Hessian fly, 286
+
+ _Hesthesis cingulata_, 194
+
+ _Hesthesis ferruginea_, 194
+
+ _Hesthesis vigilans_, 194
+
+ _Hestiochora bicolor_, 236
+
+ Heterocera, 212, 230
+
+ Heterocerus, 151
+
+ Heteroceridae, 151
+
+ Heteromera, 144
+
+ _Heterodoxus macropus_, 390, 391
+
+ _Heterognathus carinatus_, 140
+
+ _Heteronympha merope_, 218
+
+ _Heteronympha mirifica_, 218
+
+ Heteroptera, 325, 326
+
+ _Heteropsyche melanochroma_, 282
+
+ Hexham Grey, 290
+
+ _Hippobosca equi_, 319
+
+ Hippoboscidae, 319
+
+ Hispides, 206
+
+ Histeridae, 141
+
+ _Hololepta sidnensis_, 141
+
+ Holopetilinae, 339
+
+ Homalosoma, 131
+
+ Homalota, 136
+
+ _Homocerus fossulatus_, 180
+
+ Homoptera, 346, 325
+
+ Honeypot ants, 97
+
+ Hooktip moth, 255
+
+ _Hoplastinus viridipennis_, 205
+
+ _Hormomyia omalanthi_, 286
+
+ Horned butterfly, 219
+
+ Horse fly, 294
+
+ Horse-stinger, 51
+
+ Host of weevil, 188
+
+ Host of clerids, 188
+
+ Host of Megalyra, 90
+
+ House fly, 315
+
+ Hover fly, 302
+
+ Hummingbird beetle, 237
+
+ Hunting beetle, 168
+
+ _Hyalopteryx australis_, 42
+
+ _Hydrometra strigosa_, 338
+
+ Hydrometridae, 337
+
+ Hydrophilidae, 135
+
+ _Hydrophilus albipes_, 136
+
+ _Hydrophilus latipalpus_, 136
+
+ _Hydroporus collaris_, 133
+
+ Hydrusa, 235
+
+ _Hylaeoides concinnus_, 115
+
+ _Hylesinus fici_, 178
+
+ _Hylesinus porcatus_, 178
+
+ Hymenoptera, 68
+
+ _Hypaulax tenuistriata_, 174
+
+ _Hyperion schroetteri_, 127, 129
+
+ Hypoderma, 317
+
+ _Hypodiranchris aphidis_, 74
+
+ _Hypolimnas bolina_, 217
+
+ Hypsidae, 250
+
+
+ _Ialmenus evagoras_, 221
+
+ _Ialmenus ictinus_, 222
+
+ _Ialmenus myrsilius_, 222
+
+ Icaria, 112
+
+ _Icaria gregaria_, 113
+
+ _Icerya purchasi_, 77, 210, 375, 379
+
+ _Icerya rosae_, 385
+
+ Ichneumonidae, 83
+
+ _Idarnis australis_, 78
+
+ Idiococciinae, 379
+
+ _Idolothrips spectrum_, 393
+
+ Imperial Blue, 221
+
+ Imperial Swallowtail, 226
+
+ Inchmen Ants, 92
+
+ Indian-meal moth, 274
+
+ _Inglisia foraminifer_, 375
+
+ _Inglisia fossilis_, 375
+
+ Insecta, 1
+
+ Inqualines, 73
+
+ _Iotherium metallicum_, 191
+
+ _Iridomyrmex detectus_, 93, 95
+
+ _Iridomyrmex nitidus_ (beetles in nest of), 140
+
+ _Iridomyrmex rufoniger_, 96
+
+ _Iridomyrmex domesticus_, 96
+
+ _Iridomyrmex sanguineus_, 96
+
+ Ironbark beetle, 173
+
+ Ischnocera, 390
+
+ _Ischnura delicata_, 54
+
+ _Ischnura heterosticta_, 53
+
+ _Ithystenus hollandiae_, 180
+
+
+ Jassidae, 82, 360
+
+ Jassid, forming web, 361
+
+ Jewel beetle, 162
+
+ _Julodimorpha bakewelli_, 163
+
+ Jumper ant, 92
+
+ _Junonia villida_, 216
+
+ _Junonia albi-cincta_, 216
+
+
+ Kangaroo beetle, 201
+
+ Killing bottle, 397
+
+ King beetle, 158
+
+ _Kladothrips rugosus_, 394
+
+ Klinophilos, 341
+
+ Kurrajong weevils, 189
+
+
+ Labelling, 406
+
+ _Labia grandis_, 16
+
+ _Labidura riparia_, 15
+
+ _Labidura truncata_, 16
+
+ Lace bugs, 336
+
+ Lace-wings, 57
+
+ Lace-winged insects, 49
+
+ Lac insects, 378
+
+ _Lacon caliginosus_, 166
+
+ Lady-bird beetles, 207
+
+ _Laemossacus electilis_, 188
+
+ _Lagria grandis_, 175
+
+ Lagriidae, 175
+
+ Lamiinae, 196
+
+ Lamp collecting, 403
+
+ _Lamprima insularis_, 152
+
+ _Lamprima latreillei_, 152
+
+ _Lamprima rutilans_, 152
+
+ _Lamprocolletes plumosus_, 115
+
+ _Lamprogaster laeta_, 308
+
+ _Lamprolina perplexa_, 203
+
+ Lampyridae, 9
+
+ Lampyrides, 167
+
+ Lance-headed grasshopper, 47
+
+ Lantern fly, 358
+
+ _Laphria diversipes_, 299
+
+ _Laphria rufifemorata_, 299
+
+ Large green leaf grasshopper, 47
+
+ Large plague locust, 42
+
+ Large parasitic wasp, 83
+
+ Larginae, 335
+
+ Larrides, 108
+
+ _Lasioderma serricorne_, 169
+
+ _Lasiopsylla rotundipennis_, 363
+
+ _Lasioptera miscella_, 286
+
+ Lathradidae, 148
+
+ _Latumcephalum macropus_, 391
+
+ Leaf Hoppers, 360, 366
+
+ Leaf case-moth, 245
+
+ Leaf bugs, 341
+
+ Leaf Rollers, 268
+
+ Leaf-mining fly, 305
+
+ Lecaniinae, 374
+
+ _Lecanium mirificum_, 376
+
+ _Lecanium patersonia_, 376
+
+ _Lecanium tesselatum_, 376
+
+ _Lecanium scrobiculata_, 376
+
+ Ledra, 360
+
+ _Leis conformis_, 208
+
+ _Lemidia hilaris_, 169
+
+ _Lemodes coccinea_, 176
+
+ _Lemodes splendens_, 176
+
+ _Leperina decorata_, 145
+
+ _Lepidoderma albo-hirtum_, 157
+
+ _Lepidoderma albo-hirtum_ (parasite of), 105
+
+ Lepidoptera, 5, 212
+
+ _Lepisma cursitans_, 12
+
+ _Lepisma longicaudata_, 12
+
+ _Lepisma producta_, 12
+
+ _Lepisma saccharina_, 11
+
+ _Lepolexis rapae_, 87
+
+ Leptidae, 295
+
+ _Leptis aequalis_, 296
+
+ _Leptocerus magnus_, 67
+
+ _Liptocerus oppositus_, 67
+
+ _Leptogaster geniculatus_, 299
+
+ _Leptoglossus membranaceus_, 332
+
+ _Leptomyrmex erythrocephalus_, 95
