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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76065 ***
+
+
+
+                     DOMESTIC LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND
+                                IN THE
+                          SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
+
+[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD
+
+Built in 1683]
+
+
+
+
+                               Domestic Life
+                                    in
+                                NEW ENGLAND
+                                  in the
+                            Seventeenth Century
+
+                                A DISCOURSE
+
+                   Delivered in the Lecture Hall of the
+                     Metropolitan Museum of Art in New
+                       York City, it being one of a
+                          Series designed to mark
+                            the Opening of the
+                               American Wing
+
+
+                          _By GEORGE FRANCIS DOW_
+
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+                    _TOPSFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS_: Printed
+                  for the Author at _The Perkins Press_,
+                     just off the _Main Street_, 1925.
+
+
+
+
+                  COPYRIGHT, 1925, GEORGE FRANCIS DOW
+
+
+                      FIVE HUNDRED COPIES PRINTED
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                              THE PREFACE
+
+
+The publication of the following paper in its present form, became
+possible when the Trustees of the Metropolitan Museum of Art found it
+necessary to abandon their intention to publish a volume containing the
+lectures given on the occasion of the opening of the American Wing. The
+other lectures delivered in the course were devoted to the architecture
+and arts of New England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
+and it therefore seemed fitting that some account of the domestic life
+of the period should also have a presentation. Within the limitations
+of time and space it was only possible to touch lightly upon so
+far-reaching a subject and the reader will soon discover that the
+following pages may be somewhat over-loaded with facts gleaned from
+original records. It also should be borne in mind that the public
+records that have come down to us preserve a chronicle of the offences
+of the day and generation while the uneventful lives of the honest and
+the just frequently rest in oblivion.
+
+  _The evil that men do lives after them
+  The good is oft interred with their bones._
+
+Nevertheless, there were fully as many sinners as saints living within
+the control of the Puritan autocracy in the Massachusetts Bay and it
+is to be hoped that the contemporaneous data here presented may aid in
+bringing about a readjustment of values in the mind of some reader.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD      _Frontispiece_
+
+  FRONT DOOR OF CAPEN HOUSE                       2
+
+  FRONT ENTRY AND STAIRS OF CAPEN HOUSE           4
+
+  OVERHANG OF THE CAPEN HOUSE                     6
+
+  PARLOR OF THE CAPEN HOUSE                       8
+
+  JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM                         12
+
+  PARLOR OF WARD HOUSE                           16
+
+  KITCHEN OF WARD HOUSE                          20
+
+  DRESSER IN KITCHEN OF WARD HOUSE               24
+
+  WELLCURB AND SWEEP, WARD HOUSE                 28
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+                    DOMESTIC LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND IN
+                        THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
+
+
+To picture the life in the homes of the colonists in the years
+immediately following the settlement would require many screens. Then
+as now life had its contrasts and utmost poverty existed but shortly
+removed from comparative wealth. In 1657 an apprentice to a stone-mason
+in the town of Newbury, Massachusetts, testified that it was a long
+while before “he could eate his master’s food, viz. meate and milk,
+or drink beer, saying that he did not know that it was good, because
+he was not used to eat such victualls, but to eate bread and water
+porridge and to drink water.”[1] A few miles away, in the town of
+Ipswich, lived Madam Rebecka Symonds, writing in her sixtieth year to
+her son in London to send her a fashionable “lawn whiske,” for her
+neckwear. In due time he replied that the “fashionable Lawn whiske
+is not now worn, either by Gentil or simple, young or old. Instead
+where of I have bought a shape and ruffles, which is now the ware of
+the gravest as well as the young ones. Such as goe not with naked
+necks ware a black wifle over it. Therefore, I have not only Bought a
+plaine one y’t you sent for, but also a Luster one, such as are most
+in fashion.” The dutiful son also purchased for his mother’s wear a
+feather fan; but he writes, to her “I should also have found in my
+heart, to have let it alone, because none but very grave persons (and
+of them very few) use it. Now ’tis grown almost as obsolete as Russets,
+and more rare to be seen than a yellow Hood.” When the feather fan
+reached Ipswich it was found to have a silver handle and with it came
+“two tortois fans, 200 needles, 5 yds. sky calico, silver gimp, a black
+sarindin cloak, damson leather skin, two women’s Ivorie Knives, etc.”[2]
+
+Fine clothing surrounded itself with fine furnishings, according to the
+standards of the period, and as the wealth of the Colonies increased
+with the successful exportation of fish, lumber, beaver, and peltry, it
+supplied them with all kinds of luxuries and refinements to be found
+in the shops of London, Plymouth, or Bristol. The ships were crossing
+frequently and the Colonies kept pace with the mother country much
+as the country follows the city at the present time. All the while,
+however, primitive living and also poverty existed everywhere. The
+inventories of numerous estates show meagre household furnishings, and
+many families of eight or more persons lived in houses only eighteen
+by twenty-four feet in size, possibly with a shed attached. Alexander
+Knight, a pauper in a Massachusetts town, was provided in 1659 with
+a one-story house sixteen feet long and twelve feet wide having a
+thatched roof and costing only £6 to build, which no doubt was typical
+of the simple dwellings occupied by the poorer colonists in the early
+days following the settlement.
+
+When Governor Winthrop arrived at Charlestown in 1630 with the first
+great emigration he found a house or two and several wigwams--rude
+shelters patterned after the huts built by the Indians--and until
+houses could be erected in Boston many lived in tents and wigwams,
+“their meeting-place being abroad under a Tree.” Deacon Bartholomew
+Green, the printer of the _Boston News-Letter_, related that when his
+father arrived at Boston in 1630, “for lack of housing he was vain
+to find shelter at night in an empty cask,” and during the following
+winter many of the poorer sort still continued to live in tents through
+lack of better housing.
+
+[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD
+
+Front Door]
+
+There is a wide-spread misconception that the colonists on reaching New
+England proceeded immediately to build log houses in which to live.
+Historians have described these log houses as chinked with moss and
+clay and as having earth floors, precisely the type of house built
+on the frontier and in the logging camps at a much later period. A
+well-known picture of Leyden street, at Plymouth, shows a double row of
+log houses reaching up the hillside, which the Pilgrims are supposed
+to have constructed. In point of fact, no contemporary evidence has
+been found that supports the present-day theory. The early accounts of
+what took place in the days following the settlements along the coast
+are full of interesting details relating to day-by-day happenings but
+nowhere do we find allusion to a log house such as modern historians
+assume existed at that time.[3]
+
+What happened at the Plymouth Colony after the _Mayflower_ came
+to anchor? The wind blew very hard for two days and the next day,
+Saturday, December 23, 1620, as many as could went ashore: “felled and
+carried timber, to provide themselves stuff for building,” and the
+following Monday “we went on shore, some to fell timber, some to saw,
+some to rive, and some to carry; so no man rested all that day.”[4]
+Bradford writes “that they builte a forte with good timber” which Isaac
+de Rasieres described in 1627 as “a large square house, made of thick
+sawn planks, stayed with oak beams.” The oldest existing houses in the
+Plymouth Colony are built in the same manner and some half dozen or
+more seventeenth-century plank houses may yet be seen north of Boston.
+Moreover, when the ship _Fortune_ sailed from Plymouth in the summer
+of 1621 part of her lading consisted of “clapboards and wainscott,”
+showing clearly that the colonists soon after landing had dug saw pits
+and produced boards in quantity suitable for the construction of houses
+and for exportation.
+
+In the summer of 1623 Bradford mentions the “building of great houses
+in pleasant situations” and when a fire broke out in November of the
+following year it began in “a shed yt was joyned to ye end of ye
+storehouse, which was wattled up with bowes.” It will be seen that this
+shed was not crudely built of logs or slabs but that its walls were
+wattled and perhaps also daubed with clay, in precisely the same manner
+with which these colonists were familiar in their former homes across
+the sea. An original outer wall in the old Fairbanks house at Dedham,
+Massachusetts, still has its “wattle and daub” constructed in 1637.
+What can be more natural and humanly probable than to find English
+housewrights who had learned their trade overseas, building houses and
+outbuildings on this side of the Atlantic in the same manner they had
+been taught through a long apprenticeship in their former homes? Can we
+of today assume that they, upon the spur of the moment, invented a new
+type of building--a log house--a construction they had never seen in
+England--a building also unknown to the Indians?
+
+The houses of the Indians were “verie little and homely, being made
+with small Poles pricked into the ground, and so bended and fastened at
+the tops, and on the side they are matted with Boughes and covered with
+Sedge and old mats.”[5] These were called “wigwams” and as they were
+easily constructed and the materials were readily at hand many of the
+poorer colonists built for themselves imitations of these rude huts of
+the Indians. Governor Winthrop records in his “Journal,” in September,
+1630, that one Fitch of Watertown had his wigwam burnt down with all
+his goods, and two months later John Firman, also of Watertown, lost
+his wigwam by fire.
+
+[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD
+
+Front entry and stairs]
+
+Thomas Dudley writing to the Countess of Lincoln, in March, 1631,
+relates: “Wee have ordered that noe man shall build his chimney with
+wood nor cover his house with thatch, which was readily assented unto,
+for that divers houses have been burned since our arrival (the fire
+always beginning in the wooden chimneys) and some English wigwams
+which have taken fire in the roofes with thatch or boughs.”[6] It
+was Dudley who was taken to task by the Governor in May, 1632, “for
+bestowing so much cost on wainscotting his house and otherwise adorning
+it,” as it was not a good example for others in the beginning of a
+plantation. Dudley replied that he had done it for warmth and that it
+was but clapboards nailed to the walls. A few months later this house
+caught fire “the hearth of the Hall chimney burning all night upon the
+principal beam.”
+
+The frequent references to the English wigwam seem to indicate that
+some such temporary construction was usual among many of the colonists
+at the outset. Settlers were living at Salem as early as 1626 and
+Endecott, with a considerable immigration, arrived in 1628. Marblehead,
+just across the harbor, was settled early and yet when John Goyt came
+there in 1637, he “first built a wigwam and lived thar till he got a
+house.”[7] The rude buildings also put up by the planters at Salem
+must have been looked upon at the time as temporary structures for
+they had all disappeared before 1661.[8] The town clerk of Woburn,
+Massachusetts, writing in 1652, mentions the rude shelters of the first
+settlers “which kept off the short showers from their lodgings, but the
+long rains penetrated through, to their grate disturbance in the night
+season: yet, in these poor wigwams, they sing Psalms, pray and praise
+their God, till they can provide them homes, which ordinarily was not
+wont to be with many till the Earth, by the Lord’s blessing, brought
+forth bread to feed them, their wives and little ones.”[9]
+
+“Before you come,” wrote Rev. Francis Higginson, the first minister at
+Salem, “be careful to be strongly instructed what things are fittest
+to bring with you for your more comfortable passage at sea, as also for
+your husbandry occasions when you come to the land. For when you are
+once parted with England you shall meete neither markets nor fayres
+to buy what you want. Therefore be sure to furnish yourselves with
+things fitting to be had before you come: as meale for bread, malt for
+drinke, woolen and linnen cloath, and leather for shoes, and all manner
+of carpenters tools, and a great deale of iron and steele to make
+nails, and locks for houses, and furniture for ploughs and carts, and
+glasse for windows, and many other things which were better for you to
+think of there than to want them here.”[10] Elsewhere the good pastor
+set down “A catalogue of such needfull things as every Planter doth
+or ought to provide to go to New England” in which he enumerated the
+necessary victuals per person for the first year, viz:
+
+“8 Bushels of meale, 2 Bushels of pease, 2 Bushels of Otemeale, 1
+Gallon of Aquavitae, 1 Gallon of Oyle, 2 Gallons of Vinegar, 1 Firkin
+of Butter; also Cheese, Bacon, Sugar, Pepper, Cloves, Mace, Cinnamon,
+Nutmegs and Fruit.”
+
+The household implements listed were:--“1 Iron pot, 1 Kettel, 1 Frying
+pan, 1 Gridiron, 2 Skellets, 1 Spit, Wooden Platters, Dishes, Spoons
+and Trenchers.”
+
+Clothing, arms, and tools of all kinds of course must be taken and the
+natural resources of New England and the fruits of their husbandry and
+of the sea were expected to supply the rest of those things necessary
+to life and comfort. Those who settled along the shore line north of
+Boston found much “fat blacke earth” that yielded bountiful crops. The
+soil to the southward of Boston Bay was lighter and less productive,
+but the valley of the Connecticut was found to be of unsurpassed
+richness.
+
+[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD
+
+Overhang and one of the “drops”]
+
+Pastor Higginson wrote enthusiastically of the natural abundance of
+the grass that “groweth verie wildly with a great stalke” as high as a
+man’s face and as for Indian corn--the planting of thirteen gallons
+of seed had produced an increase of fifty-two hogsheads or three
+hundred and fifty bushels, London measure, to be sold or trusted to the
+Indians in exchange for beaver worth above £300. Who would not share
+the hardships and dangers of the frontier colony for opportunity of
+such rich gain?
+
+But the housewives in the far-away English homes were more interested
+in the growth of the vegetable gardens in the virgin soil, and of
+these he wrote: “Our turnips, parsnips and carrots are here both
+bigger and sweeter than is ordinary to be found in England. Here are
+stores of pumpions, cucumbers, and other things of that nature I
+know not. Plentie of strawberries in their time, and penny-royall,
+winter saverie, carvell and water-cresses, also leeks and onions are
+ordinary.” Great lobsters abounded weighing from sixteen to twenty-five
+pounds and much store of bass, herring, sturgeon, haddock, eels, and
+oysters. In the forests were several kinds of deer; also partridges,
+turkeys, and great flocks of pigeons, with wild geese, ducks, and other
+sea fowl in such abundance “that a great part of the Planters have
+eaten nothing but roast-meate of divers Fowles which they have killed.”
+
+These were some of the attractive natural features of the new colony
+in the Massachusetts Bay, as recounted by the Salem minister. Of the
+hardships he makes small mention, for his aim was to induce emigration.
+There was much sickness, however, and many deaths. Higginson himself
+lived only a year after reaching Salem. The breaking up of virgin soil
+always brings on malaria and fever. Dudley wrote “that there is not
+an house where there is not one dead, and in some houses many. The
+naturall causes seem to bee in the want of warm lodgings, and good
+dyet to which Englishmen are habittuated, at home; and in the suddain
+increase of heate which they endure that are landed here in somer * * *
+those of Plymouth who landed in winter dyed of the Scirvy, as did our
+poorer sort whose howses and bedding kept them not sufficiently warm,
+nor their dyet sufficiently in heart.”[11] Thomas Dudley wrote this
+in March, 1631. He explained that he was writing upon his knee by the
+fireside in the living-room, having as yet no table nor other room in
+which to write during the sharp winter. In this room his family must
+resort “though they break good manners, and make mee many times forget
+what I would say, and say what I would not.”
+
+But these hardships and inconveniences of living which the New England
+colonists met and overcame differ but little from those experienced
+in every new settlement. They have been parallelled again and again
+wherever Englishmen or Americans have wandered. In a few years after
+the coming of the ships much of the rawness and discomfort must have
+disappeared, certainly in the early settlements, and comparative
+comfort must have existed in most homes. If we could now lift the roof
+of the average seventeenth-century house in New England it is certain
+that we should find disclosed not only comfortable conditions of living
+but in many instances a degree of luxury with fine furnishings that
+is appreciated by few at the present time. And this can now be shown
+by means of the itemized inventories of estates that were carefully
+made, listing the contents of a house, room by room, and enabling us to
+visualize the interiors of the homes in which lived the pioneers of New
+England.
+
+[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD
+
+The Parlor]
+
+Among the early settlements made in the Colony of the Massachusetts
+Bay was one at Agawam, now the town of Ipswich. The news had reached
+Boston that the French were pushing their settlements westward along
+the coast, bringing with them “divers priests and Jesuits,” which so
+alarmed the Governor and Council that it was decided to forestall
+the French and hasten the planting of new towns north of Boston. The
+first move was to send the Governor’s son John, with twelve others, to
+establish themselves at Agawam. There were no roads and so they sailed
+along the coast in a shallop and took possession of the town site
+in March, 1633. Their families and other settlers soon followed and
+the increase of population was such that in August, 1634, the Court of
+Assistants decreed that the place be called Ipswich, after old Ipswich
+in England, “in acknowledgment of the great honor and kindness done to
+our people, who took shipping there.”
+
+Three months later, in November, 1634, one John Dillingham arrived
+in Ipswich and the selectmen granted him six acres of land on which
+to build a house. He was from Leicestershire and with his wife and
+daughter had come over in the fleet with Winthrop in 1630, and remained
+in Boston until he removed to Ipswich. Life in the frontier settlement
+was too severe for him and he died during the next winter. On July
+14, 1636, his widow, Sarah, made her “last will and testament” being
+in “perfect memory though my body be weake & sick” and a few days
+later she too was dead, leaving her orphaned daughter to be cared for
+by Richard Saltonstall and John Appleton, under the direction of the
+Quarterly Court. And this was not at all difficult for John Dillingham
+had left a “goodly estate,” for the times. This Dillingham home has
+been selected for analysis because it is one of the earliest estates in
+the Colony of which we have exact and detailed information, a number of
+documents relating to it having been preserved among the miscellaneous
+papers in the Massachusetts State Archives.[12] Moreover, it shows the
+furnishings and equipment of a settler living in a town of only two
+years growth from the wilderness.
+
+The Dillingham homestead consisted of a house of two rooms and
+outbuildings with thirty acres of upland, sixty acres of meadow, i.
+e., grass land, and six acres of planting ground near the house, of
+which four acres were planted with corn. Apple trees and other fruits
+were fenced off in the garden. For livestock there was a mare, three
+cows, two steers, two heifers, four calves, and four pigs. There was
+an indentured servant, Thomas Downs, to help cultivate the land and
+care for the stock, and a maid, Ann Towle, who not only helped with
+the housework but also worked in the fields. “She hath been a faithful
+servant,” wrote Richard Saltonstall, executor of the estate, “and
+though she was discharged by her mistress a little before her time was
+out, yet it may be borne by the estate, considering her diligence.” Ann
+had come over in the ship _Susan and Ellen_, which arrived in April,
+1635. Her passage cost £5.
+
+The Dillinghams occupied a good social position in the youthful
+settlement but their two-room house did not contain any really fine
+furniture. The parlor was also used as a bedroom, a practice which was
+common everywhere in the seventeenth century. It had two bedsteads
+valued at £1. 6. 8.; a cupboard, 10s.; a sea chest, 10s.; two “joyned
+Chaires,” 5s.; a round table, 7s.; a deske, 4s.; and a band box, 2s.
+There was also a large nest of boxes valued £2. and a small nest of
+boxes worth only three shillings. The feather beds, boulsters, and
+pillows on each bed were valued at about twice as much as a bedstead
+and the coverlets averaged about £1. a piece. There were flaxen sheets
+for Mrs. Dillingham’s bed and coarse sheets for the beds of the maid
+and the indentured servant. A warming-pan bears silent testimony to
+the cold of the winter season. Another bedstead valued at only three
+shillings may have been in the garret and occupied by Ann Towle, the
+maid. A chest stood in the kitchen--more generally spoken of at that
+time as “the hall,” in accordance with the English usage--and two
+boxes, probably used for storage and also for seats. That was all the
+furniture listed in the kitchen that was considered of any value. The
+tables, stools, benches, shelving, or other furnishings seemingly
+necessary to housekeeping at that time either did not exist or were so
+crude in construction as to have little or no value in estimating the
+estate. We find five cushions, however, valued at fifteen shillings.
+
+Mrs. Dillingham died possessed of a few really fine
+furnishings--possibly treasured ancestral pieces--for she bequeathed a
+silver bowl to the wife of Richard Saltonstall, and to the wife of John
+Appleton she gave a silver porringer. It would be extremely interesting
+today to know what has become of these two pieces of Colonial silver.
+No other silver is mentioned but on shelving in the kitchen rested
+40-1/2 pounds of pewter valued at £2. 14. 0. As a pewter plate of
+the time weighs nearly two pounds and a platter much more the supply
+of pewter for the table was not large. Wooden plates, trenchers, and
+bowls are not mentioned, but there were twenty-five pewter saucers, six
+porringers, seven spoons, and five shillings worth of knives. As for
+table forks, they were practically unknown in the Colony at that time.
+Governor Winthrop brought over a fork in 1630, carefully preserved in
+a case, which is supposed to be the first and only table fork in the
+Colony in the earliest days of the settlements. Knives, spoons, and
+fingers, with plenty of napery, met the demands of table manners in the
+seventeenth century.
+
+The large fireplace in the kitchen had its usual equipment of pothooks,
+fire shovel and tongs, gridiron, trivet, and bellows, and beside it
+was an old dark lantern valued at only two shillings. There were iron
+pots, kettles, skillets and ladles; a brass pot and a mortar. There
+was a frying-pan with a hole in it and in a box were kept “bullets,
+hinges and other smale things.” Two beer vessels were listed; a case
+of bottles, two jugs, three pans, a tray, and two baskets. Such was
+the simple equipment of the Dillingham kitchen. There were plenty of
+table-cloths and napkins but no curtains at any of the windows. If a
+broom were used it probably was made of birch twigs bound together
+around a long handle. Candlesticks do not appear in the inventory and
+the only store of food mentioned (aside from twenty-one new cheeses
+valued at £2. 16. 0.) was seven bushels of rye, two firkins and a half
+of butter, a half bushel of malt, six pounds of raisins, and some
+spice. Our ancestors had a highly developed appreciation of the value
+of condiments. In a Salem inventory at a somewhat later date appear
+salt, pepper, ginger, cloves, mace, cinnamon, nutmegs, and allspice.
+
+Mrs. Dillingham’s wearing apparel unfortunately is not listed item by
+item, but given a total value of £5. 8. 4. Her linen amounted to an
+almost equal sum. Some of her deceased husband’s clothing is included
+in the inventory, such as a coat with silver buttons, a red waistcoat,
+a suit of serge and a black suit of serge unmade, a jacket of cloth,
+and an old suit and cloak. Little Sara Dillingham, the orphaned child,
+when sent to school to goodwife Symonds was supplied with “a stuffe
+petticoat & waskote” and four “shifts with shewes”; also a gown that
+cost £2. 10s. Perhaps after a time she may have been able to read and
+fully appreciate the books formerly in her loving father’s chest.
+They were:--“Perkins works in 3 volumes, Seaven Treatises bound in
+2 volumes, the Spowse Royall, the bruised reade, & a little new
+testiment.”
+
+By way of contrast let us glance at the inventory of the possessions
+of William Googe of Lynn, who died in 1646, ten years after Mrs.
+Dillingham had willed that her body be “decently buyried” and her child
+“religiously educated if God give it life.” Googe left a house and
+twelve acres of land and the total value of his possessions amounted
+to but £28. 11. 7, with debts of £4. 9. 7. He left a widow and three
+small children, and though dying in very lowly circumstances he may
+have known better times, for John Mascoll, the servant of Mr. Googe of
+Lynn, was fined in 1643, for neglecting the watch. The title of honor,
+“Mr.,” was used but sparingly in those early days and usually indicated
+a degree of social standing in the community.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM
+
+Built in 1684; showing overhanging second story, gable windows and
+casement sash]
+
+Googe had been a soldier, for among his personal belongings at death
+were a sword and belt, a musket and bandoleers, and also gunpowder. One
+cow and four hogs comprised his entire livestock, and five bushels of
+wheat, ten bushels of Indian corn, and flax in the bundle lay in the
+garret of his house, which was frugally furnished with a chest, a
+chair, an old chair, a stool, and a trunk. The family probably slept
+on pallet beds made up on the floor, for bedding is listed but no
+bedsteads. They had a frying pan, a gridiron, a skillet, a posnet, an
+earthen pot, six spoons, and the following wooden ware, viz: “3 wood
+trayes & 3 wood boules & 3 wood dishes, 1s. 9d.; one runlitt, 1s.;
+paieles & tubs, 3s.” Two bags valued at two shillings bring to a close
+the list of the earthly possessions of William Googe of Lynn. When the
+inventory was brought into court it very properly gave the goods to the
+widow “for the bringing up of her three small children.” So reads the
+record.
+
+Doubtless there were many families in the Colony little better
+conditioned, judging from the relatively small number of estates
+settled through the courts when compared with the deaths and estimated
+population.
+
+Googe’s house and twelve acres of land were valued at only £8. This
+must have been a very simple, thatch-roofed house of not more than two
+rooms, comparable with the outlying farmhouse of Jacob Perkins that was
+burned in Ipswich in 1668. And thereby hangs a tale. Master Perkins and
+his wife had gone to town one summer afternoon leaving the house in
+charge of Mehitable Brabrooke, a sixteen-year-old serving maid. We will
+let the ancient document in the court files relate what happened.
+
+“About 2 or 3 aclocke in the afternoone she was taking tobacco in a
+pipe and went out of the house with her pipe and gott upon the oven on
+the outside & backside of the house (to looke if there were any hogs in
+the corne) and she layed her right hand upon the thatch of the house
+(to stay herselfe) and with her left hand knocked out her pipe over
+her right arme upon the thatch on the eaves of the house (not thinking
+there had been any fire in the pipe) and imediately went downe into the
+corne feild to drive out the hogs she saw in it, and as she was going
+toward the railes of the feild ... she looked back, and saw a smoke
+upon her Mistress’ house in the place where she had knocked out her
+pipe at which shee was much frighted.”[13]
+
+The wife of a neighbor came running to the assistance of Mehitable and
+afterwards testified that when she reached the house she looked into
+both fireplaces and saw no appearance of fire, only a few brands nearly
+dead under a great kettle hanging in the chimney. She also looked up
+into the chamber through the floor boards that lay very open on the
+side where the smoke was.
