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+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75816 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+                       SURVEY AND EXHIBIT SERIES
+                      EDITED BY SHELBY M. HARRISON
+
+                          TRAVELING PUBLICITY
+                               CAMPAIGNS
+
+                          EDUCATIONAL TOURS OF
+                          RAILROAD TRAINS AND
+                             MOTOR VEHICLES
+
+                                   BY
+                          MARY SWAIN ROUTZAHN
+
+                   DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYS AND EXHIBITS
+                        RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                                NEW YORK
+                        RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION
+
+
+
+
+                          Copyright, 1920, by
+                      THE RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION
+
+                        WM. F. FELL CO·PRINTERS
+                             PHILADELPHIA
+
+                            [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                           EDITOR’S PREFACE
+
+
+In the endeavor to spread information widely and well a multitude
+of ventures have been carried on in recent years. Interesting among
+these has been the combining of educational material and activities
+on the one hand with modern facilities for transportation on the
+other--the putting of exhibits, demonstrations, motion pictures, and
+other campaigning equipment on railroad trains, trolley cars, and
+motor trucks so that they may tour a whole city, a county, or cross a
+continent.
+
+A glance at the appendix to this volume will show how extensive this
+form of educational effort has become. Beginning a dozen or more years
+ago with trains which showed improved methods of farming the list
+includes trains for teaching health, sanitation, safety, and food
+saving; trolley cars carrying exhibits on child welfare; and automobile
+trucks equipped to give motion picture shows on health and other
+subjects. Recently some of the trucks have also carried equipment for
+demonstrating methods of food canning, or for dispensary service. While
+the traveling campaign centering in the railroad car has had the longer
+history, developments in the educational use of the motor truck have
+been of such number and variety as to indicate, if one may venture in
+probabilities, relatively greater future activity for it.
+
+The extensive use of this method of disseminating knowledge in the
+past, and the probable continuation and extension of it in some form,
+have made it seem desirable to bring together as much as possible of
+the working knowledge which has been gained in planning and conducting
+these campaigns, and to put it at the disposal of those interested in
+popular forms of educational work. The material here presented is thus
+not so much an evaluation of the traveling campaign method of spreading
+information as a review, or perhaps better, an anthology of practical
+experience thus far formulated, plus the observations of the author of
+the volume. The practice of those who have had first-hand contact with
+the problems and possibilities involved will undoubtedly have value for
+future planning. It is hoped, however, that the experience here set
+down, instead of forming a sole reliance or boundary to effort, may
+become a stimulus to the play of fresh ingenuity in creating new forms
+of illustrative material.
+
+But as to the question of evaluation, until more data on these
+campaigns are recorded, that will still need to be done by those
+responsible for each particular tour and conversant with the particular
+conditions and requirements of the case. It is a familiar and not
+unnatural tendency, in selecting an avenue by which to reach the
+public, to adopt a method already used by someone else without waiting
+to get full information on its advantages and limitations. This happens
+in large part no doubt because the information desired is often hard
+to get without extensive inquiry. A second purpose of this volume is
+to bring together in brief compass the available data on traveling
+campaigns and thus to lessen the burden of extended inquiry for those
+who will need to make practical decisions.
+
+In addition to a pooling of the facts gained through the practical
+conduct of traveling publicity campaigns it is further hoped that the
+material here assembled may provide a sort of nucleus or center of
+gravity which will attract criticisms and further data. The criticisms,
+in the course of time, may lead to a fuller treatment of the subject,
+and afford a better basis for determining whether the advantages
+of campaigns set upon wheels outweigh their inherent disadvantages
+when viewed in relation to particular projects or other campaign
+possibilities.
+
+In the meantime grateful acknowledgment is made to the many who have
+already been generous in answering inquiries and furnishing information
+gained from their daily contact with traveling campaigns, and to those
+who have furnished photographs and offered many helpful suggestions.
+
+                                                     SHELBY M. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+EDITOR’S PREFACE                                                     iii
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS                                                 xi
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+INTRODUCTORY                                                           1
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+PURPOSES AND ADVANTAGES OF TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS                         3
+
+The Train as an Event                                                  4
+
+A Tour as a Campaign “Feature”                                         6
+
+Novelty and the Danger of its Wearing Off                              6
+
+Not a Quick Method                                                     7
+
+Traveling Campaigns and Results                                        8
+
+Cost of Tours                                                          8
+
+As Between Trains and Trucks                                          10
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+HOW TRAINS HAVE BEEN USED IN CAMPAIGNING                              13
+
+Agricultural Trains                                                   13
+
+Health Trains                                                         20
+
+War Propaganda                                                        21
+
+A Government Safety First Train                                       23
+
+Trolley Tours                                                         23
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+CAMPAIGNING WITH MOTOR VEHICLES                                       25
+
+Motion Picture Tours                                                  25
+
+A Typical Motion Picture Motor Tour                                   26
+
+Traveling Dispensaries                                                27
+
+Cleveland Children’s Year Special                                     27
+
+Motor Truck Clinics in Italy                                          30
+
+A Government Child Welfare Special                                    30
+
+Speaking Tours by Automobile or Motorcycle                            34
+
+A Motorcycle Knight of Health                                         34
+
+Carrying the Canning Kitchen to the Food Supply                       37
+
+“Caravans” of Trucks                                                  39
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+ADVANCE PUBLICITY AND ORGANIZATION                                    42
+
+Importance of Good Advance Work                                       42
+
+General Advertising                                                   43
+
+Specialized Appeal                                                    44
+
+Arrangements for Distributing the Attendance                          44
+
+Arrangements for Local Co-operation in Management                     45
+
+Getting the Advance Work Done                                         46
+
+Qualifications of the Advance Agent                                   49
+
+The Job of the Advance Agent                                          50
+
+Assignments of Advance Work for Local Committees                      52
+
+Explanatory Statement for Local Co-operating Committees Regarding the
+Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train                                  54
+
+Reception Committee                                                   55
+
+Committee on Newspapers                                               56
+
+Advertising Committee                                                 57
+
+Committee on Special Delegations                                      59
+
+Committee on Co-operation of Churches                                 61
+
+Committee on Schools                                                  62
+
+Committee on Attendance of Foreign Language Groups                    63
+
+Committee on Speaking                                                 64
+
+Committee on Personal Canvass                                         64
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE MESSAGE OF THE TOUR                                               66
+
+Choice of a Topic                                                     67
+
+What to Tell                                                          70
+
+Making up the Program                                                 71
+
+Programs of Exhibit Trains                                            73
+
+A Program Combining Demonstrations and Exhibits                       76
+
+Outdoor Speaking at Trains                                            77
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+EXHIBIT CARS                                                          78
+
+Types of Cars                                                         78
+
+Traveling Accommodations for Staff Members                            80
+
+Treatment of Car Interiors                                            80
+
+Exhibits                                                              81
+
+Use of the Space for Display                                          84
+
+Placing Exhibits                                                      87
+
+Arrangement of Subject Matter                                         88
+
+Some Observations from Practical Experience                           90
+
+Arrangement of Car for Demonstrations                                 92
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE TOUR OF THE TRUCK OR TRAIN                                        94
+
+The Places to be Visited                                              95
+
+Receiving the Visitors                                                97
+
+The Rate of Progress in Exhibit Cars                                  99
+
+Distributing the Attendance                                          101
+
+Explaining the Exhibits                                              104
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+FOLLOW-UP WORK                                                       106
+
+Getting the Subject Talked About                                     107
+
+Printed Matter for Distribution                                      109
+
+Publicity Following the Train’s Stop                                 110
+
+Organization of Local Forces                                         111
+
+Checking Up Results                                                  113
+
+
+APPENDIX: Reference Lists of Train, Truck, Trolley, and other Traveling
+Campaigns                                                            117
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                         137
+
+INDEX                                                                143
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                           OPPOSITE PAGE
+
+The New York State Healthmobile                                       10
+
+Interior of Exhibit Car of the “Peach Special”                        14
+
+Health Cars of the Louisiana Department of Health                     20
+
+Cleveland Children’s Year Special                                     28
+
+Truck With Extension Devices                                          29
+
+Traveling Dispensaries                                                30
+
+Interior of Child Welfare Special of the Federal Children’s Bureau    31
+
+Canning Squad and Portable Kitchen                                    38
+
+A Transcontinental Truck Tour                                         39
+
+Poster Advertising the Coming of an Exhibit Train                     44
+
+Group of Objects Expressing One Idea                                  70
+
+Demonstration Car                                                     76
+
+An Outdoor Program                                                    77
+
+Flat Cars Used for Displaying Captured German Trophies                80
+
+Interior of Health Exhibit Car                                        84
+
+A Well Arranged Exhibit Car                                           85
+
+Food Conservation Train of New York State College of Agriculture      86
+
+Arrangement of Railroad Car Interior                                  87
+
+Car Especially Designed for Cooking Demonstrations                    92
+
+
+
+
+                                   I
+
+                             INTRODUCTORY
+
+
+The tour of the peddler with a pack or cart stocked with goods for sale
+and a budget of news for free distribution, and that of the patent
+medicine man with his illustrated lecture of misinformation that sells
+his dubious wares are forms of traveling publicity campaigns long
+familiar in rural districts.
+
+Of recent years many peddlers, carrying new ideas and useful
+information but no goods for sale, have been going about the country
+representing national and state government bureaus and private
+organizations. Their wares are helps to better crops, better houses,
+better health. Their mode of traveling has progressed from wagons to
+trains and from trains to motor trucks. The size of the enterprise
+has varied from a single wagon or automobile with a speaker and a
+batch of leaflets to a train of railroad cars or trucks that carry a
+traveling exhibit rivaling the “Greatest Show on Earth.” The tours
+extend from a jaunt through the county or the districts of a city
+to a transcontinental journey. Whatever its form, if the purpose of
+the enterprise is to spread information or ideas, or to promote a
+community program, it is of interest from an educational and publicity
+standpoint.
+
+Although traveling campaigns have been many and varied and the method
+has been in use for a number of years, to our knowledge there has been
+no attempt up to this time to set down the methods and experiences, the
+successes, failures, and difficulties of the various campaigners.
+
+Believing that this method of promoting social programs will continue
+to be employed, whatever the type of vehicle used to convey travelers
+and their outfits, we have gathered information about a number of
+campaigns and offer it here, together with comments and suggestions
+for the benefit of those who may be considering the method for the
+first time or who have tried it and wish to compare their experiences
+with those of others. The descriptions and suggestions are drawn
+from accounts of about seventy-five tours of trains, trucks, trolley
+cars, and other vehicles, obtained from printed reports, articles,
+letters, replies to questionnaires and interviews, as well as from the
+observations and experience of the writer.
+
+
+
+
+                                  II
+
+            PURPOSES AND ADVANTAGES OF TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS
+
+
+The popular educational tour on wheels is a method of carrying news
+and facts from town to town, instead of distributing this information
+in wholesale manner to many towns at the same time through newspapers,
+letters, posters, and other familiar avenues for disseminating
+information quickly and widely. This use of a method resembling more or
+less the old-time place-to-place spreading of the news but in a modern,
+up-to-the-minute dress, even under the most favorable conditions
+involves a considerable outlay in money, a great deal of hard work,
+careful and detailed planning, and equally careful oversight throughout
+the journey and the follow-up period. Therefore the person or group
+contemplating such an undertaking will naturally wish to consider
+carefully its efficiency as a method of publicity before embarking on
+it.
+
+In some instances the reason for using the truck or train is that
+it may be routed to remote rural districts not well served by the
+more modern methods of news distribution. Wherever it goes, however,
+the train or truck has two chief advantages as a publicity method;
+first, it is an economical way of bringing before scattered audiences
+well-equipped speakers or graphic and otherwise attractive illustrative
+material--economical because a single group of speakers or unit of
+exhibits may in this way be made to serve a large territory; and,
+second, its visit to each town may be made an important event,
+something which creates news and which may appeal to the imagination of
+people generally.
+
+The tours that are described in the following pages suggest just a
+few of the unusual and graphic features that may be assembled in a
+traveling show to attract attention and to make facts and ideas more
+easily understood and remembered. The train or truck in addition,
+as already suggested, to bringing into town especially talented or
+well-informed speakers and demonstrators, brings also equipment for
+demonstrations that may be bulky, expensive, or for other reasons
+difficult to duplicate and distribute for display; also rare objects
+such as the people in the communities visited would not be likely to
+see at all, except as they are brought in for this brief visit.
+
+
+THE TRAIN AS AN EVENT
+
+The visit of the train, like the revival meeting, the fair, or the
+Fourth of July celebration, may be made such a striking event in each
+community that its program gets and holds the attention of many people
+who would not read a newspaper article or go to an ordinary meeting to
+learn about the same topic.
+
+Such an event may be especially timely if a new movement or plan is
+about to be launched within the territory to be covered. The brief
+demonstration presented before a representative group of citizens
+gathered to meet the truck or train often paves the way for the
+organization of a permanent activity in the community. This is true
+because the method often allows for a more concentrated educational
+effort than can be effected in the same time through other types of
+campaigns. For example, the occasional visit of the agricultural
+special, demonstrating improved methods has, in many instances,
+preceded the forming of a county organization of farmers to devote
+themselves continuously to studying and experimenting in better farming.
+
+A train or truck campaign, well handled, will help to give freshness
+to ideas which may become stale if they continue to reach the people
+in the same familiar forms. Whatever the subject matter or purpose of
+a local movement for community education or welfare, both the workers
+or leaders and the people who form the audiences are refreshed by
+variations from familiar methods of presenting the ideas that need to
+be gone over time and again in order to get the greater numbers to
+listen, to understand, and to assimilate them. The local effectiveness
+of the work of the county agricultural agent, or the tuberculosis
+committee, or the movement for better rural schools may sometimes
+be stimulated through the visit of traveling campaigners bringing
+reinforcements in the way of enthusiasm, news gathered along the route,
+or old ideas illustrated in new and striking ways.
+
+
+A TOUR AS A CAMPAIGN “FEATURE”
+
+One occasion when a train tour may be desirable is when the need is
+felt for a unique feature or “stunt” in a campaign that employs a
+great variety of methods. The Liberty Loan trains were expected to
+add “punch” to local campaigns and to make bond selling easier. When
+a vigorous effort is being concentrated on an issue or an idea, a
+tour of prominent speakers, or striking exhibits, or both, may add a
+spectacular element and secure much publicity; first, by getting direct
+attention for the idea, and second, by providing material for “news”
+both in the press and in the everyday talk of the people.
+
+
+NOVELTY AND THE DANGER OF ITS WEARING OFF
+
+As a novel device for attracting attention both train and truck have
+a real though possibly a short-lived value. In many sections of the
+country the exhibit train has long ago become familiar, and already
+those who are seeking some new form in which to get their story over
+are equipping and operating motor trucks. In a few years these, too,
+may lose their power to arouse curiosity. However, the fact that the
+novelty of a device wears off does not necessarily destroy its value.
+While the novelty of the method itself may wear off, the contents of
+the train and the program of the itinerant campaigners leave no end of
+possibilities in the way of fresh attractions.
+
+In the use of graphic methods there have been great advances within
+quite recent years. So far, only a few of the newer forms of expressing
+information in picturesque and dramatic forms have been used in truck
+and train projects. There is no reason why trains and trucks should
+not continue indefinitely to draw expectant visitors looking for the
+new features that may be added this year, just as a circus, a fair, or
+exposition is repeated successfully year after year. The exhibitor who
+uses an attention-getting device for the first time in any locality
+is to some extent responsible for the future success of any similar
+traveling shows in the places visited. People who went to see the first
+train or truck are likely to visit the second or stay away, according
+to the impression made by the first. This responsibility can be met
+through careful preparation and good management.
+
+
+NOT A QUICK METHOD
+
+A point sometimes urged in favor of the educational tour is its rapid
+method of carrying information over a wide area. It is undoubtedly the
+quickest way of displaying the same objects to a number of communities.
+But if you wish the people throughout your territory to have the same
+information as nearly as possible at the same time, any method in which
+the material is duplicated and sent out to all points at once from a
+central place is obviously more suitable than conveying the message
+from place to place.
+
+
+TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS AND RESULTS
+
+One objection frequently raised by those who have conducted educational
+tours is that they are quickly forgotten and bring no lasting
+results. This is probably a valid objection to the incompleteness
+of a particular campaign rather than to the method itself. If the
+follow-up work is not planned just as carefully and carried out as
+conscientiously as the tour itself, there is no reason to expect that
+people will remember it or that action will follow. Every form of
+publicity, whether a newspaper article, leaflet, lecture or motion
+picture would be just as quickly forgotten if it were an isolated
+effort and not part of a well-rounded educational campaign. In the
+section on follow-up work, page 106, methods are discussed of fixing
+the impressions made on the minds of visitors to the train and of
+inducing them to apply the instructions given.
+
+
+COST OF TOURS
+
+What it costs usually plays a larger part in the choice of a publicity
+method than any other single factor. Analysis of the whole plan of the
+tour is needed in order to decide regarding the wisdom of spending
+money on it. An advance estimate ought to indicate whether a given
+expenditure on a traveling campaign appears likely to bring larger
+returns than the same amount spent on some other method.
+
+The cost and the scale of different enterprises vary so greatly and
+prices are so different from year to year, that it is impossible to
+estimate, on the basis of one project, what another one is likely
+to cost.[1] By writing to the sources of information listed in the
+appendix, beginning on page 117, the reader will probably be able to
+obtain detailed information about the cost of any enterprise of a type
+that may interest him. Several directors of tours have reported that
+they consider the method too expensive. It was found too expensive
+in one northern state because the initial outlay was so great in
+comparison with the relatively short season during which the truck
+could be operated. In one southern state the expenses of an automobile
+tour were found to be out of proportion to the total budget of the
+organization. A number have reported the method inexpensive, but they
+may not have charged against their budget items that others have
+been obliged to include. Cars and hauling may have been provided by
+a railroad company; the truck may have been a gift; the specialists
+and demonstrators may have been regular members of the staff of the
+organization and their salaries not charged against the budget of the
+tour. In some cases the truck drivers have been volunteers. All of
+these things need to be taken into account in making any decision on
+the basis of the amount a tour has cost someone else. It is safe to
+say that, under the most favorable circumstances, a well-conducted
+traveling campaign is not a cheap method of publicity, and the
+organization considering it should be very sure that the enterprise is
+timely and especially suited to their purpose before embarking on the
+venture.
+
+
+AS BETWEEN TRAINS AND TRUCKS
+
+The most serious drawbacks to a train are that it must stay on a
+railway siding, is frequently inconvenient to reach, and its location
+hot and dusty in summer, lacking in open space where crowds can gather
+comfortably, and, worst of all, is noisy. Still another drawback is
+that the shape of a car is not adapted to the effective display of
+exhibits and it is difficult also to handle large numbers of visitors.
+
+[Illustration: THE NEW YORK STATE HEALTHMOBILE
+
+Carries motion picture equipment for both indoor and outdoor exhibition
+as well as dispensary equipment for holding clinics.]
+
+Even with these awkward handicaps, however, the railroad car has the
+advantage of greater size as a setting for exhibits and demonstrations.
+Exhibits and equipment for demonstrating, moreover, may be permanently
+set up in a train of cars, so that everything is in readiness for
+visitors at the time when the train reaches its stopping place. But the
+truck is a place for storing rather than displaying exhibits, which
+means that each time a program is given, material must be unpacked and
+set up in tents, in a hall, or out of doors.
+
+Good points for the truck are that, roads and weather permitting, the
+truck campaigner may go wherever and whenever he pleases and stay as
+long as he likes, independent of the rails and schedules that limit
+the freedom of a train tour. Even bad roads have not prevented some
+campaigners from reaching what had seemed to be inaccessible districts.
+
+While the trucks have in certain ways greater adaptability to varied
+conditions than trains, the latter will undoubtedly continue to be
+employed where its own special uses are of paramount importance and
+particularly in cases where the railroads may find it possible, as in
+many instances in the past, to provide transportation free or at a
+nominal price. The truck, on the other hand, is probably only at the
+beginning of its usefulness in educational and publicity work. There
+are still untried possibilities of contriving methods for the carrying
+of materials especially adapted to a quick display during a short
+stop in all sorts of places, which, it would seem, might invite to a
+fascinating degree the inventive genius of those interested in the
+popular spread of useful information.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] The following records of tours may prove at least suggestive: A
+three-car train, which traveled through Pennsylvania for five months in
+1918, had running expenses of approximately $325 a week. This included
+traveling, living expenses, and salaries of three staff members, the
+initial cost of exhibits and printed matter, and repairs. It did not
+include the salaries of three additional demonstrators, or the initial
+cost of rebuilding the interiors of the cars, or any expenses for
+hauling of the cars.
+
+A motion picture tour with an automobile truck, traveled for
+twenty-eight weeks in 1917 in Maryland at an expense of $124 a week.
+This included the fuel and repairs for the car, expenses of the field
+staff, rentals of films, and various miscellaneous expenses connected
+with the operation of the tour.
+
+
+
+
+                                  III
+
+               HOW TRAINS HAVE BEEN USED IN CAMPAIGNING
+
+
+For a number of years, with the co-operation of the railroads, state
+agricultural colleges, departments of health, and private state
+organizations have carried on educational and organization work through
+demonstration trains. The war propaganda which utilized practically
+every known form of publicity did not overlook train, truck or trolley.
+One or more of these was used in the campaigns for Liberty Loans, food
+conservation, and child welfare.
+
+Descriptions of a few of these trains will illustrate the varied types
+of campaigns in which they have been employed.
+
+
+AGRICULTURAL TRAINS
+
+A Peach Demonstration Train started on a tour in November, 1919, for
+the purpose of encouraging and stimulating the peach industry in
+the East Texas Fruit Belt. The train consisted of two baggage cars
+containing exhibits of insect pests that menace the peach industry,
+life-sized models of diseased and perfect fruit, and actual branches
+of affected peach trees, and a box car containing a tractor, orchard
+plows, and various other kinds of farm machinery needed by an
+up-to-date orchardist.
+
+Regarding this train Mr. P. T. Cole, Agricultural Commissioner, St.
+Louis Southwestern Railroad of Texas, writes as follows:
+
+ The cars were moved on local freight trains nearly all the time,
+ although on a few occasions we were moved by a through freight. The
+ cars were opened to the public at 9 a.m., and the farmers were taken
+ through in groups of about fifteen and a thorough lecture given
+ them with explanations in detail regarding the various exhibits. We
+ usually let the school children go through, but did not allow them to
+ interfere with the work we were giving the farmers. In the afternoon,
+ at about one o’clock, we accompanied the farmers to a nearby orchard
+ taking with us pruning tools, the power sprayer, and the tractor.
+ In the orchard we gave lectures on pruning, and then pruned about a
+ dozen trees, or sometimes as many as fifty, after which we gave them
+ a thorough spraying. This demonstration usually consumed the greater
+ part of the afternoon, but we would return to the cars and discuss the
+ different problems of orcharding with the growers and in many cases
+ they remained with us until dark.
+
+ The growers in most cases were very enthusiastic over this work, and
+ we had some excellent demonstrations. Some of the very best were given
+ in orchards where we had done the same work last year, and where it
+ was an easy matter to point out the beneficial results of proper
+ spraying and pruning. We have a number of fine demonstrations to go
+ back to next year to show the results of the work we have just done.
+
+ As a result of this work a great many spray machines have been bought,
+ and there is more pruning and spraying in progress now than I have
+ ever seen before.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF EXHIBIT CAR OF THE “PEACH SPECIAL”
+
+A baggage car containing exhibits to show the diseases and insect pests
+that menace the peach industry, and the methods of destroying them. See
+page 13.]
+
+The following account[2] of a dairy train in Illinois is supplied by
+the College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois:
+
+ The first dairy train which we assisted in operating was on the
+ Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad from Danville, Illinois, to
+ Cypress. The equipment consisted of an engine, three ordinary coaches
+ used for lecture work, an automobile box car with side and end doors,
+ and a flat car. We had four cows in the automobile car and led them
+ direct from this car onto the flat car for demonstration purposes. We
+ had a railing built around the flat car and also a removable platform
+ between the two cars. We also had a milking machine installed in this
+ box car which could be observed in operation by opening its side
+ doors. This was all the exhibit material we had, as our stops in
+ the towns lasted only from one to two hours. We had a special train
+ crew and a definite train schedule to follow. As soon as we would
+ reach a town we would fill up the three lecture coaches, and three
+ speakers would start at once to give short talks. After talking for
+ about fifteen minutes, the speakers would trade cars. In this way
+ each audience heard at least three speakers, and at the conclusion of
+ these lectures the audience was conducted to the rear car where a cow
+ demonstration was given. At the conclusion of the cow demonstration
+ the milking machine demonstration was given in the automobile car. I
+ might say that the dairy train was highly successful. This was due, I
+ think, largely to its being well advertised previous to its operation.
+
+ Later, another dairy train was operated in a similar manner except
+ that four lecture coaches were used instead of three. On account of
+ the warm weather, it was found advisable to give a large number of the
+ lectures out-of-doors. The coaches were used only during rainy weather
+ or in towns where, because of congested passenger and freight traffic,
+ they were not given a good location. In some places our audiences were
+ so large that we could not accommodate them in four coaches. In that
+ case all the lecture work was given from the flat car on the rear end
+ of the train.
+
+The Pure Seed and Home Power Special was the name given to a three-car
+train run jointly by the Soo Line, the Wisconsin Bankers’ Association,
+and the Wisconsin College of Agriculture in the interests of more
+efficient farm methods. The pure seed car contained a display of the
+finest Wisconsin grown seed grains, reinforced by explanations driving
+home the vital facts concerning the advantages of pure-bred seed. The
+home power and home convenience car showed gasoline engine, power
+churn, washing machine, separator, home lighting plant, and other
+conveniences. A lecture car and a tourist sleeper for the lecturers and
+demonstrators completed the equipment. Sixteen counties were visited
+and over seven thousand people came to see the train.
+
+The Hessian Fly Special, as described below, is an example of a highly
+specialized effort toward accomplishing a very definite purpose:
+
+ Since its first appearance in Kansas as an important factor in
+ wheat production, the Hessian fly has alternately disappeared and
+ reappeared. During the forty-four years of its known presence in the
+ state it has produced seven different out-breaks, the last and the
+ greatest of which destroyed not less than fifteen million bushels of
+ wheat of the 1915 crop. Believing that not only the attention of the
+ farmers could best be called to the seriousness of the infestation,
+ but also that more interest could be created in the control methods
+ and that a larger number of wheat growers could be reached within a
+ short time, the Kansas Agricultural College decided to request the
+ Santa Fé Railway Company, which had a large mileage in the infested
+ districts, to run a Hessian fly train....
+
+ A chart of the infested districts was furnished the dean of the
+ Extension Division who met with the officials of the Santa Fé and
+ prepared a schedule consisting of sixty-two stops. It was left
+ entirely with the college to decide as to the best time to run the
+ train and it was felt that, inasmuch as the methods of control of
+ the fly should begin as soon as possible after harvest, the best and
+ most opportune time for the train would be the week just before the
+ beginning of harvest.
+
+ The train consisted of a baggage car, two modern steel day coaches,
+ each with a seating capacity of eighty-eight persons, which were
+ used for lecture cars, and a private car, consisting of parlor and
+ observation, dining and sleeping compartments. It was understood
+ at the beginning that the train was to be an exclusive Hessian
+ fly train and thus it was advertised as the Hessian Fly Special,
+ operated by the Kansas State Agricultural College in co-operation
+ with the Santa Fé. The speakers consisted of three entomologists
+ of the Agricultural College, one entomologist of the United States
+ Department of Agriculture, the head of the Department of Agronomy,
+ the superintendent of Farmers’ Institutes of the college, and
+ one county demonstration agent. In addition to the lecturers,
+ the company consisted of the agricultural agent of the Santa Fé,
+ the publicity agent of the Santa Fé, the publicity agent of the
+ college, and representatives of some of the principal newspapers and
+ farm publications. The divisional superintendents and roadmasters
+ accompanied the train over their respective divisions of the road.
+
+ Addresses were made at all of the sixty-two places scheduled. In
+ fact, at nearly all the places the attendance was such as to require
+ two speakers and, on several occasions, it required a third speaker
+ to accommodate the large crowd. If the attendance did not exceed two
+ hundred, the two speakers took care of them in the lecture cars, but
+ where the crowd was over two hundred the over-flow was taken in the
+ waiting room of the depot, where a speaker was provided. Where there
+ was not an opportunity for the insect train to stop, a lecturer was
+ dropped off to hold a meeting at the depot or an up-town place. Later,
+ the man would be picked up by one of the regular trains and left at
+ a station where the Hessian Fly Special was scheduled to stop. Or
+ a man would be sent ahead on a regular train to hold a meeting and
+ would later be picked up when the Special came through. In a few cases
+ speakers were taken to neighboring towns in automobiles. During the
+ entire trip every speaker on the train gave practically the same
+ Hessian fly talk. The entomologists and the agronomist of the college
+ prepared the speech, copies of which were furnished not only to the
+ speakers but also to all the railroad officials and publicity men who
+ accompanied the train. The publicity men prepared beforehand all the
+ articles to be used by the newspapers in the places where addresses
+ were made. In other words, every address given and every newspaper
+ article published had just one message and that was the seriousness
+ of the infestation and what should be done to protect the crop of the
+ next year. It is the opinion of the writer that much of the success
+ of the Hessian fly train and the good accomplished were due to the
+ fact that all departments and all persons concerned were together,
+ and that nothing was said or done but what met with the approval and
+ recommendation of every one. The fact that the very methods advocated
+ for the control of the fly were in keeping with the very methods
+ recommended by the Agronomy Department and which the progressive
+ and successful wheat growers knew should be practiced for maximum
+ yields, appealed to the better judgment of even the most skeptical
+ ones. The time allowed for each stop was about forty minutes. The
+ speakers usually arranged for a few minutes’ discussion before closing
+ the meeting. Specimen cases, charts, and illustrated material were
+ used in nearly all lectures. As the men left the lecture cars or the
+ waiting room they were given circulars on the Hessian fly and the
+ preparation of the seed bed for wheat. The Hessian fly circular was
+ printed primarily for the occasion. It was simply a timely article
+ emphasizing the methods of control and closing with a brief life
+ history of the fly.
+
+ In nearly all cases large crowds met the Hessian Fly Special and the
+ total attendance for the week was approximately seven thousand.[3]
+
+
+HEALTH TRAINS
+
+In the early days of the tuberculosis movement cars were extensively
+used in traveling health campaigns. A pioneer in carrying the message
+of health over a state on exhibit trains was Dr. Oscar Dowling,
+President of the Louisiana State Board of Health. His health train
+made its initial trip in 1910 and with many changes since that time
+has continued in service. After the first tours, made with cars loaned
+by the railroad, had demonstrated the popularity of the train, the
+State Board of Health purchased two coaches. One was fitted up as
+an inspection car with a part of it given over to living and office
+quarters, and the other as an educational exhibit car, containing
+displays of models, charts, and laboratory specimens. Later, two more
+cars were purchased for living quarters and the inspection car was
+turned into a laboratory car.
+
+A practical application of the lessons taught on the tour was made
+by inspectors who accompanied the train. In each place visited they
+inspected and scored buildings in which the sanitary conditions
+imperilled public health, the reports of their findings being
+given publicity while the train was in town. This train attracted the
+attention of health workers in other states and has made a number of
+trips outside of Louisiana in response to their requests.
+
+[Illustration: HEALTH CARS OF THE LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
+
+Showing the garage end of the laboratory car. Here a Ford is stored
+ready for use by the inspectors in a quick tour of each town visited.]
+
+The Board of Health of Kansas has used a Pullman car to carry exhibits
+on child welfare, tuberculosis, and other health topics. A woman
+physician and public health nurses traveled with the car and gave
+health talks and explained exhibits. Sixty-nine cities and towns were
+visited, the stops varying from one to four days. The purpose was
+chiefly educational, but an attempt was made to discuss their health
+problems with individuals.
+
+Another example of the Health Special was a car sent out by the West
+Virginia Board of Health during 1919, and described in letters sent in
+advance to the newspapers as:
+
+ A fine, vestibuled coach, equipped with electrically driven models,
+ health posters, exhibits of living bacteria, exhibits of Red Cross
+ work, a moving picture machine, and a small but complete chemical and
+ bacteriological laboratory in one end.
+
+
+WAR PROPAGANDA
+
+During the war, trains were used in several states to carry the
+message of food conservation and more especially to encourage home
+canning by simple methods. The Pennsylvania Food Administration, in
+co-operation with the Pennsylvania State College of Agriculture
+and the Pennsylvania Railroad, ran a train of three cars during the
+first and second summer of the war. The train included an exhibit car
+containing posters and graphic devices showing why food conservation
+was necessary; and two cars where skilled demonstrators illustrated
+methods of baking with wheat substitutes and the canning and drying of
+fruits and vegetables.
+
+A Save the Surplus Special of two cars toured New York State
+encouraging home canning and helping practically to increase it.
+
+During the Fourth Liberty Loan campaign exhibit trains were used in
+some districts for displaying war trophies, and during the Fifth
+Liberty Loan several shiploads of war equipment and trophies were
+distributed over the whole country for display on trains which were
+sent into the rural districts and cities. Each train included several
+flat cars and a baggage car loaded with captured cannon, German
+aëroplanes, machine guns, trench mortars, gas warfare apparatus and
+gas masks, and thousands of other interesting trophies. One of our own
+tanks, dressed up in its fighting clothes, was an interesting feature
+of the exhibits. Each train was accompanied by an armed guard of
+returned soldiers, sailors, and marines.
+
+In Missouri a Women’s Patriotic Special made a two weeks’ trip carrying
+women speakers who gave talks on the Red Cross, food conservation, and
+other war topics.
+
+
+A GOVERNMENT SAFETY FIRST TRAIN
+
+Probably the most elaborate exhibit train that has yet been sent out
+was the Safety First Train of the Department of the Interior, which
+toured sixteen states during a period of four months and was visited
+by over a half million people. This train, which was furnished by
+the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, consisted of twelve steel cars,
+including a sleeper and diner, and was hauled by two powerful passenger
+locomotives. Six governmental departments and the American Red Cross
+had exhibits relating to safety work, the purpose of the tour being “to
+acquaint the people with the work that the Federal Government is doing
+every day to protect its citizens against injury and death, and with
+the measures it takes to promote the health and comfort of the people.”
+
+
+TROLLEY TOURS
+
+Campaigns have been conducted on interurban lines in several states.
+For about three months the Woman’s Committee of the State Council of
+Defense ran a Children’s Year Special over much of the interurban
+trackage of Michigan, in the interests of better babies everywhere, and
+as a help in saving Michigan’s quota of the one hundred thousand babies
+the Children’s Year was to save.
+
+The car was divided into three sections--the first part contained
+an exhibit, the second a compartment in which babies and children
+brought for tests were undressed and dressed, and the third a model
+examination room where tests and examinations were made by skilled
+physicians and trained nurses.
+
+The Woman’s Committee of the State Council of Defense in Massachusetts
+also ran a children’s welfare car. The interior of the car was given
+over to exhibits of literature and posters on food conservation
+and child welfare. The front and back platforms were enlarged and
+surrounded by arm railings. On one platform a kitchen was arranged,
+where a lecturer gave actual demonstrations of the various food
+substitutes; on the other a trained nurse instructed mothers upon the
+care and feeding of children in wartime.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] Letter from E. A. Clark, College of Agriculture, University of
+Illinois.
+
+[3] Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1916, George A.
+Dean, Entomologist, Kansas State Agricultural Experiment Station.
+
+
+
+
+                                  IV
+
+                    CAMPAIGNING WITH MOTOR VEHICLES
+
+
+Traveling motion picture shows, dealing with health and other subjects,
+traveling dispensaries and tours demonstrating uses of trucks and thus
+advertising trucks themselves, are the chief educational uses of motor
+vehicles reported in response to an inquiry widely sent out.
+
+
+MOTION PICTURE TOURS
+
+Of these, the traveling motion picture show seems to have been longest
+in the field. Many state health departments and state tuberculosis
+associations have been and still are conducting a part of their
+educational work by this means. Recently the Red Cross has carried the
+story of its overseas work into remote rural districts in a certain
+section of the country by means of a truck equipped with pictures
+and machine. A returned overseas worker travels with the truck and
+gives talks about past achievements and future plans. An organization
+interested in promoting the use of commercial and industrial films has
+a number of well equipped trucks which are sent to city parks as well
+as country districts to give open-air entertainments.
+
+
+A TYPICAL MOTION PICTURE MOTOR TOUR
+
+The North Carolina State Board of Health has used a health car equipped
+with electric lighting plant, motion picture machine and accessories,
+together with a large selection of health and comic films, all in
+charge of a lecturer and machinist. This car was sent out in response
+to invitations to give health entertainments in co-operation with local
+committees, the latter sharing the expense.
+
+The plan was to give substantially the same program in a different
+place in the county each day during one week. Each of these places
+then received a return visit during each of two succeeding weeks with
+a complete change of program. A single program usually consisted of
+five or six reels of motion pictures, including three health films
+and scenic and comedy films. A victrola was carried with the car to
+provide a preliminary musical program and a musical accompaniment with
+the comic films. While the health films were being shown, the lecturer
+made running comments. Free health literature was on display at a
+convenient place to be given out in response to requests. The programs
+were given in the school house, church hall or outdoors. Where special
+illumination was needed strings of incandescent lights were provided.
+
+The staff carried with them a complete camping, cooking, and sleeping
+outfit.[4] Their schedule usually included two programs a day and 12
+visits to as many places during a week.
+
+
+TRAVELING DISPENSARIES
+
+The use of motor trucks for dispensaries or clinics seems to be
+increasing rapidly. A number of traveling tuberculosis, dental, child
+welfare, and baby clinics are reported from many parts of the country,
+not only for rural districts but for large cities. Some of these
+dispensaries on wheels are intended chiefly to provide service, that
+is, to examine people, rather than for the purpose of publicity or
+education. In this case the truck is simply a convenient method of
+extending clinical work to districts that have no dispensaries, or to
+the homes of patients who cannot or will not go to the dispensary.
+But even where service is the main purpose, these trucks are of value
+educationally, particularly in this early stage of their use when their
+novelty attracts attention to the clinics. Other traveling dispensaries
+are intended chiefly to demonstrate to the community the need of
+establishing, permanently, some such service as the dispensary gives
+during its brief stop-over.
+
+
+CLEVELAND CHILDREN’S YEAR SPECIAL
+
+A traveling truck dispensary was adopted as a feature of the Children’s
+Year by the Children’s Year Committee of the Cleveland Council of
+Defense. Mr. J. Dean Halliday, Director of the Bureau of Health
+Education of the Cleveland Department of Health, who planned the
+construction of the truck and directed its use later, had charge of a
+similar campaign for the American Red Cross Tuberculosis Commission in
+Italy.
+
+The type used both in Cleveland and in Italy[5] as shown in several
+illustrations (see cuts opposite pages 28 and 30) has side tents,
+which, when set up, provide fair-sized rooms. The tent on the left was
+used as a waiting and dressing room for the mothers who brought babies
+for examination; that on the right as lecture and exhibit room. Here
+posters and model outfits for the baby were displayed and literature
+was given away. The body proper built on the carriage of a large army
+truck was fitted out as a model dispensary with examining tables,
+scales, measuring stands, desk, cabinet for supplies, electric lights,
+and hot and cold water. The equipment included a screen and motion
+picture machine which could be set up on top of the truck for evening
+programs. In Cleveland the truck was driven by members of a volunteer
+women’s motor corps organization, uniformed for the purpose and carried
+a physician, a nurse, and a sanitary patrolman, all assigned from the
+Health Department.
+
+[Illustration: CLEVELAND CHILDREN’S YEAR SPECIAL
+
+Interior of truck fitted up as a dispensary with steps let down for
+visitors. See pages 27 and 28.]
+
+[Illustration: TRUCK WITH EXTENSION DEVICES
+
+ The usefulness of this truck for demonstrations and exhibitions is
+ more than doubled by the tents which are strapped to the sides of the
+ truck in travel and set up at each stopping place, and by the motion
+ picture apparatus which is set up on the roof. See page 28.]
+
+The tour included sections of the city known as “death places” because
+of their high infant mortality rates. As the crowd gathered the
+physician in charge gave a short talk on the object of Children’s
+Year. While he was thus engaged the district nurse circulated through
+the crowd and, picking out a likely mother and child, persuaded
+her to step forward with her child when the physician called for
+babies to be examined. It was found necessary to do this in order
+to get the remainder of the mothers to fall in line quickly. The
+physician examined the child and, if normal, it was quickly weighed
+and measured and the regular Children’s Year forms filled out, one
+for the committee’s record and a duplicate for the mother. The mother
+was advised to report at regular intervals to the city’s nearest
+prophylactic dispensary where she would receive instructions as to
+how to keep her baby well. For the sake of its effect, she was given
+a card signed by the mayor, stating that she was entitled to this
+service and urging her to avail herself of it. She then passed on to
+the tent containing exhibits where child hygiene and other posters
+were displayed and educational pamphlets distributed. The exhibits and
+literature were usually presided over by the uniformed motor corps
+driver, although on some occasions an extra nurse was carried for the
+purpose. In an average afternoon, from twenty-five to thirty babies
+would be examined.
+
+Although city nurses were constantly carrying on routine work in the
+districts visited, many cases of contagion and sore eyes were found
+by the traveling outfit which had been missed entirely by the regular
+nurses. After the truck had visited a given section the nurses in
+charge of the district dispensary were instructed to make a note of
+attendance. Records showed a considerable increase in visitors, a
+number of whom brought with them the cards received at the traveling
+dispensary or they said that they had been referred to the dispensary
+after a preliminary examination on the truck.
+
+
+MOTOR TRUCK CLINICS IN ITALY
+
+In Italy seven trucks were used with practically the same equipment
+as in Cleveland, and three more were equipped for dental work. They
+were operated from certain centers in the region where the American
+Red Cross Tuberculosis Commission worked in co-operation with Italian
+tuberculosis organizations. From these centers the trucks radiated
+on one-day trips to neighboring villages and towns carrying posters,
+printed matter, and a crew consisting of an Italian physician,
+lecturer, nurse, and driver.
+
+
+A GOVERNMENT CHILD WELFARE SPECIAL
+
+A big, gray automobile truck, known as the “Child Welfare Special,”
+has recently been put into the field by the Children’s Bureau of
+the United States Department of Labor to test the usefulness of
+the automobile in carrying the message of better babies into rural
+communities.
+
+[Illustration: TRAVELING DISPENSARIES
+
+Dispensaries of the Tuberculosis Commission of the American Red Cross
+in Italy in the Court Yard of the Ducal Palace at Genoa. See pages 28
+and 30.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF CHILD WELFARE SPECIAL OF THE FEDERAL
+CHILDREN’S BUREAU
+
+For detailed description see page 31.]
+
+The Children’s Bureau has provided the following description of the
+truck and its tour:
+
+ The truck is modeled very closely upon the dispensary truck used by
+ the Chicago Tuberculosis Institute. The body of the car is constructed
+ of wood, painted white on the inside and battleship gray on the
+ outside. The words, “Child Welfare Special” are lettered in blue
+ and white on each side of the car. The truck is roomy enough for a
+ conference room and two dressing rooms. The conference room is nine
+ and a half feet long, six feet wide, and six feet four inches high in
+ the center. This room has four windows on each side, high enough to
+ be out of reach of prying eyes, yet admitting sufficient light for
+ daytime examinations. The driver’s cab, which is entirely enclosed in
+ glass, can be reached from the conference room by a sliding door; with
+ the shades drawn it forms one dressing room. The open-end gates of the
+ car, provided with double folding doors and heavy curtains that fit
+ into grooves, form a second dressing room. When a mother enters one of
+ the rooms, she has the exclusive use of it until the child has been
+ undressed, examined, and dressed again.
+
+ Most of the equipment of the truck is built in. A 15-gallon water
+ tank, tucked away over the driver’s cab, is connected by faucet with
+ a stationary washstand in the conference room, which in turn is
+ connected with a drain to the outside. The examining table and the
+ linen lockers are built over the wheel housing, an arrangement that
+ saves space and improves the appearance of the car. A scale for babies
+ and older children is carried in an especially built trunk. There is
+ enough storage space for 2,000 publications, a full set of exhibit
+ material, a balopticon with several boxes of slides, two rolls of
+ moving picture film, several dozen charts for lecture purposes, cot,
+ bedding, and cooking utensils for three persons, a large supply of
+ sheets and muslin squares, and all the other equipment necessary for
+ conducting a children’s health conference.
+
+ Two systems of lighting, one for a 110-volt current that can be taken
+ from a nearby public building, and the other for a six-volt current
+ taken from the truck’s own batteries, furnish excellent illumination
+ for night work. Two electric heaters have recently been installed for
+ use on cool days. Weather strips have been put on the cab to keep out
+ wind and rain, and a tarpaulin made to fit over the rear doors keeps
+ out the dust.
+
+ Arrangements have been made for the staff to sleep on the Special--the
+ doctor on an army cot in the conference room, the nurse on a similar
+ cot in the rear dressing room, and the chauffeur on the driver’s seat,
+ which was constructed to serve as a bed.
+
+ A nearby public room in a school or church is usually obtained for an
+ exhibit and waiting room, and here, at opportune moments, the doctor
+ and nurse give brief talks to waiting mothers, using the exhibit
+ material as a means of illustration.
+
+ The first test of the efficiency of the Special is whether it serves
+ its purpose. In the main the Special has proved a success from a
+ mechanical point of view. The dressing rooms are adequate, and the
+ conference room has proved itself remarkably convenient in spite of
+ its small space. There are features that would be changed, however, if
+ another truck were to be built. A more powerful engine is desirable.
+ In spite of efforts to keep its weight down, the car when completely
+ loaded tips the scale at 8,000 pounds. It does not seem advisable to
+ reduce materially this weight as the body must be made to withstand
+ the jar of travel and uncertain weather. The thirty-five horse power
+ engine, supplemented by the extra pulling power provided by pneumatic
+ tires, is adequate for most road conditions, but sandy, steep hills
+ are negotiated with some difficulty. A heavier engine, one and a half
+ or two-ton unit, would easily care for this load and at the same
+ time carry enough reserve for any bad spots that are encountered.
+ Mechanical adjustments made recently, however, have given greater
+ power.
+
+ Because of its size the Special does not travel well over muddy roads.
+ The height of the car could be reduced by five or six inches and still
+ permit easy walking within the car. This would very considerably
+ reduce the sway and the danger of skidding.
+
+A report from the physician in charge of the Special says:
+
+ The Special has the distinct advantage of at once gripping public
+ interest. This may seem spectacular from the professional standpoint,
+ but it gets results. It is believed that the ground can be covered
+ better by the Special than in any other way, that its improved
+ equipment will make for more satisfactory results than any method
+ tried to date, and that its usefulness is directly in proportion to
+ the ability of the physician in charge to make the public realize
+ that she is merely demonstrating the need of periodic examinations and
+ a method of providing opportunity for such examinations. She must bear
+ in mind that the examinations she gives are merely an incident and
+ not the object of the Special--that her most important function is to
+ stimulate and aid in the organization of permanent follow-up work by
+ the community.
+
+SPEAKING TOURS BY AUTOMOBILE OR MOTORCYCLE
+
+One of the simplest and frequently a very effective form of traveling
+campaign is the speaking tour of which examples are numerous
+and familiar. Suffrage, prohibition, and many other causes have
+been promoted by traveling speakers in conspicuously painted or
+decorated automobiles. The speakers may carry with them all sorts of
+attention-getting devices, from a supply of leaflets to distribute, to
+a set of properties that would rival the stock of the old-time patent
+medicine man.
+
+
+A MOTORCYCLE KNIGHT OF HEALTH
+
+The following picturesque description of “A Modern Knight Errant,
+Carrying Health Gospel at Fifty Miles an Hour on A Motor Cycle,” is
+taken from an article by Samuel Hopkins Adams, about the work of the
+Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association[6]:
+
+
+_The “Flying Squadron of Health”_
+
+Seven o’clock of a June evening in the lake country to the north.
+Supper is over. The mail has come jolting down by stage from
+the nearest railroad point, fourteen miles distant, and has been
+distributed from the post office which is also the general store and
+the council-house of the locality. The population, gathered in from a
+considerable radius, is talking a little politics, chewing a little
+tobacco, speculating a bit on the likelihood of rain, and yawning
+itself into readiness for home and bed. Far up the dusty road there is
+an approaching commotion, perceptible both to ear and eye. Presently
+the center of it materializes in the form of a motorcycle bearing a
+man and a pack. The cycle pop-pops itself into a stationary phase. The
+man dismounts, gives a pleasant “good evening” to the gossiping group,
+appraises the immediate lay of the land with a practiced eye, unstraps
+a pack or two, and in an incredibly short time has a light silk tent up
+in a chosen spot by the road-way, a cooking kit laid out, a Dutch oven
+set, and the “makings” of a fire gathered near it.
+
+Now, here is romance for the young of the hamlet, Gypsying a la mode!
+Knight-errantry at fifty miles an hour! The news runs amuck in the
+locality and in no time there is a growing gathering. Questions begin
+to fly; to each the newcomer has his brief but courteous answer, all
+the time busy with his preparations for spending the night in the open.
+Presently he unfolds carefully a case containing placards, setting them
+up one by one against the stone fence. Conjecture, by this time, is at
+the point of explosion.
+
+“What are you sellin’, Mister?” comes the direct question.
+
+“Nothing,” answers the stranger, setting up still another placard, and
+stepping back to estimate the effect.
+
+“Got a show?”
+
+“Why, yes! in a way.”
+
+“Givin’ out samples?”
+
+“Not exactly.”
+
+“Patent medicine feller, I guess,” surmises one. “Seen a couple of
+’em over to Humphrey’s last fall.” “Naw,” controverts another, “He’s
+sellin’ pictures, can’t ye see?” “Ain’t goin’ to preach, be ye, young
+man?” queries a third.
+
+“That too, in a way,” says the motorist.
+
+Curiosity is now at its height. The crowd couldn’t be driven away by
+a thunder shower. The newcomer has nursed the situation until he has
+an absorbed attentiveness when he addresses the people in direct and
+simple words, explains why he is there, and talks to them about the
+peril of consumption and the ready-to-hand methods of guarding against
+it, using the charts which he has set up to fortify his telling points.
+It is done with a very conversational, homely and personal touch, so
+that the audience is encouraged to ask questions about the individual
+symptoms, the danger of “catching” the disease, the chances of cure
+for this or that friend, what hospital will take old Mrs. Tinkley,
+bedridden now for six weeks, and so on through the roster of health
+and sickness topics which make up so large a part of the immediate
+interests of countryfolk.