+
+ _Leptops hopei_, 183
+
+ _Leptops tribulus_, 183
+
+ Lerp Insects, 361
+
+ _Lestes analis_, 53
+
+ _Lestis aerata_, 117
+
+ _Lestis bombylans_, 117
+
+ _Leto staceyi_, 241, 243
+
+ _Leucaspis australis_, 75
+
+ _Leucaspis darlingi_, 75
+
+ _Leucaspis gigas_, 75
+
+ Lewin’s wood-moth, 240
+
+ Libellulidae, 51
+
+ _Libythea nicevillei_, 219
+
+ Libytheidae, 219
+
+ Light brown Apple Moth, 275
+
+ Light Ermine Moth, 249
+
+ Limacodes, 84
+
+ _Limacodes longerans_, 247
+
+ Limacodidae, 246, 282
+
+ _Limnophora ruficornis_, 312
+
+ Liotheidae, 390
+
+ _Liparetrus marginipennis_, 157
+
+ _Liparidae_, 252
+
+ _Lipeurus giganteum_, 391
+
+ _Lipeurus menura_, 391
+
+ _Liphyra brassolis_, 222
+
+ Lipura, 10
+
+ Lispe, 311
+
+ _Lissapterus howittanus_, 152
+
+ Lithosiidae, 248
+
+ _Litochrus palmerstoni_, 142
+
+ Little Devils, 356
+
+ Liviinae, 363
+
+ _Lixus mastersi_, 185
+
+ _Locusta danica_, 41
+
+ _Locusta vigentissima_, 47
+
+ Locustidae, 46
+
+ _Lomaptera cinnamea_, 160
+
+ _Lomaptera duboulayi_, 160
+
+ _Lomaptera wallacei_, 160
+
+ _Lonchaea splendida_, 308
+
+ Longicorns, 190
+
+ Long-horned Crane-fly, 292
+
+ Long-horned Locust, 43, 46
+
+ Long-nosed Wattle-moth, 256
+
+ Long-tailed Wasps, 90
+
+ Loopers, 259
+
+ _Lophocaters pusillus_, 144
+
+ _Lophodes sinistraria_, 261
+
+ Louse flies, 319
+
+ Lourie’s Ringbarkers, 37
+
+ _Lubra spinicornis_, 357
+
+ Lucanidae, 151
+
+ Lucerne moth, 275
+
+ _Lucia lucanus_, 221
+
+ _Lucia pyrodiscus_, 221
+
+ _Lucilia caesar_, 317
+
+ _Lucilia serricata_, 317
+
+ _Lucilia tasmaniensis_, 317
+
+ _Luciola flavicollis_, 168
+
+ Lycaenidae, 219
+
+ _Lyctus brunneus_, 170
+
+ Lygaeidae, 330
+
+ Lygaeninae, 333
+
+ _Lygaeus decoratus_, 333
+
+ _Lygaeus hospes_, 333
+
+ _Lygaeus mactans_, 333
+
+ _Lygesis mendica_, 193, 195
+
+ _Lyomya setioscaudata_, 287
+
+
+ Macleay’s butterfly, 226
+
+ Macleay Museum, 410
+
+ _Macrobatha platychroa_, 279
+
+ Macroglossa, 237
+
+ _Macromastix costalis_, 292
+
+ _Macrones rufus_, 194
+
+ _Macrogyrus canaliculatus_, 135
+
+ _Macrogyrus oblongus_, 135
+
+ _Macrogyrus paradoxus_, 135
+
+ _Macropanesthia muelleri_, 19
+
+ _Macropanesthia rhinoceros_, 19
+
+ _Macroporus howitti_, 133
+
+ _Macrosila casuarina_, 238
+
+ _Macrotoma servilis_, 191
+
+ _Macrotristia angularis_, 350
+
+ _Maechidius tibialis_, 156
+
+ _Maenas salamina_, 267
+
+ Magnetic Ant-nest, 24
+
+ Maize moth, 265
+
+ Malacodermidae, 167
+
+ Mallophaga, 325, 389
+
+ _Mamestra ewingii_, 266
+
+ Manna, 364
+
+ Mantidae, 14, 31
+
+ Mantids, 31
+
+ _Mantis carolina_, 31
+
+ _Mantis religiosa_, 31
+
+ Mantispa, 31, 59
+
+ Mantispides, 59
+
+ _Mantispa biseriata_, 59
+
+ _Mantispa strigipes_, 59
+
+ March fly, 294
+
+ _Margarodes vertonalis_, 269
+
+ Masaridae, 113
+
+ _Masicera pachytyli_, 315
+
+ Mason wasp (parasite on), 88
+
+ Mason wasps, 110
+
+ Mastotermes, 24
+
+ _Mastotermes darwiniensis_, 20, 24
+
+ May-flies, 54
+
+ Mealworm beetles, 172
+
+ Meat ant, 95
+
+ _Mecyna polygonalis_, 271
+
+ _Mecynodera coxalgica_, 201
+
+ Mediterranean Flour Moth, 273
+
+ Mediterranean Fruit Fly, 308
+
+ _Megacephala cylindrica_, 124
+
+ _Megacephala frenchi_, 124
+
+ _Megachile blackburni_, 118
+
+ _Megachile chrysopyga_, 119
+
+ _Megachile monstrosa_, 118
+
+ _Megachile mystacea_, 118
+
+ _Megachile pictiventris_, 118
+
+ Megalyridae, 90
+
+ _Megalyra shuckardi_, 90
+
+ _Megalyra fasciipennis_, 90
+
+ _Megalyra melanoptera_, 90
+
+ Megastigmus, 75
+
+ _Megastigmus brachyscelides_, 76
+
+ _Megastigmus iamenus_, 76
+
+ _Megastigmus asteri_, 76
+
+ _Megastigmus brachychitoni_, 76, 79
+
+ _Megymenum insulare_, 331
+
+ _Melampsalta eyrei_, 354
+
+ _Melampsalta abdominalis_, 353
+
+ _Melampsalta torrida_, 353
+
+ Melipona, 120
+
+ Mellifera, 114
+
+ _Melobasis splendida_, 163
+
+ Melonthides, 156
+
+ _Melophagus ovinus_, 320
+
+ Membracidae, 356
+
+ _Menopon infumatum_, 390
+
+ _Menopon menura_, 391
+
+ _Menopon pallipes_, 390
+
+ Meranoplus, 93
+
+ _Meranoplus oceanicus_, 94
+
+ _Meranoplus pubescens_, 94
+
+ _Merimna atrata_, 160
+
+ _Mesetia amoena_, 180
+
+ _Mesostenus albopictus_, 84
+
+ _Mesostigmodera typica_, 9
+
+ Metallic-green fly, 313
+
+ _Metriorrhynchus rufipennis_, 167
+
+ _Metura elongata_, 244
+
+ _Microbracon thalpocharis_, 87
+
+ _Microchaetes sphaericus_, 150
+
+ Micro-hymenoptera, 73, 81
+
+ Micro-lepidoptera, 278
+
+ _Micromus australis_, 66
+
+ _Micropoecila cincta_, 161
+
+ _Microtragus mormon_, 196
+
+ Mictinae, 332
+
+ _Mictis profana_, 332
+
+ _Miletus delicia_, 220
+
+ _Miletus ignita_, 220
+
+ Millipedes, 1
+
+ Miltogramma, 312
