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visibility: hidden;} +.red {color: red;} +.bb {border-bottom: thin solid black;} +.v1 {border-bottom: .1em solid;} +.v2 {border-bottom: none;} + + /* ]]> */ </style> +</head> + +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75617 ***</div> + +<div class="transnote section"> +<p class="center larger">Transcriber’s Notes</p> + +<p>This is Volume II of a two-volume set. Volume I is available at +Project Gutenberg: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75616"> +https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75616</a>. Index references to pages +within that volume are double-underlined here.</p> + +<p>Larger versions of most illustrations may be seen by right-clicking them +and selecting an option to view them separately, or by double-tapping and/or +stretching them.</p> + +<p class="covernote">New original cover art included with this eBook is granted +to the public domain. It uses the original cover with title and author text +added by the Transcriber.</p> + +<p><a href="#Transcribers_Notes">Additional notes</a> will be found near the end of this ebook.</p> +<div> </div> +</div> + +<div class="section"> +<h1>THE BRITISH BATTLE FLEET</h1> +<div> </div> +</div> + +<div class="section"> +<figure id="i_1" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 39em;"> + <img src="images/i_001.jpg" width="2441" height="1632" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">DREADNOUGHTS ANCHORING—1912. + </figcaption> +</figure> +<div> </div> +</div> + +<div class="chapter section center wspace"> +<p class="xxlarge red bold"> +THE<br> +BRITISH BATTLE<br> +FLEET</p> + +<p class="p1 larger"><span class="gesperrt1">ITS INCEPTION AND GROWTH</span><br> +THROUGHOUT THE CENTURIES<br> +TO THE PRESENT DAY</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="xsmall">BY</span><br> +<span class="larger red">FRED T. JANE</span></p> + +<p class="xsmall">AUTHOR OF “FIGHTING SHIPS,” “ALL THE WORLD’S AIRCRAFT,”<br> +“HERESIES OF SEA POWER,” ETC., ETC.</p> + +<p class="p4 small"><span class="smcap">With Illustrations in Colour<br> +from original water-colour drawings by</span></p> + +<p class="larger red">W. L. WYLLIE, R.A.</p> + +<p class="p0"><span class="smcap small">And Numerous Plans and Photographs</span>.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Vol. II.</span></p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="bold">London</span><br> +<span class="larger bold red">The Library Press, Limited</span><br> +<span class="bold">26 Portugal St., W.C.</span><br> +<span class="smaller">1915</span> +</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div> </div> +</div> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2> +</div> + +<table id="toc"> +<tr class="xsmall"> + <td class="tdr">CHAPTER</td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdr">PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr top">I.</td> + <td class="tdl">THE BARNABY ERA</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#toclink_1">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr top">II.</td> + <td class="tdl">THE WHITE ERA</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#toclink_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr top">III.</td> + <td class="tdl">THE WATTS ERA</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#toclink_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr top">IV.</td> + <td class="tdl">THE DREADNOUGHT ERA (WATTS)</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#toclink_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr top">V.</td> + <td class="tdl">SUBMARINES</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#toclink_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr top">VI.</td> + <td class="tdl">NAVAL AVIATION</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#toclink_218">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr top">VII.</td> + <td class="tdl">AUXILIARY NAVIES</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#toclink_231">231</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr top">VIII.</td> + <td class="tdl">GENERAL MATTERS IN THE LAST HUNDRED YEARS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#toclink_242">242</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> +</div> + +<table id="loi"> +<tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="small">IN COLOUR</span><br><br> +FROM PICTURES BY W. L. WYLLIE, R.A.