+
+Could photographs more vividly picture the scene? The thatch-roofed
+farmhouse had two rooms on the ground floor and a chimney with two
+fireplaces. An oven was built on the backside probably having an
+opening inside the kitchen fireplace in the usual manner. The house was
+of but one story judging from the low roof that the maid was able to
+reach when standing on the oven, and the floor of the chamber in the
+loft had wide cracks between the boards so that it was possible to look
+through from below and see the under side of the roof. In similar homes
+lived many a family in the early days in comparative comfort.
+
+As for the careless Mehitable, she was brought before the Quarterly
+Court on suspicion of wilfully setting the house on fire; a serious
+offence, which as late as 1821, was the cause of the execution in Salem
+of a sixteen-year-old boy. Among those who deposed at her trial was
+a young man who said that as he and she were going into the meadow,
+before the fire, to make hay, she told him that her mistress was angry
+with her, but she had “fitted her now” for she had put a great toad
+into her kettle of milk. As it turned out the Court ordered Mehitable
+to be severely whipped and to pay £40 damages to her master Jacob
+Perkins. It now seems incredible that a serving maid of 1668 could ever
+get together so large a sum of money.
+
+The settlers in the New England Colonies, unless persons of wealth or
+possessed of large families, during the early years lived generally in
+houses having but one room and an entry-way on the ground floor. Above
+would be a chamber--sometimes only a garret. As the family increased
+in size and became more prosperous another room would be added to the
+house on the other side of the entry and chimney, making the structure
+a so-called two-room house. Still later, with the need for more room, a
+leanto would be built on the back of the house, thereby supplying three
+additional rooms on the ground floor with a kitchen in the middle. The
+earlier kitchen would then become a living-room or “sitting room”--in
+the New England phrase. This earlier kitchen was usually called “the
+hall” during the seventeenth century and in it centered the life of the
+family. It was the room where the food was cooked and eaten. There the
+family sat and there the indoor work was carried on. A loom sometimes
+occupied considerable space near a window and frequently a bed was made
+up in a corner, on which the father of the family slept, and there
+sometimes also he died.
+
+The principal feature of this common room was its huge fireplace in
+which hung pots and kettles suspended by means of pot chains and
+trammels from the hardwood trammel-bar or lug-pole that rested on
+wooden cross bars and so bisected the wide flue in the chimney. These
+large fireplaces in the early days were sometimes called “chimneys” in
+the vernacular of the time. They were generally as wide as eight feet
+and a ten foot opening is not unknown.
+
+This cavernous opening was spanned by a wooden lintel--a stick of
+timber sometimes sixteen inches or more square, and when exposed to a
+roaring fire, piled high with logs, this became an element of danger,
+the charring wood smoldering all night and setting fire to the house.
+The trammel-bar in the flue also caught fire not infrequently and gave
+way, allowing the pots and kettles to fall to the hearth, bringing
+disaster to the dinner or to the curdling milk and sometimes to those
+seated near. A trammel stick in the house of Captain Denney gave way
+from this cause and a large kettle filled with wort[14] fell down and
+spilt the boiling liquid over four of his children who were sitting
+or lying on the hearth, some of them asleep, “which scalded them in so
+terrible a manner, that one died presently after, and another’s life is
+dispaired of” continues the record.
+
+“Here is good living for those who love good fires,” wrote Higginson
+in his “New-Englands Plantation,” and under the spell of the glowing
+flames, the bare, whitewashed walls, the brown timbers and floor boards
+of the ceiling, the dress of pewter, and the simple furnishings of the
+room, enriched by the shadows, became a place full of cheer--a place
+where privation and homesickness might be forgotten in the glow of the
+bright firelight. On cold nights the short bench inside the fireplace
+was a chosen place and the settle, a long seat made of boards with a
+high back to keep off the draft, was drawn before the fire and here sat
+the older members of the family.
+
+The larger kettles hanging in the fireplace, were of brass and copper
+and some of them were of prodigious size. Hot water was always to
+be had and these kettles also served for the daily cooking, the
+cheese-making, soap-boiling, and candle-dipping.
+
+Much of the food of the average New Englander until comparatively
+recent times consisted of corn-meal, boiled meats and vegetables and
+stews. Every well-equipped household had its spits for roasting and
+many had gridirons, but the usual diet of the average family was “hasty
+pudding,”--cornmeal mush and milk--varied by boiled meat or fish served
+in the center of a large pewter platter and surrounded by boiled
+vegetables. Baked beans and stewed beans appeared on the table several
+times every week in the year. Indian bannock, made by mixing corn meal
+with water and spreading it an inch thick on a small board placed at an
+incline before the fire and so baked, was a common form of bread. When
+mixed with rye meal it became brown bread and was baked in the brick
+oven with the beans and peas.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM
+
+The Parlor]
+
+The brick oven was a feature of every chimney. Sometimes in early
+days it was built partly outside the house but so far as known the
+opening was always in the kitchen fireplace. To reach it the housewife
+must stoop below the oaken lintel and stand inside the fireplace,
+taking care that her woolen skirts did not come near the flames. To
+heat it for a baking, a fire was built inside, usually with specially
+prepared pine or birch wood that had been split and seasoned out of
+doors for a short time and then housed. The oven was hot enough when
+the black was burned off the top and the inside had become a uniform
+light color. The fire and ashes were then taken out by means of a
+peel--a long-handled, flat-bladed shovel made for the purpose--and
+when dusted out with a broom made of hemlock twigs it was ready for
+the brown bread, beans, peas, Indian pudding, pies, and rye drop cakes
+which were made with rye meal, eggs and milk and baked directly on the
+bricks in the bottom of the oven. Potatoes and eggs were roasted in the
+ashes of the fireplace.
+
+Between the years of 1635 and 1655, court records and inventories of
+estates in the Massachusetts Bay Colony mention the following articles
+of food:
+
+Bacon, beef, butter, cheese, eggs, fowls, lamb, milk, mutton, pork,
+suet, veal, wild game, and cod, herring, mackerel, salmon and sturgeon.
+
+Barley, beans, Indian beans, bran, cabbages, carrots, chaff, corn,
+English corn, Indian corn, hops, Indian meal, rye meal, oatmeal, oats,
+parsnips, pease, pumpions, rye, squashes, turnips and wheat.
+
+Apples, berries, fruit, honey, raisins, sugar and vinegar.
+
+Biscuit, blewlman, bread, cake, malt, salad oil, porridge, rye malt,
+yeast, salt and many kinds of spices.
+
+Much of this food was raised on the farm and nearly every family
+had its garden. Such articles of food as were imported were usually
+obtained at the shops in the larger towns by barter, as money was
+scarce. In 1651, a farmer from the frontier town of Andover came
+through the woods to Salem in his cart bringing twelve bushels of rye.
+He stopped at a shop owned by George Corwin and from the daybook
+kept at the time and still carefully preserved, we learn that among
+other necessaries he carried home sugar for the goodwife and for the
+children--a doll and a bird whistle.
+
+In the early years domestic animals were too valuable to be killed for
+meat but game was plentiful and was roasted by being trussed on iron
+spits resting on curved brackets on the backs of the andirons. This,
+of course, required constant turning to expose the roast on all sides
+in order to cook it evenly--a task frequently delegated to a child. A
+skillet would be placed beneath to catch the drippings. Sometimes a
+bird was suspended before the fire by a twisted cord that would slowly
+unwind and partly wind again, requiring some one in frequent attendance
+to twist the cord. Families of wealth possessed a “jack” to turn the
+spit. This was a mechanism fastened over the fireplace and connected
+with the spit by means of a pulley and cord. A heavy weight suspended
+by a cord which slowly unwound, supplied the power that turned the spit.
+
+At night, on going to bed, the fire was carefully covered with ashes
+in order to keep it for the next day. This was called “raking up the
+fire.” If through poor judgment the fire didn’t keep some one would go
+to a near neighbor to borrow coals, or if this was inconvenient, resort
+was then had to the tinder box. Tinder was made by charring linen or
+cotton rags and the tinder box was kept in the niche on the inside of
+the fireplace, made by leaving out a couple of bricks.
+
+In “the hall,” usually upon open shelves, but sometimes upon a dresser,
+was displayed the pride of the housewife,--the dress of pewter and
+lattin ware. “China dishes,” imported by the East India Company or made
+in Holland, were used sparingly during the early years of the colonies.
+There was much earthenware and stoneware bottles and jugs, but it was
+woodenware and pewter that were commonly used. When Lionel Chute died
+in 1645 he bequeathed his silver spoon to his son James.[15] It was
+the only piece of silver in the house. Of pewter he died possessed of
+fourteen dishes “small and great,” eleven pewter salts, saucers and
+porringers, two pewter candlesticks and a pewter bottle. The widow
+Rebecca Bacon who died in Salem in 1655, left an estate of £195.
+8. 6., which included a well-furnished house. She had brass pots,
+skillets, candlesticks, skimmers, a little brass pan, and an excellent
+supply of pewter including “3 large pewter platters, 3 a size lesse,
+3 more a size lesse, 3 more a size lesse,” having a total value of
+£1. 16. She also had a pewter basin, six large pewter plates, and six
+lesser, nineteen pewter saucers, two fruit dishes, an old basin and
+a great plate, two candlesticks, one large salt and a small one, two
+porringers, a great flagon, one lesser, one quart, two pints and a
+half pint; and an old porringer. She also left “1 silver duble salt, 6
+silver spoones, wine cup & a dram cup of silver.”
+
+Giles Badger of Newbury left to his young widow, a glass bowl, beaker,
+and jug valued at three shillings; three silver spoons valued at £1,
+and a good assortment of pewter, including “a salt seller, a tunell
+and a great dowruff.” The household was also furnished with six wooden
+dishes and two wooden platters. In other inventories appear unusual
+items such as a pewter brim basin, pewter cullenders, pewter beer cups,
+pans, and mustard pots. Pewter tankards were common. There were new and
+old fashioned candlesticks. Pewter salts came in three sizes and the
+saucers were both small and large. In 1693, best London pewter plates
+cost the Boston shopkeepers 9-1/2 pence per pound in quantity.
+
+The seventeenth century “hall” must have had little spare room for its
+daily occupants, for in addition to its table and chairs, its settle,
+stools and wash bench, the long ago inventories disclose such chattels
+as powdering tubs in which the salted meats were kept, the churn,
+barrels containing a great variety of things, keelers and buckets,
+bucking tubs for washing, and the various implements used in spinning
+and weaving, washing and ironing, cooking and brewing, and the making
+of butter and cheese. In the chimney hung hams and bacon and suspended
+from the ceiling were strings of dried apples and hands of seed corn.
+
+It is claimed by some that the floors were sanded. That certainly was
+true at a later period but there are strong elements of doubt as to
+the prevalence of this custom during the seventeenth century. Sand,
+however, was used freely with home-made soft soap, to scrub the floors
+which were always kept white and clean, and whenever an early house is
+restored or taken down sand is always found, sometimes in considerable
+quantity, where it has sifted down through the cracks between the floor
+boards. The downstairs rooms had double floors but the chamber floors
+were made of one thickness of boards with here and there a knothole and
+frequently with cracks between the boards through which the dust and
+dirt from above must have sifted down upon the heads of those seated
+at dinner or engaged in their daily tasks in the rooms below. Not
+only does the structural evidence show this to be true but a number
+of instances occur among the papers in Court files, where witnesses
+have deposed as to what they had seen and heard through the cracks in
+chamber floors. A grandson of Governor Endecott once fell a victim of
+two gossiping sixteen-year old girls who had spent some time on their
+knees peeping through the cracks in a chamber floor. Capt. Richard
+More, the last survivor of the company on the “Mayflower,” late in life
+kept a tavern in Salem. He was spied upon in this manner and eventually
+brought before the justices of the Quarterly Court to answer for his
+evasion of the law set forth and maintained at that time.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM
+
+The kitchen showing roasting jack, settle, birch broom, hands of seed
+corn, etc.]
+
+The parlor, called “the foreroom” at a later time, was the room where
+guests of station were received. The best bed hung with curtains and
+valance and covered with a rug, stood in a corner. In those days rugs
+were not used on floors but as bed furnishings. Even the baby’s
+cradle had its rug. Carpets, likewise, were too fine for wooden
+floors and were used as table covers. Of bedsteads there were many
+kinds,--high and low, canopy, close, corded, half-headed, joined, side,
+standing, inlaid, and wainscott, and slipped under the higher bedsteads
+during the daytime, were trundle or “truckle” beds in which the
+children slept at night. Lionel Chute, the schoolmaster, had an “old
+darnkell coverlet” on his bed while some of his neighbors possessed
+branched and embroidered coverlets and several had coverlets made of
+tapestry.
+
+Among the better families the parlor and chamber windows had curtains
+hung from rods. In the parlor stood one or more chests in which were
+stored the family clothing and bedding, for closets did not exist
+in the seventeenth century house. There were great chests and small
+chests, long boarded and great boarded chests, chests with a drawer,
+carved chests, wainscot chests, trunks, and boxes. A few stools
+and chairs, a looking glass, a small table, and perhaps a cupboard
+completed the furnishings of the well-supplied parlor. In Capt. George
+Corwin’s best room there were chairs with leather bottoms and straw
+bottoms, a clock valued at £2, a screen having five leaves, a napkin
+press, and a “Scriture or Spice box.” White calico curtains hung at his
+chamber windows and the maid had a “Calico Cuberd cloth” in her room.
+Parlor walls were whitewashed and bare of ornament. The first families
+owned a portrait or two in oils and here and there a map in unglazed
+frame decorated a wall. The Puritan character did not warm to the fine
+arts and austere living was the aim if not always the achievement of
+the time.
+
+The chambers in the second story must have been curiously furnished
+rooms, containing a huddle of stores of all descriptions. Henry Short,
+the town clerk of Newbury, died in 1673 leaving a goodly estate valued
+at nearly £2000.[16] He owned a negro slave and his house was large and
+well furnished. There was an old parlor and a new parlor containing
+beds, chests, chairs, trunks, and boxes. In the chamber over the new
+parlor there was a good feather-bed and bed clothing but no bedstead.
+Wool and yarn were stored in this room together with boxes, tubs, some
+feathers, and miscellaneous “lumber”--the phrase of the period for odds
+and ends. The chamber over the kitchen, a comfortable room of course,
+in winter, had its bed and bedding, also “5 hogsheds, 6 barrels, 5 Iron
+hoopes, a pair of stock-cards, meale trough & other lumber, a parcell
+of old Iron, a pike, a bed cord & other cordage.” Small wonder in such
+a clutter that the rooms frequently had other tenantry than the human
+occupants.
+
+When Jasper Dankers arrived in Boston in 1680, the captain of the
+packet took him to his sister’s house where he lodged. “We were taken
+to a fine large chamber,” he writes, “but we were hardly in bed before
+we were shockingly bitten. I did not know the cause, but was not able
+to sleep.... My comrade who was very sleepy, fell asleep at first. He
+tumbled about very much; but I did not sleep any the whole night. In
+the morning we saw how it was, and were astonished we should find such
+a room with such a lady.”[17]
+
+With the present wide-spread belief in Puritan austerity of character,
+there is associated a conception of a simplicity of dress and manners.
+But the channels of information by which present day beliefs have
+been shaped usually have been ecclesiastical, and bias and convenient
+forgetfulness have been factors in outlining the composition of the
+picture. Human nature and human frailities were much the same in the
+seventeenth century as at the present time. In point of fact, our
+New England ancestors when viewed as a body, are found to have had
+standards of living far below those of today. The common speech was
+gross in the extreme. Crowded living led to familiarity. There was more
+drunkenness, profanity, loose living and petty crime in proportion
+to the population than at the present time, and by no means did every
+one go to meeting on Sunday. The ministers controlled the lawmaking
+body and sumptuary laws were enacted which are enlightening. Because
+of “newe and immodest fashions” the wearing of silver, gold and silk
+laces, girdles and hat bands was prohibited. It was the fashion at
+that time to slash the sleeves so that a fabric of another color worn
+beneath would show in an ornamental manner through the slash. The
+ministers decreed that neither man nor woman should wear clothing with
+more than one slash on each sleeve and another on the back. “Cuttworks,
+inbroidered or needle worke capps, bands & rayles,” were forbidden.[18]
+Ruffs and beaver hats were prohibited, as was long hair. Binding or
+small edging laces might be used, but the making or selling of bone
+lace was penalized at the rate of five shillings per yard.
+
+But this didn’t change human nature and although from time to time
+offenders were taken into court and punished, the wearing of fine
+clothing fashioned after the London mode continued and a few years
+later the ministers tried their hand again. Any kind of lace was
+anathema and “no garment shalbee made with short sleeves, whereby the
+nakedness of the arme may bee discovered.” On the other hand, large
+sleeves were forbidden, so the maids and goodwives of the time must
+have been somewhat at a loss to know how lawfully to fashion their
+clothes.
+
+The minister at Ipswich grew so ill-tempered over the ungodly state of
+the women in his town that he vented his spleen as follows:--“When I
+hear a nugiperous Gentledame inquire what dress the Queen is in this
+week, what the nudius tertian of the Court, I look at her as the very
+gizzard of a trifle, the product of a quarter of a cypher, the epitome
+of nothing, fitter to be kickt, if she were of a kickable substance
+than either honoured or humoured.”[19]
+
+The minister in the adjoining town, Rowley, actually cut off his nephew
+from his inheritance because he wore his hair long in the prevailing
+fashion. Later in the century the offense of wearing long hair was
+forgotten in the unspeakable sin of wearing wigs. The Great and General
+Court again took a hand and in 1675 condemned “the practise of men’s
+wearing their own or other’s hair made into periwigs.” Judge Sewall in
+his _Diary_ alludes to the custom. In 1685 three persons were admitted
+to the Old South Church in Boston. “Two wore periwigs,” comments the
+Judge.
+
+“1708, Aug. 20, Mr. Chievar died. The Wellfare of the Province was much
+upon his Spirit. He abominated Periwigs.”[20]
+
+The Great and General Court at one time ordered that no person should
+smoke tobacco in public under a penalty of two shillings and six pence,
+nor in his own house with a relative or friend. But everybody smoked
+who wanted to, even the maids, and the repressive legislation in time
+met the usual fate of similar efforts to restrain individual liberty
+and manners.
+
+It is sweet to fancy Priscilla at her spinning wheel wearing the coif
+and nun-like garb of the Puritan maiden of the poet and the artist.
+But the inventories of estates in the early years of the Colony, as
+well as at a later time, furnish evidence of a different character. The
+variety of fabrics listed is amazing and holds its own with the modern
+department store. There are most of the well-known fabrics of today,
+such as calico, cambric, challis, flannel, lawn, linen, plush, serge,
+silk, velvet, and many others; and there are also names that sound
+strangely in modern ears, viz: cheney, darnex, dowlas, genting, inckle,
+lockrum, ossembrike, pennistone, perpetuana, sempiternum, stammell, and
+water paragon.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM
+
+Corner of the kitchen showing dresser with its “dress of pewter,” wash
+bench, meal chest, wooden ware, etc.]
+
+As for dress,--the women wore bonnets, caps, silk hoods, coifs,
+forehead cloths, ruffs, and whisks. Gowns, cloaks, mantles, and
+muffs are mentioned frequently; as are many kinds of lace and even
+fans and veils. Shawls and scarfs were not unknown and there were
+gold, silver, and enamelled rings. At least one woman possessed a
+mask, and stomachers were not uncommon. Tortoise shell combs appear;
+all well-to-do persons wore gloves, and as for shoes--there were shoes
+with French heels, fall shoes, and those with silver buckles. Even
+shoe-strings appear in the inventories. There were silver, pewter, and
+steel buttons and those of gympe, thread, and silk.
+
+Laboring men wore leather and coarse fabrics and for others there were
+suits, doublets, waistcoats and breeches. Trousers are mentioned;
+also a cane and periwigs. Of caps and hats there were a number of
+kinds--felt, castor, demi-castor, and even straw. Capt. George Corwin,
+a Salem merchant, owned a cloth coat trimmed with silver lace, a
+velvet coat, a tabby doublet, an old fashioned Dutch satin doublet,
+four cloaks of various kinds, two pairs of golden topped gloves, one
+embroidered pair, and a pair with black fringe. He also took his walks
+abroad wearing silk stockings, with a hat encircled by a silver band
+and carrying a silver headed cane or a plate hilt rapier, according to
+fashion. He possessed two silver watches. Who shall say that the men
+and women of the New England colonies did not dress well and live well
+in the early days according to their means?
+
+What was their conduct not only in their homes but in their relations
+with their neighbors? Did they live peaceably and work together in
+building up the settlements? Did they set up in the wilderness domestic
+relations exactly like those they had abandoned over-seas? It was a
+raw frontier country to which they came and it is apparent that at
+the outset they felt themselves to be transplanted Englishmen. So far
+as possible they lived the lives to which they had been accustomed
+and they engrafted in their new homes the manners and customs of the
+generations behind them. Most of them fully recognized, however, that
+they were not to return; that they had cut loose from the old home
+ties and it was not long before the necessities and limitations of
+frontier life brought about changed conditions in every direction.
+Politically, religiously and socially, they were in a different
+relation than formerly in the English parish life. Many of them,
+especially those somewhat removed from the immediate supervision of
+magistrate and minister, before long seem to have shown a tendency to
+follow the natural bent of the frontiersman toward independent thought
+and action. Their political leaders made laws restricting daily life
+and action and their religious leaders laid down rules for belief and
+conduct, that soon were repellent to many. Civil and clerical records
+are filled with instances showing an evasion of and even contempt for
+the laws and rules laid down by the leaders of their own choosing.
+Some of it doubtless was in the blood of the men who had come in
+search of a certain individual freedom of action, but much of it may
+be attributed to frontier conditions and primitive living. There
+were many indentured servants, and rough fishermen and sailors have
+always been unruly. Simple houses of but few rooms accommodating large
+families are not conducive to gentle speech or modesty of manner nor to
+a strict morality. The craving for land holding and the poorly defined
+and easily removed bounds naturally led to ill feeling, assault,
+defamation, and slander.
+
+It has been stated frequently that in the olden times in New England
+every one was obliged to go to church. The size of the meeting houses,
+the isolated locations of many of the houses, the necessary care of the
+numerous young children, and the interesting side-lights on the manners
+of the time which may be found in the court papers, all go to show
+that the statement must not be taken literally. Absence from meeting,
+breaking the Sabbath, carrying a burden on the Lord’s Day, condemning
+the church, condemning the ministry, scandalous falling out on the
+Lord’s Day, slandering the church, and other misdemeanors of a similar
+character were frequent.
+
+A curious instance of Sabbath breaking occurred at Hampton, N. H. in
+1646. Aquila Chase and his wife and David Wheeler were presented at
+court for gathering pease on the Sabbath. They were admonished. The
+family tradition has it that Aquila returned from sea that morning and
+his wife wishing to supply a delicacy for dinner, fell into grave error
+in thus pandering to his unsanctified appetite.
+
+At the Feb. 29, 1648 session of the court held in Salem, eight cases
+were tried. A Gloucester man was fined for cursing, saying “There are
+the brethern; the devil scald them.” Four servants were fined for
+breaking the Sabbath by hunting and killing a raccoon in the time of
+the public exercise to the disturbance of the congregation. If the
+animal had taken to the deep woods instead of staying near the meeting
+house the servants might have had their fun without paying for it. Then
+came a Marblehead case--a man who had sailed his boat into the harbor
+loaded with hay that he had brought from Gloucester. This was on the
+Lord’s Day at the time when people were going to the morning exercises.
+He, too, was fined. Nicholas Pinion, who worked at the Saugus Iron
+Works, was presented for absence from meeting four Lord’s Days
+together, “spending his time drinking and prophanely,” and Nicholas
+Russell of the same locality was fined for spending a great part of one
+Lord’s Day with Pinion in drinking strong water and cursing Pinion’s
+wife thereby causing jealousy in the family; and the woman in question
+having broken her bond for good behavior, was ordered to be severely
+whipped. The other cases were for swearing, in which the above named
+lady was included; for being disguised in drink; and for living from
+his wife. And so the court ended.
+
+Drunkenness was very common in the old days. Every family kept on hand
+a supply of liquor and wine, and cider was considered a necessity of
+daily living in the country, where it was served with each meal and
+also carried into the fields by the workers. It was stored in barrels
+in the cellar and the task of drawing the cider and putting it on the
+table usually fell to the younger members of the family. A man would
+often provide in his will for the comfort of his loving wife by setting
+aside for occupancy during her life, one half of his house, with a
+carefully specified number of bushels of rye, potatoes, turnips and
+other vegetables; the use of a horse with which to ride to meeting or
+elsewhere; and lastly, the direction that annually she be provided with
+a certain number of barrels of cider,--sometimes as many as eight.
+
+Rev. Edward Holyoke, the President of Harvard College, was in the
+habit of laying in each year thirty or more barrels of cider as he had
+to provide for much entertaining. Late in the winter he would draw
+off part of his stock and into each barrel he would pour a bottle of
+spirit and a month later some of this blend would be bottled for use on
+special occasions.