+
+When the talk is over the visitor asks for the telephone, calls up a
+town perhaps fifty or sixty miles away, and those who are near enough
+to cock an ear hopefully (which includes as many as can crowd into the
+store) hear something like this:
+
+“Siddallville? Hello! That you, Mr. Conway? Yes. Werle.... I’ll be
+there to-morrow night to speak.... No; I’ve got everything....
+What’s that? No; no cost. All you have to provide is the hall and
+the audience. I’ll furnish the rest.... Yes; seven-thirty to-morrow.
+Good-bye!”
+
+In the morning all that remains at the cross-roads to tell of the
+visitation is a little heap of ashes, some queer marks in the dust
+where the heavy-studded tires have passed--and a germinating seed of
+education. The gospel has come to Shucktown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wisconsin has since tried something believed to be even better than the
+“modern knight.” Finding that the motion pictures were a much greater
+attraction than stereopticon slides, and having a four-reel health
+film to show, the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association gave up its
+motorcycle and substituted a motion picture truck which is better
+fitted to transport the necessary machinery for its traveling campaign
+work.
+
+
+CARRYING THE CANNING KITCHEN TO THE FOOD SUPPLY
+
+An ingenious use of a truck as a first aid to canners is illustrated in
+the photograph opposite page 38. This canning truck, chiefly intended
+for service to those coming to see it, but also carrying its message
+of war service to many neighborhoods, was sent out by the Women’s
+Committee on Food Conservation of the Pittsburgh Food Administration.
+The purpose of the truck is well described in a dodger, as follows:
+
+
+LET US HELP YOU
+
+=How=--With our canning truck.
+
+=When=--At any time you can use us.
+
+=Where=--At your own home or any other convenient place for you.
+
+=Why=--To save home products for home use and leave for the Government
+the output from commercial canneries for our soldiers. It is a sin
+today to waste surplus vegetables if they can be canned.
+
+=We Furnish=--Canning equipment, a teacher, and five or six helpers,
+who carry their lunches with them to avoid extra work for you. They
+work from 9 to 4 o’clock.
+
+=You Furnish=--Stove room, a wash boiler, the vegetables or fruits to
+be canned, and the jars.
+
+[Illustration: CANNING SQUAD AND PORTABLE KITCHEN
+
+ Canning squad of the Allegheny County Council of National Defense, and
+ their portable kitchen ready to help the farmers’ wives save their
+ food products. See page 37.]
+
+=Cost=--It will cost you no money, but we will expect some fresh
+vegetables or one-fifth of the jars canned during the day. We furnish
+the jars for this share, which will later be used for some patriotic
+purpose.
+
+The director of this enterprise reported that it was not unusual for
+the “crew” to can 80 or 100 quarts of vegetables or fruits in a day and
+that they were kept busy every day for six weeks.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+                    _“United States Official” Photo_
+
+A TRANSCONTINENTAL TRUCK TOUR
+
+Transcontinental train of the Motor Transport Corps, U. S. War
+Department. See page 39.]
+
+
+“CARAVANS” OF TRUCKS
+
+Since the war, much publicity has been obtained for the motor truck
+itself by what have been called motor truck development tours. Several
+such tours, each covering a number of states, have demonstrated to
+farming communities the use of the farm tractor, the advantages of the
+truck in carrying farm products to market, and various other uses of
+motor vehicles.
+
+A spectacular transcontinental tour of a train of eighty motor vehicles
+was made during the summer of 1919 by the Motor Transport Corps of the
+War Department. The caravan, which spread out over three miles of road
+when in motion, included field kitchens, ambulances, repair trucks, and
+in fact every sort of motor vehicle used by the transport service in
+France. This trip was undertaken for both recruiting and educational
+purposes. The following account of its purposes and methods is supplied
+by a representative of the Motor Transport Corps:
+
+The transcontinental trip has been undertaken both for military and
+educational purposes, as follows:
+
+ (1) An extended service test of the standardized principal types of
+ army motors.
+
+ (2) The War Department’s contribution to the Good Roads movement for
+ the purpose of developing through-route and transcontinental highways
+ as military and economic assets.
+
+ (3) A demonstration of the practicability of long-distance motor post
+ and commercial transportation.
+
+ (4) The collection of detailed data for use in connection with the
+ technical training of the commissioned and enlisted personnel of the
+ Motor Transport Corps.
+
+ (5) The procurement of recruits for the Motor Transport Corps.
+
+ (6) Studies in terrain observation for certain branches of the army,
+ particularly the Field Artillery, Air Service and Engineer Corps.
+
+ (7) An exhibition to the general public, either through actual contact
+ or resulting channels of publicity, of the development of the motor
+ vehicle for military purposes.
+
+The Lincoln Highway Association has co-operated with the Motor
+Transport Corps in advertising the passage of the train along the
+Lincoln Way, and through its subsidiary organizations it took a
+large part in making advance arrangements for the welcome to and the
+entertainment of the personnel of the convoy.
+
+In addition, all the usual channels of publicity were employed in
+advertising the trip of the convoy, and an officer acting as advance
+publicity agent, preceded the train one or more days in order to
+give notice of its approach and to make final arrangements for its
+entertainment. A personal letter was written to the governor of each
+state and to the chief official of each town, village and city and to
+heads of civil and commercial organizations along the route, requesting
+their co-operation in making the trip a success. A recruiting officer
+with proper equipment accompanied the train and often went ahead to
+placard towns and arrange for meetings at which Motor Transport moving
+pictures were shown and the newly planned system of vocational training
+to be given in the Motor Transport Corps schools was explained. All the
+cargo trucks in the train carried signs describing the various phases
+of the Motor Transport Corps activities. The Associated Press and the
+Knights of Columbus had representatives with the train and there were
+also several freelance writers representing newspaper syndicates. All
+the war activity organizations, especially the War Camp Community
+Service, were advised of the passage of the train and did everything
+possible to make the men comfortable and to entertain them. As a
+result of all this publicity the passage of the train was marked by a
+continual succession of hearty greetings and hospitable entertainments.
+Each community, large or small, passed through did something to show
+its appreciation of the visit and its interest in the purposes of
+the trip. In many instances the entertainment program and street
+decorations were most elaborate.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] Not all of the touring campaigners have considered it an
+advantage to carry camping outfits. Some of them say that the work
+is so strenuous that they should have good beds at night and no
+responsibility for providing for their own comfort. On the other hand,
+in some districts camping may provide more comforts than rural hotels
+would.
+
+[5] After making a study of the Cleveland trucks sent to Italy, the
+Chicago Tuberculosis Institute designed a lighter machine similar to
+that described on page 31.
+
+[6] Health to Sell, Samuel Hopkins Adams, La Follette’s Magazine,
+December, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+                                   V
+
+                  ADVANCE PUBLICITY AND ORGANIZATION
+
+
+IMPORTANCE OF GOOD ADVANCE WORK
+
+The methods used in preparing the communities to receive the train are
+as important a feature of the project as the visit of the train itself.
+On the effectiveness with which the advance work is done depends its
+opportunity to reach as many people as can be accommodated and to have
+the audiences made up of the most hopeful “prospects,” those most
+likely to act on the suggestions offered. Advance information that
+arouses interest will bring visitors to the train in a receptive frame
+of mind that makes it easier to present the message quickly.
+
+One or all of the following kinds of advance work will need to be done
+in each place to be visited, according to the nature and scope of the
+campaign:
+
+ 1. General publicity and advertising.
+
+ 2. Specialized appeals directed to selected groups and individuals.
+
+ 3. Arrangements for distributing attendance over the full period of
+ the visit.
+
+ 4. Arrangements for local co-operation in the above work, in taking
+ care of visitors to the train, and in organizing or carrying out
+ follow-up work later.
+
+For convenience, the discussion of these matters is given in terms of
+trains, although most of it applies equally to motor tours as well.
+
+
+GENERAL ADVERTISING
+
+The appeal to the general public in a community may be made through
+news items in the papers, posters, window cards, window displays,
+advertisements and inserts in advertisements, and slides in motion
+picture theaters. Of the wide variety of methods to advertise an event,
+these are probably the ones best adapted to advance preparation for
+both large and small cities and towns. It is not the purpose here to
+discuss the technique of preparing any of this material. Unless they
+have ability and training in this field, those responsible for getting
+work out should call in specialists to do it, or at least to advise
+about it.
+
+The purpose of advertising is more than merely to get a crowd. If there
+is very little competition from other events, as is often the case in
+small towns, it may be fairly easy to secure a large attendance. It is
+the business of your advertising to attract the attention of persons
+not yet interested in the subject matter and to arouse intelligent
+interest in what the train or truck will show. To design posters and
+prepare copy that will bring these results requires skill and practise
+which may sometimes be obtained as a gift but is worth paying for.
+
+
+SPECIALIZED APPEAL
+
+The special groups to whom your message is chiefly directed may be
+singled out from the general public and definite methods used to
+insure their attendance. While most of the trains are of general
+interest to the communities visited, the message of the exhibits or
+demonstrations is probably addressed primarily to one or a few groups,
+classified according to occupation, standing in the community, race,
+age, condition of health, or particular interests. Special efforts to
+reach these groups may take the form of letters, announcements, or
+brief talks addressed to schools, churches, clubs, lodges, or employes
+of factories and places of business. Committees on co-operation may
+be formed within the groups and delegations appointed to come to the
+train. A personal canvass may be made by letters, postcards, personal
+visits, or telephone messages to leaders of groups or members of
+special bodies.
+
+
+ARRANGEMENTS FOR DISTRIBUTING THE ATTENDANCE
+
+The tendency of the majority of the people is to select the same period
+in the day as the most convenient or desirable time for coming to
+the train. When the program is to be repeated a number of times, it
+is necessary to plan special methods for distributing the attendance
+over the less popular hours. This may be done as a feature of the
+advance appeal to particular groups by setting aside periods for school
+children, calling conferences of small bodies of people, assigning
+hours when delegations will be received and personally conducted, or
+having program features of interest to particular groups at stated
+hours.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+                                ROBBERS
+                                AT LARGE
+
+          Peach Growers of East Texas are Being Robbed by the
+                Insects and Diseases that attack Peaches
+
+                     SPECIALISTS WITH EXHIBIT CARS
+
+                                 COMING
+                               ----TO----
+
+                            _Winfield Texas
+                          Thursday Nov. 20ᵗʰ_
+
+ Most complete Orcharding Exhibit Train ever carried to the farmers of
+                              the South.
+    Will exhibit and demonstrate all phases of peach orchard work.
+
+
+               Three Carloads of Equipment and Exhibits
+
+Carload of power and hand sprayers, a tractor and other modern orchard
+                              equipment.
+
+Two exhibit cars electrically lighted and equipped to show by pictures,
+lifelike models, specimens and slides of all the dangerous diseases and
+                   insects known to Texas orchards.
+
+    Actual field demonstrations on planting, pruning, spraying and
+        cultivation will be conducted in an orchard near town.
+
+
+                        FREE--EVERYBODY INVITED
+
+
+                 UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION
+                ST. LOUIS SOUTHWESTERN RAILROAD OF TEXAS
+                           Co-operating with
+          THE EXTENSION DIVISION OF THE TEXAS A. & M. COLLEGE.
+           UNITED STATES AND STATE DEPARTMENTS OF AGRICULTURE
+
+   For Further Information, See Your County Farm Demonstration Agent
+
+POSTER ADVERTISING THE COMING OF AN EXHIBIT TRAIN
+
+ This is the type of poster that is frequently sent out in advance of
+ agricultural trains. The posters are usually on white paper or card
+ with black letters. The news value of the material on the poster
+ doubtless secures readers who would not be inclined to give attention
+ to so much reading matter if it conveyed only educational information.]
+
+
+ARRANGEMENTS FOR LOCAL CO-OPERATION IN MANAGEMENT
+
+The co-operation of a local committee is needed in advertising and
+running the show. The extent of this co-operation will depend upon the
+size of the staff in charge of the train, size of the community, and
+the nature of the program. The duties of local committees as described
+in reports of various campaigns include:
+
+ 1. Co-operation in advertising the coming of the train.
+
+ 2. Making or checking up arrangements for the proper placing of the
+ train.
+
+ 3. Arranging for a reception committee and helpers, as described in
+ the section on attendance (pages 55 and 98).
+
+ 4. Securing such additional equipment as is called for by the program,
+ such as a meeting hall, motion picture or stereopticon machine.
+
+ 5. Arranging such entertainment as may be needed by the train staff
+ in the way of living quarters or meals, or both. The importance of
+ providing for the comfort of the speakers and explainers who work
+ under a severe strain can hardly be overestimated.
+
+
+GETTING THE ADVANCE WORK DONE
+
+The advance work is usually carried out by correspondence with a local
+committee or individuals, or by sending an advance agent to make the
+arrangements. Many tours of trains have been carried on without an
+advance representative, in some cases because the expenses seemed
+prohibitive or because of the difficulty in securing a suitable person
+for this work. When well-organized local groups in communities to be
+visited are already interested in the aims of the tour, it may be
+comparatively simple to handle the advance work through correspondence.
+But usually it is far more desirable to send an advance representative.
+
+Arranging for local co-operation by correspondence is a slower method
+than working through a personal representative. The headquarters staff
+also have a more difficult task in preparing publicity material and
+letters that will arouse the same enthusiasm that the agent can instil
+through his direct contact with editors and other community leaders.
+
+An example of the use of letters in place of an advance agent is
+the following which was sent to health officers as one of a series
+addressed to leading citizens by the West Virginia Public Health
+Council:
+
+ My dear Dr. ----:
+
+ The “Health Car” now touring the state under the auspices of the
+ West Virginia State Department of Health, in the interest of health
+ education and child welfare, will arrive in your city at 8.30 o’clock
+ on Saturday P.M. and will remain till 1.20 P.M. o’clock on Tuesday.
+
+ The car is a vestibuled railway coach entirely remodeled and contains
+ a chemical and bacteriological laboratory, a health exhibit of posters
+ and electrically driven models and a picture machine. These, with the
+ explanation given by a Health Instructor on the car, serve to impress
+ on the minds of the people the principles of the promotion of health
+ and prevention of disease.
+
+ May we count on you to secure the interest and co-operation of the
+ medical, dental and nursing professions in your community, for
+ a public meeting at an hour which you, in consultation with the
+ Superintendent of Schools and a president of an influential woman’s
+ organization, may decide? We are also very desirous of securing the
+ attendance of the Mayor and Town Council and any other citizens who
+ do, or should, feel responsibility for community welfare and the
+ conservation of child life. We have also written the Superintendent of
+ Schools and your newspapers, realizing that the medical profession,
+ the educational people and the press are the agencies our Government
+ is counting upon for co-operation in constructive, peace-time work.
+
+ The Health Car Corps will communicate with you immediately upon
+ arrival in your city to learn of your plans for the utilization of
+ their time and effort while with you. We are anxious to make their
+ stay in each community count for the highest possible things in the
+ interest of the public health and welfare.
+
+ The car is supplied with a number of good Health Films which we will
+ be glad to show, free of charge, to the public if arrangements can be
+ made with some one who has a full-sized picture machine and a hall at
+ his disposal.
+
+                                            Sincerely yours,
+                                            S. L. JEPSON, M.D.
+                                            _State Health Commissioner_.
+
+The following report from the director of the Texas Peach Demonstration
+Train, described on page 13, is fairly typical of advance work done in
+local communities without a personal representative:
+
+ Articles announcing the tour of this train have been sent to all the
+ large newspapers in the east Texas territory, also to the county
+ newspapers. Individual letters have also been sent to the large peach
+ growers, urging them to attend these meetings. In counties where
+ there is a county demonstration agent, a great deal is being done to
+ bring the matter to the attention of the farmers. Large posters have
+ been put up a couple of weeks in advance of the train all through
+ the different towns at which stops are to be made. The chambers of
+ commerce and business organizations have been called upon several
+ weeks in advance and furnished with full data, and they are doing all
+ they can to make the meetings a success. The county judge in each
+ county has given his co-operation by declaring the week in which the
+ work is being conducted in his particular county as Horticultural Week.
+
+ The chambers of commerce have, in many instances, made arrangements
+ for special features in connection with the visit of our train.
+
+
+QUALIFICATIONS OF THE ADVANCE AGENT
+
+The personality and previous experience of the person needed to carry
+out advance work form an important factor in the success of the whole
+undertaking.
+
+The agent should be able to work successfully with local committees,
+since much valuable publicity will be secured through their efforts.
+That is to say, he should be adaptable, clear, definite, and orderly
+in his statements and in handling a meeting, and be able to inspire
+enthusiastic interest in carrying out the plans he outlines.
+
+His training and experience at best should include knowledge of
+publicity or advertising methods, experience in working with volunteer
+committees, and general information of the subject matter of the
+campaign. Of these three, given an alert and intelligent worker who
+has a moderate amount of what may be called “publicity sense,” an
+understanding of how to organize volunteer workers is probably the
+most necessary element in his or her equipment. For he may acquire
+in a comparatively short time a working knowledge of the subject,
+and may call in outside assistance in preparing the news stories and
+advertising plans that he carries with him. But every local committee
+presents new and unexpected problems, and no amount of coaching can
+provide what is gained by experience in adapting plans and methods to
+the peculiarities of a local situation, winning over a local chairman
+who has prejudices or skepticisms, or simplifying or expanding plans of
+work to fit the resources of the town as the agent may estimate them in
+the brief time that he remains.
+
+
+THE JOB OF THE ADVANCE AGENT
+
+The first advance work is done by the committee or individual who
+directs the whole enterprise from some central point, notifying local
+persons of the purpose and the date of the agent’s visit. If there
+is already a local representative of the movement in the community,
+arrangements may be made which will save the agent much time in seeing
+the editor, minister, school superintendent, and others on his list
+whose co-operation he must secure. If there is no local representative,
+letters should be sent directly to the persons upon whom he expects to
+call.
+
+The agent’s visit should be timed long enough in advance of the coming
+of the train to allow for carrying out the publicity plans, and near
+enough so that there will be no chance for interest to wane in the
+interval. A ten-day start has been found satisfactory, especially when
+the way has been paved for his visit and publicity and advertising
+materials are ready for use. If an agent travels in an automobile, he
+is better able to adapt his time to local needs and still keep ahead
+of the train, than if he is dependent upon railroad schedules.
+
+The Child Welfare Special of the Children’s Bureau was preceded by an
+advance agent and the method is described in the bureau’s report of the
+tour as follows:
+
+ The advance agent, who travels two weeks in advance of the car
+ arranges the itinerary, attends to the publicity, and organizes local
+ communities to take charge of the work. Her first step is to call
+ together a county child welfare committee. With their aid an itinerary
+ is mapped out, and then local committees are organized in the
+ communities to be visited. So far as possible, the agents work through
+ the local child welfare committees formed during Children’s Year.
+
+ These committees are asked to provide a suitable location for the
+ parking of the Special--a spot that is centrally located, well shaded,
+ and near a public room that can be used both as an exhibit and waiting
+ room. They are also asked to make a canvass of their districts before
+ the Special arrives, so that everyone may understand the purpose of
+ the conference. Each committee member has her field of work clearly
+ defined. A number of women are asked to serve as hostesses during the
+ conference, receiving mothers and babies, giving them numbers for
+ examination, and explaining the exhibit material.
+
+ The agent then distributes her cuts and other publicity material for
+ the newspapers, printed instructions for the child welfare committee,
+ copies of announcements that ministers are asked to make from
+ their pulpits, and posters advertising the coming of the Special.
+ She visits city and county officials, social agencies, editors,
+ physicians, clergymen, farm advisers, county demonstrators, business
+ men, and other representative citizens to explain the purpose of the
+ visit of the car.
+
+ As a result of this work of the advance agent, the staff finds
+ everything is in readiness on the arrival of the Special.
+
+The Land Clearing Special of Georgia, a recent enterprise of the
+State College of Agriculture, was preceded by an advertising campaign
+designed to make the Land Clearing Demonstration the big event of the
+season in each stopping place. In addition to the usual methods of
+newspaper publicity, posters, and letters, twenty automobiles carrying
+signs announcing the demonstration, visited the rural districts for
+a week preceding the event. Telephone owners were called up on the
+telephone and invited, and arrangements were made to have factory
+and train whistles blow when the demonstrations were about to start.
+Information about this plan was widely spread.
+
+
+ASSIGNMENTS OF ADVANCE WORK FOR LOCAL COMMITTEES
+
+With time for only a day or part of a day’s stop in a town the advance
+agent has little opportunity to explain fully to the co-operating
+committee all the details of advance preparation expected of its
+members. To meet this situation, the directors of the Pennsylvania
+Food Conservation Train with the co-operation of the present writer
+prepared and multigraphed a set of instructions for local committees.
+The agent distributed copies of these instructions to the members of
+the executive committee in each town during the meeting that was held
+on the day of his visit. Not all of these directions were suited to
+every community visited, and frequently suggestions from the local
+committee were added or substituted. This set of assignments is quoted
+in full below. The features of the assignments especially worth noting
+are:
+
+ 1. That written instructions or suggestions in addition to the agent’s
+ personal explanation leave less to chance in getting the plans carried
+ out.
+
+ 2. That the directions are exceedingly simple and flexible.
+
+ 3. That each separate assignment was printed on a separate sheet so
+ that it could be placed in the hands of the person who was to carry it
+ out.
+
+
+EXPLANATORY STATEMENT FOR LOCAL CO-OPERATING COMMITTEES REGARDING THE
+PENNSYLVANIA FOOD CONSERVATION TRAIN
+
+Food Conservation Train Coming to ... On ... Quota of Attendance ...
+
+You know the old saying, “If you want to get a thing done, do it
+yourself.”
+
+But there is a new one that is much more appropriate in wartime when
+we should all be working together to win: “If you want to get people
+interested, give them something to do to help.”
+
+There is something for everybody to do to make the Food Conservation
+Train a success.
+
+=Dividing the Work.= The following list of assignments should be
+divided among as many dependable people as you can find. Try some new
+people who have not had a chance to help before.
+
+Each assignment is described on a separate sheet, a copy of which may
+be given to the person taking the assignment. If necessary, one person
+may take several assignments.
+
+               =Assignments= =Name of committee chairman=
+
+ 1. Reception committee.
+
+ 2. Newspapers.
+
+ 3. Advertising.
+
+ 4. Attendance of special groups.
+
+ 5. Churches.
+
+ 6. Schools.
+
+ 7. Attendance of foreign born.
+
+ 8. Speaking.
+
+ 9. Personal canvass.
+
+ 10. Motor service.
+
+ 11. Miscellaneous.
+
+
+RECEPTION COMMITTEE
+
+A reception committee usually of from six to ten members should receive
+the visitors at the train. It is desirable to have four members on
+hand, usually from ten to twelve o’clock, and six members from two
+to five o’clock to welcome delegations, distribute literature, give
+information, and explain exhibits.
+
+The committee will be given a list of expected delegations so that
+their leaders may be known and introduced to the train staff.
+
+The committee will find that the train offers an excellent opportunity
+to tell visitors of local activities for food conservation and to
+invite their co-operation.
+
+It will be well to have the whole reception committee at the train a
+few minutes before its first opening at ten o’clock so that they may
+become familiar with exhibits and have time for a brief conference with
+members of the staff.
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NEWSPAPERS
+
+The advance agent will bring with him material for the local paper, to
+which will be added the names of committee members and of persons who
+are helping the committee.
+
+Other material that should be of interest to the local papers includes:
+
+ 1. A list of special delegations from lodges, churches, business
+ groups, and others that will visit the train.
+
+ 2. Accounts of talks given by Four Minute Men and others about the
+ food train and food conservation.
+
+ 3. An account of the work that is being done for food conservation by
+ the local committee.
+
+=Editorials.= Editors may be glad to take advantage of the presence of
+the train as an occasion for an editorial on some local aspect of the
+food situation, as encouraging the use of home products, regarding the
+food hoarders, and so forth.
+
+=Out-of-Town Papers.= The newspapers in the territory adjacent to your
+town will carry some news of its coming. In addition to news sent to
+those editors from state headquarters they will be interested in your
+local plans and the names of your workers.
+
+
+ADVERTISING COMMITTEE
+
+One of these assignments could be given to each of several members of a
+committee. The more workers there are the more enthusiasm there will be.
+
+=Posters.= There are probably several persons who would gladly make
+posters announcing the train if they were asked. Give them the facts
+and let them work out their own ideas. Have these posters shown in
+store windows and in public buildings. See that all posters sent from
+the Philadelphia office are placed where they will do the most good.
+
+=Window Displays.= Invite merchants to have window displays on food
+conservation and help them with ideas. The sheets issued by the Retail
+Store Section of the Food Administration contain pictures of windows
+that are easy to copy. Be sure that the window display contains an
+announcement of the food train.
+
+Ask every merchant who has a sign writer or who makes his own window
+cards to make up in his best style a card or sign announcing the coming
+of the train.
+
+=Slides in Moving Picture Theaters.= See that slides are displayed in
+the moving picture theaters announcing the coming of the train. The
+following makes a satisfactory slide:
+
+
+                    SEE THE PICTURES AND WAR RELICS
+                                  AND
+                         LEARN WARTIME COOKERY
+
+                        FOOD CONSERVATION TRAIN
+
+                             _FREE_ _FREE_
+
+                   12th St. SIDING, PENNSYLVANIA R.R.
+                      10-12 A.M. 2-5 P.M. JULY 15
+
+=Mention in Advertisements of Local Merchants.= Local food dealers,
+especially those selling substitutes, should be interested in getting
+their customers to see the exhibits and demonstrations. Ask them to
+mention the train in their newspaper advertisements preceding its
+arrival.
+
+In addition to the usual advertising space of food dealers your
+newspaper may be able to have a special page of food advertisements
+with a large announcement of the train in the center.
+
+Other advertisers may also be willing to mention the food train and may
+find a way to work it into their advertisement as follows:
+
+ On your way to the Food Conservation Train on Tuesday, don’t fail to
+ drop in and see our new assortment of men’s neckwear, etc.
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON SPECIAL DELEGATIONS
+
+Since only a certain number of the people can see the train during
+its brief stay and ALL the people should receive its message, it
+is important that special delegations be arranged for, with the
+understanding that the delegates will pass on the message brought by
+the train to members of their organizations.
+
+Morning attendance is lightest. As many as possible of these special
+groups should be arranged for during the morning.
+
+The director of the train and the chairman of the reception committee
+should each receive a list of delegations that expect to attend, also
+the hour when they will arrive.
+
+If any special group promises to come at a given hour, have a committee
+member meet them and introduce them at the train. People will be more
+likely to come if they feel some special attention is being shown them.
+
+The following groups are suggested; others may be added or substituted
+as the committee may decide:
+
+=Officials.= An official delegation made up of members of council
+of defense, city officials, chamber of commerce, trades assembly,
+Red Cross and other war agencies, newspaper editors, and others.
+This delegation should be the first to come in the morning after the
+reception committee arrives.
+
+=Schools.= Special arrangements for the attendance of school children
+in the morning are suggested on a separate assignment sheet, with the
+heading “Schools.”
+
+=Churches.= See the assignment on Co-operation of Churches for a
+suggestion for having delegations from church societies.
+
+=Restaurants and Hotels.= Managers and cooks of hotels and restaurants
+should come in a body at a special hour so that information and answers
+to questions of special interest to them can be arranged.
+
+=Food Sellers.= There are exhibits of special interest to food sellers,
+and these persons can be very helpful in passing on information to
+their customers. All should be asked to attend in a body if possible.
+Can you arrange for the stores to be closed at a certain hour?
+
+=Employes.= Employers might be willing to excuse some of their workers
+in stores and factories, especially if they are near the train, for a
+brief visit. If a factory delegation can be arranged for at the noon
+hour a special session may be arranged for them.
+
+=Clubs.= All fraternal orders, civic, social clubs, and labor unions,
+should be especially urged to be represented. The men’s organizations
+will be especially interested in the war relics and in the maps showing
+important facts about food distribution.
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON CO-OPERATION OF CHURCHES
+
+The Food Conservation Train aims to teach the message of
+brotherhood--of sharing our food with those whose need is greater than
+ours. All the churches will be glad to help make it a success if you
+tell them what to do.
+
+=Announcements.= Ask ministers to have announcement of the train given
+at all services during the week before it arrives. Announcement forms
+are supplied.
+
+=Delegations.= Invite church societies to send delegations to the
+train. Be sure that the women who plan church suppers, bazaars, and
+food sales are appointed among delegates. They will receive valuable
+suggestions.
+
+It is important that men’s classes and societies send delegates.
+
+=Sermons.= Ask ministers to preach sermons on the Sunday before the
+train arrives on our obligation to feed the world from our generous
+stores of food. They may obtain helpful information from (insert name
+of a food administration bulletin giving general information about
+the food situation), of which copies may be had from (name of local
+official or committee).
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON SCHOOLS
+
+School children can be of great assistance in spreading the news of the
+train.
+
+=Invitations to Parents.= The teachers may be asked to have the
+children write invitations to their parents to visit the train as an
+exercise in composition.
+
+=Attendance of School Children.= Groups of older school children
+(attending high school) should come with their teachers in squads of
+about thirty or forty at fifteen-minute intervals during the morning.
+Domestic science classes should come in a body.
+
+Drawing and manual training classes may be asked to study the exhibits
+with a view to reproducing them at a later date for the benefit of
+parents and friends.
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON ATTENDANCE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE GROUPS
+
+Remember those who do not speak English. We particularly wish to reach
+them. The following steps are necessary:
+
+=The Leaders.= The committee should see and actively interest the
+clergymen. If they approve, they can do much to interest the members of
+their congregations.
+
+In the same manner, interest the chief foreign business men. Find out
+what leaders among them have been revealed by the Liberty Loan and
+other campaigns, and reach them.
+
+=Workers.= Let every employer having foreign workers and every woman
+employing foreign domestics advertise to and through them.
+
+Arrange special hours for groups by languages and be sure to have an
+interpreter or a speaker in their own language.
+
+=Be Democratic!= Above all else be democratic in your dealings with
+these foreign-born workers. Make them feel that they are asked to take
+a part in a common experience, not that the native born are “unloading”
+something upon the foreigners. Keep yourselves in the attitude of being
+willing to learn as well as to teach.
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON SPEAKING
+
+Use the Four Minute Men in advertising the train. Call upon others
+who can speak. Tell them what the Pennsylvania Food Administration is
+trying to do with the train and ask them to speak for you.
+
+The director and staff of the train are willing to address noon
+meetings with the object of urging attendance at the afternoon session.
+Factory employes can be reached in this way. Arrange with the manager
+of any local corporation, particularly one employing girls, to have
+such a meeting.
+
+Try to have a speaker at any gathering that is held during the week or
+ten days before the train arrives.
+
+
+PERSONAL CANVASS
+
+=The Men.= If your men are not as eager to conserve as the women, get
+them to come to the train and we can help you to interest them. The
+exhibit car especially contains war relics, pictures, and maps of
+interest to men. Invite as many men as you can reach personally or by
+telephone.
+
+=The Farmers’ Wives.= The best publicity to farmers’ wives is personal.
+Let the committee take the telephone book, divide up the names of the
+farmers, and see that each farm woman is ’phoned to at least three days
+before our coming. Have letters sent to farmers’ wives several days
+before train arrives. (Forms supplied.)
+
+If you know of interested women who are lame, or otherwise shut in,
+send someone for them in an automobile.
+
+=Last Minute Calls.= Personal telephone calls on a day before the train
+arrives are an indispensable means of insuring attendance. Get some of
+the older high school girls to divide up the telephone directory among
+them and call up the numbers systematically from their own homes. They
+should simply announce that the Food Conservation Train is going to be
+in town to-morrow and give the time and place where it may be found.
+If the train has been generally advertised a large attendance can be
+insured by this method. It reminds people.
+
+=Motor Service.= In order to reach the people of outlying districts, it
+is possible to organize a girls’ motor service. Have the automobiles
+go to an advertised point where they will pick up all who desire to go
+to the train. They can make several trips in morning and afternoon.
+It would be well to have automobiles doing this work carry banners
+advertising the train and its special work.
+
+
+
+
+                                  VI
+
+                        THE MESSAGE OF THE TOUR
+
+
+The message of the campaign includes the ideas, facts, and plans to be
+presented to the audiences. The choice of a topic or its scope, what
+to say about it, and how much, are questions deserving more thoughtful
+consideration and real work than is usually given to them. The most
+important and the most difficult thing in preparing the message is
+to have constantly in mind a picture of the way in which it is to be
+delivered. If, for example, the project takes the form of an exhibit
+and lecture train in which visitors will spend part of their time
+listening to a talk and the remainder passing through several cars to
+examine displays, we should, as we plan the message, try to picture
+the train on the siding at, let us say, Jonesville. We should also
+visualize the numbers and types of people likely to come, how they will
+divide their time between the talks and the exhibits, how long they
+will stay, or how long we will wish them to stay, what they know about
+the subject already, and what they will want to know, what they could
+do with this or that kind of information, and how much and what part of
+the message they are likely to remember. If the campaign is carried
+on with a truck and its program includes a demonstration which only a
+few people can see, and a motion picture and lecture program for much
+larger numbers, there are two problems; first, visualizing the small
+groups for the demonstration, and second, the larger audience for the
+more popular program.
+
+Reports of topics and methods of presenting them that have come in from
+many and varied traveling campaigns indicate that much more attention
+could be given to this question of preparing the message, and that
+frequently topics have been selected and the form of presentation
+worked out with only a very hazy visualization of the conditions and
+the people to be encountered at Jonesville and other points along the
+route.
+
+
+CHOICE OF A TOPIC
+
+Experience leads most directors, sooner or later, to choose a single
+topic that is definite and concrete, rather than a group of topics
+or one that is broad in scope. This limiting of the topic is all the
+more likely to be important where the subject of the campaign is
+unfamiliar to the prospective audience. The titles given to many of
+the agricultural trains indicate that their directors have found the
+concrete and single topic satisfactory. Trains have been called the
+“Stump Pulling Special,” “Wheat Special,” “Better Seed Car,” and “Dairy
+Train.”
+
+In the health field the topics have often been very general, as “Child
+Welfare” or merely “Public Health.” One public health car, which seemed
+to be fairly typical, carried exhibits on the prevention and cure of
+tuberculosis, care of babies, the duties of the school nurse, food
+adulteration, communicable diseases, playgrounds, venereal diseases,
+and a description of the functions of the State Health Department. The
+more inclusive and thus less specific the topic the more vague and
+general will be the talk about it afterward by those who visited the
+train.
+
+A reason sometimes given for presenting varied and general topics is
+that the purpose is not so much to give definite information which
+will be remembered and acted on, as to impress people with the scope
+and importance of the subject. For example, the visitors to a public
+health car in which many phases of the subject are touched upon may
+carry away a conviction that public health work is important to the
+community and should be supported although their ideas of it were very
+vague. This result may satisfy the purpose of some campaigns, but more
+often directors who present a variety of topics hope that something
+about each will be remembered; and there is reason for believing that
+their hope will not come as near to realization, or at least that
+the information will not be of as great utility, as it might if the
+subjects were fewer and more specifically treated.
+
+Another argument frequently brought forward in favor of including
+several topics is that all sorts of people will visit the train or
+truck, and while one will be interested in one subject others will be
+more interested in something else. When those in charge of the program
+are meeting only a few people at a time, they can talk separately to
+each visitor about special problems, but the brief stops made on most
+tours require the message to be presented to a large group at one
+time or at least in quick succession, so that in practice it usually
+happens that all the visitors see and hear the same things. In this
+case the more closely a single and concrete topic is adhered to, the
+more hopeful campaigners may be that what is said or displayed will be
+remembered.
+
+An equally important reason for limiting the number of topics is the
+desirability of having your whole audience get the same message. In
+connection with the Wheat Specials, for example, not alone should the
+farmer and the farmer’s wife and the farmer’s children be informed
+about the wheat problems of the locality, but the local banker and
+business man stand in need of much the same information. The preacher
+and the doctor will help to spread the doctrine, and the school teacher
+can make good use of what he learns. The more nearly the entire
+community, young and old, understands and is interested in the same
+message, the more likely that the desired results will follow.
+
+Occasionally two or three topics may be presented on the same train by
+having separate cars for each topic and a separate audience for each.
+Thus, on one train a car containing household labor-saving devices was
+designed to interest the wives of farmers, and a pure-seed car the
+farmers. Or several topics may be combined in such a way that they are
+made parts of one large idea. Health topics might be brought together
+under “The Health of the Family,” and divided into instruction about
+the care of the baby, the child at school, the teaching of social
+hygiene to older boys and girls, and the sanitation of the household.
+But even when thus closely related to the family interests of the
+visitors, this group of topics is still too varied to permit any one to
+make a strong and lasting impression.
+
+
+WHAT TO TELL
+
+Having chosen a topic, there is sure to be so much to tell about it
+that careful selection again becomes necessary. The best guide in
+preparing the subject matter of the program is the visualization of
+expected audiences already referred to. It cannot be too strongly
+emphasized that the relation of the subject matter to their interests,
+circumstances, and habits will largely determine their response to the
+suggestions given. Often this relationship exists, but is not explained
+clearly enough to be readily understood. The fact that the traveling
+campaigners come from a distance, bringing new ideas expressed in an
+unfamiliar way, leads an audience to look upon the whole project as
+something which is no doubt very interesting to see and hear about, but
+of no immediate concern to themselves. It is worth while to make a very
+special effort to overcome this attitude of aloofness and to make the
+audiences see that what you are bringing is something that they have
+been wanting all the time, without their fully realizing it.
+
+[Illustration: GROUP OF OBJECTS EXPRESSING ONE IDEA
+
+A conspicuous title sign holds together a number of objects and
+captions illustrating one idea. The exhibit gains greater unity and
+separation from other exhibits by being enclosed on three sides.]
+
+
+MAKING UP THE PROGRAM
+
+The term program is used here to include the combined activities and
+displays that make up what is presented to visitors at each stopping
+point. It may consist of music, talks, demonstrations, motion pictures,
+or displays of posters and objects, or several of these features
+combined, with varying emphasis on one or the other form.
+
+It may be held inside of railroad cars or in an open space, using for a
+stage a flat car, the rear platform of a passenger car, or a temporary
+structure. Or it may be given in a hall in the town. Sometimes the
+program includes both indoor and outdoor features.
+
+It is usually a good idea to arrange what might be called a “unit”
+program that will include everything that it is desirable for a given
+visitor or group of visitors to do, see, and hear in order to fully
+understand and enjoy the message. This unit program has an important
+place in the arrangement of itinerary, schedule, and the arrangements
+made for the attendance. For example, if the unit program lasts an
+hour we have a means of deciding the number of times it needs to be
+repeated in order to reach the desired number of visitors. If it lasts
+two or three hours we are likely to find that in our advance work we
+will need to make a greater effort to attract a carefully selected
+audience, since the longer the program in most cases the fewer the
+people who could enjoy it even once. The suggestions below have to
+do with some of the factors to take into account in selecting and
+combining features of this unit program.
+
+Features intended wholly or mainly as attractions, such as music, or
+dramatic or comic films, should not be placed in competition with
+educational features for getting attention or holding interest. They
+may be said to compete when they distract attention from the main topic
+or take up an undue share of the time of visitors, or are so much more
+popular in form than the educational topics as to be more talked about
+and remembered afterward.
+
+The program should be arranged so that the one idea or set of facts
+which it is the purpose of the tour to deliver holds the center of
+the stage at all times, and so that it commands attention whether it
+takes the form of a talk or exhibit, or both. As has already been said,
+the main idea should not be overshadowed or lost sight of through the
+rivalry of other attractions. Finally, so that there may be no doubt
+that it is understood and remembered, the main idea should be repeated
+in different forms, in talks, demonstrations, exhibits, and printed
+matter.
+
+If the visitor is obliged to stand during all or the greater part of
+the time he is not likely to give more than an hour of interested
+attention to talks and displays. Many will give much less. The actual
+period that the average visitors will remain under certain conditions
+is soon learned by experimenting, and each feature should be timed so
+that a satisfactory presentation of the subject can be assured for the
+majority of them.
+
+However attractively the subject is presented through motion pictures
+or other displays, a good talker is about the most important element
+in getting the idea across to the visitors. Whether the speaker
+accompanies his talk with slides or objects, conducts a demonstration,
+explains exhibits, or makes running comments on motion pictures, his
+ability to be heard, to hold interest, and to express himself simply,
+briefly, and concretely will often be the chief factor in the success
+of the program. Lecturers for traveling campaigns should be chosen
+as much for their ability as speakers as for their knowledge of the
+subject matter.
+
+
+PROGRAMS OF EXHIBIT TRAINS
+
+The following plan for a program was announced for one of the Liberty
+Loan trains:
+
+ Aerial bombs will be sent off as train reaches stop.
+
+ Liberty Loan representatives in charge of train will make brief
+ address and ask local committee of three to come onto the platform.
+
+ Five-minute address by the local chairman or someone selected by him.
+
+ Talk by returned soldier.
+
+ Address by experienced speaker with principal object of urging
+ necessity of subscribing to Loan.
+
+ Invitation by Liberty Loan representative to inspect exhibition.
+
+The trains for which this program was planned made short stops and the
+talks were given from a platform or from one of the flat cars. A large
+crowd could be reached by a single speaking program. In this case the
+speaking was the important feature, and the exhibits of war material
+were an “attraction” rather than an educational feature. It satisfied
+the purpose of the tour to have most of the time devoted to speeches,
+followed by a rapid view of exhibits.
+
+The extension division of the Texas State College of Agriculture
+reports the following program method:
+
+ Immediately upon going into a town, the people were loaded into the
+ lecture cars and three lecturers would alternate for a twenty-minute
+ talk on different subjects in each car. Where outdoor meetings were
+ held the exhibit cars were closed upon coming into town and general
+ lectures were first had from the platform car, then the live stock
+ were led onto the platform car where special demonstrations were
+ given. As soon as this formal program was completed the specialists
+ were stationed back through the exhibition cars and the crowds were
+ allowed to enter the front of the train and pass gradually through the
+ entire train, making such inquiries of the specialists as they cared
+ to while going through the exhibition car.
+
+Here again the speaking and the outdoor demonstrations are evidently
+regarded as the important features. Such a plan should not be
+considered if the exhibits are of real importance. The audience that
+has been standing during the program of perhaps half an hour or more,
+and has then waited in line to go through the train, is a tired
+audience and not nearly so responsive as though its members came fresh
+to the exhibits. It is also true that when the program is so arranged
+that the whole crowd is ready at one time to start through the train,
+there is much more difficulty in managing the people and much more
+dissatisfaction on the part of those at the rear end of the line. It
+is difficult to get careful attention for exhibits from people who
+are being moved ahead to make way for an impatient crowd standing in
+long lines behind them. The managers of trains will do well to decide
+in advance whether the speaking or the exhibits constitute the really
+important feature of the program. If it is the exhibits, then the
+speaking should be made incidental, perhaps, by having a ten-minute
+talk given from the platform at regular intervals as a new group is to
+be started through the train.
+
+
+A PROGRAM COMBINING DEMONSTRATIONS AND EXHIBITS
+
+A method of dividing the time between demonstrations in two cars and
+an exhibit car was worked out satisfactorily on the Pennsylvania
+Food Conservation Train. All the audience passed through the train
+in the same direction, starting at the same point, except that
+at the beginning of the session all the cars were filled at once
+to avoid delays. When the first car was filled a talk on canning
+started. No attempt was made to demonstrate a complete process, but
+different vegetables or fruits were in various stages of preparation
+continuously, so that a fifteen-minute illustrated talk brought out the
+points that required emphasis. After about five minutes of questions
+and looking at displays of equipment and canned articles, this crowd
+moved on to the next car, while the first car was filled again with the
+next group of arrivals. In the second car a similar program was given
+on uses of wheat substitutes. In the third car two explainers met the
+audience and explained the exhibits found there. As the topics in all
+three cars were closely related (the demonstrations showing how to save
+food and the exhibits showing why food saving was necessary), an hour
+spent in three cars gave variety enough to keep interest awake and
+still kept closely to the one big idea--“Save Food.”
+
+[Illustration: DEMONSTRATION CAR
+
+A day coach used for a canning demonstration on the food conservation
+train of the New York Central Railroad and the New York State College
+of Agriculture.]
+
+[Illustration: AN OUTDOOR PROGRAM
+
+Crowd listening to a speech at the War Trophy Train which toured
+Kentucky as a feature of the Fourth Liberty Loan campaign.]
+
+
+OUTDOOR SPEAKING AT TRAINS
+
+If speaking to a general audience is the important thing, a talk from
+the outside of the train would seem better than crowding people into
+the cars; but even outside speeches from the platform or a flat car, or
+an especially built platform at the train present many difficulties.
+The location of the train frequently does not provide good standing
+room for the crowds; there is frequently distraction from the noise of
+other trains and persistent rainy weather must be reckoned with also.
+It is very important to have speakers with good outdoor voices, for the
+effect on the audience of straining to hear a speaker is irritating and
+leaves behind a bad impression.
+
+
+
+
+                                  VII
+
+                             EXHIBIT CARS
+
+
+TYPES OF CARS
+
+Practically every type of car from the Pullman to the flat car can be
+fitted up to suit some exhibit or demonstration purpose. The Pullman,
+with its broad windows and attractively finished woodwork, makes a more
+pleasing setting for displays than the day coach. The day coach with
+seats removed and shelves built in for the display of exhibits has been
+the most generally used type of car. Photographs of the Pennsylvania
+Food Conservation Train show day coaches with interiors fitted up
+with counters, platforms, and cupboards with dimensions based on a
+careful calculation of the desired use of every inch of floor and wall
+space.[7] The baggage car is more nearly ready for use in an emergency
+since it does not need to be dismantled, but it is neither so well
+lighted nor so well finished as the coach. The flat car is well adapted
+to a display of large and heavy equipment, or for demonstrations that,
+require a platform to display them to an audience standing near the
+track. On agricultural trains, demonstrations of milking or judging
+live stock have been given on flat cars. On the Liberty Loan trains
+flat cars were employed to show cannon, machine guns, tanks, and other
+large equipment. In the photograph opposite page 80 a flat car is shown
+fitted with a framework for a tarpaulin for protection against weather.
+This is a necessary precaution in using flat cars.
+
+An experienced director of exhibit trains writes: “An especially built
+and designed car for the purpose is well worth its additional cost.
+Such cars as I have seen provided by the railroads for temporary
+service in exhibit lines have all been old, small, and often
+broken-down baggage or passenger cars, in every way unsuitable for a
+purpose where the most extreme dimensions available still leave the
+exhibit and circulation space contracted. Cars should be built on the
+largest frames and the most extreme dimensions that the railroads, as
+governed by their tracks, bridges, and tunnels can handle. Windows
+should be set high in the car walls, giving a high source of light and
+maximum wall space for exhibits, and should be larger than those in the
+ordinary coach to secure better ventilation. The doors should be built
+wider than the usual car door.” The plan calls for small and compact
+living and office quarters at one end. The director also adds that
+the installation of an engine to furnish lights and power for working
+models is an important item of equipment. One engine is sufficient
+to run lights, fans, and models for several cars. In these days of
+portable electrical outfits, this item is practicable and fairly
+inexpensive.
+
+
+TRAVELING ACCOMMODATIONS FOR STAFF MEMBERS
+
+The kind of living arrangements provided for the lecturers and
+assistants will depend, to some extent, upon the frequency of the stops
+and the number of persons traveling with the train. Several of the more
+elaborately equipped trains have carried a Pullman sleeping coach and a
+diner for the staff members. If there are frequent stops, it would seem
+that at least sleeping quarters on the train are necessary. Meals are
+sometimes arranged for at stopping places, and in this case the advance
+agent is responsible for seeing that good meals are assured. When stops
+of a full day or more are made, the staff members sometimes find rooms
+and meals in hotels en route. Whatever the arrangements, as is stated
+elsewhere, they should insure the greatest possible degree of comfort
+to the staff, in order to offset the severe strain that this kind of
+campaigning inevitably involves.
+
+
+TREATMENT OF CAR INTERIORS
+
+The two chief difficulties with exhibits on trains are keeping them
+clean and so securing them in place as to withstand the jarring motion.
+Washable surfaces on floors, shelves, and walls are essential. Exhibits
+should be either of the kind that are easily kept clean or else placed
+under cover or frequently replaced. No decorations such as draped
+bunting, which collects and holds dust, should be used. Clusters of
+small flags hung straight from chandeliers are attractive and non-dust
+collecting decorations. Small objects should be either securely
+fastened to shelves or packed away while the train is in motion.
+
+[Illustration: FLAT CARS USED FOR DISPLAYING CAPTURED GERMAN TROPHIES
+
+ A section of a Liberty Loan War Relic Train. Canvas covers can be
+ thrown over the framework to protect the exhibit from the rain. This
+ framework also provides a support for arc lights, so that the exhibit
+ can be displayed at night.]
+
+
+EXHIBITS
+
+Having selected the subject matter, you have a choice of presenting it
+through exhibits, demonstrations, talks, or all three.
+
+For still exhibits the use of models, objects, cartoons, posters,
+transparencies for the windows, and brief slogans or statements on
+placards have been found most suitable. As is brought out in a later
+section under methods of display, the dimensions of a car place severe
+limitations on the forms that may be used to advantage, and the same
+principle applies to the selection of these as to the content of a
+train exhibit.
+
+Just as there should be few ideas so there should not be too many
+sizes, shapes, and forms of exhibits which confuse the eye in the way
+that variety of topics confuses the mind.
+
+Because of the necessity of moving people through the cars rapidly
+enough to make way for others to follow, it is essential that whatever
+is displayed may be quickly seen and understood. This limitation rules
+out many forms that might be shown satisfactorily in halls. Anything
+that is expressed chiefly by words may better be left to speakers
+and printed matter for distribution as there is not time to read
+words and figures and, indeed, visitors have little inclination to
+do so. Diagrams, particularly those presenting detailed facts, also
+call for close examination and delay the progress of visitors. One
+train exhibitor of experience says: “One of the greatest dangers to
+be avoided is an excess of charts and small type. The exhibit should
+be such that the crowds can be kept moving through the car and,
+nevertheless, be able to seize the principal points intended to be
+taught.”
+
+A description of a part of a single health car in one report includes
+“75 wall charts illustrating the cost in human lives of tuberculosis,
+typhoid fever, and diarrhea. Each series of charts has grouped about
+it from two to twelve models. Several hundred photographs show
+occupational conditions favorable to tuberculosis.” Such a collection
+as this is suited only to intensive study and not at all to a popular
+traveling exhibit.
