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diff --git a/75816-0.txt b/75816-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33c87e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/75816-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5097 @@ + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75816 *** + + + + + + SURVEY AND EXHIBIT SERIES + EDITED BY SHELBY M. HARRISON + + TRAVELING PUBLICITY + CAMPAIGNS + + EDUCATIONAL TOURS OF + RAILROAD TRAINS AND + MOTOR VEHICLES + + BY + MARY SWAIN ROUTZAHN + + DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYS AND EXHIBITS + RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION + + [Illustration] + + NEW YORK + RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION + + + + + Copyright, 1920, by + THE RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION + + WM. F. FELL CO·PRINTERS + PHILADELPHIA + + [Illustration] + + + + + EDITOR’S PREFACE + + +In the endeavor to spread information widely and well a multitude +of ventures have been carried on in recent years. Interesting among +these has been the combining of educational material and activities +on the one hand with modern facilities for transportation on the +other--the putting of exhibits, demonstrations, motion pictures, and +other campaigning equipment on railroad trains, trolley cars, and +motor trucks so that they may tour a whole city, a county, or cross a +continent. + +A glance at the appendix to this volume will show how extensive this +form of educational effort has become. Beginning a dozen or more years +ago with trains which showed improved methods of farming the list +includes trains for teaching health, sanitation, safety, and food +saving; trolley cars carrying exhibits on child welfare; and automobile +trucks equipped to give motion picture shows on health and other +subjects. Recently some of the trucks have also carried equipment for +demonstrating methods of food canning, or for dispensary service. While +the traveling campaign centering in the railroad car has had the longer +history, developments in the educational use of the motor truck have +been of such number and variety as to indicate, if one may venture in +probabilities, relatively greater future activity for it. + +The extensive use of this method of disseminating knowledge in the +past, and the probable continuation and extension of it in some form, +have made it seem desirable to bring together as much as possible of +the working knowledge which has been gained in planning and conducting +these campaigns, and to put it at the disposal of those interested in +popular forms of educational work. The material here presented is thus +not so much an evaluation of the traveling campaign method of spreading +information as a review, or perhaps better, an anthology of practical +experience thus far formulated, plus the observations of the author of +the volume. The practice of those who have had first-hand contact with +the problems and possibilities involved will undoubtedly have value for +future planning. It is hoped, however, that the experience here set +down, instead of forming a sole reliance or boundary to effort, may +become a stimulus to the play of fresh ingenuity in creating new forms +of illustrative material. + +But as to the question of evaluation, until more data on these +campaigns are recorded, that will still need to be done by those +responsible for each particular tour and conversant with the particular +conditions and requirements of the case. It is a familiar and not +unnatural tendency, in selecting an avenue by which to reach the +public, to adopt a method already used by someone else without waiting +to get full information on its advantages and limitations. This happens +in large part no doubt because the information desired is often hard +to get without extensive inquiry. A second purpose of this volume is +to bring together in brief compass the available data on traveling +campaigns and thus to lessen the burden of extended inquiry for those +who will need to make practical decisions. + +In addition to a pooling of the facts gained through the practical +conduct of traveling publicity campaigns it is further hoped that the +material here assembled may provide a sort of nucleus or center of +gravity which will attract criticisms and further data. The criticisms, +in the course of time, may lead to a fuller treatment of the subject, +and afford a better basis for determining whether the advantages +of campaigns set upon wheels outweigh their inherent disadvantages +when viewed in relation to particular projects or other campaign +possibilities. + +In the meantime grateful acknowledgment is made to the many who have +already been generous in answering inquiries and furnishing information +gained from their daily contact with traveling campaigns, and to those +who have furnished photographs and offered many helpful suggestions. + + SHELBY M. HARRISON. + + + + + TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + PAGE + +EDITOR’S PREFACE iii + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi + + +CHAPTER I + +INTRODUCTORY 1 + + +CHAPTER II + +PURPOSES AND ADVANTAGES OF TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS 3 + +The Train as an Event 4 + +A Tour as a Campaign “Feature” 6 + +Novelty and the Danger of its Wearing Off 6 + +Not a Quick Method 7 + +Traveling Campaigns and Results 8 + +Cost of Tours 8 + +As Between Trains and Trucks 10 + + +CHAPTER III + +HOW TRAINS HAVE BEEN USED IN CAMPAIGNING 13 + +Agricultural Trains 13 + +Health Trains 20 + +War Propaganda 21 + +A Government Safety First Train 23 + +Trolley Tours 23 + + +CHAPTER IV + +CAMPAIGNING WITH MOTOR VEHICLES 25 + +Motion Picture Tours 25 + +A Typical Motion Picture Motor Tour 26 + +Traveling Dispensaries 27 + +Cleveland Children’s Year Special 27 + +Motor Truck Clinics in Italy 30 + +A Government Child Welfare Special 30 + +Speaking Tours by Automobile or Motorcycle 34 + +A Motorcycle Knight of Health 34 + +Carrying the Canning Kitchen to the Food Supply 37 + +“Caravans” of Trucks 39 + + +CHAPTER V + +ADVANCE PUBLICITY AND ORGANIZATION 42 + +Importance of Good Advance Work 42 + +General Advertising 43 + +Specialized Appeal 44 + +Arrangements for Distributing the Attendance 44 + +Arrangements for Local Co-operation in Management 45 + +Getting the Advance Work Done 46 + +Qualifications of the Advance Agent 49 + +The Job of the Advance Agent 50 + +Assignments of Advance Work for Local Committees 52 + +Explanatory Statement for Local Co-operating Committees Regarding the +Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train 54 + +Reception Committee 55 + +Committee on Newspapers 56 + +Advertising Committee 57 + +Committee on Special Delegations 59 + +Committee on Co-operation of Churches 61 + +Committee on Schools 62 + +Committee on Attendance of Foreign Language Groups 63 + +Committee on Speaking 64 + +Committee on Personal Canvass 64 + + +CHAPTER VI + +THE MESSAGE OF THE TOUR 66 + +Choice of a Topic 67 + +What to Tell 70 + +Making up the Program 71 + +Programs of Exhibit Trains 73 + +A Program Combining Demonstrations and Exhibits 76 + +Outdoor Speaking at Trains 77 + + +CHAPTER VII + +EXHIBIT CARS 78 + +Types of Cars 78 + +Traveling Accommodations for Staff Members 80 + +Treatment of Car Interiors 80 + +Exhibits 81 + +Use of the Space for Display 84 + +Placing Exhibits 87 + +Arrangement of Subject Matter 88 + +Some Observations from Practical Experience 90 + +Arrangement of Car for Demonstrations 92 + + +CHAPTER VIII + +THE TOUR OF THE TRUCK OR TRAIN 94 + +The Places to be Visited 95 + +Receiving the Visitors 97 + +The Rate of Progress in Exhibit Cars 99 + +Distributing the Attendance 101 + +Explaining the Exhibits 104 + + +CHAPTER IX + +FOLLOW-UP WORK 106 + +Getting the Subject Talked About 107 + +Printed Matter for Distribution 109 + +Publicity Following the Train’s Stop 110 + +Organization of Local Forces 111 + +Checking Up Results 113 + + +APPENDIX: Reference Lists of Train, Truck, Trolley, and other Traveling +Campaigns 117 + +BIBLIOGRAPHY 137 + +INDEX 143 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + + OPPOSITE PAGE + +The New York State Healthmobile 10 + +Interior of Exhibit Car of the “Peach Special” 14 + +Health Cars of the Louisiana Department of Health 20 + +Cleveland Children’s Year Special 28 + +Truck With Extension Devices 29 + +Traveling Dispensaries 30 + +Interior of Child Welfare Special of the Federal Children’s Bureau 31 + +Canning Squad and Portable Kitchen 38 + +A Transcontinental Truck Tour 39 + +Poster Advertising the Coming of an Exhibit Train 44 + +Group of Objects Expressing One Idea 70 + +Demonstration Car 76 + +An Outdoor Program 77 + +Flat Cars Used for Displaying Captured German Trophies 80 + +Interior of Health Exhibit Car 84 + +A Well Arranged Exhibit Car 85 + +Food Conservation Train of New York State College of Agriculture 86 + +Arrangement of Railroad Car Interior 87 + +Car Especially Designed for Cooking Demonstrations 92 + + + + + I + + INTRODUCTORY + + +The tour of the peddler with a pack or cart stocked with goods for sale +and a budget of news for free distribution, and that of the patent +medicine man with his illustrated lecture of misinformation that sells +his dubious wares are forms of traveling publicity campaigns long +familiar in rural districts. + +Of recent years many peddlers, carrying new ideas and useful +information but no goods for sale, have been going about the country +representing national and state government bureaus and private +organizations. Their wares are helps to better crops, better houses, +better health. Their mode of traveling has progressed from wagons to +trains and from trains to motor trucks. The size of the enterprise +has varied from a single wagon or automobile with a speaker and a +batch of leaflets to a train of railroad cars or trucks that carry a +traveling exhibit rivaling the “Greatest Show on Earth.” The tours +extend from a jaunt through the county or the districts of a city +to a transcontinental journey. Whatever its form, if the purpose of +the enterprise is to spread information or ideas, or to promote a +community program, it is of interest from an educational and publicity +standpoint. + +Although traveling campaigns have been many and varied and the method +has been in use for a number of years, to our knowledge there has been +no attempt up to this time to set down the methods and experiences, the +successes, failures, and difficulties of the various campaigners. + +Believing that this method of promoting social programs will continue +to be employed, whatever the type of vehicle used to convey travelers +and their outfits, we have gathered information about a number of +campaigns and offer it here, together with comments and suggestions +for the benefit of those who may be considering the method for the +first time or who have tried it and wish to compare their experiences +with those of others. The descriptions and suggestions are drawn +from accounts of about seventy-five tours of trains, trucks, trolley +cars, and other vehicles, obtained from printed reports, articles, +letters, replies to questionnaires and interviews, as well as from the +observations and experience of the writer. + + + + + II + + PURPOSES AND ADVANTAGES OF TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS + + +The popular educational tour on wheels is a method of carrying news +and facts from town to town, instead of distributing this information +in wholesale manner to many towns at the same time through newspapers, +letters, posters, and other familiar avenues for disseminating +information quickly and widely. This use of a method resembling more or +less the old-time place-to-place spreading of the news but in a modern, +up-to-the-minute dress, even under the most favorable conditions +involves a considerable outlay in money, a great deal of hard work, +careful and detailed planning, and equally careful oversight throughout +the journey and the follow-up period. Therefore the person or group +contemplating such an undertaking will naturally wish to consider +carefully its efficiency as a method of publicity before embarking on +it. + +In some instances the reason for using the truck or train is that +it may be routed to remote rural districts not well served by the +more modern methods of news distribution. Wherever it goes, however, +the train or truck has two chief advantages as a publicity method; +first, it is an economical way of bringing before scattered audiences +well-equipped speakers or graphic and otherwise attractive illustrative +material--economical because a single group of speakers or unit of +exhibits may in this way be made to serve a large territory; and, +second, its visit to each town may be made an important event, +something which creates news and which may appeal to the imagination of +people generally. + +The tours that are described in the following pages suggest just a +few of the unusual and graphic features that may be assembled in a +traveling show to attract attention and to make facts and ideas more +easily understood and remembered. The train or truck in addition, +as already suggested, to bringing into town especially talented or +well-informed speakers and demonstrators, brings also equipment for +demonstrations that may be bulky, expensive, or for other reasons +difficult to duplicate and distribute for display; also rare objects +such as the people in the communities visited would not be likely to +see at all, except as they are brought in for this brief visit. + + +THE TRAIN AS AN EVENT + +The visit of the train, like the revival meeting, the fair, or the +Fourth of July celebration, may be made such a striking event in each +community that its program gets and holds the attention of many people +who would not read a newspaper article or go to an ordinary meeting to +learn about the same topic. + +Such an event may be especially timely if a new movement or plan is +about to be launched within the territory to be covered. The brief +demonstration presented before a representative group of citizens +gathered to meet the truck or train often paves the way for the +organization of a permanent activity in the community. This is true +because the method often allows for a more concentrated educational +effort than can be effected in the same time through other types of +campaigns. For example, the occasional visit of the agricultural +special, demonstrating improved methods has, in many instances, +preceded the forming of a county organization of farmers to devote +themselves continuously to studying and experimenting in better farming. + +A train or truck campaign, well handled, will help to give freshness +to ideas which may become stale if they continue to reach the people +in the same familiar forms. Whatever the subject matter or purpose of +a local movement for community education or welfare, both the workers +or leaders and the people who form the audiences are refreshed by +variations from familiar methods of presenting the ideas that need to +be gone over time and again in order to get the greater numbers to +listen, to understand, and to assimilate them. The local effectiveness +of the work of the county agricultural agent, or the tuberculosis +committee, or the movement for better rural schools may sometimes +be stimulated through the visit of traveling campaigners bringing +reinforcements in the way of enthusiasm, news gathered along the route, +or old ideas illustrated in new and striking ways. + + +A TOUR AS A CAMPAIGN “FEATURE” + +One occasion when a train tour may be desirable is when the need is +felt for a unique feature or “stunt” in a campaign that employs a +great variety of methods. The Liberty Loan trains were expected to +add “punch” to local campaigns and to make bond selling easier. When +a vigorous effort is being concentrated on an issue or an idea, a +tour of prominent speakers, or striking exhibits, or both, may add a +spectacular element and secure much publicity; first, by getting direct +attention for the idea, and second, by providing material for “news” +both in the press and in the everyday talk of the people. + + +NOVELTY AND THE DANGER OF ITS WEARING OFF + +As a novel device for attracting attention both train and truck have +a real though possibly a short-lived value. In many sections of the +country the exhibit train has long ago become familiar, and already +those who are seeking some new form in which to get their story over +are equipping and operating motor trucks. In a few years these, too, +may lose their power to arouse curiosity. However, the fact that the +novelty of a device wears off does not necessarily destroy its value. +While the novelty of the method itself may wear off, the contents of +the train and the program of the itinerant campaigners leave no end of +possibilities in the way of fresh attractions. + +In the use of graphic methods there have been great advances within +quite recent years. So far, only a few of the newer forms of expressing +information in picturesque and dramatic forms have been used in truck +and train projects. There is no reason why trains and trucks should +not continue indefinitely to draw expectant visitors looking for the +new features that may be added this year, just as a circus, a fair, or +exposition is repeated successfully year after year. The exhibitor who +uses an attention-getting device for the first time in any locality +is to some extent responsible for the future success of any similar +traveling shows in the places visited. People who went to see the first +train or truck are likely to visit the second or stay away, according +to the impression made by the first. This responsibility can be met +through careful preparation and good management. + + +NOT A QUICK METHOD + +A point sometimes urged in favor of the educational tour is its rapid +method of carrying information over a wide area. It is undoubtedly the +quickest way of displaying the same objects to a number of communities. +But if you wish the people throughout your territory to have the same +information as nearly as possible at the same time, any method in which +the material is duplicated and sent out to all points at once from a +central place is obviously more suitable than conveying the message +from place to place. + + +TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS AND RESULTS + +One objection frequently raised by those who have conducted educational +tours is that they are quickly forgotten and bring no lasting +results. This is probably a valid objection to the incompleteness +of a particular campaign rather than to the method itself. If the +follow-up work is not planned just as carefully and carried out as +conscientiously as the tour itself, there is no reason to expect that +people will remember it or that action will follow. Every form of +publicity, whether a newspaper article, leaflet, lecture or motion +picture would be just as quickly forgotten if it were an isolated +effort and not part of a well-rounded educational campaign. In the +section on follow-up work, page 106, methods are discussed of fixing +the impressions made on the minds of visitors to the train and of +inducing them to apply the instructions given. + + +COST OF TOURS + +What it costs usually plays a larger part in the choice of a publicity +method than any other single factor. Analysis of the whole plan of the +tour is needed in order to decide regarding the wisdom of spending +money on it. An advance estimate ought to indicate whether a given +expenditure on a traveling campaign appears likely to bring larger +returns than the same amount spent on some other method. + +The cost and the scale of different enterprises vary so greatly and +prices are so different from year to year, that it is impossible to +estimate, on the basis of one project, what another one is likely +to cost.[1] By writing to the sources of information listed in the +appendix, beginning on page 117, the reader will probably be able to +obtain detailed information about the cost of any enterprise of a type +that may interest him. Several directors of tours have reported that +they consider the method too expensive. It was found too expensive +in one northern state because the initial outlay was so great in +comparison with the relatively short season during which the truck +could be operated. In one southern state the expenses of an automobile +tour were found to be out of proportion to the total budget of the +organization. A number have reported the method inexpensive, but they +may not have charged against their budget items that others have +been obliged to include. Cars and hauling may have been provided by +a railroad company; the truck may have been a gift; the specialists +and demonstrators may have been regular members of the staff of the +organization and their salaries not charged against the budget of the +tour. In some cases the truck drivers have been volunteers. All of +these things need to be taken into account in making any decision on +the basis of the amount a tour has cost someone else. It is safe to +say that, under the most favorable circumstances, a well-conducted +traveling campaign is not a cheap method of publicity, and the +organization considering it should be very sure that the enterprise is +timely and especially suited to their purpose before embarking on the +venture. + + +AS BETWEEN TRAINS AND TRUCKS + +The most serious drawbacks to a train are that it must stay on a +railway siding, is frequently inconvenient to reach, and its location +hot and dusty in summer, lacking in open space where crowds can gather +comfortably, and, worst of all, is noisy. Still another drawback is +that the shape of a car is not adapted to the effective display of +exhibits and it is difficult also to handle large numbers of visitors. + +[Illustration: THE NEW YORK STATE HEALTHMOBILE + +Carries motion picture equipment for both indoor and outdoor exhibition +as well as dispensary equipment for holding clinics.] + +Even with these awkward handicaps, however, the railroad car has the +advantage of greater size as a setting for exhibits and demonstrations. +Exhibits and equipment for demonstrating, moreover, may be permanently +set up in a train of cars, so that everything is in readiness for +visitors at the time when the train reaches its stopping place. But the +truck is a place for storing rather than displaying exhibits, which +means that each time a program is given, material must be unpacked and +set up in tents, in a hall, or out of doors. + +Good points for the truck are that, roads and weather permitting, the +truck campaigner may go wherever and whenever he pleases and stay as +long as he likes, independent of the rails and schedules that limit +the freedom of a train tour. Even bad roads have not prevented some +campaigners from reaching what had seemed to be inaccessible districts. + +While the trucks have in certain ways greater adaptability to varied +conditions than trains, the latter will undoubtedly continue to be +employed where its own special uses are of paramount importance and +particularly in cases where the railroads may find it possible, as in +many instances in the past, to provide transportation free or at a +nominal price. The truck, on the other hand, is probably only at the +beginning of its usefulness in educational and publicity work. There +are still untried possibilities of contriving methods for the carrying +of materials especially adapted to a quick display during a short +stop in all sorts of places, which, it would seem, might invite to a +fascinating degree the inventive genius of those interested in the +popular spread of useful information. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] The following records of tours may prove at least suggestive: A +three-car train, which traveled through Pennsylvania for five months in +1918, had running expenses of approximately $325 a week. This included +traveling, living expenses, and salaries of three staff members, the +initial cost of exhibits and printed matter, and repairs. It did not +include the salaries of three additional demonstrators, or the initial +cost of rebuilding the interiors of the cars, or any expenses for +hauling of the cars. + +A motion picture tour with an automobile truck, traveled for +twenty-eight weeks in 1917 in Maryland at an expense of $124 a week. +This included the fuel and repairs for the car, expenses of the field +staff, rentals of films, and various miscellaneous expenses connected +with the operation of the tour. + + + + + III + + HOW TRAINS HAVE BEEN USED IN CAMPAIGNING + + +For a number of years, with the co-operation of the railroads, state +agricultural colleges, departments of health, and private state +organizations have carried on educational and organization work through +demonstration trains. The war propaganda which utilized practically +every known form of publicity did not overlook train, truck or trolley. +One or more of these was used in the campaigns for Liberty Loans, food +conservation, and child welfare. + +Descriptions of a few of these trains will illustrate the varied types +of campaigns in which they have been employed. + + +AGRICULTURAL TRAINS + +A Peach Demonstration Train started on a tour in November, 1919, for +the purpose of encouraging and stimulating the peach industry in +the East Texas Fruit Belt. The train consisted of two baggage cars +containing exhibits of insect pests that menace the peach industry, +life-sized models of diseased and perfect fruit, and actual branches +of affected peach trees, and a box car containing a tractor, orchard +plows, and various other kinds of farm machinery needed by an +up-to-date orchardist. + +Regarding this train Mr. P. T. Cole, Agricultural Commissioner, St. +Louis Southwestern Railroad of Texas, writes as follows: + + The cars were moved on local freight trains nearly all the time, + although on a few occasions we were moved by a through freight. The + cars were opened to the public at 9 a.m., and the farmers were taken + through in groups of about fifteen and a thorough lecture given + them with explanations in detail regarding the various exhibits. We + usually let the school children go through, but did not allow them to + interfere with the work we were giving the farmers. In the afternoon, + at about one o’clock, we accompanied the farmers to a nearby orchard + taking with us pruning tools, the power sprayer, and the tractor. + In the orchard we gave lectures on pruning, and then pruned about a + dozen trees, or sometimes as many as fifty, after which we gave them + a thorough spraying. This demonstration usually consumed the greater + part of the afternoon, but we would return to the cars and discuss the + different problems of orcharding with the growers and in many cases + they remained with us until dark. + + The growers in most cases were very enthusiastic over this work, and + we had some excellent demonstrations. Some of the very best were given + in orchards where we had done the same work last year, and where it + was an easy matter to point out the beneficial results of proper + spraying and pruning. We have a number of fine demonstrations to go + back to next year to show the results of the work we have just done. + + As a result of this work a great many spray machines have been bought, + and there is more pruning and spraying in progress now than I have + ever seen before. + +[Illustration: INTERIOR OF EXHIBIT CAR OF THE “PEACH SPECIAL” + +A baggage car containing exhibits to show the diseases and insect pests +that menace the peach industry, and the methods of destroying them. See +page 13.] + +The following account[2] of a dairy train in Illinois is supplied by +the College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois: + + The first dairy train which we assisted in operating was on the + Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad from Danville, Illinois, to + Cypress. The equipment consisted of an engine, three ordinary coaches + used for lecture work, an automobile box car with side and end doors, + and a flat car. We had four cows in the automobile car and led them + direct from this car onto the flat car for demonstration purposes. We + had a railing built around the flat car and also a removable platform + between the two cars. We also had a milking machine installed in this + box car which could be observed in operation by opening its side + doors. This was all the exhibit material we had, as our stops in + the towns lasted only from one to two hours. We had a special train + crew and a definite train schedule to follow. As soon as we would + reach a town we would fill up the three lecture coaches, and three + speakers would start at once to give short talks. After talking for + about fifteen minutes, the speakers would trade cars. In this way + each audience heard at least three speakers, and at the conclusion of + these lectures the audience was conducted to the rear car where a cow + demonstration was given. At the conclusion of the cow demonstration + the milking machine demonstration was given in the automobile car. I + might say that the dairy train was highly successful. This was due, I + think, largely to its being well advertised previous to its operation. + + Later, another dairy train was operated in a similar manner except + that four lecture coaches were used instead of three. On account of + the warm weather, it was found advisable to give a large number of the + lectures out-of-doors. The coaches were used only during rainy weather + or in towns where, because of congested passenger and freight traffic, + they were not given a good location. In some places our audiences were + so large that we could not accommodate them in four coaches. In that + case all the lecture work was given from the flat car on the rear end + of the train. + +The Pure Seed and Home Power Special was the name given to a three-car +train run jointly by the Soo Line, the Wisconsin Bankers’ Association, +and the Wisconsin College of Agriculture in the interests of more +efficient farm methods. The pure seed car contained a display of the +finest Wisconsin grown seed grains, reinforced by explanations driving +home the vital facts concerning the advantages of pure-bred seed. The +home power and home convenience car showed gasoline engine, power +churn, washing machine, separator, home lighting plant, and other +conveniences. A lecture car and a tourist sleeper for the lecturers and +demonstrators completed the equipment. Sixteen counties were visited +and over seven thousand people came to see the train. + +The Hessian Fly Special, as described below, is an example of a highly +specialized effort toward accomplishing a very definite purpose: + + Since its first appearance in Kansas as an important factor in + wheat production, the Hessian fly has alternately disappeared and + reappeared. During the forty-four years of its known presence in the + state it has produced seven different out-breaks, the last and the + greatest of which destroyed not less than fifteen million bushels of + wheat of the 1915 crop. Believing that not only the attention of the + farmers could best be called to the seriousness of the infestation, + but also that more interest could be created in the control methods + and that a larger number of wheat growers could be reached within a + short time, the Kansas Agricultural College decided to request the + Santa Fé Railway Company, which had a large mileage in the infested + districts, to run a Hessian fly train.... + + A chart of the infested districts was furnished the dean of the + Extension Division who met with the officials of the Santa Fé and + prepared a schedule consisting of sixty-two stops. It was left + entirely with the college to decide as to the best time to run the + train and it was felt that, inasmuch as the methods of control of + the fly should begin as soon as possible after harvest, the best and + most opportune time for the train would be the week just before the + beginning of harvest. + + The train consisted of a baggage car, two modern steel day coaches, + each with a seating capacity of eighty-eight persons, which were + used for lecture cars, and a private car, consisting of parlor and + observation, dining and sleeping compartments. It was understood + at the beginning that the train was to be an exclusive Hessian + fly train and thus it was advertised as the Hessian Fly Special, + operated by the Kansas State Agricultural College in co-operation + with the Santa Fé. The speakers consisted of three entomologists + of the Agricultural College, one entomologist of the United States + Department of Agriculture, the head of the Department of Agronomy, + the superintendent of Farmers’ Institutes of the college, and + one county demonstration agent. In addition to the lecturers, + the company consisted of the agricultural agent of the Santa Fé, + the publicity agent of the Santa Fé, the publicity agent of the + college, and representatives of some of the principal newspapers and + farm publications. The divisional superintendents and roadmasters + accompanied the train over their respective divisions of the road. + + Addresses were made at all of the sixty-two places scheduled. In + fact, at nearly all the places the attendance was such as to require + two speakers and, on several occasions, it required a third speaker + to accommodate the large crowd. If the attendance did not exceed two + hundred, the two speakers took care of them in the lecture cars, but + where the crowd was over two hundred the over-flow was taken in the + waiting room of the depot, where a speaker was provided. Where there + was not an opportunity for the insect train to stop, a lecturer was + dropped off to hold a meeting at the depot or an up-town place. Later, + the man would be picked up by one of the regular trains and left at + a station where the Hessian Fly Special was scheduled to stop. Or + a man would be sent ahead on a regular train to hold a meeting and + would later be picked up when the Special came through. In a few cases + speakers were taken to neighboring towns in automobiles. During the + entire trip every speaker on the train gave practically the same + Hessian fly talk. The entomologists and the agronomist of the college + prepared the speech, copies of which were furnished not only to the + speakers but also to all the railroad officials and publicity men who + accompanied the train. The publicity men prepared beforehand all the + articles to be used by the newspapers in the places where addresses + were made. In other words, every address given and every newspaper + article published had just one message and that was the seriousness + of the infestation and what should be done to protect the crop of the + next year. It is the opinion of the writer that much of the success + of the Hessian fly train and the good accomplished were due to the + fact that all departments and all persons concerned were together, + and that nothing was said or done but what met with the approval and + recommendation of every one. The fact that the very methods advocated + for the control of the fly were in keeping with the very methods + recommended by the Agronomy Department and which the progressive + and successful wheat growers knew should be practiced for maximum + yields, appealed to the better judgment of even the most skeptical + ones. The time allowed for each stop was about forty minutes. The + speakers usually arranged for a few minutes’ discussion before closing + the meeting. Specimen cases, charts, and illustrated material were + used in nearly all lectures. As the men left the lecture cars or the + waiting room they were given circulars on the Hessian fly and the + preparation of the seed bed for wheat. The Hessian fly circular was + printed primarily for the occasion. It was simply a timely article + emphasizing the methods of control and closing with a brief life + history of the fly. + + In nearly all cases large crowds met the Hessian Fly Special and the + total attendance for the week was approximately seven thousand.[3] + + +HEALTH TRAINS + +In the early days of the tuberculosis movement cars were extensively +used in traveling health campaigns. A pioneer in carrying the message +of health over a state on exhibit trains was Dr. Oscar Dowling, +President of the Louisiana State Board of Health. His health train +made its initial trip in 1910 and with many changes since that time +has continued in service. After the first tours, made with cars loaned +by the railroad, had demonstrated the popularity of the train, the +State Board of Health purchased two coaches. One was fitted up as +an inspection car with a part of it given over to living and office +quarters, and the other as an educational exhibit car, containing +displays of models, charts, and laboratory specimens. Later, two more +cars were purchased for living quarters and the inspection car was +turned into a laboratory car. + +A practical application of the lessons taught on the tour was made +by inspectors who accompanied the train. In each place visited they +inspected and scored buildings in which the sanitary conditions +imperilled public health, the reports of their findings being +given publicity while the train was in town. This train attracted the +attention of health workers in other states and has made a number of +trips outside of Louisiana in response to their requests. + +[Illustration: HEALTH CARS OF THE LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH + +Showing the garage end of the laboratory car. Here a Ford is stored +ready for use by the inspectors in a quick tour of each town visited.] + +The Board of Health of Kansas has used a Pullman car to carry exhibits +on child welfare, tuberculosis, and other health topics. A woman +physician and public health nurses traveled with the car and gave +health talks and explained exhibits. Sixty-nine cities and towns were +visited, the stops varying from one to four days. The purpose was +chiefly educational, but an attempt was made to discuss their health +problems with individuals. + +Another example of the Health Special was a car sent out by the West +Virginia Board of Health during 1919, and described in letters sent in +advance to the newspapers as: + + A fine, vestibuled coach, equipped with electrically driven models, + health posters, exhibits of living bacteria, exhibits of Red Cross + work, a moving picture machine, and a small but complete chemical and + bacteriological laboratory in one end. + + +WAR PROPAGANDA + +During the war, trains were used in several states to carry the +message of food conservation and more especially to encourage home +canning by simple methods. The Pennsylvania Food Administration, in +co-operation with the Pennsylvania State College of Agriculture +and the Pennsylvania Railroad, ran a train of three cars during the +first and second summer of the war. The train included an exhibit car +containing posters and graphic devices showing why food conservation +was necessary; and two cars where skilled demonstrators illustrated +methods of baking with wheat substitutes and the canning and drying of +fruits and vegetables. + +A Save the Surplus Special of two cars toured New York State +encouraging home canning and helping practically to increase it. + +During the Fourth Liberty Loan campaign exhibit trains were used in +some districts for displaying war trophies, and during the Fifth +Liberty Loan several shiploads of war equipment and trophies were +distributed over the whole country for display on trains which were +sent into the rural districts and cities. Each train included several +flat cars and a baggage car loaded with captured cannon, German +aëroplanes, machine guns, trench mortars, gas warfare apparatus and +gas masks, and thousands of other interesting trophies. One of our own +tanks, dressed up in its fighting clothes, was an interesting feature +of the exhibits. Each train was accompanied by an armed guard of +returned soldiers, sailors, and marines. + +In Missouri a Women’s Patriotic Special made a two weeks’ trip carrying +women speakers who gave talks on the Red Cross, food conservation, and +other war topics. + + +A GOVERNMENT SAFETY FIRST TRAIN + +Probably the most elaborate exhibit train that has yet been sent out +was the Safety First Train of the Department of the Interior, which +toured sixteen states during a period of four months and was visited +by over a half million people. This train, which was furnished by +the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, consisted of twelve steel cars, +including a sleeper and diner, and was hauled by two powerful passenger +locomotives. Six governmental departments and the American Red Cross +had exhibits relating to safety work, the purpose of the tour being “to +acquaint the people with the work that the Federal Government is doing +every day to protect its citizens against injury and death, and with +the measures it takes to promote the health and comfort of the people.” + + +TROLLEY TOURS + +Campaigns have been conducted on interurban lines in several states. +For about three months the Woman’s Committee of the State Council of +Defense ran a Children’s Year Special over much of the interurban +trackage of Michigan, in the interests of better babies everywhere, and +as a help in saving Michigan’s quota of the one hundred thousand babies +the Children’s Year was to save. + +The car was divided into three sections--the first part contained +an exhibit, the second a compartment in which babies and children +brought for tests were undressed and dressed, and the third a model +examination room where tests and examinations were made by skilled +physicians and trained nurses. + +The Woman’s Committee of the State Council of Defense in Massachusetts +also ran a children’s welfare car. The interior of the car was given +over to exhibits of literature and posters on food conservation +and child welfare. The front and back platforms were enlarged and +surrounded by arm railings. On one platform a kitchen was arranged, +where a lecturer gave actual demonstrations of the various food +substitutes; on the other a trained nurse instructed mothers upon the +care and feeding of children in wartime. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[2] Letter from E. A. Clark, College of Agriculture, University of +Illinois. + +[3] Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1916, George A. +Dean, Entomologist, Kansas State Agricultural Experiment Station. + + + + + IV + + CAMPAIGNING WITH MOTOR VEHICLES + + +Traveling motion picture shows, dealing with health and other subjects, +traveling dispensaries and tours demonstrating uses of trucks and thus +advertising trucks themselves, are the chief educational uses of motor +vehicles reported in response to an inquiry widely sent out. + + +MOTION PICTURE TOURS + +Of these, the traveling motion picture show seems to have been longest +in the field. Many state health departments and state tuberculosis +associations have been and still are conducting a part of their +educational work by this means. Recently the Red Cross has carried the +story of its overseas work into remote rural districts in a certain +section of the country by means of a truck equipped with pictures +and machine. A returned overseas worker travels with the truck and +gives talks about past achievements and future plans. An organization +interested in promoting the use of commercial and industrial films has +a number of well equipped trucks which are sent to city parks as well +as country districts to give open-air entertainments. + + +A TYPICAL MOTION PICTURE MOTOR TOUR + +The North Carolina State Board of Health has used a health car equipped +with electric lighting plant, motion picture machine and accessories, +together with a large selection of health and comic films, all in +charge of a lecturer and machinist. This car was sent out in response +to invitations to give health entertainments in co-operation with local +committees, the latter sharing the expense. + +The plan was to give substantially the same program in a different +place in the county each day during one week. Each of these places +then received a return visit during each of two succeeding weeks with +a complete change of program. A single program usually consisted of +five or six reels of motion pictures, including three health films +and scenic and comedy films. A victrola was carried with the car to +provide a preliminary musical program and a musical accompaniment with +the comic films. While the health films were being shown, the lecturer +made running comments. Free health literature was on display at a +convenient place to be given out in response to requests. The programs +were given in the school house, church hall or outdoors. Where special +illumination was needed strings of incandescent lights were provided. + +The staff carried with them a complete camping, cooking, and sleeping +outfit.[4] Their schedule usually included two programs a day and 12 +visits to as many places during a week. + + +TRAVELING DISPENSARIES + +The use of motor trucks for dispensaries or clinics seems to be +increasing rapidly. A number of traveling tuberculosis, dental, child +welfare, and baby clinics are reported from many parts of the country, +not only for rural districts but for large cities. Some of these +dispensaries on wheels are intended chiefly to provide service, that +is, to examine people, rather than for the purpose of publicity or +education. In this case the truck is simply a convenient method of +extending clinical work to districts that have no dispensaries, or to +the homes of patients who cannot or will not go to the dispensary. +But even where service is the main purpose, these trucks are of value +educationally, particularly in this early stage of their use when their +novelty attracts attention to the clinics. Other traveling dispensaries +are intended chiefly to demonstrate to the community the need of +establishing, permanently, some such service as the dispensary gives +during its brief stop-over. + + +CLEVELAND CHILDREN’S YEAR SPECIAL + +A traveling truck dispensary was adopted as a feature of the Children’s +Year by the Children’s Year Committee of the Cleveland Council of +Defense. Mr. J. Dean Halliday, Director of the Bureau of Health +Education of the Cleveland Department of Health, who planned the +construction of the truck and directed its use later, had charge of a +similar campaign for the American Red Cross Tuberculosis Commission in +Italy. + +The type used both in Cleveland and in Italy[5] as shown in several +illustrations (see cuts opposite pages 28 and 30) has side tents, +which, when set up, provide fair-sized rooms. The tent on the left was +used as a waiting and dressing room for the mothers who brought babies +for examination; that on the right as lecture and exhibit room. Here +posters and model outfits for the baby were displayed and literature +was given away. The body proper built on the carriage of a large army +truck was fitted out as a model dispensary with examining tables, +scales, measuring stands, desk, cabinet for supplies, electric lights, +and hot and cold water. The equipment included a screen and motion +picture machine which could be set up on top of the truck for evening +programs. In Cleveland the truck was driven by members of a volunteer +women’s motor corps organization, uniformed for the purpose and carried +a physician, a nurse, and a sanitary patrolman, all assigned from the +Health Department. + +[Illustration: CLEVELAND CHILDREN’S YEAR SPECIAL + +Interior of truck fitted up as a dispensary with steps let down for +visitors. See pages 27 and 28.] + +[Illustration: TRUCK WITH EXTENSION DEVICES + + The usefulness of this truck for demonstrations and exhibitions is + more than doubled by the tents which are strapped to the sides of the + truck in travel and set up at each stopping place, and by the motion + picture apparatus which is set up on the roof. See page 28.] + +The tour included sections of the city known as “death places” because +of their high infant mortality rates. As the crowd gathered the +physician in charge gave a short talk on the object of Children’s +Year. While he was thus engaged the district nurse circulated through +the crowd and, picking out a likely mother and child, persuaded +her to step forward with her child when the physician called for +babies to be examined. It was found necessary to do this in order +to get the remainder of the mothers to fall in line quickly. The +physician examined the child and, if normal, it was quickly weighed +and measured and the regular Children’s Year forms filled out, one +for the committee’s record and a duplicate for the mother. The mother +was advised to report at regular intervals to the city’s nearest +prophylactic dispensary where she would receive instructions as to +how to keep her baby well. For the sake of its effect, she was given +a card signed by the mayor, stating that she was entitled to this +service and urging her to avail herself of it. She then passed on to +the tent containing exhibits where child hygiene and other posters +were displayed and educational pamphlets distributed. The exhibits and +literature were usually presided over by the uniformed motor corps +driver, although on some occasions an extra nurse was carried for the +purpose. In an average afternoon, from twenty-five to thirty babies +would be examined. + +Although city nurses were constantly carrying on routine work in the +districts visited, many cases of contagion and sore eyes were found +by the traveling outfit which had been missed entirely by the regular +nurses. After the truck had visited a given section the nurses in +charge of the district dispensary were instructed to make a note of +attendance. Records showed a considerable increase in visitors, a +number of whom brought with them the cards received at the traveling +dispensary or they said that they had been referred to the dispensary +after a preliminary examination on the truck. + + +MOTOR TRUCK CLINICS IN ITALY + +In Italy seven trucks were used with practically the same equipment +as in Cleveland, and three more were equipped for dental work. They +were operated from certain centers in the region where the American +Red Cross Tuberculosis Commission worked in co-operation with Italian +tuberculosis organizations. From these centers the trucks radiated +on one-day trips to neighboring villages and towns carrying posters, +printed matter, and a crew consisting of an Italian physician, +lecturer, nurse, and driver. + + +A GOVERNMENT CHILD WELFARE SPECIAL + +A big, gray automobile truck, known as the “Child Welfare Special,” +has recently been put into the field by the Children’s Bureau of +the United States Department of Labor to test the usefulness of +the automobile in carrying the message of better babies into rural +communities. + +[Illustration: TRAVELING DISPENSARIES + +Dispensaries of the Tuberculosis Commission of the American Red Cross +in Italy in the Court Yard of the Ducal Palace at Genoa. See pages 28 +and 30.] + +[Illustration: INTERIOR OF CHILD WELFARE SPECIAL OF THE FEDERAL +CHILDREN’S BUREAU + +For detailed description see page 31.] + +The Children’s Bureau has provided the following description of the +truck and its tour: + + The truck is modeled very closely upon the dispensary truck used by + the Chicago Tuberculosis Institute. The body of the car is constructed + of wood, painted white on the inside and battleship gray on the + outside. The words, “Child Welfare Special” are lettered in blue + and white on each side of the car. The truck is roomy enough for a + conference room and two dressing rooms. The conference room is nine + and a half feet long, six feet wide, and six feet four inches high in + the center. This room has four windows on each side, high enough to + be out of reach of prying eyes, yet admitting sufficient light for + daytime examinations. The driver’s cab, which is entirely enclosed in + glass, can be reached from the conference room by a sliding door; with + the shades drawn it forms one dressing room. The open-end gates of the + car, provided with double folding doors and heavy curtains that fit + into grooves, form a second dressing room. When a mother enters one of + the rooms, she has the exclusive use of it until the child has been + undressed, examined, and dressed again. + + Most of the equipment of the truck is built in. A 15-gallon water + tank, tucked away over the driver’s cab, is connected by faucet with + a stationary washstand in the conference room, which in turn is + connected with a drain to the outside. The examining table and the + linen lockers are built over the wheel housing, an arrangement that + saves space and improves the appearance of the car. A scale for babies + and older children is carried in an especially built trunk. There is + enough storage space for 2,000 publications, a full set of exhibit + material, a balopticon with several boxes of slides, two rolls of + moving picture film, several dozen charts for lecture purposes, cot, + bedding, and cooking utensils for three persons, a large supply of + sheets and muslin squares, and all the other equipment necessary for + conducting a children’s health conference. + + Two systems of lighting, one for a 110-volt current that can be taken + from a nearby public building, and the other for a six-volt current + taken from the truck’s own batteries, furnish excellent illumination + for night work. Two electric heaters have recently been installed for + use on cool days. Weather strips have been put on the cab to keep out + wind and rain, and a tarpaulin made to fit over the rear doors keeps + out the dust. + + Arrangements have been made for the staff to sleep on the Special--the + doctor on an army cot in the conference room, the nurse on a similar + cot in the rear dressing room, and the chauffeur on the driver’s seat, + which was constructed to serve as a bed. + + A nearby public room in a school or church is usually obtained for an + exhibit and waiting room, and here, at opportune moments, the doctor + and nurse give brief talks to waiting mothers, using the exhibit + material as a means of illustration. + + The first test of the efficiency of the Special is whether it serves + its purpose. In the main the Special has proved a success from a + mechanical point of view. The dressing rooms are adequate, and the + conference room has proved itself remarkably convenient in spite of + its small space. There are features that would be changed, however, if + another truck were to be built. A more powerful engine is desirable. + In spite of efforts to keep its weight down, the car when completely + loaded tips the scale at 8,000 pounds. It does not seem advisable to + reduce materially this weight as the body must be made to withstand + the jar of travel and uncertain weather. The thirty-five horse power + engine, supplemented by the extra pulling power provided by pneumatic + tires, is adequate for most road conditions, but sandy, steep hills + are negotiated with some difficulty. A heavier engine, one and a half + or two-ton unit, would easily care for this load and at the same + time carry enough reserve for any bad spots that are encountered. + Mechanical adjustments made recently, however, have given greater + power. + + Because of its size the Special does not travel well over muddy roads. + The height of the car could be reduced by five or six inches and still + permit easy walking within the car. This would very considerably + reduce the sway and the danger of skidding. + +A report from the physician in charge of the Special says: + + The Special has the distinct advantage of at once gripping public + interest. This may seem spectacular from the professional standpoint, + but it gets results. It is believed that the ground can be covered + better by the Special than in any other way, that its improved + equipment will make for more satisfactory results than any method + tried to date, and that its usefulness is directly in proportion to + the ability of the physician in charge to make the public realize + that she is merely demonstrating the need of periodic examinations and + a method of providing opportunity for such examinations. She must bear + in mind that the examinations she gives are merely an incident and + not the object of the Special--that her most important function is to + stimulate and aid in the organization of permanent follow-up work by + the community. + +SPEAKING TOURS BY AUTOMOBILE OR MOTORCYCLE + +One of the simplest and frequently a very effective form of traveling +campaign is the speaking tour of which examples are numerous +and familiar. Suffrage, prohibition, and many other causes have +been promoted by traveling speakers in conspicuously painted or +decorated automobiles. The speakers may carry with them all sorts of +attention-getting devices, from a supply of leaflets to distribute, to +a set of properties that would rival the stock of the old-time patent +medicine man. + + +A MOTORCYCLE KNIGHT OF HEALTH + +The following picturesque description of “A Modern Knight Errant, +Carrying Health Gospel at Fifty Miles an Hour on A Motor Cycle,” is +taken from an article by Samuel Hopkins Adams, about the work of the +Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association[6]: + + +_The “Flying Squadron of Health”_ + +Seven o’clock of a June evening in the lake country to the north. +Supper is over. The mail has come jolting down by stage from +the nearest railroad point, fourteen miles distant, and has been +distributed from the post office which is also the general store and +the council-house of the locality. The population, gathered in from a +considerable radius, is talking a little politics, chewing a little +tobacco, speculating a bit on the likelihood of rain, and yawning +itself into readiness for home and bed. Far up the dusty road there is +an approaching commotion, perceptible both to ear and eye. Presently +the center of it materializes in the form of a motorcycle bearing a +man and a pack. The cycle pop-pops itself into a stationary phase. The +man dismounts, gives a pleasant “good evening” to the gossiping group, +appraises the immediate lay of the land with a practiced eye, unstraps +a pack or two, and in an incredibly short time has a light silk tent up +in a chosen spot by the road-way, a cooking kit laid out, a Dutch oven +set, and the “makings” of a fire gathered near it. + +Now, here is romance for the young of the hamlet, Gypsying a la mode! +Knight-errantry at fifty miles an hour! The news runs amuck in the +locality and in no time there is a growing gathering. Questions begin +to fly; to each the newcomer has his brief but courteous answer, all +the time busy with his preparations for spending the night in the open. +Presently he unfolds carefully a case containing placards, setting them +up one by one against the stone fence. Conjecture, by this time, is at +the point of explosion. + +“What are you sellin’, Mister?” comes the direct question. + +“Nothing,” answers the stranger, setting up still another placard, and +stepping back to estimate the effect. + +“Got a show?” + +“Why, yes! in a way.” + +“Givin’ out samples?” + +“Not exactly.” + +“Patent medicine feller, I guess,” surmises one. “Seen a couple of +’em over to Humphrey’s last fall.” “Naw,” controverts another, “He’s +sellin’ pictures, can’t ye see?” “Ain’t goin’ to preach, be ye, young +man?” queries a third. + +“That too, in a way,” says the motorist. + +Curiosity is now at its height. The crowd couldn’t be driven away by +a thunder shower. The newcomer has nursed the situation until he has +an absorbed attentiveness when he addresses the people in direct and +simple words, explains why he is there, and talks to them about the +peril of consumption and the ready-to-hand methods of guarding against +it, using the charts which he has set up to fortify his telling points. +It is done with a very conversational, homely and personal touch, so +that the audience is encouraged to ask questions about the individual +symptoms, the danger of “catching” the disease, the chances of cure +for this or that friend, what hospital will take old Mrs. Tinkley, +bedridden now for six weeks, and so on through the roster of health +and sickness topics which make up so large a part of the immediate +interests of countryfolk. + +When the talk is over the visitor asks for the telephone, calls up a +town perhaps fifty or sixty miles away, and those who are near enough +to cock an ear hopefully (which includes as many as can crowd into the +store) hear something like this: + +“Siddallville? Hello! That you, Mr. Conway? Yes. Werle.... I’ll be +there to-morrow night to speak.... No; I’ve got everything.... +What’s that? No; no cost. All you have to provide is the hall and +the audience. I’ll furnish the rest.... Yes; seven-thirty to-morrow. +Good-bye!” + +In the morning all that remains at the cross-roads to tell of the +visitation is a little heap of ashes, some queer marks in the dust +where the heavy-studded tires have passed--and a germinating seed of +education. The gospel has come to Shucktown. + + * * * * * + +Wisconsin has since tried something believed to be even better than the +“modern knight.” Finding that the motion pictures were a much greater +attraction than stereopticon slides, and having a four-reel health +film to show, the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association gave up its +motorcycle and substituted a motion picture truck which is better +fitted to transport the necessary machinery for its traveling campaign +work. + + +CARRYING THE CANNING KITCHEN TO THE FOOD SUPPLY + +An ingenious use of a truck as a first aid to canners is illustrated in +the photograph opposite page 38. This canning truck, chiefly intended +for service to those coming to see it, but also carrying its message +of war service to many neighborhoods, was sent out by the Women’s +Committee on Food Conservation of the Pittsburgh Food Administration. +The purpose of the truck is well described in a dodger, as follows: + + +LET US HELP YOU + +=How=--With our canning truck. + +=When=--At any time you can use us. + +=Where=--At your own home or any other convenient place for you. + +=Why=--To save home products for home use and leave for the Government +the output from commercial canneries for our soldiers. It is a sin +today to waste surplus vegetables if they can be canned. + +=We Furnish=--Canning equipment, a teacher, and five or six helpers, +who carry their lunches with them to avoid extra work for you. They +work from 9 to 4 o’clock. + +=You Furnish=--Stove room, a wash boiler, the vegetables or fruits to +be canned, and the jars. + +[Illustration: CANNING SQUAD AND PORTABLE KITCHEN + + Canning squad of the Allegheny County Council of National Defense, and + their portable kitchen ready to help the farmers’ wives save their + food products. See page 37.] + +=Cost=--It will cost you no money, but we will expect some fresh +vegetables or one-fifth of the jars canned during the day. We furnish +the jars for this share, which will later be used for some patriotic +purpose. + +The director of this enterprise reported that it was not unusual for +the “crew” to can 80 or 100 quarts of vegetables or fruits in a day and +that they were kept busy every day for six weeks. + +[Illustration: + + _“United States Official” Photo_ + +A TRANSCONTINENTAL TRUCK TOUR + +Transcontinental train of the Motor Transport Corps, U. S. War +Department. See page 39.] + + +“CARAVANS” OF TRUCKS + +Since the war, much publicity has been obtained for the motor truck +itself by what have been called motor truck development tours. Several +such tours, each covering a number of states, have demonstrated to +farming communities the use of the farm tractor, the advantages of the +truck in carrying farm products to market, and various other uses of +motor vehicles. + +A spectacular transcontinental tour of a train of eighty motor vehicles +was made during the summer of 1919 by the Motor Transport Corps of the +War Department. The caravan, which spread out over three miles of road +when in motion, included field kitchens, ambulances, repair trucks, and +in fact every sort of motor vehicle used by the transport service in +France. This trip was undertaken for both recruiting and educational +purposes. The following account of its purposes and methods is supplied +by a representative of the Motor Transport Corps: + +The transcontinental trip has been undertaken both for military and +educational purposes, as follows: + + (1) An extended service test of the standardized principal types of + army motors. + + (2) The War Department’s contribution to the Good Roads movement for + the purpose of developing through-route and transcontinental highways + as military and economic assets. + + (3) A demonstration of the practicability of long-distance motor post + and commercial transportation. + + (4) The collection of detailed data for use in connection with the + technical training of the commissioned and enlisted personnel of the + Motor Transport Corps. + + (5) The procurement of recruits for the Motor Transport Corps. + + (6) Studies in terrain observation for certain branches of the army, + particularly the Field Artillery, Air Service and Engineer Corps. + + (7) An exhibition to the general public, either through actual contact + or resulting channels of publicity, of the development of the motor + vehicle for military purposes. + +The Lincoln Highway Association has co-operated with the Motor +Transport Corps in advertising the passage of the train along the +Lincoln Way, and through its subsidiary organizations it took a +large part in making advance arrangements for the welcome to and the +entertainment of the personnel of the convoy. + +In addition, all the usual channels of publicity were employed in +advertising the trip of the convoy, and an officer acting as advance +publicity agent, preceded the train one or more days in order to +give notice of its approach and to make final arrangements for its +entertainment. A personal letter was written to the governor of each +state and to the chief official of each town, village and city and to +heads of civil and commercial organizations along the route, requesting +their co-operation in making the trip a success. A recruiting officer +with proper equipment accompanied the train and often went ahead to +placard towns and arrange for meetings at which Motor Transport moving +pictures were shown and the newly planned system of vocational training +to be given in the Motor Transport Corps schools was explained. All the +cargo trucks in the train carried signs describing the various phases +of the Motor Transport Corps activities. The Associated Press and the +Knights of Columbus had representatives with the train and there were +also several freelance writers representing newspaper syndicates. All +the war activity organizations, especially the War Camp Community +Service, were advised of the passage of the train and did everything +possible to make the men comfortable and to entertain them. As a +result of all this publicity the passage of the train was marked by a +continual succession of hearty greetings and hospitable entertainments. +Each community, large or small, passed through did something to show +its appreciation of the visit and its interest in the purposes of +the trip. In many instances the entertainment program and street +decorations were most elaborate. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[4] Not all of the touring campaigners have considered it an +advantage to carry camping outfits. Some of them say that the work +is so strenuous that they should have good beds at night and no +responsibility for providing for their own comfort. On the other hand, +in some districts camping may provide more comforts than rural hotels +would. + +[5] After making a study of the Cleveland trucks sent to Italy, the +Chicago Tuberculosis Institute designed a lighter machine similar to +that described on page 31. + +[6] Health to Sell, Samuel Hopkins Adams, La Follette’s Magazine, +December, 1914. + + + + + V + + ADVANCE PUBLICITY AND ORGANIZATION + + +IMPORTANCE OF GOOD ADVANCE WORK + +The methods used in preparing the communities to receive the train are +as important a feature of the project as the visit of the train itself. +On the effectiveness with which the advance work is done depends its +opportunity to reach as many people as can be accommodated and to have +the audiences made up of the most hopeful “prospects,” those most +likely to act on the suggestions offered. Advance information that +arouses interest will bring visitors to the train in a receptive frame +of mind that makes it easier to present the message quickly. + +One or all of the following kinds of advance work will need to be done +in each place to be visited, according to the nature and scope of the +campaign: + + 1. General publicity and advertising. + + 2. Specialized appeals directed to selected groups and individuals. + + 3. Arrangements for distributing attendance over the full period of + the visit. + + 4. Arrangements for local co-operation in the above work, in taking + care of visitors to the train, and in organizing or carrying out + follow-up work later. + +For convenience, the discussion of these matters is given in terms of +trains, although most of it applies equally to motor tours as well. + + +GENERAL ADVERTISING + +The appeal to the general public in a community may be made through +news items in the papers, posters, window cards, window displays, +advertisements and inserts in advertisements, and slides in motion +picture theaters. Of the wide variety of methods to advertise an event, +these are probably the ones best adapted to advance preparation for +both large and small cities and towns. It is not the purpose here to +discuss the technique of preparing any of this material. Unless they +have ability and training in this field, those responsible for getting +work out should call in specialists to do it, or at least to advise +about it. + +The purpose of advertising is more than merely to get a crowd. If there +is very little competition from other events, as is often the case in +small towns, it may be fairly easy to secure a large attendance. It is +the business of your advertising to attract the attention of persons +not yet interested in the subject matter and to arouse intelligent +interest in what the train or truck will show. To design posters and +prepare copy that will bring these results requires skill and practise +which may sometimes be obtained as a gift but is worth paying for. + + +SPECIALIZED APPEAL + +The special groups to whom your message is chiefly directed may be +singled out from the general public and definite methods used to +insure their attendance. While most of the trains are of general +interest to the communities visited, the message of the exhibits or +demonstrations is probably addressed primarily to one or a few groups, +classified according to occupation, standing in the community, race, +age, condition of health, or particular interests. Special efforts to +reach these groups may take the form of letters, announcements, or +brief talks addressed to schools, churches, clubs, lodges, or employes +of factories and places of business. Committees on co-operation may +be formed within the groups and delegations appointed to come to the +train. A personal canvass may be made by letters, postcards, personal +visits, or telephone messages to leaders of groups or members of +special bodies. + + +ARRANGEMENTS FOR DISTRIBUTING THE ATTENDANCE + +The tendency of the majority of the people is to select the same period +in the day as the most convenient or desirable time for coming to +the train. When the program is to be repeated a number of times, it +is necessary to plan special methods for distributing the attendance +over the less popular hours. This may be done as a feature of the +advance appeal to particular groups by setting aside periods for school +children, calling conferences of small bodies of people, assigning +hours when delegations will be received and personally conducted, or +having program features of interest to particular groups at stated +hours. + +[Illustration: + + ROBBERS + AT LARGE + + Peach Growers of East Texas are Being Robbed by the + Insects and Diseases that attack Peaches + + SPECIALISTS WITH EXHIBIT CARS + + COMING + ----TO---- + + _Winfield Texas + Thursday Nov. 20ᵗʰ_ + + Most complete Orcharding Exhibit Train ever carried to the farmers of + the South. + Will exhibit and demonstrate all phases of peach orchard work. + + + Three Carloads of Equipment and Exhibits + +Carload of power and hand sprayers, a tractor and other modern orchard + equipment. + +Two exhibit cars electrically lighted and equipped to show by pictures, +lifelike models, specimens and slides of all the dangerous diseases and + insects known to Texas orchards. + + Actual field demonstrations on planting, pruning, spraying and + cultivation will be conducted in an orchard near town. + + + FREE--EVERYBODY INVITED + + + UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION + ST. LOUIS SOUTHWESTERN RAILROAD OF TEXAS + Co-operating with + THE EXTENSION DIVISION OF THE TEXAS A. & M. COLLEGE. + UNITED STATES AND STATE DEPARTMENTS OF AGRICULTURE + + For Further Information, See Your County Farm Demonstration Agent + +POSTER ADVERTISING THE COMING OF AN EXHIBIT TRAIN + + This is the type of poster that is frequently sent out in advance of + agricultural trains. The posters are usually on white paper or card + with black letters. The news value of the material on the poster + doubtless secures readers who would not be inclined to give attention + to so much reading matter if it conveyed only educational information.] + + +ARRANGEMENTS FOR LOCAL CO-OPERATION IN MANAGEMENT + +The co-operation of a local committee is needed in advertising and +running the show. The extent of this co-operation will depend upon the +size of the staff in charge of the train, size of the community, and +the nature of the program. The duties of local committees as described +in reports of various campaigns include: + + 1. Co-operation in advertising the coming of the train. + + 2. Making or checking up arrangements for the proper placing of the + train. + + 3. Arranging for a reception committee and helpers, as described in + the section on attendance (pages 55 and 98). + + 4. Securing such additional equipment as is called for by the program, + such as a meeting hall, motion picture or stereopticon machine. + + 5. Arranging such entertainment as may be needed by the train staff + in the way of living quarters or meals, or both. The importance of + providing for the comfort of the speakers and explainers who work + under a severe strain can hardly be overestimated. + + +GETTING THE ADVANCE WORK DONE + +The advance work is usually carried out by correspondence with a local +committee or individuals, or by sending an advance agent to make the +arrangements. Many tours of trains have been carried on without an +advance representative, in some cases because the expenses seemed +prohibitive or because of the difficulty in securing a suitable person +for this work. When well-organized local groups in communities to be +visited are already interested in the aims of the tour, it may be +comparatively simple to handle the advance work through correspondence. +But usually it is far more desirable to send an advance representative. + +Arranging for local co-operation by correspondence is a slower method +than working through a personal representative. The headquarters staff +also have a more difficult task in preparing publicity material and +letters that will arouse the same enthusiasm that the agent can instil +through his direct contact with editors and other community leaders. + +An example of the use of letters in place of an advance agent is +the following which was sent to health officers as one of a series +addressed to leading citizens by the West Virginia Public Health +Council: + + My dear Dr. ----: + + The “Health Car” now touring the state under the auspices of the + West Virginia State Department of Health, in the interest of health + education and child welfare, will arrive in your city at 8.30 o’clock + on Saturday P.M. and will remain till 1.20 P.M. o’clock on Tuesday. + + The car is a vestibuled railway coach entirely remodeled and contains + a chemical and bacteriological laboratory, a health exhibit of posters + and electrically driven models and a picture machine. These, with the + explanation given by a Health Instructor on the car, serve to impress + on the minds of the people the principles of the promotion of health + and prevention of disease. + + May we count on you to secure the interest and co-operation of the + medical, dental and nursing professions in your community, for + a public meeting at an hour which you, in consultation with the + Superintendent of Schools and a president of an influential woman’s + organization, may decide? We are also very desirous of securing the + attendance of the Mayor and Town Council and any other citizens who + do, or should, feel responsibility for community welfare and the + conservation of child life. We have also written the Superintendent of + Schools and your newspapers, realizing that the medical profession, + the educational people and the press are the agencies our Government + is counting upon for co-operation in constructive, peace-time work. + + The Health Car Corps will communicate with you immediately upon + arrival in your city to learn of your plans for the utilization of + their time and effort while with you. We are anxious to make their + stay in each community count for the highest possible things in the + interest of the public health and welfare. + + The car is supplied with a number of good Health Films which we will + be glad to show, free of charge, to the public if arrangements can be + made with some one who has a full-sized picture machine and a hall at + his disposal. + + Sincerely yours, + S. L. JEPSON, M.D. + _State Health Commissioner_. + +The following report from the director of the Texas Peach Demonstration +Train, described on page 13, is fairly typical of advance work done in +local communities without a personal representative: + + Articles announcing the tour of this train have been sent to all the + large newspapers in the east Texas territory, also to the county + newspapers. Individual letters have also been sent to the large peach + growers, urging them to attend these meetings. In counties where + there is a county demonstration agent, a great deal is being done to + bring the matter to the attention of the farmers. Large posters have + been put up a couple of weeks in advance of the train all through + the different towns at which stops are to be made. The chambers of + commerce and business organizations have been called upon several + weeks in advance and furnished with full data, and they are doing all + they can to make the meetings a success. The county judge in each + county has given his co-operation by declaring the week in which the + work is being conducted in his particular county as Horticultural Week. + + The chambers of commerce have, in many instances, made arrangements + for special features in connection with the visit of our train. + + +QUALIFICATIONS OF THE ADVANCE AGENT + +The personality and previous experience of the person needed to carry +out advance work form an important factor in the success of the whole +undertaking. + +The agent should be able to work successfully with local committees, +since much valuable publicity will be secured through their efforts. +That is to say, he should be adaptable, clear, definite, and orderly +in his statements and in handling a meeting, and be able to inspire +enthusiastic interest in carrying out the plans he outlines. + +His training and experience at best should include knowledge of +publicity or advertising methods, experience in working with volunteer +committees, and general information of the subject matter of the +campaign. Of these three, given an alert and intelligent worker who +has a moderate amount of what may be called “publicity sense,” an +understanding of how to organize volunteer workers is probably the +most necessary element in his or her equipment. For he may acquire +in a comparatively short time a working knowledge of the subject, +and may call in outside assistance in preparing the news stories and +advertising plans that he carries with him. But every local committee +presents new and unexpected problems, and no amount of coaching can +provide what is gained by experience in adapting plans and methods to +the peculiarities of a local situation, winning over a local chairman +who has prejudices or skepticisms, or simplifying or expanding plans of +work to fit the resources of the town as the agent may estimate them in +the brief time that he remains. + + +THE JOB OF THE ADVANCE AGENT + +The first advance work is done by the committee or individual who +directs the whole enterprise from some central point, notifying local +persons of the purpose and the date of the agent’s visit. If there +is already a local representative of the movement in the community, +arrangements may be made which will save the agent much time in seeing +the editor, minister, school superintendent, and others on his list +whose co-operation he must secure. If there is no local representative, +letters should be sent directly to the persons upon whom he expects to +call. + +The agent’s visit should be timed long enough in advance of the coming +of the train to allow for carrying out the publicity plans, and near +enough so that there will be no chance for interest to wane in the +interval. A ten-day start has been found satisfactory, especially when +the way has been paved for his visit and publicity and advertising +materials are ready for use. If an agent travels in an automobile, he +is better able to adapt his time to local needs and still keep ahead +of the train, than if he is dependent upon railroad schedules. + +The Child Welfare Special of the Children’s Bureau was preceded by an +advance agent and the method is described in the bureau’s report of the +tour as follows: + + The advance agent, who travels two weeks in advance of the car + arranges the itinerary, attends to the publicity, and organizes local + communities to take charge of the work. Her first step is to call + together a county child welfare committee. With their aid an itinerary + is mapped out, and then local committees are organized in the + communities to be visited. So far as possible, the agents work through + the local child welfare committees formed during Children’s Year. + + These committees are asked to provide a suitable location for the + parking of the Special--a spot that is centrally located, well shaded, + and near a public room that can be used both as an exhibit and waiting + room. They are also asked to make a canvass of their districts before + the Special arrives, so that everyone may understand the purpose of + the conference. Each committee member has her field of work clearly + defined. A number of women are asked to serve as hostesses during the + conference, receiving mothers and babies, giving them numbers for + examination, and explaining the exhibit material. + + The agent then distributes her cuts and other publicity material for + the newspapers, printed instructions for the child welfare committee, + copies of announcements that ministers are asked to make from + their pulpits, and posters advertising the coming of the Special. + She visits city and county officials, social agencies, editors, + physicians, clergymen, farm advisers, county demonstrators, business + men, and other representative citizens to explain the purpose of the + visit of the car. + + As a result of this work of the advance agent, the staff finds + everything is in readiness on the arrival of the Special. + +The Land Clearing Special of Georgia, a recent enterprise of the +State College of Agriculture, was preceded by an advertising campaign +designed to make the Land Clearing Demonstration the big event of the +season in each stopping place. In addition to the usual methods of +newspaper publicity, posters, and letters, twenty automobiles carrying +signs announcing the demonstration, visited the rural districts for +a week preceding the event. Telephone owners were called up on the +telephone and invited, and arrangements were made to have factory +and train whistles blow when the demonstrations were about to start. +Information about this plan was widely spread. + + +ASSIGNMENTS OF ADVANCE WORK FOR LOCAL COMMITTEES + +With time for only a day or part of a day’s stop in a town the advance +agent has little opportunity to explain fully to the co-operating +committee all the details of advance preparation expected of its +members. To meet this situation, the directors of the Pennsylvania +Food Conservation Train with the co-operation of the present writer +prepared and multigraphed a set of instructions for local committees. +The agent distributed copies of these instructions to the members of +the executive committee in each town during the meeting that was held +on the day of his visit. Not all of these directions were suited to +every community visited, and frequently suggestions from the local +committee were added or substituted. This set of assignments is quoted +in full below. The features of the assignments especially worth noting +are: + + 1. That written instructions or suggestions in addition to the agent’s + personal explanation leave less to chance in getting the plans carried + out. + + 2. That the directions are exceedingly simple and flexible. + + 3. That each separate assignment was printed on a separate sheet so + that it could be placed in the hands of the person who was to carry it + out. + + +EXPLANATORY STATEMENT FOR LOCAL CO-OPERATING COMMITTEES REGARDING THE +PENNSYLVANIA FOOD CONSERVATION TRAIN + +Food Conservation Train Coming to ... On ... Quota of Attendance ... + +You know the old saying, “If you want to get a thing done, do it +yourself.” + +But there is a new one that is much more appropriate in wartime when +we should all be working together to win: “If you want to get people +interested, give them something to do to help.” + +There is something for everybody to do to make the Food Conservation +Train a success. + +=Dividing the Work.