+
+[Illustration: WELLCURB AT THE JOHN WARD HOUSE
+
+Showing wellsweep, wooden bucket and girl dressed in the costume of the
+late 17th century]
+
+As an example of life and manners in seventeenth century New England,
+the ministerial experiences of Topsfield may be cited. It is an inland
+town near Ipswich and was settled in 1639. The first minister was the
+Rev. William Perkins who had been a selectman and representative at
+Weymouth and a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company
+in Boston. Later he preached at Gloucester where one of his flock was
+presented at court for unbecoming speeches against Mr. Perkins, saying
+“if it were not for the law, shee would never come to the meeting,
+the teacher was so dead ... affirming that the teacher was fitter to
+be a ladys chamberman than to be in the pulpit.”[21] He removed to
+Topsfield in 1656 and before long was collecting his salary through
+the courts. Some of his flock retaliated and brought him into court
+for drunkenness, when it appeared that he had stopped at the Malden
+ordinary and called for a cup of sack but goody Hill told him that he
+had had too much already and Master Perkins replied “if you think I am
+drunk let me see if I can not goe” and he went tottering about the
+kitchen and said the house was so full of potts and kettles that he
+could hardly go.
+
+In 1663 a meeting house was built in Topsfield, and the Rev. Thomas
+Gilbert, a Scotchman, supplanted Mr. Perkins. The new minister also had
+a love for good wine and after a time Mr. Perkins entered a complaint
+and it appears from the records that one sacrament day Mr. Gilbert
+entertained at dinner a number of the older men and women whose homes
+were distant from the meeting house. He possessed a golden cup and what
+was left of the sacramental wine was drunk at dinner, the cup being
+passed around the table at least twice, the minister drinking deeply
+with the not unusual result, for he forgot to give thanks and sang a
+psalm with lisping utterance. Mr. Gilbert was followed in his pastorate
+by the Rev. Jeremiah Hobart, a Harvard graduate, who, during his eight
+years stay in Topsfield, became a familiar figure in the courts because
+of suits for non-payment of salary, for cursing and swearing, and for a
+damaging complaint for slander exhibiting much discreditable testimony.
+Then came the Rev. Joseph Capen and during his pastorate of over forty
+years the town and church enjoyed a peaceful growth interrupted only by
+the witchcraft delusion of 1692 in which an attempt to appropriate land
+of Topsfield men played an important part.
+
+But manners and crimes vary with the centuries as do dress and speech.
+In the year 1655, the following crimes were penalized in the courts of
+the Massachusetts Bay Colony: eavesdropping, meddling, neglecting work,
+naughty speech, profane dancing, kissing, making love without consent
+of friends, uncharitableness to a poor man in distress, carelessness
+about fire, wearing great boots, etc., and a few years later we find
+other strange misdemeanors, such as abusing a mother-in-law, wicked
+speeches against a son-in-law, kicking another in the street, leaving
+children alone in the house, pulling hair, riding behind two fellows
+at night (this was a girl, Lydia by name), sleeping in meeting and
+dissenting from the rest of the jury.
+
+With such minute supervision of the daily life of the colonists it can
+readily be appreciated that it was an age for gossiping, meddlesome
+interference with individual life and liberty and that in the course of
+time nearly every one came before the courts as complainant, defendant
+or witness. There were few amusements or intellectual diversions and
+they could only dwell on the gossip and small doings of their immediate
+surroundings. But all the while there was underlying respect for law,
+religion and the rights of others. The fundamental principles of human
+life were much the same as at the present day, and men and women lived
+together then as now and as they always will--with respect and love.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                  AN ACCOUNT OF SUPPLIES FURNISHED BY
+                 THE COMPANY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY
+                     TO REV. SAMUEL SKELTON, THE
+                          MINISTER AT SALEM.
+
+
+The following account of food, fabrics, household supplies and
+equipment furnished by the Company of the Massachusetts Bay to Rev.
+Samuel Skelton, the first minister at Salem, is of much economic
+interest. The emigrants sailed from London about the middle of April,
+1629 and reached the harbor of Naumkeak (now Salem) on June 30th. Mr.
+Skelton died Aug. 2, 1634 and this accounting may have been made up
+after his death. It begins in 1629 at the time of the departure from
+England and covers an indeterminate period. The increase of livestock
+over a period of _five years_ is described and this seems to indicate
+the period of residence at Salem until his death.
+
+It is enlightening to find that the Massachusetts Bay Company seems to
+have maintained a company shop at which supplies of all kinds might be
+obtained; and it is a matter for comment that the minister’s family
+was supplied during the voyage and in the early days following the
+settlement, with such luxuries as powdered sugar, salad oil, castile
+soap and almonds, not to mention, also, a variety of spices, such as
+pepper, cloves, mace, and nutmegs.
+
+The original of this document may be seen in the Suffolk County Court
+Files, Volume I.
+
+Other interesting lists of all kinds of materials sent over by
+the Company, may be found in the Company records printed by the
+Commonwealth in 1853 (Vol. I, pp. 23-37) and also by the American
+Antiquarian Society (Transactions, Vol. III, pp. 5-30e).
+
+Coppie of An Accompte of monies M^r Skelton is Creditor viz.
+
+                                                            li. s. d.
+  An^o 1629  Imprimis p so much w^{ch} should      }
+             haue bene paid him in England         }        20-00-00
+             towards fitting him for y^e voy^{adg} }
+             Item for Charges att Tillbury, Cowes,
+               & Plimoth, being wind bound                  02-10-00
+             Item p Twenty ^{li} p Annum for 3
+               years is y^e some of                         60-00-00
+             Item for on bushell of wheat flowe^r           00-15-00
+             Ite. for one bushell of oatmeale               00-10-00
+             Ite. for one holland & 2 ordenary
+               Cheess                                       00-10-00
+             Ite. for xx^{li} of powder sugar att           01-03-09
+             Ite. for one Loafe Cont 7^{li} att 1^s 6^d     00-10-06
+             Ite. for one sugar Loafe Cont 5^{li} att
+               1^s 7^d p li.                                00-07-11
+             Ite. 6^{li} of pepper                          00-12-00
+             Ite. Nutmeggs 4 oz                             00-01-08
+             Ite. one oz. of Clovs, & one oz. of mace       00-02-00
+             Ite. iij^{li} of starch                        00-01-03
+             Ite. xij^{li} of Rice                          00-06-00
+             Ite. vj^{li} of Vntryed suett                  00-03-00
+             Ite. one gall of aquavite                      00-03-08
+             Ite. for one flitch of Bacon                   00-14-00
+             Ite. Castle soape ix^{li} att 8^d p li         00-06-00
+             Ite. frute viz Rasons Corrants &
+               pruens                                       00-14-00
+             Ite. Safron ij oz                              00-05-00
+             Ite. five qu of stronge water                  00-08-00
+             Ite. Almonds ij^{li} at 1^s 2^d                00-02-04
+             Ite. xv^{li} of tryed suett at 8^d p. li       00-10-00
+             Ite. one gall of Sallert oyle                  00-06-00
+             Ite. vj^{li} of Candles                        00-03-00
+             Ite. v geese & ix ducks                        00-08-00
+
+  An^o 1630  Ite. xij^{li} of Butter att                    00-08-00
+             Ite. vj potts of Butter Cont. vij^{li} p pott  01-08-00
+             Ite. ij Cheeses about x li a pc                00-11-08
+             Ite. half a firkin of butter of M^r Gibbs      00-17-06
+             Ite. one Third p^rt of a barrell of w^t
+               biskett                                      00-10-00
+             Ite. one pott of honey vij^{li} wa^t att       00-07-10
+             Ite. one pott of butte^r att                   00-03-00
+             Ite. x^{li} of Corrants att                    00-05-00
+             Ite. [ ] Bacon                                 00-10-00
+             Ite. one doz of Candles                        00-08-00
+             Ite. ij Cheeses att vj^d p li                  00-11-03
+             Ite. iij Cheeses att vij p. li                 00-17-09
+             Ite. one porkett                               01-05-00
+             Ite. xij^{li} of tryed suett                   00-08-00
+             Ite. vj gees & xij ducks                       00-14-00
+             Ite. vj po: of powder suger about 20^d         00-10-00
+             Ite. v po: of powder suger 18^d                00-07-06
+             Ite. x^{li} of Loaf suger                      01-00-00
+             Ite. Cloves & mace                             00-01-00
+             Ite. ij oz of Nutmeggs j^s & Sinam^o 16^d      00-02-04
+             Ite. workmens wadges for Cutting
+               & bringing home wood against
+               winter about                                 03-00-00
+                                                           ---------
+                     Suma to^{lis}                         105-18-11
+
+
+             Item ⅌ so much p^d M^r Pearce[22]
+               for provisions of meale, pease,
+               Canvas, Carsey & etcr w^{th} 3^{li}
+               5^s 9^d after 25^{li} ⅌ Cent. & freight.
+               I say p^d the some of                        12-15-01
+             Ite. for 3 quarts of aquavite                  00-03-09
+             Ite. for x^{li} of Rice att 5d                 00-04-02
+             Ite. 10^{li} of Butt[er] att                   00-06-08
+             Ite. 4 Chees[es] att                           01-03-04
+             Ite. 10 peeces of pork                         00-11-08
+             Ite. more 20^{li} of Butter                    00-10-00
+             Ite. more 4 bushells Virginia Corne            02-00-00
+             Ite. soape 7^s & vinege^r 4 gall^o 8^s &
+               1 g^l 2^s                                    00-17-00
+             Ite. 2 pecke of w^t salte att                  00:03:00
+                                                           ---------
+                                         Sumis              18-14-08
+             And on the other syde the totall some of      105-18-11
+                                                           ---------
+                                  Suma to ^{lis}           124-13-07
+
+
+Now ye Increase
+
+The first yeare next after the receipte of the 2 heiffers, both the
+Calues miscaried, one about a quarter ould dyed, the other neare upon a
+yeare ould lost by the woolves.
+
+The second yeare there was a heiffer Calfe and a bull Calfe, w^{ch}
+heiffer is now in my hands And the Bull Calfe M^r Skelton sould att one
+ye^r and three quarters ould for eight pounds.
+
+The Therd yeare was              which the beginning of winter weare
+both eaten with the woolves. Now since the three foresaid years, the
+next yeare after was Twoe bull Calvs, and an heiffer Calfe, the springe
+before M^r Skeltons death.
+
+And This yeare since was Three bull Calues Twoe wherof are dead the one
+when it was about Twenty & twoe weeks ould, the other since winter did
+begin. Now for the keeping of the Catle w^{ch} should haue beene att
+the Companyes Chardge, hath wholly lyen vpon vs.
+
+  M^r Skeltons account w^{th} the Companie
+                  M^r Skelton is D pr viz
+                                                li. s. d
+  ⅌ 14 yards of Dutch serge Rec^d att           02-05-09
+
+  It. 17 yards of ffustian att                  01-07-00
+  It. 11 yards of w^t English ieans             00-13-09
+  It. 12 yards of Red p petuana                 01-16-00
+  It. 12 yards of Greene say                    01-13-00
+  It. 12 yards of yellow say                    01-13-00
+  It  12 elns of lin [torn] men                 00-14-00
+  It. 14 elns Nouess [torn] llain               01-17-04
+  It. 20 elns o[f   loc] krum                   01-05-10
+  It. 20 elns stript [linsey] woolsye           01-09-04
+  It. [ ] yards [torn] buckrum                  00-05-03
+  It. one peece of Noridg serg                  00-15-00
+  It. 20 elns of Lockerum                       01-05-10
+  It. 15 yards of w^t fflannell                 00-15-00
+  It. 20 elns of Course Canvas                     01-04 [torn]
+  It. one pound of whalbone                            0 [torn]
+                                               ---------
+                                                20-11-00
+  Item ⅌ so much p^d ⅌ M^r Renell
+    p^rt of M^r Pearce his bill, the some of    08-00-00
+  Item ⅌ 9^{li} of Iron att 3^d is              00-02-03
+  It. ⅌ one syth                                00-03-00
+  It. ⅌ one fishing line                        00-03-00
+  It. ⅌ 30 pound ocum                           00-07-06
+  It. ⅌ 2000 Nails 6^d p C.                     00-10-00
+  It. ⅌ 600 Nails 10^d p C.                     00-05-05
+  It. ⅌ 1 Reame of paper                        00-10-00
+  Item, borrowed of Cp. Endicot of
+    y^e Comp. 7 yrds of bays att 2^s 6^d
+    ⅌ y^d is                                    00-17-06
+  halfe a elne of ffustian att                  00-00-10
+  It. 2 yards & half of yellow Carsey
+    3^s 4^d                                     00-08-04
+                                               ---------
+               Suma To^{lis}     St.           031-19-05
+
+  Ite. 2 gall of Metheglen                      00-08-00
+  It. one Lethe^r Jack                          00-01-06
+  It. two Tubbs                  }
+  It. one wooden hand boule      }
+  Ite. vinegar                   }              00-03-06
+  It. 3 peuter botle^s quarts    }
+  It. one pinte peute^r botle                   00-00-10
+  Ite. one hatt                                 00-10-00
+                                               ---------
+                                                33-03-03
+
+       rec of M^r Winthrop Govern^r
+  Ite. 3 y^rds of Cambrick
+       6 y^rds & a h: of Loomeworke
+       2 Drinking hornes
+       8 p^r of shoes for men
+       6 p^r of gray stockings for men
+       6 p^r of stockings for women
+       6 p^r of stockings for children
+       10 y^rds of Carsey
+       Thred
+       2000 of pinnes
+       6 Alls
+       one webb of blew gartering
+       2 knots of Tape
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                AN INVOICE OF ENGLISH GOODS SHIPPED TO
+                        NEW ENGLAND ABOUT 1690.
+
+
+In July, 1694, suit was brought in the Court at Boston, by John Caxy
+of London, England, against Joseph Mallenson of Boston, to whom the
+London merchant had consigned various goods for the Boston market, the
+shipment consisted of a great variety of clothing, fabrics, hardwear,
+implements, kitchen utensils and pewter. Mallenson not having remitted
+for the goods, suit was bought and a copy of the invoice was presented
+at court and is still preserved among the Massachusetts State Archives.
+This document throws considerable light on the furnishings of the
+colonial home at that time and the prevailing scale of prices.
+
+ Invoice and Contents of Sundry Goods Laden on Board the good ship
+ called the Friendship Capt. John Ware Comand^r bound from this Port
+ of London for Boston in New England and goes consigned to M^r Joseph
+ Mallenson for the proper Accompt & Risque of John Caxy.
+
+ One Large Fatt q^t Felt & Castor hatts as viz^t N^o. 1.
+
+  N^o. 1  3 doz: Boyes Felts Edged & Lin’d
+            at 14/p doz:                         £2.02.0
+       2  3 doz: ditto at 16 p doz:               2.08.0
+       3  3 doz: ditto at 18 p doz:               2.14.0
+       4  3 doz: ditto at 20/ p doz:              3.00.0
+       5  4 doz: Mens felts at 34^s               6.16.0
+       6  10 doz: ditto at 40^s p doz:           20.00.0
+       7  3 doz: ditto at 48^s p doz:             7.04.0
+       8  3 doz: Mens Carrolinas at 8/6 p ps     15.06.0
+       1  4 doz: Mens Castors at 5/6             13.04.0
+       2  3 doz: ditto at 6/6                    11.14.0
+       3  2 doz: ditto at 7/9                     9.06.0
+       4  2 doz: ditto at 9/                     10.16.0
+       5  1 doz: ditto at 11/                     6.12.0
+          6 doz: Rubers at 15^d p doz:            0.07.6
+
+          6 doz: ditto at 2/6 p doz:             15.00.0
+          a Large Fatt Cost 12^s                 12.00.0
+                                              ----------
+                                               £112.16.6
+
+    One Small Case haire Powder, & Wash Balls No 1.
+
+  4 doz & halfe of Sweet haire Powder at 8^d doz:   1.16.0
+  3 li of best Damask Powder at 3/ p li             0.09.0
+  7 gross Wash Balls at 8^d p g^s                   2.16.0
+  a Case cost 2^s                                   0.02.0
+                                                   -------
+                                                    5.03.6
+
+    Two hh^{ds} Turnerie Ware N^o 1 & 2 as viz^t & 7 bundles of
+ Steel Shoe Shovells & Spads N^o 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
+
+  3 Pottle Tun Canns at                         3.09.00
+  2 doz: Fine pint Tun Canns at                18.00.00
+  6 quart Tunn Canns at                           06.00
+  3 Three pint Tunn Canns at                      04.00
+  4 Snap Mouse Traps                              01.00
+  4 Double fall Mouse Traps at                    02.02
+  2 Single fall Mouse Traps at                    01.04
+  2 Large Single fall Mouse Traps at              01.06
+  4 Wooden Ratt Traps with Springs at             05.00
+  1 doz: Punch Strainers Sett up                  02.09
+  9 doz: 6 best Maple Treachers at 30/ p doz:   1.06.11
+  1 doz: Milk Trayes at                           11.00
+  3 doz: Platters at 6/                           18.00
+  3 doz: hand Boles at 3/6                        10.06
+  1 doz: Porridge Dishes at                       11.04
+  2 doz: handle Boles at 8/p doz:                 16.00
+  2 doz: Carved Spoons at 6^d p doz:              01.00
+  6 doz: Beer Tapps at 3^d p doz:                 01.06
+  5 gs 2 doz: plaine Spoons at 2/6 p gro.         12.11
+  1 gs Course haire Cottons kom’d at 2/9        1.13.00
+  1 gs Midle hayre cottons kom’d at 3/3         1.19.00
+  6 doz: Large haire Strainers at 2/ p doz        12.00
+  3 doz: Small haire ditto at 18^d p doz          04.06
+  2 doz: Midle Bellows at 18/ p doz             1.16.00
+  1 doz: 6. Small ditto at 16/ p doz            1.04.00
+  1 doz: Sucking Bottles at 2^s                   12.00
+  1 doz: Large Ladles at 1^s8                     01.08
+  1 doz: Small ditto                              01.00
+  12 doz: Steel Shod Shovells & Spads at 16/    9.12.00
+  2 hh^{ds} Cost 7^s each                         14.00
+                                               --------
+                                               25.03.10
+
+    One Case Lookeing Glasses N^o 3 as
+
+  N^o 1  6 Dressing Glasses 10 Inches in Sight at 5/ ps.   1.10.0
+      2  6 ditto at 6^s ps 11 Inches in Sight              1.16.0
+      3  6 ditto at 7^s ps 12 Inches in Sight              2.02.0
+      4  3 Glasses in Large Frames at 15/ ps 12 Inches     2.05.0
+      5  3 ditto at 18^s ps 14 Inches in Sight             2.14.0
+      6  2 ditto at 22^s ps 16 Inches in Sight             2.04.0
+      7  2 ditto at 28^s ps 18 Inches in Sight             2.16.0
+      8  2 ditto at 35^zs ps 20 Inches                     3.10.0
+         A Case Cost 5^s                                     05.0
+                                                          -------
+                                                          19.02.0
+
+    One Case N^o 2 q^t as viz^t
+
+  N^o 1  2 Perriwiggs at 18^s p ps      1.16.0
+      2  2 ditto at 2^s                 2.00.0
+      3  1 ditto at 25^s                1.05.0
+      4  1 ditto at 30^s                1.10.0
+                                       -------
+                                        6.11.0
+
+  N^o 1  2 doz: Child, woll hose at 5^s p doz:   10.0
+      2  2 doz: ditto at 6/8                     13.4
+      3  1 doz: ditto at 8/                      08.0
+      4  1 doz: ditto at 10/                     10.0
+      5  2 doz: Womens Woll ditto at 9/6         19.0
+      6  2 doz: ditto at 10/6                  1.01.0
+      7  1 doz ditto at 11/6                     11.6
+      8  1 doz ditto at 13/6                     13.6
+      9  1 doz ditto Mens Wool at 13/            13.0
+     10  2 doz ditto at 15/6                   1.11.0
+     11  2 doz ditto at 18/                    1.16.0
+     12  1 doz ditto at 20/                    1.00.0
+     13  1 doz ditto black at 22/              1.02.0
+     14  1 doz Womens Worst ditto at 29/       1.09.0
+     15  1 doz Mens Short Worst Mixt at 36/    1.16.0
+     16  1 doz ditto at 38/                    1.18.0
+     17  1 doz ditto at 43/                    2.03.0
+     18  1 doz ditto black at 40/              2.00.0
+     19  1 doz Mens Mixt Role at 45/           2.05.0
+     20  1 doz ditto at 52/ p doz              2.12.0
+     21  1 doz ditto bla: & blew at 52^s       2.12.0
+         1 Case Cost w^{th} Cords 2/             02.0
+                                             --------
+                                              28.05.4
+
+    Thirty One Quoiles of Cordage Con^t as vix^d
+
+  N^o. 1                3 Inch 1/4 qt    3.02.09
+       2   1 ditto      4 Inches         4.01.00
+       3   1 ditto      5 Inches         6.01.06
+       4   1 ditto      5-3/4 Inches     8.02.02
+       5   1 ditto      6                9.01.25
+       6   1 Quoile     3                2.03.25
+       7   1 Quoile     2-3/4            2.02.08
+       8   1 Quoile     2-1/4            1.03.13
+       9   1 Quoile     2-1/2            2.00.10
+       10  1 Quoile     2-1/2            2.00.12
+       11  1 Quoile     2-1/4            1.03.23
+       12  1 ditto      2-1/2            2.00.17
+       13  1 ditto      2-3/4            2.02.04
+       14  1 ditto      3 Inches         3.01.02
+       15  2 ditto      2                2.00.25
+       16  2 ditto      2                2.00.12
+       17  2 ditto      2                2.00.21
+       18  2 ditto      2                2.00.13
+       19  2 ditto      1 Inch 1/2       1.02.24
+       20  2 ditto      1-1/2            1.01.13
+       21  3 ditto      1-1/4            1.03.20
+       22  2 ditto      1-3/4            1.03.11
+       23  3 Quoiles    1-1/4            1.02.27
+           1 Cable      8 Inches 3/4    19.00.14
+           2            5-1/2            7.02.26
+           1 ditto      4-1/2            5.01.22
+           1 ditto      4-3/2            5.03.07
+           1 Quoile     2-3/4            2.01.11
+           1 Quoile     2-3/4            2.01.11
+           1 Quoile     2-1/4            1.01.08
+  For a Lyghter to carry it on board       15.00
+
+One hh^d N^o 4 q^t wro^t Brass & wro^t Iron worke as viz^d
+
+  12 brass Kettles q^t 1 C. O.4^{li} at 15^d p li   7.05.0
+  2 pr of 8 Square Monument Candlesticks              15.0
+  2 pr ditto at 6^s                                   12.0
+  2 pr ditto at 5^s                                   10.0
+  2 pr ditto at 4^s                                   08.0
+  2 pr ditto at 3/6                                   07.0
+  2 pr ditto at 3/                                    06.0
+  2 pr of 4 square ditto at 7/                        14.0
+  2 pr of ditto at 6^s                                12.0
+  2 pr of Round ditto at 3/6                          07.0
+  2 pr of ditto at 4^s                                08.0
+  2 pr ditto at 4^s 6                                 09.0
+  2 pr ditto at 5/                                    10.0
+  2 pr ditto at 5/6                                   11.0
+  2 pr ditto at 6/6                                   13.0
+  6 doz: Iron Sp^r Candlesticks at 5/6              1.13.0
+  2 Fine Mortars & Pestells at 4/                     08.0
+  2 ditto at 4/6                                      09.0
+  2 ditto at 5/6                                      11.0
+  2 ditto at 7/3                                      14.6
+  1 doz. Flower Boxes                                 11.0
+  1 doz Pepper Boxes                                  06.0
+  5 doz Brass Snuffers at 7/6                       1.17.6
+  6 Snuffers Stands at                                10.6
+  4 Snuffers Panns at                                 04.8
+  1 doz: Beife Forkes                                 07.0
+  1 doz Grid. Irons w^{ta} 98 Ribbs                   17.0
+  18 plaine Bellows                                 1.03.0
+  4 doz: Alkomy Spoons at 12/9                        11.0
+  2 doz: ditto at 2/3                                 04.6
+  1 doz: Brass Extinguishers                          03.0
+  6 brass Ladles at 6^s 6^d                           03.3
+  6 ditto at 9d                                       04.6
+  6 ditto at 14^d                                     07.0
+  6 Slices at 7^d                                     03.6
+  6 ditto at 9                                        04.6
+  2 doz: brass Save-alls at 5^s p doz                 10.0
+  3 doz ditto at 4/                                   12.0
+  3 doz ditto at 3/6                                  10.6
+  2 doz ditto at 3/                                   06.0
+  1 doz dubble Iaggers                                06.0
+  1 doz: ditto at                                     06.0
+  2 doz: Single ditto at 3^s 9                        07.6
+  2 doz: Small mincers at 7^s                         14.0
+  1 doz Large ditto at                                15.6
+  1 doz Chopers                                       12.0
+  1 doz Cleavers                                      17.6
+  3 doz Small padlocks at 5^s 6                       16.6