+
+Methods used to attract attention to one thing should not distract
+attention from other things. For example, in a certain health car
+a bell struck every three minutes tolling the one hundred and
+seventy-five thousand deaths annually from tuberculosis. This is a
+striking and effective way of making people heed a startling fact, but
+unfortunately every time the bell rang in so small a space as the car
+it interfered with the study of other features being presented.
+
+There is little opportunity to get attention for detailed or complex
+displays, no matter how attractive and interesting they may be. The
+following is taken from a description of a mechanical device shown on a
+train through which visitors were always moving rapidly because there
+was a long waiting line: “A model block-signal system about 25 feet in
+length, illustrating the protection provided by a clock-signal system
+was in full operation. This model had two sidings and was designed
+particularly to show single-track operation. Intermediate signals were
+shown between the clock signals by means of lights.” The information
+that this model conveyed illustrates very well the kind that is too
+complicated to be understood without a careful examination and some
+explanation by an attendant.
+
+You must, therefore, in planning the form as in planning the content of
+your exhibit, keep your eye steadily on the picture of the Smiths and
+Browns at the train as it stands on the side track in Jonesville with
+many people moving through the cars. You can test the practicability
+of your devices and other displays by asking yourself these questions
+concerning the probable reaction of Brown and Smith:
+
+Will it attract their attention?
+
+Will it arouse their interest?
+
+Will they remember it?
+
+Will it bring a response from them?
+
+These are generally recognized aims of advertising, and they apply
+equally to exhibits which are, after all, a form of advertising.
+
+
+USE OF THE SPACE FOR DISPLAY
+
+For displaying exhibits to moving audiences, the use of the space
+should be so planned that it is easy to keep visitors moving in a given
+direction and at the same time make it possible for them to grasp
+quickly the meaning of what they see.
+
+The majority of those who have reported on their experience with trains
+agree that it is very important that visitors should move in a single
+direction. This is beyond question desirable unless small audiences are
+expected; but as is stated elsewhere, capacity audiences are the aim of
+most enterprises.
+
+Having agreed on a one-way movement, there is, however, still
+considerable disagreement as to the best arrangement of
+material--whether on two sides of the center aisle, or along the center
+of the car with an aisle on either side, or finally, with exhibits
+displayed on one side only with a single aisle.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF HEALTH EXHIBIT CAR
+
+ An example of the display of exhibits on both sides of a center aisle.
+ If there are many visitors going through the car at one time, they
+ must move slowly along the narrow aisle, looking alternately at an
+ exhibit on one topic on the right, and one on another topic on the
+ left. Both physically and mentally this method of viewing exhibits is
+ likely to be tiring. One would expect the average visitor to carry
+ away a confused impression of the facts and ideas presented.]
+
+[Illustration: A WELL ARRANGED EXHIBIT CAR]
+
+[Illustration: A WELL ARRANGED EXHIBIT CAR
+
+ A car interior on the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train designed to
+ overcome as many as possible of the difficulties in train exhibiting.
+
+ The curved space, too high to attract attention easily, is used for a
+ symbolic frieze in colors, the design, in three parts, being repeated
+ five times and running the length of the car. The same space was used
+ less successfully, as shown in the cut opposite page 70, for reading
+ matter which was read only when the explainer called attention to it.
+ The framed captions and the pictures below them are approximately
+ at eye-level. Variety combined with a symmetrical arrangement is
+ obtained by placing a large poster over every fourth window, while the
+ transparencies on the remaining windows allow plenty of light to enter.
+
+ Exhibits are displayed on one side of the car only. An economical use
+ of the 9-foot width of the car is obtained as follows:
+
+ Raised platform for the explainer, 20 inches wide.
+
+ Counter, 28 inches wide.
+
+ Aisle for visitors, 4.5 feet wide.
+
+ The use of vertical space is also carefully planned and is roughly:
+
+ Counter height, 40 inches.
+
+ Upright board at back of counter, 11 inches high.
+
+ Combined height of pictures and captions, 36 inches, with lower edge
+ about 48 inches from the floor.]
+
+The first method, that of displaying exhibits on two sides of the
+center aisle, makes the progress of the visitor very slow and awkward,
+for he must continually turn from one side to the other as he goes
+unless, of course, he violates the rule of moving in one direction
+only and in so doing comes back along the same aisle. Not only is it
+awkward to turn continually from side to side in viewing exhibits
+but it is difficult to arrange material so that the visitor can in this
+way follow an idea logically. His attention is alternately given to
+the topics on one side and the other, unless by some elaborate system
+of arrangement the story moves from one side to the other. Another
+difficulty is that the explainer has no place to stand except in the
+aisle, holding back the visitors. The very narrow middle aisle left
+by counters or tables on two sides is still another disadvantage.
+Moreover, favored with space at the expense of visitors, the exhibits
+are less likely to be seen and their value is thus lowered.
+
+Displays along the center of the car with an aisle on each side might
+be satisfactory in some cases, especially if all the material is in
+the form of models or objects and there is no need to use the walls.
+This method allows for the movement of visitors in single file down one
+aisle and back the other, or for two parallel lines to move in a single
+direction on both sides of the display. Some who have tried this method
+found that visitors did not look at the walls but gave their whole
+attention to the center of the car.
+
+[Illustration: FOOD CONSERVATION TRAIN OF NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF
+AGRICULTURE
+
+Exhibits in the center of the car with a narrow aisle on each side. See
+page 86. The objects on the floor obstructing the aisle were probably
+placed in the aisle only for photographing.
+
+Jars of fruits and vegetables are attractively displayed at the
+right height, and with light shining through to bring out color
+and clearness. There is a welcome lack of crowding, and desirable
+simplicity in the car as a whole.]
+
+The third method, that of placing exhibits on one side only, seems
+to have been found the most satisfactory. In this way both wall and
+floor space on one side may be used to their full advantage, while the
+visitors looking in a single direction move fairly rapidly. A space may
+be left for the explainer between the wall and the counter, as shown
+in the picture opposite page 85. Also, she may move the length of the
+car and back without difficulty, having the counter between her and
+visitors.
+
+[Illustration: ARRANGEMENT OF RAILROAD CAR INTERIOR
+
+ Simple and attractive arrangement of exhibits on the Wisconsin Pure
+ Seed and Home Power Special. The exhibitors showed unusually good
+ judgment in their use of wall space. The information given is brief,
+ to the point, easily read, and well displayed. The disadvantages of
+ displaying the exhibits on both sides of the narrow center aisle,
+ discussed on page 84, are illustrated here.]
+
+
+PLACING EXHIBITS
+
+The first consideration in placing exhibits is that they shall be at
+the right height. The best space on walls is that on a level with the
+eye. The eye will travel up and down in following a display that has
+caught the visitor’s attention, but isolated placards, pictures, or
+objects placed too high or too low to be within easy range have small
+chance of being observed.
+
+The wall spaces of a car are considerably broken, as may be observed in
+the photographs. The curved space is excellent for decoration or for
+brief slogans, but should not be depended upon for anything requiring
+detailed examination. The upper part of the window space is usually
+most nearly at eye level, but windows are needed for light and it is
+wise not to cover with displays that shut out the light more than a
+half or a third of those on one side and none at all on the other.
+One needs to reckon with the possibility of trains often being placed
+close to the exhibit cars, or the cars being placed beside buildings
+that cut off the light entirely on one side. Probably the best use of
+windows is for cartoons or posters made on transparent paper or cloth,
+or on the familiar glass transparencies. The space below the windows
+is too low for wall displays. The illustration of the Pennsylvania
+Food Conservation Train opposite page 85 shows a good use of windows
+and wall space. Another photograph opposite page 87 also shows an
+interesting use of space.
+
+The counters, shelves, or tables should be so built as to bring the
+objects on them as nearly as possible on a level with the eye, at the
+same time without cutting off the view of wall exhibits. The height
+and dimensions of the counters shown opposite page 85 were worked out
+carefully to meet this condition.
+
+It is always a good thing to have a railing separate visitors from the
+exhibits as more people can see them if all are held back from pressing
+too closely.
+
+Another important consideration in placing exhibits is that they should
+not be crowded. When objects or placards crowd one another it becomes
+impossible to look at one thing without having others in the margin of
+vision interfere with concentrated attention. The first impression of
+a crowded car is one of bewilderment. The visitor is obliged not only
+to grasp new ideas and facts presented in an unfamiliar form, but to
+select among a large number those of special interest to him.
+
+
+ARRANGEMENT OF SUBJECT MATTER
+
+Because of the small space and necessarily quick movements of visitors,
+it is especially important that exhibits should be arranged in some
+logical sequence. Visitors are sometimes called upon to perform amazing
+feats in mental acrobatics, leaping from one topic to another with
+breathless speed. For example, in the exhibit pictured opposite page
+84, we see a poster about baby deaths resting on a model of a school
+building with a placard nearby urging the use of schools as community
+centers. Across the narrow aisle is a model obviously unrelated either
+to community centers or baby deaths. The sequence of ideas should
+be such that each new thought is made easier to understand and more
+interesting because of what went before it, or each separate exhibit
+should be clearly related to one central idea. Thus, in the first
+exhibit of the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train the series of
+topics was developed as follows:
+
+    Why we must save
+    Small savings
+    Saving wheat
+    Saving sugar
+    Saving fats
+    Using all the milk
+    Using home products.
+
+Not only the sequence of ideas but the separation between two topics
+is important. This can be accomplished by a visible separation,
+allowing a distance of at least six inches between exhibits relating to
+different topics; better still, by putting up actual barriers between
+the exhibits, as is done in the exhibit opposite page 70. The barrier
+has the advantage of holding the eye at one spot, so that there is no
+temptation to desert one exhibit for the lure of a bright color or a
+curious device farther on.
+
+Another consideration in arranging material is that groups relating
+to one subject should be so placed that their relation to one another
+and to the whole be quickly recognized. Sometimes exhibits that belong
+together are separated because variety of size and shape makes it
+inconvenient to work out a suitable arrangement. It is worth while
+to plan carefully in advance the kinds of exhibit material that will
+harmoniously illustrate a given topic; also to have the sizes and
+shapes conform to the dimensions of the space reserved for them.
+
+
+SOME OBSERVATIONS FROM PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
+
+In a letter describing the exhibit car of the Canadian Forestry
+Association, Mr. J. R. Dickson, who was in charge of the car, makes
+some interesting observations regarding the arrangement of exhibits
+based on his experiences. He writes in part as follows:
+
+ The people, especially at crowded hours, all tend to travel through an
+ exhibit car in one direction and this is very desirable inasmuch as
+ the man in charge of the car can regularly escort through it group
+ after group of eager sightseers or inquirers after knowledge and keep
+ up a cross between a lecture and a conversation with them, answering
+ their questions and drawing their attention to all the pertinent
+ points in the exhibit which they might otherwise overlook.
+
+ To accomplish this plan of car lecturing most effectually, the entire
+ exhibit should be arranged so far as possible in a natural sequence,
+ beginning at one end of the car and ending at the other. This of
+ course is where a single aisle is provided down one side of the car.
+ Such a scheme makes one’s talk logical and so helps to impress the
+ lessons of the exhibit in such a way that they are remembered easily
+ and intelligently....
+
+ On entering the car the first object to attract the visitor’s eye
+ was a large map of Canada, showing the forestry belt of 400,000,000
+ acres, over 90 per cent of this timber land being publicly owned. When
+ told that each citizen of Canada, man, woman and child, owned on the
+ average fifty acres of this national resource, the imagination and the
+ pocket-nerve of the visitor were at once stimulated and he or she was
+ thereafter taking a personal interest in the whole exhibit.
+
+ The visitor next turned to a nursery of small pine and spruce
+ illustrating the essential beginning of all our forest wealth and
+ also suggesting the basic importance of land classification in order
+ that every acre may be put to its best use. Then our modern methods
+ of protecting both such young growth and the resulting mature timber
+ were examined and explained, and the great need for good laws and
+ the generous expenditure of public money in order to safeguard their
+ forests, was readily seen and agreed to....
+
+ Before leaving, the visitor ... was handed a copy of the last Canadian
+ Forestry Association Journal, and given a brief description of the
+ nation-building work of this society, together with an addressed card
+ inviting him to join.
+
+ Finally he inspected a cabinet filled with highly finished samples
+ of Canadian woods, and the last thing his eye rested upon and which
+ impressed itself on his memory as he left the car, was this bold fire
+ warning: “A tree will make a million matches; a match will burn a
+ million trees.”
+
+
+ARRANGEMENT OF CAR FOR DEMONSTRATIONS
+
+When an audience is to be gathered in a car to witness a demonstration
+or hear an illustrated talk, the first requirement is that the speaker
+can be easily heard and each process plainly seen by everyone in the
+car. The second is that the audience shall be comfortably seated if the
+demonstration is to last longer than fifteen or twenty minutes. This is
+about the limit of time that an audience will stand without becoming
+restless. The illustration on the opposite page shows an interior
+especially constructed for cooking demonstrations, or rather for brief
+object lessons, as a feature of the Pennsylvania Food Conservation
+Train. The demonstrator stands on a platform raised a foot higher than
+the floor. A counter extending the length of the car curves out at
+the center to leave a space for the platform and small kitchen. The
+maximum space for a standing audience is provided, and all are within
+easy range of the speaker’s voice and near enough to see the objects
+in her hand. The space below the counter is lined with cupboards.
+A similar arrangement might be suitable for any demonstration or
+illustrated talk in which few objects are used, provided the counter is
+raised high enough to show the entire process. If the extension of the
+counter along the sides were left out the space could be used to seat
+an audience around a raised central platform.
+
+[Illustration: CAR ESPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR COOKING DEMONSTRATIONS
+
+ A demonstration kitchen, Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train, with a
+ raised platform for the demonstrator. The extension of the counter at
+ either side of the kitchen provides exhibit space. Discussion on page
+ 92.]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] See illustrations opposite pages 70, 85, and 92.
+
+
+
+
+                                 VIII
+
+                    THE TOUR OF THE TRUCK OR TRAIN
+
+
+Many factors enter into the planning of an itinerary, a time schedule,
+and the managing of audiences. What places to visit; whether within a
+given period of time allotted to the whole tour it is better to make a
+number of short stops at many places, or long stops at fewer places;
+whether a large or small audience of a particular kind is desired;
+whether visitors at train or truck should be encouraged to stay as
+long as they will or to remain only through a definite prearranged
+program, and then to move on in order to make room for others. All
+these questions must be answered before the tour begins, or better,
+after a brief trial trip. In some instances, special circumstances
+will exist that leave no room for choice in such a matter as, for
+example, the number of stops to be made. But ordinarily there are many
+decisions to make and they should be made in relation to the definite
+purpose of the tour. Perhaps the whole series of difficulties that
+arise may be summed up in two words--“don’t crowd.” As has already been
+suggested, the purpose itself should be simple and limited, not crowded
+with the attempt to achieve the impossible, so that there is no room
+for the definite immediate purpose to stand out boldly where it can
+be seen. Don’t attempt to crowd into this brief tour the information
+or activities that belongs in the follow-up program. The same advice
+extends down to the handling of audiences and every other feature.
+
+
+THE PLACES TO BE VISITED
+
+In considering the type of places to be visited, the two main
+considerations are the size of the place and whether it contains the
+kinds of people who may be expected to take an interest in the subject
+matter. Many of those who have conducted trains report that they
+create more interest in communities of ten thousand or less than in
+larger places. The larger the town the more varied and numerous are
+the rival attractions. In the cities the train yards are often busier
+than elsewhere and, therefore, the noise and confusion as well as the
+difficulty of handling crowds at the train is greater unless the train
+be stationed away from the busy yards.
+
+The towns should be selected with reference to the relation of the
+community to the subject matter. To take an obvious example, it would
+hardly be appropriate to send an agricultural train into a mining town.
+The whole plan of campaign may have been made in relation to one type
+of population, either rural or industrial, and it is rather a waste of
+time to try to make it serve a population of a kind that it has not
+been prepared for.
+
+In planning the itinerary of a tour that must be completed in a
+given length of time, it is usually necessary to decide between the
+importance of visiting a small number of towns and of making a long
+stop in each, or of visiting a larger number for fewer hours or days.
+Some trains have made from five to ten stops in a day, while others
+have spent from several days to a week in one place. A day to a town,
+however, seems to be the more general rule.
+
+A stop may be limited to an hour or so because it is thought more
+important to cover a given amount of territory within certain time
+limits than it is to stay long enough in a place to reach a large share
+of the population or give much information. Or the purpose of the tour
+may be accomplished by presenting to an audience, all of whose members
+arrive at the same time, a single program lasting an hour and dealing
+with easily understood facts or ideas. The Liberty Loan trains furnish
+good illustrations of a purpose of this sort. If your campaigners are
+not in a hurry to get over the ground by a certain date they will
+probably find it more satisfactory to spend a full day and sometimes
+longer with the people of each community visited. The program may then
+be repeated for a number of audiences and the traveling specialists
+will have an opportunity to promote closer relationships with local
+leaders. However, conditions that govern a decision regarding the
+length of time to spend at a place differ so widely for individual
+enterprises that general suggestions have not much value.
+
+The stops of a truck tour are more easily arranged than those of
+a train since the latter is dependent upon the convenience of the
+railroad. One gain through this greater flexibility is the possibility
+of return visits to the same place. In this way the truck helps in
+its own advance publicity work by making a brief stay which attracts
+attention and spreads the news of its return for a longer stay a
+little later. In its work in the congested districts of the city, the
+Cleveland Children’s Year Special followed what its director called
+a “skip stop” system, visiting a neighborhood long enough to leave
+a number of people sufficiently well informed to talk about it, and
+coming back two or three days later to find an appreciative audience
+ready for the program.
+
+
+RECEIVING THE VISITORS[8]
+
+Visitors are the real reason for the enterprise which is undertaken
+solely for their instruction or benefit if results are hoped for, and
+they should not be forgotten at any stage of the planning. We have
+already considered them in the choice of subject matter, the form and
+quantity of the material, and its arrangement. Now, having equipment
+and plans ready, what shall be done with the visitors when they arrive
+at the train?
+
+Obviously, their comfort and convenience should be prepared for and
+every possible help provided for them to understand and enjoy what
+is displayed. Plans for doing these things should be based on the
+expectation of as large an attendance as can be handled satisfactorily,
+and even on some overcrowding, unless small groups are deliberately
+sought.
+
+As is explained in the section on advance work, local committees should
+be appointed whose members will co-operate with the regular staff of
+the train.
+
+A reception committee may welcome special delegations and introduce
+them to the members of the train staff. If there is a formal program,
+local leaders are usually asked to take part in it, and as it is
+important in relation to the follow-up work that they have the
+opportunity to familiarize themselves with the subject matter and the
+methods demonstrated on the train, their presence throughout the day
+should be secured by advance arrangements. An added value in having
+them at the train is that in the eyes of visitors they will become
+identified with the movement and thus be in a better position to lead
+in the local follow-up work.
+
+Helpers are needed to look after the safety of the visitors, to form
+any waiting crowds into lines, direct people to the entrance, keep
+them moving in a single direction, prevent unnecessary congestion
+at any given point, and note questions and suggestions that should
+be passed on to members of the staff. If local volunteers are well
+prepared to perform these services the saving of strain on the
+hard-worked staff will be very great.
+
+
+THE RATE OF PROGRESS IN EXHIBIT CARS
+
+Reports show that managers of trains have been satisfied with both
+extremes in the rate of progress of visitors in moving through the
+train. One train director reported with pride that by his system he was
+able to “run 5,000 through in an hour.” At the other extreme are the
+directors who during their stay in a town give a single demonstration
+in a car that holds only about one hundred people.
+
+The method of “running people through” very rapidly is useful only if
+the exhibits are simply curiosities or objects of interest that may be
+quickly noted, and that we may risk having soon forgotten without loss
+to the cause that is being served. For example, the Liberty Loan trains
+depended chiefly on their program of talks, music, and the appearance
+of the returned soldiers to arouse interest. The large guns displayed
+on flat cars were visible while the talking was going on. It did not
+particularly matter after that whether visitors were passed through
+the trophy car so rapidly that they had only a glimpse of the various
+objects.
+
+On the other hand, the attendance in one place of so small a number as
+one hundred would hardly justify the work of planning and carrying out
+a tour unless either the small group are carefully selected as leaders
+capable of passing on the information to others, or the community is so
+small that this number is as many as might be expected. It ought to be
+possible to estimate in advance, or at least after the first week of
+the tour, the length of time required for the average person to see all
+that is important for him to see and understand. With this period in
+mind it is possible to estimate the number of people who can be handled
+in a given length of time. For example, we may assume the following
+conditions:
+
+ A train of three cars.
+
+ Number that can be accommodated comfortably in each car at one time,
+ 60.
+
+ Twenty minutes, required time to see the exhibits or hear and see
+ demonstrations in each car, or one hour for the train.
+
+ Train on view six hours.
+
+ Maximum attendance practicable during the stop, 1,080 people.
+
+The attendance is, of course, never distributed so evenly as this over
+the day, and all the visitors do not stay exactly the same length of
+time. Probably with a fairly even distribution a train with a maximum
+capacity of one thousand will handle satisfactorily about eight hundred
+people. An estimate of the rate at which visitors may be passed along
+will be found exceedingly useful in deciding many questions, such as
+the arrangement and content of the exhibits, the length of time to
+continue a demonstration, the number of times to repeat it, the length
+of the stay, and the quota of attendance to work for in the advance
+publicity.
+
+For example, would you rather have fewer people and have those who
+come stay longer, or would you prefer having a larger attendance with
+those who compose it spending less time with you? The selection of
+exhibits and the program should be arranged according to your decision
+on these points. If you are giving a few people detailed information
+which it would serve your purpose better to give to a larger number,
+you are throwing away your opportunity for want of a little careful
+calculation. The mistake most frequently made is to plan exhibits and
+programs on the expectation of having each visitor spend a long time at
+the train carefully examining each display, and then when the people
+arrive, to pass crowds through quickly without giving them a chance to
+see what has been prepared for them.
+
+
+DISTRIBUTING THE ATTENDANCE
+
+Apparently not many of those who have conducted trains have attempted
+through their advance work to prepare for arbitrary distribution of
+attendance over the entire period that the exhibit is open. The period
+from two to five o’clock in the afternoon seems to have been found the
+most popular by the largest number of those reporting on attendance,
+with some falling off reported after four o’clock. The period before
+ten in the morning is agreed upon unanimously as the poorest time to
+get people out. The experiences reported as to the hourly attendance
+between ten and four o’clock varies so widely that it would seem to
+indicate that under the right conditions it should be possible to get
+people to come throughout this period.
+
+Good advance work can fill up many idle hours. A description of methods
+of advance work to accomplish this is contained in another chapter,
+but while we are considering the visitors it may be well to look over
+the groups that could most easily come at the least attractive hours.
+On a number of trains arrangements were made to have school children
+attend with their teachers according to a prearranged schedule, usually
+during the morning hours. This is an especially good plan when the
+train is on view all day, because the children tell their experiences
+when they go home at noon and thus help to get their parents to attend
+in the afternoon. If there are a larger number of school children than
+can be handled conveniently it is a good idea to limit attendance to
+the older children, basing the lower age limit on the estimated number
+of children that can be accommodated. If they do not fill up the train
+completely during the morning, it is possible to arrange for the
+attendance of delegations of leading citizens and other representative
+groups who come in a body to welcome the train when it is opened to the
+public, or to be personally escorted through it at a given time. This,
+of course, has news value as well as the advantage of using the morning
+hours. The Safety First Train of the government at each stop arranged
+to have such a morning delegation.
+
+In some places the noon hour may be used for the attendance of factory
+workers and other employed people who are not far from the train. This
+is successful if advance preparations are made and if the subject
+matter is of interest to the workers. It is often possible to adapt the
+program and some part of the displays to their interests. Using the
+noon hour depends, of course, on having a large enough staff to allow
+each member an hour for lunch. The period from five to eight o’clock
+in the afternoon is probably of the least value. Usually the staff
+members themselves need relaxation during this time if there is to be
+an evening session.[9] If there is no session the train may pull out
+late in the afternoon. If, however, it is desirable to make use of this
+period, it may be possible to arrange for personal conferences or group
+conferences at the train or in town with persons especially interested
+in the subject who wish to have information that is not of interest to
+the general public or to talk over plans for the future.
+
+Reports as to the success of evening sessions vary greatly. Many have
+used the evening successfully for outdoor motion pictures or for
+meetings in town. The fact that many who could not leave their work
+during the day can come then seems to argue that it is possible to have
+a good attendance if the advance work has been thorough--provided also
+that the location of the car or train is satisfactory and that the time
+schedule will permit.
+
+
+EXPLAINING THE EXHIBITS
+
+While the exhibits should be so simple and well arranged as to be
+easily understood, any exhibit of objects, pictures, and printed words
+is more enjoyed and appreciated if it is brought to life by a personal
+interpretation given with enthusiasm. The explainer calls attention
+to what is displayed much as a chairman introduces a speaker. A good
+introduction makes the audience more friendly and responsive to either
+a speaker or an exhibit. The explainer who travels the length of the
+car with one group can take care of only a few people at a time, and
+if there is a continuous movement of people through the car only
+about one-third of them have the advantage of the explanation. If, on
+the outside or in another car, a lecture or demonstration precedes
+the reviewing of exhibits, the speaker may close the talk with an
+explanation of the purpose and character of the exhibits and some
+suggestions as to what to look for. With this preparation people may
+pass through the car unattended and perhaps meet an explainer at the
+far end who will answer questions and give out literature together with
+an invitation to take part in the follow-up program. Or the explainer
+may meet people as they enter the car and give a brief introduction to
+the exhibits.
+
+Local people, with general information on the subject, can give
+valuable help in explaining points about particular exhibits which
+have to be repeated many times. These helpers should receive advance
+material and in addition should come to the train for coaching before
+it opens and be stationed at assigned positions.
+
+Staff members who are continually meeting people, work under
+considerable strain and may easily become tired or indifferent through
+over-work. So much depends on their enthusiasm and their readiness to
+offer help that this factor should be carefully checked up, and if any
+member of the staff shows signs of losing interest or failing to get a
+response he should be replaced or at least given a period of rest. By
+relieving staff members of irksome details and by providing in other
+ways for their comfort, as well as by arranging the schedule of hours
+so that they do not work beyond their strength in any one period, much
+can be done to avoid this loss of freshness and enthusiasm.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] The discussion in this section is handled in terms of trains for
+the sake of clearness and convenience, but generally the application
+is to single cars as well as to trains, and to automobiles or motor
+trucks or caravans of the same. The paragraphs not applicable to trucks
+are fairly obvious. However, it is urged that maximum results from a
+truck tour call for much the same carefully detailed preparation and
+management as a tour with a train.
+
+[9] This fact, further discussed on p. 105, deserves considerable
+emphasis.
+
+
+
+
+                                  IX
+
+                            FOLLOW-UP WORK
+
+
+In a previous chapter it was pointed out that the purpose of a tour
+may be to give information, to create interest in a new movement that
+is being launched, to revive interest that has become dull, or to
+serve as an attention-arresting feature of an intensive campaign that
+aims to produce some immediate results. All of these aims point to the
+need of planning definite follow-up work. It will not do to let people
+forget what they have learned or lose interest in it through neglect.
+If the tour means simply that ideas or facts are dropped down into each
+community, like seeds scattered by the winds without provision for
+later cultivating, they have a smaller chance to take root and grow.
+
+Psychology has demonstrated that there is a “curve of forgetting.”
+Hollingworth described it as follows:
+
+ When a given appeal is addressed to me, I straightway proceed to
+ forget it. But I do not forget it at a uniform rate, so much being
+ forgotten on each succeeding day until all is forgotten. Instead,
+ I forget the material that has been seen or learned, according to
+ a definite “curve of forgetting,” a curve which descends rapidly
+ at first and then more slowly. The larger proportion of material is
+ forgotten in the first day or so. After that a constantly decreasing
+ amount is forgotten on each succeeding day.[10]
+
+How may the impression made by the program and exhibits of the train
+be fixed in the minds of its visitors promptly, so that forgetting may
+be delayed until results are obtained? Several simple methods suggest
+themselves. We will take up here mainly those things that can be done
+while the train is in town or soon after its departure, as we are
+concerned only with the part that the train tour plays in the whole
+program of the organization that sends it out.
+
+
+GETTING THE SUBJECT TALKED ABOUT
+
+If the visitors talk about what they saw and heard they are likely to
+remember it much longer and more accurately than if they do not. The
+principles discussed elsewhere, of simplicity of form, concentration
+on one main topic, orderly arrangement, and lack of crowding in both
+exhibits and programs, have a definite application to getting the
+subject talked about. People speak vaguely and in general terms about
+what they have not clearly understood. We may imagine that A, who saw
+the train, meets B, who did not, and the following conversation takes
+place:
+
+ A: Did you see the health train yesterday?
+
+ B: No, how was it?
+
+ A: Oh, fine! great! You certainly missed it. There was a good crowd
+ out, too.
+
+ B: What was it all about?
+
+ A: Oh, fresh air and not letting the babies die. You’d be surprised
+ how many people die that could be prevented. And they say the town
+ ought to have a nurse to look after the school children, and a
+ hospital for--let’s see, I’ve forgotten now about the hospital.
+
+ B: I see. Just a scheme of the politicians to make jobs for a lot of
+ people. I always thought this was a pretty healthy town and I do yet.
+
+ A: No, you’ve got it wrong, B, but I can’t make it clear to you. I
+ can’t talk like the fellow at the train. You ought to have heard him.
+ He made a great speech.
+
+If A has no clearer idea than this to pass on to B the next day, he
+himself is not likely to stay interested and, much less, convinced
+for very long. One of the best tests of the argument presented at the
+train is whether the talk about it afterward is general or particular,
+confused or clear and accurate in repeating facts and reasons. It
+is worth while to arrange with local co-operators as a part of the
+follow-up work to sound people as to what interested them and what
+they think of the suggestions that were made. Many changes, sometimes
+small ones, but important, nevertheless, can be made on the basis of
+criticisms brought out in these interviews.
+
+
+PRINTED MATTER FOR DISTRIBUTION
+
+Another way of helping to see that the train message is remembered
+is by distributing the right kind of printed matter. Every traveling
+campaign carries with it leaflets or pamphlets for visitors to take
+home. Sometimes a handful of assorted pieces of printed matter is given
+to each visitor with a reckless disregard of their appropriateness to
+the purpose of the campaign or the probability of their being read. One
+of the most frequent blunders made by managers of campaigns of this
+sort is to assume that all that is learned at the exhibit or meeting
+will be remembered, and that the printed matter should give additional
+information. In a baby saving campaign, a health department is likely
+to give out in addition to printed matter about babies, other leaflets
+on hookworm or tuberculosis. Giving away printed matter on topics in
+which no interest has been cultivated is wasteful since it is not
+likely to be read or, if read, distracts attention from the main topic.
+
+In most cases, one piece of carefully prepared printed matter on one
+subject is enough for general distribution. A useful leaflet might well
+include a summary of the main arguments of the teachings contained in
+the exhibits, together with sketches or photographs and a clear and
+appealing statement of the action desired, whether it is support of a
+bill in the legislature, membership in an organization, or the forming
+of health habits. This leaflet should not fail to give information as
+to how and where further facts may be obtained. If it seems desirable
+to interest people in a number of additional subjects, the better way
+is to have leaflets on them displayed where they can be examined and to
+have a supply of addressed postcards listing these special publications
+and on which visitors may check those they wish to have sent to them.
+
+
+PUBLICITY FOLLOWING THE TRAIN’S STOP
+
+There should be a readable account of the train in the first issue of
+the local paper following its visit. Those who visited it will like to
+read the account of what they saw and in doing so will be reminded of a
+number of features of the exhibits and talks that were rapidly slipping
+from their memories. The train director would do well to see that the
+local paper receives as good copy for this follow-up story as for
+advance publicity. The people who came and what they said about it adds
+to the news value of the story.
+
+Other forms of publicity may be used to advantage immediately following
+the visit of the train, such as a series of special articles appearing
+weekly in the local paper, printed matter mailed to a list of people
+obtained at the train, or a motion picture shown in the local picture
+theater, at a meeting or a contest that may reach its climax at some
+later event, such as the county or state fair.
+
+
+ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL FORCES
+
+Leading men and women to take some action as the result of interest
+aroused at the train is the surest way to get the message remembered
+and is the aim of most educational campaigns. This action may be
+something very simple and concrete, or it may be the entering wedge of
+some continuous activity. One of the simplest steps, which has already
+been referred to, is the writing of local people to headquarters for
+information or for literature. This serves the purpose also of renewing
+interest when the material sent for arrives and it helps the central
+organization to make up mailing lists. Local organizations should
+be encouraged to send for reference material to use in talks and
+discussions.
+
+Launching or boosting a permanent movement at a meeting held during
+the train visit is one good way of starting follow-up work. Many an
+effort that promised much because of local enthusiasm at the start has
+died a natural death, because after the specialists from the state or
+national headquarters have departed, local leaders find themselves
+without any clear-cut program to begin work on or any recognized
+leadership. An informal meeting of the train staff and local leaders
+at which temporary committees are formed and definite plans discussed
+may be one of the most useful features of the train program. It has
+been suggested elsewhere that the hour of the day least popular with
+visitors may be a good time for such a meeting. A still better method
+is an early visit after the departure of the train, of an organizer or
+consultant who will advise about plans.
+
+An interesting report of the follow-up organization work carried on in
+connection with its health car, comes from the West Virginia Public
+Health Council:
+
+ Wherever possible a temporary committee was formed before leaving the
+ community, this committee being chosen by a group of representative
+ people in a community meeting in the interests of health education
+ at which time child welfare work was emphasized. At this meeting
+ we made an effort to secure the attendance of medical, dental, and
+ nursing professions, of the mayor and town council, school board,
+ and school superintendent and teachers, ministers and Sunday school
+ superintendents, fraternal organizations, women’s clubs, Red Cross,
+ and any other organizations directly or indirectly interested in
+ community welfare work. The temporary committee was appointed
+ to secure a permanent organization based upon the interest and
+ enthusiasm already created, this permanent committee to undertake a
+ definite health program for the community. In addition to this we are
+ keeping in touch with the various communities visited, by frequent
+ correspondence, and the director of the Division of Child Hygiene has
+ already returned to a number of the communities to help in the making
+ of plans, to stimulate interest and enthusiasm, and in every way
+ possible to promote health education and public health nursing. We are
+ now formulating county-wide and state-wide plans for the furtherance
+ of this work through co-operation with the Extension Division of the
+ Agricultural Department of the State University and American Red Cross.
+
+An incidental but important factor in promoting continuous follow-up
+work is that local representatives of the movement, especially the
+salaried worker, if there is one, should take an active part in the
+program of the train, so as to become identified with the impressions
+and ideas gained here in the minds of the people who visited the train.
+
+
+CHECKING UP RESULTS
+
+As bearing upon the question of any future use of a similar method of
+campaigning, “checking up” results is good, although it may not always
+be easy or bring entirely conclusive evidence. The method described
+in the account of the Cleveland Children’s Year Special, which is a
+dispensary truck, is suggestive. Cards of invitation to visit the
+local dispensary were given out at the truck and the number that were
+turned into the dispensary was noted by the nurses. Nurses also asked
+new visitors during the following month where they had learned of the
+dispensary, and recorded it when the visit was directly or indirectly a
+result of the Special.
+
+Reports may be requested from local editors, school superintendents,
+and others who meet many people, regarding the responsiveness of the
+people to ideas promulgated at the train. The number and the nature of
+inquiries received at headquarters from places that have been visited
+may also serve as an indication of the effectiveness with which the
+message has been presented.
+
+Finally on the matter of follow-up work, one of the chief criticisms
+that may be made of much educational publicity is that it is spasmodic
+and unrelated. This is often due to the fact that the planning of
+follow-up work is left until the campaign is at its height or until
+it is over. By that time the workers at headquarters and in the field
+are too absorbed in the detail of running the affair, or a new project
+is under way. All the resources and energy have gone into running the
+campaign and none is left for securing results. In the advance planning
+of the whole campaign, allowance should be made in the budget for a
+definite program of follow-up work as well as in the time of staff
+members needed to carry it out.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[10] Hollingworth, H. L.: Advertising and Selling, New York, D.
+Appleton & Co.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX
+
+REFERENCE LISTS OF TRAIN, TRUCK, TROLLEY, AND OTHER TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS
+
+
+The lists below include traveling educational campaigns about which we
+have obtained reasonably accurate information. The two chief sources
+of further information about these projects are the state colleges of
+agriculture and state boards of health. Very little information about
+tours is available in published form. Articles in class publications
+giving brief accounts of a few of the tours and a few special reports
+about tours are listed in Appendix B.
+
+In practically all the train tours, one or more railroads have
+co-operated at least to the extent of supplying cars and free
+transportation, and sometimes bearing a considerable share of the work
+and expenses of the tour. Our lists, we realize, do not always give the
+full credit to co-operating railroads and other participants, but as
+much is given as it was possible to ascertain and to indicate within
+the space limits.
+
+We are aware, also, that the list is by no means a complete record of
+educational tours. Information is coming in continually about tours
+that we had not known of before. The main purpose, however, is to
+give a general idea of the purposes, forms, and extent of traveling
+campaigns in recent years, together with only a few of such details as
+may help the inquirer decide where to look further for suggestions that
+may be of assistance in his particular case.
+
+The list does not include tours of trucks or trains for service only,
+as, for example, library trucks or laboratory trains. Neither does it
+include “chapel cars,” that is, railroad cars, motor vehicles, and
+boats, for religious services or instruction, such as have been sent
+out by various religious bodies for many years.
+
+
+AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CONSERVATION TRAINS
+
+ =Canada. Better Farming Train.= Subject: assistance in every phase of
+ farm life. Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture and the College of
+ Agriculture of the Provincial University co-operated with Canadian
+ Pacific Railway. 1918 and 1919. Thirteen cars with exhibits or
+ equipment for demonstrations and lectures. Prominent professors and
+ agricultural officials served as demonstrators and lecturers.
+
+ =Sheep Car.= Subject: breeding and shearing of sheep. Live Stock
+ Branch, Department of Agriculture at Ottawa. 1919. One car of
+ exhibits. Demonstrations of shearing machine given on farms.
+
+ =Special Dairy Car.= Subject: dairying. Saskatchewan Department of
+ Agriculture, College of Agriculture, and Canadian Northern Railway.
+ 1916. Lecture coach and tourist sleeper for speakers. Exhibits with
+ stereopticon and lectures.
+
+ =United States. Poultry and Egg Demonstration Car.= Subject:
+ demonstrations of proper methods of handling and keeping poultry and
+ eggs. Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture.
+ 1913 to 1918.
+
+ =Arkansas. Peach Culture Demonstration Train.= Subject: proper methods
+ of peach tree pruning and spraying. Co-operatively run by Agricultural
+ Departments of Missouri Pacific and Cotton Belt Railroads, American
+ Refrigerator Transit Company, and State College of Agriculture. 1918.
+ Two baggage cars for exhibits; large automobile freight car carried
+ orchard machinery. Exhibits explained by horticulturists, on the cars;
+ lectures and demonstrations given in nearby orchard.
+
+ =California. Dairy Special.= Subject: dairying and hog raising. State
+ College of Agriculture. 1913 and 1914. Lectures, conferences, and
+ exhibits relative to the industry.
+
+  =Agricultural and Food Production Train.= Subjects: methods of
+  stimulating growth of certain crops, interest in increasing food
+  production, and particularly bean culture. State Colleges of
+  Agriculture of Nevada and Utah and Salt Lake Railroad co-operated with
+  California’s State College of Agriculture. 1917. Demonstrations and
+  lectures.
+
+  =Agricultural and Home Economics Train.= State College of Agriculture,
+  co-operated with Southern Pacific Railroad. 1908 and 1909. Ten coaches
+  for exhibits and lectures, a dining car, and sleeper to accommodate
+  demonstrators and lecturers. Demonstrations and lectures.
+
+  =Agricultural and Horticultural Train.= Subject: methods of restoring
+  fertility and depleted soils, plant culture, pest and disease
+  extermination, viticulture, dairying, animal industry, seeding and
+  soil treatment. State College of Agriculture, Southern Pacific and
+  Santa Fé Railroads. Annually, 1908 to 1913. Several exhibit cars,
+  lecture cars, sleeping car, and diner.
+
+  =Good Roads Special.= Subject: improvement of roads, Frisco Railway
+  System. 1912. Four coaches and locomotive. Exhibits, lectures and
+  demonstrations.
+
+ =Florida. Food Production Increase Train.= Florida Seaboard Air Line.
+ 1917. Demonstrations.
+
+ =Georgia. Land Clearing Special.= Subject: stump pulling and uses
+ of tractors and other farm machinery. State College of Agriculture,
+ stump puller companies and tractor manufacturers, Georgia Landowners’
+ Association, and the Railroad Administration co-operated. 1919.
+ Passenger coach and four flat cars for lectures and demonstrations,
+ caboose and sleeper for traveling campaigners, and two box cars
+ for equipment and machinery transportation. Motion picture shows,
+ demonstrations, and lectures.
+
+ =Illinois. Home Economics Car.= Subject: household science. State
+ College of Agriculture. 1916-1918. Demonstrations and exhibits.
+
+  =Dairy Trains.= State College of Agriculture and the Chicago and
+  Eastern Illinois Railroad. 1916, 1917, 1919. Three coaches for
+  lectures, automobile car and flat car for demonstrations and exhibits,
+  and a locomotive. Demonstrations of milking machine, lectures and
+  exhibits.
+
+  =Dairy Train.= Subject: uses of separators, sterilizers, and other
+  dairy machines. State College of Agriculture and C. C. C. & St. L.
+  Railroad. 1916 and 1917. Lecture coach for motion pictures, baggage
+  car for exhibits, and Arms Palace horse car for cattle.
+
+  =Dairy Train.= Subject: proper use of dairy machinery. State College
+  of Agriculture and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 1916 and 1917. Pullman
+  car for attendants; stock car carried cattle, which were taken for
+  demonstrations to some prominent place in towns visited. Lectures in
+  court houses and town halls.
+
+  =Dixie Jersey Special.= Subject: more and better dairy cattle.
+  American Jersey Cattle Club, agents of Department of Agriculture
+  and railroad trade promotion bureaus. In Illinois, Louisiana,
+  Mississippi, and Tennessee. 1920. Arms Palace horse cars for cattle
+  and Pullmans for personnel.
+
+ =Indiana. Seed Corn Special.= Subject: corn culture. Erie Railroad and
+ Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1909. Lecture train.
+
+  =Alfalfa Lecture Train.= Subject: better alfalfa production. Purdue
+  University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1912.
+
+  =Corn Improvement Lecture Train.= Subject: better corn. Lake Erie
+  and Western Railroad and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment
+  Station. 1911.
+
+  =Dairy Feeding Lecture Train.= Subject: better cattle feeding and
+  care. Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station and several
+  railroads. 1915.
+
+  =Dairy Special Production Train.= Subject: increase of dairy
+  production. Southern Railroad and Purdue University Agricultural
+  Experiment Station. April 1 to 7, 1913.
+
+  =Dairy Special Train.= Subject: dairying. Monon Railway Company,
+  Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, and State Dairy
+  Association. 1907. Baggage car, two lecture coaches, and private
+  dining and sleeping car. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations.
+
+  =Milk Production Special Train.= Subject: care and production of milk.
+  Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station and Erie Railroad.
+  1909. Seven car train. Lectures and demonstrations.
+
+  =Onion Improvement Lecture Train.= Subject: increase of onion crops.
+  Chicago, Indiana and Southern Railroad. 1911.
+
+  =Seed Corn Special.= Subject: corn culture. Monon Railway Company,
+  Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, Indiana Corn
+  Growers’ Association, Indiana Grain Dealers’ Association. 1906.
+  Engine, baggage car, coach for lectures, and a coach for the
+  attendants. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations.
+
+  =Wheat Improvement Train.= Subject: wheat culture. Southern Railroad
+  and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1912. Lectures
+  and demonstrations of culture and fertilization; control of insects
+  and diseases.
+
+ =Iowa. Dairy Special.= Subject: better dairy products. Illinois Central
+ Railroad. 1916. Three cars for exhibits, demonstrations, and living
+ quarters for speakers.
+
+  =Seed Corn Special.= Iowa Grain Dealers’ Association. 1910.
+
+ =Kansas. Hessian Fly Special.= Subject: control of Hessian fly. State
+ College of Agriculture and Santa Fé Railroad. 1915. Baggage car for
+ equipment, two steel coaches for lectures and demonstrations, and
+ private car for attendants.
+
+ =Kentucky. Agricultural Exhibit Train.= Subject: general education
+ in matters pertaining to agriculture and dairy improvements. State
+ Department of Agriculture. 1912. Four lecture cars, stock car, sleeper,
+ and diner. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations.
+
+ =Louisiana. Dixie Jersey Special.= See Illinois.
+
+ =Maryland. Farmers’ Institute Train.= Subject: dairying. State College
+ of Agriculture. 1913. Lecture car and stock car. Demonstrations and
+ lectures.
+
+ =Michigan. Food Demonstration Train.= Michigan Agricultural College.
+ 1917.
+
+ =Minnesota. Advertising Car.= Subject: farm and factory products. State
+ Board of Immigration. 1913. One exhibit car.
+
+ =Mississippi. Boll Weevil Special.= Subject: extermination of the
+ pests. Illinois Central Railroad, 1908.
+
+  =Dixie Jersey Special.= See Illinois.
+
+ =Missouri. Patriotic Special.= Subject: food conservation and work of
+ Women’s Committee. Women’s Committee on Food Conservation, Council
+ of National Defense. August, 1917. Lecture and demonstration car.
+ Stereopticon lectures and demonstrations.
+
+ =Nebraska. Agricultural Train.= Subject: dairying and seed corn. State
+ College of Agriculture. 1918. Two cars for exhibits and demonstrations.
+
+  =Conservation Special.= Subject: food conservation and preservation.
+  Union Pacific Railroad Company co-operated with Nebraska College of
+  Agriculture and others. 1917. Train included business car and living
+  quarters for staff. Illustrated lectures were given in public halls.
+
+ =Nevada. Agricultural and Food Production Train.= Co-operatively run
+ with State Colleges of California, Nevada, and Utah, and Salt Lake
+ Railroad. 1916 and 1917. See California.
+
+ =New Jersey. Save the Surplus Special.= Subject: food conservation and
+ other war measures. State College of Agriculture and Lehigh Valley
+ Railroad. 1917. Two coaches, one for exhibits and the other for
+ lectures. Toured New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Demonstrations, lectures,
+ and exhibits.
+
+ =New York. Victory Special.= Subject: introduction of wheat, meat, and
+ sugar substitutes and other food conservation methods. State College of
+ Agriculture, Food Administration and New York Central, Lehigh Valley,
+ D. & H., D., L. & W., and Long Island Railroads. 1917, 1918, 1919.
+ Demonstrations and exhibits on train of two coaches.
+
+  =Apple Packing Train.= Subject: instruction in requirements of law
+  relating to apple grading. State Department of Agriculture and New
+  York Central Railroad. 1915. Baggage car with equipment, lecture car
+  with capacity of 100 persons, and car for living quarters.
+
+  =Better Seed Special.= Subject: standard types of seeds; reliable
+  sources; proper methods of controlling common diseases. State
+  College of Agriculture, New York Central, Lehigh Valley, Ontario and
+  Western, Erie, and Delaware and Hudson Railroads. 1919. Exhibits and
+  demonstrations in two coaches.
+
+  =Potato Demonstration Car.= State College of Agriculture, County Farm
+  Bureaus, and Lehigh Valley Railroad. 1917. Exhibits and
+  demonstrations.
+
+  =Sheep Demonstration Train.= Subject: breeding, feeding, and care of
+  sheep. State College of Agriculture, New York Central and New York,
+  Ontario and Western Railroads. 1917. Exhibits and demonstrations.
+
+ =North Carolina. North Carolina Car.= Subject: farm machinery and
+ dairying. State Department of Agriculture co-operating with several
+ railroads. Lectures and exhibits with stereopticon slides and moving
+ pictures in baggage cars; demonstrations given out of doors.
+
+  =Better Farming Special.= Subjects: better dairying, domestic
+  science, food conservation, and sanitary methods. Agricultural and
+  Industrial Department of Norfolk and Western Railway, State College
+  of Agriculture of North Carolina, and Virginia Agricultural and
+  Mechanical College. 1915-1916. Nine cars for exhibits, demonstrations,
+  lectures, and living quarters for attendants.
+
+  =Corn Growers’ Special.= Norfolk and Southern Railway and Experiment
+  Station of the Agricultural and Mechanical College. 1908.
+
+  =Farmers’ Institutes.= Subject: agriculture and domestic science.
+  North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Seaboard Air Line, and
+  Southern Railway. Two railroad cars, one a coach with two of the seats
+  removed and a model kitchen substituted, and a baggage car equipped
+  with farm and dairy machinery. 1908-1910. Lectures and demonstrations
+  on the train and outdoors.
+
+ =Pennsylvania. Food Conservation Train.= Pennsylvania Food
+ Administration, State College of Agriculture, and Pennsylvania
+ Railroad. 1917 and 1918. Two demonstration cars and one exhibit car.
+
+  =Save the Surplus Special.= Toured this state and New Jersey. 1916 and
+  1917. See New Jersey.
+
+ =Tennessee. Agricultural Train.= Subject: better farming and food
+ production. Agricultural Department of Nashville, Chattanooga and St.
+ Louis Railroad. One private car and one lecture car. Exhibits and
+ demonstrations.
+
+  =Dixie Jersey Special.= See Illinois.
+
+ =Texas. Agricultural Train.= Subject: dairying. Agricultural and
+ Mechanical College of Texas. Three coaches for lectures, two exhibit
+ cars, automobile car for cattle, flat car with wire fence and canvas
+ top for lecture and demonstration platform, a diner and a Pullman for
+ campaigners. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations. Stereopticon
+ slides shown at night in combination with lectures in motion picture
+ theater or town hall.
+
+ =Peach Culture Train.= Subject: proper methods of pruning and spraying
+ trees, and extermination of insect pests in orchards. Agricultural
+ Department of St. Louis Southwestern Railroad of Texas, assisted by
+ Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas and State Department of
+ Agriculture. 1919 and 1920. Two cars for exhibits and one for orchard
+ machinery. Exhibits, demonstrations, and lectures. Similar to train
+ run in Arkansas in 1918. See Arkansas.