+
+ Mimic Beetles, 141
+
+ Mites, 1
+
+ Monarch, 214
+
+ Mole Cricket, 48
+
+ _Monochirus multispinosus_, 206
+
+ Monocrepidus, 167
+
+ _Monohammus holotephrus_, 197
+
+ _Monohammus ovinus_, 197
+
+ _Monolepta rosae_, 205
+
+ _Monomorium pharaonis_, 94
+
+ _Monomorium rubriceps_, 94
+
+ _Mononyx annulipes_, 342
+
+ Monophlebiinae, 379, 383
+
+ _Monophlebus crawfordi_, 383, 387
+
+ _Monopseudopsis inscriptus_, 67
+
+ Mordellidae, 176
+
+ _Mordella leucosticta_, 177
+
+ _Mordella limbata_, 177
+
+ _Mosoda anartoides_, 250
+
+ _Mosoda consolatrix_, 250
+
+ _Mosoda jocularis_, 250
+
+ Mosquitoes, 288
+
+ Moths, 212, 230
+
+ Mottled Yellows, 223
+
+ Mottled Cup-moth, 247
+
+ Mould on insects, 408
+
+ Mound Ant, 95
+
+ Mountain Grasshopper, 46
+
+ Mounting insects, 404
+
+ Mouse flea, 323
+
+ _Mucidus alternans_, 290
+
+ Mud Daubers, 107, 110
+
+ Mud nest wasps, 107, 108, 111
+
+ _Musca corvina_, 316
+
+ _Musca domestica_, 315
+
+ Muscidae, 315
+
+ _Muscidae acalyptrata_, 305
+
+ Museum collections, 409
+
+ Museum beetles, 149
+
+ Musical apparatus of cicada, 347
+
+ _Mutilla cordata_, 99
+
+ _Mutilla ferruginata_, 100
+
+ _Mutilla quadrisignata_, 100
+
+ _Mutilla rugicollis_, 99
+
+ Mutillidae, 5, 68, 98
+
+ _Mutusca brevicornis_, 332
+
+ _Mycalesis terminus_, 218
+
+ Mycetophagidae, 148, 287
+
+ Mycetophilidae, 287
+
+ _Mycopsylla fici_, 365
+
+ Mydas flies, 298
+
+ _Mydas fulvipennis_, 298
+
+ Mydaidae, 298
+
+ _Myllocerus carinatus_, 182
+
+ _Myocera longipes_, 314
+
+ Myriapoda, 1
+
+ _Myrmacicelus formicarius_, 187, 188
+
+ Mymaridae, 79
+
+ Mymarinae, 81
+
+ _Myrmecia albo-cincta_, 92
+
+ _Myrmecia forficata_, 92
+
+ _Myrmecia gulosa_, 92
+
+ _Myrmecia tarsata_, 92
+
+ Myrmeleonides, 57
+
+ Myrmicinae, 93
+
+ _Mytilaspis acaciae_, 374
+
+ _Mytilaspis pomorum_, 374
+
+ _Mytilaspis striata_, 374
+
+ _Mytilaspis spinifera_, 374
+
+
+ _Nascio parryi_, 163
+
+ _Natalis porcata_, 168
+
+ National Museum, 413
+
+ _Necrobia rufipes_, 169
+
+ _Necrodes osculans_, 140
+
+ Nematocera, 284
+
+ Nemobius, 48
+
+ Nemopterides, 59
+
+ _Neocalliphora ochracea_, 316
+
+ _Neoexaireta spinigera_, 293
+
+ _Nepa tristis_, 343
+
+ _Nepidae_, 343
+
+ _Neptis shepherdi_, 217
+
+ _Nerius inermis_, 310
+
+ _Nerius lineolatus_, 310
+
+ _Netrocoryne repanda_, 227
+
+ _Neuria quadripennis_, 297
+
+ Neuroptera, 49
+
+ Night collecting, 403
+
+ _Nirmus menura_, 391
+
+ _Nisotra submetallica_, 204
+
+ Nitidulidae, 143
+
+ Noctuidae, 262
+
+ _Nola metallopa_, 250, 251
+
+ _Nomia australica_, 116
+
+ _Notarcha clytalis_, 270
+
+ _Notius depressus_, 329
+
+ Notodontidae, 257
+
+ _Notonomus australasiae_, 132
+
+ Notonectidae, 344
+
+ _Novius cardinalis_, 210
+
+ Numbering specimens, 406
+
+ _Nyctalemon orontes_, 232, 254
+
+ _Nycteribia pteropus_, 321
+
+ Nycteribiidae, 321
+
+ _Nyctemera amica_, 250
+
+ Nymphalidae, 214
+
+ Nymphalinae, 215
+
+ _Nymphes myrmeleonides_, 61
+
+ _Nysius vinitor_, 334
+
+ Nyssonides, 108
+
+
+ _Ocinara lewinae_, 255
+
+ _Ocystola hamicalypta_, 279
+
+ Odonata, 51
+
+ _Odonestes australasiae_, 256
+
+ _Odontomachus ruficeps_, 93
+
+ _Odontomyia stylata_, 294
+
+ Odynerus, Mimic of, 116, 304
+
+ Odynerus, Parasite on, 88
+
+ _Odynerus bicolor_, 111
+
+ _Odynerus nigro-cinctus_, 112
+
+ _Oechalia schellembergi_, 330
+
+ Oecophoridae, 278
+
+ _Oecophylla smaragdina_, 96
+
+ _Oedaleus senegalensis_, 41
+
+ Oedemeridae, 177
+
+ Oestridae, 317
+
+ _Oestrus ovis_, 319
+
+ _Ogyris abrota_, 221
+
+ Oiketicus, 244
+
+ Oil beetle, 177
+
+ _Olfersia macleayi_, 320
+
+ _Oligotoma agilis_, 29
+
+ _Oligotoma gurneyi_, 29
+
+ Olive-tree bug, 336
+
+ _Oncomeris flavicornis_, 331
+
+ _Oncopeltus quadriguttatus_, 333
+
+ _Oncopeltus sordidus_, 334
+
+ _Oncophysa versiculata_, 336
+
+ _Onthophagus cuniculus_, 154
+
+ _Onthophagus granulatus_, 154
+
+ _Onthophagus kershawi_, 154
+
+ _Onthophagus pentacanthus_, 154
+
+ _Onthophagus rufosignatus_, 154
+
+ Onychophora, 1
+
+ _Ootetrastichus beatus_, 79
+
+ _Ophelosia crawfordi_, 82
+
+ Ophiderinae, 267
+
+ _Ophidius histrio_, 167
+
+ Ophion, 84
+
+ Ophioninae, 84
+
+ _Ophyra analis_, 311
+
+ _Ophyra nigra_, 311
+
+ _Opisthoscelis spinosa_, 383
+
+ _Opisthoscelis subrotunda_, 382
+
+ _Opistoplatys australasiae_, 339
+
+ Orange-piercing moth, 267
+
+ _Orcus chalybeus_, 210
+
+ _Orcus bilunulatus_, 210
+
+ _Orcus australasiae_, 210
+
+ _Ornithoctona nigricans_, 321
+
+ _Ornithomyia perfuga_, 321
+
+ _Ornithomyia stipituri_, 321
+
+ Ornithoptera, 225
+
+ _Ornithoptera richmondia_, 225
+
+ _Ornithoptera (Cassandra) euphorion_, 225
+
+ Ortalidae, 308
+
+ _Ortalis coerulea_, 308