+  2 doz: ditto at 6^s p doz                           12.0
+  2 doz: ditto at 7/9 p doz                           15.6
+  1 doz ditto at                                      09.6
+  10 doz Scuers w^{th} fraimes                        16.6
+  2 doz: Small Sp^r. Locks at 8^s p doz               16.0
+  2 doz Duble Sp^r Locks at 17/ p doz               1.14.0
+  4 bundles Frying Pans q^t 1 C. 1. 26^{li} at 45/  3.09.6
+  1 hh^d Cost 6^s                                     06.0
+                                                   -------
+                                                   41.11.5
+
+    One Trunk N^o 1 q^t Nothing butt Buttons as viz^t
+
+  N^o. 1 12 gs Gimp Fallow Brest at 9^d p gro                   09.0
+       2 48 gs Gymp Fallow Coatt at 1.11^d                    2.04.0
+       3 34 baggs Coat Pillers q^t 136 gro: 18^d p gro:      10.04.0
+       4 10 gross bla: haire best at 20^d                       16.8
+       5 10 baggs best Pillers Coats q^t 40 gro: at 23^d      3.16.8
+       6 24 gross Silke browne best at 23^d                   2.06.0
+       7 13 baggs q^t 52 gross of Accor. Coats 2/6 p gs       6.10.0
+       8 12 gross bla: hayre Milo Coats 3/3^d                 1.19.0
+       9 20 gross Cutt haire Coats at 3/10 p gs               3.16.8
+      10 30 gross Large Silke Coats at 3/10                   5.15.0
+         A Trunk & Cords Cost 15/                               15.0
+                                                             -------
+                                                             38.12.0
+
+    One Large hh^d N^o 3 q^t of Tinnerie Ware as viz^t
+
+  6 Lanthorns at 2^s 3^d p L                          13.6
+  5 ditto at 21^d                                     10.6
+  6 ditto at 18^d                                     09.0
+  2 Large fish kettles & plates at 5^s                10.0
+  2 Small ditto at 3^s                                06.0
+  2 doz Slices at 2/6                                 05.0
+  6 Large pastry panns at 22^d                        11.0
+  6 Small ditto at 14^d                               07.0
+  3 Setts Kettles at                                1.01.0
+  3 doz: Pockett Graters at 2^s p doz                 06.0
+  3 doz ditto at 20^d                                 05.0
+  1 doz Large Square pudding pans at 14^s             14.0
+  1 doz ditto Small at 12^d                           12.0
+  6 paire of Snuffers & panns at 18^d p               09.0
+  6 hanging Candlesticks at 12^d                      06.0
+  2 doz: Large Corringers at 4^s                      08.0
+  3 doz Midle ditto at 3^s                            09.0
+  2 doz: Small ditto at 2/                            04.0
+  6 Large Funnells at 9^d ps                          04.6
+  2 doz quart ditto at 6/ p doz                       12.0
+  2 doz pint ditto at 4/ p doz                        08.0
+  2 doz ditto at 2/6                                  05.0
+  2 doz ditto at 2/                                   04.0
+  1 doz Large Sauce panns at 8^d p ps                 08.0
+  2 doz: quart ditto at 6^d p ps                      12.0
+  2 doz: point ditto at 4/6                           09.0
+  2 doz: Flower Boxes at 3/6                          07.0
+  2 doz: pepper boxes at 2/6                          05.0
+  4 Large Dripping pans at 2/3                        09.0
+  6 Small ditto at 20^d                               10.0
+  1 doz Quart potts at 6^d ps                         06.0
+  2 doz: pint ditto at 4/ p doz                       08.0
+  1 doz: Large Round Pudding panns 13^d               13.0
+  1 doz ditto Small at 11^d                           11.0
+  1 doz: Candlesticks at 6^d ps                       06.0
+  6 Planish Candlesticks at 8^d                       04.0
+  1 doz Casting Ladles at 4^d ps                      04.0
+  1 doz: bread Graters at 7^d ps                      07.0
+  1 doz: ditto at 4^d ps                              04.0
+  1 doz: Tinder boxes & at 8s                         08.0
+  8 Candle Boxes at 14^d ps                           09.4
+  6 round Fish plates at 11^d ps                      05.6
+  6 Cullendars at 16^d ps                             08.0
+  1 doz halfe pint potts at 2^d ps                    02.0
+  A Large Casque Cost 9^s                             09.0
+                                                   -------
+                                                   18.04.4
+
+    One Bayle of Stuffs & N^o 8 q^t as viz^t
+
+  N^o 1  12 ps Worst. Fancies at 20^s                12.00.0
+      2  3 Woollen Shades at 22^s ps                  3.00.0
+      3  6 playne Silke Crapes at 23/ ps              6.18.0
+      4  6 Stript Worst. Crapes at 23/                6.18.0
+      5  2 Strip’t Silke Crapes at 26/                2.12.0
+      6  4 Spotted Strip’t Silke Crapes at 26/        5.04.0
+      7  2 Sattin Strip’t Crapes at 28/               2.16.0
+      8  10 Strip’t Druggetts at 28/                 14.00.0
+      9  3 Woollen Damask at 29^s                     4.07.0
+      10 6 Mixt Serges at 30/                         9.00.0
+      11 2 Strip’t ditto at 33^s                      3.06.0
+      13 10 Silke Fancies at 36/ ps                  18.00.0
+      14 6 Effigianes at 38/ ps                      11.08.0
+      15 6 Silke Damaske at 46/                      13.16.0
+      16 3 Strip’t Cambletts at 46^s                  6.18.0
+      17 1 Mock Calliminco at 3                       3.00.0
+      18 1 Right ditto                                4.00.0
+      19 3 Role ps Silke Fancies q^t 37:37:37-1/2
+              is 111-1/2 yd at 18^d                   8.07.3
+      20 1 ps Red Flannel q^t 20 )
+      21 1 ps Yello ditto q^t 21 ) 110 yds at 14^d    6.08.4
+      22 1 ps ditto       q^t 25 )
+      23 1 ps white       q^t 44 )
+  peices 92
+          A Coard & Canvis paper & packing            1.04.0
+        4 doz: of Course hose in ditto Bale
+                                                    --------
+                                                    146.14.7
+
+    One Drume Fatt N^o 2 Containing Pewter as viz^t
+
+  12 Pottle Tankards at 3^s 10^d ps                 2.06.0
+  12 Quart ditto at 3^s                             1.16.0
+  24 Midle ditto at 2/6                             3.00.0
+  24 Small ditto at 2/                              2.08.0
+  12 doz: Large Poringers at 9^s 6^d p. doz         5.14.0
+  12 doz: Small ditto at 8/                         4.16.0
+  3 pr New-fashion’d Candlesticks at 4^s              12.0
+  3 pr ditto at 3^s                                   09.0
+  2 pr Round ditto at 2^s 10^d                        05.8
+  a Fatt Cost                                         07.0
+
+    One Drume Fatt No 3 q^t more Pewter viz^t
+
+  18 Large Chamber Potts at 2/10^s ps               2.11.0
+  30 Middle ditto at 2^s d^d                        3.10.0
+  40 Small ditto at 2^s                             4.00.0
+  12 doz Alkney Spoons at 2/9                       1.13.0
+  24 doz Powder ditto at 2/3^d p doz                2.14.0
+  12 Large Salts at 2^s 2 ps                        1.06.0
+  24 Middle ditto at 20^d ps                        2.00.0
+  48 Small ditto at 12^d ps                         2.08.0
+  18 Basons q^t 32-1/2 at 12^d                      1.12.6
+  2 doz: Sawcers at 9^s p doz                         18.0
+  4 doz Small ditto at 7^s p doz                    1.08.0
+  2 Pottle Wine Measure Potts at 5/6                  11.0
+  6 Quart ditto at 2/8                                16.0
+  6 Pint ditto Potts at 22^d ps                       11.0
+  6 halfe Pint ditto at 14^d                          07.0
+  6 Quartern ditto Potts at 9^d p ps                  04.6
+  a ffat Cost 7^s                                     07.0
+
+    One halfe Barell Fatt N^o 4 Con^t more pewter
+
+  N^o A 78 Dishes q^t 265^{li} at 9^d 1/2       10.09.9-1/2
+  A ffat Cost 3^s6                                     03.6
+                                               ------------
+                                               £76.02.5-1/2
+
+    One Bayle of Lincy Woolsie Con^t 30 ps
+
+  No 7 at 31^s ps                                   46.10.0
+  Canvis &c^a                                        1.07.0
+                                                 ----------
+                                                    47.17.0
+
+    Two Large Bayles of Kersyes N^o 4:5 viz^t
+
+  N^o A 3 Browns)
+        1 Gray  )  at 26^s p ps.                     5.04.0
+      B 3 Browne)
+        1 Gray  )  at 28^s ps                        5.12.0
+      C 1 Browne)
+        3 Grays )  at 30^s                           6.00.0
+      D 4 Browns at 31^s                             6.04.0
+      E 4 Browns at 32^s                             6.08.0
+      F 3 Browns)
+        2 Grays )  at 35^s                          10.10.0
+      G 4 Browns)
+        2 Grays )  at 37^s                          11.02.0
+      H 4 Browns)
+        2 Grays )   at 38^s                         11.08.0
+      I 6 Browns at 39^s                            11.14.0
+      K 3 Browns)
+        2 Drabbs) at 42^s                           12.12.0
+        1 Gray  )
+      L 6 Honly Reds at 42^s                        12.12.0
+      M 2 Grays  )
+        1 Drabb  )
+        3 Browns ) at 43^s ps                       25.16.0
+        6 Nap’t  )
+      N 3 Browns)
+        2 Grays ) at 58^s ps                        14.08.0
+        1 Drabb )
+      O 3 Browns)
+        3 Grays ) at 55^s ps 20 yds Long            16.10.0
+        Canvis Cord Paper & packing 38^s p bayle     3.16.0
+                                                 ----------
+                                                   159.16.0
+
+    One Bayle of Cottons of Severall Collers viz^t
+
+  6 White Cottons at 15/                             4.10.0
+  6 White ditto at 20/                               6.00.0
+  6 Red ditto)
+  5 Blew ditto)
+  5 Cloth Cullerd ditto) at 17^s p ps               19.11.0
+  5 Ashe Cullerd ditto)
+  2 Yellow ditto)
+  4 Red ditto at 23^s ps                             4.12.0
+  1 Blew ditto at 24/                                1.04.0
+  Canvis & Packing                                   1.18.0
+                                                 ----------
+                                                    37.15.0
+
+    One hh^d N^o 5 Con^t Sundry Lotts of Goods as Viz^t
+
+  12 hogskin Saddles Stirrups, Leathers bridles,
+    Girts & Snaffels at 14^s                                   8.08.0
+  N^o 18 li whited Browne Thread at 2/3                          13.6
+      20 li ditto at 2/6                                         15.0
+      22 li ditto at 2/10                                        17.0
+      24 li ditto at 3/3                                         19.6
+      26 li ditto at 3/8                                       1.02.0
+      28 li ditto at 4^s p li                                  1.04.0
+  4:15 3 li Nunns Thread at 6^s                                  18.0
+  5:10 3 li ditto at 7^s p li                                  1.01.0
+  6:10 3 li ditto at 8/                                        1.04.0
+  8:10 1 li ditto at 10^s p li                                   10.0
+  9:10 1 li ditto at 12/                                         12.0
+  12:10 1 li ditto at 16/                                        16.0
+  N^o 1 6 doz best Brown Thread at 22^s p doz                  6.12.0
+      2 3 doz Cull^r ditto at 26/ p doz                        3.08.0
+      3 4 doz: blew & Collerd Tape at 9/6                      1.18.0
+      4 2 doz: blew & Collerd filletting at 13/6               1.07.0
+      5 1 doz: White filletting at 15 p                          15.0
+      6 2 doz fine white Twist at 3/4^d                          06.8
+      7 2 doz Narrow Holland Tape at 7^s p doz                   14.0
+      8 2 doz broad ditto at 10/ p doz                         1.00.0
+      9 3 Gross Cotton 6^d Ribbin at 10^s p gro                1.10.0
+     10 1 ps broad Strip’t 12^d Ribbin at 4/6                    04.6
+     11 2 doz Pinns at 6/8 p doz                                 12.0
+     12 3 doz. ditto at 7/2 p doz                              1.01.6
+     13 4 Mille Needles at 5/ p mille                          1.00.0
+     14 2 Gross Womens Brass Thimbles at 5/6                     11.0
+     15 6 doz: Mens Steel ditto at 7^s p gs                      03.6
+     16 6 doz. horne Combs at 14^d                               07.0
+     17 6 doz: ditto at 18^d                                     09.0
+     18 6 doz: ditto at 22^d                                     11.0
+     19 2 doz Ivory Combs at 3/6 p doz                           07.0
+     20 2 doz ditto at 6/8                                       12.0
+     21 Old Brass Curtaine Rings at 14^d                         07.0
+     22 2 doz. Small Inckhornes at 20^d                          03.4
+     23 1 doz: Large ditto                                       02.9
+     24 1 doz Large Sands at 4^s                                 04.0
+     25 2 gro: Tin brest Buttons 12^d                            02.0
+     26 6 gro: Large ditto at 15^d                               07.6
+     27 6 gro: ditto at 18^d p gro                               09.0
+     28 2 gro: Ell Thread Laces at 2/4                           04.8
+     29 2 gro: ditto y^d & 1/2 at 3/8                            06.0
+     30 1 gro: ditto Silke 2 yd^s at 30^s                      1.10.0
+        1 hh^d Cost 5/                                           05.0
+       Trunk N^o 2
+     31 6 gro: Large White Wastcoat Buttons
+           at 15^d                                               07.6
+     32 6 gro: fine Small ditto at 18^d                          09.0
+     33 2 gro: gilt sleeve buttons at 3/4                        06.8
+     34 1 doz: bla: Velvitt Markes lin’d w^{th}                  14.0
+     35 1 doz: best ditto at 15/                                 15.0
+     36 1 doz: best ditto lin’d w^{th} Silke at 22^s           1.02.0
+     37 1 doz: Callico quilted Caps at 9^s                       09.0
+     38 1 doz: Holland ditto at 12/ p doz                        12.0
+     39 18 yds Grey Lace at 3^d                                  04.6
+     40 20 yds ditto at 4^d p yd                                 06.8
+     41 33 yds ditto at 4^d-1/2                              12.4-1/2
+     42 15 yds ditto at 5^d p yd                                 06.3
+     43 12 yds ditto at 6^d                                      06.0
+     44 16 yds ditto at 8d^d                                     10.8
+     45 34 yds bla: Silke bone Lace at 5d-1/2 p yd               15.7
+     46 42 yds ditto at 7d-1/2                                 1.06.3
+     47 24 yds ditto at 12d                                    1.04.0
+     48 16 yds ditto at 13d                                      17.4
+     49 18 yds ditto at 14d                                    1.01.0
+     50 2 Gro: Silke Bindins at 18/6 p gro:                    1.17.0
+     51 2 Gro: Silke Galunes at 18/                            1.16.0
+     52 1 gro: Narrow: Black Silk purle for Tippett              05.0
+     53 2 gro: Brord ditto at 14^s p gro:                      1.08.0
+     54 1 gro: White, Thready brord gause purle
+           at 10/6                                               10.6
+     55 2 doz: black & White Net Gause at 11/ p doz.           1.02.0
+     56 1 doz: black Mourning gause at                           12.0
+     57 1 doz: White ditto at 12^s                               12.0
+     58 2 doz: White Thread gause at 12/                       1.04.0
+     59 2 doz: black Silke ditto at 13/                        1.06.0
+     60 3 doz: Women Silke Girdles w^{th} Buckles 6/             18.0
+     61 2 doz: Long ditto Copper Tassells at 3/9                 07.6
+     62 1 doz: Rich Silke & Silver Tassle ditto 12/              12.0
+     63 1 doz: best ditto at 15^s                                15.0
+     64 1 doz: Romall handkerchiffs at 16^s p doz                16.0
+     65 1 doz: Silke ditto at 20^s p doz                       1.00.0
+     66 1 doz: best Large ditto at 23^s                        1.03.0
+     67 4 doz: black Moyhaire ring at 6/                       1.04.0
+     68 4 doz: Deep ditto at 7^s p doz                         1.08.0
+     69 2 doz: Copper Cull^r & purled ditto at 6/ p doz          12.0
+     70 4 doz: Cullr Mixt ditto at 7^s                         1.08.0
+     71 4 doz: Cloth Culler: bla: & Scarlett
+           ditto at 8/ 12.0
+     72 2 doz: Deep bla: Duble ditto at 9^s6                     19.0
+     73 18 doz: Nar: fringe to Sett on ye Top
+           of Fringe 20^d                                      1.10.0
+     74 18 yds White Corded Thred fringe at 10^d yd              15.0
+     75 13 oz. 1/2 bla: bella. Silke fringe at 25^d            1.02.6
+     76 27 oz: best Nar: & Deep ditto at 21^d                  2.07.3
+     77 12 oz: Copper Cull^r Nar: & Deep ditto at 22^d         1.02.0
+     78 18 oz: 1/16 d^o & white Nar: & deep
+           Mixtd. 2^s                                      1.16.1-1/2
+     79 21 oz 1/2 Clo: Cull^r blew & white Nar
+           & Deep 2-1/2^d                                      2.08.4
+     80 21 oz 1/2 Clo: Cull^r green & white corded
+           d^o 2/4^d                                           2.10.2
+     81 17 oz: 1/4 3/16 bla: Corded ditto at 2/
+           p doz                                          1.14.10-1/2
+     82 1 gro 1/2 Silke bread to Sett at Bottom
+           of fringe 14^s                                      1.01.0
+     83 5 ps ferrett 6^d Ribbon at 7^s ps                      1.15.0
+     84 1 gro: bla: 1^d Taffety Ribbon at 7^s                    07.0
+     85 2 gro: ditto 2^d ditto at 16 p gro                     1.12.0
+     86 12 ps Dutch 7/4 Ribbins for binding
+           Drowls 20^d                                         1.00.0
+     87 4 ps 6^d Taffety Ribbon at 5/                          1.00.0
+     88 4 ps 8^d ditto at 9 ps                                 1.16.0
+     89 1 ps 10^d ditto at                                       11.0
+     90 1 ps 12^d ditto                                          13.0
+     91 4 ps Double Love Ribben 6^d at 6/                      1.04.0
+     92 2 ps 8^d ditto at 8                                      16.0
+     93 1 ps 10^d ditto at (?)                                   09.6
+     94 2 ps white Span. 6^d ditto at 8/6                        17.0
+     95 1 ps ditto 8^d at 10                                     10.0
+     96 3 doz: Sattin Stripes 8^d Ribbon at 6^s                  18.0
+     97 2 doz Cloth Cull^r & purple Figur’d 10^d
+           ditto 8^s                                             16.0
+     98 2 doz: blew & Green 12^d ditto at 11^s                 1.02.0
+     99 2 doz Copper Cullr’d & bla: 14^d ditto at 13^s         1.06.0
+    100 81i Clo: Cull^r Silke w^{th} a Little bla: at 17/6     7.00.0
+    101 1 Childs Peake at 6/                                     06.0
+    102 1 Womans Laced head dress at 10^s                        10.0
+    103 1 ditto Laced at 13/                                     13.0
+    104 1 Alamode Drowle Trim’d at 2^s w^{th} bla purl           02.0
+    105 1 Tippett ditto at 2/4^d                                 02.4
+    106 1 Best ditto at 6/8 Laced w^{th} bla: Silk?              06.0
+    107 2 doz: New fashon’d Peake Wyers at 18d
+           p doz                                                 03.0
+    108 2 doz: Cornitt Wyers ditto at 2/ p doz                   04.0
+    109 4 doz: Comode Wyers ditto at 4/ p doz                    16.0
+    110 17 Roles at 5d p ps                                      07.1
+    111 4 doz New Fason’d pass Wyers at 10^s                     03.4
+    112 1 gro: Strip’d Worsted at 9^s p gro                      09.0
+        a Trunke & Coards Cost 12/                               12.0
+                                                           ----------
+                                                              59.18.0
+
+    One Bayle of Linning Cloth N^o 3 Cont as viz^t
+
+  20      40:2    19:2    20      39           330:2
+  20      39:2    39:2    17      18           394
+  19:2    40:     39      20      20           435
+  19:     19:2    20      19:2    20           313:2
+  19:2    19      19:2    19:2    40           392
+                                           ---------
+  20:2    20      19:2    19:     19:2        1864:2
+  17      20      62      40      40:          932:1
+  20      38:2    60      19:2    19:2
+  19      40      38      19:2    39:2
+  37      20      20      19:2    20:
+  19      19      19:2    20      19:2
+  20      19      20      18:2    39:2
+  19      19      19:2    20:2    19:2
+  24      19      19:2    20:2    19:
+  40      19      19:2    19:2    19
+  --------------------------------------
+  330:2  394      435    313:2    392
+  --------------------------------------
+  Is 932 Ells 1/4 of Kamells cloth at 6^d p ell                23.6.0
+  85  50  60  86  69  43  73  68 78 101 42
+  42  43  49  78  77  44  91 is 1129 of
+  Brown Oxenbrigs at 50^{li} p Role 1500
+  ells to a Role at 8^d p ell                                 37.12.8
+                                                      ---------------
+                                                              60.18.8
+                                                      ---------------
+                                                           £1127.17.7
+
+
+
+
+                              FOOTNOTES:
+
+ [1] _Essex County Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. II, p. 28
+
+ [2] Waters, _Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony_.
+
+ [3] In the Delaware settlement houses of logs split through the middle
+ or hewed square were built “according to the Swedish mode.”
+
+ [4] _Mourt’s Relation_, Boston, 1841.
+
+ [5] Higginson, _New-Englands Plantation_, London, 1630.
+
+ [6] _Force’s Tracts_, Washington, 1838.
+
+ [7] _Essex County Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. VI, p. 363.
+
+ [8] _Essex County Deeds_, Book V, leaf 107.
+
+ [9] Johnson, _Wonder Working Providence_, London, 1654.
+
+ [10] Higginson, _New-Englands Plantation_, London, 1630.
+
+ [11] _Force’s Tracts_, Washington, 1838.
+
+ [12] _Massachusetts Archives_, Vol. 15B, leaves 59-67.
+
+ [13] _Essex County Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. IV, pp. 56-57.
+
+ [14] Beer in the making.
+
+ [15] _Probate Records of Essex County, Mass._ Vol. I, p. 47.
+
+ [16] _Probate Records of Essex County, Mass._, Vol. II, p. 348.
+
+ [17] Dankers, _Journal of a Voyage to New York_, Brooklyn, 1867.
+
+ [18] _Records of the Mass. Bay Colony_, Vol. I, p. 126.
+
+ [19] Ward, _The Simple Cobler of Aggawam_, London, 1647.
+
+ [20] _Sewall’s Diary_, Vol. II, p. 231.
+
+ [21] _Essex County Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. I, p. 275.
+
+ [22] The master of the ship _George Bonaventure_ in which Mr. Skelton
+ came over.
+
+
+
+
+                          Transcriber’s Notes
+
+ Perceived typographical errors in the author’s text have been silently
+ corrected.
+
+ Archaic spelling and inconsistent punctuation in quoted text and tables
+ have been retained as in the original.
+
+ Inconsistencies in hyphenation and compound words have been maintained
+ as printed.
+
+ Footnotes have been moved to the end of the text.
+
+ The per sign ⅌ is a symbol used to indicate a ratio.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76065 ***
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+      Domestic Life in New England In the Seventeenth Century | Project Gutenberg
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+</head>
+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76065 ***</div>
+
+
+<p class="center">DOMESTIC LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND</p>
+<p class="center">IN THE</p>
+<p class="center">SEVENTEENTH CENTURY</p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp60" id="i000_frontis" style="max-width: 76.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i000_frontis.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD</p>
+
+<p>Built in 1683</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h1>
+Domestic Life<br>
+<small>in</small><br>
+NEW ENGLAND<br>
+<small>in the</small><br>
+Seventeenth Century<br>
+</h1>
+<p class= "center"><span class="smcap">A Discourse</span></p>
+
+<p class= "center">Delivered in the Lecture Hall of the</p>
+<p class= "center">Metropolitan Museum of Art in New</p>
+<p class= "center">York City, it being one of a</p>
+<p class= "center">Series designed to mark</p>
+<p class= "center">the Opening of the</p>
+<p class= "center">American Wing</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p class= "center"><i>By GEORGE FRANCIS DOW</i><br></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<figure class="figcenter illowp50" id="i000_title" style="max-width: 30em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i000_title.jpg" alt="">
+</figure><br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p class= "center"><i>TOPSFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS</i>: Printed</p>
+<p class= "center">for the Author at <i>The Perkins Press</i>,</p>
+<p class= "center">just off the <i>Main Street</i>, 1925.</p>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class= "center">COPYRIGHT, 1925, GEORGE FRANCIS DOW</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p class= "center">FIVE HUNDRED COPIES PRINTED</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp90" id="i000_xpreface" style="max-width: 65em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i000_xpreface.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">THE PREFACE</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The publication of the following paper in its present
+form, became possible when the Trustees of the Metropolitan
+Museum of Art found it necessary to abandon
+their intention to publish a volume containing the
+lectures given on the occasion of the opening of the American
+Wing. The other lectures delivered in the course
+were devoted to the architecture and arts of New England
+during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and it
+therefore seemed fitting that some account of the domestic
+life of the period should also have a presentation. Within
+the limitations of time and space it was only possible to
+touch lightly upon so far-reaching a subject and the reader
+will soon discover that the following pages may be somewhat
+over-loaded with facts gleaned from original records.