+
+ =Utah. Agricultural and Food Production Train.= Co-operatively run
+ with State Colleges of California, Utah, and Nevada, and the Salt Lake
+ Railroad. 1916 and 1917. See California.
+
+ =Virginia. Agricultural Train.= Agricultural and Mechanical College of
+ Virginia, and Norfolk and Western Railroad. 1915. Demonstration train.
+
+  =Better Farming Special.= See North Carolina.
+
+ =Washington. Agricultural Train.= State College of Agriculture.
+ Lectures with stereopticon slides, sometimes in nearby school or hall;
+ exhibits and demonstrations on train.
+
+  =Good Roads Special.= Subject: road and culvert construction and
+  maintenance and general highway improvements. Office of Public Roads
+  of Washington and several railroad companies co-operated. 1912. Two
+  coaches of exhibits and models. Lectures, demonstrations, and
+  exhibits.
+
+ =West Virginia. Agricultural Train.= Subject: better farming. Kanawha
+ and Michigan, Baltimore and Ohio Railroads, and State College of
+ Agriculture. 1912 and 1913. Baggage cars for cattle and coaches for
+ lectures. Lectures, demonstrations, and exhibits.
+
+ =Wisconsin. Pure Seed and Home Power Special.= “Soo” Line, Chicago,
+ Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, Wisconsin Bankers Association, and
+ State College of Agriculture. 1917. Two cars for demonstrations and
+ exhibits.
+
+  =Land Clearing Demonstration Train.= Subject: better farming. State
+  College of Agriculture, several land clearing machinery and explosive
+  manufacturers, and several railroads co-operated. 1916-1919. Six cars
+  consisting of a flat car, two box cars for equipment, two bunk cars,
+  and a boarding car for the attendants. Demonstrations and instruction.
+
+  =Stump Pulling Special.= Subject: clearing cut-over lands. State
+  College of Agriculture, several land clearing machinery and explosive
+  manufacturers, Chicago and Northwestern, and Chicago, Minneapolis and
+  St. Paul Railroads. 1916. Flat car, two box cars for equipment, two
+  bunk cars, and a boarding car for the attendants. Demonstrations and
+  instruction. Similar trains, with some changes in cars used and in
+  co-operating agencies, were run in 1917 and 1919.
+
+
+HEALTH TRAINS
+
+ =United States. First Aid Train.= American Red Cross. 1920. Fully
+ equipped railroad coach to render and teach first aid to the injured.
+ Treatment and instruction.
+
+ =California. Sanitation Car.= Subject: protection of water supply,
+ disposal of sewage, and instruction in disease prevention. State Board
+ of Health. 1909. Continued annually. Exhibits and demonstrations.
+
+ =Florida. Sanitation and Health Train.= State Board of Health. 1916
+ and 1917. Two exhibit cars. Lectures with motion pictures and slides.
+
+ =Kansas. Health Car “Warren.”= Subject: health and child welfare.
+ State Board of Health. 1916. Exhibit car.
+
+ =Kentucky. Health Exhibit Car.= Subject: tuberculosis prevention and
+ cure. 1912. Kentucky Tuberculosis Association and several railroads
+ co-operated.
+
+ =Louisiana. Health Train.= Subjects: child welfare, food, and disease
+ prevention. State Board of Health. 1910. Continuously since then.
+ Four cars including an exhibit car, a laboratory car with garage
+ compartment carrying Ford car for country trips and quick collection
+ of water samples, and two cars for administrative and living quarters.
+
+ =Missouri. Traveling Car Exhibit.= Subject: instruction in
+ anti-tuberculosis measures. Missouri Association for the Relief and
+ Control of Tuberculosis. 1908. One exhibit coach.
+
+ =West Virginia. Health Car.= State Department of Health. 1919.
+ Vestibuled coach, equipped with electrically driven models, posters,
+ exhibits of living bacteria, sanitation exhibits, a moving picture
+ machine, and a small chemical and bacteriological laboratory in one end
+ of the car.
+
+ =Tuberculosis Exhibit Car.= Subject: prevention and cure of
+ tuberculosis. West Virginia Tuberculosis League and several railroads.
+ 1913 and 1914. Car for exhibits and lectures.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS--TRAINS
+
+ =Canada. Made-in-Canada Train.= Subject: trade extension. Canadian
+ Manufacturers Association. Ten cars for exhibits, demonstrations, and
+ moving picture lectures.
+
+ =Exhibition Car.= Subject: conservation of the forests. Canadian
+ Forestry Association. 1918 and 1919. Train toured parts of Quebec and
+ New Brunswick. Exhibits of products made from wood.
+
+ =Southern States. School on Wheels.= Southern Pacific Railway. 1919.
+ Baggage car fitted up as modern school room; accommodates teacher and
+ 25 pupils.
+
+ =United States. Safety First Train.= Subject: to show what is being
+ done to promote safety and health. Department of the Interior
+ co-operating with other governmental departments. 1916. Locomotive and
+ twelve exhibit and lecture cars.
+
+ =Mine Rescue Car.= Subject: instruction to miners in first aid and
+ use of oxygen breathing apparatus. Assistance of car apparatus and
+ crew given in case of mine disasters. Bureau of Mines, Department of
+ the Interior, 1910; continuous service since then. Present equipment:
+ eleven specially constructed coaches with exhibits and emergency
+ equipment.
+
+ =Recruiting Cars.= Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department. 1917 and
+ 1919. Three flat cars fitted up respectively with a model of a
+ battleship, destroyer, and torpedo boat. Exhibits and lectures to
+ assist in recruiting and also used for promoting Liberty Loan drives.
+
+ =War Relic Trains.= Subject: promotion of Liberty Loan drives, etc.
+ Federal Reserve Districts of Treasury Department. 1918 and 1919. Flat
+ cars for exhibition of trophies captured from the enemy; baggage car,
+ sleeping car, and a locomotive. Toured the United States.
+
+ =New York. Safety First Car.= Subject: instruction in safety measures.
+ New York Central lines. 1919. Two duplicate cars for motion pictures
+ and lectures.
+
+ =Virginia. Safety First Car.= Subject: instruction in safety measures.
+ Norfolk and Western Railroad. 1920. Motion picture and lecture car.
+
+
+AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CONSERVATION TRUCKS
+
+ =Canada. Sheep Demonstration Automobile.= Sheep and Goat Division,
+ Live Stock Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. 1919.
+ Demonstrations of shearing by hand and power machines, rolling and
+ preparing of wool for market, dipping of sheep for vermin, and docking
+ and castrating of lambs.
+
+ =Alabama. Movable School.= Subject: agriculture and home economics.
+ Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. 1919. Instruction and
+ demonstrations.
+
+ =Louisiana. Agricultural Extension Truck.= Subject: education and
+ agriculture. Louisiana State Agricultural and Mechanical College.
+ 1919. Motion picture and stereopticon lectures.
+
+ =Massachusetts. Food Conservation and Model Kitchen Truck.= Subject:
+ canning, food conservation, and substitutes; care and feeding of
+ children in wartime. Woman’s Committee, Massachusetts Council of
+ Defense. 1918. Demonstrations and instruction.
+
+ =Agricultural Truck.= Massachusetts Agricultural College.
+ Demonstrations, exhibits, and stereopticon slide lectures.
+
+  =Food Conservation and Preservation Truck.= Bristol County Farm
+  Bureau. In charge of county demonstration agent at Segreganset.
+  Exhibits.
+
+ =Ohio. Poultry Demonstration Truck.= Subject: instruction in proper
+ methods of handling eggs, care of fowl, and better uses of poultry
+ equipment. Ohio State University. 1917. Lectures and demonstrations.
+ Evening lectures with stereopticon slides.
+
+ =Pennsylvania. Canning Truck.= Allegheny County Council of
+ Defense. 1918. Itinerant service to farmers’ wives at their homes.
+ Demonstrations, instruction; canning and drying of home products.
+
+ =Rhode Island. Food Conservation Truck.= State Food Administration.
+ 1918. Demonstrations and instruction.
+
+ =Virginia. Fruit Growers’ Automobile Tour.= Subject: best methods of
+ orchard culture. Extension Division, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
+ and Virginia State Horticultural Society. 1918. Automobile tour
+ through Virginia and West Virginia by fruit growers.
+
+ =Wisconsin. Agricultural Truck.= Subject: treatment of grain for smut
+ and a fanning mill. County agents of the state. 1918. Demonstrations,
+ assistance, and instruction.
+
+
+HEALTH TRUCKS
+
+ =Canada. Traveling Baby Clinic.= University Settlement of Montreal.
+ 1919. Weighing, measuring, and advisory service.
+
+ =France. Traveling Exposition.= Subject: child welfare and
+ tuberculosis. American Commission for the Prevention of Tuberculosis
+ in France, Children’s Bureau of the American Red Cross and, later, the
+ Tuberculosis Bureau, American Red Cross. 1917 and 1918. Trucks carried
+ equipment for lectures, motion pictures, and exhibits.
+
+ =Italy. Tuberculosis Clinics.= American Red Cross Tuberculosis
+ Commission. Seven trucks equipped as clinics. Treatment and
+ instruction.
+
+  =Dental Trucks.= American Red Cross. Three trucks fitted up as dental
+  clinics. Treatment and instruction.
+
+ =United States. Child Welfare Special.= Children’s Bureau, Department
+ of Labor. 1919. Lectures, examinations, and well baby clinic.
+
+ =Connecticut. Baby Special.= Subject: infant and child welfare,
+ including care, feeding, measuring, and weighing. Child Welfare
+ Department, State Council of Defense. 1918. Lectures and advisory
+ service.
+
+ =Illinois. Traveling Health Clinic.= Subject: tuberculosis. Chicago
+ Tuberculosis Institute. 1919.
+
+ =Indiana. Traveling Auto Exhibit.= Subject: prevention of
+ tuberculosis. Indiana Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis.
+ 1917. Truck fitted with screen and machine for moving picture shows;
+ also lectures with stereopticon and exhibits.
+
+ =Louisiana. Sanitary Truck.= Subject: personal hygiene and disease
+ prevention among Negroes. Louisiana State Board of Health. 1919.
+ Lectures, exhibits, and motion pictures.
+
+ =Maryland. Public Health Car.= Subject: educational and organization
+ work. Maryland Tuberculosis Association. 1916. Motion pictures,
+ lectures, and distribution of literature.
+
+ =Massachusetts. Child Welfare Truck.= Division of Hygiene, State
+ Department of Public Health. Lectures, demonstrations, exhibits on all
+ phases of child welfare.
+
+ =Mississippi. Rural Dispensary Truck.= Subject: education in general
+ health and tuberculosis. Bureau of Tuberculosis, State Sanatorium
+ of the Board of Health of Mississippi. 1919--continuous. Motion
+ picture and stereopticon shows, lectures, exhibits, examinations, and
+ distribution of literature.
+
+ =New York. Healthmobile.= Subject: general health propaganda. State
+ Department of Health. 1919. Lectures and motion pictures.
+
+  =Dental Education Car.= Subject: dental instruction and dispensary
+  service. Nassau County school authorities and Junior Red Cross. 1920.
+  Ford truck equipped with necessary dental supplies and equipment.
+
+ =North Carolina. Moving Picture Health Car.= State Board of Health.
+ 1916. Lectures and motion pictures.
+
+  =Health Education Car.= Subject: tuberculosis and mouth hygiene.
+  State Board of Health and State Tuberculosis Association. 1920. Truck
+  equipped with lighting system and motion picture machine. Lectures
+  and moving picture shows in the forty-five counties of the state.
+
+ =Ohio. Cleveland Children’s Year Special.= Subject: dispensary for
+ child hygiene and welfare work. Children’s Year Committee of Council
+ of Defense. 1918. Exhibits, examinations of children, motion picture
+ shows, and distribution of literature.
+
+ =Washington. Clinic and Exhibit Truck.= Subject: tuberculosis
+ diagnosis and education. Truck for transportation of clinic staff
+ and exhibit; clinic held in public halls. Washington Tuberculosis
+ Association. 1919. Lectures, exhibits, and clinic.
+
+ =West Virginia. Rural Tuberculosis Campaign.= Subject: prevention
+ and cure of tuberculosis, and extermination of flies. West Virginia
+ Tuberculosis League. 1917. Automobile tour in charge of a woman
+ physician and her assistant. Stereopticon show and lectures; also
+ first aid demonstration.
+
+ =Wisconsin. Health Wagon.= Subject: health preservation and disease
+ prevention. Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association. 1916. Motion
+ pictures and lectures.
+
+
+MOTOR TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT TOURS
+
+ =United States. Transcontinental Tour.= Subject: recruiting for Motor
+ Transport Corps, and education regarding good roads. Motor Transport
+ Corps, War Department. 1919. Fleet of motor trucks and passenger
+ vehicles from the Capitol to San Francisco over the Lincoln Highway.
+ Exhibits, demonstrations, and lectures, with moving picture shows.
+
+ =Georgia. Motor Truck Trains.= Subject: quicker transportation
+ facilities between farms and markets. Macon Chamber of Commerce. 1919.
+ One hundred and four trucks were divided into four trains; each toured
+ the country routes for a radius of 100 miles. Merchandise carried on
+ out-going trips and farm produce on return trips.
+
+ =Illinois. Motor Trucks.= Subject: uses of motor vehicles on farms.
+ National Association of Motor Truck Sales Managers. 1919. These
+ trucks toured six states and covered over 3,000 miles.
+
+ =Missouri. St. Louis Motor Truck Expedition.= Subject: farm uses of
+ motor-driven vehicles. 1919. Sixteen motor companies co-operated, and
+ the tour covered sections of the north central states.
+
+ =New York. Rural Motor Truck Express.= Subject: uses of motor-driven
+ vehicles on farms and for express delivery. National Automobile
+ Chamber of Commerce co-operated with New York State Department of
+ Farms and Markets. 1919. Demonstration given at State Fair, Syracuse,
+ September, 1919.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS--TRUCKS
+
+ =England. Cine-Motor Touring Movies.= Subject: information relating
+ to war activities shown in rural districts. British Ministry of
+ Information. 1918.
+
+ =United States. Mine Rescue Auto Trucks.= Subject: instruction of
+ miners in first aid and use of oxygen breathing apparatus, and
+ to render assistance in case of mine disaster. Bureau of Mines,
+ Department of the Interior. 1913; continuous service since then. Six
+ such trucks used by Bureau in mining districts. See Mine Rescue Cars.
+
+ =Connecticut. Victory Conference.= Subject: women’s war work. Woman’s
+ Committee, State Council of Defense. 1918. Exhibits, demonstrations,
+ and lectures.
+
+ =Georgia. Motion Picture Trucks.= Subject: Red Cross activities.
+ Southern Division, American Red Cross. Georgia and Tennessee. 1918.
+ Lectures with motion pictures.
+
+ =Maryland. Motion Picture Truck.= Subject: Red Cross activities
+ overseas and in America. Potomac Division, American Red Cross,
+ Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia. 1919. Two lecture and exhibit
+ trucks.
+
+ =New York. Victory Trucks.= Subject: reconstruction and post-war
+ service. Reconstruction Commission of the State of New York,
+ co-operating with the Bureau of Commercial Economics. 1919. One motion
+ picture truck.
+
+  =Motor Trucks.= Subject: go-to-church propaganda. Erie Annual
+  Conference of Methodist Episcopal Church. Two hundred and twenty
+  automobiles toured the state and Pennsylvania in an effort to get
+  people to attend church more often.
+
+ =North Carolina. Motion Picture Truck.= Subject: community welfare.
+ 1919; continuous. State Bureau of Community Service. Semi-monthly tour
+ of truck to rural districts for motion pictures and lecture programs
+ and community organization.
+
+ =Pennsylvania. Motor Trucks.= See New York.
+
+ =Tennessee. Motion Picture Trucks.= See Georgia.
+
+ =Virginia. Motion Picture Truck.= See Maryland.
+
+ =West Virginia. Motion Picture Truck.= See Maryland.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS VEHICLES USED FOR TOURS
+
+ =Canada--Motorcycle. Animal Treatment Cars.= Subject: encouragement
+ of humane treatment of dumb animals. Toronto Humane Society. 1914.
+ Continuous service since then.
+
+ =California--House-boat. “The Josephine.”= Subject: exhibits of animal
+ parasites and working field laboratory. State Board of Health. 1919.
+
+ =Massachusetts--Trolley Car. Child Welfare and Food Conservation
+ Car.= Women’s Committee, Council of National Defense. 1918. Exhibits,
+ lectures, and demonstrations.
+
+ =Michigan--Trolley Car. Children’s Year Special.= Woman’s Committee,
+ Michigan Division of the Council of National Defense. 1918. Car
+ divided into three sections for exhibits, examinations, lectures, and
+ demonstrations.
+
+ =Vermont--Wagon. Health Exhibit Wagon.= State Board of Health. 1913.
+ Horse-drawn vehicle used for moving pictures and health exhibits.
+
+ =Wisconsin--Motorcycle. “Flying Squadron of Health.”= Subject:
+ propaganda for tuberculosis prevention and cure. Wisconsin
+ Anti-Tuberculosis Association. 1911-1915. Exhibits, stereopticon
+ slides, and lectures.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+The amount of printed matter bearing on the use of trains, trucks,
+and trolley cars in educational campaigns is not very large. The list
+below is fairly representative of the material available, most of it
+being in the form of articles and illustrations in magazines and other
+periodicals.
+
+ =Agricultural Train.= Biennial Report, 1912-13, Department of
+ Agriculture, Labor and Statistics, Frankfort, Kentucky, pp. 48-56.
+ Five illustrations of train and exhibits.
+
+ =Apple Packing Train, The.= F. S. Welsh. New York State Agricultural
+ Department Bulletin, January, 1916, vol. 79, pp. 679-83. Description
+ of Apple Packing Train of New York Central Railroad and State
+ Department of Agriculture. Two illustrations of demonstrators.
+
+ =Auto-Stereopticon and Moving Picture Machine For Extension Service in
+ Rural Schools.= Louisiana State University Bulletin, July 1915. Nine
+ illustrations of car for showing motion pictures at school houses,
+ audience at lecture, and details of picture machine.
+
+ =Better Farming Special, A.= C. T. Rice. Hoard’s Dairyman, January
+ 28, 1916, vol. 51, p. 4. Description of Norfolk and Western Railway’s
+ Better Farming Special. One illustration of exterior of train.
+
+ =Better Farming Train, The.= A. M. Shaw. Agricultural Gazette of
+ Canada, October, 1916, pp. 909-13. Description of train and tour of
+ Canada’s Better Farming Train. Three illustrations of exterior and
+ interior of train.
+
+ =Child Welfare Special, The.= Janet Geister. Institution Quarterly,
+ Springfield, Illinois, December 31, 1919, pp. 120-25. Description of
+ Child Welfare Special of Children’s Bureau and its tour.
+
+ =Cine-Motor Touring Movies Equipment of the British Government.= F.
+ A. Talbot. Scientific American, August 3, 1918, vol. 119, p. 93. Two
+ illustrations of a truck used for moving picture projection of films
+ giving war information in rural districts.
+
+ =Cleaning Up a State.= Henry Oyen. World’s Work, March 1912, pp.
+ 510-21. Map and several illustrations of Health Exhibit Train of
+ Louisiana State Board of Health.
+
+ =Dairy Instruction Car.= Agricultural Gazette of Canada, May, 1916, p.
+ 449. Description of Canada’s Special Dairy Car.
+
+ =Educating the Farmers by Rail.= H. A. Crafts. Scientific American,
+ May 21, 1910, vol. 102, pp. 420-21. Description of California’s
+ Agricultural and Horticultural Train.
+
+ =Egg and Poultry Demonstration Car Work in Reducing Our $50,000,000
+ Waste in Eggs.= W. E. Pennington, H. C. Pierce, and H. L. Schroeder.
+ U. S. Agricultural Department Year Book, 1914, pp. 363-80. Two
+ illustrations of interior of car. See also Scientific American
+ Supplement, May 6, 1916, vol. 81, pp. 292-93, for illustration of a
+ specimen chart used in lecture work.
+
+ =Farming by Special Train.= Clifford V. Gregory. Outlook, April 22,
+ 1911, vol. 97, pp. 913-22. Eleven illustrations of interior and
+ exterior of cars and audiences. Several trains mentioned.
+
+ =For Better Roads.= Worth C. Harder. Harper’s Weekly, September 14,
+ 1912, p. 15. Two illustrations of Good Roads Special Train.
+
+ =Good Seed, The Gospel of.= House Beautiful, July 1913, vol. 34, p.
+ 49. Editorial comment on several good seed trains in the Dakotas,
+ Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa.
+
+ =Gospel of Health on Wheels.= World’s Work, May 1911, vol. 22, pp.
+ 14-313-14. Description of Louisiana Health Train.
+
+ =Health Exhibit Car, A Week on a.= Eugene Kerner. Journal of the
+ Outdoor Life, September 1912, vol. 9, pp. 210-11. Kentucky’s health
+ train.
+
+ =Health on Wheels.= Agnes Morris. American City, December 1914, vol.
+ 11, pp. 453-56. Three interior and one double-page illustration of
+ exterior of Health Exhibit Train of Louisiana State Board of Health.
+
+ =Health on Wheels.= Louisiana State Board of Health, New Orleans, La.,
+ Oct. 31, 1914. Thirteen illustrations of train, exhibits, and director
+ of tour of Health Exhibit Train of Louisiana State Board of Health.
+
+ =Health to Sell.= Samuel Hopkins Adams. La Follette’s Magazine,
+ December 1914, pp. 8, 9. Mention of “Flying Squadron of Health,” a
+ motorcycle tour of the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association. One
+ illustration.
+
+ =Hessian Fly Train.= George D. Dean. Journal of Economic Entomology,
+ February 1916, vol. 9, pp. 139-41. Train to instruct farmers in
+ ridding Kansas of insect pests. Three illustrations of train.
+
+ =Homemaking on Wheels.= Country Gentleman, February 12, 1916, vol.
+ 81, p. 366. Demonstration car of the Household Science Department,
+ University of Illinois. Three illustrations of interior of car.
+
+ =Instruction of the Public in Anti-Tuberculosis Measures by a
+ Traveling Car Exhibit.= George Homan, M.D. Journal of the American
+ Medical Association, September 24, 1910, Vol. 55, pp. 1072-73. One
+ interior and one exterior illustration.
+
+ =Iowa Dairy Special, The 16th.= E. S. Estel. Kimball’s Dairy Farmer,
+ July 1, 1916, vol. 14, p. 428. Description and comparison of dairy
+ trains run in Iowa. Two illustrations of demonstrators, lecturers on
+ rear platform of train and of crowd attending an outdoor lecture.
+
+ =Kentucky Wakes Up.= Roy L. French. Journal of the Outdoor Life,
+ February 1915, vol. 12, pp. 45-46. Tuberculosis exhibit car; 1
+ illustration of interior.
+
+ =Land Clearing Demonstration.= A. W. Hopkins. Hoard’s Dairyman, May
+ 12, 1916, vol. 51, p. 661. Description of Stump Pulling Special in
+ Wisconsin.
+
+ =Motor Trucks and Movies to Help Save Rural Children.= American City,
+ Town and County Edition, September 1919, vol. 21, p. 227. Description
+ of Child Welfare Special of Children’s Bureau. Two illustrations of
+ truck.
+
+ =Moving School of Food Conservation.= Survey, January 5, 1918, p. 401.
+ Brief mention of Pennsylvania Food Train. One illustration on cover.
+
+ =New Features in the Anti-Tuberculosis Campaign.= Bulletin No. 3, vol.
+ 13, March 1, 1913, pp. 71-75. Vermont State Board of Health. Three
+ illustrations.
+
+ =On the Exhibition Car in Ontario.= J. R. Dickson, B.A., M.S.F.
+ Canadian Forestry Journal, November 1919, pp. 464-65.
+
+ =Poultry Demonstration Trains Are Popular.= Helen Dow Whitaker.
+ Reliable Poultry Journal, August, 1917, vol. 24, pp. 504-05.
+ Description of Washington’s Food Preparedness Campaign Train. One
+ illustration of exterior of train and one illustration of interior.
+
+ =Public Activities of New York State to be Shown in Free Motion
+ Pictures.= American City, City Edition, October 1919, vol. 21, p. 318.
+ Brief mention of trucks to be used by Reconstruction Commission of New
+ York State in showing motion pictures of every city and town in the
+ state.
+
+ =Railroading Knowledge to the Farmer.= Owen Wilson. World’s Work,
+ November 1911, vol. 23, pp. 100-06. Ten illustrations of various
+ trains mentioned in article.
+
+ =Railroads Co-operating with Farmers.= Harper’s Weekly, February 5,
+ 1910, p. 31. Several trains mentioned; one illustration.
+
+ =Railway School for Farmers.= H. A. Crafts. Scientific American, April
+ 30, 1910. Three illustrations of interior and one of exterior of train
+ without description.
+
+ =Report of the Child Welfare Department, Connecticut State Council
+ of Defense.= May 1, 1919. Brief mention on page 9, and double-page
+ illustration of Baby Special.
+
+ =Safety First.= Scientific American, June 10, 1916, vol. 114, p. 616.
+ Description of tour of United States Government Safety First Train.
+ Four illustrations of train.
+
+ =Safety First Special.= Outlook, May 31, 1916, vol. 113, pp. 240, 261.
+ Description of tour of United States Government Safety First Train.
+ Two illustrations of train.
+
+ =Sending College to the Farmer.= W. T. Clarke. Sunset, April 1913,
+ vol. 30, pp. 383-89. Three illustrations of exterior of car and one
+ of crowd attending exhibit. Agricultural and horticultural train in
+ California.
+
+ =Special Dairy Car, The.= K. G. Mackay. Hoard’s Dairyman, May 12,
+ 1916, vol. 51, p. 666. Brief description of the Special Dairy Car in
+ Saskatchewan, Canada.
+
+ =Special Peach Culture Train to Cover Arkansas.= Arkansas Homestead,
+ November 25, 1918, pp. 5, 11. Special train ran in Arkansas in 1918.
+
+ =Teaching Good Roads by Special Train.= Robert Franklin. Technical
+ World, June 1912, pp. 448-51. Five illustrations. Frisco Railway’s
+ Good Roads Special.
+
+ =Teaching Health by Motion Pictures.= Warren H. Brooker, C.E. Health
+ Bulletin, North Carolina State Board of Health, No. 2, vol. 31, of May
+ 1916. How Public Health is Being Taught in Rural Districts by Means
+ of Traveling Motion Pictures. Two illustrations of car and one of
+ audience.
+
+ =The University on Wheels.= Agnes C. Laut. Colliers, September 10,
+ 1910, vol. 45, p. 16. The Corn and Wheat Evangelists of the Middle
+ West and the Special Trains of Instruction. Several trains mentioned,
+ and three illustrations of cars.
+
+ =Touring a State with Motion Pictures.= Arthur J. Strawson. Journal
+ of the Outdoor Life, October 1917, pp. 304-05. Three illustrations of
+ Indiana Society for Prevention of Tuberculosis truck.
+
+ =Traveling Baby Clinic.= Conservation of Life, July 1919, pp. 60-62.
+ Ottawa, Canada. Trucks used for baby welfare. Two illustrations.
+
+ =Traveling Dispensaries for Italy.= The Public Health Nurse, November
+ 1918, pp. 261-62. Three illustrations of trucks used for dental and
+ baby saving purposes.
+
+ =Unique Traveling Safety Exhibit.= New York Central Magazine, August
+ 1919, p. 21. Brief mention of Safety First Exhibit Car of New York
+ Central Lines. Two illustrations of interior of moving picture and
+ exhibit car.
+
+ =Western Railways and Farming.= J. R. Wilson. Nation, November 10,
+ 1910, vol. 91, p. 441. Letter commenting on several trains run in
+ western states.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+ADAMS, S. H.: description of health motorcycle tour by, 34-37
+
+ADVANCE AGENTS: qualifications, 49;
+  preliminary work for, 50-52.
+  See also _Committees_
+
+ADVANCE WORK: publicity and organization, 42-65;
+  local co-operation, 45-54;
+  committees, 55-65, 98;
+  follow-up program, 114
+
+ADVANTAGES: economical, 4;
+  publicity, 4;
+  of stimulating audiences, 5, 104;
+  of striking features, 6;
+  trains versus trucks, 10-11
+
+ADVERTISING: mediums, and purpose of, 43;
+  committee on newspapers, 56;
+  posters, 57;
+  window displays, 57;
+  slides, 57, 58;
+  through local merchants, 58;
+  Hollingworth on, 107;
+  exhibit car, 122
+
+AGRICULTURE: promoting interest in, 5;
+  Peach Demonstration Train, and illustration of exhibits, 13-14;
+  account of dairy train in Illinois, 15-16;
+  Pure Seed and Home Power Special, 16;
+  canning trucks, 37-39;
+  train titles, 67;
+  program for exhibit train, 74-75;
+  list of tours, 118-127, 129-130;
+  bibliography, 137-142
+
+ALABAMA: publicity tours, train equipment, 129
+
+APPEALS: advance publicity work, 42-52;
+  to local committees, 52-65
+
+ARKANSAS: conservation train tour, 118;
+  bibliography, 141
+
+ATTENDANCE: novel devices attract, 7, 34;
+  advance work to secure, 42-45;
+  methods of distributing, 44, 75-77;
+  outdoors, 77;
+  planning for, 94, 98;
+  receiving visitors, 97-99;
+  estimating numbers, 100;
+  distributing, 101-104
+
+ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS: advantages and suggestions, 4;
+  novel features a stimulus, 5-7, 104;
+  healthmobile, opposite 10.
+  See also _Motion Pictures_
+
+AUDIENCES: selection and visualization of, 69.
+  See also _Attendance_
+
+AUTOMOBILES: motion picture tours, 9, 25-26;
+  dispensaries and clinics, 27-33;
+  Child Welfare Specials, 30-34;
+  speaking tours, 34-37;
+  government trucks, 37-41;
+  motor service, 65;
+  list of truck tours, by states, 129-136;
+  and go-to-church propaganda, 135;
+  bibliography, 137.
+  See also _Trucks_
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY, 137-142
+
+
+CALIFORNIA: publicity tours, equipment for, 119, 127, 135;
+  bibliography, 138, 141
+
+CANADA: description of forestry car, 90-92, 128;
+  publicity tours, 128, 129, 131, 135;
+  bibliography, 137, 138, 140, 142
+
+CANNING TRUCK: purpose of portable kitchen, 37-39;
+  truck tour, 130
+
+CHILDREN’S YEAR SPECIAL: in Michigan, 23;
+  Cleveland Department of Health, 27-29;
+  “skip stops,” 97;
+  follow-up work, 113;
+  publicity tour, 132, 135
+
+CHILD WELFARE: in Michigan, 23;
+  Massachusetts, 24;
+  traveling dispensaries and clinics, 27-34;
+  U. S. Children’s Bureau truck tour, 30-33;
+  advance publicity, 51;
+  follow-up work, 113-114;
+  health tours and publicity, 127, 131, 132, 135;
+  bibliography, 138, 141, 142
+
+CHURCHES: co-operation helpful, 61;
+  truck tours in New York and Pennsylvania, 135
+
+CLARK, E. A.: describes successful tour of dairy train, 15-16
+
+CLINICS: and traveling trucks, 27-31;
+  Tuberculosis Commission, 28, 30;
+  transport truck tour, 133
+
+COLE, P. T.: on Peach Demonstration Train, 14
+
+COMMITTEES: on co-operation, 44, 45-47;
+  advance publicity, 52-54;
+  reception, 55;
+  newspaper, 56;
+  advertising, 57-58;
+  special delegations, 59-60;
+  church co-operation, 61;
+  schools, 62;
+  foreign groups, 63;
+  speakers, 64;
+  personal canvass, 64-65;
+  reception, 98;
+  organizing local, 111-112
+
+CONNECTICUT: publicity tours, train equipment, 131, 134;
+  bibliography, 141
+
+CO-OPERATION: value of, 18, 19, 117;
+  and publicity, 40-41;
+  arrangements for local committees, 44, 45-65, 98, 111;
+  churches, 61;
+  schools, 62;
+  railroads, 117
+
+COST: economical advantages of train or truck, 4;
+  budget estimates, 9-10;
+  record of Pennsylvania train tour, 9;
+  automobile tour in Maryland, 9
+
+
+DAIRY TRAINS: tour described by E. A. Clark, of Illinois, 15-16;
+  list of tours, 118-125;
+  bibliography, 137, 139, 141.
+  See also _Agriculture_
+
+DEAN, GEORGE A.: describes Hessian Fly Special, 17-20, 139
+
+DELEGATIONS: advance plans for special groups, 59-60, 102;
+  from churches, 60, 61;
+  schools, 60, 62;
+  hotels and restaurants, 60;
+  food dealers, 60;
+  employes, 60;
+  clubs, 60;
+  children and teachers, 102
+
+DEMONSTRATIONS: effectiveness of initial presentation, 5-7;
+  adaptability of trains for, 10, 11;
+  trucks, 11;
+  Peach Special, 14;
+  dairy train and milking machine, 15-16;
+  food conservation, 22, 24, 37, 52;
+  canning kitchens, 37-38;
+  Land Clearing Special, 52;
+  program outlined, 74-76;
+  types of cars adapted to, 78-79;
+  kitchen illustrated, opposite 92;
+  arrangement of car for, 92-93;
+  tours, and equipment, 122, 124, 126, 129, 130, 133;
+  publications, 140
+
+DICKSON, J. R.: describes forestry car, 90-92, 140
+
+DISPENSARIES: scope of service, 27-33;
+  Children’s Year Special of Cleveland, 28-30;
+  motor trucks in Italy, 30;
+  Children’s Bureau government truck, 30-33;
+  publication on, 142
+
+DOWLING, OSCAR: health train pioneer, 20
+
+
+ECONOMY: advantages of train and truck, 4;
+  records of tours, 9-10;
+  war propaganda, 21-23
+
+EDUCATION: advantages of tours, 3-8, 11, 25, 27, 117;
+  campaign tours, 118-136;
+  bibliography, 137-142
+
+ENGLAND: publicity tours, 134;
+  bibliography, 138
+
+ENTOMOLOGY: and Hessian fly in Kansas, 18-19
+
+EXHIBIT CARS: peach industry, 13-14;
+  dairy train, 15;
+  pure seed, 16;
+  health tours, 20-21;
+  government specials, 22-24, opposite 70 and 77;
+  various types, 78-79;
+  correct designs for, 79;
+  living accommodations, 80;
+  cleaning methods, 80-81;
+  form and content of exhibits, 81-83;
+  moving audiences, 84, 86;
+  correct arrangement of interiors, 85, opposite 86 and 87;
+  placing exhibits, 87-90;
+  description of Canadian forestry car, 90-92;
+  moving people through, 99;
+  explainers for, 104-105;
+  list of, by states, 118-136
+
+EXPENSES: See _Cost_
+
+EXPLAINERS: services of, 104-105
+
+
+FLAT CARS: dairy trains, 15-16;
+  for conservation work, 22, 77, 79, opposite 80;
+  Land Clearing Specials, 126, 127;
+  recruiting, 129
+
+FLORIDA: publicity tours, and equipment, 120, 127
+
+FOLLOW-UP WORK: and careful planning, 8;
+  reception committees valuable, 98;
+  aims, and suggestions for efficient, 106-114;
+  fixing impressions, 107;
+  printed matter, 109-110;
+  local organizations to take part, 111-113;
+  of West Virginia Public Health Council, 112;
+  results, method of checking, 113;
+  criticisms, 114
+
+FOOD CONSERVATION TRAINS: government tours, 21-24;
+  and child welfare, 23, 24;
+  canning kitchens, 37-38;
+  work assignments, 52, 54, 61, 65;
+  illustration of exhibit car, N. Y. College of Agriculture,
+ opposite 86;
+  demonstration kitchen illustrated, opposite 92;
+  list of tours, 118, 123, 125, 130;
+  bibliography, 138, 140
+
+FRANCE: truck tours for health purposes, 131
+
+
+GEORGIA: Land Clearing Special, advance work, 52;
+  publicity tours, train equipment, 120, 133, 134
+
+GOOD ROADS SPECIAL: publicity tours, train equipment, 119, 126, 133;
+  bibliography, 138, 141
+
+
+HALLIDAY, J. D.: health education tours planned and directed by, 28
+
+HEALTH CARS: advance publicity in West Virginia, 46-48;
+  topics and exhibits presented, 68;
+  over-crowded exhibits, 82;
+  methods to attract attention, 82, 83;
+  report of follow-up work, 112;
+  list of tours, 127, 128, 131-133, 136;
+  bibliography, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142
+
+HEALTH EXHIBITS: motion picture truck of N. Y. State, opposite 10;
+  health trains in Louisiana, 20;
+  child welfare in Kansas, 21;
+  West Virginia Health Special, 21;
+  purpose of government train, 23;
+  Children’s Year Special, 23;
+  variety of topics, 68;
+  train tours, 127-128;
+  truck tours, 131-133;
+  wagon tour, 136;
+  motorcycle tour, 136;
+  bibliography, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142
+
+HEALTHMOBILE: of N. Y. State, opposite 10;
+  motion picture tour in North Carolina, 26;
+  publicity tour of, 132
+
+HESSIAN FLY SPECIAL: description of train run in Kansas, 17-20, 139;
+  speakers and publicity, 18-19;
+  train equipment, 122
+
+HOLLINGWORTH, H. L.: on Advertising and Selling, 107
+
+HOME POWER SPECIAL: demonstration of conveniences, 16
+
+
+ILLINOIS: tour of dairy train in, 15-16;
+  publicity tours, train equipment, 120, 131, 133;
+  bibliography, 138, 139
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS: opposite 10, 14, 20, 28, 29, 30, 31, 38, 39, 44, 70, 76,
+ 77, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92
+
+INDIANA: publicity tours, train equipment, 121, 131;
+  bibliography, 142
+
+INFORMATION SOURCES: 2, 117
+
+IOWA: publicity tours, train equipment, 122;
+  bibliography, 139
+
+ITALY: health trucks, 28, 30, 131;
+  motor clinics, 30;
+  publicity tours, 131
+
+ITINERARY: planning, 94-97.
+  See also _Tours_
+
+
+KANSAS: Hessian fly train described, 17-20, 122;
+  State Agricultural College co-operates with railroad, 17, 18;
+  publicity tours, 127;
+  bibliography, 139
+
+KENTUCKY: publicity tours, train equipment, 122, 127;
+  bibliography, 137, 139, 140
+
+
+LAND CLEARING: demonstration work, with automobiles, 52;
+  publicity tours, 120, 126-127;
+  bibliography, 140
+
+LINCOLN HIGHWAY ASSOCIATION: and transcontinental tour, 40-41, 133
+
+LOUISIANA: success of health trains, 20;
+  publicity tours, train equipment, 120, 127, 129, 131;
+  bibliography, 137, 139
+
+
+MARYLAND: cost of automobile tour, 9;
+  publicity tours, train equipment, 122, 132, 134
+
+MASSACHUSETTS: child welfare tours, 24;
+  publicity tours, 130, 132, 135
+
+MEMORY: impressions, and follow-up work, 107-109
+
+MESSAGE, PREPARATION OF: 66-73;
+  choosing a topic, 67-70;
+  limiting the message, 69;
+  program planning, 71-77
+
+MICHIGAN: Children’s Year Special, 23;
+  publicity tours, train equipment, 122, 135
+
+MINNESOTA: publicity tours, train equipment, 122
+
+MISSISSIPPI: publicity tours, train equipment, 123, 132
+
+MISSOURI: Women’s Patriotic Special, 22;
+  publicity tours, train equipment, 123, 128, 134
+
+MOTION PICTURES: cost of automobile tour, 9;
+  N. Y. State healthmobile, opposite 10;
+  truck tours, 25-41;
+  North Carolina health campaign, 26;
+  Children’s Special of Cleveland, 28;
+  Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 37;
+  advance publicity, and slides, 57-58;
+  state tours using, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131-135;
+  bibliography, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142
+
+MOTORCYCLES: description of a “Knight of Health,” 34-37, 139;
+  tours in Canada and Wisconsin, 135, 136
+
+MOTOR TRANSPORT CORPS: purpose and description of transcontinental
+ train, 39-41;
+  publicity tours, 133
+
+MOTOR VEHICLES: See _Trucks_
+
+MOVING AUDIENCES: displaying exhibits to, 84, 86
+
+
+NEBRASKA: publicity tours, train equipment, 123
+
+NEVADA: publicity tours, train equipment, 123
+
+NEW JERSEY: publicity tours, train equipment, 123
+
+NEWSPAPERS: advance publicity for, 56, 58.
+  See also _Publicity_
+
+NEW YORK: healthmobile, opposite 10;
+  food conservation train, 22;
+  publicity tours, and equipment, 123, 129, 132, 134, 135;
+  bibliography, 137, 140
+
+NORTH CAROLINA: Board of Health motion picture tour, 26;
+  publicity tours, train equipment, 124, 132, 135;
+  bibliography, 141
+
+NOVEL PRESENTATION: advantages of, 4-7;
+  secures publicity, 6;
+  motion picture trucks 25-28;
+  “Motorcycle Knight of Health,” 34-37;
+  along Lincoln Highway, 40-41
+
+
+OHIO: Children’s Year Special of Cleveland, 27-30;
+  illustrations and trucks, 28-29;
+  publicity tours, 130, 132
+
+ORGANIZATION: advance publicity important, 42-65;
+  assignments for committees, 52-65;
+  report of follow-up work, 112-113
+
+OUTDOOR SPEAKING: 16, 34, 75, 77
+
+
+PEACH DEMONSTRATION TRAIN: description, and illustration of exhibit
+ car, 13-14;
+  advance publicity, 48;
+  state tours, 118, 125
+
+PENNSYLVANIA: cost of tour in, 9;
+  food conservation train, 22;
+  canning kitchen of Allegheny County Council, 37-39;
+  advance assignments for committees, 53;
+  publicity tours, 125, 130;
+  bibliography, 140
+
+PERMANENCE: of activities, 5;
+  organization and follow-up work, 111-114
+
+PLACES VISITED: planning an itinerary, 94-96
+
+POSTERS: type of agricultural, 43;
+  advertising committees, 57
+
+PROGRAMS: choice of a topic, 66, 67-70;
+  form of presentation, 67-71;
+  unit programs, 71-72;
+  of exhibit trains, 73-75;
+  of demonstration and exhibit, 76;
+  advice in planning, 94-96, 101-104
+
+PUBLICITY: advantages of tours, 4;
+  first impression valuable, 7;
+  and successful co-operation, 19;
+  advance work important, 40, 42-65;
+  advertisements, 43;
+  specialized appeal, 44;
+  committees, co-operation of, 45;
+  preparation of letters, and example, 46-48;
+  advance agents, duties of, 49-52;
+  assignments, features of, 53, 54;
+  reception committee, 55;
+  committee on newspapers, 56;
+  advertising committee, 57;
+  committee on special delegations, 59-60;
+  church co-operation, 61;
+  schools, 62;
+  foreign language groups, 63;
+  speakers, 64;
+  committee on personal canvass, 65; and
+  follow-up work, 109-114.
+  See also _Advertising_
+
+PURE SEED SPECIAL: home power equipment, 16;
+  arrangement of exhibits, opposite 87;
+  exhibit trains, 124, 126;
+  “Gospel of Good Seed,” 138
+
+PURPOSE: and advantages, 3-4, 117;
+  of Motor Transport Corps tour, 39-40
+
+
+RAILROADS: co-operation of, and list of educational tours, 117-129;
+  bibliography, 137-140, 142.
+  See also _Trains_
+
+RECEPTION COMMITTEES: advance assignments for, 55, 98
+
+RELAXATION: staff members need, 103, 105
+
+RHODE ISLAND: publicity tours, train equipment, 130
+
+
+SAFETY FIRST TRAINS: publicity tours, 128, 129;
+  bibliography, 141, 142
+
+SCHEDULE: train stops discussed, 94, 96-97;
+  work and rest periods, 103-105
+
+SCHOOLS: co-operation, 62;
+  attendance of children, and management, 102;
+  car as model school room, 128, 129;
+  and dental education, 132;
+  of conservation, 140
+
+“SKIP STOPS,” 97
+
+SPEAKERS: attraction of prominent, 6;
+  short talks in lecture coaches, 15;
+  outdoor lectures, 16, 77;
+  Hessian Fly Special, 18-19;
+  health talks and child welfare, 21, 24;
+  advance work for committees on, 64;
+  chief factors of success, 73, 74, 75;
+  explainers, 104
+
+STAFF MEMBERS: traveling accommodations, 80;
+  provision for rest and comfort, 103, 105
+
+
+TENNESSEE: publicity tours, train equipment, 125
+
+TEXAS: Peach Special, 13-14;
+  agricultural train program, 74-75;
+  publicity tours, 125
+
+THEATERS. See _Motion Pictures_
+
+TOPICS: selection of, 67-68;
+  presentation, 68-71
+
+TOURS: factors in planning, 94-105;
+  time stops, 96-97;
+  “skip-stops,” 97;
+  list of traveling campaigns, 117-136
+
+TRAINS: advantages of tours by, 4-8, 11;
+  campaign costs, 9;
+  agricultural campaigns, 13-19;
+  health tours, 20-21;
+  trolleys, 23;
+  child welfare, 24;
+  planning an itinerary, 94-97;
+  moving visitors through, 99;
+  list of agricultural, 118-127;
+  list of food conservation, 123, 125;
+  list of health specials, 127-128;
+  safety first trains, 128, 129;
+  safety first tours, 128, 129;
+  bibliography, 137-141
+
+TRANSCONTINENTAL TOURS: purposes, 39-40;
+  Lincoln Highway Association co-operates, 40-41;
+  train equipment, 133
+
+TROLLEY TOURS: child welfare, 23-24, 135
+
+TRUCKS: advantages of tours by, 4, 5, 6-8, 11;
+  cost of tours, 9;
+  adaptability, 11, 25;
+  North Carolina health car, 26;
+  traveling dispensaries, 27-34;
+  Children’s Year Special, 27-29;
+  clinics in Italy, 30;
+  Child Welfare Special, 30-34;
+  speaking tours, 34-37;
+  canning truck and portable kitchen, 37-39;
+  transcontinental tour, War Department, 39-40;
+  and Lincoln Highway Association, 40-41;
+  planning an itinerary, 94-97;
+  list of agricultural, 129-130;
+  list of food conservation, 130;
+  list of health specials, 131-133;
+  motor transport tours, 133-134;
+  motion picture tours, 134-135;
+  bibliography, 138, 140, 142.
+  See also _Automobiles_
+
+TUBERCULOSIS: motor truck clinics in Italy, 30;
+  Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 34, 37;
+  attention getting device, 82;
+  health tours, and publicity, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 136;
+  bibliography, 139, 140, 141, 142
+
+TYPES OF CARS: for exhibit or demonstration, 78-79
+
+
+UNITED STATES: Safety First Train, 23;
+  Child Welfare Special, 30-33;
+  food conservation truck, 37-39;
+  transcontinental motor tour, 39-41;
+  Lincoln Highway and Transport Corps, 40-41, 133;
+  publicity tours, train equipment, 118, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134;
+  bibliography, 141
+
+UNIT PROGRAMS: features included, 71-73
+
+UTAH: publicity tours, train equipment, 126
+
+
+VERMONT: publicity tours, health wagon, 136;
+  bibliography, 140
+
+VIRGINIA: publicity tours, train equipment, 126, 129, 130, 134
+
+VISUALIZATION: essential in preparing message and program, 66-72
+
+
+WASHINGTON: publicity tours, train equipment, 126, 133;
+  bibliography, 140
+
+WEST VIRGINIA: example of health publicity letter, 46-48;
+  report on follow-up organization work, 112-113;
+  publicity tours, 126, 128, 133, 135
+
+WINDOW DISPLAYS: announcements and signs, 57
+
+WISCONSIN: farm methods promoted by College of Agriculture, 16;
+  Anti-Tuberculosis Association work, 34, 37;
+  publicity tours, 126, 130, 133, 136;
+  bibliography, 139, 140
+
+
+
+
+                       SURVEY AND EXHIBIT SERIES
+
+                     EDITED BY SHELBY M. HARRISON
+
+
+It is recognized in both surveys and exhibits that a standardized
+technique has not been fully worked out. Still a beginning has been
+made. Enough experience has been accumulated to justify recording
+it and putting it at the disposal of those interested. With a view
+therefore to increasing the use of investigation in dealing with
+current community problems and to making such investigations more
+effective, and with a view also to the widespread employment of better
+methods of disseminating helpful information, the Survey and Exhibit
+Series has been planned.
+
+
+ =The A B C of Exhibit Planning.= By Evart G. and Mary Swain Routzahn.
+ Price, Cloth, $2.00 net.
+
+ =Traveling Publicity Campaigns.= By Mary Swain Routzahn. Price, Cloth,
+ $1.50 net.
+
+
+                    _Other volumes in preparation_
+
+Subscriptions may be entered for the series, new volumes to be sent
+when issued. Or upon request announcements of new books in the series
+will be sent as books are issued.