= The following list of assignments should be +divided among as many dependable people as you can find. Try some new +people who have not had a chance to help before. + +Each assignment is described on a separate sheet, a copy of which may +be given to the person taking the assignment. If necessary, one person +may take several assignments. + + =Assignments= =Name of committee chairman= + + 1. Reception committee. + + 2. Newspapers. + + 3. Advertising. + + 4. Attendance of special groups. + + 5. Churches. + + 6. Schools. + + 7. Attendance of foreign born. + + 8. Speaking. + + 9. Personal canvass. + + 10. Motor service. + + 11. Miscellaneous. + + +RECEPTION COMMITTEE + +A reception committee usually of from six to ten members should receive +the visitors at the train. It is desirable to have four members on +hand, usually from ten to twelve o’clock, and six members from two +to five o’clock to welcome delegations, distribute literature, give +information, and explain exhibits. + +The committee will be given a list of expected delegations so that +their leaders may be known and introduced to the train staff. + +The committee will find that the train offers an excellent opportunity +to tell visitors of local activities for food conservation and to +invite their co-operation. + +It will be well to have the whole reception committee at the train a +few minutes before its first opening at ten o’clock so that they may +become familiar with exhibits and have time for a brief conference with +members of the staff. + + +COMMITTEE ON NEWSPAPERS + +The advance agent will bring with him material for the local paper, to +which will be added the names of committee members and of persons who +are helping the committee. + +Other material that should be of interest to the local papers includes: + + 1. A list of special delegations from lodges, churches, business + groups, and others that will visit the train. + + 2. Accounts of talks given by Four Minute Men and others about the + food train and food conservation. + + 3. An account of the work that is being done for food conservation by + the local committee. + +=Editorials.= Editors may be glad to take advantage of the presence of +the train as an occasion for an editorial on some local aspect of the +food situation, as encouraging the use of home products, regarding the +food hoarders, and so forth. + +=Out-of-Town Papers.= The newspapers in the territory adjacent to your +town will carry some news of its coming. In addition to news sent to +those editors from state headquarters they will be interested in your +local plans and the names of your workers. + + +ADVERTISING COMMITTEE + +One of these assignments could be given to each of several members of a +committee. The more workers there are the more enthusiasm there will be. + +=Posters.= There are probably several persons who would gladly make +posters announcing the train if they were asked. Give them the facts +and let them work out their own ideas. Have these posters shown in +store windows and in public buildings. See that all posters sent from +the Philadelphia office are placed where they will do the most good. + +=Window Displays.= Invite merchants to have window displays on food +conservation and help them with ideas. The sheets issued by the Retail +Store Section of the Food Administration contain pictures of windows +that are easy to copy. Be sure that the window display contains an +announcement of the food train. + +Ask every merchant who has a sign writer or who makes his own window +cards to make up in his best style a card or sign announcing the coming +of the train. + +=Slides in Moving Picture Theaters.= See that slides are displayed in +the moving picture theaters announcing the coming of the train. The +following makes a satisfactory slide: + + + SEE THE PICTURES AND WAR RELICS + AND + LEARN WARTIME COOKERY + + FOOD CONSERVATION TRAIN + + _FREE_ _FREE_ + + 12th St. SIDING, PENNSYLVANIA R.R. + 10-12 A.M. 2-5 P.M. JULY 15 + +=Mention in Advertisements of Local Merchants.= Local food dealers, +especially those selling substitutes, should be interested in getting +their customers to see the exhibits and demonstrations. Ask them to +mention the train in their newspaper advertisements preceding its +arrival. + +In addition to the usual advertising space of food dealers your +newspaper may be able to have a special page of food advertisements +with a large announcement of the train in the center. + +Other advertisers may also be willing to mention the food train and may +find a way to work it into their advertisement as follows: + + On your way to the Food Conservation Train on Tuesday, don’t fail to + drop in and see our new assortment of men’s neckwear, etc. + + +COMMITTEE ON SPECIAL DELEGATIONS + +Since only a certain number of the people can see the train during +its brief stay and ALL the people should receive its message, it +is important that special delegations be arranged for, with the +understanding that the delegates will pass on the message brought by +the train to members of their organizations. + +Morning attendance is lightest. As many as possible of these special +groups should be arranged for during the morning. + +The director of the train and the chairman of the reception committee +should each receive a list of delegations that expect to attend, also +the hour when they will arrive. + +If any special group promises to come at a given hour, have a committee +member meet them and introduce them at the train. People will be more +likely to come if they feel some special attention is being shown them. + +The following groups are suggested; others may be added or substituted +as the committee may decide: + +=Officials.= An official delegation made up of members of council +of defense, city officials, chamber of commerce, trades assembly, +Red Cross and other war agencies, newspaper editors, and others. +This delegation should be the first to come in the morning after the +reception committee arrives. + +=Schools.= Special arrangements for the attendance of school children +in the morning are suggested on a separate assignment sheet, with the +heading “Schools.” + +=Churches.= See the assignment on Co-operation of Churches for a +suggestion for having delegations from church societies. + +=Restaurants and Hotels.= Managers and cooks of hotels and restaurants +should come in a body at a special hour so that information and answers +to questions of special interest to them can be arranged. + +=Food Sellers.= There are exhibits of special interest to food sellers, +and these persons can be very helpful in passing on information to +their customers. All should be asked to attend in a body if possible. +Can you arrange for the stores to be closed at a certain hour? + +=Employes.= Employers might be willing to excuse some of their workers +in stores and factories, especially if they are near the train, for a +brief visit. If a factory delegation can be arranged for at the noon +hour a special session may be arranged for them. + +=Clubs.= All fraternal orders, civic, social clubs, and labor unions, +should be especially urged to be represented. The men’s organizations +will be especially interested in the war relics and in the maps showing +important facts about food distribution. + + +COMMITTEE ON CO-OPERATION OF CHURCHES + +The Food Conservation Train aims to teach the message of +brotherhood--of sharing our food with those whose need is greater than +ours. All the churches will be glad to help make it a success if you +tell them what to do. + +=Announcements.= Ask ministers to have announcement of the train given +at all services during the week before it arrives. Announcement forms +are supplied. + +=Delegations.= Invite church societies to send delegations to the +train. Be sure that the women who plan church suppers, bazaars, and +food sales are appointed among delegates. They will receive valuable +suggestions. + +It is important that men’s classes and societies send delegates. + +=Sermons.= Ask ministers to preach sermons on the Sunday before the +train arrives on our obligation to feed the world from our generous +stores of food. They may obtain helpful information from (insert name +of a food administration bulletin giving general information about +the food situation), of which copies may be had from (name of local +official or committee). + + +COMMITTEE ON SCHOOLS + +School children can be of great assistance in spreading the news of the +train. + +=Invitations to Parents.= The teachers may be asked to have the +children write invitations to their parents to visit the train as an +exercise in composition. + +=Attendance of School Children.= Groups of older school children +(attending high school) should come with their teachers in squads of +about thirty or forty at fifteen-minute intervals during the morning. +Domestic science classes should come in a body. + +Drawing and manual training classes may be asked to study the exhibits +with a view to reproducing them at a later date for the benefit of +parents and friends. + + +COMMITTEE ON ATTENDANCE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE GROUPS + +Remember those who do not speak English. We particularly wish to reach +them. The following steps are necessary: + +=The Leaders.= The committee should see and actively interest the +clergymen. If they approve, they can do much to interest the members of +their congregations. + +In the same manner, interest the chief foreign business men. Find out +what leaders among them have been revealed by the Liberty Loan and +other campaigns, and reach them. + +=Workers.= Let every employer having foreign workers and every woman +employing foreign domestics advertise to and through them. + +Arrange special hours for groups by languages and be sure to have an +interpreter or a speaker in their own language. + +=Be Democratic!= Above all else be democratic in your dealings with +these foreign-born workers. Make them feel that they are asked to take +a part in a common experience, not that the native born are “unloading” +something upon the foreigners. Keep yourselves in the attitude of being +willing to learn as well as to teach. + + +COMMITTEE ON SPEAKING + +Use the Four Minute Men in advertising the train. Call upon others +who can speak. Tell them what the Pennsylvania Food Administration is +trying to do with the train and ask them to speak for you. + +The director and staff of the train are willing to address noon +meetings with the object of urging attendance at the afternoon session. +Factory employes can be reached in this way. Arrange with the manager +of any local corporation, particularly one employing girls, to have +such a meeting. + +Try to have a speaker at any gathering that is held during the week or +ten days before the train arrives. + + +PERSONAL CANVASS + +=The Men.= If your men are not as eager to conserve as the women, get +them to come to the train and we can help you to interest them. The +exhibit car especially contains war relics, pictures, and maps of +interest to men. Invite as many men as you can reach personally or by +telephone. + +=The Farmers’ Wives.= The best publicity to farmers’ wives is personal. +Let the committee take the telephone book, divide up the names of the +farmers, and see that each farm woman is ’phoned to at least three days +before our coming. Have letters sent to farmers’ wives several days +before train arrives. (Forms supplied.) + +If you know of interested women who are lame, or otherwise shut in, +send someone for them in an automobile. + +=Last Minute Calls.= Personal telephone calls on a day before the train +arrives are an indispensable means of insuring attendance. Get some of +the older high school girls to divide up the telephone directory among +them and call up the numbers systematically from their own homes. They +should simply announce that the Food Conservation Train is going to be +in town to-morrow and give the time and place where it may be found. +If the train has been generally advertised a large attendance can be +insured by this method. It reminds people. + +=Motor Service.= In order to reach the people of outlying districts, it +is possible to organize a girls’ motor service. Have the automobiles +go to an advertised point where they will pick up all who desire to go +to the train. They can make several trips in morning and afternoon. +It would be well to have automobiles doing this work carry banners +advertising the train and its special work. + + + + + VI + + THE MESSAGE OF THE TOUR + + +The message of the campaign includes the ideas, facts, and plans to be +presented to the audiences. The choice of a topic or its scope, what +to say about it, and how much, are questions deserving more thoughtful +consideration and real work than is usually given to them. The most +important and the most difficult thing in preparing the message is +to have constantly in mind a picture of the way in which it is to be +delivered. If, for example, the project takes the form of an exhibit +and lecture train in which visitors will spend part of their time +listening to a talk and the remainder passing through several cars to +examine displays, we should, as we plan the message, try to picture +the train on the siding at, let us say, Jonesville. We should also +visualize the numbers and types of people likely to come, how they will +divide their time between the talks and the exhibits, how long they +will stay, or how long we will wish them to stay, what they know about +the subject already, and what they will want to know, what they could +do with this or that kind of information, and how much and what part of +the message they are likely to remember. If the campaign is carried +on with a truck and its program includes a demonstration which only a +few people can see, and a motion picture and lecture program for much +larger numbers, there are two problems; first, visualizing the small +groups for the demonstration, and second, the larger audience for the +more popular program. + +Reports of topics and methods of presenting them that have come in from +many and varied traveling campaigns indicate that much more attention +could be given to this question of preparing the message, and that +frequently topics have been selected and the form of presentation +worked out with only a very hazy visualization of the conditions and +the people to be encountered at Jonesville and other points along the +route. + + +CHOICE OF A TOPIC + +Experience leads most directors, sooner or later, to choose a single +topic that is definite and concrete, rather than a group of topics +or one that is broad in scope. This limiting of the topic is all the +more likely to be important where the subject of the campaign is +unfamiliar to the prospective audience. The titles given to many of +the agricultural trains indicate that their directors have found the +concrete and single topic satisfactory. Trains have been called the +“Stump Pulling Special,” “Wheat Special,” “Better Seed Car,” and “Dairy +Train.” + +In the health field the topics have often been very general, as “Child +Welfare” or merely “Public Health.” One public health car, which seemed +to be fairly typical, carried exhibits on the prevention and cure of +tuberculosis, care of babies, the duties of the school nurse, food +adulteration, communicable diseases, playgrounds, venereal diseases, +and a description of the functions of the State Health Department. The +more inclusive and thus less specific the topic the more vague and +general will be the talk about it afterward by those who visited the +train. + +A reason sometimes given for presenting varied and general topics is +that the purpose is not so much to give definite information which +will be remembered and acted on, as to impress people with the scope +and importance of the subject. For example, the visitors to a public +health car in which many phases of the subject are touched upon may +carry away a conviction that public health work is important to the +community and should be supported although their ideas of it were very +vague. This result may satisfy the purpose of some campaigns, but more +often directors who present a variety of topics hope that something +about each will be remembered; and there is reason for believing that +their hope will not come as near to realization, or at least that +the information will not be of as great utility, as it might if the +subjects were fewer and more specifically treated. + +Another argument frequently brought forward in favor of including +several topics is that all sorts of people will visit the train or +truck, and while one will be interested in one subject others will be +more interested in something else. When those in charge of the program +are meeting only a few people at a time, they can talk separately to +each visitor about special problems, but the brief stops made on most +tours require the message to be presented to a large group at one +time or at least in quick succession, so that in practice it usually +happens that all the visitors see and hear the same things. In this +case the more closely a single and concrete topic is adhered to, the +more hopeful campaigners may be that what is said or displayed will be +remembered. + +An equally important reason for limiting the number of topics is the +desirability of having your whole audience get the same message. In +connection with the Wheat Specials, for example, not alone should the +farmer and the farmer’s wife and the farmer’s children be informed +about the wheat problems of the locality, but the local banker and +business man stand in need of much the same information. The preacher +and the doctor will help to spread the doctrine, and the school teacher +can make good use of what he learns. The more nearly the entire +community, young and old, understands and is interested in the same +message, the more likely that the desired results will follow. + +Occasionally two or three topics may be presented on the same train by +having separate cars for each topic and a separate audience for each. +Thus, on one train a car containing household labor-saving devices was +designed to interest the wives of farmers, and a pure-seed car the +farmers. Or several topics may be combined in such a way that they are +made parts of one large idea. Health topics might be brought together +under “The Health of the Family,” and divided into instruction about +the care of the baby, the child at school, the teaching of social +hygiene to older boys and girls, and the sanitation of the household. +But even when thus closely related to the family interests of the +visitors, this group of topics is still too varied to permit any one to +make a strong and lasting impression. + + +WHAT TO TELL + +Having chosen a topic, there is sure to be so much to tell about it +that careful selection again becomes necessary. The best guide in +preparing the subject matter of the program is the visualization of +expected audiences already referred to. It cannot be too strongly +emphasized that the relation of the subject matter to their interests, +circumstances, and habits will largely determine their response to the +suggestions given. Often this relationship exists, but is not explained +clearly enough to be readily understood. The fact that the traveling +campaigners come from a distance, bringing new ideas expressed in an +unfamiliar way, leads an audience to look upon the whole project as +something which is no doubt very interesting to see and hear about, but +of no immediate concern to themselves. It is worth while to make a very +special effort to overcome this attitude of aloofness and to make the +audiences see that what you are bringing is something that they have +been wanting all the time, without their fully realizing it. + +[Illustration: GROUP OF OBJECTS EXPRESSING ONE IDEA + +A conspicuous title sign holds together a number of objects and +captions illustrating one idea. The exhibit gains greater unity and +separation from other exhibits by being enclosed on three sides.] + + +MAKING UP THE PROGRAM + +The term program is used here to include the combined activities and +displays that make up what is presented to visitors at each stopping +point. It may consist of music, talks, demonstrations, motion pictures, +or displays of posters and objects, or several of these features +combined, with varying emphasis on one or the other form. + +It may be held inside of railroad cars or in an open space, using for a +stage a flat car, the rear platform of a passenger car, or a temporary +structure. Or it may be given in a hall in the town. Sometimes the +program includes both indoor and outdoor features. + +It is usually a good idea to arrange what might be called a “unit” +program that will include everything that it is desirable for a given +visitor or group of visitors to do, see, and hear in order to fully +understand and enjoy the message. This unit program has an important +place in the arrangement of itinerary, schedule, and the arrangements +made for the attendance. For example, if the unit program lasts an +hour we have a means of deciding the number of times it needs to be +repeated in order to reach the desired number of visitors. If it lasts +two or three hours we are likely to find that in our advance work we +will need to make a greater effort to attract a carefully selected +audience, since the longer the program in most cases the fewer the +people who could enjoy it even once. The suggestions below have to +do with some of the factors to take into account in selecting and +combining features of this unit program. + +Features intended wholly or mainly as attractions, such as music, or +dramatic or comic films, should not be placed in competition with +educational features for getting attention or holding interest. They +may be said to compete when they distract attention from the main topic +or take up an undue share of the time of visitors, or are so much more +popular in form than the educational topics as to be more talked about +and remembered afterward. + +The program should be arranged so that the one idea or set of facts +which it is the purpose of the tour to deliver holds the center of +the stage at all times, and so that it commands attention whether it +takes the form of a talk or exhibit, or both. As has already been said, +the main idea should not be overshadowed or lost sight of through the +rivalry of other attractions. Finally, so that there may be no doubt +that it is understood and remembered, the main idea should be repeated +in different forms, in talks, demonstrations, exhibits, and printed +matter. + +If the visitor is obliged to stand during all or the greater part of +the time he is not likely to give more than an hour of interested +attention to talks and displays. Many will give much less. The actual +period that the average visitors will remain under certain conditions +is soon learned by experimenting, and each feature should be timed so +that a satisfactory presentation of the subject can be assured for the +majority of them. + +However attractively the subject is presented through motion pictures +or other displays, a good talker is about the most important element +in getting the idea across to the visitors. Whether the speaker +accompanies his talk with slides or objects, conducts a demonstration, +explains exhibits, or makes running comments on motion pictures, his +ability to be heard, to hold interest, and to express himself simply, +briefly, and concretely will often be the chief factor in the success +of the program. Lecturers for traveling campaigns should be chosen +as much for their ability as speakers as for their knowledge of the +subject matter. + + +PROGRAMS OF EXHIBIT TRAINS + +The following plan for a program was announced for one of the Liberty +Loan trains: + + Aerial bombs will be sent off as train reaches stop. + + Liberty Loan representatives in charge of train will make brief + address and ask local committee of three to come onto the platform. + + Five-minute address by the local chairman or someone selected by him. + + Talk by returned soldier. + + Address by experienced speaker with principal object of urging + necessity of subscribing to Loan. + + Invitation by Liberty Loan representative to inspect exhibition. + +The trains for which this program was planned made short stops and the +talks were given from a platform or from one of the flat cars. A large +crowd could be reached by a single speaking program. In this case the +speaking was the important feature, and the exhibits of war material +were an “attraction” rather than an educational feature. It satisfied +the purpose of the tour to have most of the time devoted to speeches, +followed by a rapid view of exhibits. + +The extension division of the Texas State College of Agriculture +reports the following program method: + + Immediately upon going into a town, the people were loaded into the + lecture cars and three lecturers would alternate for a twenty-minute + talk on different subjects in each car. Where outdoor meetings were + held the exhibit cars were closed upon coming into town and general + lectures were first had from the platform car, then the live stock + were led onto the platform car where special demonstrations were + given. As soon as this formal program was completed the specialists + were stationed back through the exhibition cars and the crowds were + allowed to enter the front of the train and pass gradually through the + entire train, making such inquiries of the specialists as they cared + to while going through the exhibition car. + +Here again the speaking and the outdoor demonstrations are evidently +regarded as the important features. Such a plan should not be +considered if the exhibits are of real importance. The audience that +has been standing during the program of perhaps half an hour or more, +and has then waited in line to go through the train, is a tired +audience and not nearly so responsive as though its members came fresh +to the exhibits. It is also true that when the program is so arranged +that the whole crowd is ready at one time to start through the train, +there is much more difficulty in managing the people and much more +dissatisfaction on the part of those at the rear end of the line. It +is difficult to get careful attention for exhibits from people who +are being moved ahead to make way for an impatient crowd standing in +long lines behind them. The managers of trains will do well to decide +in advance whether the speaking or the exhibits constitute the really +important feature of the program. If it is the exhibits, then the +speaking should be made incidental, perhaps, by having a ten-minute +talk given from the platform at regular intervals as a new group is to +be started through the train. + + +A PROGRAM COMBINING DEMONSTRATIONS AND EXHIBITS + +A method of dividing the time between demonstrations in two cars and +an exhibit car was worked out satisfactorily on the Pennsylvania +Food Conservation Train. All the audience passed through the train +in the same direction, starting at the same point, except that +at the beginning of the session all the cars were filled at once +to avoid delays. When the first car was filled a talk on canning +started. No attempt was made to demonstrate a complete process, but +different vegetables or fruits were in various stages of preparation +continuously, so that a fifteen-minute illustrated talk brought out the +points that required emphasis. After about five minutes of questions +and looking at displays of equipment and canned articles, this crowd +moved on to the next car, while the first car was filled again with the +next group of arrivals. In the second car a similar program was given +on uses of wheat substitutes. In the third car two explainers met the +audience and explained the exhibits found there. As the topics in all +three cars were closely related (the demonstrations showing how to save +food and the exhibits showing why food saving was necessary), an hour +spent in three cars gave variety enough to keep interest awake and +still kept closely to the one big idea--“Save Food.” + +[Illustration: DEMONSTRATION CAR + +A day coach used for a canning demonstration on the food conservation +train of the New York Central Railroad and the New York State College +of Agriculture.] + +[Illustration: AN OUTDOOR PROGRAM + +Crowd listening to a speech at the War Trophy Train which toured +Kentucky as a feature of the Fourth Liberty Loan campaign.] + + +OUTDOOR SPEAKING AT TRAINS + +If speaking to a general audience is the important thing, a talk from +the outside of the train would seem better than crowding people into +the cars; but even outside speeches from the platform or a flat car, or +an especially built platform at the train present many difficulties. +The location of the train frequently does not provide good standing +room for the crowds; there is frequently distraction from the noise of +other trains and persistent rainy weather must be reckoned with also. +It is very important to have speakers with good outdoor voices, for the +effect on the audience of straining to hear a speaker is irritating and +leaves behind a bad impression. + + + + + VII + + EXHIBIT CARS + + +TYPES OF CARS + +Practically every type of car from the Pullman to the flat car can be +fitted up to suit some exhibit or demonstration purpose. The Pullman, +with its broad windows and attractively finished woodwork, makes a more +pleasing setting for displays than the day coach. The day coach with +seats removed and shelves built in for the display of exhibits has been +the most generally used type of car. Photographs of the Pennsylvania +Food Conservation Train show day coaches with interiors fitted up +with counters, platforms, and cupboards with dimensions based on a +careful calculation of the desired use of every inch of floor and wall +space.