+It also should be borne in mind that the public records that
+have come down to us preserve a chronicle of the offences
+of the day and generation while the uneventful lives of the
+honest and the just frequently rest in oblivion.</p>
+
+<p class= "center"><i>The evil that men do lives after them<br>
+The good is oft interred with their bones.</i></p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, there were fully as many sinners as saints
+living within the control of the Puritan autocracy in the
+Massachusetts Bay and it is to be hoped that the contemporaneous
+data here presented may aid in bringing about
+a readjustment of values in the mind of some reader.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#i000_frontis">Parson Capen House, Topsfield</a></span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><i>Frontispiece</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#i002">Front Door of Capen House</a></span></td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#i004">Front Entry and Stairs of Capen House</a></span></td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#i006">Overhang of the Capen House</a></span></td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#i008">Parlor of the Capen House</a></span></td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#i012">John Ward House, Salem</a></span></td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#i016">Parlor of Ward House</a></span></td>
+<td class="tdr">16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#i020">Kitchen of Ward House</a></span></td>
+<td class="tdr">20</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Page_24">Dresser in Kitchen of Ward House</a></span></td>
+<td class="tdr">24</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#i028">Wellcurb and Sweep, Ward House</a></span></td>
+<td class="tdr">28</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[Pg 1]</span>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp90" id="i001" style="max-width: 65em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i001.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">DOMESTIC LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND IN<br>
+THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>To picture the life in the homes of the colonists in
+the years immediately following the settlement would
+require many screens. Then as now life had its contrasts
+and utmost poverty existed but shortly removed from
+comparative wealth. In 1657 an apprentice to a stone-mason
+in the town of Newbury, Massachusetts, testified that it
+was a long while before “he could eate his master’s food,
+viz. meate and milk, or drink beer, saying that he did not
+know that it was good, because he was not used to eat such
+victualls, but to eate bread and water porridge and to drink
+water.”<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> A few miles away, in the town of Ipswich, lived
+Madam Rebecka Symonds, writing in her sixtieth year to
+her son in London to send her a fashionable “lawn whiske,”
+for her neckwear. In due time he replied that the “fashionable
+Lawn whiske is not now worn, either by Gentil or
+simple, young or old. Instead where of I have bought a
+shape and ruffles, which is now the ware of the gravest as
+well as the young ones. Such as goe not with naked necks
+ware a black wifle over it. Therefore, I have not only
+Bought a plaine one y’t you sent for, but also a Luster one,
+such as are most in fashion.” The dutiful son also purchased
+for his mother’s wear a feather fan; but he writes,
+to her “I should also have found in my heart, to have let it
+alone, because none but very grave persons (and of them
+very few) use it. Now ’tis grown almost as obsolete as Russets,
+and more rare to be seen than a yellow Hood.” When<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[Pg 2]</span> the
+feather fan reached Ipswich it was found to have a
+silver handle and with it came “two tortois fans, 200 needles,
+5 yds. sky calico, silver gimp, a black sarindin cloak,
+damson leather skin, two women’s Ivorie Knives, etc.”<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>Fine clothing surrounded itself with fine furnishings,
+according to the standards of the period, and as the wealth
+of the Colonies increased with the successful exportation of
+fish, lumber, beaver, and peltry, it supplied them with all
+kinds of luxuries and refinements to be found in the shops
+of London, Plymouth, or Bristol. The ships were crossing
+frequently and the Colonies kept pace with the mother
+country much as the country follows the city at the present
+time. All the while, however, primitive living and also
+poverty existed everywhere. The inventories of numerous
+estates show meagre household furnishings, and many
+families of eight or more persons lived in houses only
+eighteen by twenty-four feet in size, possibly with a shed
+attached. Alexander Knight, a pauper in a Massachusetts
+town, was provided in 1659 with a one-story house
+sixteen feet long and twelve feet wide having a thatched
+roof and costing only £6 to build, which no doubt was
+typical of the simple dwellings occupied by the poorer
+colonists in the early days following the settlement.</p>
+
+<p>When Governor Winthrop arrived at Charlestown in
+1630 with the first great emigration he found a house or
+two and several wigwams—rude shelters patterned after
+the huts built by the Indians—and until houses could be
+erected in Boston many lived in tents and wigwams, “their
+meeting-place being abroad under a Tree.” Deacon Bartholomew
+Green, the printer of the <cite>Boston News-Letter</cite>,
+related that when his father arrived at Boston in 1630,
+“for lack of housing he was vain to find shelter at night
+in an empty cask,” and during the following winter many
+of the poorer sort still continued to live in tents through
+lack of better housing.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp59" id="i002" style="max-width: 60.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i002.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD</p>
+
+<p>Front Door</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[Pg 3]</span></p>
+<p>There is a wide-spread misconception that the colonists
+on reaching New England proceeded immediately to build
+log houses in which to live. Historians have described
+these log houses as chinked with moss and clay and as
+having earth floors, precisely the type of house built on the
+frontier and in the logging camps at a much later period.
+A well-known picture of Leyden street, at Plymouth, shows
+a double row of log houses reaching up the hillside, which
+the Pilgrims are supposed to have constructed. In point
+of fact, no contemporary evidence has been found that
+supports the present-day theory. The early accounts of
+what took place in the days following the settlements along
+the coast are full of interesting details relating to day-by-day
+happenings but nowhere do we find allusion to a log house
+such as modern historians assume existed at that time.<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>What happened at the Plymouth Colony after the <cite>Mayflower</cite>
+came to anchor? The wind blew very hard for two
+days and the next day, Saturday, December 23, 1620, as
+many as could went ashore: “felled and carried timber, to
+provide themselves stuff for building,” and the following
+Monday “we went on shore, some to fell timber, some to
+saw, some to rive, and some to carry; so no man rested all
+that day.”<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Bradford writes “that they builte a forte with
+good timber” which Isaac de Rasieres described in 1627 as
+“a large square house, made of thick sawn planks, stayed
+with oak beams.” The oldest existing houses in the Plymouth
+Colony are built in the same manner and some half
+dozen or more seventeenth-century plank houses may yet
+be seen north of Boston. Moreover, when the ship <cite>Fortune</cite>
+sailed from Plymouth in the summer of 1621 part of her
+lading consisted of “clapboards and wainscott,” showing
+clearly that the colonists soon after landing had dug saw
+pits and produced boards in quantity suitable for the construction
+of houses and for exportation.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[Pg 4]</span></p>
+<p>In the summer of 1623 Bradford mentions the “building
+of great houses in pleasant situations” and when a fire broke
+out in November of the following year it began in “a shed
+yt was joyned to ye end of ye storehouse, which was wattled
+up with bowes.” It will be seen that this shed was not
+crudely built of logs or slabs but that its walls were wattled
+and perhaps also daubed with clay, in precisely the same
+manner with which these colonists were familiar in their
+former homes across the sea. An original outer wall in
+the old Fairbanks house at Dedham, Massachusetts, still
+has its “wattle and daub” constructed in 1637. What can
+be more natural and humanly probable than to find English
+housewrights who had learned their trade overseas, building
+houses and outbuildings on this side of the Atlantic in
+the same manner they had been taught through a long
+apprenticeship in their former homes? Can we of today
+assume that they, upon the spur of the moment, invented
+a new type of building—a log house—a construction they
+had never seen in England—a building also unknown to
+the Indians?</p>
+
+<p>The houses of the Indians were “verie little and homely,
+being made with small Poles pricked into the ground, and
+so bended and fastened at the tops, and on the side they
+are matted with Boughes and covered with Sedge and old
+mats.”<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> These were called “wigwams” and as they were
+easily constructed and the materials were readily at hand
+many of the poorer colonists built for themselves imitations
+of these rude huts of the Indians. Governor Winthrop
+records in his “Journal,” in September, 1630, that one Fitch
+of Watertown had his wigwam burnt down with all his
+goods, and two months later John Firman, also of Watertown,
+lost his wigwam by fire.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp61" id="i004" style="max-width: 57.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i004.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD</p>
+
+<p>Front entry and stairs</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Thomas Dudley writing to the Countess of Lincoln, in
+March, 1631, relates: “Wee have ordered that noe man
+shall build his chimney with wood nor cover his house
+with thatch, which was readily assented unto, for that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[Pg 5]</span>
+divers houses have been burned since our arrival (the fire
+always beginning in the wooden chimneys) and some English
+wigwams which have taken fire in the roofes with
+thatch or boughs.”<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> It was Dudley who was taken to task
+by the Governor in May, 1632, “for bestowing so much cost
+on wainscotting his house and otherwise adorning it,” as
+it was not a good example for others in the beginning of a
+plantation. Dudley replied that he had done it for warmth
+and that it was but clapboards nailed to the walls. A few
+months later this house caught fire “the hearth of the Hall
+chimney burning all night upon the principal beam.”</p>
+
+<p>The frequent references to the English wigwam seem to
+indicate that some such temporary construction was usual
+among many of the colonists at the outset. Settlers were
+living at Salem as early as 1626 and Endecott, with a considerable
+immigration, arrived in 1628. Marblehead, just
+across the harbor, was settled early and yet when John
+Goyt came there in 1637, he “first built a wigwam and lived
+thar till he got a house.”<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> The rude buildings also put up
+by the planters at Salem must have been looked upon at
+the time as temporary structures for they had all disappeared
+before 1661.<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> The town clerk of Woburn, Massachusetts,
+writing in 1652, mentions the rude shelters of the
+first settlers “which kept off the short showers from their
+lodgings, but the long rains penetrated through, to their
+grate disturbance in the night season: yet, in these poor
+wigwams, they sing Psalms, pray and praise their God, till
+they can provide them homes, which ordinarily was not
+wont to be with many till the Earth, by the Lord’s blessing,
+brought forth bread to feed them, their wives and little
+ones.”<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>“Before you come,” wrote Rev. Francis Higginson, the
+first minister at Salem, “be careful to be strongly instructed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[Pg 6]</span>
+what things are fittest to bring with you for your more
+comfortable passage at sea, as also for your husbandry occasions
+when you come to the land. For when you are
+once parted with England you shall meete neither markets
+nor fayres to buy what you want. Therefore be sure to
+furnish yourselves with things fitting to be had before you
+come: as meale for bread, malt for drinke, woolen and
+linnen cloath, and leather for shoes, and all manner of carpenters
+tools, and a great deale of iron and steele to make
+nails, and locks for houses, and furniture for ploughs and
+carts, and glasse for windows, and many other things which
+were better for you to think of there than to want them
+here.”<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Elsewhere the good pastor set down “A catalogue
+of such needfull things as every Planter doth or ought to
+provide to go to New England” in which he enumerated
+the necessary victuals per person for the first year, viz:</p>
+
+<p>“8 Bushels of meale, 2 Bushels of pease, 2 Bushels of
+Otemeale, 1 Gallon of Aquavitae, 1 Gallon of Oyle, 2 Gallons
+of Vinegar, 1 Firkin of Butter; also Cheese, Bacon,
+Sugar, Pepper, Cloves, Mace, Cinnamon, Nutmegs and
+Fruit.”</p>
+
+<p>The household implements listed were:—“1 Iron pot, 1
+Kettel, 1 Frying pan, 1 Gridiron, 2 Skellets, 1 Spit, Wooden
+Platters, Dishes, Spoons and Trenchers.”</p>
+
+<p>Clothing, arms, and tools of all kinds of course must be
+taken and the natural resources of New England and the
+fruits of their husbandry and of the sea were expected to
+supply the rest of those things necessary to life and comfort.
+Those who settled along the shore line north of Boston
+found much “fat blacke earth” that yielded bountiful
+crops. The soil to the southward of Boston Bay was lighter
+and less productive, but the valley of the Connecticut
+was found to be of unsurpassed richness.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp63" id="i006" style="max-width: 53.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i006.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD</p>
+
+<p>Overhang and one of the “drops”</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Pastor Higginson wrote enthusiastically of the natural
+abundance of the grass that “groweth verie wildly with a
+great stalke” as high as a man’s face and as for Indian<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[Pg 7]</span>
+corn—the planting of thirteen gallons of seed had produced
+an increase of fifty-two hogsheads or three hundred and
+fifty bushels, London measure, to be sold or trusted to the
+Indians in exchange for beaver worth above £300. Who
+would not share the hardships and dangers of the frontier
+colony for opportunity of such rich gain?</p>
+
+<p>But the housewives in the far-away English homes were
+more interested in the growth of the vegetable gardens in
+the virgin soil, and of these he wrote: “Our turnips, parsnips
+and carrots are here both bigger and sweeter than is
+ordinary to be found in England. Here are stores of pumpions,
+cucumbers, and other things of that nature I know
+not. Plentie of strawberries in their time, and penny-royall,
+winter saverie, carvell and water-cresses, also leeks and
+onions are ordinary.” Great lobsters abounded weighing
+from sixteen to twenty-five pounds and much store of bass,
+herring, sturgeon, haddock, eels, and oysters. In the forests
+were several kinds of deer; also partridges, turkeys,
+and great flocks of pigeons, with wild geese, ducks, and
+other sea fowl in such abundance “that a great part of the
+Planters have eaten nothing but roast-meate of divers
+Fowles which they have killed.”</p>
+
+<p>These were some of the attractive natural features of
+the new colony in the Massachusetts Bay, as recounted by
+the Salem minister. Of the hardships he makes small mention,
+for his aim was to induce emigration. There was
+much sickness, however, and many deaths. Higginson
+himself lived only a year after reaching Salem. The breaking
+up of virgin soil always brings on malaria and fever.
+Dudley wrote “that there is not an house where there is not
+one dead, and in some houses many. The naturall causes
+seem to bee in the want of warm lodgings, and good dyet
+to which Englishmen are habittuated, at home; and in the
+suddain increase of heate which they endure that are
+landed here in somer * * * those of Plymouth who landed
+in winter dyed of the Scirvy, as did our poorer sort whose
+howses and bedding kept them not sufficiently warm, nor<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[Pg 8]</span>
+their dyet sufficiently in heart.”<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> Thomas Dudley wrote
+this in March, 1631. He explained that he was writing
+upon his knee by the fireside in the living-room, having as
+yet no table nor other room in which to write during the
+sharp winter. In this room his family must resort “though
+they break good manners, and make mee many times forget
+what I would say, and say what I would not.”</p>
+
+<p>But these hardships and inconveniences of living which
+the New England colonists met and overcame differ but
+little from those experienced in every new settlement.
+They have been parallelled again and again wherever
+Englishmen or Americans have wandered. In a few years
+after the coming of the ships much of the rawness and
+discomfort must have disappeared, certainly in the early
+settlements, and comparative comfort must have existed in
+most homes. If we could now lift the roof of the average
+seventeenth-century house in New England it is certain
+that we should find disclosed not only comfortable conditions
+of living but in many instances a degree of luxury
+with fine furnishings that is appreciated by few at the
+present time. And this can now be shown by means of
+the itemized inventories of estates that were carefully
+made, listing the contents of a house, room by room, and
+enabling us to visualize the interiors of the homes in which
+lived the pioneers of New England.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp95" id="i008" style="max-width: 77.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i008.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD</p>
+
+<p>The Parlor</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Among the early settlements made in the Colony of the
+Massachusetts Bay was one at Agawam, now the town of
+Ipswich. The news had reached Boston that the French
+were pushing their settlements westward along the coast,
+bringing with them “divers priests and Jesuits,” which so
+alarmed the Governor and Council that it was decided to
+forestall the French and hasten the planting of new towns
+north of Boston. The first move was to send the Governor’s
+son John, with twelve others, to establish themselves at
+Agawam. There were no roads and so they sailed along
+the coast in a shallop and took possession of the town site<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[Pg 9]</span>
+in March, 1633. Their families and other settlers soon
+followed and the increase of population was such that in
+August, 1634, the Court of Assistants decreed that the
+place be called Ipswich, after old Ipswich in England, “in
+acknowledgment of the great honor and kindness done to
+our people, who took shipping there.”</p>
+
+<p>Three months later, in November, 1634, one John Dillingham
+arrived in Ipswich and the selectmen granted him six
+acres of land on which to build a house. He was from
+Leicestershire and with his wife and daughter had come
+over in the fleet with Winthrop in 1630, and remained in
+Boston until he removed to Ipswich. Life in the frontier
+settlement was too severe for him and he died during the
+next winter. On July 14, 1636, his widow, Sarah, made her
+“last will and testament” being in “perfect memory though
+my body be weake &amp; sick” and a few days later she too
+was dead, leaving her orphaned daughter to be cared for
+by Richard Saltonstall and John Appleton, under the direction
+of the Quarterly Court. And this was not at all difficult
+for John Dillingham had left a “goodly estate,” for the
+times. This Dillingham home has been selected for analysis
+because it is one of the earliest estates in the Colony of
+which we have exact and detailed information, a number
+of documents relating to it having been preserved among
+the miscellaneous papers in the Massachusetts State
+Archives.<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Moreover, it shows the furnishings and equipment
+of a settler living in a town of only two years growth
+from the wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>The Dillingham homestead consisted of a house of two
+rooms and outbuildings with thirty acres of upland, sixty
+acres of meadow, i. e., grass land, and six acres of planting
+ground near the house, of which four acres were planted
+with corn. Apple trees and other fruits were fenced off in
+the garden. For livestock there was a mare, three cows,
+two steers, two heifers, four calves, and four pigs. There
+was an indentured servant, Thomas Downs, to help cultivate<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[Pg 10]</span>
+the land and care for the stock, and a maid, Ann
+Towle, who not only helped with the housework but also
+worked in the fields. “She hath been a faithful servant,”
+wrote Richard Saltonstall, executor of the estate, “and
+though she was discharged by her mistress a little before
+her time was out, yet it may be borne by the estate, considering
+her diligence.” Ann had come over in the ship
+<cite>Susan and Ellen</cite>, which arrived in April, 1635. Her passage
+cost £5.</p>
+
+<p>The Dillinghams occupied a good social position in the
+youthful settlement but their two-room house did not contain
+any really fine furniture. The parlor was also used
+as a bedroom, a practice which was common everywhere
+in the seventeenth century. It had two bedsteads valued
+at £1. 6. 8.; a cupboard, 10s.; a sea chest, 10s.; two “joyned
+Chaires,” 5s.; a round table, 7s.; a deske, 4s.; and a
+band box, 2s. There was also a large nest of boxes valued
+£2. and a small nest of boxes worth only three shillings.
+The feather beds, boulsters, and pillows on each bed were
+valued at about twice as much as a bedstead and the
+coverlets averaged about £1. a piece. There were flaxen
+sheets for Mrs. Dillingham’s bed and coarse sheets for the
+beds of the maid and the indentured servant. A warming-pan
+bears silent testimony to the cold of the winter season.
+Another bedstead valued at only three shillings may have
+been in the garret and occupied by Ann Towle, the maid.
+A chest stood in the kitchen—more generally spoken of at
+that time as “the hall,” in accordance with the English
+usage—and two boxes, probably used for storage and also
+for seats. That was all the furniture listed in the kitchen
+that was considered of any value. The tables, stools,
+benches, shelving, or other furnishings seemingly necessary
+to housekeeping at that time either did not exist or
+were so crude in construction as to have little or no value
+in estimating the estate. We find five cushions, however,
+valued at fifteen shillings.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Dillingham died possessed of a few really fine<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[Pg 11]</span>
+furnishings—possibly treasured ancestral pieces—for she
+bequeathed a silver bowl to the wife of Richard Saltonstall,
+and to the wife of John Appleton she gave a silver porringer.
+It would be extremely interesting today to know what has
+become of these two pieces of Colonial silver. No other
+silver is mentioned but on shelving in the kitchen rested
+40-1/2 pounds of pewter valued at £2. 14. 0. As a pewter
+plate of the time weighs nearly two pounds and a platter
+much more the supply of pewter for the table was not
+large. Wooden plates, trenchers, and bowls are not mentioned,
+but there were twenty-five pewter saucers, six
+porringers, seven spoons, and five shillings worth of knives.
+As for table forks, they were practically unknown in the
+Colony at that time. Governor Winthrop brought over a
+fork in 1630, carefully preserved in a case, which is supposed
+to be the first and only table fork in the Colony in
+the earliest days of the settlements. Knives, spoons, and
+fingers, with plenty of napery, met the demands of table
+manners in the seventeenth century.</p>
+
+<p>The large fireplace in the kitchen had its usual equipment
+of pothooks, fire shovel and tongs, gridiron, trivet,
+and bellows, and beside it was an old dark lantern valued
+at only two shillings. There were iron pots, kettles, skillets
+and ladles; a brass pot and a mortar. There was a
+frying-pan with a hole in it and in a box were kept “bullets,
+hinges and other smale things.” Two beer vessels were
+listed; a case of bottles, two jugs, three pans, a tray, and
+two baskets. Such was the simple equipment of the Dillingham
+kitchen. There were plenty of table-cloths and
+napkins but no curtains at any of the windows. If a broom
+were used it probably was made of birch twigs bound together
+around a long handle. Candlesticks do not appear
+in the inventory and the only store of food mentioned (aside
+from twenty-one new cheeses valued at £2. 16. 0.) was
+seven bushels of rye, two firkins and a half of butter, a
+half bushel of malt, six pounds of raisins, and some spice.
+Our ancestors had a highly developed appreciation of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[Pg 12]</span>
+value of condiments. In a Salem inventory at a somewhat
+later date appear salt, pepper, ginger, cloves, mace, cinnamon,
+nutmegs, and allspice.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Dillingham’s wearing apparel unfortunately is not
+listed item by item, but given a total value of £5. 8. 4. Her
+linen amounted to an almost equal sum. Some of her
+deceased husband’s clothing is included in the inventory,
+such as a coat with silver buttons, a red waistcoat, a suit of
+serge and a black suit of serge unmade, a jacket of cloth,
+and an old suit and cloak. Little Sara Dillingham, the
+orphaned child, when sent to school to goodwife Symonds
+was supplied with “a stuffe petticoat &amp; waskote” and four
+“shifts with shewes”; also a gown that cost £2. 10s. Perhaps
+after a time she may have been able to read and fully
+appreciate the books formerly in her loving father’s chest.
+They were:—“Perkins works in 3 volumes, Seaven Treatises
+bound in 2 volumes, the Spowse Royall, the bruised
+reade, &amp; a little new testiment.”</p>
+
+<p>By way of contrast let us glance at the inventory of the
+possessions of William Googe of Lynn, who died in 1646,
+ten years after Mrs. Dillingham had willed that her body
+be “decently buyried” and her child “religiously educated
+if God give it life.” Googe left a house and twelve acres
+of land and the total value of his possessions amounted to
+but £28. 11. 7, with debts of £4. 9. 7. He left a widow and
+three small children, and though dying in very lowly
+circumstances he may have known better times, for John
+Mascoll, the servant of Mr. Googe of Lynn, was fined in
+1643, for neglecting the watch. The title of honor, “Mr.,”
+was used but sparingly in those early days and usually
+indicated a degree of social standing in the community.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp94" id="i012" style="max-width: 76.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i012.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM</p>
+
+<p>Built in 1684; showing overhanging second story, gable windows
+and casement sash</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Googe had been a soldier, for among his personal belongings
+at death were a sword and belt, a musket and bandoleers,
+and also gunpowder. One cow and four hogs comprised
+his entire livestock, and five bushels of wheat, ten
+bushels of Indian corn, and flax in the bundle lay in the garret
+of his house, which was frugally furnished with a chest,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[Pg 13]</span>
+a chair, an old chair, a stool, and a trunk. The family probably
+slept on pallet beds made up on the floor, for bedding
+is listed but no bedsteads. They had a frying pan, a
+gridiron, a skillet, a posnet, an earthen pot, six spoons, and
+the following wooden ware, viz: “3 wood trayes &amp; 3 wood
+boules &amp; 3 wood dishes, 1s. 9d.; one runlitt, 1s.; paieles
+&amp; tubs, 3s.” Two bags valued at two shillings bring to a
+close the list of the earthly possessions of William Googe
+of Lynn. When the inventory was brought into court it
+very properly gave the goods to the widow “for the bringing
+up of her three small children.” So reads the record.</p>
+
+<p>Doubtless there were many families in the Colony little
+better conditioned, judging from the relatively small number
+of estates settled through the courts when compared
+with the deaths and estimated population.</p>
+
+<p>Googe’s house and twelve acres of land were valued at
+only £8. This must have been a very simple, thatch-roofed
+house of not more than two rooms, comparable with
+the outlying farmhouse of Jacob Perkins that was burned
+in Ipswich in 1668. And thereby hangs a tale. Master
+Perkins and his wife had gone to town one summer afternoon
+leaving the house in charge of Mehitable Brabrooke,
+a sixteen-year-old serving maid. We will let the ancient
+document in the court files relate what happened.</p>
+
+<p>“About 2 or 3 aclocke in the afternoone she was taking
+tobacco in a pipe and went out of the house with her pipe
+and gott upon the oven on the outside &amp; backside of the
+house (to looke if there were any hogs in the corne) and
+she layed her right hand upon the thatch of the house (to
+stay herselfe) and with her left hand knocked out her pipe
+over her right arme upon the thatch on the eaves of the
+house (not thinking there had been any fire in the pipe) and
+imediately went downe into the corne feild to drive out the
+hogs she saw in it, and as she was going toward the railes
+of the feild ... she looked back, and saw a smoke
+upon her Mistress’ house in the place where she had
+knocked out her pipe at which shee was much frighted.”<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[Pg 14]</span></p>
+<p>The wife of a neighbor came running to the assistance
+of Mehitable and afterwards testified that when she reached
+the house she looked into both fireplaces and saw no appearance
+of fire, only a few brands nearly dead under a
+great kettle hanging in the chimney. She also looked up
+into the chamber through the floor boards that lay very
+open on the side where the smoke was.</p>
+
+<p>Could photographs more vividly picture the scene? The
+thatch-roofed farmhouse had two rooms on the ground
+floor and a chimney with two fireplaces. An oven was
+built on the backside probably having an opening inside
+the kitchen fireplace in the usual manner. The house
+was of but one story judging from the low roof that the
+maid was able to reach when standing on the oven, and the
+floor of the chamber in the loft had wide cracks between
+the boards so that it was possible to look through from below
+and see the under side of the roof. In similar homes
+lived many a family in the early days in comparative comfort.</p>
+
+<p>As for the careless Mehitable, she was brought before
+the Quarterly Court on suspicion of wilfully setting the
+house on fire; a serious offence, which as late as 1821, was
+the cause of the execution in Salem of a sixteen-year-old
+boy. Among those who deposed at her trial was a young
+man who said that as he and she were going into the
+meadow, before the fire, to make hay, she told him that
+her mistress was angry with her, but she had “fitted her
+now” for she had put a great toad into her kettle of milk. As
+it turned out the Court ordered Mehitable to be severely
+whipped and to pay £40 damages to her master Jacob Perkins.