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="xsmall"> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdr">PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">DREADNOUGHTS ANCHORING—1912 + <i class="in4"><a href="#i_1">Frontispiece</a></i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">BOARDING A SLAVE DHOW</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_41">41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">SECOND CLASS CRUISER OF THE NAVAL DEFENCE ACT ERA, NOW CONVERTED INTO A MINELAYER</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">WHITE ERA BATTLESHIPS OF THE MAJESTIC CLASS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">EARLY TYPE OF “27 KNOT” DESTROYERS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">THE “DREADNOUGHT,” 1906</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_147">147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">“INDEFATIGABLE” AND “INVINCIBLE,” 1911</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">EARLY “30 KNOT” DESTROYERS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">SUBMARINES LEAVING PORTSMOUTH HARBOUR</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_209">209</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">BATTLE CRUISER “NEW ZEALAND” ON THE STOCKS 1912</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_235">235</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2">SHIP PHOTOGRAPHS</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">“INFLEXIBLE” AS ORIGINALLY COMPLETED 1881</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_3">3</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">“BENBOW” SHIP OF THE ADMIRAL CLASS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_29">29</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">SUBMARINE E2</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_213">213</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">BRITISH NAVY SEAPLANE</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_219">219</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">HOISTING A NAVAL SEAPLANE ON BOARD THE “HIBERNIA”</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2">PORTRAITS</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">SIR N. BARNABY</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">SIR WILLIAM WHITE</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">SIR PHILIP WATTS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_123">123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">GENERAL CUNIBERTI</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">ADMIRAL FISHER</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">ADMIRAL SIR JOHN JELLICOE</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2">PLANS, DIAGRAMS, ETC.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">EARLY TURRET SHIPS OF THE BARNABY ERA</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_7">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">FOREIGN SHIPS PURCHASED FOR THE NAVY IN 1877–78</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_11">11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">BARNABY BARBETTE SHIPS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_17">17</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">SOME FAMOUS RAMS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_21">21</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">CHARACTERISTIC BARNABY SHIPS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_33">33</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">TURRET SHIPS OF THE BARNABY ERA</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_37">37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">BATTLESHIPS OF THE WHITE ERA</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_79">79</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">ix</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">SYSTEMS OF WATER-LINE PROTECTION</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">PRINCIPAL CRUISERS OF THE WHITE ERA</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_95">95</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">PRE-DREADNOUGHTS OF THE WATTS ERA</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS FOR THE DREADNOUGHT</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">ORIGINAL DREADNOUGHT DESIGNS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">EARLY EXAMPLES OF WING TURRETS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">DREADNOUGHTS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_167">167</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">CENTRE-LINE SHIPS OF VARIOUS DATES</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">DIAGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE WEAK POINT OF THE ÉCHELON SYSTEM</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_BRITISH_BATTLE_FLEET"><span class="larger">THE BRITISH BATTLE FLEET.</span></h2> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="I"><span id="toclink_1"></span>I.<br> + +<span class="subhead">THE BARNABY ERA.