[7] The baggage car is more nearly ready for use in an emergency +since it does not need to be dismantled, but it is neither so well +lighted nor so well finished as the coach. The flat car is well adapted +to a display of large and heavy equipment, or for demonstrations that, +require a platform to display them to an audience standing near the +track. On agricultural trains, demonstrations of milking or judging +live stock have been given on flat cars. On the Liberty Loan trains +flat cars were employed to show cannon, machine guns, tanks, and other +large equipment. In the photograph opposite page 80 a flat car is shown +fitted with a framework for a tarpaulin for protection against weather. +This is a necessary precaution in using flat cars. + +An experienced director of exhibit trains writes: “An especially built +and designed car for the purpose is well worth its additional cost. +Such cars as I have seen provided by the railroads for temporary +service in exhibit lines have all been old, small, and often +broken-down baggage or passenger cars, in every way unsuitable for a +purpose where the most extreme dimensions available still leave the +exhibit and circulation space contracted. Cars should be built on the +largest frames and the most extreme dimensions that the railroads, as +governed by their tracks, bridges, and tunnels can handle. Windows +should be set high in the car walls, giving a high source of light and +maximum wall space for exhibits, and should be larger than those in the +ordinary coach to secure better ventilation. The doors should be built +wider than the usual car door.” The plan calls for small and compact +living and office quarters at one end. The director also adds that +the installation of an engine to furnish lights and power for working +models is an important item of equipment. One engine is sufficient +to run lights, fans, and models for several cars. In these days of +portable electrical outfits, this item is practicable and fairly +inexpensive. + + +TRAVELING ACCOMMODATIONS FOR STAFF MEMBERS + +The kind of living arrangements provided for the lecturers and +assistants will depend, to some extent, upon the frequency of the stops +and the number of persons traveling with the train. Several of the more +elaborately equipped trains have carried a Pullman sleeping coach and a +diner for the staff members. If there are frequent stops, it would seem +that at least sleeping quarters on the train are necessary. Meals are +sometimes arranged for at stopping places, and in this case the advance +agent is responsible for seeing that good meals are assured. When stops +of a full day or more are made, the staff members sometimes find rooms +and meals in hotels en route. Whatever the arrangements, as is stated +elsewhere, they should insure the greatest possible degree of comfort +to the staff, in order to offset the severe strain that this kind of +campaigning inevitably involves. + + +TREATMENT OF CAR INTERIORS + +The two chief difficulties with exhibits on trains are keeping them +clean and so securing them in place as to withstand the jarring motion. +Washable surfaces on floors, shelves, and walls are essential. Exhibits +should be either of the kind that are easily kept clean or else placed +under cover or frequently replaced. No decorations such as draped +bunting, which collects and holds dust, should be used. Clusters of +small flags hung straight from chandeliers are attractive and non-dust +collecting decorations. Small objects should be either securely +fastened to shelves or packed away while the train is in motion. + +[Illustration: FLAT CARS USED FOR DISPLAYING CAPTURED GERMAN TROPHIES + + A section of a Liberty Loan War Relic Train. Canvas covers can be + thrown over the framework to protect the exhibit from the rain. This + framework also provides a support for arc lights, so that the exhibit + can be displayed at night.] + + +EXHIBITS + +Having selected the subject matter, you have a choice of presenting it +through exhibits, demonstrations, talks, or all three. + +For still exhibits the use of models, objects, cartoons, posters, +transparencies for the windows, and brief slogans or statements on +placards have been found most suitable. As is brought out in a later +section under methods of display, the dimensions of a car place severe +limitations on the forms that may be used to advantage, and the same +principle applies to the selection of these as to the content of a +train exhibit. + +Just as there should be few ideas so there should not be too many +sizes, shapes, and forms of exhibits which confuse the eye in the way +that variety of topics confuses the mind. + +Because of the necessity of moving people through the cars rapidly +enough to make way for others to follow, it is essential that whatever +is displayed may be quickly seen and understood. This limitation rules +out many forms that might be shown satisfactorily in halls. Anything +that is expressed chiefly by words may better be left to speakers +and printed matter for distribution as there is not time to read +words and figures and, indeed, visitors have little inclination to +do so. Diagrams, particularly those presenting detailed facts, also +call for close examination and delay the progress of visitors. One +train exhibitor of experience says: “One of the greatest dangers to +be avoided is an excess of charts and small type. The exhibit should +be such that the crowds can be kept moving through the car and, +nevertheless, be able to seize the principal points intended to be +taught.” + +A description of a part of a single health car in one report includes +“75 wall charts illustrating the cost in human lives of tuberculosis, +typhoid fever, and diarrhea. Each series of charts has grouped about +it from two to twelve models. Several hundred photographs show +occupational conditions favorable to tuberculosis.” Such a collection +as this is suited only to intensive study and not at all to a popular +traveling exhibit. + +Methods used to attract attention to one thing should not distract +attention from other things. For example, in a certain health car +a bell struck every three minutes tolling the one hundred and +seventy-five thousand deaths annually from tuberculosis. This is a +striking and effective way of making people heed a startling fact, but +unfortunately every time the bell rang in so small a space as the car +it interfered with the study of other features being presented. + +There is little opportunity to get attention for detailed or complex +displays, no matter how attractive and interesting they may be. The +following is taken from a description of a mechanical device shown on a +train through which visitors were always moving rapidly because there +was a long waiting line: “A model block-signal system about 25 feet in +length, illustrating the protection provided by a clock-signal system +was in full operation. This model had two sidings and was designed +particularly to show single-track operation. Intermediate signals were +shown between the clock signals by means of lights.” The information +that this model conveyed illustrates very well the kind that is too +complicated to be understood without a careful examination and some +explanation by an attendant. + +You must, therefore, in planning the form as in planning the content of +your exhibit, keep your eye steadily on the picture of the Smiths and +Browns at the train as it stands on the side track in Jonesville with +many people moving through the cars. You can test the practicability +of your devices and other displays by asking yourself these questions +concerning the probable reaction of Brown and Smith: + +Will it attract their attention? + +Will it arouse their interest? + +Will they remember it? + +Will it bring a response from them? + +These are generally recognized aims of advertising, and they apply +equally to exhibits which are, after all, a form of advertising. + + +USE OF THE SPACE FOR DISPLAY + +For displaying exhibits to moving audiences, the use of the space +should be so planned that it is easy to keep visitors moving in a given +direction and at the same time make it possible for them to grasp +quickly the meaning of what they see. + +The majority of those who have reported on their experience with trains +agree that it is very important that visitors should move in a single +direction. This is beyond question desirable unless small audiences are +expected; but as is stated elsewhere, capacity audiences are the aim of +most enterprises. + +Having agreed on a one-way movement, there is, however, still +considerable disagreement as to the best arrangement of +material--whether on two sides of the center aisle, or along the center +of the car with an aisle on either side, or finally, with exhibits +displayed on one side only with a single aisle. + +[Illustration: INTERIOR OF HEALTH EXHIBIT CAR + + An example of the display of exhibits on both sides of a center aisle. + If there are many visitors going through the car at one time, they + must move slowly along the narrow aisle, looking alternately at an + exhibit on one topic on the right, and one on another topic on the + left. Both physically and mentally this method of viewing exhibits is + likely to be tiring. One would expect the average visitor to carry + away a confused impression of the facts and ideas presented.] + +[Illustration: A WELL ARRANGED EXHIBIT CAR] + +[Illustration: A WELL ARRANGED EXHIBIT CAR + + A car interior on the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train designed to + overcome as many as possible of the difficulties in train exhibiting. + + The curved space, too high to attract attention easily, is used for a + symbolic frieze in colors, the design, in three parts, being repeated + five times and running the length of the car. The same space was used + less successfully, as shown in the cut opposite page 70, for reading + matter which was read only when the explainer called attention to it. + The framed captions and the pictures below them are approximately + at eye-level. Variety combined with a symmetrical arrangement is + obtained by placing a large poster over every fourth window, while the + transparencies on the remaining windows allow plenty of light to enter. + + Exhibits are displayed on one side of the car only. An economical use + of the 9-foot width of the car is obtained as follows: + + Raised platform for the explainer, 20 inches wide. + + Counter, 28 inches wide. + + Aisle for visitors, 4.5 feet wide. + + The use of vertical space is also carefully planned and is roughly: + + Counter height, 40 inches. + + Upright board at back of counter, 11 inches high. + + Combined height of pictures and captions, 36 inches, with lower edge + about 48 inches from the floor.] + +The first method, that of displaying exhibits on two sides of the +center aisle, makes the progress of the visitor very slow and awkward, +for he must continually turn from one side to the other as he goes +unless, of course, he violates the rule of moving in one direction +only and in so doing comes back along the same aisle. Not only is it +awkward to turn continually from side to side in viewing exhibits +but it is difficult to arrange material so that the visitor can in this +way follow an idea logically. His attention is alternately given to +the topics on one side and the other, unless by some elaborate system +of arrangement the story moves from one side to the other. Another +difficulty is that the explainer has no place to stand except in the +aisle, holding back the visitors. The very narrow middle aisle left +by counters or tables on two sides is still another disadvantage. +Moreover, favored with space at the expense of visitors, the exhibits +are less likely to be seen and their value is thus lowered. + +Displays along the center of the car with an aisle on each side might +be satisfactory in some cases, especially if all the material is in +the form of models or objects and there is no need to use the walls. +This method allows for the movement of visitors in single file down one +aisle and back the other, or for two parallel lines to move in a single +direction on both sides of the display. Some who have tried this method +found that visitors did not look at the walls but gave their whole +attention to the center of the car. + +[Illustration: FOOD CONSERVATION TRAIN OF NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF +AGRICULTURE + +Exhibits in the center of the car with a narrow aisle on each side. See +page 86. The objects on the floor obstructing the aisle were probably +placed in the aisle only for photographing. + +Jars of fruits and vegetables are attractively displayed at the +right height, and with light shining through to bring out color +and clearness. There is a welcome lack of crowding, and desirable +simplicity in the car as a whole.] + +The third method, that of placing exhibits on one side only, seems +to have been found the most satisfactory. In this way both wall and +floor space on one side may be used to their full advantage, while the +visitors looking in a single direction move fairly rapidly. A space may +be left for the explainer between the wall and the counter, as shown +in the picture opposite page 85. Also, she may move the length of the +car and back without difficulty, having the counter between her and +visitors. + +[Illustration: ARRANGEMENT OF RAILROAD CAR INTERIOR + + Simple and attractive arrangement of exhibits on the Wisconsin Pure + Seed and Home Power Special. The exhibitors showed unusually good + judgment in their use of wall space. The information given is brief, + to the point, easily read, and well displayed. The disadvantages of + displaying the exhibits on both sides of the narrow center aisle, + discussed on page 84, are illustrated here.] + + +PLACING EXHIBITS + +The first consideration in placing exhibits is that they shall be at +the right height. The best space on walls is that on a level with the +eye. The eye will travel up and down in following a display that has +caught the visitor’s attention, but isolated placards, pictures, or +objects placed too high or too low to be within easy range have small +chance of being observed. + +The wall spaces of a car are considerably broken, as may be observed in +the photographs. The curved space is excellent for decoration or for +brief slogans, but should not be depended upon for anything requiring +detailed examination. The upper part of the window space is usually +most nearly at eye level, but windows are needed for light and it is +wise not to cover with displays that shut out the light more than a +half or a third of those on one side and none at all on the other. +One needs to reckon with the possibility of trains often being placed +close to the exhibit cars, or the cars being placed beside buildings +that cut off the light entirely on one side. Probably the best use of +windows is for cartoons or posters made on transparent paper or cloth, +or on the familiar glass transparencies. The space below the windows +is too low for wall displays. The illustration of the Pennsylvania +Food Conservation Train opposite page 85 shows a good use of windows +and wall space. Another photograph opposite page 87 also shows an +interesting use of space. + +The counters, shelves, or tables should be so built as to bring the +objects on them as nearly as possible on a level with the eye, at the +same time without cutting off the view of wall exhibits. The height +and dimensions of the counters shown opposite page 85 were worked out +carefully to meet this condition. + +It is always a good thing to have a railing separate visitors from the +exhibits as more people can see them if all are held back from pressing +too closely. + +Another important consideration in placing exhibits is that they should +not be crowded. When objects or placards crowd one another it becomes +impossible to look at one thing without having others in the margin of +vision interfere with concentrated attention. The first impression of +a crowded car is one of bewilderment. The visitor is obliged not only +to grasp new ideas and facts presented in an unfamiliar form, but to +select among a large number those of special interest to him. + + +ARRANGEMENT OF SUBJECT MATTER + +Because of the small space and necessarily quick movements of visitors, +it is especially important that exhibits should be arranged in some +logical sequence. Visitors are sometimes called upon to perform amazing +feats in mental acrobatics, leaping from one topic to another with +breathless speed. For example, in the exhibit pictured opposite page +84, we see a poster about baby deaths resting on a model of a school +building with a placard nearby urging the use of schools as community +centers. Across the narrow aisle is a model obviously unrelated either +to community centers or baby deaths. The sequence of ideas should +be such that each new thought is made easier to understand and more +interesting because of what went before it, or each separate exhibit +should be clearly related to one central idea. Thus, in the first +exhibit of the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train the series of +topics was developed as follows: + + Why we must save + Small savings + Saving wheat + Saving sugar + Saving fats + Using all the milk + Using home products. + +Not only the sequence of ideas but the separation between two topics +is important. This can be accomplished by a visible separation, +allowing a distance of at least six inches between exhibits relating to +different topics; better still, by putting up actual barriers between +the exhibits, as is done in the exhibit opposite page 70. The barrier +has the advantage of holding the eye at one spot, so that there is no +temptation to desert one exhibit for the lure of a bright color or a +curious device farther on. + +Another consideration in arranging material is that groups relating +to one subject should be so placed that their relation to one another +and to the whole be quickly recognized. Sometimes exhibits that belong +together are separated because variety of size and shape makes it +inconvenient to work out a suitable arrangement. It is worth while +to plan carefully in advance the kinds of exhibit material that will +harmoniously illustrate a given topic; also to have the sizes and +shapes conform to the dimensions of the space reserved for them. + + +SOME OBSERVATIONS FROM PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE + +In a letter describing the exhibit car of the Canadian Forestry +Association, Mr. J. R. Dickson, who was in charge of the car, makes +some interesting observations regarding the arrangement of exhibits +based on his experiences. He writes in part as follows: + + The people, especially at crowded hours, all tend to travel through an + exhibit car in one direction and this is very desirable inasmuch as + the man in charge of the car can regularly escort through it group + after group of eager sightseers or inquirers after knowledge and keep + up a cross between a lecture and a conversation with them, answering + their questions and drawing their attention to all the pertinent + points in the exhibit which they might otherwise overlook. + + To accomplish this plan of car lecturing most effectually, the entire + exhibit should be arranged so far as possible in a natural sequence, + beginning at one end of the car and ending at the other. This of + course is where a single aisle is provided down one side of the car. + Such a scheme makes one’s talk logical and so helps to impress the + lessons of the exhibit in such a way that they are remembered easily + and intelligently.... + + On entering the car the first object to attract the visitor’s eye + was a large map of Canada, showing the forestry belt of 400,000,000 + acres, over 90 per cent of this timber land being publicly owned. When + told that each citizen of Canada, man, woman and child, owned on the + average fifty acres of this national resource, the imagination and the + pocket-nerve of the visitor were at once stimulated and he or she was + thereafter taking a personal interest in the whole exhibit. + + The visitor next turned to a nursery of small pine and spruce + illustrating the essential beginning of all our forest wealth and + also suggesting the basic importance of land classification in order + that every acre may be put to its best use. Then our modern methods + of protecting both such young growth and the resulting mature timber + were examined and explained, and the great need for good laws and + the generous expenditure of public money in order to safeguard their + forests, was readily seen and agreed to.... + + Before leaving, the visitor ... was handed a copy of the last Canadian + Forestry Association Journal, and given a brief description of the + nation-building work of this society, together with an addressed card + inviting him to join. + + Finally he inspected a cabinet filled with highly finished samples + of Canadian woods, and the last thing his eye rested upon and which + impressed itself on his memory as he left the car, was this bold fire + warning: “A tree will make a million matches; a match will burn a + million trees.” + + +ARRANGEMENT OF CAR FOR DEMONSTRATIONS + +When an audience is to be gathered in a car to witness a demonstration +or hear an illustrated talk, the first requirement is that the speaker +can be easily heard and each process plainly seen by everyone in the +car. The second is that the audience shall be comfortably seated if the +demonstration is to last longer than fifteen or twenty minutes. This is +about the limit of time that an audience will stand without becoming +restless. The illustration on the opposite page shows an interior +especially constructed for cooking demonstrations, or rather for brief +object lessons, as a feature of the Pennsylvania Food Conservation +Train. The demonstrator stands on a platform raised a foot higher than +the floor. A counter extending the length of the car curves out at +the center to leave a space for the platform and small kitchen. The +maximum space for a standing audience is provided, and all are within +easy range of the speaker’s voice and near enough to see the objects +in her hand. The space below the counter is lined with cupboards. +A similar arrangement might be suitable for any demonstration or +illustrated talk in which few objects are used, provided the counter is +raised high enough to show the entire process. If the extension of the +counter along the sides were left out the space could be used to seat +an audience around a raised central platform. + +[Illustration: CAR ESPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR COOKING DEMONSTRATIONS + + A demonstration kitchen, Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train, with a + raised platform for the demonstrator. The extension of the counter at + either side of the kitchen provides exhibit space. Discussion on page + 92.] + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[7] See illustrations opposite pages 70, 85, and 92. + + + + + VIII + + THE TOUR OF THE TRUCK OR TRAIN + + +Many factors enter into the planning of an itinerary, a time schedule, +and the managing of audiences. What places to visit; whether within a +given period of time allotted to the whole tour it is better to make a +number of short stops at many places, or long stops at fewer places; +whether a large or small audience of a particular kind is desired; +whether visitors at train or truck should be encouraged to stay as +long as they will or to remain only through a definite prearranged +program, and then to move on in order to make room for others. All +these questions must be answered before the tour begins, or better, +after a brief trial trip. In some instances, special circumstances +will exist that leave no room for choice in such a matter as, for +example, the number of stops to be made. But ordinarily there are many +decisions to make and they should be made in relation to the definite +purpose of the tour. Perhaps the whole series of difficulties that +arise may be summed up in two words--“don’t crowd.” As has already been +suggested, the purpose itself should be simple and limited, not crowded +with the attempt to achieve the impossible, so that there is no room +for the definite immediate purpose to stand out boldly where it can +be seen. Don’t attempt to crowd into this brief tour the information +or activities that belongs in the follow-up program. The same advice +extends down to the handling of audiences and every other feature. + + +THE PLACES TO BE VISITED + +In considering the type of places to be visited, the two main +considerations are the size of the place and whether it contains the +kinds of people who may be expected to take an interest in the subject +matter. Many of those who have conducted trains report that they +create more interest in communities of ten thousand or less than in +larger places. The larger the town the more varied and numerous are +the rival attractions. In the cities the train yards are often busier +than elsewhere and, therefore, the noise and confusion as well as the +difficulty of handling crowds at the train is greater unless the train +be stationed away from the busy yards. + +The towns should be selected with reference to the relation of the +community to the subject matter. To take an obvious example, it would +hardly be appropriate to send an agricultural train into a mining town. +The whole plan of campaign may have been made in relation to one type +of population, either rural or industrial, and it is rather a waste of +time to try to make it serve a population of a kind that it has not +been prepared for. + +In planning the itinerary of a tour that must be completed in a +given length of time, it is usually necessary to decide between the +importance of visiting a small number of towns and of making a long +stop in each, or of visiting a larger number for fewer hours or days. +Some trains have made from five to ten stops in a day, while others +have spent from several days to a week in one place. A day to a town, +however, seems to be the more general rule. + +A stop may be limited to an hour or so because it is thought more +important to cover a given amount of territory within certain time +limits than it is to stay long enough in a place to reach a large share +of the population or give much information. Or the purpose of the tour +may be accomplished by presenting to an audience, all of whose members +arrive at the same time, a single program lasting an hour and dealing +with easily understood facts or ideas. The Liberty Loan trains furnish +good illustrations of a purpose of this