+It now seems incredible that a serving maid of 1668
+could ever get together so large a sum of money.</p>
+
+<p>The settlers in the New England Colonies, unless persons
+of wealth or possessed of large families, during the early
+years lived generally in houses having but one room and
+an entry-way on the ground floor. Above would be a
+chamber—sometimes only a garret. As the family<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[Pg 15]</span>
+increased in size and became more prosperous another room
+would be added to the house on the other side of the entry
+and chimney, making the structure a so-called two-room
+house. Still later, with the need for more room, a leanto
+would be built on the back of the house, thereby supplying
+three additional rooms on the ground floor with a kitchen
+in the middle. The earlier kitchen would then become a
+living-room or “sitting room”—in the New England phrase.
+This earlier kitchen was usually called “the hall” during
+the seventeenth century and in it centered the life of the
+family. It was the room where the food was cooked and
+eaten. There the family sat and there the indoor work
+was carried on. A loom sometimes occupied considerable
+space near a window and frequently a bed was made up in
+a corner, on which the father of the family slept, and there
+sometimes also he died.</p>
+
+<p>The principal feature of this common room was its huge
+fireplace in which hung pots and kettles suspended by
+means of pot chains and trammels from the hardwood
+trammel-bar or lug-pole that rested on wooden cross bars
+and so bisected the wide flue in the chimney. These large
+fireplaces in the early days were sometimes called “chimneys”
+in the vernacular of the time. They were generally
+as wide as eight feet and a ten foot opening is not unknown.</p>
+
+<p>This cavernous opening was spanned by a wooden lintel—a
+stick of timber sometimes sixteen inches or more square,
+and when exposed to a roaring fire, piled high with logs,
+this became an element of danger, the charring wood
+smoldering all night and setting fire to the house. The
+trammel-bar in the flue also caught fire not infrequently
+and gave way, allowing the pots and kettles to fall to the
+hearth, bringing disaster to the dinner or to the curdling
+milk and sometimes to those seated near. A trammel
+stick in the house of Captain Denney gave way from this
+cause and a large kettle filled with wort<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> fell down and
+spilt the boiling liquid over four of his children who were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[Pg 16]</span>
+sitting or lying on the hearth, some of them asleep, “which
+scalded them in so terrible a manner, that one died presently
+after, and another’s life is dispaired of” continues the
+record.</p>
+
+<p>“Here is good living for those who love good fires,” wrote
+Higginson in his “New-Englands Plantation,” and under
+the spell of the glowing flames, the bare, whitewashed walls,
+the brown timbers and floor boards of the ceiling, the dress
+of pewter, and the simple furnishings of the room, enriched
+by the shadows, became a place full of cheer—a place
+where privation and homesickness might be forgotten in
+the glow of the bright firelight. On cold nights the short
+bench inside the fireplace was a chosen place and the settle,
+a long seat made of boards with a high back to keep
+off the draft, was drawn before the fire and here sat the
+older members of the family.</p>
+
+<p>The larger kettles hanging in the fireplace, were of brass
+and copper and some of them were of prodigious size. Hot
+water was always to be had and these kettles also served
+for the daily cooking, the cheese-making, soap-boiling, and
+candle-dipping.</p>
+
+<p>Much of the food of the average New Englander until
+comparatively recent times consisted of corn-meal, boiled
+meats and vegetables and stews. Every well-equipped
+household had its spits for roasting and many had gridirons,
+but the usual diet of the average family was “hasty pudding,”—cornmeal
+mush and milk—varied by boiled meat
+or fish served in the center of a large pewter platter and
+surrounded by boiled vegetables. Baked beans and stewed
+beans appeared on the table several times every week in
+the year. Indian bannock, made by mixing corn meal with
+water and spreading it an inch thick on a small board
+placed at an incline before the fire and so baked, was a
+common form of bread. When mixed with rye meal it became
+brown bread and was baked in the brick oven with
+the beans and peas.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp98" id="i016" style="max-width: 77.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i016.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM</p>
+
+<p>The Parlor</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The brick oven was a feature of every chimney. Sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[Pg 17]</span>
+in early days it was built partly outside the house
+but so far as known the opening was always in the kitchen
+fireplace. To reach it the housewife must stoop below
+the oaken lintel and stand inside the fireplace, taking care
+that her woolen skirts did not come near the flames. To
+heat it for a baking, a fire was built inside, usually with
+specially prepared pine or birch wood that had been split
+and seasoned out of doors for a short time and then housed.
+The oven was hot enough when the black was burned off
+the top and the inside had become a uniform light color.
+The fire and ashes were then taken out by means of a peel—a
+long-handled, flat-bladed shovel made for the purpose—and
+when dusted out with a broom made of hemlock
+twigs it was ready for the brown bread, beans, peas, Indian
+pudding, pies, and rye drop cakes which were made
+with rye meal, eggs and milk and baked directly on the
+bricks in the bottom of the oven. Potatoes and eggs were
+roasted in the ashes of the fireplace.</p>
+
+<p>Between the years of 1635 and 1655, court records and
+inventories of estates in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
+mention the following articles of food:</p>
+
+<p>Bacon, beef, butter, cheese, eggs, fowls, lamb, milk, mutton,
+pork, suet, veal, wild game, and cod, herring, mackerel,
+salmon and sturgeon.</p>
+
+<p>Barley, beans, Indian beans, bran, cabbages, carrots,
+chaff, corn, English corn, Indian corn, hops, Indian meal,
+rye meal, oatmeal, oats, parsnips, pease, pumpions, rye,
+squashes, turnips and wheat.</p>
+
+<p>Apples, berries, fruit, honey, raisins, sugar and vinegar.</p>
+
+<p>Biscuit, blewlman, bread, cake, malt, salad oil, porridge,
+rye malt, yeast, salt and many kinds of spices.</p>
+
+<p>Much of this food was raised on the farm and nearly
+every family had its garden. Such articles of food as were
+imported were usually obtained at the shops in the larger
+towns by barter, as money was scarce. In 1651, a farmer
+from the frontier town of Andover came through the woods
+to Salem in his cart bringing twelve bushels of rye. He<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[Pg 18]</span>
+stopped at a shop owned by George Corwin and from the
+daybook kept at the time and still carefully preserved, we
+learn that among other necessaries he carried home sugar
+for the goodwife and for the children—a doll and a bird
+whistle.</p>
+
+<p>In the early years domestic animals were too valuable
+to be killed for meat but game was plentiful and was roasted
+by being trussed on iron spits resting on curved brackets
+on the backs of the andirons. This, of course, required
+constant turning to expose the roast on all sides in order
+to cook it evenly—a task frequently delegated to a child.
+A skillet would be placed beneath to catch the drippings.
+Sometimes a bird was suspended before the fire by a twisted
+cord that would slowly unwind and partly wind again,
+requiring some one in frequent attendance to twist the
+cord. Families of wealth possessed a “jack” to turn the spit.
+This was a mechanism fastened over the fireplace and connected
+with the spit by means of a pulley and cord. A heavy
+weight suspended by a cord which slowly unwound, supplied
+the power that turned the spit.</p>
+
+<p>At night, on going to bed, the fire was carefully covered
+with ashes in order to keep it for the next day. This was
+called “raking up the fire.” If through poor judgment the
+fire didn’t keep some one would go to a near neighbor to
+borrow coals, or if this was inconvenient, resort was then
+had to the tinder box. Tinder was made by charring linen
+or cotton rags and the tinder box was kept in the niche on
+the inside of the fireplace, made by leaving out a couple of
+bricks.</p>
+
+<p>In “the hall,” usually upon open shelves, but sometimes
+upon a dresser, was displayed the pride of the housewife,—the
+dress of pewter and lattin ware. “China dishes,”
+imported by the East India Company or made in Holland,
+were used sparingly during the early years of the colonies.
+There was much earthenware and stoneware bottles and
+jugs, but it was woodenware and pewter that were commonly
+used. When Lionel Chute died in 1645 he bequeathed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[Pg 19]</span>
+his silver spoon to his son James.<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> It was the only
+piece of silver in the house. Of pewter he died possessed
+of fourteen dishes “small and great,” eleven pewter salts,
+saucers and porringers, two pewter candlesticks and a
+pewter bottle. The widow Rebecca Bacon who died in
+Salem in 1655, left an estate of £195. 8. 6., which included a
+well-furnished house. She had brass pots, skillets, candlesticks,
+skimmers, a little brass pan, and an excellent supply
+of pewter including “3 large pewter platters, 3 a size lesse,
+3 more a size lesse, 3 more a size lesse,” having a total value
+of £1. 16. She also had a pewter basin, six large pewter
+plates, and six lesser, nineteen pewter saucers, two fruit
+dishes, an old basin and a great plate, two candlesticks,
+one large salt and a small one, two porringers, a great flagon,
+one lesser, one quart, two pints and a half pint; and
+an old porringer. She also left “1 silver duble salt, 6 silver
+spoones, wine cup &amp; a dram cup of silver.”</p>
+
+<p>Giles Badger of Newbury left to his young widow, a glass
+bowl, beaker, and jug valued at three shillings; three silver
+spoons valued at £1, and a good assortment of pewter,
+including “a salt seller, a tunell and a great dowruff.” The
+household was also furnished with six wooden dishes and
+two wooden platters. In other inventories appear unusual
+items such as a pewter brim basin, pewter cullenders,
+pewter beer cups, pans, and mustard pots. Pewter tankards
+were common. There were new and old fashioned
+candlesticks. Pewter salts came in three sizes and the
+saucers were both small and large. In 1693, best London
+pewter plates cost the Boston shopkeepers 9-1/2 pence per
+pound in quantity.</p>
+
+<p>The seventeenth century “hall” must have had little
+spare room for its daily occupants, for in addition to its
+table and chairs, its settle, stools and wash bench, the long
+ago inventories disclose such chattels as powdering tubs
+in which the salted meats were kept, the churn, barrels
+containing a great variety of things, keelers and buckets,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[Pg 20]</span>
+bucking tubs for washing, and the various implements
+used in spinning and weaving, washing and ironing, cooking
+and brewing, and the making of butter and cheese.
+In the chimney hung hams and bacon and suspended from
+the ceiling were strings of dried apples and hands of seed
+corn.</p>
+
+<p>It is claimed by some that the floors were sanded. That
+certainly was true at a later period but there are strong
+elements of doubt as to the prevalence of this custom during
+the seventeenth century. Sand, however, was used
+freely with home-made soft soap, to scrub the floors which
+were always kept white and clean, and whenever an early
+house is restored or taken down sand is always found,
+sometimes in considerable quantity, where it has sifted
+down through the cracks between the floor boards. The
+downstairs rooms had double floors but the chamber floors
+were made of one thickness of boards with here and there
+a knothole and frequently with cracks between the boards
+through which the dust and dirt from above must have
+sifted down upon the heads of those seated at dinner or engaged
+in their daily tasks in the rooms below. Not only
+does the structural evidence show this to be true but a
+number of instances occur among the papers in Court files,
+where witnesses have deposed as to what they had seen
+and heard through the cracks in chamber floors. A grandson
+of Governor Endecott once fell a victim of two gossiping
+sixteen-year old girls who had spent some time on their
+knees peeping through the cracks in a chamber floor.
+Capt. Richard More, the last survivor of the company on
+the “Mayflower,” late in life kept a tavern in Salem. He
+was spied upon in this manner and eventually brought before
+the justices of the Quarterly Court to answer for his
+evasion of the law set forth and maintained at that time.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i020" style="max-width: 77.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i020.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM</p>
+
+<p>The kitchen showing roasting jack, settle, birch broom,
+hands of seed corn, etc.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The parlor, called “the foreroom” at a later time, was the
+room where guests of station were received. The best bed
+hung with curtains and valance and covered with a rug,
+stood in a corner. In those days rugs were not used on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[Pg 21]</span>
+floors but as bed furnishings. Even the baby’s cradle had
+its rug. Carpets, likewise, were too fine for wooden floors
+and were used as table covers. Of bedsteads there were
+many kinds,—high and low, canopy, close, corded, half-headed,
+joined, side, standing, inlaid, and wainscott, and
+slipped under the higher bedsteads during the daytime,
+were trundle or “truckle” beds in which the children slept
+at night. Lionel Chute, the schoolmaster, had an “old
+darnkell coverlet” on his bed while some of his neighbors
+possessed branched and embroidered coverlets and several
+had coverlets made of tapestry.</p>
+
+<p>Among the better families the parlor and chamber windows
+had curtains hung from rods. In the parlor stood one
+or more chests in which were stored the family clothing and
+bedding, for closets did not exist in the seventeenth century
+house. There were great chests and small chests, long
+boarded and great boarded chests, chests with a drawer,
+carved chests, wainscot chests, trunks, and boxes. A few
+stools and chairs, a looking glass, a small table, and perhaps
+a cupboard completed the furnishings of the well-supplied
+parlor. In Capt. George Corwin’s best room there were
+chairs with leather bottoms and straw bottoms, a clock valued
+at £2, a screen having five leaves, a napkin press, and
+a “Scriture or Spice box.” White calico curtains hung at
+his chamber windows and the maid had a “Calico Cuberd
+cloth” in her room. Parlor walls were whitewashed and
+bare of ornament. The first families owned a portrait or
+two in oils and here and there a map in unglazed frame
+decorated a wall. The Puritan character did not warm to
+the fine arts and austere living was the aim if not always
+the achievement of the time.</p>
+
+<p>The chambers in the second story must have been curiously
+furnished rooms, containing a huddle of stores of
+all descriptions. Henry Short, the town clerk of Newbury,
+died in 1673 leaving a goodly estate valued at nearly £2000.<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+He owned a negro slave and his house was large and well<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[Pg 22]</span>
+furnished. There was an old parlor and a new parlor containing
+beds, chests, chairs, trunks, and boxes. In the
+chamber over the new parlor there was a good feather-bed
+and bed clothing but no bedstead. Wool and yarn were
+stored in this room together with boxes, tubs, some feathers,
+and miscellaneous “lumber”—the phrase of the period
+for odds and ends. The chamber over the kitchen, a comfortable
+room of course, in winter, had its bed and bedding,
+also “5 hogsheds, 6 barrels, 5 Iron hoopes, a pair of stock-cards,
+meale trough &amp; other lumber, a parcell of old Iron,
+a pike, a bed cord &amp; other cordage.” Small wonder in
+such a clutter that the rooms frequently had other tenantry
+than the human occupants.</p>
+
+<p>When Jasper Dankers arrived in Boston in 1680, the captain
+of the packet took him to his sister’s house where he
+lodged. “We were taken to a fine large chamber,” he
+writes, “but we were hardly in bed before we were shockingly
+bitten. I did not know the cause, but was not able
+to sleep.... My comrade who was very sleepy, fell asleep
+at first. He tumbled about very much; but I did not sleep
+any the whole night. In the morning we saw how it was,
+and were astonished we should find such a room with such
+a lady.”<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p>With the present wide-spread belief in Puritan austerity
+of character, there is associated a conception of a simplicity
+of dress and manners. But the channels of information
+by which present day beliefs have been shaped usually
+have been ecclesiastical, and bias and convenient forgetfulness
+have been factors in outlining the composition of
+the picture. Human nature and human frailities were
+much the same in the seventeenth century as at the present
+time. In point of fact, our New England ancestors when
+viewed as a body, are found to have had standards of living
+far below those of today. The common speech was
+gross in the extreme. Crowded living led to familiarity.
+There was more drunkenness, profanity, loose living and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[Pg 23]</span>
+petty crime in proportion to the population than at the
+present time, and by no means did every one go to meeting
+on Sunday. The ministers controlled the lawmaking body
+and sumptuary laws were enacted which are enlightening.
+Because of “newe and immodest fashions” the wearing of
+silver, gold and silk laces, girdles and hat bands was prohibited.
+It was the fashion at that time to slash the sleeves
+so that a fabric of another color worn beneath would show
+in an ornamental manner through the slash. The ministers
+decreed that neither man nor woman should wear
+clothing with more than one slash on each sleeve and another
+on the back. “Cuttworks, inbroidered or needle
+worke capps, bands &amp; rayles,” were forbidden.<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> Ruffs and
+beaver hats were prohibited, as was long hair. Binding
+or small edging laces might be used, but the making or
+selling of bone lace was penalized at the rate of five shillings
+per yard.</p>
+
+<p>But this didn’t change human nature and although from
+time to time offenders were taken into court and punished,
+the wearing of fine clothing fashioned after the London
+mode continued and a few years later the ministers tried
+their hand again. Any kind of lace was anathema and “no
+garment shalbee made with short sleeves, whereby the
+nakedness of the arme may bee discovered.” On the other
+hand, large sleeves were forbidden, so the maids and goodwives
+of the time must have been somewhat at a loss to
+know how lawfully to fashion their clothes.</p>
+
+<p>The minister at Ipswich grew so ill-tempered over the
+ungodly state of the women in his town that he vented his
+spleen as follows:—“When I hear a nugiperous Gentledame
+inquire what dress the Queen is in this week, what
+the nudius tertian of the Court, I look at her as the very
+gizzard of a trifle, the product of a quarter of a cypher, the
+epitome of nothing, fitter to be kickt, if she were of a kickable
+substance than either honoured or humoured.”<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[Pg 24]</span></p>
+<p>The minister in the adjoining town, Rowley, actually cut
+off his nephew from his inheritance because he wore his
+hair long in the prevailing fashion. Later in the century
+the offense of wearing long hair was forgotten in the unspeakable
+sin of wearing wigs. The Great and General
+Court again took a hand and in 1675 condemned “the practise
+of men’s wearing their own or other’s hair made into
+periwigs.” Judge Sewall in his <cite>Diary</cite> alludes to the custom.
+In 1685 three persons were admitted to the Old South
+Church in Boston. “Two wore periwigs,” comments the
+Judge.</p>
+
+<p>“1708, Aug. 20, Mr. Chievar died. The Wellfare of the
+Province was much upon his Spirit. He abominated Periwigs.”<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Great and General Court at one time ordered that
+no person should smoke tobacco in public under a penalty
+of two shillings and six pence, nor in his own house with a
+relative or friend. But everybody smoked who wanted to,
+even the maids, and the repressive legislation in time met
+the usual fate of similar efforts to restrain individual liberty
+and manners.</p>
+
+<p>It is sweet to fancy Priscilla at her spinning wheel wearing
+the coif and nun-like garb of the Puritan maiden of the
+poet and the artist. But the inventories of estates in the
+early years of the Colony, as well as at a later time, furnish
+evidence of a different character. The variety of fabrics
+listed is amazing and holds its own with the modern department
+store. There are most of the well-known fabrics
+of today, such as calico, cambric, challis, flannel, lawn,
+linen, plush, serge, silk, velvet, and many others; and
+there are also names that sound strangely in modern ears,
+viz: cheney, darnex, dowlas, genting, inckle, lockrum, ossembrike,
+pennistone, perpetuana, sempiternum, stammell,
+and water paragon.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i024" style="max-width: 78em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i024.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM</p>
+
+<p>Corner of the kitchen showing dresser with its “dress of
+pewter,” wash bench, meal chest, wooden ware, etc.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>As for dress,—the women wore bonnets, caps, silk hoods,
+coifs, forehead cloths, ruffs, and whisks. Gowns, cloaks,</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[Pg 25]</span></p>
+<p>mantles, and muffs are mentioned frequently; as are many
+kinds of lace and even fans and veils. Shawls and scarfs
+were not unknown and there were gold, silver, and enamelled
+rings. At least one woman possessed a mask, and
+stomachers were not uncommon. Tortoise shell combs
+appear; all well-to-do persons wore gloves, and as for shoes—there
+were shoes with French heels, fall shoes, and those
+with silver buckles. Even shoe-strings appear in the inventories.
+There were silver, pewter, and steel buttons
+and those of gympe, thread, and silk.</p>
+
+<p>Laboring men wore leather and coarse fabrics and for
+others there were suits, doublets, waistcoats and breeches.
+Trousers are mentioned; also a cane and periwigs. Of
+caps and hats there were a number of kinds—felt, castor,
+demi-castor, and even straw. Capt. George Corwin, a Salem
+merchant, owned a cloth coat trimmed with silver lace, a
+velvet coat, a tabby doublet, an old fashioned Dutch satin
+doublet, four cloaks of various kinds, two pairs of golden
+topped gloves, one embroidered pair, and a pair with black
+fringe. He also took his walks abroad wearing silk stockings,
+with a hat encircled by a silver band and carrying a
+silver headed cane or a plate hilt rapier, according to fashion.
+He possessed two silver watches. Who shall say that
+the men and women of the New England colonies did not
+dress well and live well in the early days according to their
+means?</p>
+
+<p>What was their conduct not only in their homes but in
+their relations with their neighbors? Did they live peaceably
+and work together in building up the settlements?
+Did they set up in the wilderness domestic relations exactly
+like those they had abandoned over-seas? It was a raw
+frontier country to which they came and it is apparent that
+at the outset they felt themselves to be transplanted Englishmen.
+So far as possible they lived the lives to which
+they had been accustomed and they engrafted in their new
+homes the manners and customs of the generations behind
+them. Most of them fully recognized, however, that they<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[Pg 26]</span>
+were not to return; that they had cut loose from the old
+home ties and it was not long before the necessities and
+limitations of frontier life brought about changed conditions
+in every direction. Politically, religiously and socially,
+they were in a different relation than formerly in the
+English parish life. Many of them, especially those somewhat
+removed from the immediate supervision of magistrate
+and minister, before long seem to have shown a tendency
+to follow the natural bent of the frontiersman toward
+independent thought and action. Their political
+leaders made laws restricting daily life and action and their
+religious leaders laid down rules for belief and conduct,
+that soon were repellent to many. Civil and clerical records
+are filled with instances showing an evasion of and even
+contempt for the laws and rules laid down by the leaders
+of their own choosing. Some of it doubtless was in the
+blood of the men who had come in search of a certain individual
+freedom of action, but much of it may be attributed
+to frontier conditions and primitive living. There were
+many indentured servants, and rough fishermen and sailors
+have always been unruly. Simple houses of but few rooms
+accommodating large families are not conducive to gentle
+speech or modesty of manner nor to a strict morality.
+The craving for land holding and the poorly defined and
+easily removed bounds naturally led to ill feeling, assault,
+defamation, and slander.</p>
+
+<p>It has been stated frequently that in the olden times in
+New England every one was obliged to go to church. The
+size of the meeting houses, the isolated locations of many
+of the houses, the necessary care of the numerous young
+children, and the interesting side-lights on the manners of
+the time which may be found in the court papers, all go to
+show that the statement must not be taken literally. Absence
+from meeting, breaking the Sabbath, carrying a burden
+on the Lord’s Day, condemning the church, condemning
+the ministry, scandalous falling out on the Lord’s Day,
+slandering the church, and other misdemeanors of a similar
+character were frequent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[Pg 27]</span></p>
+
+<p>A curious instance of Sabbath breaking occurred at
+Hampton, N. H. in 1646. Aquila Chase and his wife and
+David Wheeler were presented at court for gathering pease
+on the Sabbath. They were admonished. The family
+tradition has it that Aquila returned from sea that morning
+and his wife wishing to supply a delicacy for dinner,
+fell into grave error in thus pandering to his unsanctified
+appetite.</p>
+
+<p>At the Feb. 29, 1648 session of the court held in Salem,
+eight cases were tried. A Gloucester man was fined for
+cursing, saying “There are the brethern; the devil scald
+them.” Four servants were fined for breaking the Sabbath
+by hunting and killing a raccoon in the time of the public
+exercise to the disturbance of the congregation. If the
+animal had taken to the deep woods instead of staying near
+the meeting house the servants might have had their fun
+without paying for it. Then came a Marblehead case—a
+man who had sailed his boat into the harbor loaded with
+hay that he had brought from Gloucester. This was on
+the Lord’s Day at the time when people were going to the
+morning exercises. He, too, was fined. Nicholas Pinion,
+who worked at the Saugus Iron Works, was presented for
+absence from meeting four Lord’s Days together, “spending
+his time drinking and prophanely,” and Nicholas Russell
+of the same locality was fined for spending a great part
+of one Lord’s Day with Pinion in drinking strong water and
+cursing Pinion’s wife thereby causing jealousy in the family;
+and the woman in question having broken her bond
+for good behavior, was ordered to be severely whipped.
+The other cases were for swearing, in which the above
+named lady was included; for being disguised in drink;
+and for living from his wife. And so the court ended.</p>
+
+<p>Drunkenness was very common in the old days. Every
+family kept on hand a supply of liquor and wine, and cider
+was considered a necessity of daily living in the country,
+where it was served with each meal and also carried into
+the fields by the workers. It was stored in barrels in the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[Pg 28]</span>
+cellar and the task of drawing the cider and putting it on
+the table usually fell to the younger members of the family.