+
+
+                         PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT
+                        RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION
+                    130 E. 22D STREET, NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75816 ***
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+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75816 ***</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</span></p>
+<div class="bbox">
+<div class="bt bb">
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">SURVEY AND EXHIBIT SERIES</span><br>
+EDITED BY SHELBY M. HARRISON
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<h1>
+TRAVELING PUBLICITY<br>
+CAMPAIGNS<br>
+</h1>
+
+<p class="center big">
+EDUCATIONAL TOURS OF
+RAILROAD TRAINS AND
+MOTOR VEHICLES<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">
+BY<br><span class="big">
+MARY SWAIN ROUTZAHN</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">
+DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYS AND EXHIBITS<br>
+RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION<br>
+</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp72" id="001" style="max-width: 30.3125em;">
+  <img class="w25 p2" src="images/001.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<p class="center big p4">
+NEW YORK<br>
+RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="center">
+Copyright, 1920, by<br>
+<span class="smcap">The Russell Sage Foundation</span><br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p4 bt">
+WM. F. FELL CO·PRINTERS<br>
+PHILADELPHIA<br>
+</p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp72" id="000" style="max-width: 30.3125em;">
+  <img class="w10" src="images/000.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EDITORS_PREFACE">EDITOR’S PREFACE</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>In the endeavor to spread information widely and well a multitude
+of ventures have been carried on in recent years. Interesting among
+these has been the combining of educational material and activities
+on the one hand with modern facilities for transportation on the
+other—the putting of exhibits, demonstrations, motion pictures, and
+other campaigning equipment on railroad trains, trolley cars, and
+motor trucks so that they may tour a whole city, a county, or cross a
+continent.</p>
+
+<p>A glance at the appendix to this volume will show how extensive this
+form of educational effort has become. Beginning a dozen or more years
+ago with trains which showed improved methods of farming the list
+includes trains for teaching health, sanitation, safety, and food
+saving; trolley cars carrying exhibits on child welfare; and automobile
+trucks equipped to give motion picture shows on health and other
+subjects. Recently some of the trucks have also carried equipment for
+demonstrating methods of food canning, or for dispensary service. While
+the traveling campaign centering in the railroad car has had the longer
+history, developments in the educational use of the motor truck have
+been of such number and variety as to indicate, if one may venture in
+probabilities, relatively greater future activity for it.</p>
+
+<p>The extensive use of this method of disseminating knowledge in the
+past, and the probable continuation and extension of it in some form,
+have made it seem desirable to bring together as much as possible of
+the working knowledge which has been gained in planning and conducting
+these campaigns, and to put it at the disposal of those interested in
+popular<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</span> forms of educational work. The material here presented is thus
+not so much an evaluation of the traveling campaign method of spreading
+information as a review, or perhaps better, an anthology of practical
+experience thus far formulated, plus the observations of the author of
+the volume. The practice of those who have had first-hand contact with
+the problems and possibilities involved will undoubtedly have value for
+future planning. It is hoped, however, that the experience here set
+down, instead of forming a sole reliance or boundary to effort, may
+become a stimulus to the play of fresh ingenuity in creating new forms
+of illustrative material.</p>
+
+<p>But as to the question of evaluation, until more data on these
+campaigns are recorded, that will still need to be done by those
+responsible for each particular tour and conversant with the particular
+conditions and requirements of the case. It is a familiar and not
+unnatural tendency, in selecting an avenue by which to reach the
+public, to adopt a method already used by someone else without waiting
+to get full information on its advantages and limitations. This happens
+in large part no doubt because the information desired is often hard
+to get without extensive inquiry. A second purpose of this volume is
+to bring together in brief compass the available data on traveling
+campaigns and thus to lessen the burden of extended inquiry for those
+who will need to make practical decisions.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to a pooling of the facts gained through the practical
+conduct of traveling publicity campaigns it is further hoped that the
+material here assembled may provide a sort of nucleus or center of
+gravity which will attract criticisms and further data. The criticisms,
+in the course of time, may lead to a fuller treatment of the subject,
+and afford a better basis for determining whether the advantages
+of campaigns set upon wheels outweigh their inherent disadvantages
+when viewed in relation to particular projects or other campaign
+possibilities.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</span></p>
+
+<p>In the meantime grateful acknowledgment is made to the many who have
+already been generous in answering inquiries and furnishing information
+gained from their daily contact with traveling campaigns, and to those
+who have furnished photographs and offered many helpful suggestions.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Shelby M. Harrison.</span><br>
+</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr><th></th><th class="tdr page">PAGE</th></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="smcap">Editor’s Preface</span>         </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_iii">iii</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="smcap">List of Illustrations</span>         </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">
+CHAPTER I</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="smcap">Introductory</span>        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">
+
+
+CHAPTER II</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="smcap">Purposes and Advantages of Traveling Campaigns</span>        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+The Train as an Event        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+A Tour as a Campaign “Feature”        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Novelty and the Danger of its Wearing Off       </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Not a Quick Method        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Traveling Campaigns and Results        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Cost of Tours          </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+As Between Trains and Trucks        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">
+
+
+CHAPTER III</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="smcap">How Trains Have Been Used in Campaigning</span>          </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Agricultural Trains        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Health Trains        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+War Propaganda        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+A Government Safety First Train            </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Trolley Tours        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">
+
+
+CHAPTER IV</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="smcap">Campaigning With Motor Vehicles</span>            </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Motion Picture Tours        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+A Typical Motion Picture Motor Tour           </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Traveling Dispensaries        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Cleveland Children’s Year Special           </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Motor Truck Clinics in Italy        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+A Government Child Welfare Special           </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</span>
+
+Speaking Tours by Automobile or Motorcycle       </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+A Motorcycle Knight of Health         </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Carrying the Canning Kitchen to the Food Supply      </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+“Caravans” of Trucks          </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">
+
+
+CHAPTER V</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="smcap">Advance Publicity and Organization</span>            </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Importance of Good Advance Work            </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+General Advertising        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Specialized Appeal        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Arrangements for Distributing the Attendance        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Arrangements for Local Co-operation in Management         </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Getting the Advance Work Done            </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Qualifications of the Advance Agent            </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+The Job of the Advance Agent        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Assignments of Advance Work for Local Committees        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Explanatory Statement for Local Co-operating Committees
+  Regarding the Pennsylvania Food Conservation
+  Train        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Reception Committee           </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Committee on Newspapers        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Advertising Committee        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Committee on Special Delegations            </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Committee on Co-operation of Churches          </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Committee on Schools        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Committee on Attendance of Foreign Language
+  Groups        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Committee on Speaking        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Committee on Personal Canvass            </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">
+
+
+CHAPTER VI</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="smcap">The Message of the Tour</span>         </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Choice of a Topic        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+What to Tell        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Making up the Program           </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</span>
+
+Programs of Exhibit Trains        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+A Program Combining Demonstrations and Exhibits        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Outdoor Speaking at Trains        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="smcap">Exhibit Cars</span>         </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Types of Cars        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Traveling Accommodations for Staff Members          </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Treatment of Car Interiors        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Exhibits        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Use of the Space for Display        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Placing Exhibits        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Arrangement of Subject Matter        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Some Observations from Practical Experience          </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Arrangement of Car for Demonstrations          </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="smcap">The Tour of the Truck or Train</span>        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+The Places to be Visited        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Receiving the Visitors        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+The Rate of Progress in Exhibit Cars         </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Distributing the Attendance        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Explaining the Exhibits             </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">
+
+
+CHAPTER IX</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="smcap">Follow-Up Work</span>        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Getting the Subject Talked About           </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Printed Matter for Distribution        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Publicity Following the Train’s Stop        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Organization of Local Forces        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Checking Up Results        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+
+<span class="smcap">Appendix</span>: Reference Lists of Train, Truck, Trolley, and
+other Traveling Campaigns         </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+<span class="smcap">Bibliography</span>        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+<span class="smcap">Index</span>        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</span></p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr><th></th><th class="tdr page">OPPOSITE PAGE</th></tr>
+<tr><td>
+The New York State Healthmobile        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Interior of Exhibit Car of the “Peach Special”         </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Health Cars of the Louisiana Department of Health        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Cleveland Children’s Year Special        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Truck With Extension Devices        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Traveling Dispensaries        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Interior of Child Welfare Special of the Federal Children’s
+  Bureau        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Canning Squad and Portable Kitchen            </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+A Transcontinental Truck Tour           </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Poster Advertising the Coming of an Exhibit Train         </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Group of Objects Expressing One Idea            </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Demonstration Car        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+An Outdoor Program        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Flat Cars Used for Displaying Captured German Trophies         </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Interior of Health Exhibit Car        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+A Well Arranged Exhibit Car        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Food Conservation Train of New York State College of
+  Agriculture        </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Arrangement of Railroad Car Interior            </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+
+Car Especially Designed for Cooking Demonstrations          </td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr>
+
+</table>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</span></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="I">I<br><span class="small">INTRODUCTORY</span></h2></div>
+
+
+<p>The tour of the peddler with a pack or cart stocked with goods for sale
+and a budget of news for free distribution, and that of the patent
+medicine man with his illustrated lecture of misinformation that sells
+his dubious wares are forms of traveling publicity campaigns long
+familiar in rural districts.</p>
+
+<p>Of recent years many peddlers, carrying new ideas and useful
+information but no goods for sale, have been going about the country
+representing national and state government bureaus and private
+organizations. Their wares are helps to better crops, better houses,
+better health. Their mode of traveling has progressed from wagons to
+trains and from trains to motor trucks. The size of the enterprise
+has varied from a single wagon or automobile with a speaker and a
+batch of leaflets to a train of railroad cars or trucks that carry a
+traveling exhibit rivaling the “Greatest Show on Earth.” The tours
+extend from a jaunt through the county or the districts of a city
+to a transcontinental journey. Whatever its form, if the purpose of
+the enterprise is to spread information or ideas, or to promote a
+community program, it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span> is of interest from an educational and publicity
+standpoint.</p>
+
+<p>Although traveling campaigns have been many and varied and the method
+has been in use for a number of years, to our knowledge there has been
+no attempt up to this time to set down the methods and experiences, the
+successes, failures, and difficulties of the various campaigners.</p>
+
+<p>Believing that this method of promoting social programs will continue
+to be employed, whatever the type of vehicle used to convey travelers
+and their outfits, we have gathered information about a number of
+campaigns and offer it here, together with comments and suggestions
+for the benefit of those who may be considering the method for the
+first time or who have tried it and wish to compare their experiences
+with those of others. The descriptions and suggestions are drawn
+from accounts of about seventy-five tours of trains, trucks, trolley
+cars, and other vehicles, obtained from printed reports, articles,
+letters, replies to questionnaires and interviews, as well as from the
+observations and experience of the writer.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="II">II<br><span class="small">PURPOSES AND ADVANTAGES OF TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS</span></h2></div>
+
+
+<p>The popular educational tour on wheels is a method of carrying news
+and facts from town to town, instead of distributing this information
+in wholesale manner to many towns at the same time through newspapers,
+letters, posters, and other familiar avenues for disseminating
+information quickly and widely. This use of a method resembling more or
+less the old-time place-to-place spreading of the news but in a modern,
+up-to-the-minute dress, even under the most favorable conditions
+involves a considerable outlay in money, a great deal of hard work,
+careful and detailed planning, and equally careful oversight throughout
+the journey and the follow-up period. Therefore the person or group
+contemplating such an undertaking will naturally wish to consider
+carefully its efficiency as a method of publicity before embarking on
+it.</p>
+
+<p>In some instances the reason for using the truck or train is that
+it may be routed to remote rural districts not well served by the
+more modern methods of news distribution. Wherever it goes, however,
+the train or truck has two chief advantages<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span> as a publicity method;
+first, it is an economical way of bringing before scattered audiences
+well-equipped speakers or graphic and otherwise attractive illustrative
+material—economical because a single group of speakers or unit of
+exhibits may in this way be made to serve a large territory; and,
+second, its visit to each town may be made an important event,
+something which creates news and which may appeal to the imagination of
+people generally.</p>
+
+<p>The tours that are described in the following pages suggest just a
+few of the unusual and graphic features that may be assembled in a
+traveling show to attract attention and to make facts and ideas more
+easily understood and remembered. The train or truck in addition,
+as already suggested, to bringing into town especially talented or
+well-informed speakers and demonstrators, brings also equipment for
+demonstrations that may be bulky, expensive, or for other reasons
+difficult to duplicate and distribute for display; also rare objects
+such as the people in the communities visited would not be likely to
+see at all, except as they are brought in for this brief visit.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Train as an Event</span></h3>
+
+<p>The visit of the train, like the revival meeting, the fair, or the
+Fourth of July celebration, may be made such a striking event in each
+community that its program gets and holds the attention of many people
+who would not read a newspaper<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span> article or go to an ordinary meeting to
+learn about the same topic.</p>
+
+<p>Such an event may be especially timely if a new movement or plan is
+about to be launched within the territory to be covered. The brief
+demonstration presented before a representative group of citizens
+gathered to meet the truck or train often paves the way for the
+organization of a permanent activity in the community. This is true
+because the method often allows for a more concentrated educational
+effort than can be effected in the same time through other types of
+campaigns. For example, the occasional visit of the agricultural
+special, demonstrating improved methods has, in many instances,
+preceded the forming of a county organization of farmers to devote
+themselves continuously to studying and experimenting in better farming.</p>
+
+<p>A train or truck campaign, well handled, will help to give freshness
+to ideas which may become stale if they continue to reach the people
+in the same familiar forms. Whatever the subject matter or purpose of
+a local movement for community education or welfare, both the workers
+or leaders and the people who form the audiences are refreshed by
+variations from familiar methods of presenting the ideas that need to
+be gone over time and again in order to get the greater numbers to
+listen, to understand, and to assimilate them. The local effectiveness
+of the work of the county agricultural agent, or the tuberculosis
+committee,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> or the movement for better rural schools may sometimes
+be stimulated through the visit of traveling campaigners bringing
+reinforcements in the way of enthusiasm, news gathered along the route,
+or old ideas illustrated in new and striking ways.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Tour as a Campaign “Feature”</span></h3>
+
+<p>One occasion when a train tour may be desirable is when the need is
+felt for a unique feature or “stunt” in a campaign that employs a
+great variety of methods. The Liberty Loan trains were expected to
+add “punch” to local campaigns and to make bond selling easier. When
+a vigorous effort is being concentrated on an issue or an idea, a
+tour of prominent speakers, or striking exhibits, or both, may add a
+spectacular element and secure much publicity; first, by getting direct
+attention for the idea, and second, by providing material for “news”
+both in the press and in the everyday talk of the people.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Novelty and the Danger of its Wearing Off</span></h3>
+
+<p>As a novel device for attracting attention both train and truck have
+a real though possibly a short-lived value. In many sections of the
+country the exhibit train has long ago become familiar, and already
+those who are seeking some new form in which to get their story over
+are equipping and operating motor trucks. In a few years these, too,
+may lose their power to arouse curiosity. However,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> the fact that the
+novelty of a device wears off does not necessarily destroy its value.
+While the novelty of the method itself may wear off, the contents of
+the train and the program of the itinerant campaigners leave no end of
+possibilities in the way of fresh attractions.</p>
+
+<p>In the use of graphic methods there have been great advances within
+quite recent years. So far, only a few of the newer forms of expressing
+information in picturesque and dramatic forms have been used in truck
+and train projects. There is no reason why trains and trucks should
+not continue indefinitely to draw expectant visitors looking for the
+new features that may be added this year, just as a circus, a fair, or
+exposition is repeated successfully year after year. The exhibitor who
+uses an attention-getting device for the first time in any locality
+is to some extent responsible for the future success of any similar
+traveling shows in the places visited. People who went to see the first
+train or truck are likely to visit the second or stay away, according
+to the impression made by the first. This responsibility can be met
+through careful preparation and good management.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Not a Quick Method</span></h3>
+
+<p>A point sometimes urged in favor of the educational tour is its rapid
+method of carrying information over a wide area. It is undoubtedly the
+quickest way of displaying the same objects to a number of communities.
+But if you wish the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> people throughout your territory to have the same
+information as nearly as possible at the same time, any method in which
+the material is duplicated and sent out to all points at once from a
+central place is obviously more suitable than conveying the message
+from place to place.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Traveling Campaigns and Results</span></h3>
+
+<p>One objection frequently raised by those who have conducted educational
+tours is that they are quickly forgotten and bring no lasting
+results. This is probably a valid objection to the incompleteness
+of a particular campaign rather than to the method itself. If the
+follow-up work is not planned just as carefully and carried out as
+conscientiously as the tour itself, there is no reason to expect that
+people will remember it or that action will follow. Every form of
+publicity, whether a newspaper article, leaflet, lecture or motion
+picture would be just as quickly forgotten if it were an isolated
+effort and not part of a well-rounded educational campaign. In the
+section on follow-up work, <a href="#Page_106">page 106</a>, methods are discussed of fixing
+the impressions made on the minds of visitors to the train and of
+inducing them to apply the instructions given.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Cost of Tours</span></h3>
+
+<p>What it costs usually plays a larger part in the choice of a publicity
+method than any other single factor. Analysis of the whole plan of the
+tour is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> needed in order to decide regarding the wisdom of spending
+money on it. An advance estimate ought to indicate whether a given
+expenditure on a traveling campaign appears likely to bring larger
+returns than the same amount spent on some other method.</p>
+
+<p>The cost and the scale of different enterprises vary so greatly and
+prices are so different from year to year, that it is impossible to
+estimate, on the basis of one project, what another one is likely
+to cost.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> By writing to the sources of information listed in the
+appendix, beginning on <a href="#Page_117">page 117</a>, the reader will probably be able to
+obtain detailed information about the cost of any enterprise of a type
+that may interest him. Several directors of tours have reported that
+they consider the method too expensive. It was found too expensive
+in one northern state because the initial outlay was so great in
+comparison with the relatively short season during which the truck
+could be operated. In one southern state the expenses of an automobile
+tour were found to be out of proportion to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> total budget of the
+organization. A number have reported the method inexpensive, but they
+may not have charged against their budget items that others have
+been obliged to include. Cars and hauling may have been provided by
+a railroad company; the truck may have been a gift; the specialists
+and demonstrators may have been regular members of the staff of the
+organization and their salaries not charged against the budget of the
+tour. In some cases the truck drivers have been volunteers. All of
+these things need to be taken into account in making any decision on
+the basis of the amount a tour has cost someone else. It is safe to
+say that, under the most favorable circumstances, a well-conducted
+traveling campaign is not a cheap method of publicity, and the
+organization considering it should be very sure that the enterprise is
+timely and especially suited to their purpose before embarking on the
+venture.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">As Between Trains and Trucks</span></h3>
+
+<p>The most serious drawbacks to a train are that it must stay on a
+railway siding, is frequently inconvenient to reach, and its location
+hot and dusty in summer, lacking in open space where crowds can gather
+comfortably, and, worst of all, is noisy. Still another drawback is
+that the shape of a car is not adapted to the effective display of
+exhibits and it is difficult also to handle large numbers of visitors.</p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="002_2" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/002.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">The New York State Healthmobile</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Carries motion picture equipment for both indoor and outdoor exhibition
+as well as dispensary equipment for holding clinics.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Even with these awkward handicaps, however,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> the railroad car has the
+advantage of greater size as a setting for exhibits and demonstrations.
+Exhibits and equipment for demonstrating, moreover, may be permanently
+set up in a train of cars, so that everything is in readiness for
+visitors at the time when the train reaches its stopping place. But the
+truck is a place for storing rather than displaying exhibits, which
+means that each time a program is given, material must be unpacked and
+set up in tents, in a hall, or out of doors.</p>
+
+<p>Good points for the truck are that, roads and weather permitting, the
+truck campaigner may go wherever and whenever he pleases and stay as
+long as he likes, independent of the rails and schedules that limit
+the freedom of a train tour. Even bad roads have not prevented some
+campaigners from reaching what had seemed to be inaccessible districts.</p>
+
+<p>While the trucks have in certain ways greater adaptability to varied
+conditions than trains, the latter will undoubtedly continue to be
+employed where its own special uses are of paramount importance and
+particularly in cases where the railroads may find it possible, as in
+many instances in the past, to provide transportation free or at a
+nominal price. The truck, on the other hand, is probably only at the
+beginning of its usefulness in educational and publicity work. There
+are still untried possibilities of contriving methods for the carrying
+of materials especially adapted to a quick<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> display during a short
+stop in all sorts of places, which, it would seem, might invite to a
+fascinating degree the inventive genius of those interested in the
+popular spread of useful information.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> The following records of tours may prove at least
+suggestive: A three-car train, which traveled through Pennsylvania for
+five months in 1918, had running expenses of approximately $325 a week.
+This included traveling, living expenses, and salaries of three staff
+members, the initial cost of exhibits and printed matter, and repairs.
+It did not include the salaries of three additional demonstrators,
+or the initial cost of rebuilding the interiors of the cars, or any
+expenses for hauling of the cars.</p>
+
+<p>A motion picture tour with an automobile truck, traveled for
+twenty-eight weeks in 1917 in Maryland at an expense of $124 a week.
+This included the fuel and repairs for the car, expenses of the field
+staff, rentals of films, and various miscellaneous expenses connected
+with the operation of the tour.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="III">III<br><span class="small">HOW TRAINS HAVE BEEN USED IN CAMPAIGNING</span></h2></div>
+
+
+<p>For a number of years, with the co-operation of the railroads, state
+agricultural colleges, departments of health, and private state
+organizations have carried on educational and organization work through
+demonstration trains. The war propaganda which utilized practically
+every known form of publicity did not overlook train, truck or trolley.
+One or more of these was used in the campaigns for Liberty Loans, food
+conservation, and child welfare.</p>
+
+<p>Descriptions of a few of these trains will illustrate the varied types
+of campaigns in which they have been employed.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Agricultural Trains</span></h3>
+
+<p>A Peach Demonstration Train started on a tour in November, 1919, for
+the purpose of encouraging and stimulating the peach industry in
+the East Texas Fruit Belt. The train consisted of two baggage cars
+containing exhibits of insect pests that menace the peach industry,
+life-sized models of diseased and perfect fruit, and actual branches
+of affected peach trees, and a box car containing a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> tractor, orchard
+plows, and various other kinds of farm machinery needed by an
+up-to-date orchardist.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding this train Mr. P. T. Cole, Agricultural Commissioner, St.
+Louis Southwestern Railroad of Texas, writes as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The cars were moved on local freight trains nearly all the time,
+although on a few occasions we were moved by a through freight. The
+cars were opened to the public at 9 a.m., and the farmers were taken
+through in groups of about fifteen and a thorough lecture given
+them with explanations in detail regarding the various exhibits. We
+usually let the school children go through, but did not allow them to
+interfere with the work we were giving the farmers. In the afternoon,
+at about one o’clock, we accompanied the farmers to a nearby orchard
+taking with us pruning tools, the power sprayer, and the tractor.
+In the orchard we gave lectures on pruning, and then pruned about a
+dozen trees, or sometimes as many as fifty, after which we gave them
+a thorough spraying. This demonstration usually consumed the greater
+part of the afternoon, but we would return to the cars and discuss the
+different problems of orcharding with the growers and in many cases
+they remained with us until dark.</p>
+
+<p>The growers in most cases were very enthusiastic over this work, and
+we had some excellent demonstrations. Some of the very best were given
+in orchards where we had done the same work last year, and where it
+was an easy matter to point out the beneficial results of proper
+spraying and pruning. We have a number of fine demonstrations to go
+back to next year to show the results of the work we have just done.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></p>
+
+<p>As a result of this work a great many spray machines have been bought,
+and there is more pruning and spraying in progress now than I have
+ever seen before.</p>
+</div>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="003" style="max-width: 98.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/003.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Interior of Exhibit Car of the “Peach Special”</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">A baggage car containing exhibits to show the diseases and insect pests
+that menace the peach industry, and the methods of destroying them. See
+<a href="#Page_13">page 13</a>.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The following account<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> of a dairy train in Illinois is supplied by
+the College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The first dairy train which we assisted in operating was on the
+Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad from Danville, Illinois, to
+Cypress. The equipment consisted of an engine, three ordinary coaches
+used for lecture work, an automobile box car with side and end doors,
+and a flat car. We had four cows in the automobile car and led them
+direct from this car onto the flat car for demonstration purposes. We
+had a railing built around the flat car and also a removable platform
+between the two cars. We also had a milking machine installed in this
+box car which could be observed in operation by opening its side
+doors. This was all the exhibit material we had, as our stops in
+the towns lasted only from one to two hours. We had a special train
+crew and a definite train schedule to follow. As soon as we would
+reach a town we would fill up the three lecture coaches, and three
+speakers would start at once to give short talks. After talking for
+about fifteen minutes, the speakers would trade cars. In this way
+each audience heard at least three speakers, and at the conclusion of
+these lectures the audience was conducted to the rear car where a cow
+demonstration was given. At the conclusion of the cow demonstration<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span>
+the milking machine demonstration was given in the automobile car. I
+might say that the dairy train was highly successful. This was due, I
+think, largely to its being well advertised previous to its operation.</p>
+
+<p>Later, another dairy train was operated in a similar manner except
+that four lecture coaches were used instead of three. On account of
+the warm weather, it was found advisable to give a large number of the
+lectures out-of-doors. The coaches were used only during rainy weather
+or in towns where, because of congested passenger and freight traffic,
+they were not given a good location. In some places our audiences were
+so large that we could not accommodate them in four coaches. In that
+case all the lecture work was given from the flat car on the rear end
+of the train.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Pure Seed and Home Power Special was the name given to a three-car
+train run jointly by the Soo Line, the Wisconsin Bankers’ Association,
+and the Wisconsin College of Agriculture in the interests of more
+efficient farm methods. The pure seed car contained a display of the
+finest Wisconsin grown seed grains, reinforced by explanations driving
+home the vital facts concerning the advantages of pure-bred seed. The
+home power and home convenience car showed gasoline engine, power
+churn, washing machine, separator, home lighting plant, and other
+conveniences. A lecture car and a tourist sleeper for the lecturers and
+demonstrators completed the equipment. Sixteen counties were visited
+and over seven thousand people came to see the train.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Hessian Fly Special, as described below, is an example of a highly
+specialized effort toward accomplishing a very definite purpose:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Since its first appearance in Kansas as an important factor in
+wheat production, the Hessian fly has alternately disappeared and
+reappeared. During the forty-four years of its known presence in the
+state it has produced seven different out-breaks, the last and the
+greatest of which destroyed not less than fifteen million bushels of
+wheat of the 1915 crop. Believing that not only the attention of the
+farmers could best be called to the seriousness of the infestation,
+but also that more interest could be created in the control methods
+and that a larger number of wheat growers could be reached within a
+short time, the Kansas Agricultural College decided to request the
+Santa Fé Railway Company, which had a large mileage in the infested
+districts, to run a Hessian fly train....</p>
+
+<p>A chart of the infested districts was furnished the dean of the
+Extension Division who met with the officials of the Santa Fé and
+prepared a schedule consisting of sixty-two stops. It was left
+entirely with the college to decide as to the best time to run the
+train and it was felt that, inasmuch as the methods of control of
+the fly should begin as soon as possible after harvest, the best and
+most opportune time for the train would be the week just before the
+beginning of harvest.</p>
+
+<p>The train consisted of a baggage car, two modern steel day coaches,
+each with a seating capacity of eighty-eight persons, which were
+used for lecture cars, and a private car, consisting of parlor and
+observation, dining and sleeping compartments. It was understood
+at the beginning that the train<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> was to be an exclusive Hessian
+fly train and thus it was advertised as the Hessian Fly Special,
+operated by the Kansas State Agricultural College in co-operation
+with the Santa Fé. The speakers consisted of three entomologists
+of the Agricultural College, one entomologist of the United States
+Department of Agriculture, the head of the Department of Agronomy,
+the superintendent of Farmers’ Institutes of the college, and
+one county demonstration agent. In addition to the lecturers,
+the company consisted of the agricultural agent of the Santa Fé,
+the publicity agent of the Santa Fé, the publicity agent of the
+college, and representatives of some of the principal newspapers and
+farm publications. The divisional superintendents and roadmasters
+accompanied the train over their respective divisions of the road.</p>
+
+<p>Addresses were made at all of the sixty-two places scheduled. In
+fact, at nearly all the places the attendance was such as to require
+two speakers and, on several occasions, it required a third speaker
+to accommodate the large crowd. If the attendance did not exceed two
+hundred, the two speakers took care of them in the lecture cars, but
+where the crowd was over two hundred the over-flow was taken in the
+waiting room of the depot, where a speaker was provided. Where there
+was not an opportunity for the insect train to stop, a lecturer was
+dropped off to hold a meeting at the depot or an up-town place. Later,
+the man would be picked up by one of the regular trains and left at
+a station where the Hessian Fly Special was scheduled to stop. Or
+a man would be sent ahead on a regular train to hold a meeting and
+would later be picked up when the Special came through. In a few cases
+speakers were taken to neighboring<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> towns in automobiles. During the
+entire trip every speaker on the train gave practically the same
+Hessian fly talk. The entomologists and the agronomist of the college
+prepared the speech, copies of which were furnished not only to the
+speakers but also to all the railroad officials and publicity men who
+accompanied the train. The publicity men prepared beforehand all the
+articles to be used by the newspapers in the places where addresses
+were made. In other words, every address given and every newspaper
+article published had just one message and that was the seriousness
+of the infestation and what should be done to protect the crop of the
+next year. It is the opinion of the writer that much of the success
+of the Hessian fly train and the good accomplished were due to the
+fact that all departments and all persons concerned were together,
+and that nothing was said or done but what met with the approval and
+recommendation of every one. The fact that the very methods advocated
+for the control of the fly were in keeping with the very methods
+recommended by the Agronomy Department and which the progressive
+and successful wheat growers knew should be practiced for maximum
+yields, appealed to the better judgment of even the most skeptical
+ones. The time allowed for each stop was about forty minutes. The
+speakers usually arranged for a few minutes’ discussion before closing
+the meeting. Specimen cases, charts, and illustrated material were
+used in nearly all lectures. As the men left the lecture cars or the
+waiting room they were given circulars on the Hessian fly and the
+preparation of the seed bed for wheat. The Hessian fly circular was
+printed primarily for the occasion. It was simply a timely article
+emphasizing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> the methods of control and closing with a brief life
+history of the fly.</p>
+
+<p>In nearly all cases large crowds met the Hessian Fly Special and the
+total attendance for the week was approximately seven thousand.<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Health Trains</span></h3>
+
+<p>In the early days of the tuberculosis movement cars were extensively
+used in traveling health campaigns. A pioneer in carrying the message
+of health over a state on exhibit trains was Dr. Oscar Dowling,
+President of the Louisiana State Board of Health. His health train
+made its initial trip in 1910 and with many changes since that time
+has continued in service. After the first tours, made with cars loaned
+by the railroad, had demonstrated the popularity of the train, the
+State Board of Health purchased two coaches. One was fitted up as
+an inspection car with a part of it given over to living and office
+quarters, and the other as an educational exhibit car, containing
+displays of models, charts, and laboratory specimens. Later, two more
+cars were purchased for living quarters and the inspection car was
+turned into a laboratory car.</p>
+
+<p>A practical application of the lessons taught on the tour was made
+by inspectors who accompanied the train. In each place visited they
+inspected and scored buildings in which the sanitary conditions
+imperilled public health, the reports of their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span> findings being
+given publicity while the train was in town. This train attracted the
+attention of health workers in other states and has made a number of
+trips outside of Louisiana in response to their requests.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="004" style="max-width: 108.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/004.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Health Cars of the Louisiana Department of
+Health</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Showing the garage end of the laboratory car. Here a Ford is stored
+ready for use by the inspectors in a quick tour of each town visited.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The Board of Health of Kansas has used a Pullman car to carry exhibits
+on child welfare, tuberculosis, and other health topics. A woman
+physician and public health nurses traveled with the car and gave
+health talks and explained exhibits. Sixty-nine cities and towns were
+visited, the stops varying from one to four days. The purpose was
+chiefly educational, but an attempt was made to discuss their health
+problems with individuals.</p>
+
+<p>Another example of the Health Special was a car sent out by the West
+Virginia Board of Health during 1919, and described in letters sent in
+advance to the newspapers as:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>A fine, vestibuled coach, equipped with electrically driven models,
+health posters, exhibits of living bacteria, exhibits of Red Cross
+work, a moving picture machine, and a small but complete chemical and
+bacteriological laboratory in one end.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">War Propaganda</span></h3>
+
+<p>During the war, trains were used in several states to carry the
+message of food conservation and more especially to encourage home
+canning by simple methods. The Pennsylvania Food Administration, in
+co-operation with the Pennsylvania<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> State College of Agriculture
+and the Pennsylvania Railroad, ran a train of three cars during the
+first and second summer of the war. The train included an exhibit car
+containing posters and graphic devices showing why food conservation
+was necessary; and two cars where skilled demonstrators illustrated
+methods of baking with wheat substitutes and the canning and drying of
+fruits and vegetables.</p>
+
+<p>A Save the Surplus Special of two cars toured New York State
+encouraging home canning and helping practically to increase it.</p>
+
+<p>During the Fourth Liberty Loan campaign exhibit trains were used in
+some districts for displaying war trophies, and during the Fifth
+Liberty Loan several shiploads of war equipment and trophies were
+distributed over the whole country for display on trains which were
+sent into the rural districts and cities. Each train included several
+flat cars and a baggage car loaded with captured cannon, German
+aëroplanes, machine guns, trench mortars, gas warfare apparatus and
+gas masks, and thousands of other interesting trophies. One of our own
+tanks, dressed up in its fighting clothes, was an interesting feature
+of the exhibits. Each train was accompanied by an armed guard of
+returned soldiers, sailors, and marines.</p>
+
+<p>In Missouri a Women’s Patriotic Special made a two weeks’ trip carrying
+women speakers who gave talks on the Red Cross, food conservation, and
+other war topics.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Government Safety First Train</span></h3>
+
+<p>Probably the most elaborate exhibit train that has yet been sent out
+was the Safety First Train of the Department of the Interior, which
+toured sixteen states during a period of four months and was visited
+by over a half million people. This train, which was furnished by
+the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, consisted of twelve steel cars,
+including a sleeper and diner, and was hauled by two powerful passenger
+locomotives. Six governmental departments and the American Red Cross
+had exhibits relating to safety work, the purpose of the tour being “to
+acquaint the people with the work that the Federal Government is doing
+every day to protect its citizens against injury and death, and with
+the measures it takes to promote the health and comfort of the people.”</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Trolley Tours</span></h3>
+
+<p>Campaigns have been conducted on interurban lines in several states.
+For about three months the Woman’s Committee of the State Council of
+Defense ran a Children’s Year Special over much of the interurban
+trackage of Michigan, in the interests of better babies everywhere, and
+as a help in saving Michigan’s quota of the one hundred thousand babies
+the Children’s Year was to save.</p>
+
+<p>The car was divided into three sections—the first part contained
+an exhibit, the second a compartment in which babies and children
+brought for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> tests were undressed and dressed, and the third a model
+examination room where tests and examinations were made by skilled
+physicians and trained nurses.</p>
+
+<p>The Woman’s Committee of the State Council of Defense in Massachusetts
+also ran a children’s welfare car. The interior of the car was given
+over to exhibits of literature and posters on food conservation
+and child welfare. The front and back platforms were enlarged and
+surrounded by arm railings. On one platform a kitchen was arranged,
+where a lecturer gave actual demonstrations of the various food
+substitutes; on the other a trained nurse instructed mothers upon the
+care and feeding of children in wartime.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Letter from E. A. Clark, College of Agriculture,
+University of Illinois.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1916,
+George A. Dean, Entomologist, Kansas State Agricultural Experiment
+Station.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="IV">IV<br><span class="small">CAMPAIGNING WITH MOTOR VEHICLES</span></h2></div>
+
+
+<p>Traveling motion picture shows, dealing with health and other subjects,
+traveling dispensaries and tours demonstrating uses of trucks and thus
+advertising trucks themselves, are the chief educational uses of motor
+vehicles reported in response to an inquiry widely sent out.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Motion Picture Tours</span></h3>
+
+<p>Of these, the traveling motion picture show seems to have been longest
+in the field. Many state health departments and state tuberculosis
+associations have been and still are conducting a part of their
+educational work by this means. Recently the Red Cross has carried the
+story of its overseas work into remote rural districts in a certain
+section of the country by means of a truck equipped with pictures
+and machine. A returned overseas worker travels with the truck and
+gives talks about past achievements and future plans. An organization
+interested in promoting the use of commercial and industrial films has
+a number of well equipped trucks which are sent to city parks as well
+as country districts to give open-air entertainments.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Typical Motion Picture Motor Tour</span></h3>
+
+<p>The North Carolina State Board of Health has used a health car equipped
+with electric lighting plant, motion picture machine and accessories,
+together with a large selection of health and comic films, all in
+charge of a lecturer and machinist. This car was sent out in response
+to invitations to give health entertainments in co-operation with local
+committees, the latter sharing the expense.</p>
+
+<p>The plan was to give substantially the same program in a different
+place in the county each day during one week. Each of these places
+then received a return visit during each of two succeeding weeks with
+a complete change of program. A single program usually consisted of
+five or six reels of motion pictures, including three health films
+and scenic and comedy films. A victrola was carried with the car to
+provide a preliminary musical program and a musical accompaniment with
+the comic films. While the health films were being shown, the lecturer
+made running comments. Free health literature was on display at a
+convenient place to be given out in response to requests. The programs
+were given in the school house, church hall or outdoors. Where special
+illumination was needed strings of incandescent lights were provided.</p>
+
+<p>The staff carried with them a complete camping, cooking, and sleeping
+outfit.<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Their schedule<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> usually included two programs a day and 12
+visits to as many places during a week.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Traveling Dispensaries</span></h3>
+
+<p>The use of motor trucks for dispensaries or clinics seems to be
+increasing rapidly. A number of traveling tuberculosis, dental, child
+welfare, and baby clinics are reported from many parts of the country,
+not only for rural districts but for large cities. Some of these
+dispensaries on wheels are intended chiefly to provide service, that
+is, to examine people, rather than for the purpose of publicity or
+education. In this case the truck is simply a convenient method of
+extending clinical work to districts that have no dispensaries, or to
+the homes of patients who cannot or will not go to the dispensary.
+But even where service is the main purpose, these trucks are of value
+educationally, particularly in this early stage of their use when their
+novelty attracts attention to the clinics. Other traveling dispensaries
+are intended chiefly to demonstrate to the community the need of
+establishing, permanently, some such service as the dispensary gives
+during its brief stop-over.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Cleveland Children’s Year Special</span></h3>
+
+<p>A traveling truck dispensary was adopted as a feature of the Children’s
+Year by the Children’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> Year Committee of the Cleveland Council of
+Defense. Mr. J. Dean Halliday, Director of the Bureau of Health
+Education of the Cleveland Department of Health, who planned the
+construction of the truck and directed its use later, had charge of a
+similar campaign for the American Red Cross Tuberculosis Commission in
+Italy.</p>
+
+<p>The type used both in Cleveland and in Italy<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> as shown in several
+illustrations (see cuts opposite <a href="#Page_28">pages 28</a> and <a href="#Page_30">30</a>) has side tents,
+which, when set up, provide fair-sized rooms. The tent on the left was
+used as a waiting and dressing room for the mothers who brought babies
+for examination; that on the right as lecture and exhibit room. Here
+posters and model outfits for the baby were displayed and literature
+was given away. The body proper built on the carriage of a large army
+truck was fitted out as a model dispensary with examining tables,
+scales, measuring stands, desk, cabinet for supplies, electric lights,
+and hot and cold water. The equipment included a screen and motion
+picture machine which could be set up on top of the truck for evening
+programs. In Cleveland the truck was driven by members of a volunteer
+women’s motor corps organization, uniformed for the purpose and carried
+a physician, a nurse, and a sanitary patrolman, all assigned from the
+Health Department.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp56" id="005" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/005.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Cleveland Children’s Year Special</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Interior of truck fitted up as a dispensary with steps let down for
+visitors. See <a href="#Page_27">pages 27</a> and <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="006" style="max-width: 84.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/006.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Truck with Extension Devices</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="center">The usefulness of this truck for demonstrations and exhibitions is
+more than doubled by the tents which are strapped to the sides of the
+truck in travel and set up at each stopping place, and by the motion
+picture apparatus which is set up on the roof. See <a href="#Page_28">page 28</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span></p>
+
+<p>The tour included sections of the city known as “death places” because
+of their high infant mortality rates. As the crowd gathered the
+physician in charge gave a short talk on the object of Children’s
+Year. While he was thus engaged the district nurse circulated through
+the crowd and, picking out a likely mother and child, persuaded
+her to step forward with her child when the physician called for
+babies to be examined. It was found necessary to do this in order
+to get the remainder of the mothers to fall in line quickly. The
+physician examined the child and, if normal, it was quickly weighed
+and measured and the regular Children’s Year forms filled out, one
+for the committee’s record and a duplicate for the mother. The mother
+was advised to report at regular intervals to the city’s nearest
+prophylactic dispensary where she would receive instructions as to
+how to keep her baby well. For the sake of its effect, she was given
+a card signed by the mayor, stating that she was entitled to this
+service and urging her to avail herself of it. She then passed on to
+the tent containing exhibits where child hygiene and other posters
+were displayed and educational pamphlets distributed. The exhibits and
+literature were usually presided over by the uniformed motor corps
+driver, although on some occasions an extra nurse was carried for the
+purpose. In an average afternoon, from twenty-five to thirty babies
+would be examined.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span></p>
+
+<p>Although city nurses were constantly carrying on routine work in the
+districts visited, many cases of contagion and sore eyes were found
+by the traveling outfit which had been missed entirely by the regular
+nurses. After the truck had visited a given section the nurses in
+charge of the district dispensary were instructed to make a note of
+attendance. Records showed a considerable increase in visitors, a
+number of whom brought with them the cards received at the traveling
+dispensary or they said that they had been referred to the dispensary
+after a preliminary examination on the truck.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Motor Truck Clinics in Italy</span></h3>
+
+<p>In Italy seven trucks were used with practically the same equipment
+as in Cleveland, and three more were equipped for dental work. They
+were operated from certain centers in the region where the American
+Red Cross Tuberculosis Commission worked in co-operation with Italian
+tuberculosis organizations. From these centers the trucks radiated
+on one-day trips to neighboring villages and towns carrying posters,
+printed matter, and a crew consisting of an Italian physician,
+lecturer, nurse, and driver.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Government Child Welfare Special</span></h3>
+
+<p>A big, gray automobile truck, known as the “Child Welfare Special,”
+has recently been put into the field by the Children’s Bureau of
+the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> United States Department of Labor to test the usefulness of
+the automobile in carrying the message of better babies into rural
+communities.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="007" style="max-width: 97.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/007.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Traveling Dispensaries</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Dispensaries of the Tuberculosis Commission of the American Red Cross
+in Italy in the Court Yard of the Ducal Palace at Genoa. See <a href="#Page_28">pages 28</a>
+and <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="008" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/008.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Interior of Child Welfare Special of the Federal
+Children’s Bureau</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">For detailed description see <a href="#Page_31">page 31</a>.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The Children’s Bureau has provided the following description of the
+truck and its tour:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The truck is modeled very closely upon the dispensary truck used by
+the Chicago Tuberculosis Institute. The body of the car is constructed
+of wood, painted white on the inside and battleship gray on the
+outside. The words, “Child Welfare Special” are lettered in blue
+and white on each side of the car. The truck is roomy enough for a
+conference room and two dressing rooms. The conference room is nine
+and a half feet long, six feet wide, and six feet four inches high in
+the center. This room has four windows on each side, high enough to
+be out of reach of prying eyes, yet admitting sufficient light for
+daytime examinations. The driver’s cab, which is entirely enclosed in
+glass, can be reached from the conference room by a sliding door; with
+the shades drawn it forms one dressing room. The open-end gates of the
+car, provided with double folding doors and heavy curtains that fit
+into grooves, form a second dressing room. When a mother enters one of
+the rooms, she has the exclusive use of it until the child has been
+undressed, examined, and dressed again.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the equipment of the truck is built in. A 15-gallon water
+tank, tucked away over the driver’s cab, is connected by faucet with
+a stationary washstand in the conference room, which in turn is
+connected with a drain to the outside. The examining table and the
+linen lockers are built over the wheel housing, an arrangement that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span>
+saves space and improves the appearance of the car. A scale for babies
+and older children is carried in an especially built trunk. There is
+enough storage space for 2,000 publications, a full set of exhibit
+material, a balopticon with several boxes of slides, two rolls of
+moving picture film, several dozen charts for lecture purposes, cot,
+bedding, and cooking utensils for three persons, a large supply of
+sheets and muslin squares, and all the other equipment necessary for
+conducting a children’s health conference.</p>
+
+<p>Two systems of lighting, one for a 110-volt current that can be taken
+from a nearby public building, and the other for a six-volt current
+taken from the truck’s own batteries, furnish excellent illumination
+for night work. Two electric heaters have recently been installed for
+use on cool days. Weather strips have been put on the cab to keep out
+wind and rain, and a tarpaulin made to fit over the rear doors keeps
+out the dust.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangements have been made for the staff to sleep on the Special—the
+doctor on an army cot in the conference room, the nurse on a similar
+cot in the rear dressing room, and the chauffeur on the driver’s seat,
+which was constructed to serve as a bed.</p>
+
+<p>A nearby public room in a school or church is usually obtained for an
+exhibit and waiting room, and here, at opportune moments, the doctor
+and nurse give brief talks to waiting mothers, using the exhibit
+material as a means of illustration.</p>
+
+<p>The first test of the efficiency of the Special is whether it serves
+its purpose. In the main the Special has proved a success from a
+mechanical point of view. The dressing rooms are adequate, and the
+conference room has proved itself remarkably<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span> convenient in spite of
+its small space. There are features that would be changed, however, if
+another truck were to be built. A more powerful engine is desirable.
+In spite of efforts to keep its weight down, the car when completely
+loaded tips the scale at 8,000 pounds. It does not seem advisable to
+reduce materially this weight as the body must be made to withstand
+the jar of travel and uncertain weather. The thirty-five horse power
+engine, supplemented by the extra pulling power provided by pneumatic
+tires, is adequate for most road conditions, but sandy, steep hills
+are negotiated with some difficulty. A heavier engine, one and a half
+or two-ton unit, would easily care for this load and at the same
+time carry enough reserve for any bad spots that are encountered.
+Mechanical adjustments made recently, however, have given greater
+power.</p>
+
+<p>Because of its size the Special does not travel well over muddy roads.
+The height of the car could be reduced by five or six inches and still
+permit easy walking within the car. This would very considerably
+reduce the sway and the danger of skidding.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A report from the physician in charge of the Special says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The Special has the distinct advantage of at once gripping public
+interest. This may seem spectacular from the professional standpoint,
+but it gets results. It is believed that the ground can be covered
+better by the Special than in any other way, that its improved
+equipment will make for more satisfactory results than any method
+tried to date, and that its usefulness is directly in proportion to
+the ability of the physician in charge to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span> make the public realize
+that she is merely demonstrating the need of periodic examinations and
+a method of providing opportunity for such examinations. She must bear
+in mind that the examinations she gives are merely an incident and
+not the object of the Special—that her most important function is to
+stimulate and aid in the organization of permanent follow-up work by
+the community.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Speaking Tours by Automobile or Motorcycle</span></h3>
+
+<p>One of the simplest and frequently a very effective form of traveling
+campaign is the speaking tour of which examples are numerous
+and familiar. Suffrage, prohibition, and many other causes have
+been promoted by traveling speakers in conspicuously painted or
+decorated automobiles. The speakers may carry with them all sorts of
+attention-getting devices, from a supply of leaflets to distribute, to
+a set of properties that would rival the stock of the old-time patent
+medicine man.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Motorcycle Knight of Health</span></h3>
+
+<p>The following picturesque description of “A Modern Knight Errant,
+Carrying Health Gospel at Fifty Miles an Hour on A Motor Cycle,” is
+taken from an article by Samuel Hopkins Adams, about the work of the
+Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>:</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>The “Flying Squadron of Health”</i></h3>
+
+<p>Seven o’clock of a June evening in the lake country to the north.
+Supper is over. The mail<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span> has come jolting down by stage from
+the nearest railroad point, fourteen miles distant, and has been
+distributed from the post office which is also the general store and
+the council-house of the locality. The population, gathered in from a
+considerable radius, is talking a little politics, chewing a little
+tobacco, speculating a bit on the likelihood of rain, and yawning
+itself into readiness for home and bed. Far up the dusty road there is
+an approaching commotion, perceptible both to ear and eye. Presently
+the center of it materializes in the form of a motorcycle bearing a
+man and a pack. The cycle pop-pops itself into a stationary phase. The
+man dismounts, gives a pleasant “good evening” to the gossiping group,
+appraises the immediate lay of the land with a practiced eye, unstraps
+a pack or two, and in an incredibly short time has a light silk tent up
+in a chosen spot by the road-way, a cooking kit laid out, a Dutch oven
+set, and the “makings” of a fire gathered near it.</p>
+
+<p>Now, here is romance for the young of the hamlet, Gypsying a la mode!
+Knight-errantry at fifty miles an hour! The news runs amuck in the
+locality and in no time there is a growing gathering. Questions begin
+to fly; to each the newcomer has his brief but courteous answer, all
+the time busy with his preparations for spending the night in the open.
+Presently he unfolds carefully a case containing placards, setting them
+up one by one against the stone fence. Conjecture, by this time, is at
+the point of explosion.</p>
+
+<p>“What are you sellin’, Mister?” comes the direct question.</p>
+
+<p>“Nothing,” answers the stranger, setting up still another placard, and
+stepping back to estimate the effect.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Got a show?”</p>
+
+<p>“Why, yes! in a way.”</p>
+
+<p>“Givin’ out samples?”</p>
+
+<p>“Not exactly.”</p>
+
+<p>“Patent medicine feller, I guess,” surmises one. “Seen a couple of
+’em over to Humphrey’s last fall.” “Naw,” controverts another, “He’s
+sellin’ pictures, can’t ye see?” “Ain’t goin’ to preach, be ye, young
+man?” queries a third.</p>
+
+<p>“That too, in a way,” says the motorist.</p>
+
+<p>Curiosity is now at its height. The crowd couldn’t be driven away by
+a thunder shower. The newcomer has nursed the situation until he has
+an absorbed attentiveness when he addresses the people in direct and
+simple words, explains why he is there, and talks to them about the
+peril of consumption and the ready-to-hand methods of guarding against
+it, using the charts which he has set up to fortify his telling points.
+It is done with a very conversational, homely and personal touch, so
+that the audience is encouraged to ask questions about the individual
+symptoms, the danger of “catching” the disease, the chances of cure
+for this or that friend, what hospital will take old Mrs. Tinkley,
+bedridden now for six weeks, and so on through the roster of health
+and sickness topics which make up so large a part of the immediate
+interests of countryfolk.</p>
+
+<p>When the talk is over the visitor asks for the telephone, calls up a
+town perhaps fifty or sixty miles away, and those who are near enough
+to cock an ear hopefully (which includes as many as can crowd into the
+store) hear something like this:</p>
+
+<p>“Siddallville? Hello! That you, Mr. Conway? Yes. Werle.... I’ll be
+there to-morrow night to speak.... No; I’ve got everything....<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span>
+What’s that? No; no cost. All you have to provide is the hall and
+the audience. I’ll furnish the rest.... Yes; seven-thirty to-morrow.