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap1">The</span> characteristic <i>motif</i> of the Barnaby designs has +been described as a “maximum of offensive power +and the minimum of defence.” This is not +altogether correct; though as a generalization it is no +very great exaggeration. In every Barnaby design +proper, offence was the first thing sought for, but +defence as then understood was by no means overlooked +as to-day it appears to have been.</p> + +<p>The bed rock “Reed idea” was to produce a ship +which could attack and destroy the enemy without +much risk of being damaged in doing so. The “Barnaby +idea” was that “the best defensive is a strong offensive”; +and a strict subordination of defence to what might +best serve the attack on the same displacement.</p> + +<p>The first big armoured ship to be laid down at all +on Barnaby principles, the <i>Inflexible</i>, was built under +somewhat peculiar circumstances. In the year 1871 a +Committee was appointed. One of its findings was as +<span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“As powerful armament, thick armour, speed, and light draught +cannot be combined in one ship, although all are needed for the +defence of the country; there is no alternative but to give the +preponderance to each in its turn amongst different classes of ships +which shall mutually supplement one another.”<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span></p> + +<p>Amongst the Committee’s suggestions had been the +abolition of the complete belt, and its concentration +amidships. This recommendation was mainly intended to +refer to cruising ships rather than to ships definitely +intended for the line of battle; but the idea soon spread.</p> + +<p>These suggestions had already been embodied in a +modified form in the <i>Shannon</i>, of which particulars will +be found later on. The <i>Shannon</i>, however, was frankly a +“belted cruiser,” and no idea had then been entertained +of adapting a similar system for heavy armoured ships.</p> + +<p>In the year 1874, however, it transpired that the +Italians were evolving an entirely new type of battleship, +the <i>Duilio</i> and <i>Dandolo</i>, and adopting a central box +system. By this means they were able to protect the +citadel with 22-inch armour and mount four 100-ton guns +in two turrets <i>en échelon</i>, so that all four could bear ahead +and astern as well as on either broadside. The seriousness +of the situation was increased by the fact that in +most of the tactical ideas of the day, end-on approach +figured largely.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a></p> + +<p>Compared with these Italian designs, the most +powerful British ironclad of those days, the <i>Dreadnought</i>, +with a belt of only 14-inch to 11-inch armour, and bearing +but two of her four 38-ton guns end-on, cut a sorry +figure.</p> + +<figure id="i_3" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 39em;"> + <img src="images/i_003.jpg" width="2449" height="1551" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p class="left"><i>Photo</i>]</p> + <p class="right up1">[<i>Ellis</i>.</p> + <p>THE <i>INFLEXIBLE</i>, AS ORIGINALLY COMPLETED, 1881.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>It was deemed essential to build a “reply.” The +largest gun actually available at the time was, however, +the 81-ton M.L.; so this was adopted for the new ship. +The <i>Inflexible</i> being frankly an adoption of Italian ideas, +she can hardly be described as the design of any one man; +Sir N. Barnaby having been tied down to an extent with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span> +which (from his subsequent writings) he did not, it would +appear, altogether agree. A smaller central citadel than +that of the Italian ships was adopted, but the thickness +was carried to 24-inch, the thickest armour ever introduced +into an ironclad either before or since. The +bulkheads were 20-in. The freeboard of the central +redoubt was 10ft. Round about it, fore and aft, on an +armoured raft-body were built a bow and stern, with +superstructures curtailed to the centre line sufficiently to +allow of unimpeded end-on fire from the big guns, which, +like those of the Italians, were placed in échelonned +turrets.</p> + +<p>With a view to satisfying the “masted turret-ship” +ideal, an absurd brig rig was fitted to the <i>Inflexible</i>. +With this it was possible for the ship to drift before the +wind, haystack-fashion, but the rig was so much of the +“placebo” order that it was designed to be taken down +and thrown overboard in case of action! At a later +date it was removed altogether and a military rig +substituted.