sort. If your campaigners are +not in a hurry to get over the ground by a certain date they will +probably find it more satisfactory to spend a full day and sometimes +longer with the people of each community visited. The program may then +be repeated for a number of audiences and the traveling specialists +will have an opportunity to promote closer relationships with local +leaders. However, conditions that govern a decision regarding the +length of time to spend at a place differ so widely for individual +enterprises that general suggestions have not much value. + +The stops of a truck tour are more easily arranged than those of +a train since the latter is dependent upon the convenience of the +railroad. One gain through this greater flexibility is the possibility +of return visits to the same place. In this way the truck helps in +its own advance publicity work by making a brief stay which attracts +attention and spreads the news of its return for a longer stay a +little later. In its work in the congested districts of the city, the +Cleveland Children’s Year Special followed what its director called +a “skip stop” system, visiting a neighborhood long enough to leave +a number of people sufficiently well informed to talk about it, and +coming back two or three days later to find an appreciative audience +ready for the program. + + +RECEIVING THE VISITORS[8] + +Visitors are the real reason for the enterprise which is undertaken +solely for their instruction or benefit if results are hoped for, and +they should not be forgotten at any stage of the planning. We have +already considered them in the choice of subject matter, the form and +quantity of the material, and its arrangement. Now, having equipment +and plans ready, what shall be done with the visitors when they arrive +at the train? + +Obviously, their comfort and convenience should be prepared for and +every possible help provided for them to understand and enjoy what +is displayed. Plans for doing these things should be based on the +expectation of as large an attendance as can be handled satisfactorily, +and even on some overcrowding, unless small groups are deliberately +sought. + +As is explained in the section on advance work, local committees should +be appointed whose members will co-operate with the regular staff of +the train. + +A reception committee may welcome special delegations and introduce +them to the members of the train staff. If there is a formal program, +local leaders are usually asked to take part in it, and as it is +important in relation to the follow-up work that they have the +opportunity to familiarize themselves with the subject matter and the +methods demonstrated on the train, their presence throughout the day +should be secured by advance arrangements. An added value in having +them at the train is that in the eyes of visitors they will become +identified with the movement and thus be in a better position to lead +in the local follow-up work. + +Helpers are needed to look after the safety of the visitors, to form +any waiting crowds into lines, direct people to the entrance, keep +them moving in a single direction, prevent unnecessary congestion +at any given point, and note questions and suggestions that should +be passed on to members of the staff. If local volunteers are well +prepared to perform these services the saving of strain on the +hard-worked staff will be very great. + + +THE RATE OF PROGRESS IN EXHIBIT CARS + +Reports show that managers of trains have been satisfied with both +extremes in the rate of progress of visitors in moving through the +train. One train director reported with pride that by his system he was +able to “run 5,000 through in an hour.” At the other extreme are the +directors who during their stay in a town give a single demonstration +in a car that holds only about one hundred people. + +The method of “running people through” very rapidly is useful only if +the exhibits are simply curiosities or objects of interest that may be +quickly noted, and that we may risk having soon forgotten without loss +to the cause that is being served. For example, the Liberty Loan trains +depended chiefly on their program of talks, music, and the appearance +of the returned soldiers to arouse interest. The large guns displayed +on flat cars were visible while the talking was going on. It did not +particularly matter after that whether visitors were passed through +the trophy car so rapidly that they had only a glimpse of the various +objects. + +On the other hand, the attendance in one place of so small a number as +one hundred would hardly justify the work of planning and carrying out +a tour unless either the small group are carefully selected as leaders +capable of passing on the information to others, or the community is so +small that this number is as many as might be expected. It ought to be +possible to estimate in advance, or at least after the first week of +the tour, the length of time required for the average person to see all +that is important for him to see and understand. With this period in +mind it is possible to estimate the number of people who can be handled +in a given length of time. For example, we may assume the following +conditions: + + A train of three cars. + + Number that can be accommodated comfortably in each car at one time, + 60. + + Twenty minutes, required time to see the exhibits or hear and see + demonstrations in each car, or one hour for the train. + + Train on view six hours. + + Maximum attendance practicable during the stop, 1,080 people. + +The attendance is, of course, never distributed so evenly as this over +the day, and all the visitors do not stay exactly the same length of +time. Probably with a fairly even distribution a train with a maximum +capacity of one thousand will handle satisfactorily about eight hundred +people. An estimate of the rate at which visitors may be passed along +will be found exceedingly useful in deciding many questions, such as +the arrangement and content of the exhibits, the length of time to +continue a demonstration, the number of times to repeat it, the length +of the stay, and the quota of attendance to work for in the advance +publicity. + +For example, would you rather have fewer people and have those who +come stay longer, or would you prefer having a larger attendance with +those who compose it spending less time with you? The selection of +exhibits and the program should be arranged according to your decision +on these points. If you are giving a few people detailed information +which it would serve your purpose better to give to a larger number, +you are throwing away your opportunity for want of a little careful +calculation. The mistake most frequently made is to plan exhibits and +programs on the expectation of having each visitor spend a long time at +the train carefully examining each display, and then when the people +arrive, to pass crowds through quickly without giving them a chance to +see what has been prepared for them. + + +DISTRIBUTING THE ATTENDANCE + +Apparently not many of those who have conducted trains have attempted +through their advance work to prepare for arbitrary distribution of +attendance over the entire period that the exhibit is open. The period +from two to five o’clock in the afternoon seems to have been found the +most popular by the largest number of those reporting on attendance, +with some falling off reported after four o’clock. The period before +ten in the morning is agreed upon unanimously as the poorest time to +get people out. The experiences reported as to the hourly attendance +between ten and four o’clock varies so widely that it would seem to +indicate that under the right conditions it should be possible to get +people to come throughout this period. + +Good advance work can fill up many idle hours. A description of methods +of advance work to accomplish this is contained in another chapter, +but while we are considering the visitors it may be well to look over +the groups that could most easily come at the least attractive hours. +On a number of trains arrangements were made to have school children +attend with their teachers according to a prearranged schedule, usually +during the morning hours. This is an especially good plan when the +train is on view all day, because the children tell their experiences +when they go home at noon and thus help to get their parents to attend +in the afternoon. If there are a larger number of school children than +can be handled conveniently it is a good idea to limit attendance to +the older children, basing the lower age limit on the estimated number +of children that can be accommodated. If they do not fill up the train +completely during the morning, it is possible to arrange for the +attendance of delegations of leading citizens and other representative +groups who come in a body to welcome the train when it is opened to the +public, or to be personally escorted through it at a given time. This, +of course, has news value as well as the advantage of using the morning +hours. The Safety First Train of the government at each stop arranged +to have such a morning delegation. + +In some places the noon hour may be used for the attendance of factory +workers and other employed people who are not far from the train. This +is successful if advance preparations are made and if the subject +matter is of interest to the workers. It is often possible to adapt the +program and some part of the displays to their interests. Using the +noon hour depends, of course, on having a large enough staff to allow +each member an hour for lunch. The period from five to eight o’clock +in the afternoon is probably of the least value. Usually the staff +members themselves need relaxation during this time if there is to be +an evening session.[9] If there is no session the train may pull out +late in the afternoon. If, however, it is desirable to make use of this +period, it may be possible to arrange for personal conferences or group +conferences at the train or in town with persons especially interested +in the subject who wish to have information that is not of interest to +the general public or to talk over plans for the future. + +Reports as to the success of evening sessions vary greatly. Many have +used the evening successfully for outdoor motion pictures or for +meetings in town. The fact that many who could not leave their work +during the day can come then seems to argue that it is possible to have +a good attendance if the advance work has been thorough--provided also +that the location of the car or train is satisfactory and that the time +schedule will permit. + + +EXPLAINING THE EXHIBITS + +While the exhibits should be so simple and well arranged as to be +easily understood, any exhibit of objects, pictures, and printed words +is more enjoyed and appreciated if it is brought to life by a personal +interpretation given with enthusiasm. The explainer calls attention +to what is displayed much as a chairman introduces a speaker. A good +introduction makes the audience more friendly and responsive to either +a speaker or an exhibit. The explainer who travels the length of the +car with one group can take care of only a few people at a time, and +if there is a continuous movement of people through the car only +about one-third of them have the advantage of the explanation. If, on +the outside or in another car, a lecture or demonstration precedes +the reviewing of exhibits, the speaker may close the talk with an +explanation of the purpose and character of the exhibits and some +suggestions as to what to look for. With this preparation people may +pass through the car unattended and perhaps meet an explainer at the +far end who will answer questions and give out literature together with +an invitation to take part in the follow-up program. Or the explainer +may meet people as they enter the car and give a brief introduction to +the exhibits. + +Local people, with general information on the subject, can give +valuable help in explaining points about particular exhibits which +have to be repeated many times. These helpers should receive advance +material and in addition should come to the train for coaching before +it opens and be stationed at assigned positions. + +Staff members who are continually meeting people, work under +considerable strain and may easily become tired or indifferent through +over-work. So much depends on their enthusiasm and their readiness to +offer help that this factor should be carefully checked up, and if any +member of the staff shows signs of losing interest or failing to get a +response he should be replaced or at least given a period of rest. By +relieving staff members of irksome details and by providing in other +ways for their comfort, as well as by arranging the schedule of hours +so that they do not work beyond their strength in any one period, much +can be done to avoid this loss of freshness and enthusiasm. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[8] The discussion in this section is handled in terms of trains for +the sake of clearness and convenience, but generally the application +is to single cars as well as to trains, and to automobiles or motor +trucks or caravans of the same. The paragraphs not applicable to trucks +are fairly obvious. However, it is urged that maximum results from a +truck tour call for much the same carefully detailed preparation and +management as a tour with a train. + +[9] This fact, further discussed on p. 105, deserves considerable +emphasis. + + + + + IX + + FOLLOW-UP WORK + + +In a previous chapter it was pointed out that the purpose of a tour +may be to give information, to create interest in a new movement that +is being launched, to revive interest that has become dull, or to +serve as an attention-arresting feature of an intensive campaign that +aims to produce some immediate results. All of these aims point to the +need of planning definite follow-up work. It will not do to let people +forget what they have learned or lose interest in it through neglect. +If the tour means simply that ideas or facts are dropped down into each +community, like seeds scattered by the winds without provision for +later cultivating, they have a smaller chance to take root and grow. + +Psychology has demonstrated that there is a “curve of forgetting.” +Hollingworth described it as follows: + + When a given appeal is addressed to me, I straightway proceed to + forget it. But I do not forget it at a uniform rate, so much being + forgotten on each succeeding day until all is forgotten. Instead, + I forget the material that has been seen or learned, according to + a definite “curve of forgetting,” a curve which descends rapidly + at first and then more slowly. The larger proportion of material is + forgotten in the first day or so. After that a constantly decreasing + amount is forgotten on each succeeding day.[10] + +How may the impression made by the program and exhibits of the train +be fixed in the minds of its visitors promptly, so that forgetting may +be delayed until results are obtained? Several simple methods suggest +themselves. We will take up here mainly those things that can be done +while the train is in town or soon after its departure, as we are +concerned only with the part that the train tour plays in the whole +program of the organization that sends it out. + + +GETTING THE SUBJECT TALKED ABOUT + +If the visitors talk about what they saw and heard they are likely to +remember it much longer and more accurately than if they do not. The +principles discussed elsewhere, of simplicity of form, concentration +on one main topic, orderly arrangement, and lack of crowding in both +exhibits and programs, have a definite application to getting the +subject talked about. People speak vaguely and in general terms about +what they have not clearly understood. We may imagine that A, who saw +the train, meets B, who did not, and the following conversation takes +place: + + A: Did you see the health train yesterday? + + B: No, how was it? + + A: Oh, fine! great! You certainly missed it. There was a good crowd + out, too. + + B: What was it all about? + + A: Oh, fresh air and not letting the babies die. You’d be surprised + how many people die that could be prevented. And they say the town + ought to have a nurse to look after the school children, and a + hospital for--let’s see, I’ve forgotten now about the hospital. + + B: I see. Just a scheme of the politicians to make jobs for a lot of + people. I always thought this was a pretty healthy town and I do yet. + + A: No, you’ve got it wrong, B, but I can’t make it clear to you. I + can’t talk like the fellow at the train. You ought to have heard him. + He made a great speech. + +If A has no clearer idea than this to pass on to B the next day, he +himself is not likely to stay interested and, much less, convinced +for very long. One of the best tests of the argument presented at the +train is whether the talk about it afterward is general or particular, +confused or clear and accurate in repeating facts and reasons. It +is worth while to arrange with local co-operators as a part of the +follow-up work to sound people as to what interested them and what +they think of the suggestions that were made. Many changes, sometimes +small ones, but important, nevertheless, can be made on the basis of +criticisms brought out in these interviews. + + +PRINTED MATTER FOR DISTRIBUTION + +Another way of helping to see that the train message is remembered +is by distributing the right kind of printed matter. Every traveling +campaign carries with it leaflets or pamphlets for visitors to take +home. Sometimes a handful of assorted pieces of printed matter is given +to each visitor with a reckless disregard of their appropriateness to +the purpose of the campaign or the probability of their being read. One +of the most frequent blunders made by managers of campaigns of this +sort is to assume that all that is learned at the exhibit or meeting +will be remembered, and that the printed matter should give additional +information. In a baby saving campaign, a health department is likely +to give out in addition to printed matter about babies, other leaflets +on hookworm or tuberculosis. Giving away printed matter on topics in +which no interest has been cultivated is wasteful since it is not +likely to be read or, if read, distracts attention from the main topic. + +In most cases, one piece of carefully prepared printed matter on one +subject is enough for general distribution. A useful leaflet might well +include a summary of the main arguments of the teachings contained in +the exhibits, together with sketches or photographs and a clear and +appealing statement of the action desired, whether it is support of a +bill in the legislature, membership in an organization, or the forming +of health habits. This leaflet should not fail to give information as +to how and where further facts may be obtained. If it seems desirable +to interest people in a number of additional subjects, the better way +is to have leaflets on them displayed where they can be examined and to +have a supply of addressed postcards listing these special publications +and on which visitors may check those they wish to have sent to them. + + +PUBLICITY FOLLOWING THE TRAIN’S STOP + +There should be a readable account of the train in the first issue of +the local paper following its visit. Those who visited it will like to +read the account of what they saw and in doing so will be reminded of a +number of features of the exhibits and talks that were rapidly slipping +from their memories. The train director would do well to see that the +local paper receives as good copy for this follow-up story as for +advance publicity. The people who came and what they said about it adds +to the news value of the story. + +Other forms of publicity may be used to advantage immediately following +the visit of the train, such as a series of special articles appearing +weekly in the local paper, printed matter mailed to a list of people +obtained at the train, or a motion picture shown in the local picture +theater, at a meeting or a contest that may reach its climax at some +later event, such as the county or state fair. + + +ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL FORCES + +Leading men and women to take some action as the result of interest +aroused at the train is the surest way to get the message remembered +and is the aim of most educational campaigns. This action may be +something very simple and concrete, or it may be the entering wedge of +some continuous activity. One of the simplest steps, which has already +been referred to, is the writing of local people to headquarters for +information or for literature. This serves the purpose also of renewing +interest when the material sent for arrives and it helps the central +organization to make up mailing lists. Local organizations should +be encouraged to send for reference material to use in talks and +discussions. + +Launching or boosting a permanent movement at a meeting held during +the train visit is one good way of starting follow-up work. Many an +effort that promised much because of local enthusiasm at the start has +died a natural death, because after the specialists from the state or +national headquarters have departed, local leaders find themselves +without any clear-cut program to begin work on or any recognized +leadership. An informal meeting of the train staff and local leaders +at which temporary committees are formed and definite plans discussed +may be one of the most useful features of the train program. It has +been suggested elsewhere that the hour of the day least popular with +visitors may be a good time for such a meeting. A still better method +is an early visit after the departure of the train, of an organizer or +consultant who will advise about plans. + +An interesting report of the follow-up organization work carried on in +connection with its health car, comes from the West Virginia Public +Health Council: + + Wherever possible a temporary committee was formed before leaving the + community, this committee being chosen by a group of representative + people in a community meeting in the interests of health education + at which time child welfare work was emphasized. At this meeting + we made an effort to secure the attendance of medical, dental, and + nursing professions, of the mayor and town council, school board, + and school superintendent and teachers, ministers and Sunday school + superintendents, fraternal organizations, women’s clubs, Red Cross, + and any other organizations directly or indirectly interested in + community welfare work. The temporary committee was appointed + to secure a permanent organization based upon the interest and + enthusiasm already created, this permanent committee to undertake a + definite health program for the community. In addition to this we are + keeping in touch with the various communities visited, by frequent + correspondence, and the director of the Division of Child Hygiene has + already returned to a number of the communities to help in the making + of plans, to stimulate interest and enthusiasm, and in every way + possible to promote health education and public health nursing. We are + now formulating county-wide and state-wide plans for the furtherance + of this work through co-operation with the Extension Division of the + Agricultural Department of the State University and American Red Cross. + +An incidental but important factor in promoting continuous follow-up +work is that local representatives of the movement, especially the +salaried worker, if there is one, should take an active part in the +program of the train, so as to become identified with the impressions +and ideas gained here in the minds of the people who visited the train. + + +CHECKING UP RESULTS + +As bearing upon the question of any future use of a similar method of +campaigning, “checking up” results is good, although it may not always +be easy or bring entirely conclusive evidence. The method described +in the account of the Cleveland Children’s Year Special, which is a +dispensary truck, is suggestive. Cards of invitation to visit the +local dispensary were given out at the truck and the number that were +turned into the dispensary was noted by the nurses. Nurses also asked +new visitors during the following month where they had learned of the +dispensary, and recorded it when the visit was directly or indirectly a +result of the Special. + +Reports may be requested from local editors, school superintendents, +and others who meet many people, regarding the responsiveness of the +people to ideas promulgated at the train. The number and the nature of +inquiries received at headquarters from places that have been visited +may also serve as an indication of the effectiveness with which the +message has been presented. + +Finally on the matter of follow-up work, one of the chief criticisms +that may be made of much educational publicity is that it is spasmodic +and unrelated. This is often due to the fact that the planning of +follow-up work is left until the campaign is at its height or until +it is over. By that time the workers at headquarters and in the field +are too absorbed in the detail of running the affair, or a new project +is under way. All the resources and energy have gone into running the +campaign and none is left for securing results. In the advance planning +of the whole campaign, allowance should be made in the budget for a +definite program of follow-up work as well as in the time of staff +members needed to carry it out. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[10] Hollingworth, H. L.: Advertising and Selling, New York, D. +Appleton & Co. + + + + + APPENDIX + +REFERENCE LISTS OF TRAIN, TRUCK, TROLLEY, AND OTHER TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS + + +The lists below include traveling educational campaigns about which we +have obtained reasonably accurate information. The two chief sources +of further information about these projects are the state colleges of +agriculture and state boards of health. Very little information about +tours is available in published form. Articles in class publications +giving brief accounts of a few of the tours and a few special reports +about tours are listed in Appendix B. + +In practically all the train tours, one or more railroads have +co-operated at least to the extent of supplying cars and free +transportation, and sometimes bearing a considerable share of the work +and expenses of the tour. Our lists, we realize, do not always give the +full credit to co-operating railroads and other participants, but as +much is given as it was possible to ascertain and to indicate within +the space limits. + +We are aware, also, that the list is by no means a complete record of +educational tours. Information is coming in continually about tours +that we had not known of before. The main purpose, however, is to +give a general idea of the purposes, forms, and extent of traveling +campaigns in recent years, together with only a few of such details as +may help the inquirer decide where to look further for suggestions that +may be of assistance in his particular case. + +The list does not include tours of trucks or trains for service only, +as, for example, library trucks or laboratory trains. Neither does it +include “chapel cars,” that is, railroad cars, motor vehicles, and +boats, for religious services or instruction, such as have been sent +out by various religious bodies for many years. + + +AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CONSERVATION TRAINS + + =Canada. Better Farming Train.= Subject: assistance in every phase of + farm life. Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture and the College of + Agriculture of the Provincial University co-operated with Canadian + Pacific Railway. 1918 and 1919. Thirteen cars with exhibits or + equipment for demonstrations and lectures. Prominent professors and + agricultural officials served as demonstrators and lecturers. + + =Sheep Car.= Subject: breeding and shearing of sheep. Live Stock + Branch, Department of Agriculture at Ottawa. 1919. One car of + exhibits. Demonstrations of shearing machine given on farms. + + =Special Dairy Car.= Subject: dairying. Saskatchewan Department of + Agriculture, College of Agriculture, and Canadian Northern Railway. + 1916. Lecture coach and tourist sleeper for speakers. Exhibits with + stereopticon and lectures. + + =United States. Poultry and Egg Demonstration Car.= Subject: + demonstrations of proper methods of handling and keeping poultry and + eggs. Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture. + 1913 to 1918. + + =Arkansas. Peach Culture Demonstration Train.= Subject: proper methods + of peach tree pruning and spraying. Co-operatively run by Agricultural + Departments of Missouri Pacific and Cotton Belt Railroads, American + Refrigerator Transit Company, and State College of Agriculture. 1918. + Two baggage cars for exhibits; large automobile freight car carried + orchard machinery. Exhibits explained by horticulturists, on the cars; + lectures and demonstrations given in nearby orchard. + + =California. Dairy Special.= Subject: dairying and hog raising. State + College of Agriculture. 1913 and 1914. Lectures, conferences, and + exhibits relative to the industry. + + =Agricultural and Food Production Train.= Subjects: methods of + stimulating growth of certain crops, interest in increasing food + production, and particularly bean culture. State Colleges of + Agriculture of Nevada and Utah and Salt Lake Railroad co-operated with + California’s State College of Agriculture. 1917. Demonstrations and + lectures. + + =Agricultural and Home Economics Train.= State College of Agriculture, + co-operated with Southern Pacific Railroad. 1908 and 1909. Ten coaches + for exhibits and lectures, a dining car, and sleeper to accommodate + demonstrators and lecturers. Demonstrations and lectures. + + =Agricultural and Horticultural Train.= Subject: methods of restoring + fertility and depleted soils, plant culture, pest and disease + extermination, viticulture, dairying, animal industry, seeding and + soil treatment. State College of Agriculture, Southern Pacific and + Santa Fé Railroads. Annually, 1908 to 1913. Several exhibit cars, + lecture cars, sleeping car, and diner. + + =Good Roads Special.= Subject: improvement of roads, Frisco Railway + System. 1912. Four coaches and locomotive. Exhibits, lectures and + demonstrations. + + =Florida. Food Production Increase Train.= Florida Seaboard Air Line. + 1917. Demonstrations. + + =Georgia. Land Clearing Special.= Subject: stump pulling and uses + of tractors and other farm machinery. State College of Agriculture, + stump puller companies and tractor manufacturers, Georgia Landowners’ + Association, and the Railroad Administration co-operated. 1919. + Passenger coach and four flat cars for lectures and demonstrations, + caboose and sleeper for traveling campaigners, and two box cars + for equipment and machinery transportation. Motion picture shows, + demonstrations, and lectures. + + =Illinois. Home Economics Car.= Subject: household science. State + College of Agriculture. 1916-1918. Demonstrations and exhibits. + + =Dairy Trains.= State College of Agriculture and the Chicago and + Eastern Illinois Railroad. 1916, 1917, 1919. Three coaches for + lectures, automobile car and flat car for demonstrations and exhibits, + and a locomotive. Demonstrations of milking machine, lectures and + exhibits. + + =Dairy Train.= Subject: uses of separators, sterilizers, and other + dairy machines. State College of Agriculture and C. C. C. & St. L. + Railroad. 1916 and 1917. Lecture coach for motion pictures, baggage + car for exhibits, and Arms Palace horse car for cattle. + + =Dairy Train.= Subject: proper use of dairy machinery. State College + of Agriculture and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 1916 and 1917. Pullman + car for attendants; stock car carried cattle, which were taken for + demonstrations to some prominent place in towns visited. Lectures in + court houses and town halls. + + =Dixie Jersey Special.= Subject: more and better dairy cattle. + American Jersey Cattle Club, agents of Department of Agriculture + and railroad trade promotion bureaus. In Illinois, Louisiana, + Mississippi, and Tennessee. 1920. Arms Palace horse cars for cattle + and Pullmans for personnel. + + =Indiana. Seed Corn Special.= Subject: corn culture. Erie Railroad and + Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1909. Lecture train. + + =Alfalfa Lecture Train.= Subject: better alfalfa production. Purdue + University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1912. + + =Corn Improvement Lecture Train.= Subject: better corn. Lake Erie + and Western Railroad and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment + Station. 1911. + + =Dairy Feeding Lecture Train.= Subject: better cattle feeding and + care. Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station and several + railroads. 1915. + + =Dairy Special Production Train.= Subject: increase of dairy + production. Southern Railroad and Purdue University Agricultural + Experiment Station. April 1 to 7, 1913. + + =Dairy Special Train.= Subject: dairying. Monon Railway Company, + Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, and State Dairy + Association. 1907. Baggage car, two lecture coaches, and private + dining and sleeping car. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations. + + =Milk Production Special Train.= Subject: care and production of milk. + Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station and Erie Railroad. + 1909. Seven car train. Lectures and demonstrations. + + =Onion Improvement Lecture Train.= Subject: increase of onion crops. + Chicago, Indiana and Southern Railroad. 1911. + + =Seed Corn Special.= Subject: corn culture. Monon Railway Company, + Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, Indiana Corn + Growers’ Association, Indiana Grain Dealers’ Association. 1906. + Engine, baggage car, coach for lectures, and a coach for the + attendants. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations. + + =Wheat Improvement Train.= Subject: wheat culture. Southern Railroad + and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1912. Lectures + and demonstrations of culture and fertilization; control of insects + and diseases. + + =Iowa. Dairy Special.= Subject: better dairy products. Illinois Central + Railroad. 1916. Three cars for exhibits, demonstrations, and living + quarters for speakers. + + =Seed Corn Special.= Iowa Grain Dealers’ Association. 1910. + + =Kansas. Hessian Fly Special.= Subject: control of Hessian fly. State + College of Agriculture and Santa Fé Railroad. 1915. Baggage car for + equipment, two steel coaches for lectures and demonstrations, and + private car for attendants. + + =Kentucky. Agricultural Exhibit Train.= Subject: general education + in matters pertaining to agriculture and dairy improvements. State + Department of Agriculture. 1912. Four lecture cars, stock car, sleeper, + and diner. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations. + + =Louisiana. Dixie Jersey Special.= See Illinois. + + =Maryland. Farmers’ Institute Train.= Subject: dairying. State College + of Agriculture. 1913. Lecture car and stock car. Demonstrations and + lectures. + + =Michigan. Food Demonstration Train.= Michigan Agricultural College. + 1917. + + =Minnesota. Advertising Car.= Subject: farm and factory products. State + Board of Immigration. 1913. One exhibit car. + + =Mississippi. Boll Weevil Special.= Subject: extermination of the + pests. Illinois Central Railroad, 1908. + + =Dixie Jersey Special.= See Illinois. + + =Missouri. Patriotic Special.= Subject: food conservation and work of + Women’s Committee. Women’s Committee on Food Conservation, Council + of National Defense. August, 1917. Lecture and demonstration car. + Stereopticon lectures and demonstrations. + + =Nebraska. Agricultural Train.= Subject: dairying and seed corn. State + College of Agriculture. 1918. Two cars for exhibits and demonstrations. + + =Conservation Special.= Subject: food conservation and preservation. + Union Pacific Railroad Company co-operated with Nebraska College of + Agriculture and others. 1917. Train included business car and living + quarters for staff. Illustrated lectures were given in public halls. + + =Nevada. Agricultural and Food Production Train.= Co-operatively run + with State Colleges of California, Nevada, and Utah, and Salt Lake + Railroad. 1916 and 1917. See California. + + =New Jersey. Save the Surplus Special.= Subject: food conservation and + other war measures. State College of Agriculture and Lehigh Valley + Railroad. 1917. Two coaches, one for exhibits and the other for + lectures. Toured New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Demonstrations, lectures, + and exhibits. + + =New York. Victory Special.= Subject: introduction of wheat, meat, and + sugar substitutes and other food conservation methods. State College of + Agriculture, Food Administration and New York Central, Lehigh Valley, + D. & H., D., L. & W., and Long Island Railroads. 1917, 1918, 1919. + Demonstrations and exhibits on train of two coaches. + + =Apple Packing Train.= Subject: instruction in requirements of law + relating to apple grading. State Department of Agriculture and New + York Central Railroad. 1915. Baggage car with equipment, lecture car + with capacity of 100 persons, and car for living quarters. + + =Better Seed Special.= Subject: standard types of seeds; reliable + sources; proper methods of controlling common diseases. State + College of Agriculture, New York Central, Lehigh Valley, Ontario and + Western, Erie, and Delaware and Hudson Railroads. 1919. Exhibits and + demonstrations in two coaches. + + =Potato Demonstration Car.= State College of Agriculture, County Farm + Bureaus, and Lehigh Valley Railroad. 1917. Exhibits and + demonstrations. + + =Sheep Demonstration Train.= Subject: breeding, feeding, and care of + sheep. State College of Agriculture, New York Central and New York, + Ontario and Western Railroads. 1917. Exhibits and demonstrations. + + =North Carolina. North Carolina Car.= Subject: farm machinery and + dairying. State Department of Agriculture co-operating with several + railroads. Lectures and exhibits with stereopticon slides and moving + pictures in baggage cars; demonstrations given out of doors. + + =Better Farming Special.= Subjects: better dairying, domestic + science, food conservation, and sanitary methods. Agricultural and + Industrial Department of Norfolk and Western Railway, State College + of Agriculture of North Carolina, and Virginia Agricultural and + Mechanical College. 1915-1916. Nine cars for exhibits, demonstrations, + lectures, and living quarters for attendants. + + =Corn Growers’ Special.= Norfolk and Southern Railway and Experiment + Station of the Agricultural and Mechanical College. 1908. + + =Farmers’ Institutes.= Subject: agriculture and domestic science. + North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Seaboard Air Line, and + Southern Railway. Two railroad cars, one a coach with two of the seats + removed and a model kitchen substituted, and a baggage car equipped + with farm and dairy machinery. 1908-1910. Lectures and demonstrations + on the train and outdoors. + + =Pennsylvania. Food Conservation Train.= Pennsylvania Food + Administration, State College of Agriculture, and Pennsylvania + Railroad. 1917 and 1918. Two demonstration cars and one exhibit car. + + =Save the Surplus Special.= Toured this state and New Jersey. 1916 and + 1917. See New Jersey. + + =Tennessee. Agricultural Train.= Subject: better farming and food + production. Agricultural Department of Nashville, Chattanooga and St. + Louis Railroad. One private car and one lecture car. Exhibits and + demonstrations. + + =Dixie Jersey Special.= See Illinois. + + =Texas. Agricultural Train.= Subject: dairying. Agricultural and + Mechanical College of Texas. Three coaches for lectures, two exhibit + cars, automobile car for cattle, flat car with wire fence and canvas + top for lecture and demonstration platform, a diner and a Pullman for + campaigners. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations. Stereopticon + slides shown at night in combination with lectures in motion picture + theater or town hall. + + =Peach Culture Train.= Subject: proper methods of pruning and spraying + trees, and extermination of insect pests in orchards. Agricultural + Department of St. Louis Southwestern Railroad of Texas, assisted by + Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas and State Department of + Agriculture. 1919 and 1920. Two cars for exhibits and one for orchard + machinery. Exhibits, demonstrations, and lectures. Similar to train + run in Arkansas in 1918. See Arkansas. + + =Utah. Agricultural and Food Production Train.= Co-operatively run + with State Colleges of California, Utah, and Nevada, and the Salt Lake + Railroad. 1916 and 1917. See California. + + =Virginia. Agricultural Train.= Agricultural and Mechanical College of + Virginia, and Norfolk and Western Railroad. 1915. Demonstration train. + + =Better Farming Special.= See North Carolina. + + =Washington. Agricultural Train.= State College of Agriculture. + Lectures with stereopticon slides, sometimes in nearby school or hall; + exhibits and demonstrations on train. + + =Good Roads Special.= Subject: road and culvert construction and + maintenance and general highway improvements. Office of Public Roads + of Washington and several railroad companies co-operated. 1912. Two + coaches of exhibits and models. Lectures, demonstrations, and + exhibits. + + =West Virginia. Agricultural Train.= Subject: better farming. Kanawha + and Michigan, Baltimore and Ohio Railroads, and State College of + Agriculture. 1912 and 1913. Baggage cars for cattle and coaches for + lectures. Lectures, demonstrations, and exhibits. + + =Wisconsin. Pure Seed and Home Power Special.= “Soo” Line, Chicago, + Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, Wisconsin Bankers Association, and + State College of Agriculture. 1917. Two cars for demonstrations and + exhibits. + + =Land Clearing Demonstration Train.= Subject: better farming. State + College of Agriculture, several land clearing machinery and explosive + manufacturers, and several railroads co-operated. 1916-1919. Six cars + consisting of a flat car, two box cars for equipment, two bunk cars, + and a boarding car for the attendants. Demonstrations and instruction. + + =Stump Pulling Special.= Subject: clearing cut-over lands. State + College of Agriculture, several land clearing machinery and explosive + manufacturers, Chicago and Northwestern, and Chicago, Minneapolis and + St. Paul Railroads. 1916. Flat car, two box cars for equipment, two + bunk cars, and a boarding car for the attendants. Demonstrations and + instruction. Similar trains, with some changes in cars used and in + co-operating agencies, were run in 1917 and 1919. + + +HEALTH TRAINS + + =United States. First Aid Train.= American Red Cross. 1920. Fully + equipped railroad coach to render and teach first aid to the injured. + Treatment and instruction. + + =California. Sanitation Car.= Subject: protection of water supply, + disposal of sewage, and instruction in disease prevention. State Board + of Health. 1909. Continued annually. Exhibits and demonstrations. + + =Florida. Sanitation and Health Train.= State Board of Health. 1916 + and 1917. Two exhibit cars. Lectures with motion pictures and slides. + + =Kansas. Health Car “Warren.”= Subject: health and child welfare. + State Board of Health. 1916. Exhibit car. + + =Kentucky. Health Exhibit Car.= Subject: tuberculosis prevention and + cure. 1912. Kentucky Tuberculosis Association and several railroads + co-operated. + + =Louisiana. Health Train.= Subjects: child welfare, food, and disease + prevention. State Board of Health. 1910. Continuously since then. + Four cars including an exhibit car, a laboratory car with garage + compartment carrying Ford car for country trips and quick collection + of water samples, and two cars for administrative and living quarters. + + =Missouri. Traveling Car Exhibit.= Subject: instruction in + anti-tuberculosis measures. Missouri Association for the Relief and + Control of Tuberculosis. 1908. One exhibit coach. + + =West Virginia. Health Car.= State Department of Health. 1919. + Vestibuled coach, equipped with electrically driven models, posters, + exhibits of living bacteria, sanitation exhibits, a moving picture + machine, and a small chemical and bacteriological laboratory in one end + of the car. + + =Tuberculosis Exhibit Car.= Subject: prevention and cure of + tuberculosis. West Virginia Tuberculosis League and several railroads. + 1913 and 1914. Car for exhibits and lectures. + + +MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS--TRAINS + + =Canada. Made-in-Canada Train.= Subject: trade extension. Canadian + Manufacturers Association. Ten cars for exhibits, demonstrations, and + moving picture lectures. + + =Exhibition Car.= Subject: conservation of the forests. Canadian + Forestry Association. 1918 and 1919. Train toured parts of Quebec and + New Brunswick. Exhibits of products made from wood. + + =Southern States. School on Wheels.= Southern Pacific Railway. 1919. + Baggage car fitted up as modern school room; accommodates teacher and + 25 pupils. + + =United States. Safety First Train.= Subject: to show what is being + done to promote safety and health. Department of the Interior + co-operating with other governmental departments. 1916. Locomotive and + twelve exhibit and lecture cars. + + =Mine Rescue Car.= Subject: instruction to miners in first aid and + use of oxygen breathing apparatus. Assistance of car apparatus and + crew given in case of mine disasters. Bureau of Mines, Department of + the Interior, 1910; continuous service since then. Present equipment: + eleven specially constructed coaches with exhibits and emergency + equipment. + + =Recruiting Cars.= Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department. 1917 and + 1919. Three flat cars fitted up respectively with a model of a + battleship, destroyer, and torpedo boat. Exhibits and lectures to + assist in recruiting and also used for promoting Liberty Loan drives. + + =War Relic Trains.= Subject: promotion of Liberty Loan drives, etc. + Federal Reserve Districts of Treasury Department. 1918 and 1919. Flat + cars for exhibition of trophies captured from the enemy; baggage car, + sleeping car, and a locomotive. Toured the United States. + + =New York. Safety First Car.= Subject: instruction in safety measures. + New York Central lines. 1919. Two duplicate cars for motion pictures + and lectures. + + =Virginia. Safety First Car.= Subject: instruction in safety measures. + Norfolk and Western Railroad. 1920. Motion picture and lecture car. + + +AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CONSERVATION TRUCKS + + =Canada. Sheep Demonstration Automobile.= Sheep and Goat Division, + Live Stock Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. 1919. + Demonstrations of shearing by hand and power machines, rolling and + preparing of wool for market, dipping of sheep for vermin, and docking + and castrating of lambs. + + =Alabama. Movable School.= Subject: agriculture and home economics. + Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. 1919. Instruction and + demonstrations. + + =Louisiana. Agricultural Extension Truck.= Subject: education and + agriculture. Louisiana State Agricultural and Mechanical College. + 1919. Motion picture and stereopticon lectures. + + =Massachusetts. Food Conservation and Model Kitchen Truck.= Subject: + canning, food conservation, and substitutes; care and feeding of + children in wartime. Woman’s Committee, Massachusetts Council of + Defense. 1918. Demonstrations and instruction. + + =Agricultural Truck.= Massachusetts Agricultural College. + Demonstrations, exhibits, and stereopticon slide lectures. + + =Food Conservation and Preservation Truck.= Bristol County Farm + Bureau. In charge of county demonstration agent at Segreganset. + Exhibits. + + =Ohio. Poultry Demonstration Truck.= Subject: instruction in proper + methods of handling eggs, care of fowl, and better uses of poultry + equipment. Ohio State University. 1917. Lectures and demonstrations. + Evening lectures with stereopticon slides. + + =Pennsylvania. Canning Truck.= Allegheny County Council of + Defense. 1918. Itinerant service to farmers’ wives at their homes. + Demonstrations, instruction; canning and drying of home products. + + =Rhode Island. Food Conservation Truck.= State Food Administration. + 1918. Demonstrations and instruction. + + =Virginia. Fruit Growers’ Automobile Tour.= Subject: best methods of + orchard culture. Extension Division, Virginia Polytechnic Institute + and Virginia State Horticultural Society. 1918. Automobile tour + through Virginia and West Virginia by fruit growers. + + =Wisconsin. Agricultural Truck.= Subject: treatment of grain for smut + and a fanning mill. County agents of the state. 1918. Demonstrations, + assistance, and instruction. + + +HEALTH TRUCKS + + =Canada. Traveling Baby Clinic.= University Settlement of Montreal. + 1919. Weighing, measuring, and advisory service. + + =France. Traveling Exposition.= Subject: child welfare and + tuberculosis. American Commission for the Prevention of Tuberculosis + in France, Children’s Bureau of the American Red Cross and, later, the + Tuberculosis Bureau, American Red Cross. 1917 and 1918. Trucks carried + equipment for lectures, motion pictures, and exhibits. + + =Italy. Tuberculosis Clinics.= American Red Cross Tuberculosis + Commission. Seven trucks equipped as clinics. Treatment and + instruction. + + =Dental Trucks.= American Red Cross. Three trucks fitted up as dental + clinics. Treatment and instruction. + + =United States. Child Welfare Special.= Children’s Bureau, Department + of Labor. 1919. Lectures, examinations, and well baby clinic. + + =Connecticut. Baby Special.= Subject: infant and child welfare, + including care, feeding, measuring, and weighing. Child Welfare + Department, State Council of Defense. 1918. Lectures and advisory + service. + + =Illinois. Traveling Health Clinic.= Subject: tuberculosis. Chicago + Tuberculosis Institute. 1919. + + =Indiana. Traveling Auto Exhibit.= Subject: prevention of + tuberculosis. Indiana Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis. + 1917. Truck fitted with screen and machine for moving picture shows; + also lectures with stereopticon and exhibits. + + =Louisiana. Sanitary Truck.= Subject: personal hygiene and disease + prevention among Negroes. Louisiana State Board of Health. 1919. + Lectures, exhibits, and motion pictures. + + =Maryland. Public Health Car.= Subject: educational and organization + work. Maryland Tuberculosis Association. 1916. Motion pictures, + lectures, and distribution of literature. + + =Massachusetts. Child Welfare Truck.= Division of Hygiene, State + Department of Public Health. Lectures, demonstrations, exhibits on all + phases of child welfare. + + =Mississippi. Rural Dispensary Truck.= Subject: education in general + health and tuberculosis. Bureau of Tuberculosis, State Sanatorium + of the Board of Health of Mississippi. 1919--continuous. Motion + picture and stereopticon shows, lectures, exhibits, examinations, and + distribution of literature. + + =New York. Healthmobile.= Subject: general health propaganda. State + Department of Health. 1919. Lectures and motion pictures. + + =Dental Education Car.= Subject: dental instruction and dispensary + service. Nassau County school authorities and Junior Red Cross. 1920. + Ford truck equipped with necessary dental supplies and equipment. + + =North Carolina. Moving Picture Health Car.= State Board of Health. + 1916. Lectures and motion pictures. + + =Health Education Car.= Subject: tuberculosis and mouth hygiene. + State Board of Health and State Tuberculosis Association. 1920. Truck + equipped with lighting system and motion picture machine. Lectures + and moving picture shows in the forty-five counties of the state. + + =Ohio. Cleveland Children’s Year Special.= Subject: dispensary for + child hygiene and welfare work. Children’s Year Committee of Council + of Defense. 1918. Exhibits, examinations of children, motion picture + shows, and distribution of literature. + + =Washington. Clinic and Exhibit Truck.= Subject: tuberculosis + diagnosis and education. Truck for transportation of clinic staff + and exhibit; clinic held in public halls. Washington Tuberculosis + Association. 1919. Lectures, exhibits, and clinic. + + =West Virginia. Rural Tuberculosis Campaign.= Subject: prevention + and cure of tuberculosis, and extermination of flies. West Virginia + Tuberculosis League. 1917. Automobile tour in charge of a woman + physician and her assistant. Stereopticon show and lectures; also + first aid demonstration. + + =Wisconsin. Health Wagon.= Subject: health preservation and disease + prevention. Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association. 1916. Motion + pictures and lectures. + + +MOTOR TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT TOURS + + =United States. Transcontinental Tour.= Subject: recruiting for Motor + Transport Corps, and education regarding good roads. Motor Transport + Corps, War Department. 1919. Fleet of motor trucks and passenger + vehicles from the Capitol to San Francisco over the Lincoln Highway. + Exhibits, demonstrations, and lectures, with moving picture shows. + + =Georgia. Motor Truck Trains.= Subject: quicker transportation + facilities between farms and markets. Macon Chamber of Commerce. 1919. + One hundred and four trucks were divided into four trains; each toured + the country routes for a radius of 100 miles. Merchandise carried on + out-going trips and farm produce on return trips. + + =Illinois. Motor Trucks.= Subject: uses of motor vehicles on farms. + National Association of Motor Truck Sales Managers. 1919. These + trucks toured six states and covered over 3,000 miles. + + =Missouri. St. Louis Motor Truck Expedition.= Subject: farm uses of + motor-driven vehicles. 1919. Sixteen motor companies co-operated, and + the tour covered sections of the north central states. + + =New York. Rural Motor Truck Express.= Subject: uses of motor-driven + vehicles on farms and for express delivery. National Automobile + Chamber of Commerce co-operated with New York State Department of + Farms and Markets. 1919. Demonstration given at State Fair, Syracuse, + September, 1919. + + +MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS--TRUCKS + + =England. Cine-Motor Touring Movies.= Subject: information relating + to war activities shown in rural districts. British Ministry of + Information. 1918. + + =United States. Mine Rescue Auto Trucks.= Subject: instruction of + miners in first aid and use of oxygen breathing apparatus, and + to render assistance in case of mine disaster. Bureau of Mines, + Department of the Interior. 1913; continuous service since then. Six + such trucks used by Bureau in mining districts. See Mine Rescue Cars. + + =Connecticut. Victory Conference.= Subject: women’s war work. Woman’s + Committee, State Council of Defense. 1918. Exhibits, demonstrations, + and lectures. + + =Georgia. Motion Picture Trucks.= Subject: Red Cross activities. + Southern Division, American Red Cross. Georgia and Tennessee. 1918. + Lectures with motion pictures. + + =Maryland. Motion Picture Truck.= Subject: Red Cross activities + overseas and in America. Potomac Division, American Red Cross, + Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia. 1919. Two lecture and exhibit + trucks. + + =New York. Victory Trucks.= Subject: reconstruction and post-war + service. Reconstruction Commission of the State of New York, + co-operating with the Bureau of Commercial Economics. 1919. One motion + picture truck. + + =Motor Trucks.= Subject: go-to-church propaganda. Erie Annual + Conference of Methodist Episcopal Church. Two hundred and twenty + automobiles toured the state and Pennsylvania in an effort to get + people to attend church more often. + + =North Carolina. Motion Picture Truck.= Subject: community welfare. + 1919; continuous. State Bureau of Community Service. Semi-monthly tour + of truck to rural districts for motion pictures and lecture programs + and community organization. + + =Pennsylvania. Motor Trucks.= See New York. + + =Tennessee. Motion Picture Trucks.= See Georgia. + + =Virginia. Motion Picture Truck.= See Maryland. + + =West Virginia. Motion Picture Truck.= See Maryland. + + +MISCELLANEOUS VEHICLES USED FOR TOURS + + =Canada--Motorcycle. Animal Treatment Cars.= Subject: encouragement + of humane treatment of dumb animals. Toronto Humane Society. 1914. + Continuous service since then. + + =California--House-boat. “The Josephine.”= Subject: exhibits of animal + parasites and working field laboratory. State Board of Health. 1919. + + =Massachusetts--Trolley Car. Child Welfare and Food Conservation + Car.= Women’s Committee, Council of National Defense. 1918. Exhibits, + lectures, and demonstrations. + + =Michigan--Trolley Car. Children’s Year Special.