+
+ _Orthetrum nigrifrons_, 53
+
+ _Orthetrum villosovittatum_, 53
+
+ _Orthodera ministralis_, 32
+
+ _Orthodera prasina_, 32
+
+ Ortholfersia, 320, 321
+
+ Orthoptera, 2, 13
+
+ _Orthoprosopa nigra_, 303
+
+ _Orthorrhinus klugi_, 186
+
+ _Orthorrhinus cylindrirostris_, 186
+
+ _Oryctes barbarossa_, 159
+
+ Oryssida, 70
+
+ Oryssus, 70
+
+ _Oryssus queenslandicus_, 71
+
+ Osmia, 114
+
+ _Osmylus tenui_, 64
+
+ _Othreis fullonica_, 267
+
+ _Oxycarenus luctuosus_, 334
+
+ _Oxyops concreta_, 185
+
+
+ _Pachycondyla piliventris_, 93
+
+ _Pachydissils sericus_, 192
+
+ Pachyrhamma, 48
+
+ _Paederus cruenticollis_, 137
+
+ Painted Crane-fly, 292
+
+ Painted Cup-moth, 247
+
+ Painted Daymoth, 234
+
+ Painted Delias, 224
+
+ Painted Gauzewing, 227
+
+ Painted Lady, 216
+
+ _Palacolycus problematicus_, 9
+
+ _Palaecoccus nudata_, 385
+
+ _Palaecoccus rosae_, 385
+
+ _Palengenia papuana_, 54
+
+ Palpicorna, 135
+
+ _Pamborus alternans_, 126
+
+ _Pamborus viridis_, 126
+
+ _Pamphila augiades_, 228
+
+ _Panesthia laevicollis_, 18
+
+ _Pangonia auriflus_, 295
+
+ _Pangonia concolor_, 295
+
+ _Pangonia guttata_, 295
+
+ _Pangonia rufovittata_, 295
+
+ _Pangonia violacea_, 295
+
+ Panorpa, 56
+
+ Panorpidae, 56
+
+ _Panops flavipes_, 297
+
+ Paper-nest wasps, 112
+
+ _Papilio aegeus_, 226
+
+ _Papilio erectheus_, 77, 226
+
+ _Papilio macleayanus_, 226
+
+ _Papilio sarpedon_, 226
+
+ _Papilio sthenelus_, 226
+
+ Papilionidae, 225
+
+ _Paracephala cyaneipennis_, 165
+
+ _Paracolletes crassipes_, 116
+
+ _Paragia bicolor_, 114
+
+ _Paragia decipiens_, 114
+
+ _Paragryllacris combusta_, 47
+
+ _Paramorpha aquilina_, 275
+
+ Parapison, 108
+
+ Parasita, 388
+
+ Parasite flies, 312
+
+ Parasite wasps, 74
+
+ Parnidae, 150
+
+ _Parnkella muelleri_, 352
+
+ _Paroplites australis_, 191
+
+ _Paropsis alternata_, 203
+
+ _Paropsis immaculata_, 204, 205
+
+ _Paropsis liturata_, 204
+
+ _Paropsis pictipennis_, 204
+
+ _Paropsis variolosa_, 203
+
+ Paroxypilus, 34
+
+ _Parroa noctis_, 131
+
+ Passalides, 152
+
+ _Pauropsalta annulata_, 354
+
+ _Pauropsalta encaustica_, 354
+
+ _Pauropsalta mneme_, 354
+
+ _Pauropsalta nodicosta_, 354
+
+ Paussilidae, 138
+
+ Paussus, 138
+
+ Paussili, 139
+
+ Peach Aphis, 369
+
+ Peach Moth, 273
+
+ Pediculidae, 388
+
+ Pediculina, 388
+
+ _Pediculus capitis_, 388
+
+ _Pediculus vestimenti_, 388
+
+ _Pelectomoides conicollis_, 177
+
+ _Pelopaeus laetus_, 107
+
+ _Peltophora pedicellata_, 327
+
+ Pentatomidae, 327
+
+ _Penthea sannio_, 199
+
+ _Penthea saundersi_, 199
+
+ _Penthea vermicularia_, 199
+
+ _Pentodon australis_, 158, 159
+
+ _Pepsis australis_, 106
+
+ _Perga cameronii_, 72
+
+ _Perga dorsalis_, 72
+
+ _Perga kirbyi_, 72
+
+ _Perga lewisi_, 72
+
+ Perilampinae, 76
+
+ Peripatus, 1
+
+ _Periplaneta americana_, 17
+
+ _Periplaneta australasiae_, 17
+
+ _Perissops ocellatus_, 188
+
+ _Perkinsiella saccharicida_, 361
+
+ Perla, 50
+
+ Perlidae, 50
+
+ _Petalura gigantea_, 53
+
+ Petiolata, 73
+
+ Petioliventris, 70
+
+ Phalacridae, 142
+
+ _Phalacrognathus muelleri_, 152
+
+ _Phalaenoides tristifica_, 234
+
+ _Phalaenoides (Agarista) glycinae_, 233
+
+ _Phalaenoides_ (destroyed by bug), 330
+
+ _Phaolus macleayi_, 191
+
+ _Phaonia personata_, 311
+
+ Phasmidae, 14, 34
+
+ _Pheidole anthracina_, 94
+
+ _Pheidole bos_, 94
+
+ _Phellus glaucus_, 300
+
+ _Pheropsophus verticalis_, 128
+
+ Philanthides, 108
+
+ Philanthus, 109
+
+ _Philia basalis_, 327
+
+ _Philia regia_, 328
+
+ _Philia senator_, 328
+
+ _Philobota agnesella_, 279
+
+ _Philobota arabella_, 279
+
+ _Philobota catascia_, 279
+
+ _Philobota gascialis_, 279
+
+ _Philobota productella_, 279
+
+ _Philomastix glaber_, 73
+
+ Philophloeus, 129
+
+ Philopteridae, 390
+
+ _Philoscaphus tuberculatus_, 130
+
+ _Philotarsus froggatti_, 30
+
+ _Phloeothrips tepperi_, 394
+
+ Phoracantha attacked by parasite, 168
+
+ Phoracantha, Parasite of, 90
+
+ _Phoracantha recurva_, 90, 168
+
+ _Phoracantha semipunctata_, 193
+
+ _Phoracantha tricuspis_, 193
+
+ Phthiriasis, 388
+
+ _Phthirius inquinalis_, 388
+
+ _Phylacteophaga eucalypti_, 73
+
+ _Phyllocharis cyanicornis_, 202
+
+ _Phyllocharis cyanipes_, 203
+
+ _Phyllodromia germanica_, 18
+
+ _Phyllotocus macleayi_, 155, 156
+
+ _Phyllotocus marginatus_, 156
+
+ _Phylloxera vastatrix_, 367
+
+ Physapoda, 392
+
+ _Physopelta famelica_, 335
+
+ Phytiphaga, 70
+
+ _Phytomyza affinis_, 80, 309
+
+ Phytomyzidae, 309
+
+ _Pielus hyalinatus_, 242
+
+ _Pielus imperialis_, 242
+
+ Pieridae, 223
+
+ _Pieris teutonia_, 223
+
+ _Piesarthrius marginellus_, 193
+
+ _Piesarthrius_, Parasites of, 89