+A man would often provide in his will for the comfort
+of his loving wife by setting aside for occupancy during
+her life, one half of his house, with a carefully specified
+number of bushels of rye, potatoes, turnips and other vegetables;
+the use of a horse with which to ride to meeting or
+elsewhere; and lastly, the direction that annually she be
+provided with a certain number of barrels of cider,—sometimes
+as many as eight.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Edward Holyoke, the President of Harvard College,
+was in the habit of laying in each year thirty or more barrels
+of cider as he had to provide for much entertaining.
+Late in the winter he would draw off part of his stock and
+into each barrel he would pour a bottle of spirit and a
+month later some of this blend would be bottled for use on
+special occasions.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp50" id="i028" style="max-width: 75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i028.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>WELLCURB AT THE JOHN WARD HOUSE</p>
+
+<p>Showing wellsweep, wooden bucket and girl dressed
+in the costume of the late 17th century</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>As an example of life and manners in seventeenth century
+New England, the ministerial experiences of Topsfield
+may be cited. It is an inland town near Ipswich and was settled
+in 1639. The first minister was the Rev. William Perkins
+who had been a selectman and representative at Weymouth
+and a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery
+Company in Boston. Later he preached at Gloucester where
+one of his flock was presented at court for unbecoming
+speeches against Mr. Perkins, saying “if it were not for the
+law, shee would never come to the meeting, the teacher was
+so dead ... affirming that the teacher was fitter to be a ladys
+chamberman than to be in the pulpit.”<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> He removed to
+Topsfield in 1656 and before long was collecting his salary
+through the courts. Some of his flock retaliated and
+brought him into court for drunkenness, when it appeared
+that he had stopped at the Malden ordinary and called for
+a cup of sack but goody Hill told him that he had had too
+much already and Master Perkins replied “if you think I
+am drunk let me see if I can not goe” and he went tottering<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[Pg 29]</span>
+about the kitchen and said the house was so full of potts
+and kettles that he could hardly go.</p>
+
+<p>In 1663 a meeting house was built in Topsfield, and the
+Rev. Thomas Gilbert, a Scotchman, supplanted Mr. Perkins.
+The new minister also had a love for good wine and after
+a time Mr. Perkins entered a complaint and it appears from
+the records that one sacrament day Mr. Gilbert entertained
+at dinner a number of the older men and women whose
+homes were distant from the meeting house. He possessed
+a golden cup and what was left of the sacramental wine
+was drunk at dinner, the cup being passed around the table
+at least twice, the minister drinking deeply with the not
+unusual result, for he forgot to give thanks and sang a
+psalm with lisping utterance. Mr. Gilbert was followed
+in his pastorate by the Rev. Jeremiah Hobart, a Harvard
+graduate, who, during his eight years stay in Topsfield, became
+a familiar figure in the courts because of suits for
+non-payment of salary, for cursing and swearing, and for a
+damaging complaint for slander exhibiting much discreditable
+testimony. Then came the Rev. Joseph Capen and
+during his pastorate of over forty years the town and church
+enjoyed a peaceful growth interrupted only by the witchcraft
+delusion of 1692 in which an attempt to appropriate
+land of Topsfield men played an important part.</p>
+
+<p>But manners and crimes vary with the centuries as do
+dress and speech. In the year 1655, the following crimes
+were penalized in the courts of the Massachusetts Bay
+Colony: eavesdropping, meddling, neglecting work, naughty
+speech, profane dancing, kissing, making love without consent
+of friends, uncharitableness to a poor man in distress,
+carelessness about fire, wearing great boots, etc., and a
+few years later we find other strange misdemeanors, such
+as abusing a mother-in-law, wicked speeches against a son-in-law,
+kicking another in the street, leaving children alone
+in the house, pulling hair, riding behind two fellows at
+night (this was a girl, Lydia by name), sleeping in meeting
+and dissenting from the rest of the jury.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[Pg 30]</span></p>
+
+<p>With such minute supervision of the daily life of the
+colonists it can readily be appreciated that it was an age
+for gossiping, meddlesome interference with individual life
+and liberty and that in the course of time nearly every one
+came before the courts as complainant, defendant or witness.
+There were few amusements or intellectual diversions and
+they could only dwell on the gossip and small doings of
+their immediate surroundings. But all the while there
+was underlying respect for law, religion and the rights of
+others. The fundamental principles of human life were
+much the same as at the present day, and men and women
+lived together then as now and as they always will—with
+respect and love.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp30" id="i030" style="max-width: 20em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i030.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[Pg 31]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp90" id="i031" style="max-width: 105em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i031.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">AN ACCOUNT OF SUPPLIES FURNISHED BY<br>
+THE COMPANY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS<br>
+BAY TO REV. SAMUEL SKELTON, THE<br>
+MINISTER AT SALEM.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The following account of food, fabrics, household supplies
+and equipment furnished by the Company of the Massachusetts
+Bay to Rev. Samuel Skelton, the first minister at
+Salem, is of much economic interest. The emigrants sailed
+from London about the middle of April, 1629 and reached
+the harbor of Naumkeak (now Salem) on June 30th. Mr.
+Skelton died Aug. 2, 1634 and this accounting may have
+been made up after his death. It begins in 1629 at the
+time of the departure from England and covers an indeterminate
+period. The increase of livestock over a period of
+<i>five years</i> is described and this seems to indicate the period
+of residence at Salem until his death.</p>
+
+<p>It is enlightening to find that the Massachusetts Bay
+Company seems to have maintained a company shop at
+which supplies of all kinds might be obtained; and it is a
+matter for comment that the minister’s family was supplied
+during the voyage and in the early days following the settlement,
+with such luxuries as powdered sugar, salad oil,
+castile soap and almonds, not to mention, also, a variety of
+spices, such as pepper, cloves, mace, and nutmegs.</p>
+
+<p>The original of this document may be seen in the Suffolk
+County Court Files, Volume I.</p>
+
+<p>Other interesting lists of all kinds of materials sent over
+by the Company, may be found in the Company records
+printed by the Commonwealth in 1853 (Vol. I, pp. 23-37) and
+also by the American Antiquarian Society (Transactions,
+Vol. III, pp. 5-30e).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[Pg 32]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Coppie of An Accompte of monies M<sup>r</sup> Skelton is Creditor
+viz.</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdr">li.&nbsp;&nbsp;s.&nbsp;&nbsp;d.</td>
+</tr>                                                       
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> An<sup>o</sup> 1629</td>
+<td class="tdl">Imprimis p so much w<sup>ch</sup> should}</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">haue bene paid him in England}</td>
+<td class="tdr">20-00-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">towards fitting him for y<sup>e</sup> voy<sup>adg</sup>}</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Item for Charges att Tillbury, Cowes,</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">& Plimoth, being wind bound</td>
+<td class="tdr">02-10-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Item p Twenty <sup>li</sup> p Annum for 3</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">years is y<sup>e</sup> some of</td>
+<td class="tdr">60-00-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Item for on bushell of wheat flowe<sup>r</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">00-15-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. for one bushell of oatmeale</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-10-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. for one holland & 2 ordenary</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Cheess</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-10-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. for xx<sup>li</sup> of powder sugar att</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-03-09</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. for one Loafe Cont 7<sup>li</sup> att 1<sup>s</sup> 6<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">00-10-06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. for one sugar Loafe Cont 5<sup>li</sup> att</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1<sup>s</sup> 7<sup>d</sup> p li.</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-07-11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. 6<sup>li</sup> of pepper</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-12-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. Nutmeggs 4 oz</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-01-08</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. one oz. of Clovs, & one oz. of mace</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-02-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. iij<sup>li</sup> of starch</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-01-03</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. xij<sup>li</sup> of Rice</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-06-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. vj<sup>li</sup> of Vntryed suett</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-03-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. one gall of aquavite</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-03-08</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. for one flitch of Bacon</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-14-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. Castle soape ix<sup>li</sup> att 8<sup>d</sup> p li</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-06-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. frute viz Rasons Corrants &</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">pruens</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-14-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. Safron ij oz</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-05-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. five qu of stronge water</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-08-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. Almonds ij<sup>li</sup> at 1<sup>s</sup> 2<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">00-02-04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. xv<sup>li</sup> of tryed suett at 8<sup>d</sup> p. li</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-10-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. one gall of Sallert oyle</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-06-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. vj<sup>li</sup> of Candles</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-03-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. v geese & ix ducks</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-08-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> An<sup>o</sup> 1630</td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. xij<sup>li</sup> of Butter att</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-08-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. vj potts of Butter Cont. vij<sup>li</sup> p pott</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-08-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. ij Cheeses about x li a pc</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-11-08</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. half a firkin of butter of M<sup>r</sup> Gibbs</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-17-06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. one Third p<sup>r</sup>t of a barrell of w<sup>t</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">biskett</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-10-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. one pott of honey vij<sup>li</sup> wa<sup>t</sup> att</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-07-10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[Pg 33]</span></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. one pott of butte<sup>r</sup> att</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-03-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. x<sup>li</sup> of Corrants att</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-05-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. [ ] Bacon</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-10-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. one doz of Candles</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-08-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. ij Cheeses att vj<sup>d</sup> p li</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-11-03</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. iij Cheeses att vij p. li</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-17-09</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. one porkett</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-05-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. xij<sup>li</sup> of tryed suett</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-08-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. vj gees & xij ducks</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-14-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. vj po: of powder suger about 20<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">00-10-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. v po: of powder suger 18<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">00-07-06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. x<sup>li</sup> of Loaf suger</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-00-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. Cloves & mace</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-01-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. ij oz of Nutmeggs j<sup>s</sup> & Sinam<sup>o</sup> 16<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">00-02-04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. workmens wadges for Cutting</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;& bringing home wood against</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;winter about</td>
+<td class="tdr">03-00-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdr">---------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdc">Suma to<sup>lis</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">105-18-11</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Item ⅌ so much p<sup>d</sup> M<sup>r</sup> Pearce<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;for provisions of meale, pease,</td>
+<td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;Canvas, Carsey & etcr w<sup>th</sup> 3<sup>li</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;5<sup>s</sup> 9<sup>d</sup> after 25<sup>li</sup> ⅌ Cent. & freight.</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">I say p<sup>d</sup> the some of</td>
+<td class="tdr">12-15-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. for 3 quarts of aquavite</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-03-09</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. for x<sup>li</sup> of Rice att 5d</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-04-02</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. 10<sup>li</sup> of Butt[er] att</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-06-08</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. 4 Chees[es] att</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-03-04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. 10 peeces of pork</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-11-08</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. more 20<sup>li</sup> of Butter</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-10-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. more 4 bushells Virginia Corne</td>
+<td class="tdr">02-00-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. soape 7<sup>s</sup> & vinege<sup>r</sup> 4 gall<sup>o</sup> 8<sup>s</sup> &</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;1 g<sup>l</sup> 2<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">00-17-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. 2 pecke of w<sup>t</sup> salte att</td>
+<td class="tdr">00:03:00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">---------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">Sumis</td>
+<td class="tdr">18-14-08</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">And on the other syde the totall some of</td>
+<td class="tdr">105-18-11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">---------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">Suma to <sup>lis</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">124-13-07</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[Pg 34]</span></p>
+
+<p class= "center">Now ye Increase</p>
+
+<p>The first yeare next after the receipte of the 2 heiffers,
+both the Calues miscaried, one about a quarter ould dyed,
+the other neare upon a yeare ould lost by the woolves.</p>
+
+<p>The second yeare there was a heiffer Calfe and a bull
+Calfe, w<sup>ch</sup> heiffer is now in my hands And the Bull Calfe
+M<sup>r</sup> Skelton sould att one ye<sup>r</sup> and three quarters ould for
+eight pounds.</p>
+
+<p>The Therd yeare was &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;which the beginning
+of winter weare both eaten with the woolves.
+Now since the three foresaid years, the next yeare after
+was Twoe bull Calvs, and an heiffer Calfe, the springe before
+M<sup>r</sup> Skeltons death.</p>
+
+<p>And This yeare since was Three bull Calues Twoe wherof
+are dead the one when it was about Twenty & twoe weeks
+ould, the other since winter did begin. Now for the keeping
+of the Catle w<sup>ch</sup> should haue beene att the Companyes
+Chardge, hath wholly lyen vpon vs.</p>
+
+<p class= "center">M<sup>r</sup> Skeltons account w<sup>th</sup> the Companie</p>
+<p class= "center">M<sup>r</sup> Skelton is D pr viz</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdr">li.&nbsp;&nbsp;s.&nbsp;&nbsp;d&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> ⅌ 14 yards of Dutch serge Rec<sup>d</sup> att</td>
+<td class="tdr">02-05-09</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 17 yards of ffustian att</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-07-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 11 yards of w<sup>t</sup> English ieans</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-13-09</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 12 yards of Red p petuana</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-16-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 12 yards of Greene say</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-13-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 12 yards of yellow say</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-13-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It 12 elns of lin [torn] men</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-14-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 14 elns Nouess [torn] llain</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-17-04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 20 elns o[f  loc] krum</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-05-10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 20 elns stript [linsey] woolsye</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-09-04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. [ ] yards [torn] buckrum</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-05-03</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. one peece of Noridg serg</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-15-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 20 elns of Lockerum</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-05-10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 15 yards of w<sup>t</sup> fflannell</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-15-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 20 elns of Course Canvas</td>
+<td class="tdr">01-04 [torn]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. one pound of whalbone</td>
+<td class="tdr">0 [torn]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdr">---------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">20-11-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Item ⅌ so much p<sup>d</sup> ⅌ M<sup>r</sup> Renell</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;p<sup>rt</sup> of M<sup>r</sup> Pearce his bill, the some of</td>
+<td class="tdr">08-00-00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[Pg 35]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Item ⅌ 9<sup>li</sup> of Iron att 3<sup>d</sup> is</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-02-03</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It. ⅌ one syth</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-03-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It. ⅌ one fishing line</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-03-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It. ⅌ 30 pound ocum</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-07-06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It. ⅌ 2000 Nails 6<sup>d</sup> p C.</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-10-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It. ⅌ 600 Nails 10<sup>d</sup> p C.</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-05-05</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It. ⅌ 1 Reame of paper</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-10-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Item, borrowed of Cp. Endicot of</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;y<sup>e</sup> Comp. 7 yrds of bays att 2<sup>s</sup> 6<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;⅌ y<sup>d</sup> is</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-17-06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> halfe a elne of ffustian att</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-00-10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> It. 2 yards & half of yellow Carsey</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;3<sup>s</sup> 4<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">00-08-04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">---------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">Suma To<sup>lis</sup> St.</td>
+<td class="tdr">031-19-05</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. 2 gall of Metheglen</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-08-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It. one Lethe<sup>r</sup> Jack</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-01-06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It. two Tubbs}</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It. one wooden hand boule}</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. vinegar}</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-03-06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It. 3 peuter botle<sup>s</sup> quarts}</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It. one pinte peute<sup>r</sup> botle</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-00-10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ite. one hatt</td>
+<td class="tdr">00-10-00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">---------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">33-03-03</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="lpad6">rec of M<sup>r</sup> Winthrop Govern<sup>r</sup></span></p><br>
+<p><span class="lpad4">Ite. 3 y<sup>r</sup>ds of Cambrick</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">6 y<sup>r</sup>ds &amp; a h: of Loomeworke</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">2 Drinking hornes</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">8 p<sup>r</sup> of shoes for men</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">6 p<sup>r</sup> of gray stockings for men</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">6 p<sup>r</sup> of stockings for women</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">6 p<sup>r</sup> of stockings for children</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">10 y<sup>r</sup>ds of Carsey</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">Thred</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">2000 of pinnes</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">6 Alls</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">one webb of blew gartering</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">2 knots of Tape</span></p><br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[Pg 36]</span>
+<figure class="figcenter illowp90" id="i036" style="max-width: 105em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i036.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">AN INVOICE OF ENGLISH GOODS SHIPPED TO<br>
+NEW ENGLAND ABOUT 1690</h2>.
+
+
+<p>In July, 1694, suit was brought in the Court at Boston, by
+John Caxy of London, England, against Joseph Mallenson
+of Boston, to whom the London merchant had consigned
+various goods for the Boston market, the shipment consisted
+of a great variety of clothing, fabrics, hardwear, implements,
+kitchen utensils and pewter. Mallenson not having
+remitted for the goods, suit was bought and a copy of the
+invoice was presented at court and is still preserved among
+the Massachusetts State Archives. This document throws
+considerable light on the furnishings of the colonial home
+at that time and the prevailing scale of prices.</p>
+
+<p>Invoice and Contents of Sundry Goods Laden on Board
+the good ship called the Friendship Capt. John Ware Comand<sup>r</sup>
+bound from this Port of London for Boston in New
+England and goes consigned to M<sup>r</sup> Joseph Mallenson for
+the proper Accompt & Risque of John Caxy.</p>
+
+<p class="center">One Large Fatt q<sup>t</sup> Felt & Castor hatts as viz<sup>t</sup> N<sup>o</sup>. 1.</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">N<sup>o</sup>. 1</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz: Boyes Felts Edged & Lin’d</td>
+<td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl">at 14/p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">£2.02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz: ditto at 16 p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz: ditto at 18 p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz: ditto at 20/ p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+<td class="tdl">4 doz: Mens felts at 34<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">6.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+<td class="tdl">10 doz: ditto at 40<sup>s</sup> p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">20.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">7</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz: ditto at 48<sup>s</sup> p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">7.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz: Mens Carrolinas at 8/6 p ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">15.06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdl">4 doz: Mens Castors at 5/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">13.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz: ditto at 6/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: ditto at 7/9</td>
+<td class="tdr">9.06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: ditto at 9/</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.16.0<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[Pg 37]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: ditto at 11/</td>
+<td class="tdr">6.12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl">6 doz: Rubers at 15<sup>d</sup> p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">0.07.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl">6 doz: ditto at 2/6 p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">15.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl">a Large Fatt Cost 12<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">12.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">----------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">£112.16.6</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One Small Case haire Powder, & Wash Balls No 1.</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">4 doz & halfe of Sweet haire Powder at 8<sup>d</sup> doz:</td>
+<td class="tdl">1.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 li of best Damask Powder at 3/ p li</td>
+<td class="tdl">0.09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">7 gross Wash Balls at 8<sup>d</sup> p g<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdl">2.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">a Case cost 2<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdl">0.02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">-------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">5.03.6</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Two hh<sup>ds</sup> Turnerie Ware N<sup>o</sup> 1 & 2 as viz<sup>t</sup> & 7 bundles of
+Steel Shoe Shovells & Spads N<sup>o</sup> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 Pottle Tun Canns at</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.09.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: Fine pint Tun Canns at</td>
+<td class="tdr">18.00.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 quart Tunn Canns at</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 Three pint Tunn Canns at</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">4 Snap Mouse Traps</td>
+<td class="tdr">01.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">4 Double fall Mouse Traps at</td>
+<td class="tdr">02.02</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 Single fall Mouse Traps at</td>
+<td class="tdr">01.04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 Large Single fall Mouse Traps at</td>
+<td class="tdr">01.06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">4 Wooden Ratt Traps with Springs at</td>
+<td class="tdr">05.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: Punch Strainers Sett up</td>
+<td class="tdr">02.09</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">9 doz: 6 best Maple Treachers at 30/ p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.06.11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: Milk Trayes at</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz: Platters at 6/</td>
+<td class="tdr">18.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz: hand Boles at 3/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: Porridge Dishes at</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: handle Boles at 8/p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">16.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: Carved Spoons at 6<sup>d</sup> p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">01.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 doz: Beer Tapps at 3<sup>d</sup> p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">01.06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">5 gs 2 doz: plaine Spoons at 2/6 p gro.</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 gs Course haire Cottons kom’d at 2/9</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.13.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 gs Midle hayre cottons kom’d at 3/3</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.19.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 doz: Large haire Strainers at 2/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz: Small haire ditto at 18<sup>d</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: Midle Bellows at 18/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.16.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: 6. Small ditto at 16/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.04.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: Sucking Bottles at 2<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">12.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: Large Ladles at 1<sup>s</sup>8</td>
+<td class="tdr">01.08</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: Small ditto</td>
+<td class="tdr">01.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[Pg 38]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">12 doz: Steel Shod Shovells & Spads at 16/</td>
+<td class="tdr">9.12.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 hh<sup>ds</sup> Cost 7<sup>s</sup> each</td>
+<td class="tdr">14.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">--------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">25.03.10</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One Case Lookeing Glasses N<sup>o</sup> 3 as</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">N<sup>o</sup></td>
+<td class="tdl">1</td>
+<td class="tdl">6 Dressing Glasses 10 Inches in Sight at 5/ ps.</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2</td>
+<td class="tdl">6 ditto at 6<sup>s</sup> ps 11 Inches in Sight</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">3</td>
+<td class="tdl">6 ditto at 7<sup>s</sup> ps 12 Inches in Sight</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">4</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Glasses in Large Frames at 15/ ps 12 Inches</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.05.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">5</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 ditto at 18<sup>s</sup> ps 14 Inches in Sight</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">6</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 ditto at 22<sup>s</sup> ps 16 Inches in Sight</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">7</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 ditto at 28<sup>s</sup> ps 18 Inches in Sight</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">8</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 ditto at 35<sup>z</sup> ps 20 Inches</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">A Case Cost 5<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">05.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">-------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">19.02.0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One Case N<sup>o</sup> 2 q<sup>t</sup> as viz<sup>t</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">N<sup>o</sup></td>
+<td class="tdl">1</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 Perriwiggs at 18<sup>s</sup> p ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 ditto at 2<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">2.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">3</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ditto at 25<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.05.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">4</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ditto at 30<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">-------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">6.11.0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">N<sup>o</sup></td>
+<td class="tdl">1</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: Child, woll hose at 5<sup>s</sup> p doz:</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: ditto at 6/8</td>
+<td class="tdr">13.4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">3</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: ditto at 8/</td>
+<td class="tdr">08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">4</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: ditto at 10/</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">5</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: Womens Woll ditto at 9/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">19.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">6</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: ditto at 10/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.01.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">7</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto at 11/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">8</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto at 13/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">13.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">9</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto Mens Wool at 13/</td>
+<td class="tdr">13.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">10</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz ditto at 15/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">11</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz ditto at 18/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">12</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto at 20/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">13</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto black at 22/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">14</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz Womens Worst ditto at 29/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">15</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz Mens Short Worst Mixt at 36/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">16</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto at 38/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.18.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">17</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto at 43/</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.03.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">18</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto black at 40/</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz Mens Mixt Role at 45/</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.05.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto at 52/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.12.0<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[Pg 39]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">21</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto bla: & blew at 52<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">2.12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Case Cost w<sup>th</sup> Cords 2/</td>
+<td class="tdr">02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">--------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">28.05.4</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Thirty One Quoiles of Cordage Con<sup>t</sup> as vix<sup>d</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">N<sup>o</sup>.</td>
+<td class="tdl">1</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Inch 1/4 qt</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.02.09</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">4 Inches</td>
+<td class="tdr">4.01.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">3</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">5 Inches</td>
+<td class="tdr">6.01.06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">4</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">5-3/4 Inches</td>
+<td class="tdr">8.02.02</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">5</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">6</td>
+<td class="tdr">9.01.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">6</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Quoile</td>
+<td class="tdl">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.03.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">7</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Quoile</td>
+<td class="tdl">2-3/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.02.08</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">8</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Quoile</td>
+<td class="tdl">2-1/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.03.13</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">9</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Quoile</td>
+<td class="tdl">2-1/2</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.00.10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">10</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Quoile</td>
+<td class="tdl">2-1/2</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.00.12</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">11</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Quoile</td>
+<td class="tdl">2-1/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.03.23</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">12</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">2-1/2</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.00.17</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">13</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">2-3/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.02.04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">14</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Inches</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.01.02</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">15</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.00.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">16</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.00.12</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">17</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.00.21</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">18</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.00.13</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Inch 1/2</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.02.24</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">1-1/2</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.01.13</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">21</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">1-1/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.03.20</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">22</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">1-3/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.03.11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">23</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Quoiles</td>
+<td class="tdl">1-1/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.02.27</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Cable</td>
+<td class="tdl">8 Inches 3/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">19.00.14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2</td>
+<td class="tdl">5-1/2</td>
+<td class="tdr">7.02.26</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">4-1/2</td>
+<td class="tdr">5.01.22</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ditto</td>
+<td class="tdl">4-3/2</td>
+<td class="tdr">5.03.07</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Quoile</td>
+<td class="tdl">2-3/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.01.11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Quoile</td>
+<td class="tdl">2-3/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.01.11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Quoile</td>
+<td class="tdl">2-1/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.01.08</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">For a Lyghter to carry it on board</td>
+<td class="tdr"><span class="lpad2">15.00</span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One hh<sup>d</sup> N<sup>o</sup> 4 q<sup>t</sup> wro<sup>t</sup> Brass & wro<sup>t</sup> Iron worke as viz<sup>d</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 12 brass Kettles q<sup>t</sup> 1 C. O.4<sup>li</sup> at 15<sup>d</sup> p li</td>
+<td class="tdr">7.05.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr of 8 Square Monument Candlesticks</td>
+<td class="tdr">15.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr ditto at 6<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr ditto at 5<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr ditto at 4<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr ditto at 3/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[Pg 40]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr ditto at 3/</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr of 4 square ditto at 7/</td>