+Good-bye!”</p>
+
+<p>In the morning all that remains at the cross-roads to tell of the
+visitation is a little heap of ashes, some queer marks in the dust
+where the heavy-studded tires have passed—and a germinating seed of
+education. The gospel has come to Shucktown.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>Wisconsin has since tried something believed to be even better than the
+“modern knight.” Finding that the motion pictures were a much greater
+attraction than stereopticon slides, and having a four-reel health
+film to show, the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association gave up its
+motorcycle and substituted a motion picture truck which is better
+fitted to transport the necessary machinery for its traveling campaign
+work.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Carrying the Canning Kitchen to the Food Supply</span></h3>
+
+<p>An ingenious use of a truck as a first aid to canners is illustrated in
+the photograph opposite <a href="#Page_38">page 38</a>. This canning truck, chiefly intended
+for service to those coming to see it, but also carrying its message
+of war service to many neighborhoods, was sent out by the Women’s
+Committee on Food Conservation of the Pittsburgh Food Administration.
+The purpose of the truck is well described in a dodger, as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center big">LET US HELP YOU</p>
+
+<p><b>How</b>—With our canning truck.</p>
+
+<p><b>When</b>—At any time you can use us.</p>
+
+<p><b>Where</b>—At your own home or any other convenient place for you.</p>
+
+<p><b>Why</b>—To save home products for home use and leave for the
+Government the output from commercial canneries for our soldiers. It is
+a sin today to waste surplus vegetables if they can be canned.</p>
+
+<p><b>We Furnish</b>—Canning equipment, a teacher, and five or six
+helpers, who carry their lunches with them to avoid extra work for you.
+They work from 9 to 4 o’clock.</p>
+
+<p><b>You Furnish</b>—Stove room, a wash boiler, the vegetables or fruits
+to be canned, and the jars.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="009" style="max-width: 96.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/009.jpg" alt="">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/010.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Canning Squad and Portable Kitchen</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="center">Canning squad of the Allegheny County Council of National Defense, and
+their portable kitchen ready to help the farmers’ wives save their
+food products. See <a href="#Page_37">page 37</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>Cost</b>—It will cost you no money, but we will expect some fresh
+vegetables or one-fifth of the jars canned during the day. We furnish
+the jars for this share, which will later be used for some patriotic
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span></p>
+
+<p>The director of this enterprise reported that it was not unusual for
+the “crew” to can 80 or 100 quarts of vegetables or fruits in a day and
+that they were kept busy every day for six weeks.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="010" style="max-width: 86.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/011.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center">
+
+<i>“United States Official” Photo</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">A Transcontinental Truck Tour</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Transcontinental train of the Motor Transport Corps, U. S. War
+Department. See <a href="#Page_39">page 39</a>.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">“Caravans” of Trucks</span></h3>
+
+<p>Since the war, much publicity has been obtained for the motor truck
+itself by what have been called motor truck development tours. Several
+such tours, each covering a number of states, have demonstrated to
+farming communities the use of the farm tractor, the advantages of the
+truck in carrying farm products to market, and various other uses of
+motor vehicles.</p>
+
+<p>A spectacular transcontinental tour of a train of eighty motor vehicles
+was made during the summer of 1919 by the Motor Transport Corps of the
+War Department. The caravan, which spread out over three miles of road
+when in motion, included field kitchens, ambulances, repair trucks, and
+in fact every sort of motor vehicle used by the transport service in
+France. This trip was undertaken for both recruiting and educational
+purposes. The following account of its purposes and methods is supplied
+by a representative of the Motor Transport Corps:</p>
+
+<p>The transcontinental trip has been undertaken both for military and
+educational purposes, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>(1) An extended service test of the standardized principal types of
+army motors.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span></p>
+
+<p>(2) The War Department’s contribution to the Good Roads movement for
+the purpose of developing through-route and transcontinental highways
+as military and economic assets.</p>
+
+<p>(3) A demonstration of the practicability of long-distance motor post
+and commercial transportation.</p>
+
+<p>(4) The collection of detailed data for use in connection with the
+technical training of the commissioned and enlisted personnel of the
+Motor Transport Corps.</p>
+
+<p>(5) The procurement of recruits for the Motor Transport Corps.</p>
+
+<p>(6) Studies in terrain observation for certain branches of the army,
+particularly the Field Artillery, Air Service and Engineer Corps.</p>
+
+<p>(7) An exhibition to the general public, either through actual contact
+or resulting channels of publicity, of the development of the motor
+vehicle for military purposes.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Lincoln Highway Association has co-operated with the Motor
+Transport Corps in advertising the passage of the train along the
+Lincoln Way, and through its subsidiary organizations it took a
+large part in making advance arrangements for the welcome to and the
+entertainment of the personnel of the convoy.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, all the usual channels of publicity were employed in
+advertising the trip of the convoy, and an officer acting as advance
+publicity agent, preceded the train one or more days in order to
+give notice of its approach and to make final arrangements for its
+entertainment. A personal letter was written to the governor of each<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span>
+state and to the chief official of each town, village and city and to
+heads of civil and commercial organizations along the route, requesting
+their co-operation in making the trip a success. A recruiting officer
+with proper equipment accompanied the train and often went ahead to
+placard towns and arrange for meetings at which Motor Transport moving
+pictures were shown and the newly planned system of vocational training
+to be given in the Motor Transport Corps schools was explained. All the
+cargo trucks in the train carried signs describing the various phases
+of the Motor Transport Corps activities. The Associated Press and the
+Knights of Columbus had representatives with the train and there were
+also several freelance writers representing newspaper syndicates. All
+the war activity organizations, especially the War Camp Community
+Service, were advised of the passage of the train and did everything
+possible to make the men comfortable and to entertain them. As a
+result of all this publicity the passage of the train was marked by a
+continual succession of hearty greetings and hospitable entertainments.
+Each community, large or small, passed through did something to show
+its appreciation of the visit and its interest in the purposes of
+the trip. In many instances the entertainment program and street
+decorations were most elaborate.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> Not all of the touring campaigners have considered it
+an advantage to carry camping outfits. Some of them say that the
+work is so strenuous that they should have good beds at night and no
+responsibility for providing for their own comfort. On the other hand,
+in some districts camping may provide more comforts than rural hotels
+would.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> After making a study of the Cleveland trucks sent to
+Italy, the Chicago Tuberculosis Institute designed a lighter machine
+similar to that described on <a href="#Page_31">page 31</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> Health to Sell, Samuel Hopkins Adams, La Follette’s
+Magazine, December, 1914.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="V">V<br><span class="small">ADVANCE PUBLICITY AND ORGANIZATION</span></h2></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Importance of Good Advance Work</span></h3>
+
+<p>The methods used in preparing the communities to receive the train are
+as important a feature of the project as the visit of the train itself.
+On the effectiveness with which the advance work is done depends its
+opportunity to reach as many people as can be accommodated and to have
+the audiences made up of the most hopeful “prospects,” those most
+likely to act on the suggestions offered. Advance information that
+arouses interest will bring visitors to the train in a receptive frame
+of mind that makes it easier to present the message quickly.</p>
+
+<p>One or all of the following kinds of advance work will need to be done
+in each place to be visited, according to the nature and scope of the
+campaign:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>1. General publicity and advertising.</p>
+
+<p>2. Specialized appeals directed to selected groups and individuals.</p>
+
+<p>3. Arrangements for distributing attendance over the full period of
+the visit.</p>
+
+<p>4. Arrangements for local co-operation in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span> above work, in taking
+care of visitors to the train, and in organizing or carrying out
+follow-up work later.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>For convenience, the discussion of these matters is given in terms of
+trains, although most of it applies equally to motor tours as well.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">General Advertising</span></h3>
+
+<p>The appeal to the general public in a community may be made through
+news items in the papers, posters, window cards, window displays,
+advertisements and inserts in advertisements, and slides in motion
+picture theaters. Of the wide variety of methods to advertise an event,
+these are probably the ones best adapted to advance preparation for
+both large and small cities and towns. It is not the purpose here to
+discuss the technique of preparing any of this material. Unless they
+have ability and training in this field, those responsible for getting
+work out should call in specialists to do it, or at least to advise
+about it.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of advertising is more than merely to get a crowd. If there
+is very little competition from other events, as is often the case in
+small towns, it may be fairly easy to secure a large attendance. It is
+the business of your advertising to attract the attention of persons
+not yet interested in the subject matter and to arouse intelligent
+interest in what the train or truck will show. To design posters and
+prepare copy that will bring these results requires skill and practise
+which may<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> sometimes be obtained as a gift but is worth paying for.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Specialized Appeal</span></h3>
+
+<p>The special groups to whom your message is chiefly directed may be
+singled out from the general public and definite methods used to
+insure their attendance. While most of the trains are of general
+interest to the communities visited, the message of the exhibits or
+demonstrations is probably addressed primarily to one or a few groups,
+classified according to occupation, standing in the community, race,
+age, condition of health, or particular interests. Special efforts to
+reach these groups may take the form of letters, announcements, or
+brief talks addressed to schools, churches, clubs, lodges, or employes
+of factories and places of business. Committees on co-operation may
+be formed within the groups and delegations appointed to come to the
+train. A personal canvass may be made by letters, postcards, personal
+visits, or telephone messages to leaders of groups or members of
+special bodies.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Arrangements for Distributing the Attendance</span></h3>
+
+<p>The tendency of the majority of the people is to select the same period
+in the day as the most convenient or desirable time for coming to
+the train. When the program is to be repeated a number of times, it
+is necessary to plan special methods for distributing the attendance
+over the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span> less popular hours. This may be done as a feature of the
+advance appeal to particular groups by setting aside periods for school
+children, calling conferences of small bodies of people, assigning
+hours when delegations will be received and personally conducted, or
+having program features of interest to particular groups at stated
+hours.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="011" style="max-width: 102.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/012.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+<p class="center">
+<span class="big">ROBBERS<br>
+AT LARGE<br></span>
+<br>
+Peach Growers of East Texas are Being Robbed by the<br>
+Insects and Diseases that attack Peaches<br>
+<br>
+SPECIALISTS WITH EXHIBIT CARS<br>
+<br>
+<span class="big">COMING</span><br>
+——TO——<br>
+<br>
+<i>Winfield Texas</i><br>
+<i>Thursday Nov. 20ᵗʰ</i><br>
+</p>
+<hr class="r5">
+<p class="center">
+Most complete Orcharding Exhibit Train ever carried to the farmers of the South.<br>
+Will exhibit and demonstrate all phases of peach orchard work.<br>
+</p>
+<hr class="r5">
+<p class="center">
+Three Carloads of Equipment and Exhibits</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="p0">
+Carload of power and hand sprayers, a tractor and other modern orchard<br>
+equipment.<br>
+<br>
+Two exhibit cars electrically lighted and equipped to show by pictures, lifelike<br>
+models, specimens and slides of all the dangerous diseases and insects known to<br>
+Texas orchards.<br>
+<br>
+Actual field demonstrations on planting, pruning, spraying and cultivation will<br>
+be conducted in an orchard near town.</p></div>
+<hr class="r5">
+<p class="center">
+FREE—EVERYBODY INVITED</p>
+<hr class="r5">
+<p class="center">
+UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION<br>
+ST. LOUIS SOUTHWESTERN RAILROAD OF TEXAS
+</p>
+<hr class="r5"><p class="center">
+Co-operating with<br>
+THE EXTENSION DIVISION OF THE TEXAS A. &amp; M. COLLEGE.<br>
+UNITED STATES AND STATE DEPARTMENTS OF AGRICULTURE<br>
+<br>
+For Further Information, See Your County Farm Demonstration Agent<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Poster Advertising the Coming of an Exhibit Train</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">This is the type of poster that is frequently sent out in advance of
+agricultural trains. The posters are usually on white paper or card
+with black letters. The news value of the material on the poster
+doubtless secures readers who would not be inclined to give attention
+to so much reading matter if it conveyed only educational information.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Arrangements for Local Co-operation in Management</span></h3>
+
+<p>The co-operation of a local committee is needed in advertising and
+running the show. The extent of this co-operation will depend upon the
+size of the staff in charge of the train, size of the community, and
+the nature of the program. The duties of local committees as described
+in reports of various campaigns include:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>1. Co-operation in advertising the coming of the train.</p>
+
+<p>2. Making or checking up arrangements for the proper placing of the
+train.</p>
+
+<p>3. Arranging for a reception committee and helpers, as described in
+the section on attendance (pages 55 and 98).</p>
+
+<p>4. Securing such additional equipment as is called for by the program,
+such as a meeting hall, motion picture or stereopticon machine.</p>
+
+<p>5. Arranging such entertainment as may be needed by the train staff
+in the way of living quarters or meals, or both. The importance of
+providing for the comfort of the speakers and explainers who work
+under a severe strain can hardly be overestimated.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Getting the Advance Work Done</span></h3>
+
+<p>The advance work is usually carried out by correspondence with a local
+committee or individuals, or by sending an advance agent to make the
+arrangements. Many tours of trains have been carried on without an
+advance representative, in some cases because the expenses seemed
+prohibitive or because of the difficulty in securing a suitable person
+for this work. When well-organized local groups in communities to be
+visited are already interested in the aims of the tour, it may be
+comparatively simple to handle the advance work through correspondence.
+But usually it is far more desirable to send an advance representative.</p>
+
+<p>Arranging for local co-operation by correspondence is a slower method
+than working through a personal representative. The headquarters staff
+also have a more difficult task in preparing publicity material and
+letters that will arouse the same enthusiasm that the agent can instil
+through his direct contact with editors and other community leaders.</p>
+
+<p>An example of the use of letters in place of an advance agent is
+the following which was sent to health officers as one of a series
+addressed to leading citizens by the West Virginia Public Health
+Council:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>My dear Dr. ——:</p>
+
+<p>The “Health Car” now touring the state under<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span> the auspices of the
+West Virginia State Department of Health, in the interest of health
+education and child welfare, will arrive in your city at 8.30 o’clock
+on Saturday <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> and will remain till 1.20 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>
+o’clock on Tuesday.</p>
+
+<p>The car is a vestibuled railway coach entirely remodeled and contains
+a chemical and bacteriological laboratory, a health exhibit of posters
+and electrically driven models and a picture machine. These, with the
+explanation given by a Health Instructor on the car, serve to impress
+on the minds of the people the principles of the promotion of health
+and prevention of disease.</p>
+
+<p>May we count on you to secure the interest and co-operation of the
+medical, dental and nursing professions in your community, for
+a public meeting at an hour which you, in consultation with the
+Superintendent of Schools and a president of an influential woman’s
+organization, may decide? We are also very desirous of securing the
+attendance of the Mayor and Town Council and any other citizens who
+do, or should, feel responsibility for community welfare and the
+conservation of child life. We have also written the Superintendent of
+Schools and your newspapers, realizing that the medical profession,
+the educational people and the press are the agencies our Government
+is counting upon for co-operation in constructive, peace-time work.</p>
+
+<p>The Health Car Corps will communicate with you immediately upon
+arrival in your city to learn of your plans for the utilization of
+their time and effort while with you. We are anxious to make their
+stay in each community count for the highest possible things in the
+interest of the public health and welfare.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span></p>
+
+<p>The car is supplied with a number of good Health Films which we will
+be glad to show, free of charge, to the public if arrangements can be
+made with some one who has a full-sized picture machine and a hall at
+his disposal.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span style="margin-right: 8.5em;">Sincerely yours,</span><br>
+<span style="margin-right: 3em;"><span class="smcap">S. L. Jepson</span>, M.D.</span><br>
+<i>State Health Commissioner</i>.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following report from the director of the Texas Peach Demonstration
+Train, described on <a href="#Page_13">page 13</a>, is fairly typical of advance work done in
+local communities without a personal representative:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Articles announcing the tour of this train have been sent to all the
+large newspapers in the east Texas territory, also to the county
+newspapers. Individual letters have also been sent to the large peach
+growers, urging them to attend these meetings. In counties where
+there is a county demonstration agent, a great deal is being done to
+bring the matter to the attention of the farmers. Large posters have
+been put up a couple of weeks in advance of the train all through
+the different towns at which stops are to be made. The chambers of
+commerce and business organizations have been called upon several
+weeks in advance and furnished with full data, and they are doing all
+they can to make the meetings a success. The county judge in each
+county has given his co-operation by declaring the week in which the
+work is being conducted in his particular county as Horticultural Week.</p>
+
+<p>The chambers of commerce have, in many instances,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span> made arrangements
+for special features in connection with the visit of our train.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Qualifications of the Advance Agent</span></h3>
+
+<p>The personality and previous experience of the person needed to carry
+out advance work form an important factor in the success of the whole
+undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>The agent should be able to work successfully with local committees,
+since much valuable publicity will be secured through their efforts.
+That is to say, he should be adaptable, clear, definite, and orderly
+in his statements and in handling a meeting, and be able to inspire
+enthusiastic interest in carrying out the plans he outlines.</p>
+
+<p>His training and experience at best should include knowledge of
+publicity or advertising methods, experience in working with volunteer
+committees, and general information of the subject matter of the
+campaign. Of these three, given an alert and intelligent worker who
+has a moderate amount of what may be called “publicity sense,” an
+understanding of how to organize volunteer workers is probably the
+most necessary element in his or her equipment. For he may acquire
+in a comparatively short time a working knowledge of the subject,
+and may call in outside assistance in preparing the news stories and
+advertising plans that he carries with him. But every local committee
+presents new and unexpected problems, and no amount of coaching can<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span>
+provide what is gained by experience in adapting plans and methods to
+the peculiarities of a local situation, winning over a local chairman
+who has prejudices or skepticisms, or simplifying or expanding plans of
+work to fit the resources of the town as the agent may estimate them in
+the brief time that he remains.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Job of the Advance Agent</span></h3>
+
+<p>The first advance work is done by the committee or individual who
+directs the whole enterprise from some central point, notifying local
+persons of the purpose and the date of the agent’s visit. If there
+is already a local representative of the movement in the community,
+arrangements may be made which will save the agent much time in seeing
+the editor, minister, school superintendent, and others on his list
+whose co-operation he must secure. If there is no local representative,
+letters should be sent directly to the persons upon whom he expects to
+call.</p>
+
+<p>The agent’s visit should be timed long enough in advance of the coming
+of the train to allow for carrying out the publicity plans, and near
+enough so that there will be no chance for interest to wane in the
+interval. A ten-day start has been found satisfactory, especially when
+the way has been paved for his visit and publicity and advertising
+materials are ready for use. If an agent travels in an automobile, he
+is better able to adapt his time to local needs and still keep ahead
+of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span> the train, than if he is dependent upon railroad schedules.</p>
+
+<p>The Child Welfare Special of the Children’s Bureau was preceded by an
+advance agent and the method is described in the bureau’s report of the
+tour as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The advance agent, who travels two weeks in advance of the car
+arranges the itinerary, attends to the publicity, and organizes local
+communities to take charge of the work. Her first step is to call
+together a county child welfare committee. With their aid an itinerary
+is mapped out, and then local committees are organized in the
+communities to be visited. So far as possible, the agents work through
+the local child welfare committees formed during Children’s Year.</p>
+
+<p>These committees are asked to provide a suitable location for the
+parking of the Special—a spot that is centrally located, well shaded,
+and near a public room that can be used both as an exhibit and waiting
+room. They are also asked to make a canvass of their districts before
+the Special arrives, so that everyone may understand the purpose of
+the conference. Each committee member has her field of work clearly
+defined. A number of women are asked to serve as hostesses during the
+conference, receiving mothers and babies, giving them numbers for
+examination, and explaining the exhibit material.</p>
+
+<p>The agent then distributes her cuts and other publicity material for
+the newspapers, printed instructions for the child welfare committee,
+copies of announcements that ministers are asked to make from
+their pulpits, and posters advertising<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span> the coming of the Special.
+She visits city and county officials, social agencies, editors,
+physicians, clergymen, farm advisers, county demonstrators, business
+men, and other representative citizens to explain the purpose of the
+visit of the car.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of this work of the advance agent, the staff finds
+everything is in readiness on the arrival of the Special.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Land Clearing Special of Georgia, a recent enterprise of the
+State College of Agriculture, was preceded by an advertising campaign
+designed to make the Land Clearing Demonstration the big event of the
+season in each stopping place. In addition to the usual methods of
+newspaper publicity, posters, and letters, twenty automobiles carrying
+signs announcing the demonstration, visited the rural districts for
+a week preceding the event. Telephone owners were called up on the
+telephone and invited, and arrangements were made to have factory
+and train whistles blow when the demonstrations were about to start.
+Information about this plan was widely spread.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Assignments of Advance Work for Local Committees</span></h3>
+
+<p>With time for only a day or part of a day’s stop in a town the advance
+agent has little opportunity to explain fully to the co-operating
+committee all the details of advance preparation expected of its
+members. To meet this situation, the directors of the Pennsylvania
+Food Conservation Train with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span> the co-operation of the present writer
+prepared and multigraphed a set of instructions for local committees.
+The agent distributed copies of these instructions to the members of
+the executive committee in each town during the meeting that was held
+on the day of his visit. Not all of these directions were suited to
+every community visited, and frequently suggestions from the local
+committee were added or substituted. This set of assignments is quoted
+in full below. The features of the assignments especially worth noting
+are:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>1. That written instructions or suggestions in addition to the agent’s
+personal explanation leave less to chance in getting the plans carried
+out.</p>
+
+<p>2. That the directions are exceedingly simple and flexible.</p>
+
+<p>3. That each separate assignment was printed on a separate sheet so
+that it could be placed in the hands of the person who was to carry it
+out.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span></p>
+
+
+<h4>EXPLANATORY STATEMENT FOR LOCAL CO-OPERATING COMMITTEES REGARDING THE
+PENNSYLVANIA FOOD CONSERVATION TRAIN</h4>
+
+<p>Food Conservation Train Coming to ... On ... Quota of Attendance ...</p>
+
+<p>You know the old saying, “If you want to get a thing done, do it
+yourself.”</p>
+
+<p>But there is a new one that is much more appropriate in wartime when
+we should all be working together to win: “If you want to get people
+interested, give them something to do to help.”</p>
+
+<p>There is something for everybody to do to make the Food Conservation
+Train a success.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dividing the Work.</b> The following list of assignments should be
+divided among as many dependable people as you can find. Try some new
+people who have not had a chance to help before.</p>
+
+<p>Each assignment is described on a separate sheet, a copy of which may
+be given to the person taking the assignment. If necessary, one person
+may take several assignments.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">
+<b>Assignments</b><span style="margin-left:15em;"><b>Name of committee chairman</b></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>1. Reception committee.</p>
+
+<p>2. Newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>3. Advertising.</p>
+
+<p>4. Attendance of special groups.</p>
+
+<p>5. Churches.</p>
+
+<p>6. Schools.</p>
+
+<p>7. Attendance of foreign born.</p>
+
+<p>8. Speaking.</p>
+
+<p>9. Personal canvass.</p>
+
+<p>10. Motor service.</p>
+
+<p>11. Miscellaneous.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span></p>
+
+
+<h4>RECEPTION COMMITTEE</h4>
+
+<p>A reception committee usually of from six to ten members should receive
+the visitors at the train. It is desirable to have four members on
+hand, usually from ten to twelve o’clock, and six members from two
+to five o’clock to welcome delegations, distribute literature, give
+information, and explain exhibits.</p>
+
+<p>The committee will be given a list of expected delegations so that
+their leaders may be known and introduced to the train staff.</p>
+
+<p>The committee will find that the train offers an excellent opportunity
+to tell visitors of local activities for food conservation and to
+invite their co-operation.</p>
+
+<p>It will be well to have the whole reception committee at the train a
+few minutes before its first opening at ten o’clock so that they may
+become familiar with exhibits and have time for a brief conference with
+members of the staff.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COMMITTEE ON NEWSPAPERS</h4>
+
+<p>The advance agent will bring with him material for the local paper, to
+which will be added the names of committee members and of persons who
+are helping the committee.</p>
+
+<p>Other material that should be of interest to the local papers includes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>1. A list of special delegations from lodges, churches, business
+groups, and others that will visit the train.</p>
+
+<p>2. Accounts of talks given by Four Minute Men and others about the
+food train and food conservation.</p>
+
+<p>3. An account of the work that is being done for food conservation by
+the local committee.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Editorials.</b> Editors may be glad to take advantage of the
+presence of the train as an occasion for an editorial on some local
+aspect of the food situation, as encouraging the use of home products,
+regarding the food hoarders, and so forth.</p>
+
+<p><b>Out-of-Town Papers.</b> The newspapers in the territory adjacent to
+your town will carry some news of its coming. In addition to news sent
+to those editors from state headquarters they will be interested in
+your local plans and the names of your workers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span></p>
+
+
+<h4>ADVERTISING COMMITTEE</h4>
+
+<p>One of these assignments could be given to each of several members of a
+committee. The more workers there are the more enthusiasm there will be.</p>
+
+<p><b>Posters.</b> There are probably several persons who would gladly
+make posters announcing the train if they were asked. Give them the
+facts and let them work out their own ideas. Have these posters shown
+in store windows and in public buildings. See that all posters sent
+from the Philadelphia office are placed where they will do the most
+good.</p>
+
+<p><b>Window Displays.</b> Invite merchants to have window displays on
+food conservation and help them with ideas. The sheets issued by the
+Retail Store Section of the Food Administration contain pictures of
+windows that are easy to copy. Be sure that the window display contains
+an announcement of the food train.</p>
+
+<p>Ask every merchant who has a sign writer or who makes his own window
+cards to make up in his best style a card or sign announcing the coming
+of the train.</p>
+
+<p><b>Slides in Moving Picture Theaters.</b> See that slides are displayed
+in the moving picture theaters announcing the coming of the train. The
+following makes a satisfactory slide:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+SEE THE PICTURES AND WAR RELICS<br>
+AND<br>
+LEARN WARTIME COOKERY<br>
+<br>
+FOOD CONSERVATION TRAIN<br>
+<br>
+<i>FREE</i> <span style="margin-left:15em;"><i>FREE</i></span><br>
+<br>
+12th St. SIDING, PENNSYLVANIA R.R.<br>
+10-12 A.M. <span style="margin-left:15em;">2-5 P.M.</span> <span style="margin-left:15em;">JULY 15</span><br>
+</p>
+
+<p><b>Mention in Advertisements of Local Merchants.</b> Local food
+dealers, especially those selling substitutes, should be interested in
+getting their customers to see the exhibits and demonstrations. Ask
+them to mention the train in their newspaper advertisements preceding
+its arrival.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the usual advertising space of food dealers your
+newspaper may be able to have a special page of food advertisements
+with a large announcement of the train in the center.</p>
+
+<p>Other advertisers may also be willing to mention the food train and may
+find a way to work it into their advertisement as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>On your way to the Food Conservation Train on Tuesday, don’t fail to
+drop in and see our new assortment of men’s neckwear, etc.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COMMITTEE ON SPECIAL DELEGATIONS</h4>
+
+<p>Since only a certain number of the people can see the train during
+its brief stay and ALL the people should receive its message, it
+is important that special delegations be arranged for, with the
+understanding that the delegates will pass on the message brought by
+the train to members of their organizations.</p>
+
+<p>Morning attendance is lightest. As many as possible of these special
+groups should be arranged for during the morning.</p>
+
+<p>The director of the train and the chairman of the reception committee
+should each receive a list of delegations that expect to attend, also
+the hour when they will arrive.</p>
+
+<p>If any special group promises to come at a given hour, have a committee
+member meet them and introduce them at the train. People will be more
+likely to come if they feel some special attention is being shown them.</p>
+
+<p>The following groups are suggested; others may be added or substituted
+as the committee may decide:</p>
+
+<p><b>Officials.</b> An official delegation made up of members of council
+of defense, city officials, chamber of commerce, trades assembly,
+Red Cross and other war agencies, newspaper editors, and others.
+This delegation should be the first to come in the morning after the
+reception committee arrives.</p>
+
+<p><b>Schools.</b> Special arrangements for the attendance<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span> of school
+children in the morning are suggested on a separate assignment sheet,
+with the heading “Schools.”</p>
+
+<p><b>Churches.</b> See the assignment on Co-operation of Churches for a
+suggestion for having delegations from church societies.</p>
+
+<p><b>Restaurants and Hotels.</b> Managers and cooks of hotels and
+restaurants should come in a body at a special hour so that information
+and answers to questions of special interest to them can be arranged.</p>
+
+<p><b>Food Sellers.</b> There are exhibits of special interest to
+food sellers, and these persons can be very helpful in passing on
+information to their customers. All should be asked to attend in a body
+if possible. Can you arrange for the stores to be closed at a certain
+hour?</p>
+
+<p><b>Employes.</b> Employers might be willing to excuse some of their
+workers in stores and factories, especially if they are near the train,
+for a brief visit. If a factory delegation can be arranged for at the
+noon hour a special session may be arranged for them.</p>
+
+<p><b>Clubs.</b> All fraternal orders, civic, social clubs, and labor
+unions, should be especially urged to be represented. The men’s
+organizations will be especially interested in the war relics and in
+the maps showing important facts about food distribution.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COMMITTEE ON CO-OPERATION OF CHURCHES</h4>
+
+<p>The Food Conservation Train aims to teach the message of
+brotherhood—of sharing our food with those whose need is greater than
+ours. All the churches will be glad to help make it a success if you
+tell them what to do.</p>
+
+<p><b>Announcements.</b> Ask ministers to have announcement of the train
+given at all services during the week before it arrives. Announcement
+forms are supplied.</p>
+
+<p><b>Delegations.</b> Invite church societies to send delegations to the
+train. Be sure that the women who plan church suppers, bazaars, and
+food sales are appointed among delegates. They will receive valuable
+suggestions.</p>
+
+<p>It is important that men’s classes and societies send delegates.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sermons.</b> Ask ministers to preach sermons on the Sunday before
+the train arrives on our obligation to feed the world from our generous
+stores of food. They may obtain helpful information from (insert name
+of a food administration bulletin giving general information about
+the food situation), of which copies may be had from (name of local
+official or committee).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COMMITTEE ON SCHOOLS</h4>
+
+<p>School children can be of great assistance in spreading the news of the
+train.</p>
+
+<p><b>Invitations to Parents.</b> The teachers may be asked to have the
+children write invitations to their parents to visit the train as an
+exercise in composition.</p>
+
+<p><b>Attendance of School Children.</b> Groups of older school children
+(attending high school) should come with their teachers in squads of
+about thirty or forty at fifteen-minute intervals during the morning.
+Domestic science classes should come in a body.</p>
+
+<p>Drawing and manual training classes may be asked to study the exhibits
+with a view to reproducing them at a later date for the benefit of
+parents and friends.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COMMITTEE ON ATTENDANCE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE GROUPS</h4>
+
+<p>Remember those who do not speak English. We particularly wish to reach
+them. The following steps are necessary:</p>
+
+<p><b>The Leaders.</b> The committee should see and actively interest the
+clergymen. If they approve, they can do much to interest the members of
+their congregations.</p>
+
+<p>In the same manner, interest the chief foreign business men. Find out
+what leaders among them have been revealed by the Liberty Loan and
+other campaigns, and reach them.</p>
+
+<p><b>Workers.</b> Let every employer having foreign workers and every
+woman employing foreign domestics advertise to and through them.</p>
+
+<p>Arrange special hours for groups by languages and be sure to have an
+interpreter or a speaker in their own language.</p>
+
+<p><b>Be Democratic!</b> Above all else be democratic in your dealings
+with these foreign-born workers. Make them feel that they are asked
+to take a part in a common experience, not that the native born are
+“unloading” something upon the foreigners. Keep yourselves in the
+attitude of being willing to learn as well as to teach.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COMMITTEE ON SPEAKING</h4>
+
+<p>Use the Four Minute Men in advertising the train. Call upon others
+who can speak. Tell them what the Pennsylvania Food Administration is
+trying to do with the train and ask them to speak for you.</p>
+
+<p>The director and staff of the train are willing to address noon
+meetings with the object of urging attendance at the afternoon session.
+Factory employes can be reached in this way. Arrange with the manager
+of any local corporation, particularly one employing girls, to have
+such a meeting.</p>
+
+<p>Try to have a speaker at any gathering that is held during the week or
+ten days before the train arrives.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PERSONAL CANVASS</h4>
+
+<p><b>The Men.</b> If your men are not as eager to conserve as the women,
+get them to come to the train and we can help you to interest them.
+The exhibit car especially contains war relics, pictures, and maps of
+interest to men. Invite as many men as you can reach personally or by
+telephone.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Farmers’ Wives.</b> The best publicity to farmers’ wives is
+personal. Let the committee take the telephone book, divide up the
+names of the farmers, and see that each farm woman is ’phoned to at
+least three days before our coming. Have letters sent to farmers’ wives
+several days before train arrives. (Forms supplied.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span></p>
+
+<p>If you know of interested women who are lame, or otherwise shut in,
+send someone for them in an automobile.</p>
+
+<p><b>Last Minute Calls.</b> Personal telephone calls on a day before
+the train arrives are an indispensable means of insuring attendance.
+Get some of the older high school girls to divide up the telephone
+directory among them and call up the numbers systematically from their
+own homes. They should simply announce that the Food Conservation Train
+is going to be in town to-morrow and give the time and place where
+it may be found. If the train has been generally advertised a large
+attendance can be insured by this method. It reminds people.</p>
+
+<p><b>Motor Service.</b> In order to reach the people of outlying
+districts, it is possible to organize a girls’ motor service. Have the
+automobiles go to an advertised point where they will pick up all who
+desire to go to the train. They can make several trips in morning and
+afternoon. It would be well to have automobiles doing this work carry
+banners advertising the train and its special work.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="VI">VI<br><span class="small">THE MESSAGE OF THE TOUR</span></h2></div>
+
+
+<p>The message of the campaign includes the ideas, facts, and plans to be
+presented to the audiences. The choice of a topic or its scope, what
+to say about it, and how much, are questions deserving more thoughtful
+consideration and real work than is usually given to them. The most
+important and the most difficult thing in preparing the message is
+to have constantly in mind a picture of the way in which it is to be
+delivered. If, for example, the project takes the form of an exhibit
+and lecture train in which visitors will spend part of their time
+listening to a talk and the remainder passing through several cars to
+examine displays, we should, as we plan the message, try to picture
+the train on the siding at, let us say, Jonesville. We should also
+visualize the numbers and types of people likely to come, how they will
+divide their time between the talks and the exhibits, how long they
+will stay, or how long we will wish them to stay, what they know about
+the subject already, and what they will want to know, what they could
+do with this or that kind of information, and how much and what part of
+the message they are likely to remember. If the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span> campaign is carried
+on with a truck and its program includes a demonstration which only a
+few people can see, and a motion picture and lecture program for much
+larger numbers, there are two problems; first, visualizing the small
+groups for the demonstration, and second, the larger audience for the
+more popular program.</p>
+
+<p>Reports of topics and methods of presenting them that have come in from
+many and varied traveling campaigns indicate that much more attention
+could be given to this question of preparing the message, and that
+frequently topics have been selected and the form of presentation
+worked out with only a very hazy visualization of the conditions and
+the people to be encountered at Jonesville and other points along the
+route.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Choice of a Topic</span></h3>
+
+<p>Experience leads most directors, sooner or later, to choose a single
+topic that is definite and concrete, rather than a group of topics
+or one that is broad in scope. This limiting of the topic is all the
+more likely to be important where the subject of the campaign is
+unfamiliar to the prospective audience. The titles given to many of
+the agricultural trains indicate that their directors have found the
+concrete and single topic satisfactory. Trains have been called the
+“Stump Pulling Special,” “Wheat Special,” “Better Seed Car,” and “Dairy
+Train.”</p>
+
+<p>In the health field the topics have often been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span> very general, as “Child
+Welfare” or merely “Public Health.” One public health car, which seemed
+to be fairly typical, carried exhibits on the prevention and cure of
+tuberculosis, care of babies, the duties of the school nurse, food
+adulteration, communicable diseases, playgrounds, venereal diseases,
+and a description of the functions of the State Health Department. The
+more inclusive and thus less specific the topic the more vague and
+general will be the talk about it afterward by those who visited the
+train.</p>
+
+<p>A reason sometimes given for presenting varied and general topics is
+that the purpose is not so much to give definite information which
+will be remembered and acted on, as to impress people with the scope
+and importance of the subject. For example, the visitors to a public
+health car in which many phases of the subject are touched upon may
+carry away a conviction that public health work is important to the
+community and should be supported although their ideas of it were very
+vague. This result may satisfy the purpose of some campaigns, but more
+often directors who present a variety of topics hope that something
+about each will be remembered; and there is reason for believing that
+their hope will not come as near to realization, or at least that
+the information will not be of as great utility, as it might if the
+subjects were fewer and more specifically treated.</p>
+
+<p>Another argument frequently brought forward<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span> in favor of including
+several topics is that all sorts of people will visit the train or
+truck, and while one will be interested in one subject others will be
+more interested in something else. When those in charge of the program
+are meeting only a few people at a time, they can talk separately to
+each visitor about special problems, but the brief stops made on most
+tours require the message to be presented to a large group at one
+time or at least in quick succession, so that in practice it usually
+happens that all the visitors see and hear the same things. In this
+case the more closely a single and concrete topic is adhered to, the
+more hopeful campaigners may be that what is said or displayed will be
+remembered.</p>
+
+<p>An equally important reason for limiting the number of topics is the
+desirability of having your whole audience get the same message. In
+connection with the Wheat Specials, for example, not alone should the
+farmer and the farmer’s wife and the farmer’s children be informed
+about the wheat problems of the locality, but the local banker and
+business man stand in need of much the same information. The preacher
+and the doctor will help to spread the doctrine, and the school teacher
+can make good use of what he learns. The more nearly the entire
+community, young and old, understands and is interested in the same
+message, the more likely that the desired results will follow.</p>
+
+<p>Occasionally two or three topics may be presented on the same train by
+having separate cars<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span> for each topic and a separate audience for each.
+Thus, on one train a car containing household labor-saving devices was
+designed to interest the wives of farmers, and a pure-seed car the
+farmers. Or several topics may be combined in such a way that they are
+made parts of one large idea. Health topics might be brought together
+under “The Health of the Family,” and divided into instruction about
+the care of the baby, the child at school, the teaching of social
+hygiene to older boys and girls, and the sanitation of the household.
+But even when thus closely related to the family interests of the
+visitors, this group of topics is still too varied to permit any one to
+make a strong and lasting impression.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">What to Tell</span></h3>
+
+<p>Having chosen a topic, there is sure to be so much to tell about it
+that careful selection again becomes necessary. The best guide in
+preparing the subject matter of the program is the visualization of
+expected audiences already referred to. It cannot be too strongly
+emphasized that the relation of the subject matter to their interests,
+circumstances, and habits will largely determine their response to the
+suggestions given. Often this relationship exists, but is not explained
+clearly enough to be readily understood. The fact that the traveling
+campaigners come from a distance, bringing new ideas expressed in an
+unfamiliar way, leads an audience to look upon the whole<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span> project as
+something which is no doubt very interesting to see and hear about, but
+of no immediate concern to themselves. It is worth while to make a very
+special effort to overcome this attitude of aloofness and to make the
+audiences see that what you are bringing is something that they have
+been wanting all the time, without their fully realizing it.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="013" style="max-width: 94.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/013.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Group of Objects Expressing One Idea</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">A conspicuous title sign holds together a number of objects and
+captions illustrating one idea. The exhibit gains greater unity and
+separation from other exhibits by being enclosed on three sides.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Making up the Program</span></h3>
+
+<p>The term program is used here to include the combined activities and
+displays that make up what is presented to visitors at each stopping
+point. It may consist of music, talks, demonstrations, motion pictures,
+or displays of posters and objects, or several of these features
+combined, with varying emphasis on one or the other form.</p>
+
+<p>It may be held inside of railroad cars or in an open space, using for a
+stage a flat car, the rear platform of a passenger car, or a temporary
+structure. Or it may be given in a hall in the town. Sometimes the
+program includes both indoor and outdoor features.</p>
+
+<p>It is usually a good idea to arrange what might be called a “unit”
+program that will include everything that it is desirable for a given
+visitor or group of visitors to do, see, and hear in order to fully
+understand and enjoy the message. This unit program has an important
+place in the arrangement of itinerary, schedule, and the arrangements
+made for the attendance. For example, if the unit program lasts an
+hour we have a means<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span> of deciding the number of times it needs to be
+repeated in order to reach the desired number of visitors. If it lasts
+two or three hours we are likely to find that in our advance work we
+will need to make a greater effort to attract a carefully selected
+audience, since the longer the program in most cases the fewer the
+people who could enjoy it even once. The suggestions below have to
+do with some of the factors to take into account in selecting and
+combining features of this unit program.</p>
+
+<p>Features intended wholly or mainly as attractions, such as music, or
+dramatic or comic films, should not be placed in competition with
+educational features for getting attention or holding interest. They
+may be said to compete when they distract attention from the main topic
+or take up an undue share of the time of visitors, or are so much more
+popular in form than the educational topics as to be more talked about
+and remembered afterward.</p>
+
+<p>The program should be arranged so that the one idea or set of facts
+which it is the purpose of the tour to deliver holds the center of
+the stage at all times, and so that it commands attention whether it
+takes the form of a talk or exhibit, or both. As has already been said,
+the main idea should not be overshadowed or lost sight of through the
+rivalry of other attractions. Finally, so that there may be no doubt
+that it is understood and remembered, the main idea should be repeated
+in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span> different forms, in talks, demonstrations, exhibits, and printed
+matter.</p>
+
+<p>If the visitor is obliged to stand during all or the greater part of
+the time he is not likely to give more than an hour of interested
+attention to talks and displays. Many will give much less. The actual
+period that the average visitors will remain under certain conditions
+is soon learned by experimenting, and each feature should be timed so
+that a satisfactory presentation of the subject can be assured for the
+majority of them.</p>
+
+<p>However attractively the subject is presented through motion pictures
+or other displays, a good talker is about the most important element
+in getting the idea across to the visitors. Whether the speaker
+accompanies his talk with slides or objects, conducts a demonstration,
+explains exhibits, or makes running comments on motion pictures, his
+ability to be heard, to hold interest, and to express himself simply,
+briefly, and concretely will often be the chief factor in the success
+of the program. Lecturers for traveling campaigns should be chosen
+as much for their ability as speakers as for their knowledge of the
+subject matter.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Programs of Exhibit Trains</span></h3>
+
+<p>The following plan for a program was announced for one of the Liberty
+Loan trains:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span></p><div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Aerial bombs will be sent off as train reaches stop.</p>
+
+<p>Liberty Loan representatives in charge of train will make brief
+address and ask local committee of three to come onto the platform.</p>
+
+<p>Five-minute address by the local chairman or someone selected by him.</p>
+
+<p>Talk by returned soldier.</p>
+
+<p>Address by experienced speaker with principal object of urging
+necessity of subscribing to Loan.</p>
+
+<p>Invitation by Liberty Loan representative to inspect exhibition.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The trains for which this program was planned made short stops and the
+talks were given from a platform or from one of the flat cars. A large
+crowd could be reached by a single speaking program. In this case the
+speaking was the important feature, and the exhibits of war material
+were an “attraction” rather than an educational feature. It satisfied
+the purpose of the tour to have most of the time devoted to speeches,
+followed by a rapid view of exhibits.</p>
+
+<p>The extension division of the Texas State College of Agriculture
+reports the following program method:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Immediately upon going into a town, the people were loaded into the
+lecture cars and three lecturers would alternate for a twenty-minute
+talk on different subjects in each car. Where outdoor meetings were
+held the exhibit cars were closed upon coming into town and general
+lectures were first had from the platform car, then the live stock
+were led onto the platform car where special demonstrations were
+given. As soon as this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span> formal program was completed the specialists
+were stationed back through the exhibition cars and the crowds were
+allowed to enter the front of the train and pass gradually through the
+entire train, making such inquiries of the specialists as they cared
+to while going through the exhibition car.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here again the speaking and the outdoor demonstrations are evidently
+regarded as the important features. Such a plan should not be
+considered if the exhibits are of real importance. The audience that
+has been standing during the program of perhaps half an hour or more,
+and has then waited in line to go through the train, is a tired
+audience and not nearly so responsive as though its members came fresh
+to the exhibits. It is also true that when the program is so arranged
+that the whole crowd is ready at one time to start through the train,
+there is much more difficulty in managing the people and much more
+dissatisfaction on the part of those at the rear end of the line. It
+is difficult to get careful attention for exhibits from people who
+are being moved ahead to make way for an impatient crowd standing in
+long lines behind them. The managers of trains will do well to decide
+in advance whether the speaking or the exhibits constitute the really
+important feature of the program. If it is the exhibits, then the
+speaking should be made incidental, perhaps, by having a ten-minute
+talk given from the platform at regular intervals as a new group is to
+be started through the train.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Program Combining Demonstrations and Exhibits</span></h3>
+
+<p>A method of dividing the time between demonstrations in two cars and
+an exhibit car was worked out satisfactorily on the Pennsylvania
+Food Conservation Train. All the audience passed through the train
+in the same direction, starting at the same point, except that
+at the beginning of the session all the cars were filled at once
+to avoid delays. When the first car was filled a talk on canning
+started. No attempt was made to demonstrate a complete process, but
+different vegetables or fruits were in various stages of preparation
+continuously, so that a fifteen-minute illustrated talk brought out the
+points that required emphasis. After about five minutes of questions
+and looking at displays of equipment and canned articles, this crowd
+moved on to the next car, while the first car was filled again with the
+next group of arrivals. In the second car a similar program was given
+on uses of wheat substitutes. In the third car two explainers met the
+audience and explained the exhibits found there. As the topics in all
+three cars were closely related (the demonstrations showing how to save
+food and the exhibits showing why food saving was necessary), an hour
+spent in three cars gave variety enough to keep interest awake and
+still kept closely to the one big idea—“Save Food.”</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="014" style="max-width: 92.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/014.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Demonstration Car</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">A day coach used for a canning demonstration on the food conservation
+train of the New York Central Railroad and the New York State College
+of Agriculture.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="015" style="max-width: 110.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/015.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">An Outdoor Program</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Crowd listening to a speech at the War Trophy Train which toured
+Kentucky as a feature of the Fourth Liberty Loan campaign.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Outdoor Speaking at Trains</span></h3>
+
+<p>If speaking to a general audience is the important thing, a talk from
+the outside of the train would seem better than crowding people into
+the cars; but even outside speeches from the platform or a flat car, or
+an especially built platform at the train present many difficulties.
+The location of the train frequently does not provide good standing
+room for the crowds; there is frequently distraction from the noise of
+other trains and persistent rainy weather must be reckoned with also.
+It is very important to have speakers with good outdoor voices, for the
+effect on the audience of straining to hear a speaker is irritating and
+leaves behind a bad impression.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="VII">VII<br><span class="small">EXHIBIT CARS</span></h2></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Types of Cars</span></h3>
+
+<p>Practically every type of car from the Pullman to the flat car can be
+fitted up to suit some exhibit or demonstration purpose. The Pullman,
+with its broad windows and attractively finished woodwork, makes a more
+pleasing setting for displays than the day coach. The day coach with
+seats removed and shelves built in for the display of exhibits has been
+the most generally used type of car. Photographs of the Pennsylvania
+Food Conservation Train show day coaches with interiors fitted up
+with counters, platforms, and cupboards with dimensions based on a
+careful calculation of the desired use of every inch of floor and wall
+space.<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> The baggage car is more nearly ready for use in an emergency
+since it does not need to be dismantled, but it is neither so well
+lighted nor so well finished as the coach. The flat car is well adapted
+to a display of large and heavy equipment, or for demonstrations that,
+require a platform to display them to an audience standing near the
+track. On agricultural trains, demonstrations of milking or judging
+live stock have been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span> given on flat cars. On the Liberty Loan trains
+flat cars were employed to show cannon, machine guns, tanks, and other
+large equipment. In the photograph opposite <a href="#Page_80">page 80</a> a flat car is shown
+fitted with a framework for a tarpaulin for protection against weather.
+This is a necessary precaution in using flat cars.</p>
+
+<p>An experienced director of exhibit trains writes: “An especially built
+and designed car for the purpose is well worth its additional cost.
+Such cars as I have seen provided by the railroads for temporary
+service in exhibit lines have all been old, small, and often
+broken-down baggage or passenger cars, in every way unsuitable for a
+purpose where the most extreme dimensions available still leave the
+exhibit and circulation space contracted. Cars should be built on the
+largest frames and the most extreme dimensions that the railroads, as
+governed by their tracks, bridges, and tunnels can handle. Windows
+should be set high in the car walls, giving a high source of light and
+maximum wall space for exhibits, and should be larger than those in the
+ordinary coach to secure better ventilation. The doors should be built
+wider than the usual car door.” The plan calls for small and compact
+living and office quarters at one end. The director also adds that
+the installation of an engine to furnish lights and power for working
+models is an important item of equipment. One engine is sufficient
+to run lights, fans, and models for several cars. In these days of
+portable electrical<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span> outfits, this item is practicable and fairly
+inexpensive.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Traveling Accommodations for Staff Members</span></h3>
+
+<p>The kind of living arrangements provided for the lecturers and
+assistants will depend, to some extent, upon the frequency of the stops
+and the number of persons traveling with the train. Several of the more
+elaborately equipped trains have carried a Pullman sleeping coach and a
+diner for the staff members. If there are frequent stops, it would seem
+that at least sleeping quarters on the train are necessary. Meals are
+sometimes arranged for at stopping places, and in this case the advance
+agent is responsible for seeing that good meals are assured. When stops
+of a full day or more are made, the staff members sometimes find rooms
+and meals in hotels en route. Whatever the arrangements, as is stated
+elsewhere, they should insure the greatest possible degree of comfort
+to the staff, in order to offset the severe strain that this kind of
+campaigning inevitably involves.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Treatment of Car Interiors</span></h3>
+
+<p>The two chief difficulties with exhibits on trains are keeping them
+clean and so securing them in place as to withstand the jarring motion.