</p> + +<p>The <i>Inflexible</i> was crammed with novelties. Like +the <i>Devastation</i> she was the “<i>Dreadnought</i>” of her time. +Chief among her innovations were the adoption of +submerged torpedo tubes (of which she had two), the +mounting of Nordenfeldts as a definite anti-torpedo-boat +armament, and an ingenious anti-rolling arrangement, +whereby water was admitted amidships to counteract the +roll. This was very partially successful; but in 1910 +the idea re-appeared in a slightly altered form and is now +used in certain big Atlantic liners.</p> + +<p>An ingenious feature of the <i>Inflexible</i> concerned the +big guns. In the <i>Devastation</i> and <i>Dreadnought</i> types these +could be run in and loaded inside the turret. With the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> +much larger guns of the <i>Inflexible</i> this was impossible, +without a very considerable increase of the size of the +turrets. Outside loading without protection was recognised +as unsuitable and practically impossible. A special +glacis was, therefore, designed, which admitted of outside +loading under cover, and at the same time +ensured that, in the event of premature discharge, the +projectile would emerge above the water-line and +not below it.</p> + +<p>This device is of special interest as the “last word” +of those muzzle-loading guns to which the British Navy +adhered so long as it possibly could. Had it been +thought of earlier, the British Navy might perhaps have +adhered to muzzle-loaders even longer than it did. As +things were, the <i>Inflexible</i> device came too late to stay the +tide which had already begun to set strongly in the +breechloader direction.</p> + +<p>Details of the <i>Inflexible</i> <span class="locked">were:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—11,880 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—320ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—75ft.</li> + +<li>Maximum Draught—26⅓ft.</li> + +<li>Armour—Belt amidships 24—16-inch, beyond that +a protective deck only; 22—14-inch bulkhead, all +iron; and 17-inch compound armour turrets.</li> + +<li>Armaments—Four 81-ton guns (to which eight +4-inch breechloaders were added later on). +Two submerged tubes and two above-water +launching appliances for torpedoes.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—8,010 (I.H.P.).</li> + +<li>Speed—13.8 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—1,300 tons = nominal 10-knot radius of +5,200 miles.</li> + +<li>Built at Portsmouth Dockyard. Engined by +Elder. Completed 1881.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span></p> + +<figure id="i_7" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_007.jpg" width="1655" height="2659" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + DUILIO.<br> + DREADNOUGHT.<br> + INFLEXIBLE. + </p> + <p>EARLY TURRET-SHIPS OF THE BARNABY ERA.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>On completion she was sent to the Mediterranean, +with Captain Fisher (afterwards Admiral of the Fleet, +Lord Fisher) in command of her. He was the chief +gunnery officer of those days and the founder of the +torpedo school. At the time it was put on record that, +asked by a Press interviewer what he would do if the +fortunes of war brought it about that he had to encounter +a similar “last word” in naval construction, he replied +that he would keep away from her till nightfall, and +then send in the, then, novel second-class torpedo-boats +which the <i>Inflexible</i> carried, to settle the foe. Over which +statement the historian of fifty years hence may yet +place Lord Fisher among the prophets. To-day, some +thirty years later, similar ideas obtain, but have got no +further. Fifty years hence——?</p> + +<p>In 1882 the <i>Inflexible</i> was the central figure at the +bombardment of Alexandria. The damage she did was +infinitesimal compared to the ideas which the public had +formed of her. Far more actual mischief was done by +Lord Charles Beresford in a trivial gunboat, the <i>Condor</i>, +which steered into close range of the hostile guns and +knocked them over. At the time this was regarded as +an act of spectacular heroism; but the historian of the +future is far more likely to discover in it (as in the Fisher +torpedo-boats) something closely akin to the reasoning +behind Nelson when he destroyed the French fleet at the +Nile or charged into them at Trafalgar. The commonplace +expression, “sizing up the other man,” and acting +accordingly, is the secret. In peace time we are all too +apt to assess hostile weapons at their theoretical +potentiality. The victors in war are those who gauge<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> +correctly the handling ability of the man behind the +weapon and—act accordingly.</p> + +<p>About the years 1877–78, towards the close of the +Turco-Russian War, an Anglo-Russian war seemed +probable, and four foreign ships building in England +were purchased for the British Navy.