+
+ Pill beetle, 150
+
+ _Pimpla intricatoria_, 84
+
+ _Pinara despecta_, 256
+
+ Pine-scrub beetle, 163
+
+ Pink-winged Tryxalid, 43
+
+ Pintails, 176
+
+ _Piophila casei_, 306
+
+ Pipunculidae, 301
+
+ _Pipunculus cinerascens_, 79
+
+ _Pipunculus cruciator_, 302
+
+ _Pipunculus helluo_, 302
+
+ _Pirates ephippiger_, 340
+
+ _Pirates flavopictus_, 340
+
+ Piratinae, 340
+
+ _Pison decipiens_, 108
+
+ _Pison spinolae_, 108
+
+ Plague caterpillars, 262
+
+ Plant-eating beetle, 200
+
+ Plant lice, 367
+
+ _Platisus integricollis_, 147
+
+ _Platynectis 10-punctata_, 133
+
+ _Platysoma strongulatum_, 142
+
+ _Plautia affinis_, 329
+
+ _Plautia nigripennis_, 329
+
+ Plecia, 288
+
+ _Plectrotarsus gravenorsti_, 67
+
+ _Pleistodontes froggatti_, 78
+
+ _Pleistodontes imperialis_, 78
+
+ _Plodia interpunctella_, 274
+
+ _Plusia argentifera_, 266
+
+ _Plusia venicillata_, 266, 267
+
+ _Plutella cruciferarum_, 281
+
+ Plutellidae, 281
+
+ _Pocadius pilistriatus_, 143, 144
+
+ _Pochazia australis_, 359
+
+ _Podacanthus typhon_, 36
+
+ _Podacanthus wilkinsoni_, 37
+
+ _Podalirius cingulatus_, 118
+
+ _Podalirius aeruginosus_, 118
+
+ _Podalirius emendatus_, 118
+
+ _Podalirius pulcher_, 118
+
+ _Podomyrma adelaidae_, 94
+
+ _Podomyrma bimaculata_, 94
+
+ _Podomyrma gratiosa_, 94
+
+ _Poecilometis gravis_, 329
+
+ _Poecilometis histricus_, 329
+
+ _Poecilometis strigatus_, 329
+
+ _Poeciloptera modesta_, 360
+
+ _Poliaspis exocarpi_, 374
+
+ Policemen flies, 108
+
+ _Polistes humilis_, 113
+
+ _Polistes tasmaniensis_, 112
+
+ _Polistes tepidus_, 113
+
+ _Polistes variabilis_, 112
+
+ _Polyclonus atratus_, 73
+
+ _Polygommatus boeticus_, 221
+
+ _Polyrhachis ammon_, 98
+
+ _Polyrhachis ornata_, 98
+
+ _Polyrhachis semi-aurata_, 98
+
+ _Polyrhachis turneri_, 98
+
+ _Polystigma punctata_, 161
+
+ _Polystigma octopunctata_, 161
+
+ _Polyzosteria mitchellii_, 19
+
+ _Polyzosteria limbata_, 18
+
+ _Polyzosteria pubescens_, 18
+
+ Pompilidae, 105
+
+ Pompilus, 106
+
+ Ponera, 93
+
+ Ponerinae, 92
+
+ Porina, 240
+
+ _Porismus strigatus_, 63
+
+ _Porthesia obsoleta_, 252
+
+ Powderpost beetles, 170
+
+ Praying Mantis, 31
+
+ Preservation of Insects, 395
+
+ Prioninae, 190
+
+ Prionocneminae, 367
+
+ _Pristhesancus papuensis_, 341
+
+ Privet Hawk-moth, 238
+
+ Procris, 236
+
+ Proctotrypidae, 81
+
+ _Prodenia littoralis_, 266
+
+ _Prolepta dilatata_, 360
+
+ _Prolepta obscurata_, 360
+
+ _Promecoderus concolor_, 131
+
+ Prominents, 257
+
+ _Prosayleus phytolymus_, 3
+
+ _Prosopis metallica_, 115
+
+ _Prosopis vidua_, 115
+
+ Protolechia, 279
+
+ _Protoparce convolvuli_, 238, 239
+
+ _Psalidura elongata_, 184
+
+ _Psaltoda harrisi_, 350
+
+ _Psaltoda moerens_, 349
+
+ Pselaphidae, 138
+
+ _Pselaphus lineatus_, 138
+
+ _Pseudalmenus myrsilus_, 222
+
+ Pseudomorphides, 129
+
+ Pseudo-Neuroptera, 49
+
+ Pseudorhynchota, 389
+
+ _Pseudorhynchus lessonii_, 47
+
+ Psocidae, 30
+
+ Psychidae, 243
+
+ _Psychopsis insolens_, 62
+
+ _Psychopsis illidgi_, 62
+
+ _Psychopsis coelivagus_, 62
+
+ _Psychopsis meyricki_, 62
+
+ _Psychopsis mimica_, 61
+
+ _Psylla acaciae-baileyanae_, 365
+
+ _Psylla capparis_, 365
+
+ _Psylla schizoneuroides_, 365
+
+ _Psylla sterculiae_, 365
+
+ _Psylla acaciae-decurrentis_, 364
+
+ _Psylla eucalypti_, 362
+
+ Psyllidae, 4, 361
+
+ Psyllinae, 364
+
+ _Pterodontia mellii_, 297
+
+ _Pterohelaeus piceus_, 173
+
+ _Pteromalus puparum_, 77
+
+ _Pterygogramma acuminata_, 79
+
+ _Pterygophorus cinctus_, 72
+
+ _Pterygophorus interruptus_, 73
+
+ _Ptilocnemus femoralis_, 339
+
+ _Ptilomacra senex_, 253
+
+ Ptinidae, 169
+
+ _Ptomaphila lachrymosa_, 140
+
+ Publications dealing with Entomology, 418
+
+ _Pulex echnidae_, 323
+
+ _Pulex fasciatus_, 323
+
+ _Pulex irritans_, 323
+
+ _Pulex serraticeps_, 322
+
+ Pulicidae, 321
+
+ _Pulvinaria maskelli_, 384
+
+ Pumpkin beetle, 204
+
+ _Purpuricenus quadrinotatus_, 196
+
+ _Pygiopsylla colossus_, 324
+
+ Pyralidae, 268
+
+ _Pyrameis cardui_, 216
+
+ _Pyrameis kershawi_, 216
+
+ _Pyrameis itea_, 216
+
+ Pyrochroidae, 176
+
+ Pyrrhocoridae, 335
+
+ Pyrrhocorinae, 335
+
+
+ _Quedius luridipennis_, 137
+
+ Queensland Elephant-beetle, 159
+
+ Queensland Fruit-fly, 207
+
+ Queensland Museum, 414
+
+ Queen Termite, 23
+
+ _Quintilia (Tibicen) infans_, 352
+
+
+ _Rantara varipes_, 343
+
+ Rat fleas, 323
+
+ Rear-horses, 31
+
+ Red-eyed Cicadas, 349
+
+ Red-legged Ham-beetle, 169
+
+ Red-legged locust, 43
+
+ Reduviidae, 338
+
+ _Reduvius personatus_, 339
+
+ _Reduvius rivulosus_, 339
+
+ Reproductive organs of locust, 41
+
+ _Repsimus aeneus_, 157