+Washable surfaces on floors, shelves, and walls are essential. Exhibits
+should be either of the kind that are easily kept clean or else placed
+under cover or frequently replaced. No decorations<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span> such as draped
+bunting, which collects and holds dust, should be used. Clusters of
+small flags hung straight from chandeliers are attractive and non-dust
+collecting decorations. Small objects should be either securely
+fastened to shelves or packed away while the train is in motion.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="016" style="max-width: 115.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/016.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Flat Cars Used for Displaying Captured German
+Trophies</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="center">A section of a Liberty Loan War Relic Train. Canvas covers can be
+thrown over the framework to protect the exhibit from the rain. This
+framework also provides a support for arc lights, so that the exhibit
+can be displayed at night.</p>
+</div></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Exhibits</span></h3>
+
+<p>Having selected the subject matter, you have a choice of presenting it
+through exhibits, demonstrations, talks, or all three.</p>
+
+<p>For still exhibits the use of models, objects, cartoons, posters,
+transparencies for the windows, and brief slogans or statements on
+placards have been found most suitable. As is brought out in a later
+section under methods of display, the dimensions of a car place severe
+limitations on the forms that may be used to advantage, and the same
+principle applies to the selection of these as to the content of a
+train exhibit.</p>
+
+<p>Just as there should be few ideas so there should not be too many
+sizes, shapes, and forms of exhibits which confuse the eye in the way
+that variety of topics confuses the mind.</p>
+
+<p>Because of the necessity of moving people through the cars rapidly
+enough to make way for others to follow, it is essential that whatever
+is displayed may be quickly seen and understood. This limitation rules
+out many forms that might be shown satisfactorily in halls. Anything
+that is expressed chiefly by words may better be left to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span> speakers
+and printed matter for distribution as there is not time to read
+words and figures and, indeed, visitors have little inclination to
+do so. Diagrams, particularly those presenting detailed facts, also
+call for close examination and delay the progress of visitors. One
+train exhibitor of experience says: “One of the greatest dangers to
+be avoided is an excess of charts and small type. The exhibit should
+be such that the crowds can be kept moving through the car and,
+nevertheless, be able to seize the principal points intended to be
+taught.”</p>
+
+<p>A description of a part of a single health car in one report includes
+“75 wall charts illustrating the cost in human lives of tuberculosis,
+typhoid fever, and diarrhea. Each series of charts has grouped about
+it from two to twelve models. Several hundred photographs show
+occupational conditions favorable to tuberculosis.” Such a collection
+as this is suited only to intensive study and not at all to a popular
+traveling exhibit.</p>
+
+<p>Methods used to attract attention to one thing should not distract
+attention from other things. For example, in a certain health car
+a bell struck every three minutes tolling the one hundred and
+seventy-five thousand deaths annually from tuberculosis. This is a
+striking and effective way of making people heed a startling fact, but
+unfortunately every time the bell rang in so small a space as the car
+it interfered with the study of other features being presented.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span></p>
+
+<p>There is little opportunity to get attention for detailed or complex
+displays, no matter how attractive and interesting they may be. The
+following is taken from a description of a mechanical device shown on a
+train through which visitors were always moving rapidly because there
+was a long waiting line: “A model block-signal system about 25 feet in
+length, illustrating the protection provided by a clock-signal system
+was in full operation. This model had two sidings and was designed
+particularly to show single-track operation. Intermediate signals were
+shown between the clock signals by means of lights.” The information
+that this model conveyed illustrates very well the kind that is too
+complicated to be understood without a careful examination and some
+explanation by an attendant.</p>
+
+<p>You must, therefore, in planning the form as in planning the content of
+your exhibit, keep your eye steadily on the picture of the Smiths and
+Browns at the train as it stands on the side track in Jonesville with
+many people moving through the cars. You can test the practicability
+of your devices and other displays by asking yourself these questions
+concerning the probable reaction of Brown and Smith:</p>
+
+<p>Will it attract their attention?</p>
+
+<p>Will it arouse their interest?</p>
+
+<p>Will they remember it?</p>
+
+<p>Will it bring a response from them?</p>
+
+<p>These are generally recognized aims of advertising,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span> and they apply
+equally to exhibits which are, after all, a form of advertising.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Use of the Space for Display</span></h3>
+
+<p>For displaying exhibits to moving audiences, the use of the space
+should be so planned that it is easy to keep visitors moving in a given
+direction and at the same time make it possible for them to grasp
+quickly the meaning of what they see.</p>
+
+<p>The majority of those who have reported on their experience with trains
+agree that it is very important that visitors should move in a single
+direction. This is beyond question desirable unless small audiences are
+expected; but as is stated elsewhere, capacity audiences are the aim of
+most enterprises.</p>
+
+<p>Having agreed on a one-way movement, there is, however, still
+considerable disagreement as to the best arrangement of
+material—whether on two sides of the center aisle, or along the center
+of the car with an aisle on either side, or finally, with exhibits
+displayed on one side only with a single aisle.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp98" id="017" style="max-width: 81.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/017.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Interior of Health Exhibit Car</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span></p>
+<p class="center">An example of the display of exhibits on both sides of a center aisle.
+If there are many visitors going through the car at one time, they
+must move slowly along the narrow aisle, looking alternately at an
+exhibit on one topic on the right, and one on another topic on the
+left. Both physically and mentally this method of viewing exhibits is
+likely to be tiring. One would expect the average visitor to carry
+away a confused impression of the facts and ideas presented.</p>
+</div>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="018" style="max-width: 100.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/018.jpg" alt="">
+
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">A Well Arranged Exhibit Car</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>A car interior on the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train designed to
+overcome as many as possible of the difficulties in train exhibiting.</p>
+
+<p>The curved space, too high to attract attention easily, is used for a
+symbolic frieze in colors, the design, in three parts, being repeated
+five times and running the length of the car. The same space was used
+less successfully, as shown in the cut opposite <a href="#Page_70">page 70</a>, for reading
+matter which was read only when the explainer called attention to it.
+The framed captions and the pictures below them are approximately
+at eye-level. Variety combined with a symmetrical arrangement is
+obtained by placing a large poster over every fourth window, while the
+transparencies on the remaining windows allow plenty of light to enter.</p>
+
+<p>Exhibits are displayed on one side of the car only. An economical use
+of the 9-foot width of the car is obtained as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Raised platform for the explainer, 20 inches wide.</p>
+
+<p>Counter, 28 inches wide.</p>
+
+<p>Aisle for visitors, 4.5 feet wide.</p>
+
+<p>The use of vertical space is also carefully planned and is roughly:</p>
+
+<p>Counter height, 40 inches.</p>
+
+<p>Upright board at back of counter, 11 inches high.</p>
+
+<p>Combined height of pictures and captions, 36 inches, with lower edge
+about 48 inches from the floor.</p>
+</div>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The first method, that of displaying exhibits on two sides of the
+center aisle, makes the progress of the visitor very slow and awkward,
+for he must continually turn from one side to the other as he goes
+unless, of course, he violates the rule of moving in one direction
+only and in so doing comes back along the same aisle. Not only is it
+awkward to turn continually from side to side in viewing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span> exhibits
+but it is difficult to arrange material so that the visitor can in this
+way follow an idea logically. His attention is alternately given to
+the topics on one side and the other, unless by some elaborate system
+of arrangement the story moves from one side to the other. Another
+difficulty is that the explainer has no place to stand except in the
+aisle, holding back the visitors. The very narrow middle aisle left
+by counters or tables on two sides is still another disadvantage.
+Moreover, favored with space at the expense of visitors, the exhibits
+are less likely to be seen and their value is thus lowered.</p>
+
+<p>Displays along the center of the car with an aisle on each side might
+be satisfactory in some cases, especially if all the material is in
+the form of models or objects and there is no need to use the walls.
+This method allows for the movement of visitors in single file down one
+aisle and back the other, or for two parallel lines to move in a single
+direction on both sides of the display. Some who have tried this method
+found that visitors did not look at the walls but gave their whole
+attention to the center of the car.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="019" style="max-width: 116.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/019.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Food Conservation Train of New York State College of
+Agriculture</span></p>
+
+<p>Exhibits in the center of the car with a narrow aisle on each side. See
+<a href="#Page_86">page 86</a>. The objects on the floor obstructing the aisle were probably
+placed in the aisle only for photographing.</p>
+
+<p>Jars of fruits and vegetables are attractively displayed at the
+right height, and with light shining through to bring out color
+and clearness. There is a welcome lack of crowding, and desirable
+simplicity in the car as a whole.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The third method, that of placing exhibits on one side only, seems
+to have been found the most satisfactory. In this way both wall and
+floor space on one side may be used to their full advantage, while the
+visitors looking in a single direction move fairly rapidly. A space may
+be left for the explainer between the wall and the counter, as shown
+in the picture opposite <a href="#Page_85">page 85</a>. Also, she may move the length of the
+car and back without difficulty, having the counter between her and
+visitors.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="020" style="max-width: 83.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/020.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Arrangement of Railroad Car Interior</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="center">Simple and attractive arrangement of exhibits on the Wisconsin Pure
+Seed and Home Power Special. The exhibitors showed unusually good
+judgment in their use of wall space. The information given is brief,
+to the point, easily read, and well displayed. The disadvantages of
+displaying the exhibits on both sides of the narrow center aisle,
+discussed on <a href="#Page_84">page 84</a>, are illustrated here.</p>
+</div></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Placing Exhibits</span></h3>
+
+<p>The first consideration in placing exhibits is that they shall be at
+the right height. The best space on walls is that on a level with the
+eye. The eye will travel up and down in following a display that has
+caught the visitor’s attention, but isolated placards, pictures, or
+objects placed too high or too low to be within easy range have small
+chance of being observed.</p>
+
+<p>The wall spaces of a car are considerably broken, as may be observed in
+the photographs. The curved space is excellent for decoration or for
+brief slogans, but should not be depended upon for anything requiring
+detailed examination. The upper part of the window space is usually
+most nearly at eye level, but windows are needed for light and it is
+wise not to cover with displays that shut out the light more than a
+half or a third of those on one side and none at all on the other.
+One needs to reckon with the possibility of trains often being placed
+close to the exhibit cars, or the cars being placed beside buildings
+that cut off the light entirely on one side. Probably the best use of
+windows is for cartoons or posters made on transparent paper or cloth,
+or on the familiar glass transparencies. The space below the windows
+is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span> too low for wall displays. The illustration of the Pennsylvania
+Food Conservation Train opposite <a href="#Page_85">page 85</a> shows a good use of windows
+and wall space. Another photograph opposite <a href="#Page_87">page 87</a> also shows an
+interesting use of space.</p>
+
+<p>The counters, shelves, or tables should be so built as to bring the
+objects on them as nearly as possible on a level with the eye, at the
+same time without cutting off the view of wall exhibits. The height
+and dimensions of the counters shown opposite <a href="#Page_85">page 85</a> were worked out
+carefully to meet this condition.</p>
+
+<p>It is always a good thing to have a railing separate visitors from the
+exhibits as more people can see them if all are held back from pressing
+too closely.</p>
+
+<p>Another important consideration in placing exhibits is that they should
+not be crowded. When objects or placards crowd one another it becomes
+impossible to look at one thing without having others in the margin of
+vision interfere with concentrated attention. The first impression of
+a crowded car is one of bewilderment. The visitor is obliged not only
+to grasp new ideas and facts presented in an unfamiliar form, but to
+select among a large number those of special interest to him.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Arrangement of Subject Matter</span></h3>
+
+<p>Because of the small space and necessarily quick movements of visitors,
+it is especially important<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span> that exhibits should be arranged in some
+logical sequence. Visitors are sometimes called upon to perform amazing
+feats in mental acrobatics, leaping from one topic to another with
+breathless speed. For example, in the exhibit pictured opposite page
+84, we see a poster about baby deaths resting on a model of a school
+building with a placard nearby urging the use of schools as community
+centers. Across the narrow aisle is a model obviously unrelated either
+to community centers or baby deaths. The sequence of ideas should
+be such that each new thought is made easier to understand and more
+interesting because of what went before it, or each separate exhibit
+should be clearly related to one central idea. Thus, in the first
+exhibit of the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train the series of
+topics was developed as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Why we must save</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Small savings</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Saving wheat</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Saving sugar</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Saving fats</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Using all the milk</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Using home products.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Not only the sequence of ideas but the separation between two topics
+is important. This can be accomplished by a visible separation,
+allowing a distance of at least six inches between exhibits relating to
+different topics; better still, by putting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span> up actual barriers between
+the exhibits, as is done in the exhibit opposite <a href="#Page_70">page 70</a>. The barrier
+has the advantage of holding the eye at one spot, so that there is no
+temptation to desert one exhibit for the lure of a bright color or a
+curious device farther on.</p>
+
+<p>Another consideration in arranging material is that groups relating
+to one subject should be so placed that their relation to one another
+and to the whole be quickly recognized. Sometimes exhibits that belong
+together are separated because variety of size and shape makes it
+inconvenient to work out a suitable arrangement. It is worth while
+to plan carefully in advance the kinds of exhibit material that will
+harmoniously illustrate a given topic; also to have the sizes and
+shapes conform to the dimensions of the space reserved for them.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Some Observations From Practical Experience</span></h3>
+
+<p>In a letter describing the exhibit car of the Canadian Forestry
+Association, Mr. J. R. Dickson, who was in charge of the car, makes
+some interesting observations regarding the arrangement of exhibits
+based on his experiences. He writes in part as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The people, especially at crowded hours, all tend to travel through an
+exhibit car in one direction and this is very desirable inasmuch as
+the man in charge of the car can regularly escort<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span> through it group
+after group of eager sightseers or inquirers after knowledge and keep
+up a cross between a lecture and a conversation with them, answering
+their questions and drawing their attention to all the pertinent
+points in the exhibit which they might otherwise overlook.</p>
+
+<p>To accomplish this plan of car lecturing most effectually, the entire
+exhibit should be arranged so far as possible in a natural sequence,
+beginning at one end of the car and ending at the other. This of
+course is where a single aisle is provided down one side of the car.
+Such a scheme makes one’s talk logical and so helps to impress the
+lessons of the exhibit in such a way that they are remembered easily
+and intelligently....</p>
+
+<p>On entering the car the first object to attract the visitor’s eye
+was a large map of Canada, showing the forestry belt of 400,000,000
+acres, over 90 per cent of this timber land being publicly owned. When
+told that each citizen of Canada, man, woman and child, owned on the
+average fifty acres of this national resource, the imagination and the
+pocket-nerve of the visitor were at once stimulated and he or she was
+thereafter taking a personal interest in the whole exhibit.</p>
+
+<p>The visitor next turned to a nursery of small pine and spruce
+illustrating the essential beginning of all our forest wealth and
+also suggesting the basic importance of land classification in order
+that every acre may be put to its best use. Then our modern methods
+of protecting both such young growth and the resulting mature timber
+were examined and explained, and the great need for good laws and
+the generous expenditure of public money in order to safeguard their
+forests, was readily seen and agreed to....</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span></p>
+
+<p>Before leaving, the visitor ... was handed a copy of the last Canadian
+Forestry Association Journal, and given a brief description of the
+nation-building work of this society, together with an addressed card
+inviting him to join.</p>
+
+<p>Finally he inspected a cabinet filled with highly finished samples
+of Canadian woods, and the last thing his eye rested upon and which
+impressed itself on his memory as he left the car, was this bold fire
+warning: “A tree will make a million matches; a match will burn a
+million trees.”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Arrangement of Car for Demonstrations</span></h3>
+
+<p>When an audience is to be gathered in a car to witness a demonstration
+or hear an illustrated talk, the first requirement is that the speaker
+can be easily heard and each process plainly seen by everyone in the
+car. The second is that the audience shall be comfortably seated if the
+demonstration is to last longer than fifteen or twenty minutes. This is
+about the limit of time that an audience will stand without becoming
+restless. The illustration on the opposite page shows an interior
+especially constructed for cooking demonstrations, or rather for brief
+object lessons, as a feature of the Pennsylvania Food Conservation
+Train. The demonstrator stands on a platform raised a foot higher than
+the floor. A counter extending the length of the car curves out at
+the center to leave a space for the platform and small kitchen. The
+maximum space for a standing audience is provided, and all are within
+easy range of the speaker’s voice and near enough<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span> to see the objects
+in her hand. The space below the counter is lined with cupboards.
+A similar arrangement might be suitable for any demonstration or
+illustrated talk in which few objects are used, provided the counter is
+raised high enough to show the entire process. If the extension of the
+counter along the sides were left out the space could be used to seat
+an audience around a raised central platform.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="021" style="max-width: 98.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/021.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Car Especially Designed for Cooking
+Demonstrations</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="center">A demonstration kitchen, Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train, with a
+raised platform for the demonstrator. The extension of the counter at
+either side of the kitchen provides exhibit space. Discussion on <a href="#Page_92">page
+92</a>.</p>
+</div></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> See illustrations opposite <a href="#Page_70">pages 70</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, and <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="VIII">VIII<br><span class="small">THE TOUR OF THE TRUCK OR TRAIN</span></h2></div>
+
+
+<p>Many factors enter into the planning of an itinerary, a time schedule,
+and the managing of audiences. What places to visit; whether within a
+given period of time allotted to the whole tour it is better to make a
+number of short stops at many places, or long stops at fewer places;
+whether a large or small audience of a particular kind is desired;
+whether visitors at train or truck should be encouraged to stay as
+long as they will or to remain only through a definite prearranged
+program, and then to move on in order to make room for others. All
+these questions must be answered before the tour begins, or better,
+after a brief trial trip. In some instances, special circumstances
+will exist that leave no room for choice in such a matter as, for
+example, the number of stops to be made. But ordinarily there are many
+decisions to make and they should be made in relation to the definite
+purpose of the tour. Perhaps the whole series of difficulties that
+arise may be summed up in two words—“don’t crowd.” As has already been
+suggested, the purpose itself should be simple and limited, not crowded
+with the attempt to achieve the impossible, so that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span> there is no room
+for the definite immediate purpose to stand out boldly where it can
+be seen. Don’t attempt to crowd into this brief tour the information
+or activities that belongs in the follow-up program. The same advice
+extends down to the handling of audiences and every other feature.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Places to Be Visited</span></h3>
+
+<p>In considering the type of places to be visited, the two main
+considerations are the size of the place and whether it contains the
+kinds of people who may be expected to take an interest in the subject
+matter. Many of those who have conducted trains report that they
+create more interest in communities of ten thousand or less than in
+larger places. The larger the town the more varied and numerous are
+the rival attractions. In the cities the train yards are often busier
+than elsewhere and, therefore, the noise and confusion as well as the
+difficulty of handling crowds at the train is greater unless the train
+be stationed away from the busy yards.</p>
+
+<p>The towns should be selected with reference to the relation of the
+community to the subject matter. To take an obvious example, it would
+hardly be appropriate to send an agricultural train into a mining town.
+The whole plan of campaign may have been made in relation to one type
+of population, either rural or industrial, and it is rather a waste of
+time to try to make it serve a population of a kind that it has not
+been prepared for.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span></p>
+
+<p>In planning the itinerary of a tour that must be completed in a
+given length of time, it is usually necessary to decide between the
+importance of visiting a small number of towns and of making a long
+stop in each, or of visiting a larger number for fewer hours or days.
+Some trains have made from five to ten stops in a day, while others
+have spent from several days to a week in one place. A day to a town,
+however, seems to be the more general rule.</p>
+
+<p>A stop may be limited to an hour or so because it is thought more
+important to cover a given amount of territory within certain time
+limits than it is to stay long enough in a place to reach a large share
+of the population or give much information. Or the purpose of the tour
+may be accomplished by presenting to an audience, all of whose members
+arrive at the same time, a single program lasting an hour and dealing
+with easily understood facts or ideas. The Liberty Loan trains furnish
+good illustrations of a purpose of this sort. If your campaigners are
+not in a hurry to get over the ground by a certain date they will
+probably find it more satisfactory to spend a full day and sometimes
+longer with the people of each community visited. The program may then
+be repeated for a number of audiences and the traveling specialists
+will have an opportunity to promote closer relationships with local
+leaders. However, conditions that govern a decision regarding the
+length of time to spend at a place<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span> differ so widely for individual
+enterprises that general suggestions have not much value.</p>
+
+<p>The stops of a truck tour are more easily arranged than those of
+a train since the latter is dependent upon the convenience of the
+railroad. One gain through this greater flexibility is the possibility
+of return visits to the same place. In this way the truck helps in
+its own advance publicity work by making a brief stay which attracts
+attention and spreads the news of its return for a longer stay a
+little later. In its work in the congested districts of the city, the
+Cleveland Children’s Year Special followed what its director called
+a “skip stop” system, visiting a neighborhood long enough to leave
+a number of people sufficiently well informed to talk about it, and
+coming back two or three days later to find an appreciative audience
+ready for the program.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Receiving the Visitors</span><a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></h3>
+
+<p>Visitors are the real reason for the enterprise which is undertaken
+solely for their instruction or benefit if results are hoped for, and
+they should not be forgotten at any stage of the planning. We have
+already considered them in the choice of subject matter, the form and
+quantity of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span> material, and its arrangement. Now, having equipment
+and plans ready, what shall be done with the visitors when they arrive
+at the train?</p>
+
+<p>Obviously, their comfort and convenience should be prepared for and
+every possible help provided for them to understand and enjoy what
+is displayed. Plans for doing these things should be based on the
+expectation of as large an attendance as can be handled satisfactorily,
+and even on some overcrowding, unless small groups are deliberately
+sought.</p>
+
+<p>As is explained in the section on advance work, local committees should
+be appointed whose members will co-operate with the regular staff of
+the train.</p>
+
+<p>A reception committee may welcome special delegations and introduce
+them to the members of the train staff. If there is a formal program,
+local leaders are usually asked to take part in it, and as it is
+important in relation to the follow-up work that they have the
+opportunity to familiarize themselves with the subject matter and the
+methods demonstrated on the train, their presence throughout the day
+should be secured by advance arrangements. An added value in having
+them at the train is that in the eyes of visitors they will become
+identified with the movement and thus be in a better position to lead
+in the local follow-up work.</p>
+
+<p>Helpers are needed to look after the safety of the visitors, to form
+any waiting crowds into lines,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span> direct people to the entrance, keep
+them moving in a single direction, prevent unnecessary congestion
+at any given point, and note questions and suggestions that should
+be passed on to members of the staff. If local volunteers are well
+prepared to perform these services the saving of strain on the
+hard-worked staff will be very great.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Rate of Progress in Exhibit Cars</span></h3>
+
+<p>Reports show that managers of trains have been satisfied with both
+extremes in the rate of progress of visitors in moving through the
+train. One train director reported with pride that by his system he was
+able to “run 5,000 through in an hour.” At the other extreme are the
+directors who during their stay in a town give a single demonstration
+in a car that holds only about one hundred people.</p>
+
+<p>The method of “running people through” very rapidly is useful only if
+the exhibits are simply curiosities or objects of interest that may be
+quickly noted, and that we may risk having soon forgotten without loss
+to the cause that is being served. For example, the Liberty Loan trains
+depended chiefly on their program of talks, music, and the appearance
+of the returned soldiers to arouse interest. The large guns displayed
+on flat cars were visible while the talking was going on. It did not
+particularly matter after that whether visitors were passed through
+the trophy car so rapidly that they had only a glimpse of the various
+objects.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span></p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the attendance in one place of so small a number as
+one hundred would hardly justify the work of planning and carrying out
+a tour unless either the small group are carefully selected as leaders
+capable of passing on the information to others, or the community is so
+small that this number is as many as might be expected. It ought to be
+possible to estimate in advance, or at least after the first week of
+the tour, the length of time required for the average person to see all
+that is important for him to see and understand. With this period in
+mind it is possible to estimate the number of people who can be handled
+in a given length of time. For example, we may assume the following
+conditions:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>A train of three cars.</p>
+
+<p>Number that can be accommodated comfortably in each car at one time,
+60.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty minutes, required time to see the exhibits or hear and see
+demonstrations in each car, or one hour for the train.</p>
+
+<p>Train on view six hours.</p>
+
+<p>Maximum attendance practicable during the stop, 1,080 people.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The attendance is, of course, never distributed so evenly as this over
+the day, and all the visitors do not stay exactly the same length of
+time. Probably with a fairly even distribution a train with a maximum
+capacity of one thousand will handle satisfactorily about eight hundred
+people. An estimate of the rate at which visitors may be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span> passed along
+will be found exceedingly useful in deciding many questions, such as
+the arrangement and content of the exhibits, the length of time to
+continue a demonstration, the number of times to repeat it, the length
+of the stay, and the quota of attendance to work for in the advance
+publicity.</p>
+
+<p>For example, would you rather have fewer people and have those who
+come stay longer, or would you prefer having a larger attendance with
+those who compose it spending less time with you? The selection of
+exhibits and the program should be arranged according to your decision
+on these points. If you are giving a few people detailed information
+which it would serve your purpose better to give to a larger number,
+you are throwing away your opportunity for want of a little careful
+calculation. The mistake most frequently made is to plan exhibits and
+programs on the expectation of having each visitor spend a long time at
+the train carefully examining each display, and then when the people
+arrive, to pass crowds through quickly without giving them a chance to
+see what has been prepared for them.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Distributing the Attendance</span></h3>
+
+<p>Apparently not many of those who have conducted trains have attempted
+through their advance work to prepare for arbitrary distribution of
+attendance over the entire period that the exhibit is open. The period
+from two to five o’clock in the afternoon seems to have been found the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span>
+most popular by the largest number of those reporting on attendance,
+with some falling off reported after four o’clock. The period before
+ten in the morning is agreed upon unanimously as the poorest time to
+get people out. The experiences reported as to the hourly attendance
+between ten and four o’clock varies so widely that it would seem to
+indicate that under the right conditions it should be possible to get
+people to come throughout this period.</p>
+
+<p>Good advance work can fill up many idle hours. A description of methods
+of advance work to accomplish this is contained in another chapter,
+but while we are considering the visitors it may be well to look over
+the groups that could most easily come at the least attractive hours.
+On a number of trains arrangements were made to have school children
+attend with their teachers according to a prearranged schedule, usually
+during the morning hours. This is an especially good plan when the
+train is on view all day, because the children tell their experiences
+when they go home at noon and thus help to get their parents to attend
+in the afternoon. If there are a larger number of school children than
+can be handled conveniently it is a good idea to limit attendance to
+the older children, basing the lower age limit on the estimated number
+of children that can be accommodated. If they do not fill up the train
+completely during the morning, it is possible to arrange for the
+attendance of delegations of leading citizens<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span> and other representative
+groups who come in a body to welcome the train when it is opened to the
+public, or to be personally escorted through it at a given time. This,
+of course, has news value as well as the advantage of using the morning
+hours. The Safety First Train of the government at each stop arranged
+to have such a morning delegation.</p>
+
+<p>In some places the noon hour may be used for the attendance of factory
+workers and other employed people who are not far from the train. This
+is successful if advance preparations are made and if the subject
+matter is of interest to the workers. It is often possible to adapt the
+program and some part of the displays to their interests. Using the
+noon hour depends, of course, on having a large enough staff to allow
+each member an hour for lunch. The period from five to eight o’clock
+in the afternoon is probably of the least value. Usually the staff
+members themselves need relaxation during this time if there is to be
+an evening session.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> If there is no session the train may pull out
+late in the afternoon. If, however, it is desirable to make use of this
+period, it may be possible to arrange for personal conferences or group
+conferences at the train or in town with persons especially interested
+in the subject who wish to have information that is not of interest to
+the general public or to talk over plans for the future.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span></p>
+
+<p>Reports as to the success of evening sessions vary greatly. Many have
+used the evening successfully for outdoor motion pictures or for
+meetings in town. The fact that many who could not leave their work
+during the day can come then seems to argue that it is possible to have
+a good attendance if the advance work has been thorough—provided also
+that the location of the car or train is satisfactory and that the time
+schedule will permit.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Explaining the Exhibits</span></h3>
+
+<p>While the exhibits should be so simple and well arranged as to be
+easily understood, any exhibit of objects, pictures, and printed words
+is more enjoyed and appreciated if it is brought to life by a personal
+interpretation given with enthusiasm. The explainer calls attention
+to what is displayed much as a chairman introduces a speaker. A good
+introduction makes the audience more friendly and responsive to either
+a speaker or an exhibit. The explainer who travels the length of the
+car with one group can take care of only a few people at a time, and
+if there is a continuous movement of people through the car only
+about one-third of them have the advantage of the explanation. If, on
+the outside or in another car, a lecture or demonstration precedes
+the reviewing of exhibits, the speaker may close the talk with an
+explanation of the purpose and character of the exhibits and some
+suggestions as to what to look for. With this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span> preparation people may
+pass through the car unattended and perhaps meet an explainer at the
+far end who will answer questions and give out literature together with
+an invitation to take part in the follow-up program. Or the explainer
+may meet people as they enter the car and give a brief introduction to
+the exhibits.</p>
+
+<p>Local people, with general information on the subject, can give
+valuable help in explaining points about particular exhibits which
+have to be repeated many times. These helpers should receive advance
+material and in addition should come to the train for coaching before
+it opens and be stationed at assigned positions.</p>
+
+<p>Staff members who are continually meeting people, work under
+considerable strain and may easily become tired or indifferent through
+over-work. So much depends on their enthusiasm and their readiness to
+offer help that this factor should be carefully checked up, and if any
+member of the staff shows signs of losing interest or failing to get a
+response he should be replaced or at least given a period of rest. By
+relieving staff members of irksome details and by providing in other
+ways for their comfort, as well as by arranging the schedule of hours
+so that they do not work beyond their strength in any one period, much
+can be done to avoid this loss of freshness and enthusiasm.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> The discussion in this section is handled in terms of
+trains for the sake of clearness and convenience, but generally the
+application is to single cars as well as to trains, and to automobiles
+or motor trucks or caravans of the same. The paragraphs not applicable
+to trucks are fairly obvious. However, it is urged that maximum results
+from a truck tour call for much the same carefully detailed preparation
+and management as a tour with a train.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> This fact, further discussed on p. 105, deserves
+considerable emphasis.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="IX">IX<br><span class="small">FOLLOW-UP WORK</span></h2></div>
+
+
+<p>In a previous chapter it was pointed out that the purpose of a tour
+may be to give information, to create interest in a new movement that
+is being launched, to revive interest that has become dull, or to
+serve as an attention-arresting feature of an intensive campaign that
+aims to produce some immediate results. All of these aims point to the
+need of planning definite follow-up work. It will not do to let people
+forget what they have learned or lose interest in it through neglect.
+If the tour means simply that ideas or facts are dropped down into each
+community, like seeds scattered by the winds without provision for
+later cultivating, they have a smaller chance to take root and grow.</p>
+
+<p>Psychology has demonstrated that there is a “curve of forgetting.”
+Hollingworth described it as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>When a given appeal is addressed to me, I straightway proceed to
+forget it. But I do not forget it at a uniform rate, so much being
+forgotten on each succeeding day until all is forgotten. Instead,
+I forget the material that has been seen or learned, according to
+a definite “curve<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span> of forgetting,” a curve which descends rapidly
+at first and then more slowly. The larger proportion of material is
+forgotten in the first day or so. After that a constantly decreasing
+amount is forgotten on each succeeding day.<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>How may the impression made by the program and exhibits of the train
+be fixed in the minds of its visitors promptly, so that forgetting may
+be delayed until results are obtained? Several simple methods suggest
+themselves. We will take up here mainly those things that can be done
+while the train is in town or soon after its departure, as we are
+concerned only with the part that the train tour plays in the whole
+program of the organization that sends it out.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Getting the Subject Talked About</span></h3>
+
+<p>If the visitors talk about what they saw and heard they are likely to
+remember it much longer and more accurately than if they do not. The
+principles discussed elsewhere, of simplicity of form, concentration
+on one main topic, orderly arrangement, and lack of crowding in both
+exhibits and programs, have a definite application to getting the
+subject talked about. People speak vaguely and in general terms about
+what they have not clearly understood. We may imagine that A, who saw
+the train, meets B, who did not, and the following conversation takes
+place:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>A: Did you see the health train yesterday?</p>
+
+<p>B: No, how was it?</p>
+
+<p>A: Oh, fine! great! You certainly missed it. There was a good crowd
+out, too.</p>
+
+<p>B: What was it all about?</p>
+
+<p>A: Oh, fresh air and not letting the babies die. You’d be surprised
+how many people die that could be prevented. And they say the town
+ought to have a nurse to look after the school children, and a
+hospital for—let’s see, I’ve forgotten now about the hospital.</p>
+
+<p>B: I see. Just a scheme of the politicians to make jobs for a lot of
+people. I always thought this was a pretty healthy town and I do yet.</p>
+
+<p>A: No, you’ve got it wrong, B, but I can’t make it clear to you. I
+can’t talk like the fellow at the train. You ought to have heard him.
+He made a great speech.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>If A has no clearer idea than this to pass on to B the next day, he
+himself is not likely to stay interested and, much less, convinced
+for very long. One of the best tests of the argument presented at the
+train is whether the talk about it afterward is general or particular,
+confused or clear and accurate in repeating facts and reasons. It
+is worth while to arrange with local co-operators as a part of the
+follow-up work to sound people as to what interested them and what
+they think of the suggestions that were made. Many changes,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span> sometimes
+small ones, but important, nevertheless, can be made on the basis of
+criticisms brought out in these interviews.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Printed Matter for Distribution</span></h3>
+
+<p>Another way of helping to see that the train message is remembered
+is by distributing the right kind of printed matter. Every traveling
+campaign carries with it leaflets or pamphlets for visitors to take
+home. Sometimes a handful of assorted pieces of printed matter is given
+to each visitor with a reckless disregard of their appropriateness to
+the purpose of the campaign or the probability of their being read. One
+of the most frequent blunders made by managers of campaigns of this
+sort is to assume that all that is learned at the exhibit or meeting
+will be remembered, and that the printed matter should give additional
+information. In a baby saving campaign, a health department is likely
+to give out in addition to printed matter about babies, other leaflets
+on hookworm or tuberculosis. Giving away printed matter on topics in
+which no interest has been cultivated is wasteful since it is not
+likely to be read or, if read, distracts attention from the main topic.</p>
+
+<p>In most cases, one piece of carefully prepared printed matter on one
+subject is enough for general distribution. A useful leaflet might well
+include a summary of the main arguments of the teachings contained in
+the exhibits, together with sketches or photographs and a clear and
+appealing statement<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span> of the action desired, whether it is support of a
+bill in the legislature, membership in an organization, or the forming
+of health habits. This leaflet should not fail to give information as
+to how and where further facts may be obtained. If it seems desirable
+to interest people in a number of additional subjects, the better way
+is to have leaflets on them displayed where they can be examined and to
+have a supply of addressed postcards listing these special publications
+and on which visitors may check those they wish to have sent to them.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Publicity Following the Train’s Stop</span></h3>
+
+<p>There should be a readable account of the train in the first issue of
+the local paper following its visit. Those who visited it will like to
+read the account of what they saw and in doing so will be reminded of a
+number of features of the exhibits and talks that were rapidly slipping
+from their memories. The train director would do well to see that the
+local paper receives as good copy for this follow-up story as for
+advance publicity. The people who came and what they said about it adds
+to the news value of the story.</p>
+
+<p>Other forms of publicity may be used to advantage immediately following
+the visit of the train, such as a series of special articles appearing
+weekly in the local paper, printed matter mailed to a list of people
+obtained at the train, or a motion picture shown in the local picture
+theater,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span> at a meeting or a contest that may reach its climax at some
+later event, such as the county or state fair.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Organization of Local Forces</span></h3>
+
+<p>Leading men and women to take some action as the result of interest
+aroused at the train is the surest way to get the message remembered
+and is the aim of most educational campaigns. This action may be
+something very simple and concrete, or it may be the entering wedge of
+some continuous activity. One of the simplest steps, which has already
+been referred to, is the writing of local people to headquarters for
+information or for literature. This serves the purpose also of renewing
+interest when the material sent for arrives and it helps the central
+organization to make up mailing lists. Local organizations should
+be encouraged to send for reference material to use in talks and
+discussions.</p>
+
+<p>Launching or boosting a permanent movement at a meeting held during
+the train visit is one good way of starting follow-up work. Many an
+effort that promised much because of local enthusiasm at the start has
+died a natural death, because after the specialists from the state or
+national headquarters have departed, local leaders find themselves
+without any clear-cut program to begin work on or any recognized
+leadership. An informal meeting of the train staff and local leaders
+at which temporary committees are formed and definite<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</span> plans discussed
+may be one of the most useful features of the train program. It has
+been suggested elsewhere that the hour of the day least popular with
+visitors may be a good time for such a meeting. A still better method
+is an early visit after the departure of the train, of an organizer or
+consultant who will advise about plans.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting report of the follow-up organization work carried on in
+connection with its health car, comes from the West Virginia Public
+Health Council:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Wherever possible a temporary committee was formed before leaving the
+community, this committee being chosen by a group of representative
+people in a community meeting in the interests of health education
+at which time child welfare work was emphasized. At this meeting
+we made an effort to secure the attendance of medical, dental, and
+nursing professions, of the mayor and town council, school board,
+and school superintendent and teachers, ministers and Sunday school
+superintendents, fraternal organizations, women’s clubs, Red Cross,
+and any other organizations directly or indirectly interested in
+community welfare work. The temporary committee was appointed
+to secure a permanent organization based upon the interest and
+enthusiasm already created, this permanent committee to undertake a
+definite health program for the community. In addition to this we are
+keeping in touch with the various communities visited, by frequent
+correspondence, and the director of the Division of Child Hygiene has
+already returned to a number of the communities to help in the making
+of plans, to stimulate interest and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span> enthusiasm, and in every way
+possible to promote health education and public health nursing. We are
+now formulating county-wide and state-wide plans for the furtherance
+of this work through co-operation with the Extension Division of the
+Agricultural Department of the State University and American Red Cross.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>An incidental but important factor in promoting continuous follow-up
+work is that local representatives of the movement, especially the
+salaried worker, if there is one, should take an active part in the
+program of the train, so as to become identified with the impressions
+and ideas gained here in the minds of the people who visited the train.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Checking up Results</span></h3>
+
+<p>As bearing upon the question of any future use of a similar method of
+campaigning, “checking up” results is good, although it may not always
+be easy or bring entirely conclusive evidence. The method described
+in the account of the Cleveland Children’s Year Special, which is a
+dispensary truck, is suggestive. Cards of invitation to visit the
+local dispensary were given out at the truck and the number that were
+turned into the dispensary was noted by the nurses. Nurses also asked
+new visitors during the following month where they had learned of the
+dispensary, and recorded it when the visit was directly or indirectly a
+result of the Special.</p>
+
+<p>Reports may be requested from local editors,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span> school superintendents,
+and others who meet many people, regarding the responsiveness of the
+people to ideas promulgated at the train. The number and the nature of
+inquiries received at headquarters from places that have been visited
+may also serve as an indication of the effectiveness with which the
+message has been presented.</p>
+
+<p>Finally on the matter of follow-up work, one of the chief criticisms
+that may be made of much educational publicity is that it is spasmodic
+and unrelated. This is often due to the fact that the planning of
+follow-up work is left until the campaign is at its height or until
+it is over. By that time the workers at headquarters and in the field
+are too absorbed in the detail of running the affair, or a new project
+is under way. All the resources and energy have gone into running the
+campaign and none is left for securing results. In the advance planning
+of the whole campaign, allowance should be made in the budget for a
+definite program of follow-up work as well as in the time of staff
+members needed to carry it out.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> Hollingworth, H. L.: Advertising and Selling, New York,
+D. Appleton &amp; Co.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span></p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX">APPENDIX<br><span class="small">REFERENCE LISTS OF TRAIN, TRUCK, TROLLEY, AND OTHER TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS</span></h2></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span></p>
+
+<p>The lists below include traveling educational campaigns about which we
+have obtained reasonably accurate information. The two chief sources
+of further information about these projects are the state colleges of
+agriculture and state boards of health. Very little information about
+tours is available in published form. Articles in class publications
+giving brief accounts of a few of the tours and a few special reports
+about tours are listed in <a href="#appb">Appendix B</a>.</p>
+
+<p>In practically all the train tours, one or more railroads have
+co-operated at least to the extent of supplying cars and free
+transportation, and sometimes bearing a considerable share of the work
+and expenses of the tour. Our lists, we realize, do not always give the
+full credit to co-operating railroads and other participants, but as
+much is given as it was possible to ascertain and to indicate within
+the space limits.</p>
+
+<p>We are aware, also, that the list is by no means a complete record of
+educational tours. Information is coming in continually about tours
+that we had not known of before. The main purpose, however, is to
+give a general idea of the purposes, forms, and extent of traveling
+campaigns in recent years, together with only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span> a few of such details as
+may help the inquirer decide where to look further for suggestions that
+may be of assistance in his particular case.</p>
+
+<p>The list does not include tours of trucks or trains for service only,
+as, for example, library trucks or laboratory trains. Neither does it
+include “chapel cars,” that is, railroad cars, motor vehicles, and
+boats, for religious services or instruction, such as have been sent
+out by various religious bodies for many years.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Agricultural and Food Conservation Trains</span></h3>
+
+
+
+<p><b>Canada. Better Farming Train.</b> Subject: assistance in every
+phase of farm life. Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture and the
+College of Agriculture of the Provincial University co-operated with
+Canadian Pacific Railway. 1918 and 1919. Thirteen cars with exhibits
+or equipment for demonstrations and lectures. Prominent professors and
+agricultural officials served as demonstrators and lecturers.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><b>Sheep Car.</b> Subject: breeding and shearing of sheep. Live
+Stock Branch, Department of Agriculture at Ottawa. 1919. One car of
+exhibits. Demonstrations of shearing machine given on farms.</p>
+
+<p><b>Special Dairy Car.</b> Subject: dairying. Saskatchewan Department
+of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, and Canadian Northern Railway.
+1916. Lecture coach and tourist sleeper for speakers. Exhibits with
+stereopticon and lectures.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>United States. Poultry and Egg Demonstration Car.</b> Subject:
+demonstrations of proper methods of handling and keeping poultry and
+eggs. Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture.
+1913 to 1918.</p>
+
+<p id="ark"><b>Arkansas. Peach Culture Demonstration Train.</b> Subject:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span>
+proper methods of peach tree pruning and spraying. Co-operatively
+run by Agricultural Departments of Missouri Pacific and Cotton
+Belt Railroads, American Refrigerator Transit Company, and State
+College of Agriculture. 1918. Two baggage cars for exhibits; large
+automobile freight car carried orchard machinery. Exhibits explained
+by horticulturists, on the cars; lectures and demonstrations given in
+nearby orchard.</p>
+
+<p id="ca"><b>California. Dairy Special.</b> Subject: dairying and hog raising.
+State College of Agriculture. 1913 and 1914. Lectures, conferences, and
+exhibits relative to the industry.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Agricultural and Food Production Train.</b> Subjects: methods
+of stimulating growth of certain crops, interest in increasing
+food production, and particularly bean culture. State Colleges of
+Agriculture of Nevada and Utah and Salt Lake Railroad co-operated with
+California’s State College of Agriculture. 1917. Demonstrations and
+lectures.</p>
+
+<p><b>Agricultural and Home Economics Train.</b> State College of
+Agriculture, co-operated with Southern Pacific Railroad. 1908 and
+1909. Ten coaches for exhibits and lectures, a dining car, and sleeper
+to accommodate demonstrators and lecturers. Demonstrations and
+lectures.</p>
+
+<p><b>Agricultural and Horticultural Train.</b> Subject: methods of
+restoring fertility and depleted soils, plant culture, pest and
+disease extermination, viticulture, dairying, animal industry, seeding
+and soil treatment. State College of Agriculture, Southern Pacific
+and Santa Fé Railroads. Annually, 1908 to 1913. Several exhibit cars,
+lecture cars, sleeping car, and diner.</p>
+
+<p><b>Good Roads Special.</b> Subject: improvement of roads, Frisco
+Railway System. 1912. Four coaches and locomotive. Exhibits, lectures
+and demonstrations.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Florida. Food Production Increase Train.</b> Florida Seaboard Air
+Line. 1917. Demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Georgia. Land Clearing Special.</b> Subject: stump pulling and uses
+of tractors and other farm machinery. State College of Agriculture,
+stump puller companies and tractor manufacturers, Georgia Landowners’
+Association, and the Railroad Administration co-operated. 1919.
+Passenger coach and four flat cars for lectures and demonstrations,
+caboose and sleeper for traveling campaigners, and two box cars
+for equipment and machinery transportation. Motion picture shows,
+demonstrations, and lectures.</p>
+
+<p id="ill"><b>Illinois. Home Economics Car.</b> Subject: household science. State
+College of Agriculture. 1916-1918. Demonstrations and exhibits.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Dairy Trains.</b> State College of Agriculture and the Chicago
+and Eastern Illinois Railroad. 1916, 1917, 1919. Three coaches for
+lectures, automobile car and flat car for demonstrations and exhibits,
+and a locomotive. Demonstrations of milking machine, lectures and
+exhibits.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dairy Train.</b> Subject: uses of separators, sterilizers, and
+other dairy machines. State College of Agriculture and C. C. C. &amp; St.
+L. Railroad. 1916 and 1917. Lecture coach for motion pictures, baggage
+car for exhibits, and Arms Palace horse car for cattle.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dairy Train.</b> Subject: proper use of dairy machinery. State
+College of Agriculture and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 1916 and 1917.
+Pullman car for attendants; stock car carried cattle, which were taken
+for demonstrations to some prominent place in towns visited. Lectures
+in court houses and town halls.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dixie Jersey Special.</b> Subject: more and better dairy cattle.
+American Jersey Cattle Club, agents of Department of Agriculture
+and railroad trade<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span> promotion bureaus. In Illinois, Louisiana,
+Mississippi, and Tennessee. 1920. Arms Palace horse cars for cattle
+and Pullmans for personnel.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Indiana. Seed Corn Special.</b> Subject: corn culture. Erie Railroad
+and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1909. Lecture
+train.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Alfalfa Lecture Train.</b> Subject: better alfalfa production.
+Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1912.</p>
+
+<p><b>Corn Improvement Lecture Train.</b> Subject: better corn. Lake Erie
+and Western Railroad and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment
+Station. 1911.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dairy Feeding Lecture Train.</b> Subject: better cattle feeding and
+care. Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station and several
+railroads. 1915.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dairy Special Production Train.</b> Subject: increase of dairy
+production. Southern Railroad and Purdue University Agricultural
+Experiment Station. April 1 to 7, 1913.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dairy Special Train.</b> Subject: dairying. Monon Railway Company,
+Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, and State Dairy
+Association. 1907. Baggage car, two lecture coaches, and private
+dining and sleeping car. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Milk Production Special Train.</b> Subject: care and production
+of milk. Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station and Erie
+Railroad. 1909. Seven car train. Lectures and demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Onion Improvement Lecture Train.</b> Subject: increase of onion
+crops. Chicago, Indiana and Southern Railroad. 1911.</p>
+
+<p><b>Seed Corn Special.</b> Subject: corn culture. Monon Railway
+Company, Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, Indiana
+Corn<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span> Growers’ Association, Indiana Grain Dealers’ Association.
+1906. Engine, baggage car, coach for lectures, and a coach for the
+attendants. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wheat Improvement Train.</b> Subject: wheat culture. Southern
+Railroad and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1912.
+Lectures and demonstrations of culture and fertilization; control of
+insects and diseases.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Iowa. Dairy Special.</b> Subject: better dairy products. Illinois
+Central Railroad. 1916. Three cars for exhibits, demonstrations, and
+living quarters for speakers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Seed Corn Special.</b> Iowa Grain Dealers’ Association. 1910.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Kansas. Hessian Fly Special.</b> Subject: control of Hessian fly.
+State College of Agriculture and Santa Fé Railroad. 1915. Baggage car
+for equipment, two steel coaches for lectures and demonstrations, and
+private car for attendants.</p>
+
+<p><b>Kentucky. Agricultural Exhibit Train.</b> Subject: general education
+in matters pertaining to agriculture and dairy improvements. State
+Department of Agriculture. 1912. Four lecture cars, stock car, sleeper,
+and diner. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Louisiana. Dixie Jersey Special.</b> See <a href="#ill">Illinois</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Maryland. Farmers’ Institute Train.</b> Subject: dairying. State
+College of Agriculture. 1913. Lecture car and stock car. Demonstrations
+and lectures.</p>
+
+<p><b>Michigan. Food Demonstration Train.</b> Michigan Agricultural
+College. 1917.</p>
+
+<p><b>Minnesota. Advertising Car.</b> Subject: farm and factory products.
+State Board of Immigration. 1913. One exhibit car.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Mississippi. Boll Weevil Special.</b> Subject: extermination of the
+pests. Illinois Central Railroad, 1908.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Dixie Jersey Special.</b> See <a href="#ill">Illinois</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Missouri. Patriotic Special.</b> Subject: food conservation and work
+of Women’s Committee. Women’s Committee on Food Conservation, Council
+of National Defense. August, 1917. Lecture and demonstration car.
+Stereopticon lectures and demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nebraska. Agricultural Train.</b> Subject: dairying and seed
+corn. State College of Agriculture. 1918. Two cars for exhibits and
+demonstrations.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Conservation Special.</b> Subject: food conservation and
+preservation. Union Pacific Railroad Company co-operated with Nebraska
+College of Agriculture and others. 1917. Train included business car
+and living quarters for staff. Illustrated lectures were given in
+public halls.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Nevada. Agricultural and Food Production Train.</b> Co-operatively
+run with State Colleges of California, Nevada, and Utah, and Salt Lake
+Railroad. 1916 and 1917. See <a href="#ca">California</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="nj"><b>New Jersey. Save the Surplus Special.</b> Subject: food conservation
+and other war measures. State College of Agriculture and Lehigh Valley
+Railroad. 1917. Two coaches, one for exhibits and the other for
+lectures. Toured New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Demonstrations, lectures,
+and exhibits.</p>
+
+<p><b>New York. Victory Special.</b> Subject: introduction of wheat,
+meat, and sugar substitutes and other food conservation methods. State
+College of Agriculture, Food Administration and New York Central,
+Lehigh Valley, D. &amp; H., D., L. &amp; W., and Long Island Railroads. 1917,
+1918, 1919. Demonstrations and exhibits on train of two coaches.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Apple Packing Train.</b> Subject: instruction in requirements of
+law relating to apple grading.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</span> State Department of Agriculture and
+New York Central Railroad. 1915. Baggage car with equipment, lecture
+car with capacity of 100 persons, and car for living quarters.</p>
+
+<p><b>Better Seed Special.</b> Subject: standard types of seeds; reliable
+sources; proper methods of controlling common diseases. State
+College of Agriculture, New York Central, Lehigh Valley, Ontario and
+Western, Erie, and Delaware and Hudson Railroads. 1919. Exhibits and
+demonstrations in two coaches.</p>
+
+<p><b>Potato Demonstration Car.</b> State College of Agriculture,
+County Farm Bureaus, and Lehigh Valley Railroad. 1917. Exhibits and
+demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sheep Demonstration Train.</b> Subject: breeding, feeding, and care
+of sheep. State College of Agriculture, New York Central and New York,
+Ontario and Western Railroads. 1917. Exhibits and demonstrations.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p id="nc"><b>North Carolina. North Carolina Car.</b> Subject: farm machinery and
+dairying. State Department of Agriculture co-operating with several
+railroads. Lectures and exhibits with stereopticon slides and moving
+pictures in baggage cars; demonstrations given out of doors.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Better Farming Special.</b> Subjects: better dairying, domestic
+science, food conservation, and sanitary methods. Agricultural and
+Industrial Department of Norfolk and Western Railway, State College
+of Agriculture of North Carolina, and Virginia Agricultural and
+Mechanical College. 1915-1916. Nine cars for exhibits, demonstrations,
+lectures, and living quarters for attendants.</p>
+
+<p><b>Corn Growers’ Special.</b> Norfolk and Southern Railway and
+Experiment Station of the Agricultural and Mechanical College. 1908.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Farmers’ Institutes.</b> Subject: agriculture and domestic science.