</p> + +<p>These were the Brazilian <i>Independencia</i>, an improved +<i>Monarch</i>, designed by Sir E. J. Reed, which went into the +British service as the <i>Neptune</i>. Save that she carried +38-ton guns instead of 25-ton, she reproduced the +<i>Monarch</i> idea almost exactly. After certain vicissitudes +she entered the British service, and eventually was fitted +with a couple of military masts. The points of special +interest about her were that (1) owing to some error her +funnels were put in sideways instead of as designed; +and (2) in service in any bad weather the sea regularly +washed out her wardroom; (3) she was the first ship of +the British Navy to carry a bath-room. As an effective +warship she never figured to any large extent.</p> + +<p>The other three purchased ships had been destined +for the Turkish Navy; and all three turned out worse +than the <i>Neptune</i>. The <i>Hamidieh</i>, re-christened <i>Superb</i>, +more or less duplicated the <i>Hercules</i>. She took part in +the bombardment of Alexandria a little later, and it was +there discovered that her guns could not train at all well +in comparison with contemporary British naval ships.</p> + +<figure id="i_11" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_011.jpg" width="1649" height="2623" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + SUPERB<br> + NEPTUNE<br> + BELLEISLE + </p> + <p class="b0">FIRE ZONES OF THE BELLEISLE (<span class="allsmcap">4 GUNS</span>)</p> + <p class="p0">FIRE ZONES OF THE DEVASTATION (<span class="allsmcap">4 GUNS</span>)</p> + <p class="p1">FOREIGN SHIPS PURCHASED FOR THE NAVY IN 1877–78.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Of the fighting value of the other two ships, <i>Pakyi-Shereef</i> +and <i>Boordyi-Zaffir</i>, which became the <i>Belleisle</i> +and <i>Orion</i>, the least said the better. They turned out to +be nothing but improvements on a type of “coast +defender,” already obsolete, diminutives of the original +Reed broadside idea applied to a <i>Hotspur</i> type hull. In +place of the single 25-ton gun of the <i>Hotspur</i>, they carried<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> +four similar guns—the old 12-inch 25-ton M.L. These +guns were carried in a central raised battery, from which, +as in the <i>Hotspur</i>, one gun could always bear, and from +which two bearing on an exact and unlikely broadside +might be looked for.</p> + +<p>No useful service was ever performed by these ships. +The <i>Belleisle</i> ended her service as a target, the <i>Orion</i> as a +hulk. They proved conclusively that the central battery +idea was obsolete and so far probably did good service. +In the past Sir E. J. Reed had argued, and for that +matter proved, that for a given weight of armour and +armament eight guns, four on either broadside, could be +mounted with equal protection and economy of weight +as against two pairs of guns in turrets.<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> The <i>Belleisle</i> +gave the lie to this idea, however, when it came to be +applied to half the number of guns. The step from that +to the same thing with more guns was made easy, and +the turret idea assured, out of the <i>Belleisle</i> type. To the +<i>Belleisle</i> and <i>Orion</i> more than any other ships may be +traced the first real appreciation of “angles in between”—the +demonstration that “right ahead” or “right on +the broadside” were ideal positions which no enemy +would willingly assume.</p> + +<p>The <i>Devastation</i> and her sisters had, of course, +anticipated this idea; but to the <i>Belleisle</i>, at most +fighting angles only able to bring a quarter of her battery +into action, may be traced most modern developments +in gun disposition.</p> + +<p>Contemporaneous with the special Barnaby ships, +reference may be made to the entirely nondescript +<i>Téméraire</i>. She may be described as an absolute hybrid—partly +Reed, partly Barnaby, partly gun inventors of +the era, and partly nothing in particular.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span></p> + +<p>Details of this ship <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—8,540 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—285ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—62ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—27¼ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 25-ton 11-inch M.L. (two in +barbettes), four 18-ton M.L.—two above water +torpedo tubes.</li> + +<li>Armour (iron)—Complete 11—8in. belt. Bulkheads +8—5in. Barbettes 10—8in. Battery 10—8in. +Horse-power—7,520 = 14.5 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—620 tons = 2,680 miles at economical speed +(nominal).