+
+ _Rhadinosomtis lacordairei_ (parasite in brachyscelid gall), 182
+
+ Rhagigaster, 102
+
+ _Rhantus pubescens_, 134
+
+ Rhapidians, 56
+
+ _Rhinocola corniculata_, 364
+
+ _Rhinocola eucalypti_, 364
+
+ _Rhinotermes intermedius_, 25
+
+ Rhinoterminae, 24
+
+ _Rhinotia hoemoptera_, 183, 187
+
+ _Rhipidocera mystacina_, 167
+
+ Rhipidoceridae, 167
+
+ Rhipidiphoridae, 176
+
+ _Rhisobius ventralis_, 211
+
+ Rhizococcus, 376
+
+ Rhizopertha, 171
+
+ _Rhoetocoris (Oncoscelis) sulciventris_, 330
+
+ Rhopalocera, 213
+
+ _Rhynchium superbum_, 111
+
+ _Rhynchium mirabile_, 111
+
+ _Rhyothemus graphiptera_, 52
+
+ _Rhyparida didyma_, 202
+
+ Rhysodidae, 146
+
+ _Rhysodes lignarius_, 146
+
+ _Rhyssa semipunctata_, 84
+
+ _Rhyssonotus nebulosus_, 151
+
+ _Rhytiphora argus_, 200
+
+ Ribbed case-moth, 245
+
+ Ridge-backed grasshopper, 43
+
+ Ringed moths, 235
+
+ Ringed sawfly, 72
+
+ Ripersia, 378
+
+ _Riptortus robustus_, 332
+
+ Robber-flies, 298
+
+ _Rosenbergia megacephala_, 198
+
+ Rose-chafer beetles, 160
+
+ Rose-winged locust, 42
+
+ Round Scale, 374
+
+ Round fungus beetle, 141
+
+ Rove beetle, 136
+
+ Ruby Eye, 64
+
+ Ruby Wasp, 87
+
+ Rutelides, 157
+
+ Rutherglen bug, 334
+
+ _Rutila decora_, 314
+
+ _Rutilia formosa_, 314
+
+ _Rutilia inornata_, 314
+
+ _Rutilia vivipara_, 314
+
+
+ Sacktragers, 243
+
+ Sacred beetle, 153
+
+ _Sagra papuana_, 201
+
+ Sagrides, 201
+
+ _Salius (Priocnemus) bicolor_, 105, 106
+
+ Sand bugs, 342
+
+ Sand flies, 287, 291
+
+ Sand wasps, 105
+
+ _Saprinus laetus_, 142
+
+ _Sapromyza decora_, 310
+
+ _Sapromyza fuscicornis_, 310
+
+ Sapromyzidae, 310
+
+ _Saragus floccosus_, 173
+
+ _Sarcophaga aurifrons_, 315
+
+ _Sarcophaga frontalis_, 315
+
+ _Sarcophaga oedipoda_, 315
+
+ Sarcophagidae, 314
+
+ Sarcopsyllidae, 322
+
+ _Saropogon princeps_, 300
+
+ _Sartellus signatus_, 137
+
+ Saturnidae, 257
+
+ Satyrinae, 217
+
+ Saunders’ Case-moth, 244
+
+ Sawflies, 71
+
+ Scale Insects, 325, 371
+
+ Scaphididae, 141
+
+ _Scaphidium punctipenne_, 141
+
+ Scarabaeidae, 153
+
+ _Scardia australasialla_, 281
+
+ Scaritides, 129
+
+ _Scatophaga guerinii_, 310
+
+ Scatophagidae, 310
+
+ _Scatopse fenestralis_, 288
+
+ _Sceleocantha glabricollis_, 190
+
+ _Sceliodes cordalis_, 270
+
+ _Schizoneura lanigera_, 369
+
+ Schizorrhina, 160
+
+ Sciaridae, 287
+
+ Sciomyzinae, 310
+
+ _Scolia fulva_, 103
+
+ _Scolia radula_, 103
+
+ Scoliidae, 102
+
+ Scolypopa, 359
+
+ Scolytidae, 178
+
+ _Scopiastes vitticeps_, 333
+
+ _Scopodes sigillatus_, 128
+
+ Scorpions, 1
+
+ Scorpion flies, 56
+
+ Scotch Greys, 290
+
+ Scydmaenidae, 139
+
+ _Scymnus vagans_, 211
+
+ _Scymnus notiscens_, 211
+
+ _Selidosema acaciaria_, 261
+
+ _Selidosema canescaria_, 261
+
+ _Selidosema excursaria_, 261
+
+ _Selidosema lyciaria_, 261
+
+ _Semnotus ducalis_, 293
+
+ _Semnotus imperatoria_, 293
+
+ _Sericea spectans_, 268
+
+ _Serenthea pectipennis_, 336
+
+ Sessiliventris, 70
+
+ Setting insects, 399
+
+ Setting board, 399
+
+ _Sextius australis_, 357
+
+ _Sextius depressus_, 357
+
+ _Sextius virescens_, 357
+
+ Shade Midges, 287
+
+ Sheep-nostril Fly, 319
+
+ Sheep tick, 319
+
+ She-oak Hawk-moth, 238
+
+ Shield bugs, 327
+
+ Shining wasps, 113
+
+ Short-horned Grasshopper, 40
+
+ Sialidae, 55
+
+ _Sierola antipoda_, 82
+
+ Silkworm Moths, 256
+
+ Silly Ants, 95
+
+ _Silphomorpha colymbetoides_, 129
+
+ _Silphomorpha nitiduloides_, 129
+
+ Silphidae, 140
+
+ Silver-fish, 11
+
+ _Silvius angusta_, 295
+
+ _Sima laeviceps_, 95
+
+ Simulidae, 287
+
+ _Simulum furiosum_, 287
+
+ _Siphanta acuta_, 359
+
+ Siphonaptera, 284, 322
+
+ _Siphonophora rosae_, 369
+
+ _Sirex australis_, 71
+
+ Siricidae, 71
+
+ _Sitodrepa (Anobium) panicea_, 170
+
+ _Sitotroga cerealella_, 279
+
+ Skippers, 227
+
+ Skippers (in cheese), 306
+
+ Skusea, 290
+
+ Slender weevils, 179
+
+ Slug moth, 246
+
+ Small green grasshopper, 47
+
+ Small Ichneumon, 85
+
+ Small plague locust, 42
+
+ Smaller sand wasps, 106
+
+ Smotherfly, 367
+
+ _Smynthurus lutus_, 11
+
+ _Smynthurus viridis_, 10
+
+ Snake flies, 55
+
+ Snout beetles, 181
+
+ Snow flies, 287, 370
+
+ Social wasps, 112
+
+ Soldier beetles, 168
+
+ Soldier flies, 293
+
+ Solitary ants, 98
+
+ Solitary wasps, 110
+
+ Soothsayers, 31
+
+ Sound organs of locust, 40
+
+ South Australian Museum, 414
+
+ Speckled Footmen, 250
+
+ Speckled green grasshopper, 47
+
+ _Sphaerococcus froggatti_, 380
+
+ _Sphaerococcus leptospermi_, 380
+
+ _Sphaerococcus melaleuca_, 380
+
+ _Sphaerococcus pirogallis_, 380
+
+ _Sphaerococcus socialis_, 380
+
+ _Sphaeroderma equis_, 344
+
+ Sphecius, 108