+North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Seaboard Air Line, and
+Southern Railway. Two railroad cars, one a coach with two of the seats
+removed and a model kitchen substituted, and a baggage car equipped
+with farm and dairy machinery. 1908-1910. Lectures and demonstrations
+on the train and outdoors.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Pennsylvania. Food Conservation Train.</b> Pennsylvania Food
+Administration, State College of Agriculture, and Pennsylvania
+Railroad. 1917 and 1918. Two demonstration cars and one exhibit car.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Save the Surplus Special.</b> Toured this state and New Jersey.
+1916 and 1917. See <a href="#nj">New Jersey</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Tennessee. Agricultural Train.</b> Subject: better farming and food
+production. Agricultural Department of Nashville, Chattanooga and St.
+Louis Railroad. One private car and one lecture car. Exhibits and
+demonstrations.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Dixie Jersey Special.</b> See <a href="#ill">Illinois</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Texas. Agricultural Train.</b> Subject: dairying. Agricultural and
+Mechanical College of Texas. Three coaches for lectures, two exhibit
+cars, automobile car for cattle, flat car with wire fence and canvas
+top for lecture and demonstration platform, a diner and a Pullman for
+campaigners. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations. Stereopticon
+slides shown at night in combination with lectures in motion picture
+theater or town hall.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><b>Peach Culture Train.</b> Subject: proper methods of pruning and
+spraying trees, and extermination of insect pests in orchards.
+Agricultural Department of St. Louis Southwestern Railroad of Texas,
+assisted by Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas and State
+Department of Agriculture. 1919 and 1920. Two cars for exhibits and one
+for orchard machinery. Exhibits, demonstrations,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span> and lectures. Similar
+to train run in Arkansas in 1918. See <a href="#ark">Arkansas</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<p><b>Utah. Agricultural and Food Production Train.</b> Co-operatively run
+with State Colleges of California, Utah, and Nevada, and the Salt Lake
+Railroad. 1916 and 1917. See <a href="#ca">California</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Virginia. Agricultural Train.</b> Agricultural and Mechanical
+College of Virginia, and Norfolk and Western Railroad. 1915.
+Demonstration train.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Better Farming Special.</b> See <a href="#nc">North Carolina</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Washington. Agricultural Train.</b> State College of Agriculture.
+Lectures with stereopticon slides, sometimes in nearby school or hall;
+exhibits and demonstrations on train.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Good Roads Special.</b> Subject: road and culvert construction and
+maintenance and general highway improvements. Office of Public Roads
+of Washington and several railroad companies co-operated. 1912. Two
+coaches of exhibits and models. Lectures, demonstrations, and exhibits.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>West Virginia. Agricultural Train.</b> Subject: better farming.
+Kanawha and Michigan, Baltimore and Ohio Railroads, and State College
+of Agriculture. 1912 and 1913. Baggage cars for cattle and coaches for
+lectures. Lectures, demonstrations, and exhibits.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wisconsin. Pure Seed and Home Power Special.</b> “Soo” Line,
+Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, Wisconsin Bankers
+Association, and State College of Agriculture. 1917. Two cars for
+demonstrations and exhibits.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Land Clearing Demonstration Train.</b> Subject: better farming.
+State College of Agriculture, several land clearing machinery and
+explosive manufacturers, and several railroads co-operated. 1916-1919.
+Six cars consisting of a flat car, two box cars<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span> for equipment, two
+bunk cars, and a boarding car for the attendants. Demonstrations and
+instruction.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stump Pulling Special.</b> Subject: clearing cut-over lands. State
+College of Agriculture, several land clearing machinery and explosive
+manufacturers, Chicago and Northwestern, and Chicago, Minneapolis and
+St. Paul Railroads. 1916. Flat car, two box cars for equipment, two
+bunk cars, and a boarding car for the attendants. Demonstrations and
+instruction. Similar trains, with some changes in cars used and in
+co-operating agencies, were run in 1917 and 1919.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Health Trains</span></h3>
+
+
+<p><b>United States. First Aid Train.</b> American Red Cross. 1920. Fully
+equipped railroad coach to render and teach first aid to the injured.
+Treatment and instruction.</p>
+
+<p><b>California. Sanitation Car.</b> Subject: protection of water
+supply, disposal of sewage, and instruction in disease prevention.
+State Board of Health. 1909. Continued annually. Exhibits and
+demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Florida. Sanitation and Health Train.</b> State Board of Health.
+1916 and 1917. Two exhibit cars. Lectures with motion pictures and
+slides.</p>
+
+<p><b>Kansas. Health Car “Warren.”</b> Subject: health and child welfare.
+State Board of Health. 1916. Exhibit car.</p>
+
+<p><b>Kentucky. Health Exhibit Car.</b> Subject: tuberculosis prevention
+and cure. 1912. Kentucky Tuberculosis Association and several
+railroads co-operated.</p>
+
+<p><b>Louisiana. Health Train.</b> Subjects: child welfare, food, and
+disease prevention. State Board of Health. 1910. Continuously since
+then. Four cars including an exhibit car, a laboratory car with garage
+compartment carrying Ford car for country<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span> trips and quick collection
+of water samples, and two cars for administrative and living quarters.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>Missouri. Traveling Car Exhibit.</b> Subject: instruction in
+anti-tuberculosis measures. Missouri Association for the Relief and
+Control of Tuberculosis. 1908. One exhibit coach.</p>
+
+<p><b>West Virginia. Health Car.</b> State Department of Health. 1919.
+Vestibuled coach, equipped with electrically driven models, posters,
+exhibits of living bacteria, sanitation exhibits, a moving picture
+machine, and a small chemical and bacteriological laboratory in one end
+of the car.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Tuberculosis Exhibit Car.</b> Subject: prevention and cure of
+tuberculosis. West Virginia Tuberculosis League and several railroads.
+1913 and 1914. Car for exhibits and lectures.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous Topics—Trains</span></h3>
+
+<p><b>Canada. Made-in-Canada Train.</b> Subject: trade extension.
+Canadian Manufacturers Association. Ten cars for exhibits,
+demonstrations, and moving picture lectures.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><b>Exhibition Car.</b> Subject: conservation of the forests. Canadian
+Forestry Association. 1918 and 1919. Train toured parts of Quebec and
+New Brunswick. Exhibits of products made from wood.</p>
+</div>
+<p><b>Southern States. School on Wheels.</b> Southern Pacific Railway.
+1919. Baggage car fitted up as modern school room; accommodates
+teacher and 25 pupils.</p>
+
+<p><b>United States. Safety First Train.</b> Subject: to show what is
+being done to promote safety and health. Department of the Interior
+co-operating with other governmental departments. 1916. Locomotive and
+twelve exhibit and lecture cars.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p id="mine"><b>Mine Rescue Car.</b> Subject: instruction to miners in first aid
+and use of oxygen breathing apparatus. Assistance of car apparatus and
+crew<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span> given in case of mine disasters. Bureau of Mines, Department of
+the Interior, 1910; continuous service since then. Present equipment:
+eleven specially constructed coaches with exhibits and emergency
+equipment.</p>
+
+<p><b>Recruiting Cars.</b> Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department. 1917
+and 1919. Three flat cars fitted up respectively with a model of a
+battleship, destroyer, and torpedo boat. Exhibits and lectures to
+assist in recruiting and also used for promoting Liberty Loan drives.</p>
+
+<p><b>War Relic Trains.</b> Subject: promotion of Liberty Loan drives,
+etc. Federal Reserve Districts of Treasury Department. 1918 and 1919.
+Flat cars for exhibition of trophies captured from the enemy; baggage
+car, sleeping car, and a locomotive. Toured the United States.</p>
+</div>
+<p><b>New York. Safety First Car.</b> Subject: instruction in safety
+measures. New York Central lines. 1919. Two duplicate cars for motion
+pictures and lectures.</p>
+
+<p><b>Virginia. Safety First Car.</b> Subject: instruction in safety
+measures. Norfolk and Western Railroad. 1920. Motion picture and
+lecture car.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Agricultural and Food Conservation Trucks</span></h3>
+
+
+<p><b>Canada. Sheep Demonstration Automobile.</b> Sheep and Goat
+Division, Live Stock Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. 1919.
+Demonstrations of shearing by hand and power machines, rolling and
+preparing of wool for market, dipping of sheep for vermin, and docking
+and castrating of lambs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Alabama. Movable School.</b> Subject: agriculture and home
+economics. Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. 1919. Instruction
+and demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Louisiana. Agricultural Extension Truck.</b> Subject:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span> education
+and agriculture. Louisiana State Agricultural and Mechanical College.
+1919. Motion picture and stereopticon lectures.</p>
+
+<p><b>Massachusetts. Food Conservation and Model Kitchen Truck.</b>
+Subject: canning, food conservation, and substitutes; care and feeding
+of children in wartime. Woman’s Committee, Massachusetts Council of
+Defense. 1918. Demonstrations and instruction.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><b>Agricultural Truck.</b> Massachusetts Agricultural College.
+Demonstrations, exhibits, and stereopticon slide lectures.</p>
+
+<p><b>Food Conservation and Preservation Truck.</b> Bristol County Farm
+Bureau. In charge of county demonstration agent at Segreganset.
+Exhibits.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Ohio. Poultry Demonstration Truck.</b> Subject: instruction in
+proper methods of handling eggs, care of fowl, and better uses
+of poultry equipment. Ohio State University. 1917. Lectures and
+demonstrations. Evening lectures with stereopticon slides.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pennsylvania. Canning Truck.</b> Allegheny County Council of
+Defense. 1918. Itinerant service to farmers’ wives at their homes.
+Demonstrations, instruction; canning and drying of home products.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rhode Island. Food Conservation Truck.</b> State Food
+Administration. 1918. Demonstrations and instruction.</p>
+
+<p><b>Virginia. Fruit Growers’ Automobile Tour.</b> Subject: best methods
+of orchard culture. Extension Division, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
+and Virginia State Horticultural Society. 1918. Automobile tour
+through Virginia and West Virginia by fruit growers.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wisconsin. Agricultural Truck.</b> Subject: treatment of grain
+for smut and a fanning mill. County<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span> agents of the state. 1918.
+Demonstrations, assistance, and instruction.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Health Trucks</span></h3>
+
+
+<p><b>Canada. Traveling Baby Clinic.</b> University Settlement of
+Montreal. 1919. Weighing, measuring, and advisory service.</p>
+
+<p><b>France. Traveling Exposition.</b> Subject: child welfare and
+tuberculosis. American Commission for the Prevention of Tuberculosis
+in France, Children’s Bureau of the American Red Cross and, later, the
+Tuberculosis Bureau, American Red Cross. 1917 and 1918. Trucks carried
+equipment for lectures, motion pictures, and exhibits.</p>
+
+<p><b>Italy. Tuberculosis Clinics.</b> American Red Cross Tuberculosis
+Commission. Seven trucks equipped as clinics. Treatment and
+instruction.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Dental Trucks.</b> American Red Cross. Three trucks fitted up as
+dental clinics. Treatment and instruction.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>United States. Child Welfare Special.</b> Children’s Bureau,
+Department of Labor. 1919. Lectures, examinations, and well baby
+clinic.</p>
+
+<p><b>Connecticut. Baby Special.</b> Subject: infant and child welfare,
+including care, feeding, measuring, and weighing. Child Welfare
+Department, State Council of Defense. 1918. Lectures and advisory
+service.</p>
+
+<p><b>Illinois. Traveling Health Clinic.</b> Subject: tuberculosis.
+Chicago Tuberculosis Institute. 1919.</p>
+
+<p><b>Indiana. Traveling Auto Exhibit.</b> Subject: prevention of
+tuberculosis. Indiana Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis.
+1917. Truck fitted with screen and machine for moving picture shows;
+also lectures with stereopticon and exhibits.</p>
+
+<p><b>Louisiana. Sanitary Truck.</b> Subject: personal hygiene<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span> and
+disease prevention among Negroes. Louisiana State Board of Health.
+1919. Lectures, exhibits, and motion pictures.</p>
+
+<p><b>Maryland. Public Health Car.</b> Subject: educational and
+organization work. Maryland Tuberculosis Association. 1916. Motion
+pictures, lectures, and distribution of literature.</p>
+
+<p><b>Massachusetts. Child Welfare Truck.</b> Division of Hygiene, State
+Department of Public Health. Lectures, demonstrations, exhibits on all
+phases of child welfare.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mississippi. Rural Dispensary Truck.</b> Subject: education in
+general health and tuberculosis. Bureau of Tuberculosis, State
+Sanatorium of the Board of Health of Mississippi. 1919—continuous.
+Motion picture and stereopticon shows, lectures, exhibits,
+examinations, and distribution of literature.</p>
+
+<p><b>New York. Healthmobile.</b> Subject: general health propaganda.
+State Department of Health. 1919. Lectures and motion pictures.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Dental Education Car.</b> Subject: dental instruction and
+dispensary service. Nassau County school authorities and Junior Red
+Cross. 1920. Ford truck equipped with necessary dental supplies and
+equipment.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>North Carolina. Moving Picture Health Car.</b> State Board of
+Health. 1916. Lectures and motion pictures.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Health Education Car.</b> Subject: tuberculosis and mouth hygiene.
+State Board of Health and State Tuberculosis Association. 1920. Truck
+equipped with lighting system and motion picture machine. Lectures
+and moving picture shows in the forty-five counties of the state.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Ohio. Cleveland Children’s Year Special.</b> Subject: dispensary
+for child hygiene and welfare work.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</span> Children’s Year Committee of
+Council of Defense. 1918. Exhibits, examinations of children, motion
+picture shows, and distribution of literature.</p>
+
+<p><b>Washington. Clinic and Exhibit Truck.</b> Subject: tuberculosis
+diagnosis and education. Truck for transportation of clinic staff
+and exhibit; clinic held in public halls. Washington Tuberculosis
+Association. 1919. Lectures, exhibits, and clinic.</p>
+
+<p><b>West Virginia. Rural Tuberculosis Campaign.</b> Subject: prevention
+and cure of tuberculosis, and extermination of flies. West Virginia
+Tuberculosis League. 1917. Automobile tour in charge of a woman
+physician and her assistant. Stereopticon show and lectures; also
+first aid demonstration.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wisconsin. Health Wagon.</b> Subject: health preservation and
+disease prevention. Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association. 1916.
+Motion pictures and lectures.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Motor Transportation Development Tours</span></h3>
+
+
+<p><b>United States. Transcontinental Tour.</b> Subject: recruiting for
+Motor Transport Corps, and education regarding good roads. Motor
+Transport Corps, War Department. 1919. Fleet of motor trucks and
+passenger vehicles from the Capitol to San Francisco over the Lincoln
+Highway. Exhibits, demonstrations, and lectures, with moving picture
+shows.</p>
+
+<p><b>Georgia. Motor Truck Trains.</b> Subject: quicker transportation
+facilities between farms and markets. Macon Chamber of Commerce. 1919.
+One hundred and four trucks were divided into four trains; each toured
+the country routes for a radius of 100 miles. Merchandise carried on
+out-going trips and farm produce on return trips.</p>
+
+<p><b>Illinois. Motor Trucks.</b> Subject: uses of motor vehicles on
+farms. National Association of Motor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</span> Truck Sales Managers. 1919.
+These trucks toured six states and covered over 3,000 miles.</p>
+
+<p><b>Missouri. St. Louis Motor Truck Expedition.</b> Subject: farm uses
+of motor-driven vehicles. 1919. Sixteen motor companies co-operated,
+and the tour covered sections of the north central states.</p>
+
+<p><b>New York. Rural Motor Truck Express.</b> Subject: uses of
+motor-driven vehicles on farms and for express delivery. National
+Automobile Chamber of Commerce co-operated with New York State
+Department of Farms and Markets. 1919. Demonstration given at State
+Fair, Syracuse, September, 1919.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous Topics—Trucks</span></h3>
+
+<p><b>England. Cine-Motor Touring Movies.</b> Subject: information
+relating to war activities shown in rural districts. British Ministry
+of Information. 1918.</p>
+
+<p><b>United States. Mine Rescue Auto Trucks.</b> Subject: instruction
+of miners in first aid and use of oxygen breathing apparatus, and
+to render assistance in case of mine disaster. Bureau of Mines,
+Department of the Interior. 1913; continuous service since then. Six
+such trucks used by Bureau in mining districts. See <a href="#mine">Mine Rescue Cars</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Connecticut. Victory Conference.</b> Subject: women’s war work.
+Woman’s Committee, State Council of Defense. 1918. Exhibits,
+demonstrations, and lectures.</p>
+
+<p id="ga"><b>Georgia. Motion Picture Trucks.</b> Subject: Red Cross activities.
+Southern Division, American Red Cross. Georgia and Tennessee. 1918.
+Lectures with motion pictures.</p>
+
+<p id="md"><b>Maryland. Motion Picture Truck.</b> Subject: Red Cross activities
+overseas and in America. Potomac Division, American Red Cross,
+Maryland, Virginia,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span> West Virginia. 1919. Two lecture and exhibit
+trucks.</p>
+
+<p id="ny"><b>New York. Victory Trucks.</b> Subject: reconstruction and post-war
+service. Reconstruction Commission of the State of New York,
+co-operating with the Bureau of Commercial Economics. 1919. One motion
+picture truck.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Motor Trucks.</b> Subject: go-to-church propaganda. Erie Annual
+Conference of Methodist Episcopal Church. Two hundred and twenty
+automobiles toured the state and Pennsylvania in an effort to get
+people to attend church more often.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>North Carolina. Motion Picture Truck.</b> Subject: community
+welfare. 1919; continuous. State Bureau of Community Service.
+Semi-monthly tour of truck to rural districts for motion pictures and
+lecture programs and community organization.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pennsylvania. Motor Trucks.</b> See <a href="#ny">New York</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tennessee. Motion Picture Trucks.</b> See <a href="#ga">Georgia</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Virginia. Motion Picture Truck.</b> See <a href="#md">Maryland</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>West Virginia. Motion Picture Truck.</b> See <a href="#md">Maryland</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous Vehicles Used for Tours</span></h3>
+
+
+<p><b>Canada—Motorcycle. Animal Treatment Cars.</b> Subject:
+encouragement of humane treatment of dumb animals. Toronto Humane
+Society. 1914. Continuous service since then.</p>
+
+<p><b>California—House-boat. “The Josephine.”</b> Subject: exhibits of
+animal parasites and working field laboratory. State Board of Health.
+1919.</p>
+
+<p><b>Massachusetts—Trolley Car. Child Welfare and Food Conservation
+Car.</b> Women’s Committee, Council of National Defense. 1918.
+Exhibits, lectures, and demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Michigan—Trolley Car. Children’s Year Special.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</span> Woman’s
+Committee, Michigan Division of the Council of National Defense. 1918.
+Car divided into three sections for exhibits, examinations, lectures,
+and demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vermont—Wagon. Health Exhibit Wagon.</b> State Board of Health.
+1913. Horse-drawn vehicle used for moving pictures and health exhibits.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wisconsin—Motorcycle. “Flying Squadron of Health.”</b> Subject:
+propaganda for tuberculosis prevention and cure. Wisconsin
+Anti-Tuberculosis Association. 1911-1915. Exhibits, stereopticon
+slides, and lectures.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p id="appb"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The amount of printed matter bearing on the use of trains, trucks,
+and trolley cars in educational campaigns is not very large. The list
+below is fairly representative of the material available, most of it
+being in the form of articles and illustrations in magazines and other
+periodicals.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Agricultural Train.</b> Biennial Report, 1912-13, Department of
+Agriculture, Labor and Statistics, Frankfort, Kentucky, pp. 48-56.
+Five illustrations of train and exhibits.</p>
+
+<p><b>Apple Packing Train, The.</b> F. S. Welsh. New York State
+Agricultural Department Bulletin, January, 1916, vol. 79, pp. 679-83.
+Description of Apple Packing Train of New York Central Railroad and
+State Department of Agriculture. Two illustrations of demonstrators.</p>
+
+<p><b>Auto-Stereopticon and Moving Picture Machine For Extension Service
+in Rural Schools.</b> Louisiana State University Bulletin, July 1915.
+Nine illustrations of car for showing motion pictures at school
+houses, audience at lecture, and details of picture machine.</p>
+
+<p><b>Better Farming Special, A.</b> C. T. Rice. Hoard’s Dairyman,
+January 28, 1916, vol. 51, p. 4. Description of Norfolk and Western
+Railway’s Better Farming Special. One illustration of exterior of
+train.</p>
+
+<p><b>Better Farming Train, The.</b> A. M. Shaw. Agricultural Gazette of
+Canada, October, 1916, pp. 909-13. Description of train and tour of
+Canada’s Better Farming Train. Three illustrations of exterior and
+interior of train.</p>
+
+<p><b>Child Welfare Special, The.</b> Janet Geister. Institution
+Quarterly, Springfield, Illinois, December 31, 1919, pp.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span> 120-25.
+Description of Child Welfare Special of Children’s Bureau and its tour.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cine-Motor Touring Movies Equipment of the British Government.</b>
+F. A. Talbot. Scientific American, August 3, 1918, vol. 119, p. 93.
+Two illustrations of a truck used for moving picture projection of
+films giving war information in rural districts.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cleaning Up a State.</b> Henry Oyen. World’s Work, March 1912,
+pp. 510-21. Map and several illustrations of Health Exhibit Train of
+Louisiana State Board of Health.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dairy Instruction Car.</b> Agricultural Gazette of Canada, May,
+1916, p. 449. Description of Canada’s Special Dairy Car.</p>
+
+<p><b>Educating the Farmers by Rail.</b> H. A. Crafts. Scientific
+American, May 21, 1910, vol. 102, pp. 420-21. Description of
+California’s Agricultural and Horticultural Train.</p>
+
+<p><b>Egg and Poultry Demonstration Car Work in Reducing Our $50,000,000
+Waste in Eggs.</b> W. E. Pennington, H. C. Pierce, and H. L.
+Schroeder. U. S. Agricultural Department Year Book, 1914, pp. 363-80.
+Two illustrations of interior of car. See also Scientific American
+Supplement, May 6, 1916, vol. 81, pp. 292-93, for illustration of a
+specimen chart used in lecture work.</p>
+
+<p><b>Farming by Special Train.</b> Clifford V. Gregory. Outlook, April
+22, 1911, vol. 97, pp. 913-22. Eleven illustrations of interior and
+exterior of cars and audiences. Several trains mentioned.</p>
+
+<p><b>For Better Roads.</b> Worth C. Harder. Harper’s Weekly, September
+14, 1912, p. 15. Two illustrations of Good Roads Special Train.</p>
+
+<p><b>Good Seed, The Gospel of.</b> House Beautiful, July 1913, vol. 34,
+p. 49. Editorial comment on several good seed trains in the Dakotas,
+Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gospel of Health on Wheels.</b> World’s Work, May 1911, vol. 22,
+pp. 14-313-14. Description of Louisiana Health Train.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Health Exhibit Car, A Week on a.</b> Eugene Kerner. Journal of the
+Outdoor Life, September 1912, vol. 9, pp. 210-11. Kentucky’s health
+train.</p>
+
+<p><b>Health on Wheels.</b> Agnes Morris. American City, December 1914,
+vol. 11, pp. 453-56. Three interior and one double-page illustration
+of exterior of Health Exhibit Train of Louisiana State Board of Health.</p>
+
+<p><b>Health on Wheels.</b> Louisiana State Board of Health, New Orleans,
+La., Oct. 31, 1914. Thirteen illustrations of train, exhibits, and
+director of tour of Health Exhibit Train of Louisiana State Board of
+Health.</p>
+
+<p><b>Health to Sell.</b> Samuel Hopkins Adams. La Follette’s Magazine,
+December 1914, pp. 8, 9. Mention of “Flying Squadron of Health,” a
+motorcycle tour of the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association. One
+illustration.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hessian Fly Train.</b> George D. Dean. Journal of Economic
+Entomology, February 1916, vol. 9, pp. 139-41. Train to instruct
+farmers in ridding Kansas of insect pests. Three illustrations of
+train.</p>
+
+<p><b>Homemaking on Wheels.</b> Country Gentleman, February 12,
+1916, vol. 81, p. 366. Demonstration car of the Household Science
+Department, University of Illinois. Three illustrations of interior of
+car.</p>
+
+<p><b>Instruction of the Public in Anti-Tuberculosis Measures by a
+Traveling Car Exhibit.</b> George Homan, M.D. Journal of the American
+Medical Association, September 24, 1910, Vol. 55, pp. 1072-73. One
+interior and one exterior illustration.</p>
+
+<p><b>Iowa Dairy Special, The 16th.</b> E. S. Estel. Kimball’s Dairy
+Farmer, July 1, 1916, vol. 14, p. 428. Description and comparison
+of dairy trains run in Iowa. Two illustrations of demonstrators,
+lecturers on rear platform of train and of crowd attending an outdoor
+lecture.</p>
+
+<p><b>Kentucky Wakes Up.</b> Roy L. French. Journal of the Outdoor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</span>
+Life, February 1915, vol. 12, pp. 45-46. Tuberculosis exhibit car; 1
+illustration of interior.</p>
+
+<p><b>Land Clearing Demonstration.</b> A. W. Hopkins. Hoard’s Dairyman,
+May 12, 1916, vol. 51, p. 661. Description of Stump Pulling Special in
+Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p><b>Motor Trucks and Movies to Help Save Rural Children.</b> American
+City, Town and County Edition, September 1919, vol. 21, p. 227.
+Description of Child Welfare Special of Children’s Bureau. Two
+illustrations of truck.</p>
+
+<p><b>Moving School of Food Conservation.</b> Survey, January 5, 1918,
+p. 401. Brief mention of Pennsylvania Food Train. One illustration on
+cover.</p>
+
+<p><b>New Features in the Anti-Tuberculosis Campaign.</b> Bulletin No.
+3, vol. 13, March 1, 1913, pp. 71-75. Vermont State Board of Health.
+Three illustrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>On the Exhibition Car in Ontario.</b> J. R. Dickson, B.A., M.S.F.
+Canadian Forestry Journal, November 1919, pp. 464-65.</p>
+
+<p><b>Poultry Demonstration Trains Are Popular.</b> Helen Dow Whitaker.
+Reliable Poultry Journal, August, 1917, vol. 24, pp. 504-05.
+Description of Washington’s Food Preparedness Campaign Train. One
+illustration of exterior of train and one illustration of interior.</p>
+
+<p><b>Public Activities of New York State to be Shown in Free Motion
+Pictures.</b> American City, City Edition, October 1919, vol. 21, p.
+318. Brief mention of trucks to be used by Reconstruction Commission
+of New York State in showing motion pictures of every city and town in
+the state.</p>
+
+<p><b>Railroading Knowledge to the Farmer.</b> Owen Wilson. World’s Work,
+November 1911, vol. 23, pp. 100-06. Ten illustrations of various
+trains mentioned in article.</p>
+
+<p><b>Railroads Co-operating with Farmers.</b> Harper’s Weekly, February
+5, 1910, p. 31. Several trains mentioned; one illustration.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Railway School for Farmers.</b> H. A. Crafts. Scientific American,
+April 30, 1910. Three illustrations of interior and one of exterior of
+train without description.</p>
+
+<p><b>Report of the Child Welfare Department, Connecticut State Council
+of Defense.</b> May 1, 1919. Brief mention on page 9, and double-page
+illustration of Baby Special.</p>
+
+<p><b>Safety First.</b> Scientific American, June 10, 1916, vol. 114,
+p. 616. Description of tour of United States Government Safety First
+Train. Four illustrations of train.</p>
+
+<p><b>Safety First Special.</b> Outlook, May 31, 1916, vol. 113, pp. 240,
+261. Description of tour of United States Government Safety First
+Train. Two illustrations of train.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sending College to the Farmer.</b> W. T. Clarke. Sunset, April
+1913, vol. 30, pp. 383-89. Three illustrations of exterior of car and
+one of crowd attending exhibit. Agricultural and horticultural train
+in California.</p>
+
+<p><b>Special Dairy Car, The.</b> K. G. Mackay. Hoard’s Dairyman, May 12,
+1916, vol. 51, p. 666. Brief description of the Special Dairy Car in
+Saskatchewan, Canada.</p>
+
+<p><b>Special Peach Culture Train to Cover Arkansas.</b> Arkansas
+Homestead, November 25, 1918, pp. 5, 11. Special train ran in Arkansas
+in 1918.</p>
+
+<p><b>Teaching Good Roads by Special Train.</b> Robert Franklin.
+Technical World, June 1912, pp. 448-51. Five illustrations. Frisco
+Railway’s Good Roads Special.</p>
+
+<p><b>Teaching Health by Motion Pictures.</b> Warren H. Brooker, C.E.
+Health Bulletin, North Carolina State Board of Health, No. 2, vol. 31,
+of May 1916. How Public Health is Being Taught in Rural Districts by
+Means of Traveling Motion Pictures. Two illustrations of car and one
+of audience.</p>
+
+<p><b>The University on Wheels.</b> Agnes C. Laut. Colliers, September
+10, 1910, vol. 45, p. 16. The Corn and Wheat Evangelists of the Middle
+West and the Special Trains<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span> of Instruction. Several trains mentioned,
+and three illustrations of cars.</p>
+
+<p><b>Touring a State with Motion Pictures.</b> Arthur J. Strawson.
+Journal of the Outdoor Life, October 1917, pp. 304-05. Three
+illustrations of Indiana Society for Prevention of Tuberculosis truck.</p>
+
+<p><b>Traveling Baby Clinic.</b> Conservation of Life, July 1919, pp.
+60-62. Ottawa, Canada. Trucks used for baby welfare. Two illustrations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Traveling Dispensaries for Italy.</b> The Public Health Nurse,
+November 1918, pp. 261-62. Three illustrations of trucks used for
+dental and baby saving purposes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Unique Traveling Safety Exhibit.</b> New York Central Magazine,
+August 1919, p. 21. Brief mention of Safety First Exhibit Car of New
+York Central Lines. Two illustrations of interior of moving picture
+and exhibit car.</p>
+
+<p><b>Western Railways and Farming.</b> J. R. Wilson. Nation, November
+10, 1910, vol. 91, p. 441. Letter commenting on several trains run in
+western states.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Adams, S. H.</span>: description of health motorcycle tour by, <a href="#Page_34">34-37</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Advance Agents</span>: qualifications, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">preliminary work for, <a href="#Page_50">50-52</a>.</li>
+<li class="isub1">See also <i><a href="#Indexxref_1">Committees</a></i></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Advance Work</span>: publicity and organization, <a href="#Page_42">42-65</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">local co-operation, <a href="#Page_45">45-54</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">committees, <a href="#Page_55">55-65</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">follow-up program, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Advantages</span>: economical, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">of stimulating audiences, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">of striking features, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">trains versus trucks, <a href="#Page_10">10-11</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx" id="Indexxref_9"><span class="smcap">Advertising</span>: mediums, and purpose of, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">committee on newspapers, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">posters, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">window displays, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">slides, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">through local merchants, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Hollingworth on, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">exhibit car, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx" id="Indexxref_5"><span class="smcap">Agriculture</span>: promoting interest in, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Peach Demonstration Train, and illustration of exhibits, <a href="#Page_13">13-14</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">account of dairy train in Illinois, <a href="#Page_15">15-16</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Pure Seed and Home Power Special, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">canning trucks, <a href="#Page_37">37-39</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">train titles, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">program for exhibit train, <a href="#Page_74">74-75</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of tours, <a href="#Page_118">118-127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129-130</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_137">137-142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Alabama</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Appeals</span>: advance publicity work, <a href="#Page_42">42-52</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">to local committees, <a href="#Page_52">52-65</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Arkansas</span>: conservation train tour, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx" id="Indexxref_3"><span class="smcap">Attendance</span>: novel devices attract, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advance work to secure, <a href="#Page_42">42-45</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">methods of distributing, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75-77</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">outdoors, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">planning for, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">receiving visitors, <a href="#Page_97">97-99</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">estimating numbers, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">distributing, <a href="#Page_101">101-104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Attractive Exhibits</span>: advantages and suggestions, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">novel features a stimulus, <a href="#Page_5">5-7</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">healthmobile, opposite 10.</li>
+<li class="isub1">See also <i><a href="#Indexxref_2">Motion Pictures</a></i></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Audiences</span>: selection and visualization of, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+<li class="isub1">See also <i><a href="#Indexxref_3">Attendance</a></i></li>
+
+<li class="indx" id="Indexxref_11"><span class="smcap">Automobiles</span>: motion picture tours, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25-26</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">dispensaries and clinics, <a href="#Page_27">27-33</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Child Welfare Specials, <a href="#Page_30">30-34</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">speaking tours, <a href="#Page_34">34-37</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">government trucks, <a href="#Page_37">37-41</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">motor service, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of truck tours, by states, <a href="#Page_129">129-136</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">and go-to-church propaganda, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+<li class="isub1">See also <i><a href="#Indexxref_4">Trucks</a></i></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Bibliography</span>, <a href="#Page_137">137-142</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">California</span>: publicity tours, equipment for, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Canada</span>: description of forestry car, <a href="#Page_90">90-92</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Canning Truck</span>: purpose of portable kitchen, <a href="#Page_37">37-39</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span>truck tour, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Children’s Year Special</span>: in Michigan, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Cleveland Department of Health, <a href="#Page_27">27-29</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">“skip stops,” <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">follow-up work, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tour, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Child Welfare</span>: in Michigan, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">traveling dispensaries and clinics, <a href="#Page_27">27-34</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">U. S. Children’s Bureau truck tour, <a href="#Page_30">30-33</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advance publicity, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">follow-up work, <a href="#Page_113">113-114</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">health tours and publicity, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Churches</span>: co-operation helpful, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">truck tours in New York and Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Clark, E. A.</span>: describes successful tour of dairy train, <a href="#Page_15">15-16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Clinics</span>: and traveling trucks, <a href="#Page_27">27-31</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Tuberculosis Commission, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">transport truck tour, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Cole, P. T.</span>: on Peach Demonstration Train, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx" id="Indexxref_1"><span class="smcap">Committees</span>: on co-operation, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45-47</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advance publicity, <a href="#Page_52">52-54</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">reception, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">newspaper, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advertising, <a href="#Page_57">57-58</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">special delegations, <a href="#Page_59">59-60</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">church co-operation, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">schools, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">foreign groups, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">speakers, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">personal canvass, <a href="#Page_64">64-65</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">reception, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">organizing local, <a href="#Page_111">111-112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Connecticut</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Co-operation</span>: value of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">and publicity, <a href="#Page_40">40-41</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">arrangements for local committees, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45-65</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">churches, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">schools, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">railroads, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx" id="Indexxref_6"><span class="smcap">Cost</span>: economical advantages of train or truck, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">budget estimates, <a href="#Page_9">9-10</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">record of Pennsylvania train tour, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">automobile tour in Maryland, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Dairy Trains</span>: tour described by E. A. Clark, of Illinois, <a href="#Page_15">15-16</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of tours, <a href="#Page_118">118-125</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+<li class="isub1">See also <i><a href="#Indexxref_5">Agriculture</a></i></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Dean, George A.</span>: describes Hessian Fly Special, <a href="#Page_17">17-20</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Delegations</span>: advance plans for special groups, <a href="#Page_59">59-60</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">from churches, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">schools, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">hotels and restaurants, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">food dealers, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">employes, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">clubs, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">children and teachers, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Demonstrations</span>: effectiveness of initial presentation, <a href="#Page_5">5-7</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">adaptability of trains for, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">trucks, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Peach Special, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">dairy train and milking machine, <a href="#Page_15">15-16</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">food conservation, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">canning kitchens, <a href="#Page_37">37-38</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Land Clearing Special, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">program outlined, <a href="#Page_74">74-76</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">types of cars adapted to, <a href="#Page_78">78-79</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">kitchen illustrated, opposite 92;</li>
+<li class="isub1">arrangement of car for, <a href="#Page_92">92-93</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">tours, and equipment, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publications, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Dickson, J. R.</span>: describes forestry car, <a href="#Page_90">90-92</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Dispensaries</span>: scope of service, <a href="#Page_27">27-33</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Children’s Year Special of Cleveland, <a href="#Page_28">28-30</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">motor trucks in Italy, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Children’s Bureau government truck, <a href="#Page_30">30-33</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publication on, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span><span class="smcap">Dowling, Oscar</span>: health train pioneer, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Economy</span>: advantages of train and truck, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">records of tours, <a href="#Page_9">9-10</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">war propaganda, <a href="#Page_21">21-23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Education</span>: advantages of tours, <a href="#Page_3">3-8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">campaign tours, <a href="#Page_118">118-136</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_137">137-142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">England</span>: publicity tours, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Entomology</span>: and Hessian fly in Kansas, <a href="#Page_18">18-19</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Exhibit Cars</span>: peach industry, <a href="#Page_13">13-14</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">dairy train, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">pure seed, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">health tours, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">government specials, <a href="#Page_22">22-24</a>, opposite 70 and 77;</li>
+<li class="isub1">various types, <a href="#Page_78">78-79</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">correct designs for, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">living accommodations, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">cleaning methods, <a href="#Page_80">80-81</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">form and content of exhibits, <a href="#Page_81">81-83</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">moving audiences, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">correct arrangement of interiors, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, opposite 86 and 87;</li>
+<li class="isub1">placing exhibits, <a href="#Page_87">87-90</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">description of Canadian forestry car, <a href="#Page_90">90-92</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">moving people through, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">explainers for, <a href="#Page_104">104-105</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of, by states, <a href="#Page_118">118-136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Expenses</span>: See <i><a href="#Indexxref_6">Cost</a></i></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Explainers</span>: services of, <a href="#Page_104">104-105</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Flat Cars</span>: dairy trains, <a href="#Page_15">15-16</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">for conservation work, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, opposite 80;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Land Clearing Specials, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">recruiting, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Florida</span>: publicity tours, and equipment, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Follow-up Work</span>: and careful planning, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">reception committees valuable, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">aims, and suggestions for efficient, <a href="#Page_106">106-114</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">fixing impressions, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">printed matter, <a href="#Page_109">109-110</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">local organizations to take part, <a href="#Page_111">111-113</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">of West Virginia Public Health Council, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">results, method of checking, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">criticisms, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Food Conservation Trains</span>: government tours, <a href="#Page_21">21-24</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">and child welfare, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">canning kitchens, <a href="#Page_37">37-38</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">work assignments, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">illustration of exhibit car, N. Y. College of Agriculture, opposite 86;</li>
+<li class="isub1">demonstration kitchen illustrated, opposite 92;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of tours, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">France</span>: truck tours for health purposes, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Georgia</span>: Land Clearing Special, advance work, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Good Roads Special</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Halliday, J. D.</span>: health education tours planned and directed by, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Health Cars</span>: advance publicity in West Virginia, <a href="#Page_46">46-48</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">topics and exhibits presented, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">over-crowded exhibits, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">methods to attract attention, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">report of follow-up work, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of tours, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131-133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Health Exhibits</span>: motion picture truck of N. Y. State, opposite 10;</li>
+<li class="isub1">health trains in Louisiana, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span>child welfare in Kansas, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">West Virginia Health Special, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">purpose of government train, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Children’s Year Special, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">variety of topics, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">train tours, <a href="#Page_127">127-128</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">truck tours, <a href="#Page_131">131-133</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">wagon tour, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">motorcycle tour, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Healthmobile</span>: of N. Y. State, opposite 10;</li>
+<li class="isub1">motion picture tour in North Carolina, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tour of, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hessian Fly Special</span>: description of train run in Kansas, <a href="#Page_17">17-20</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">speakers and publicity, <a href="#Page_18">18-19</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">train equipment, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hollingworth, H. L.</span>: on Advertising and Selling, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Home Power Special</span>: demonstration of conveniences, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Illinois</span>: tour of dairy train in, <a href="#Page_15">15-16</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Illustrations</span>: opposite 10, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Indiana</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Information Sources</span>: 2, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Iowa</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Italy</span>: health trucks, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">motor clinics, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Itinerary</span>: planning, <a href="#Page_94">94-97</a>.</li>
+<li class="isub1">See also <i><a href="#Indexxref_7">Tours</a></i></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Kansas</span>: Hessian fly train described, <a href="#Page_17">17-20</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">State Agricultural College co-operates with railroad, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Kentucky</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Land Clearing</span>: demonstration work, with automobiles, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126-127</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Lincoln Highway Association</span>: and transcontinental tour, <a href="#Page_40">40-41</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Louisiana</span>: success of health trains, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Maryland</span>: cost of automobile tour, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Massachusetts</span>: child welfare tours, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Memory</span>: impressions, and follow-up work, <a href="#Page_107">107-109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Message, Preparation of</span>: 66-73;</li>
+<li class="isub1">choosing a topic, <a href="#Page_67">67-70</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">limiting the message, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">program planning, <a href="#Page_71">71-77</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Michigan</span>: Children’s Year Special, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Minnesota</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Mississippi</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Missouri</span>: Women’s Patriotic Special, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span>publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx" id="Indexxref_2"><span class="smcap">Motion Pictures</span>: cost of automobile tour, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">N. Y. State healthmobile, opposite 10;</li>
+<li class="isub1">truck tours, <a href="#Page_25">25-41</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">North Carolina health campaign, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Children’s Special of Cleveland, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advance publicity, and slides, <a href="#Page_57">57-58</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">state tours using, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131-135</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Motorcycles</span>: description of a “Knight of Health,” <a href="#Page_34">34-37</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">tours in Canada and Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Motor Transport Corps</span>: purpose and description of transcontinental train, <a href="#Page_39">39-41</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Motor Vehicles</span>: See <i><a href="#Indexxref_4">Trucks</a></i></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Moving Audiences</span>: displaying exhibits to, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Nebraska</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Nevada</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">New Jersey</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Newspapers</span>: advance publicity for, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
+<li class="isub1">See also <i><a href="#Indexxref_8">Publicity</a></i></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">New York</span>: healthmobile, opposite 10;</li>
+<li class="isub1">food conservation train, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, and equipment, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">North Carolina</span>: Board of Health motion picture tour, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Novel Presentation</span>: advantages of, <a href="#Page_4">4-7</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">secures publicity, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">motion picture trucks 25-28;</li>
+<li class="isub1">“Motorcycle Knight of Health,” <a href="#Page_34">34-37</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">along Lincoln Highway, <a href="#Page_40">40-41</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Ohio</span>: Children’s Year Special of Cleveland, <a href="#Page_27">27-30</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">illustrations and trucks, <a href="#Page_28">28-29</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Organization</span>: advance publicity important, <a href="#Page_42">42-65</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">assignments for committees, <a href="#Page_52">52-65</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">report of follow-up work, <a href="#Page_112">112-113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Outdoor Speaking</span>: 16, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Peach Demonstration Train</span>: description, and illustration of exhibit car, <a href="#Page_13">13-14</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advance publicity, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">state tours, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span>: cost of tour in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">food conservation train, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">canning kitchen of Allegheny County Council, <a href="#Page_37">37-39</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advance assignments for committees, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Permanence</span>: of activities, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">organization and follow-up work, <a href="#Page_111">111-114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Places Visited</span>: planning an itinerary, <a href="#Page_94">94-96</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Posters</span>: type of agricultural, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advertising committees, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Programs</span>: choice of a topic, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67-70</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">form of presentation, <a href="#Page_67">67-71</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">unit programs, <a href="#Page_71">71-72</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">of exhibit trains, <a href="#Page_73">73-75</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">of demonstration and exhibit, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span>advice in planning, <a href="#Page_94">94-96</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101-104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx" id="Indexxref_8"><span class="smcap">Publicity</span>: advantages of tours, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">first impression valuable, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">and successful co-operation, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advance work important, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42-65</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advertisements, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">specialized appeal, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">committees, co-operation of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">preparation of letters, and example, <a href="#Page_46">46-48</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advance agents, duties of, <a href="#Page_49">49-52</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">assignments, features of, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">reception committee, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">committee on newspapers, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advertising committee, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">committee on special delegations, <a href="#Page_59">59-60</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">church co-operation, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">schools, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">foreign language groups, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">speakers, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">committee on personal canvass, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; and</li>
+<li class="isub1">follow-up work, <a href="#Page_109">109-114</a>.</li>
+<li class="isub1">See also <i><a href="#Indexxref_9">Advertising</a></i></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Pure Seed Special</span>: home power equipment, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">arrangement of exhibits, opposite 87;</li>
+<li class="isub1">exhibit trains, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">“Gospel of Good Seed,” <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Purpose</span>: and advantages, <a href="#Page_3">3-4</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">of Motor Transport Corps tour, <a href="#Page_39">39-40</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Railroads</span>: co-operation of, and list of educational tours, <a href="#Page_117">117-129</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_137">137-140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+<li class="isub1">See also <i><a href="#Indexxref_10">Trains</a></i></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Reception Committees</span>: advance assignments for, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Relaxation</span>: staff members need, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Rhode Island</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Safety First Trains</span>: publicity tours, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Schedule</span>: train stops discussed, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96-97</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">work and rest periods, <a href="#Page_103">103-105</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Schools</span>: co-operation, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">attendance of children, and management, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">car as model school room, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">and dental education, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">of conservation, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">“<span class="smcap">Skip Stops</span>,” <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Speakers</span>: attraction of prominent, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">short talks in lecture coaches, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">outdoor lectures, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Hessian Fly Special, <a href="#Page_18">18-19</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">health talks and child welfare, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">advance work for committees on, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">chief factors of success, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">explainers, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Staff Members</span>: traveling accommodations, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">provision for rest and comfort, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Tennessee</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Texas</span>: Peach Special, <a href="#Page_13">13-14</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">agricultural train program, <a href="#Page_74">74-75</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Theaters</span>. See <i><a href="#Indexxref_2">Motion Pictures</a></i></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Topics</span>: selection of, <a href="#Page_67">67-68</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">presentation, <a href="#Page_68">68-71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx" id="Indexxref_7"><span class="smcap">Tours</span>: factors in planning, <a href="#Page_94">94-105</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">time stops, <a href="#Page_96">96-97</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">“skip-stops,” <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of traveling campaigns, <a href="#Page_117">117-136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx" id="Indexxref_10"><span class="smcap">Trains</span>: advantages of tours by, <a href="#Page_4">4-8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">campaign costs, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">agricultural campaigns, <a href="#Page_13">13-19</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">health tours, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">trolleys, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">child welfare, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">planning an itinerary, <a href="#Page_94">94-97</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">moving visitors through, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of agricultural, <a href="#Page_118">118-127</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</span>list of food conservation, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of health specials, <a href="#Page_127">127-128</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">safety first trains, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">safety first tours, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_137">137-141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Transcontinental Tours</span>: purposes, <a href="#Page_39">39-40</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Lincoln Highway Association co-operates, <a href="#Page_40">40-41</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">train equipment, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Trolley Tours</span>: child welfare, <a href="#Page_23">23-24</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx" id="Indexxref_4"><span class="smcap">Trucks</span>: advantages of tours by, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6-8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">cost of tours, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">adaptability, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">North Carolina health car, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">traveling dispensaries, <a href="#Page_27">27-34</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Children’s Year Special, <a href="#Page_27">27-29</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">clinics in Italy, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Child Welfare Special, <a href="#Page_30">30-34</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">speaking tours, <a href="#Page_34">34-37</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">canning truck and portable kitchen, <a href="#Page_37">37-39</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">transcontinental tour, War Department, <a href="#Page_39">39-40</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">and Lincoln Highway Association, <a href="#Page_40">40-41</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">planning an itinerary, <a href="#Page_94">94-97</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of agricultural, <a href="#Page_129">129-130</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of food conservation, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">list of health specials, <a href="#Page_131">131-133</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">motor transport tours, <a href="#Page_133">133-134</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">motion picture tours, <a href="#Page_134">134-135</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+<li class="isub1">See also <i><a href="#Indexxref_11">Automobiles</a></i></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tuberculosis</span>: motor truck clinics in Italy, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">attention getting device, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">health tours, and publicity, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Types of Cars</span>: for exhibit or demonstration, <a href="#Page_78">78-79</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">United States</span>: Safety First Train, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Child Welfare Special, <a href="#Page_30">30-33</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">food conservation truck, <a href="#Page_37">37-39</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">transcontinental motor tour, <a href="#Page_39">39-41</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Lincoln Highway and Transport Corps, <a href="#Page_40">40-41</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Unit Programs</span>: features included, <a href="#Page_71">71-73</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Utah</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Vermont</span>: publicity tours, health wagon, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Virginia</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Visualization</span>: essential in preparing message and program, <a href="#Page_66">66-72</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Washington</span>: publicity tours, train equipment, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">West Virginia</span>: example of health publicity letter, <a href="#Page_46">46-48</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">report on follow-up organization work, <a href="#Page_112">112-113</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Window Displays</span>: announcements and signs, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wisconsin</span>: farm methods promoted by College of Agriculture, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Anti-Tuberculosis Association work, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">publicity tours, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">bibliography, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="SURVEY_AND_EXHIBIT_SERIES">SURVEY AND EXHIBIT SERIES</h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edited by</span> SHELBY M. HARRISON</p>
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>It is recognized in both surveys and exhibits that a standardized
+technique has not been fully worked out. Still a beginning has been
+made. Enough experience has been accumulated to justify recording
+it and putting it at the disposal of those interested. With a view
+therefore to increasing the use of investigation in dealing with
+current community problems and to making such investigations more
+effective, and with a view also to the widespread employment of better
+methods of disseminating helpful information, the Survey and Exhibit
+Series has been planned.</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>The A B C of Exhibit Planning.</b> By Evart G. and Mary Swain
+Routzahn. Price, Cloth, $2.00 net.</p>
+
+<p><b>Traveling Publicity Campaigns.</b> By Mary Swain Routzahn. Price,
+Cloth, $1.50 net.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Other volumes in preparation</i></p>
+
+<p>Subscriptions may be entered for the series, new volumes to be sent
+when issued. Or upon request announcements of new books in the series
+will be sent as books are issued.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+<p class="center p2">
+PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT<br>
+RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION<br>
+130 E. 22D STREET, NEW YORK CITY<br>
+</p>
+
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75816 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this book outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+book #75816 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75816)