+<td class="tdr">14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr of ditto at 6<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr of Round ditto at 3/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr of ditto at 4<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr ditto at 4<sup>s</sup> 6</td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr ditto at 5/</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr ditto at 5/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 pr ditto at 6/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">13.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 6 doz: Iron Sp<sup>r</sup> Candlesticks at 5/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.13.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 Fine Mortars & Pestells at 4/</td>
+<td class="tdr">08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 ditto at 4/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 ditto at 5/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 ditto at 7/3</td>
+<td class="tdr">14.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 doz. Flower Boxes</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 doz Pepper Boxes</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 5 doz Brass Snuffers at 7/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.17.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 6 Snuffers Stands at</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 4 Snuffers Panns at</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 doz: Beife Forkes</td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 doz Grid. Irons w<sup>ta</sup> 98 Ribbs</td>
+<td class="tdr">17.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 18 plaine Bellows</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.03.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 4 doz: Alkomy Spoons at 12/9</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 doz: ditto at 2/3</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 doz: Brass Extinguishers</td>
+<td class="tdr">03.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 6 brass Ladles at 6<sup>s</sup> 6<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">03.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 6 ditto at 9d</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 6 ditto at 14<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 6 Slices at 7<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">03.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 6 ditto at 9</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 doz: brass Save-alls at 5<sup>s</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 3 doz ditto at 4/</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 3 doz ditto at 3/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 doz ditto at 3/</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 doz dubble Iaggers</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 doz: ditto at</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 doz: Single ditto at 3<sup>s</sup> 9</td>
+<td class="tdr">07.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 doz: Small mincers at 7<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 doz Large ditto at</td>
+<td class="tdr">15.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 doz Chopers</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 doz Cleavers</td>
+<td class="tdr">17.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 3 doz Small padlocks at 5<sup>s</sup> 6</td>
+<td class="tdr">16.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 doz: ditto at 6<sup>s</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 doz: ditto at 7/9 p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">15.6<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[Pg 41]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 doz ditto at</td>
+<td class="tdr">09.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 10 doz Scuers w<sup>th</sup> fraimes</td>
+<td class="tdr">16.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 doz: Small Sp<sup>r</sup>. Locks at 8<sup>s</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 doz Duble Sp<sup>r</sup> Locks at 17/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 4 bundles Frying Pans q<sup>t</sup> 1 C. 1. 26<sup>li</sup> at 45/</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.09.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 hh<sup>d</sup> Cost 6<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">-------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">41.11.5</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One Trunk N<sup>o</sup> 1 q<sup>t</sup> Nothing butt Buttons as viz<sup>t</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">N<sup>o</sup>.</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 12 gs Gimp Fallow Brest at 9<sup>d</sup> p gro</td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2 48 gs Gymp Fallow Coatt at 1.11<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">2.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">3 34 baggs Coat Pillers q<sup>t</sup> 136 gro: 18<sup>d</sup> p gro:</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">4 10 gross bla: haire best at 20<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">16.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">5 10 baggs best Pillers Coats q<sup>t</sup> 40 gro: at 23<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">3.16.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">6 24 gross Silke browne best at 23<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">2.06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">7 13 baggs q<sup>t</sup> 52 gross of Accor. Coats 2/6 p gs</td>
+<td class="tdr">6.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">8 12 gross bla: hayre Milo Coats 3/3<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.19.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">9 20 gross Cutt haire Coats at 3/10 p gs</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.16.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">10 30 gross Large Silke Coats at 3/10</td>
+<td class="tdr">5.15.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">A Trunk & Cords Cost 15/</td>
+<td class="tdr">15.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">-------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">38.12.0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One Large hh<sup>d</sup> N<sup>o</sup> 3 q<sup>t</sup> of Tinnerie Ware as viz<sup>t</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 Lanthorns at 2<sup>s</sup> 3<sup>d</sup> p L</td>
+<td class="tdr">13.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">5 ditto at 21<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">10.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 ditto at 18<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 Large fish kettles & plates at 5<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 Small ditto at 3<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz Slices at 2/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">05.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 Large pastry panns at 22<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 Small ditto at 14<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 Setts Kettles at</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.01.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz: Pockett Graters at 2<sup>s</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz ditto at 20<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">05.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz Large Square pudding pans at 14<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto Small at 12<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 paire of Snuffers & panns at 18<sup>d</sup> p</td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 hanging Candlesticks at 12<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: Large Corringers at 4<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 doz Midle ditto at 3<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: Small ditto at 2/</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 Large Funnells at 9<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz quart ditto at 6/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[Pg 42]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz pint ditto at 4/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz ditto at 2/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">05.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz ditto at 2/</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz Large Sauce panns at 8<sup>d</sup> p ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: quart ditto at 6<sup>d</sup> p ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: point ditto at 4/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: Flower Boxes at 3/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: pepper boxes at 2/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">05.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">4 Large Dripping pans at 2/3</td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 Small ditto at 20<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz Quart potts at 6<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: pint ditto at 4/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: Large Round Pudding panns 13<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">13.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz ditto Small at 11<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: Candlesticks at 6<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 Planish Candlesticks at 8<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz Casting Ladles at 4<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: bread Graters at 7<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: ditto at 4<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz: Tinder boxes & at 8s</td>
+<td class="tdr">08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">8 Candle Boxes at 14<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">09.4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 round Fish plates at 11<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">05.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 Cullendars at 16<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 doz halfe pint potts at 2<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Large Casque Cost 9<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">-------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">18.04.4</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One Bayle of Stuffs & N<sup>o</sup> 8 q<sup>t</sup> as viz<sup>t</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">N<sup>o</sup></td>
+<td class="tdl">1</td>
+<td class="tdl">12 ps Worst. Fancies at 20<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">12.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Woollen Shades at 22<sup>s</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">3</td>
+<td class="tdl">6 playne Silke Crapes at 23/ ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">6.18.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">4</td>
+<td class="tdl">6 Stript Worst. Crapes at 23/</td>
+<td class="tdr">6.18.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">5</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 Strip’t Silke Crapes at 26/</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">6</td>
+<td class="tdl">4 Spotted Strip’t Silke Crapes at 26/</td>
+<td class="tdr">5.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">7</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 Sattin Strip’t Crapes at 28/</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">8</td>
+<td class="tdl">10 Strip’t Druggetts at 28/</td>
+<td class="tdr">14.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">9</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Woollen Damask at 29<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">4.07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">10</td>
+<td class="tdl">6 Mixt Serges at 30/</td>
+<td class="tdr">9.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">11</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 Strip’t ditto at 33<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">3.06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">13</td>
+<td class="tdl">10 Silke Fancies at 36/ ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">18.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">14</td>
+<td class="tdl">6 Effigianes at 38/ ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">15</td>
+<td class="tdl">6 Silke Damaske at 46/</td>
+<td class="tdr">13.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">16</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Strip’t Cambletts at 46<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">6.18.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">17</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Mock Calliminco at 3</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.00.0<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[Pg 43]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">18</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Right ditto</td>
+<td class="tdr">4.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Role ps Silke Fancies q<sup>t</sup> 37:37:37-1/2</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">is 111-1/2 yd at 18<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdl">8.07.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ps Red Flannel q<sup>t</sup> 20 )</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">21</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ps Yello ditto q<sup>t</sup> 21 ) 110 yds at 14<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">6.08.4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">22</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ps ditto q<sup>t</sup> 25 )</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">23</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 ps white q<sup>t</sup> 44 )</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">peices 92</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">A Coard & Canvis paper & packing</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">4 doz: of Course hose in ditto Bale</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">--------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">146.14.7</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One Drume Fatt N<sup>o</sup> 2 Containing Pewter as viz<sup>t</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">12 Pottle Tankards at 3<sup>s</sup> 10<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">12 Quart ditto at 3<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">24 Midle ditto at 2/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">24 Small ditto at 2/</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">12 doz: Large Poringers at 9<sup>s</sup> 6<sup>d</sup> p. doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">5.14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">12 doz: Small ditto at 8/</td>
+<td class="tdr">4.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 pr New-fashion’d Candlesticks at 4<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 pr ditto at 3<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 pr Round ditto at 2<sup>s</sup> 10<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">05.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">a Fatt Cost</td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One Drume Fatt No 3 q<sup>t</sup> more Pewter viz<sup>t</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">18 Large Chamber Potts at 2/10<sup>s</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">30 Middle ditto at 2<sup>s</sup> d<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">3.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">40 Small ditto at 2<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">4.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">12 doz Alkney Spoons at 2/9</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.13.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">24 doz Powder ditto at 2/3<sup>d</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">12 Large Salts at 2<sup>s</sup> 2 ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">24 Middle ditto at 20<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">48 Small ditto at 12<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">2.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">18 Basons q<sup>t</sup> 32-1/2 at 12<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.12.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 doz: Sawcers at 9<sup>s</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">18.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">4 doz Small ditto at 7<sup>s</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 Pottle Wine Measure Potts at 5/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 Quart ditto at 2/8</td>
+<td class="tdr">16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 Pint ditto Potts at 22<sup>d</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 halfe Pint ditto at 14<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 Quartern ditto Potts at 9<sup>d</sup> p ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">a ffat Cost 7<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One halfe Barell Fatt N<sup>o</sup> 4 Con<sup>t</sup> more pewter</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">N<sup>o</sup> A 78 Dishes q<sup>t</sup> 265<sup>li</sup> at 9<sup>d</sup> 1/2</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.09.9-1/2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A ffat Cost 3<sup>s</sup>6</td>
+<td class="tdr">03.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">------------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">£76.02.5-1/2</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[Pg 44]</span>
+
+<p class="center">One Bayle of Lincy Woolsie Con<sup>t</sup> 30 ps</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> No 7 at 31<sup>s</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">46.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Canvis &amp;C<sup>a</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">----------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">47.17.0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Two Large Bayles of Kersyes N<sup>o</sup> 4:5 viz<sup>t</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">N<sup>o</sup></td>
+<td class="tdl">A</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Browns)</td>
+<td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Gray) at 26<sup>s</sup> p ps.</td>
+<td class="tdr">5.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">B</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Browne)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Gray) at 28<sup>s</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">5.12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">C</td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Browne)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Grays) at 30<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">6.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">D</td>
+<td class="tdl">4 Browns at 31<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">6.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">E</td>
+<td class="tdl">4 Browns at 32<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">6.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">F</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Browns)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2 Grays) at 35<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">10.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">G</td>
+<td class="tdl">4 Browns)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2 Grays ) at 37<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">11.02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">H</td>
+<td class="tdl">4 Browns)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2 Grays)at 38<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">11.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">I</td>
+<td class="tdl">6 Browns at 39<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">11.14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">K</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Browns)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2 Drabbs) at 42<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">12.12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Gray)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">L</td>
+<td class="tdl">6 Honly Reds at 42<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">12.12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">M</td>
+<td class="tdl">2 Grays)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Drabb)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Browns ) at 43<sup>s</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">25.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">6 Nap’t)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">N</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Browns)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">2 Grays ) at 58<sup>s</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">14.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">1 Drabb )</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">O</td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Browns)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">3 Grays ) at 55<sup>s</sup> ps 20 yds Long</td>
+<td class="tdr">16.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">Canvis Cord Paper & packing 38<sup>s</sup> p bayle</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">----------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">159.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One Bayle of Cottons of Severall Collers viz<sup>t</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 6 White Cottons at 15/</td>
+<td class="tdr">4.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 6 White ditto at 20/</td>
+<td class="tdr">6.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 6 Red ditto)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 5 Blew ditto)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 5 Cloth Cullerd ditto) at 17<sup>s</sup> p ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">19.11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 5 Ashe Cullerd ditto)</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 2 Yellow ditto)<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[Pg 45]</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 4 Red ditto at 23<sup>s</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">4.12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> 1 Blew ditto at 24/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"> Canvis & Packing</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.18.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">----------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">37.15.0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">One hh<sup>d</sup> N<sup>o</sup> 5 Con<sup>t</sup> Sundry Lotts of Goods as Viz<sup>t</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">12 hogskin Saddles Stirrups, Leathers bridles,</td>
+<td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Girts & Snaffels at 14<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">8.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">N<sup>o</sup> 18 li whited Browne Thread at 2/3</td>
+<td class="tdr">13.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">20 li ditto at 2/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">15.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">22 li ditto at 2/10</td>
+<td class="tdr">17.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">24 li ditto at 3/3</td>
+<td class="tdr">19.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">26 li ditto at 3/8</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">28 li ditto at 4<sup>s</sup> p li</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">4:15 3 li Nunns Thread at 6<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">18.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">5:10 3 li ditto at 7<sup>s</sup> p li</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.01.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6:10 3 li ditto at 8/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">8:10 1 li ditto at 10<sup>s</sup> p li</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">9:10 1 li ditto at 12/</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">12:10 1 li ditto at 16/</td>
+<td class="tdr">16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">N<sup>o</sup> 1 6 doz best Brown Thread at 22<sup>s</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">6.12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 3 doz Cull<sup>r</sup> ditto at 26/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">3.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 4 doz: blew & Collerd Tape at 9/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.18.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">4 2 doz: blew & Collerd filletting at 13/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">5 1 doz: White filletting at 15 p</td>
+<td class="tdr">15.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">6 2 doz fine white Twist at 3/4<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">06.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">7 2 doz Narrow Holland Tape at 7<sup>s</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">8 2 doz broad ditto at 10/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">9 3 Gross Cotton 6<sup>d</sup> Ribbin at 10<sup>s</sup> p gro</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">10 1 ps broad Strip’t 12<sup>d</sup> Ribbin at 4/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">11 2 doz Pinns at 6/8 p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">12 3 doz. ditto at 7/2 p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.01.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">13 4 Mille Needles at 5/ p mille</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">14 2 Gross Womens Brass Thimbles at 5/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">15 6 doz: Mens Steel ditto at 7<sup>s</sup> p gs</td>
+<td class="tdr">03.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">16 6 doz. horne Combs at 14<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">17 6 doz: ditto at 18<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">18 6 doz: ditto at 22<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">19 2 doz Ivory Combs at 3/6 p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">20 2 doz ditto at 6/8</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">21 Old Brass Curtaine Rings at 14<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">22 2 doz. Small Inckhornes at 20<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">03.4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">23 1 doz: Large ditto</td>
+<td class="tdr">02.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">24 1 doz Large Sands at 4<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">04.0<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[Pg 46]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">25 2 gro: Tin brest Buttons 12<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">26 6 gro: Large ditto at 15<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">07.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">27 6 gro: ditto at 18<sup>d</sup> p gro</td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">28 2 gro: Ell Thread Laces at 2/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">29 2 gro: ditto y<sup>d</sup> & 1/2 at 3/8</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">30 1 gro: ditto Silke 2 yd<sup>s</sup> at 30<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 hh<sup>d</sup> Cost 5/</td>
+<td class="tdr">05.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Trunk N<sup>o</sup> 2</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">31 6 gro: Large White Wastcoat Buttons</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">at 15<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">07.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">32 6 gro: fine Small ditto at 18<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">33 2 gro: gilt sleeve buttons at 3/4</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">34 1 doz: bla: Velvitt Markes lin’d w<sup>th</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">14.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">35 1 doz: best ditto at 15/</td>
+<td class="tdr">15.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">36 1 doz: best ditto lin’d w<sup>th</sup> Silke at 22<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">37 1 doz: Callico quilted Caps at 9<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">38 1 doz: Holland ditto at 12/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">39 18 yds Grey Lace at 3<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">04.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">40 20 yds ditto at 4<sup>d</sup> p yd</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">41 33 yds ditto at 4<sup>d</sup>-1/2</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.4-1/2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">42 15 yds ditto at 5<sup>d</sup> p yd</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">43 12 yds ditto at 6<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">44 16 yds ditto at 8d<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">10.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">45 34 yds bla: Silke bone Lace at 5d-1/2 p yd</td>
+<td class="tdr">15.7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">46 42 yds ditto at 7d-1/2</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.06.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">47 24 yds ditto at 12d</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">48 16 yds ditto at 13d</td>
+<td class="tdr">17.4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">49 18 yds ditto at 14d</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.01.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">50 2 Gro: Silke Bindins at 18/6 p gro:</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.17.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">51 2 Gro: Silke Galunes at 18/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">52 1 gro: Narrow: Black Silk purle for Tippett</td>
+<td class="tdr">05.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">53 2 gro: Brord ditto at 14<sup>s</sup> p gro:</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">54 1 gro: White, Thready brord gause purle</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">at 10/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">55 2 doz: black & White Net Gause at 11/ p doz.</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">56 1 doz: black Mourning gause at</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">57 1 doz: White ditto at 12<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">58 2 doz: White Thread gause at 12/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">59 2 doz: black Silke ditto at 13/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">60 3 doz: Women Silke Girdles w<sup>th</sup> Buckles 6/</td>
+<td class="tdr">18.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">61 2 doz: Long ditto Copper Tassells at 3/9</td>
+<td class="tdr">07.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">62 1 doz: Rich Silke & Silver Tassle ditto 12/</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">63 1 doz: best ditto at 15<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">15.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">64 1 doz: Romall handkerchiffs at 16<sup>s</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">16.0<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[Pg 47]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">65 1 doz: Silke ditto at 20<sup>s</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">66 1 doz: best Large ditto at 23<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.03.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">67 4 doz: black Moyhaire ring at 6/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">68 4 doz: Deep ditto at 7<sup>s</sup> p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">69 2 doz: Copper Cull<sup>r</sup>& purled ditto at 6/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">70 4 doz: Cullr Mixt ditto at 7<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.08.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">71 4 doz: Cloth Culler: bla: & Scarlett</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">ditto at 8/ 12.0</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">72 2 doz: Deep bla: Duble ditto at 9<sup>s</sup>6</td>
+<td class="tdr">19.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">73 18 doz: Nar: fringe to Sett on ye Top</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">of Fringe 20<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">74 18 yds White Corded Thred fringe at 10<sup>d</sup> yd</td>
+<td class="tdr">15.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">75 13 oz. 1/2 bla: bella. Silke fringe at 25<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.02.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">76 27 oz: best Nar: & Deep ditto at 21<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">2.07.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">77 12 oz: Copper Cull<sup>r</sup> Nar: & Deep ditto at 22<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">78 18 oz: 1/16 d<sup>o</sup> & white Nar: & deep</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Mixtd. 2<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.16.1-1/2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">79 21 oz 1/2 Clo: Cull<sup>r</sup> blew & white Nar</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">& Deep 2-1/2<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">2.08.4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">80 21 oz 1/2 Clo: Cull<sup>r</sup> green & white corded</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">d<sup>o</sup> 2/4<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">2.10.2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">81 17 oz: 1/4 3/16 bla: Corded ditto at 2/</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.14.10-1/2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">82 1 gro 1/2 Silke bread to Sett at Bottom</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">of fringe 14<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.01.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">83 5 ps ferrett 6<sup>d</sup> Ribbon at 7<sup>s</sup> ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.15.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">84 1 gro: bla: 1<sup>d</sup> Taffety Ribbon at 7<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">07.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">85 2 gro: ditto 2<sup>d</sup> ditto at 16 p gro</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">86 12 ps Dutch 7/4 Ribbins for binding</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Drowls 20<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">87 4 ps 6<sup>d</sup> Taffety Ribbon at 5/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.00.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">88 4 ps 8<sup>d</sup> ditto at 9 ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">89 1 ps 10<sup>d</sup> ditto at</td>
+<td class="tdr">11.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">90 1 ps 12<sup>d</sup> ditto</td>
+<td class="tdr">13.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">91 4 ps Double Love Ribben 6<sup>d</sup> at 6/</td>
+<td class="tdr">1.04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">92 2 ps 8<sup>d</sup> ditto at 8</td>
+<td class="tdr">16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">93 1 ps 10<sup>d</sup> ditto at (?)</td>
+<td class="tdr">09.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">94 2 ps white Span. 6<sup>d</sup> ditto at 8/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">17.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">95 1 ps ditto 8<sup>d</sup> at 10</td>
+<td class="tdr">10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">96 3 doz: Sattin Stripes 8<sup>d</sup> Ribbon at 6<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">18.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">97 2 doz Cloth Cull<sup>r</sup>& purple Figur’d 10<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">ditto 8<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">98 2 doz: blew & Green 12<sup>d</sup> ditto at 11<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">99 2 doz Copper Cullr’d & bla: 14<sup>d</sup> ditto at 13<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">1.06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">100 81i Clo: Cull<sup>r</sup> Silke w<sup>th</sup> a Little bla: at 17/6</td>
+<td class="tdr">7.00.0<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[Pg 48]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">101 1 Childs Peake at 6/</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">102 1 Womans Laced head dress at 10<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">10.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">103 1 ditto Laced at 13/</td>
+<td class="tdr">13.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">104 1 Alamode Drowle Trim’d at 2<sup>s</sup> w<sup>th</sup> bla purl</td>
+<td class="tdr">02.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">105 1 Tippett ditto at 2/4<sup>d</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">02.4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">106 1 Best ditto at 6/8 Laced w<sup>th</sup> bla: Silk?</td>
+<td class="tdr">06.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">107 2 doz: New fashon’d Peake Wyers at 18d</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">03.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">108 2 doz: Cornitt Wyers ditto at 2/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">04.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">109 4 doz: Comode Wyers ditto at 4/ p doz</td>
+<td class="tdr">16.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">110 17 Roles at 5d p ps</td>
+<td class="tdr">07.1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">111 4 doz New Fason’d pass Wyers at 10<sup>s</sup></td>
+<td class="tdr">03.4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">112 1 gro: Strip’d Worsted at 9<sup>s</sup> p gro</td>
+<td class="tdr">09.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">a Trunke & Coards Cost 12/</td>
+<td class="tdr">12.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">----------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">59.18.0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center">One Bayle of Linning Cloth N<sup>o</sup> 3 Cont as viz<sup>t</sup></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">40:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">39</td>
+<td class="tdl">330:2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">39:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">39:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">17</td>
+<td class="tdl">18</td>
+<td class="tdl">394</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">40:</td>
+<td class="tdl">39</td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">435</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">19:</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">313:2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">40</td>
+<td class="tdl">392</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">20:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">1864:2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">17</td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">62</td>
+<td class="tdl">40</td>
+<td class="tdl">40:</td>
+<td class="tdl">932:1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">38:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">60</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">40</td>
+<td class="tdl">38</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">39:2</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">37</td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">20:</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">20</td>
+<td class="tdl">18:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">39:2</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">20:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">24</td>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">20:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">40</td>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">19:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">19</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">-----</td>
+<td class="tdl">---</td>
+<td class="tdl">----</td>
+<td class="tdl">----</td>
+<td class="tdl">----</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">330:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">394</td>
+<td class="tdl">435</td>
+<td class="tdl">313:2</td>
+<td class="tdl">392</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">-----</td>
+<td class="tdl">---</td>
+<td class="tdl">----</td>
+<td class="tdl">-----</td>
+<td class="tdl">----</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="lpad6">Is 932 Ells 1/4 of Kamells cloth at 6<sup>d</sup>p ell</span><span class="lpad2">23.6.0</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">85  50  60  86  69  43  73  68 78 101 42</span></p>
+<p><span class="lpad6">42  43  49  78  77  44  91 is 1129 of</span></p>
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Brown Oxenbrigs at 50<sup>li</sup> p Role 1500</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">ells to a Role at 8<sup>d</sup> p ell</td>
+<td class="tdr">37.12.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">---------------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">60.18.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">---------------</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">£1127.17.7</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES:</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> <cite>Essex County Quarterly Court Records</cite>, Vol. II, p.
+28</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Waters, <cite>Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony</cite>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> In the Delaware settlement houses of logs split through
+the middle or hewed square were built “according to the Swedish mode.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> <cite>Mourt’s Relation</cite>, Boston, 1841.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> Higginson, <cite>New-Englands Plantation</cite>, London, 1630.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> <cite>Force’s Tracts</cite>, Washington, 1838.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> <cite>Essex County Quarterly Court Records</cite>, Vol. VI, p.
+363.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> <cite>Essex County Deeds</cite>, Book V, leaf 107.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> Johnson, <cite>Wonder Working Providence</cite>, London, 1654.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> Higginson, <cite>New-Englands Plantation</cite>, London, 1630.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> <cite>Force’s Tracts</cite>, Washington, 1838.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> <cite>Massachusetts Archives</cite>, Vol. 15B, leaves 59-67.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> <cite>Essex County Quarterly Court Records</cite>, Vol. IV, pp.
+56-57.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> Beer in the making.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> <cite>Probate Records of Essex County, Mass.</cite> Vol. I, p.
+47.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> <cite>Probate Records of Essex County, Mass.</cite>, Vol. II,
+p. 348.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> Dankers, <cite>Journal of a Voyage to New York</cite>,
+Brooklyn, 1867.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> <cite>Records of the Mass. Bay Colony</cite>, Vol. I, p. 126.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> Ward, <cite>The Simple Cobler of Aggawam</cite>, London, 1647.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> <cite>Sewall’s Diary</cite>, Vol. II, p. 231.</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> <cite>Essex County Quarterly Court Records</cite>, Vol. I, p.
+275.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> The master of the ship <cite>George Bonaventure</cite> in which
+Mr. Skelton came over.</p>
+<br>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<p class= "center"><b>Transcriber’s Notes</b></p>
+<p>Perceived typographical errors in the author’s text have been silently
+corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Archaic spelling and inconsistent punctuation in quoted text and
+tables have been retained as in the original.</p>
+
+<p>Inconsistencies in hyphenation and compound words have been maintained
+as printed.</p>
+
+<p>Footnotes have been moved to the end of the text.</p>
+
+<p>The per sign ⅌ is a symbol used to indicate a ratio.</p>
+</div>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76065 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
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+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+this book outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+++ b/README.md
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+book #76065 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/76065)