= Woman’s Committee, + Michigan Division of the Council of National Defense. 1918. Car + divided into three sections for exhibits, examinations, lectures, and + demonstrations. + + =Vermont--Wagon. Health Exhibit Wagon.= State Board of Health. 1913. + Horse-drawn vehicle used for moving pictures and health exhibits. + + =Wisconsin--Motorcycle. “Flying Squadron of Health.”= Subject: + propaganda for tuberculosis prevention and cure. Wisconsin + Anti-Tuberculosis Association. 1911-1915. Exhibits, stereopticon + slides, and lectures. + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +The amount of printed matter bearing on the use of trains, trucks, +and trolley cars in educational campaigns is not very large. The list +below is fairly representative of the material available, most of it +being in the form of articles and illustrations in magazines and other +periodicals. + + =Agricultural Train.= Biennial Report, 1912-13, Department of + Agriculture, Labor and Statistics, Frankfort, Kentucky, pp. 48-56. + Five illustrations of train and exhibits. + + =Apple Packing Train, The.= F. S. Welsh. New York State Agricultural + Department Bulletin, January, 1916, vol. 79, pp. 679-83. Description + of Apple Packing Train of New York Central Railroad and State + Department of Agriculture. Two illustrations of demonstrators. + + =Auto-Stereopticon and Moving Picture Machine For Extension Service in + Rural Schools.= Louisiana State University Bulletin, July 1915. Nine + illustrations of car for showing motion pictures at school houses, + audience at lecture, and details of picture machine. + + =Better Farming Special, A.= C. T. Rice. Hoard’s Dairyman, January + 28, 1916, vol. 51, p. 4. Description of Norfolk and Western Railway’s + Better Farming Special. One illustration of exterior of train. + + =Better Farming Train, The.= A. M. Shaw. Agricultural Gazette of + Canada, October, 1916, pp. 909-13. Description of train and tour of + Canada’s Better Farming Train. Three illustrations of exterior and + interior of train. + + =Child Welfare Special, The.= Janet Geister. Institution Quarterly, + Springfield, Illinois, December 31, 1919, pp. 120-25. Description of + Child Welfare Special of Children’s Bureau and its tour. + + =Cine-Motor Touring Movies Equipment of the British Government.= F. + A. Talbot. Scientific American, August 3, 1918, vol. 119, p. 93. Two + illustrations of a truck used for moving picture projection of films + giving war information in rural districts. + + =Cleaning Up a State.= Henry Oyen. World’s Work, March 1912, pp. + 510-21. Map and several illustrations of Health Exhibit Train of + Louisiana State Board of Health. + + =Dairy Instruction Car.= Agricultural Gazette of Canada, May, 1916, p. + 449. Description of Canada’s Special Dairy Car. + + =Educating the Farmers by Rail.= H. A. Crafts. Scientific American, + May 21, 1910, vol. 102, pp. 420-21. Description of California’s + Agricultural and Horticultural Train. + + =Egg and Poultry Demonstration Car Work in Reducing Our $50,000,000 + Waste in Eggs.= W. E. Pennington, H. C. Pierce, and H. L. Schroeder. + U. S. Agricultural Department Year Book, 1914, pp. 363-80. Two + illustrations of interior of car. See also Scientific American + Supplement, May 6, 1916, vol. 81, pp. 292-93, for illustration of a + specimen chart used in lecture work. + + =Farming by Special Train.= Clifford V. Gregory. Outlook, April 22, + 1911, vol. 97, pp. 913-22. Eleven illustrations of interior and + exterior of cars and audiences. Several trains mentioned. + + =For Better Roads.= Worth C. Harder. Harper’s Weekly, September 14, + 1912, p. 15. Two illustrations of Good Roads Special Train. + + =Good Seed, The Gospel of.= House Beautiful, July 1913, vol. 34, p. + 49. Editorial comment on several good seed trains in the Dakotas, + Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa. + + =Gospel of Health on Wheels.= World’s Work, May 1911, vol. 22, pp. + 14-313-14. Description of Louisiana Health Train. + + =Health Exhibit Car, A Week on a.= Eugene Kerner. Journal of the + Outdoor Life, September 1912, vol. 9, pp. 210-11. Kentucky’s health + train. + + =Health on Wheels.= Agnes Morris. American City, December 1914, vol. + 11, pp. 453-56. Three interior and one double-page illustration of + exterior of Health Exhibit Train of Louisiana State Board of Health. + + =Health on Wheels.= Louisiana State Board of Health, New Orleans, La., + Oct. 31, 1914. Thirteen illustrations of train, exhibits, and director + of tour of Health Exhibit Train of Louisiana State Board of Health. + + =Health to Sell.= Samuel Hopkins Adams. La Follette’s Magazine, + December 1914, pp. 8, 9. Mention of “Flying Squadron of Health,” a + motorcycle tour of the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association. One + illustration. + + =Hessian Fly Train.= George D. Dean. Journal of Economic Entomology, + February 1916, vol. 9, pp. 139-41. Train to instruct farmers in + ridding Kansas of insect pests. Three illustrations of train. + + =Homemaking on Wheels.= Country Gentleman, February 12, 1916, vol. + 81, p. 366. Demonstration car of the Household Science Department, + University of Illinois. Three illustrations of interior of car. + + =Instruction of the Public in Anti-Tuberculosis Measures by a + Traveling Car Exhibit.= George Homan, M.D. Journal of the American + Medical Association, September 24, 1910, Vol. 55, pp. 1072-73. One + interior and one exterior illustration. + + =Iowa Dairy Special, The 16th.= E. S. Estel. Kimball’s Dairy Farmer, + July 1, 1916, vol. 14, p. 428. Description and comparison of dairy + trains run in Iowa. Two illustrations of demonstrators, lecturers on + rear platform of train and of crowd attending an outdoor lecture. + + =Kentucky Wakes Up.= Roy L. French. Journal of the Outdoor Life, + February 1915, vol. 12, pp. 45-46. Tuberculosis exhibit car; 1 + illustration of interior. + + =Land Clearing Demonstration.= A. W. Hopkins. Hoard’s Dairyman, May + 12, 1916, vol. 51, p. 661. Description of Stump Pulling Special in + Wisconsin. + + =Motor Trucks and Movies to Help Save Rural Children.= American City, + Town and County Edition, September 1919, vol. 21, p. 227. Description + of Child Welfare Special of Children’s Bureau. Two illustrations of + truck. + + =Moving School of Food Conservation.= Survey, January 5, 1918, p. 401. + Brief mention of Pennsylvania Food Train. One illustration on cover. + + =New Features in the Anti-Tuberculosis Campaign.= Bulletin No. 3, vol. + 13, March 1, 1913, pp. 71-75. Vermont State Board of Health. Three + illustrations. + + =On the Exhibition Car in Ontario.= J. R. Dickson, B.A., M.S.F. + Canadian Forestry Journal, November 1919, pp. 464-65. + + =Poultry Demonstration Trains Are Popular.= Helen Dow Whitaker. + Reliable Poultry Journal, August, 1917, vol. 24, pp. 504-05. + Description of Washington’s Food Preparedness Campaign Train. One + illustration of exterior of train and one illustration of interior. + + =Public Activities of New York State to be Shown in Free Motion + Pictures.= American City, City Edition, October 1919, vol. 21, p. 318. + Brief mention of trucks to be used by Reconstruction Commission of New + York State in showing motion pictures of every city and town in the + state. + + =Railroading Knowledge to the Farmer.= Owen Wilson. World’s Work, + November 1911, vol. 23, pp. 100-06. Ten illustrations of various + trains mentioned in article. + + =Railroads Co-operating with Farmers.= Harper’s Weekly, February 5, + 1910, p. 31. Several trains mentioned; one illustration. + + =Railway School for Farmers.= H. A. Crafts. Scientific American, April + 30, 1910. Three illustrations of interior and one of exterior of train + without description. + + =Report of the Child Welfare Department, Connecticut State Council + of Defense.= May 1, 1919. Brief mention on page 9, and double-page + illustration of Baby Special. + + =Safety First.= Scientific American, June 10, 1916, vol. 114, p. 616. + Description of tour of United States Government Safety First Train. + Four illustrations of train. + + =Safety First Special.= Outlook, May 31, 1916, vol. 113, pp. 240, 261. + Description of tour of United States Government Safety First Train. + Two illustrations of train. + + =Sending College to the Farmer.= W. T. Clarke. Sunset, April 1913, + vol. 30, pp. 383-89. Three illustrations of exterior of car and one + of crowd attending exhibit. Agricultural and horticultural train in + California. + + =Special Dairy Car, The.= K. G. Mackay. Hoard’s Dairyman, May 12, + 1916, vol. 51, p. 666. Brief description of the Special Dairy Car in + Saskatchewan, Canada. + + =Special Peach Culture Train to Cover Arkansas.= Arkansas Homestead, + November 25, 1918, pp. 5, 11. Special train ran in Arkansas in 1918. + + =Teaching Good Roads by Special Train.= Robert Franklin. Technical + World, June 1912, pp. 448-51. Five illustrations. Frisco Railway’s + Good Roads Special. + + =Teaching Health by Motion Pictures.= Warren H. Brooker, C.E. Health + Bulletin, North Carolina State Board of Health, No. 2, vol. 31, of May + 1916. How Public Health is Being Taught in Rural Districts by Means + of Traveling Motion Pictures. Two illustrations of car and one of + audience. + + =The University on Wheels.= Agnes C. Laut. Colliers, September 10, + 1910, vol. 45, p. 16. The Corn and Wheat Evangelists of the Middle + West and the Special Trains of Instruction. Several trains mentioned, + and three illustrations of cars. + + =Touring a State with Motion Pictures.= Arthur J. Strawson. Journal + of the Outdoor Life, October 1917, pp. 304-05. Three illustrations of + Indiana Society for Prevention of Tuberculosis truck. + + =Traveling Baby Clinic.= Conservation of Life, July 1919, pp. 60-62. + Ottawa, Canada. Trucks used for baby welfare. Two illustrations. + + =Traveling Dispensaries for Italy.= The Public Health Nurse, November + 1918, pp. 261-62. Three illustrations of trucks used for dental and + baby saving purposes. + + =Unique Traveling Safety Exhibit.= New York Central Magazine, August + 1919, p. 21. Brief mention of Safety First Exhibit Car of New York + Central Lines. Two illustrations of interior of moving picture and + exhibit car. + + =Western Railways and Farming.= J. R. Wilson. Nation, November 10, + 1910, vol. 91, p. 441. Letter commenting on several trains run in + western states. + + + + +INDEX + + +ADAMS, S. H.: description of health motorcycle tour by, 34-37 + +ADVANCE AGENTS: qualifications, 49; + preliminary work for, 50-52. + See also _Committees_ + +ADVANCE WORK: publicity and organization, 42-65; + local co-operation, 45-54; + committees, 55-65, 98; + follow-up program, 114 + +ADVANTAGES: economical, 4; + publicity, 4; + of stimulating audiences, 5, 104; + of striking features, 6; + trains versus trucks, 10-11 + +ADVERTISING: mediums, and purpose of, 43; + committee on newspapers, 56; + posters, 57; + window displays, 57; + slides, 57, 58; + through local merchants, 58; + Hollingworth on, 107; + exhibit car, 122 + +AGRICULTURE: promoting interest in, 5; + Peach Demonstration Train, and illustration of exhibits, 13-14; + account of dairy train in Illinois, 15-16; + Pure Seed and Home Power Special, 16; + canning trucks, 37-39; + train titles, 67; + program for exhibit train, 74-75; + list of tours, 118-127, 129-130; + bibliography, 137-142 + +ALABAMA: publicity tours, train equipment, 129 + +APPEALS: advance publicity work, 42-52; + to local committees, 52-65 + +ARKANSAS: conservation train tour, 118; + bibliography, 141 + +ATTENDANCE: novel devices attract, 7, 34; + advance work to secure, 42-45; + methods of distributing, 44, 75-77; + outdoors, 77; + planning for, 94, 98; + receiving visitors, 97-99; + estimating numbers, 100; + distributing, 101-104 + +ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS: advantages and suggestions, 4; + novel features a stimulus, 5-7, 104; + healthmobile, opposite 10. + See also _Motion Pictures_ + +AUDIENCES: selection and visualization of, 69. + See also _Attendance_ + +AUTOMOBILES: motion picture tours, 9, 25-26; + dispensaries and clinics, 27-33; + Child Welfare Specials, 30-34; + speaking tours, 34-37; + government trucks, 37-41; + motor service, 65; + list of truck tours, by states, 129-136; + and go-to-church propaganda, 135; + bibliography, 137. + See also _Trucks_ + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY, 137-142 + + +CALIFORNIA: publicity tours, equipment for, 119, 127, 135; + bibliography, 138, 141 + +CANADA: description of forestry car, 90-92, 128; + publicity tours, 128, 129, 131, 135; + bibliography, 137, 138, 140, 142 + +CANNING TRUCK: purpose of portable kitchen, 37-39; + truck tour, 130 + +CHILDREN’S YEAR SPECIAL: in Michigan, 23; + Cleveland Department of Health, 27-29; + “skip stops,” 97; + follow-up work, 113; + publicity tour, 132, 135 + +CHILD WELFARE: in Michigan, 23; + Massachusetts, 24; + traveling dispensaries and clinics, 27-34; + U. S. Children’s Bureau truck tour, 30-33; + advance publicity, 51; + follow-up work, 113-114; + health tours and publicity, 127, 131, 132, 135; + bibliography, 138, 141, 142 + +CHURCHES: co-operation helpful, 61; + truck tours in New York and Pennsylvania, 135 + +CLARK, E. A.: describes successful tour of dairy train, 15-16 + +CLINICS: and traveling trucks, 27-31; + Tuberculosis Commission, 28, 30; + transport truck tour, 133 + +COLE, P. T.: on Peach Demonstration Train, 14 + +COMMITTEES: on co-operation, 44, 45-47; + advance publicity, 52-54; + reception, 55; + newspaper, 56; + advertising, 57-58; + special delegations, 59-60; + church co-operation, 61; + schools, 62; + foreign groups, 63; + speakers, 64; + personal canvass, 64-65; + reception, 98; + organizing local, 111-112 + +CONNECTICUT: publicity tours, train equipment, 131, 134; + bibliography, 141 + +CO-OPERATION: value of, 18, 19, 117; + and publicity, 40-41; + arrangements for local committees, 44, 45-65, 98, 111; + churches, 61; + schools, 62; + railroads, 117 + +COST: economical advantages of train or truck, 4; + budget estimates, 9-10; + record of Pennsylvania train tour, 9; + automobile tour in Maryland, 9 + + +DAIRY TRAINS: tour described by E. A. Clark, of Illinois, 15-16; + list of tours, 118-125; + bibliography, 137, 139, 141. + See also _Agriculture_ + +DEAN, GEORGE A.: describes Hessian Fly Special, 17-20, 139 + +DELEGATIONS: advance plans for special groups, 59-60, 102; + from churches, 60, 61; + schools, 60, 62; + hotels and restaurants, 60; + food dealers, 60; + employes, 60; + clubs, 60; + children and teachers, 102 + +DEMONSTRATIONS: effectiveness of initial presentation, 5-7; + adaptability of trains for, 10, 11; + trucks, 11; + Peach Special, 14; + dairy train and milking machine, 15-16; + food conservation, 22, 24, 37, 52; + canning kitchens, 37-38; + Land Clearing Special, 52; + program outlined, 74-76; + types of cars adapted to, 78-79; + kitchen illustrated, opposite 92; + arrangement of car for, 92-93; + tours, and equipment, 122, 124, 126, 129, 130, 133; + publications, 140 + +DICKSON, J. R.: describes forestry car, 90-92, 140 + +DISPENSARIES: scope of service, 27-33; + Children’s Year Special of Cleveland, 28-30; + motor trucks in Italy, 30; + Children’s Bureau government truck, 30-33; + publication on, 142 + +DOWLING, OSCAR: health train pioneer, 20 + + +ECONOMY: advantages of train and truck, 4; + records of tours, 9-10; + war propaganda, 21-23 + +EDUCATION: advantages of tours, 3-8, 11, 25, 27, 117; + campaign tours, 118-136; + bibliography, 137-142 + +ENGLAND: publicity tours, 134; + bibliography, 138 + +ENTOMOLOGY: and Hessian fly in Kansas, 18-19 + +EXHIBIT CARS: peach industry, 13-14; + dairy train, 15; + pure seed, 16; + health tours, 20-21; + government specials, 22-24, opposite 70 and 77; + various types, 78-79; + correct designs for, 79; + living accommodations, 80; + cleaning methods, 80-81; + form and content of exhibits, 81-83; + moving audiences, 84, 86; + correct arrangement of interiors, 85, opposite 86 and 87; + placing exhibits, 87-90; + description of Canadian forestry car, 90-92; + moving people through, 99; + explainers for, 104-105; + list of, by states, 118-136 + +EXPENSES: See _Cost_ + +EXPLAINERS: services of, 104-105 + + +FLAT CARS: dairy trains, 15-16; + for conservation work, 22, 77, 79, opposite 80; + Land Clearing Specials, 126, 127; + recruiting, 129 + +FLORIDA: publicity tours, and equipment, 120, 127 + +FOLLOW-UP WORK: and careful planning, 8; + reception committees valuable, 98; + aims, and suggestions for efficient, 106-114; + fixing impressions, 107; + printed matter, 109-110; + local organizations to take part, 111-113; + of West Virginia Public Health Council, 112; + results, method of checking, 113; + criticisms, 114 + +FOOD CONSERVATION TRAINS: government tours, 21-24; + and child welfare, 23, 24; + canning kitchens, 37-38; + work assignments, 52, 54, 61, 65; + illustration of exhibit car, N. Y. College of Agriculture, + opposite 86; + demonstration kitchen illustrated, opposite 92; + list of tours, 118, 123, 125, 130; + bibliography, 138, 140 + +FRANCE: truck tours for health purposes, 131 + + +GEORGIA: Land Clearing Special, advance work, 52; + publicity tours, train equipment, 120, 133, 134 + +GOOD ROADS SPECIAL: publicity tours, train equipment, 119, 126, 133; + bibliography, 138, 141 + + +HALLIDAY, J. D.: health education tours planned and directed by, 28 + +HEALTH CARS: advance publicity in West Virginia, 46-48; + topics and exhibits presented, 68; + over-crowded exhibits, 82; + methods to attract attention, 82, 83; + report of follow-up work, 112; + list of tours, 127, 128, 131-133, 136; + bibliography, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142 + +HEALTH EXHIBITS: motion picture truck of N. Y. State, opposite 10; + health trains in Louisiana, 20; + child welfare in Kansas, 21; + West Virginia Health Special, 21; + purpose of government train, 23; + Children’s Year Special, 23; + variety of topics, 68; + train tours, 127-128; + truck tours, 131-133; + wagon tour, 136; + motorcycle tour, 136; + bibliography, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142 + +HEALTHMOBILE: of N. Y. State, opposite 10; + motion picture tour in North Carolina, 26; + publicity tour of, 132 + +HESSIAN FLY SPECIAL: description of train run in Kansas, 17-20, 139; + speakers and publicity, 18-19; + train equipment, 122 + +HOLLINGWORTH, H. L.: on Advertising and Selling, 107 + +HOME POWER SPECIAL: demonstration of conveniences, 16 + + +ILLINOIS: tour of dairy train in, 15-16; + publicity tours, train equipment, 120, 131, 133; + bibliography, 138, 139 + +ILLUSTRATIONS: opposite 10, 14, 20, 28, 29, 30, 31, 38, 39, 44, 70, 76, + 77, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92 + +INDIANA: publicity tours, train equipment, 121, 131; + bibliography, 142 + +INFORMATION SOURCES: 2, 117 + +IOWA: publicity tours, train equipment, 122; + bibliography, 139 + +ITALY: health trucks, 28, 30, 131; + motor clinics, 30; + publicity tours, 131 + +ITINERARY: planning, 94-97. + See also _Tours_ + + +KANSAS: Hessian fly train described, 17-20, 122; + State Agricultural College co-operates with railroad, 17, 18; + publicity tours, 127; + bibliography, 139 + +KENTUCKY: publicity tours, train equipment, 122, 127; + bibliography, 137, 139, 140 + + +LAND CLEARING: demonstration work, with automobiles, 52; + publicity tours, 120, 126-127; + bibliography, 140 + +LINCOLN HIGHWAY ASSOCIATION: and transcontinental tour, 40-41, 133 + +LOUISIANA: success of health trains, 20; + publicity tours, train equipment, 120, 127, 129, 131; + bibliography, 137, 139 + + +MARYLAND: cost of automobile tour, 9; + publicity tours, train equipment, 122, 132, 134 + +MASSACHUSETTS: child welfare tours, 24; + publicity tours, 130, 132, 135 + +MEMORY: impressions, and follow-up work, 107-109 + +MESSAGE, PREPARATION OF: 66-73; + choosing a topic, 67-70; + limiting the message, 69; + program planning, 71-77 + +MICHIGAN: Children’s Year Special, 23; + publicity tours, train equipment, 122, 135 + +MINNESOTA: publicity tours, train equipment, 122 + +MISSISSIPPI: publicity tours, train equipment, 123, 132 + +MISSOURI: Women’s Patriotic Special, 22; + publicity tours, train equipment, 123, 128, 134 + +MOTION PICTURES: cost of automobile tour, 9; + N. Y. State healthmobile, opposite 10; + truck tours, 25-41; + North Carolina health campaign, 26; + Children’s Special of Cleveland, 28; + Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 37; + advance publicity, and slides, 57-58; + state tours using, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131-135; + bibliography, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142 + +MOTORCYCLES: description of a “Knight of Health,” 34-37, 139; + tours in Canada and Wisconsin, 135, 136 + +MOTOR TRANSPORT CORPS: purpose and description of transcontinental + train, 39-41; + publicity tours, 133 + +MOTOR VEHICLES: See _Trucks_ + +MOVING AUDIENCES: displaying exhibits to, 84, 86 + + +NEBRASKA: publicity tours, train equipment, 123 + +NEVADA: publicity tours, train equipment, 123 + +NEW JERSEY: publicity tours, train equipment, 123 + +NEWSPAPERS: advance publicity for, 56, 58. + See also _Publicity_ + +NEW YORK: healthmobile, opposite 10; + food conservation train, 22; + publicity tours, and equipment, 123, 129, 132, 134, 135; + bibliography, 137, 140 + +NORTH CAROLINA: Board of Health motion picture tour, 26; + publicity tours, train equipment, 124, 132, 135; + bibliography, 141 + +NOVEL PRESENTATION: advantages of, 4-7; + secures publicity, 6; + motion picture trucks 25-28; + “Motorcycle Knight of Health,” 34-37; + along Lincoln Highway, 40-41 + + +OHIO: Children’s Year Special of Cleveland, 27-30; + illustrations and trucks, 28-29; + publicity tours, 130, 132 + +ORGANIZATION: advance publicity important, 42-65; + assignments for committees, 52-65; + report of follow-up work, 112-113 + +OUTDOOR SPEAKING: 16, 34, 75, 77 + + +PEACH DEMONSTRATION TRAIN: description, and illustration of exhibit + car, 13-14; + advance publicity, 48; + state tours, 118, 125 + +PENNSYLVANIA: cost of tour in, 9; + food conservation train, 22; + canning kitchen of Allegheny County Council, 37-39; + advance assignments for committees, 53; + publicity tours, 125, 130; + bibliography, 140 + +PERMANENCE: of activities, 5; + organization and follow-up work, 111-114 + +PLACES VISITED: planning an itinerary, 94-96 + +POSTERS: type of agricultural, 43; + advertising committees, 57 + +PROGRAMS: choice of a topic, 66, 67-70; + form of presentation, 67-71; + unit programs, 71-72; + of exhibit trains, 73-75; + of demonstration and exhibit, 76; + advice in planning, 94-96, 101-104 + +PUBLICITY: advantages of tours, 4; + first impression valuable, 7; + and successful co-operation, 19; + advance work important, 40, 42-65; + advertisements, 43; + specialized appeal, 44; + committees, co-operation of, 45; + preparation of letters, and example, 46-48; + advance agents, duties of, 49-52; + assignments, features of, 53, 54; + reception committee, 55; + committee on newspapers, 56; + advertising committee, 57; + committee on special delegations, 59-60; + church co-operation, 61; + schools, 62; + foreign language groups, 63; + speakers, 64; + committee on personal canvass, 65; and + follow-up work, 109-114. + See also _Advertising_ + +PURE SEED SPECIAL: home power equipment, 16; + arrangement of exhibits, opposite 87; + exhibit trains, 124, 126; + “Gospel of Good Seed,” 138 + +PURPOSE: and advantages, 3-4, 117; + of Motor Transport Corps tour, 39-40 + + +RAILROADS: co-operation of, and list of educational tours, 117-129; + bibliography, 137-140, 142. + See also _Trains_ + +RECEPTION COMMITTEES: advance assignments for, 55, 98 + +RELAXATION: staff members need, 103, 105 + +RHODE ISLAND: publicity tours, train equipment, 130 + + +SAFETY FIRST TRAINS: publicity tours, 128, 129; + bibliography, 141, 142 + +SCHEDULE: train stops discussed, 94, 96-97; + work and rest periods, 103-105 + +SCHOOLS: co-operation, 62; + attendance of children, and management, 102; + car as model school room, 128, 129; + and dental education, 132; + of conservation, 140 + +“SKIP STOPS,” 97 + +SPEAKERS: attraction of prominent, 6; + short talks in lecture coaches, 15; + outdoor lectures, 16, 77; + Hessian Fly Special, 18-19; + health talks and child welfare, 21, 24; + advance work for committees on, 64; + chief factors of success, 73, 74, 75; + explainers, 104 + +STAFF MEMBERS: traveling accommodations, 80; + provision for rest and comfort, 103, 105 + + +TENNESSEE: publicity tours, train equipment, 125 + +TEXAS: Peach Special, 13-14; + agricultural train program, 74-75; + publicity tours, 125 + +THEATERS. See _Motion Pictures_ + +TOPICS: selection of, 67-68; + presentation, 68-71 + +TOURS: factors in planning, 94-105; + time stops, 96-97; + “skip-stops,” 97; + list of traveling campaigns, 117-136 + +TRAINS: advantages of tours by, 4-8, 11; + campaign costs, 9; + agricultural campaigns, 13-19; + health tours, 20-21; + trolleys, 23; + child welfare, 24; + planning an itinerary, 94-97; + moving visitors through, 99; + list of agricultural, 118-127; + list of food conservation, 123, 125; + list of health specials, 127-128; + safety first trains, 128, 129; + safety first tours, 128, 129; + bibliography, 137-141 + +TRANSCONTINENTAL TOURS: purposes, 39-40; + Lincoln Highway Association co-operates, 40-41; + train equipment, 133 + +TROLLEY TOURS: child welfare, 23-24, 135 + +TRUCKS: advantages of tours by, 4, 5, 6-8, 11; + cost of tours, 9; + adaptability, 11, 25; + North Carolina health car, 26; + traveling dispensaries, 27-34; + Children’s Year Special, 27-29; + clinics in Italy, 30; + Child Welfare Special, 30-34; + speaking tours, 34-37; + canning truck and portable kitchen, 37-39; + transcontinental tour, War Department, 39-40; + and Lincoln Highway Association, 40-41; + planning an itinerary, 94-97; + list of agricultural, 129-130; + list of food conservation, 130; + list of health specials, 131-133; + motor transport tours, 133-134; + motion picture tours, 134-135; + bibliography, 138, 140, 142. + See also _Automobiles_ + +TUBERCULOSIS: motor truck clinics in Italy, 30; + Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 34, 37; + attention getting device, 82; + health tours, and publicity, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 136; + bibliography, 139, 140, 141, 142 + +TYPES OF CARS: for exhibit or demonstration, 78-79 + + +UNITED STATES: Safety First Train, 23; + Child Welfare Special, 30-33; + food conservation truck, 37-39; + transcontinental motor tour, 39-41; + Lincoln Highway and Transport Corps, 40-41, 133; + publicity tours, train equipment, 118, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134; + bibliography, 141 + +UNIT PROGRAMS: features included, 71-73 + +UTAH: publicity tours, train equipment, 126 + + +VERMONT: publicity tours, health wagon, 136; + bibliography, 140 + +VIRGINIA: publicity tours, train equipment, 126, 129, 130, 134 + +VISUALIZATION: essential in preparing message and program, 66-72 + + +WASHINGTON: publicity tours, train equipment, 126, 133; + bibliography, 140 + +WEST VIRGINIA: example of health publicity letter, 46-48; + report on follow-up organization work, 112-113; + publicity tours, 126, 128, 133, 135 + +WINDOW DISPLAYS: announcements and signs, 57 + +WISCONSIN: farm methods promoted by College of Agriculture, 16; + Anti-Tuberculosis Association work, 34, 37; + publicity tours, 126, 130, 133, 136; + bibliography, 139, 140 + + + + + SURVEY AND EXHIBIT SERIES + + EDITED BY SHELBY M. HARRISON + + +It is recognized in both surveys and exhibits that a standardized +technique has not been fully worked out. Still a beginning has been +made. Enough experience has been accumulated to justify recording +it and putting it at the disposal of those interested. With a view +therefore to increasing the use of investigation in dealing with +current community problems and to making such investigations more +effective, and with a view also to the widespread employment of better +methods of disseminating helpful information, the Survey and Exhibit +Series has been planned. + + + =The A B C of Exhibit Planning.= By Evart G. and Mary Swain Routzahn. + Price, Cloth, $2.00 net. + + =Traveling Publicity Campaigns.= By Mary Swain Routzahn. Price, Cloth, + $1.50 net. + + + _Other volumes in preparation_ + +Subscriptions may be entered for the series, new volumes to be sent +when issued. Or upon request announcements of new books in the series +will be sent as books are issued. + + + PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT + RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION + 130 E. 22D STREET, NEW YORK CITY + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75816 *** |