</li> +</ul> + +<p>The <i>Téméraire</i> was unique in the world’s navies in +that two of her 25-ton guns were carried—one forward, +one aft—on special Moncrieff mountings, an adaption +for naval purposes of the “disappearing gun,” invented +for forts of that era. The gun, loaded under cover, +was raised to fire by hydraulic mechanism, and then +recoiled to the loading position. The ship was otherwise +essentially of the Reed box-battery type; the other two +25-ton guns being in a central main-deck battery, and +capable of a good deal of ahead fire. The other big guns +(18 tons) were cut off from the 25-ton by an armoured +bulkhead, and merely had the ordinary broadside +training.</p> + +<p>Like the <i>Inflexible</i>, the <i>Téméraire</i> had a heavy brig +rig. Towards the end of her active service career this +was replaced by a military rig; but all her active work +was done as a brig. She was built at Chatham Dockyard, +engined by Humphrys, and completed for sea in 1877.</p> + +<p>In 1882 she was at the bombardment of Alexandria, +and there did more execution than any other ship. Her<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span> +subsequent career was uneventful, and in her own way +she was a “monstrosity” as much as the <i>Polyphemus</i> +was. She is generally understood to have been a “naval +officers’ ideal” ship, rather than the regular production +of the Chief Constructor. Whether this be true is, at +least, doubtful. Certainly she may equally well be +regarded as the forlorn hope of those who looked to see +the general principles of the central battery system +adapted to suit the new ideas as to ironclads. French +ideas<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> also had probably something to do with her +peculiar design.</p> + +<p>The idea embodied in the <i>Inflexible</i> was so pleasing +to the authorities of that period that she was duplicated +in two smaller vessels of the same type, the <i>Ajax</i> and +<i>Agamemnon</i>, though the precise purpose for which these +vessels were built is difficult to fathom. They were in +every way inferior to the <i>Inflexible</i>, and mainly of +interest as indicating the definite abandonment of the +idea of the masted battleship, and they were also the +last ships to mount muzzle-loading <span class="locked">guns:—</span></p> + +<p>Particulars of these ships <span class="locked">were:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—8,660 tons.</li> +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—280ft.</li> +<li>Beam—66ft.</li> +<li>Draught (mean)—24ft.</li> +<li>Guns—Four 38-ton M.L., two 6-inch 81-cwt. B.L.</li> +<li>Horse-power—5,440.</li> +<li>Speed—13.25 knots.</li> +</ul> + +<p>These were followed by the <i>Colossus</i> and <i>Edinburgh</i>, +which were laid down in 1879. In these ships the +12-inch breechloader was adopted, and an attempt at +what was then a very considerable speed was made.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span> +An auxiliary armament made its first really definite +appearance, five 6-inch guns being mounted on the +superstructure.</p> + +<p>Particulars of these ships <span class="locked">were:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—9,420 tons.</li> +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—325ft.</li> +<li>Beam—68ft.</li> +<li>Draught (mean)—26ft. 3ins.</li> +<li>Guns—Four 45-ton B.L.R., five 6-inch, 89-cwt. do.</li> +<li>Horse-power—7,500.</li> +<li>Speed—15.50 knots.</li> +</ul> + +<p>At and about the same time considerable interest +was being taken in rams. This resulted in the laying +down of the <i>Conqueror</i>, a species of improved <i>Rupert</i>, and +a type of ship destined to be enlarged upon in the future.</p> + +<p>Particulars of the <i>Conqueror</i> <span class="locked">were:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—6,200 tons.</li> + +<li>Length—270ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—58ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—24ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Two 45-ton B.L.R., four 6-inch +89-cwt. do., six 14-inch torpedo tubes (above +water).</li> + +<li>Horse-power—(maximum) 6,000.</li> + +<li>Speed—15.5 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—650 tons.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The <i>Conqueror</i> was launched in September, 1881. +Some three years later a sister, the <i>Hero</i>, was laid down, +and launched towards the end of 1885. She differed from +the <i>Conqueror</i> only in that all four of her 6-inch guns were +mounted on the superstructure, whereas the <i>Conqueror</i> +carried two of them on the main deck inside the superstructure.