+
+ _Sphedanocoris distinctus_, 339
+
+ Sphegidae, 106
+
+ Sphegides, 107
+
+ _Sphex opulenta_, 107
+
+ _Sphex vestita_, 107
+
+ _Sphinctomyrmex froggatti_, 93
+
+ _Sphinctomyrmex hednigae_, 93
+
+ Sphingidae, 236
+
+ _Sphinx ligustri_, 238
+
+ _Sphiximorpha australis_, 304
+
+ Spiders, 1
+
+ Spider flies, 319
+
+ Spiloglaux boobook (host of lousefly), 321
+
+ _Spilopyra sumptuosa_, 202
+
+ _Spilosoma fulvohirta_, 249
+
+ _Spilosoma fuscinula_, 249
+
+ _Spilosoma obliqua_, 249
+
+ Spined orange-bug, 330
+
+ Spined green leaf insect, 38
+
+ Spondyliaspis, 362
+
+ _Spondyliaspis eucalypti_, 362
+
+ Spondyliaspis (food of ants), 95
+
+ Spotted Ichneumon, 94
+
+ Spotted black Ichneumon, 94
+
+ Spring-tails, 10
+
+ Squash bugs, 332
+
+ Stag beetles, 151
+
+ Staphylinidae, 136
+
+ _Stegomyia notoscriptus_, 290
+
+ _Stegomyia fasciata_, 290
+
+ Steel-blue sawfly, 72
+
+ Stem saw-flies, 70
+
+ _Stenocotis australis_, 360
+
+ _Stephanocircus dasyuri_, 323
+
+ _Stephanocircus simsoni_, 323
+
+ _Stephanocircus thomasi_, 323
+
+ _Stibopteryx costalis_, 59
+
+ Stick insects, 34
+
+ Stigmodera, 5
+
+ _Stigmodera fortnumi_, 164
+
+ _Stigmodera gratiosa_, 164
+
+ _Stigmodera heros_, 164
+
+ _Stigmodera grandis_, 164
+
+ _Stigmodera jacquinoti_, 164
+
+ _Stigmodera pascoei_, 164
+
+ _Stigmodera thoracica_, 164
+
+ _Stigmodera tibialis_, 164
+
+ _Stigmodera variabilis_, 164
+
+ _Stigmodera macularia_, 164
+
+ _Stibula pedunculatus_, 76
+
+ _Stilbum splendidum_, 88
+
+ _Stilbum amethystinum_, 88
+
+ _Stilida indecora_, 331
+
+ Stinging caterpillars, 84
+
+ _Stizus pectoralis_, 108
+
+ _Stomoxys calcitrans_, 316
+
+ Stone flies, 50
+
+ Storing collections, 404
+
+ _Strathmopoda melanochra_, 281
+
+ Stratiomyidae, 293
+
+ Striped Delias, 224
+
+ _Stropis maculosa_, 44
+
+ _Strongylurus thoracicus_, 193
+
+ Structure, 6
+
+ Structure of wings (Hymenoptera), 69
+
+ Structure of head and thorax, 68
+
+ Sucking lice, 388
+
+ Sugar ants, 97
+
+ Sugar lerp, 363
+
+ Sugaring, 403
+
+ _Suphalasca sabulosa_, 58
+
+ Swallow Tails, 225
+
+ Sycoryctes, 78
+
+ _Syllitus grammicus_, 193
+
+ _Symphyletes neglectus_, 198
+
+ _Symphyletes nigrovirens_, 198
+
+ _Symphyletes solandri_, 199
+
+ _Symphyletes vestigialis_, 199, 200
+
+ _Synemon sophia_, 232
+
+ _Synemon hesperoides_, 232
+
+ _Synlestes weyersii_, 53
+
+ Syntomidae, 235
+
+ _Syntomis annulata_, 235
+
+ _Syntomis aperta_, 235
+
+ Syrphid flies, 85
+
+ Syrphidae, 302
+
+ _Syrphus pusillus_, 302
+
+ _Syrphus viridiceps_, 302, 303
+
+
+ Tabanidae, 294
+
+ _Tabanus abstersus_, 295
+
+ _Tabanus brevidentatus_, 295
+
+ _Tabanus edentulus_, 295
+
+ _Tabanus sanguinarius_, 295
+
+ _Tachardia australis_, 378
+
+ _Tachardia decorella_, 379
+
+ Tachardiinae, 378
+
+ _Tachina oedipoda_, 315
+
+ Tachinidae, 312
+
+ Tachytes, 108
+
+ Tailed Emperor, 217
+
+ _Talaurinus tuberculatus_, 184
+
+ Tamasa, 351
+
+ _Tapinoma minutum_, 96
+
+ _Tapinoma melanocephalum_, 96
+
+ _Tarsostenus zonatus_, 169
+
+ _Teara contraria_, 252
+
+ _Teara melanosticta_, 253
+
+ _Teara tristis_, 253
+
+ _Tectocoris lineola_, 327
+
+ _Tectocoris banksi_, 327
+
+ _Teia anartaides_, 255
+
+ _Telephorus pulchellus_, 168
+
+ _Temnoplectron rotundum_, 154
+
+ _Tenebrio molitor_, 175
+
+ Tenebrionidae, 172, 175
+
+ _Tenodera australasiae_, 34
+
+ Tenthredinidae, 71
+
+ _Tepperia sterculiae_, 188
+
+ Terebranti, 70
+
+ Terebrantia, 393
+
+ _Terias hecabe_, 223
+
+ _Terias smilax_, 223
+
+ Termes lacteus (host of lamellicorn beetle), 157
+
+ _Termes perniger_, 25
+
+ _Termes meridionalis_, 26
+
+ _Termes krisiformis_, 27
+
+ _Termes rubriceps_, 26
+
+ _Termissa nivosa_, 249
+
+ _Termissa shepherdi_, 249
+
+ Termitarium, 23
+
+ Termites, 21
+
+ Termitidae, 20
+
+ Termitinae, 25
+
+ Tessaratominae, 330
+
+ _Testrica bubula_, 328
+
+ _Tetracha australis_, 124
+
+ _Tetracha australasiae_, 125
+
+ _Tetracha hopei_, 125
+
+ _Tetralobus cunninghami_, 166
+
+ Tetrastichinae, 79
+
+ _Tetrastichodes froggatti_, 77
+
+ Tetrasticus, 77
+
+ _Tettigarcta crinita_, 354
+
+ _Tettigarcta tomentosa_, 354
+
+ _Tettigia tristigma_, 351
+
+ _Thalaina clara_, 262
+
+ _Thalaina inscriptum_, 262
+
+ _Thallis janthina_, 206
+
+ _Thalpochares coccophaga_, 87, 265
+
+ _Thaumasura femor-rubra_, 77
+
+ _Thaumasura terebrator_, 76
+
+ _Thea opaca_, 362, 364
+
+ _Thea galbula_, 209
+
+ _Thopha saccata_, 348
+
+ _Thopha sessiliba_, 349
+
+ Thread-winged Nemopteron, 60
+
+ Thrips, 392
+
+ Thripidae, 4, 392
+
+ _Thudaca obliquella_, 282
+
+ _Thyada barbicornis_, 198
+
+ Thynnidae, 4, 68, 100
+
+ _Thynnus brenchleyi_, 101
+
+ _Thynnus flavilabris_, 101
+
+ _Thynnus leachellus_, 101
+
+ _Thynnus variabilis_, 101
+
+ _Thyridopteryx herrichii_, 245
+
+ _Thyridopteryx hubneri_, 245
+
+ Thysanoptera, 392
+
+ Thysanura, 11
+
+ Tibicen, 351
+
+ Tibicinae, 351
+
+ Ticks, 1
+
+ Tiger beetles, 124
+
+ Tiger moths, 248
+
+ _Tigriodes alterna_, 248
+
+ _Tigriodes furcifera_, 248
+
+ _Tigriodes heminephes_, 248
+
+ _Tinea nectaria_, 281
+
+ _Tinea fuscipunctella_, 281
+
+ _Tinea pellionella_, 281
+
+ _Tinea tapetzella_, 281
+
+ Tineidae, 281
+
+ Tineina, 281
+
+ Tingidae, 336
+
+ Tinted Delias, 224
+
+ _Tipula costalis_, 292
+
+ _Tipulidae brevipalpi_, 292
+
+ _Tipulidae longipalpi_, 292
+
+ _Tisiphone abeona_, 218
+
+ _Tomoxia flavicans_, 177
+
+ Torpedo bug, 359
+
+ Tortricidae, 274
+
+ _Tortrix glaphyriana_, 75, 275
+
+ _Trachelizus howitti_, 179
+
+ _Tragocerus lepidopterus_, 196
+
+ _Tragocerus spencei_, 196
+
+ _Tranes sparsus_, 187
+
+ _Tranes xanthorrhoeae_, 187
+
+ _Trapesites iacchus_, 228
+
+ _Trapezites symmomus_, 228
+
+ Trapping, 403
+
+ Tree-hoppers, 356
+
+ Tribelocephalidae, 339
+
+ _Trichaulax philipsii_, 161
+
+ _Trichaulax marginipennis_, 162
+
+ _Trichetra marginalis_, 252
+
+ _Trichilogaster maideni_, 80
+
+ _Trichilogaster a-longifoliae_, 80
+
+ _Trichilogaster pendulae_, 80
+
+ Trichodectidae, 390
+
+ Trichoptera, 66
+
+ Trichopterygidae, 141
+
+ _Trichosternus renardi_, 127
+
+ _Trichoxenia cineraria_, 75
+
+ _Trichoxenia labyrinthica_, 75
+
+ Trictena, 242
+
+ _Trigona canifrons_, 120
+
+ _Trigona carbonaria_, 119
+
+ _Trigonotarsus rugosus_, 189
+
+ _Trioza carnosa_, 366
+
+ _Trioza casuarinae_, 366
+
+ _Trioza banksiae_, 366
+
+ _Trioza eucalypti_, 366
+
+ Triozinae, 365
+
+ _Trogodendron fasciculatum_, 169
+
+ _Trogoderma froggatti_, 149
+
+ _Trogoderma apicipenne_, 149
+
+ _Trogosita mauritanica_, 144
+
+ Trogositidae, 144
+
+ Troides, 225
+
+ Trombiididae, 98
+
+ _Tropidoderus childreni_, 37
+
+ _Tropidoderus decipiens_, 38
+
+ _Tropidoderus iodomus_, 38
+
+ _Tropidoderus rhodomus_, 37
+
+ _Trox australasiae_, 155
+
+ _Trox dohrni_, 155
+
+ _Trypeta bicolor_, 308
+
+ _Trypeta musae_, 308
+
+ _Trypeta poenia_, 308
+
+ Trypetidae, 306
+
+ _Tryxalis rafflesii_, 43
+
+ Tubulifera, 393
+
+ Tussock Moths, 252
+
+ _Tyora hibisci_, 367
+
+ _Tyora sterculiae_, 367
+
+ Types, 409
+
+
+ _Uracanthus cryptophagus_, 193, 195
+
+ _Uracanthus triangularis_, 193
+
+ Urania, 232
+
+ Uraniidae, 232
+
+
+ Vapourers, 252
+
+ _Vedalia cardinalis_, 210
+
+ Velvet mites, 98
+
+ _Venustria superba_, 351
+
+ _Verania frenata_, 209
+
+ Vespa, 112
+
+ Vespidae, 112
+
+ Vine-moth bug, 330
+
+
+ Walking Straw, 36
+
+ Warble-flies, 317
+
+ Wasps, 68
+
+ Wasp flies, 305
+
+ Water beetles, 133
+
+ Water boatmen, 345
+
+ Water bugs, 342
+
+ Water fleas, 289
+
+ Water moths, 66
+
+ Water scorpions, 343
+
+ Water striders, 337
+
+ Wattle-pig, 183
+
+ Web-spinners, 28
+
+ Weevils, 181
+
+ Whirligig beetles, 134
+
+ Whistling moths, 234
+
+ White ants, 20
+
+ Whites, 223
+
+ Wine flies, 306
+
+ _Winthemia lata_, 312
+
+ Wireworms, 166
+
+ Wood ants, 98
+
+ Woodborers, 178
+
+ Wood moths, 231, 239
+
+ Woolly Aphids, 369
+
+ Woolly Bears, 248
+
+ Wrigglers, 289
+
+
+ _Xantholinus erythrocephalus_, 137
+
+ _Xenica achanta_, 219
+
+ _Xenica correae_, 219
+
+ _Xenica fulva_, 219
+
+ _Xyleborus solidus_, 178
+
+ Xylocopa, 116
+
+ _Xylocopa aestuans_, 117
+
+ _Xylocopa bryorum_, 117
+
+ _Xylonychus eucalypti_, 157
+
+ _Xylotrupes australicus_, 159
+
+ _Xystmatodoma guildingi_, 281
+
+
+ Yellows, 223
+
+ Yellow-fever mosquito, 290
+
+ Yellow Monday, 349
+
+ Yellow-tinted Delias, 224
+
+ Yellow-winged locust, 41
+
+ _Ypthima arctous_, 218
+
+
+ _Zanessa rubrovariegata_, 342
+
+ Zelotypia, 241
+
+ _Zenithicola australis_, 169
+
+ _Zenithicola obesus_, 169
+
+ _Zeuzera cinerens_, 243
+
+ _Zeuzera eucalypti_, 242
+
+ _Zeuzera liturata_, 243
+
+ _Zeuzera macleayi_, 243
+
+ Zeuzeridae, 242
+
+ _Zinckenia recurvalis_, 270
+
+ _Zonitis bipartita_, 177
+
+ _Zonitis brevicornis_, 177
+
+ _Zonopetala decisiana_, 279
+
+ _Zopherosis georgii_, 173
+
+ Zygaenidae, 236
+
+ Zygopteridae, 51
+
+ Zygotricha, 306
+
+ _Zygrita diva_, 200
+
+ [Illustration]
+
+
+Transcriber’s Notes:
+
+1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been
+corrected silently.
+
+2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have
+been retained as in the original.
+
+3. Italics are shown as _xxx_.
+
+4. Bold print is shown as =xxx=.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76505 ***
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2026-05-16 12:30:46 +0000