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span></p> + +<figure id="i_17" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_017.jpg" width="1644" height="2668" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + TEMERAIRE<br> + IMPERIEUSE<br> + <br> + BRITISH SYSTEM IDEAL<br> + FRENCH SYSTEM IDEAL + </p> + <p>BARNABY BARBETTE SHIPS.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span></p> + +<p>Although developed from the <i>Rupert</i>, the <i>Conqueror</i> +differed a good deal in appearance, on account of the +whole of the after part of the ship being one huge +superstructure. In her, the superstructure, as a very +definite feature instead of a mere accessory, may be +said to have made its first appearance, to remain as a +factor of growing importance for many years.</p> + +<p>Contemporaneously with these ships two entirely +different types made their appearance. One of these was +the “torpedo ram” <i>Polyphemus</i>, an absolutely unique +vessel, the outcome (though not so designed) of the +influence of the torpedo. The ship was never duplicated, +and never performed much service, but it would be rash +to assert that the future may not see something like her +re-appear. She was first projected as a “ram” pure and +simple, so long ago as 1873, and designed by Barnaby +to suit the specifications of certain naval officers as +embodying their ideals of the warship of the future. This +is the generally accepted theory, though Sir N. Barnaby<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> +has made public a somewhat different view of the matter, +and according to him, Admiral Sir George Sartorius, +the naval officer principally concerned, lost his interest +in the <i>Polyphemus</i> when it was decided to give her an +armament of torpedo tubes and some quick-firers against +torpedo attack. So far as can be gauged, the torpedo +tubes were likewise a naval innovation with which Sir N. +Barnaby was also not much in sympathy. At any rate, +he has put on record the view<a id="FNanchor_5a" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> <span class="locked">that:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“The introduction of torpedoes made the ship far more costly +than she need have been, and it is possible that the type would +have been continued and improved had the simplicity of the ram +been adhered to.”</p> +</div> + +<p>The <i>Polyphemus</i> performed little useful service; her<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span> +life on the Navy List was short; and she is always spoken +of as a “failure.” Officers who served in her were, however, +invariably enthusiastic about her, and had war +occurred during the time that she was in existence there +is no telling what she might have accomplished or how +profoundly she might have affected naval construction.</p> + +<p>In essence the <i>Polyphemus</i> was a semi-submerged +craft, those parts of her which were above water being +merely a light superstructure for the accommodation of +her crew in peace time.</p> + +<p>She was of 2,640 tons displacement, length 240ft. +between perpendiculars, beam 40ft., and a normal mean +draught of 20ft. In form she was cigar-shaped, plated +with 3-inch armour on the upper part of her curved sides. +With 5,520 I.H.P. she had the then very high speed of +17.8 knots. She carried 300 tons of coal, sufficient for +a nominal radius of 3,400 miles at economical speed.</p> + +<p>Her principal feature, however, was the fitting of +five submerged tubes, one in the bow the others on the +broadside. For repelling a torpedo attack she carried +six 6-pounders and a couple of machine guns.</p> + +<figure id="i_21" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_021.jpg" width="1646" height="2662" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + POLYPHEMUS.<br> + ALARM.<br> + KATAHDIN. + </p> + <p>SOME FAMOUS RAMS.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>It is here of interest to relate that some years later +the U.S. Navy created a species of <i>Polyphemus</i> imitation +in the “ram” <i>Katahdin</i>. To a certain extent they had +anticipated her likewise in the <i>Alarm</i>, 720 tons, launched +in 1873, which carried a 15-inch smooth-bore gun <i>under +water</i> in her ram, and the <i>Intrepid</i> (launched 1873), of +1,123 tons, of which no details ever transpired, and it +may be said that she was “strangled at birth.” But the +<i>Polyphemus’s</i> ancestry is undoubtedly American. The +<i>Katahdin</i> (first produced as the “ram” <i>Ammen</i>) was not +launched till 1893. She was of 2,050 tons and seventeen +knots, and having no torpedo tubes, being a “ram”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> +pure and simple, exactly reproduced the Sartorious-Barnaby +idea. She soon disappeared from the U.S. +Navy List, and she never did anything. She doubled +the armour of the <i>Polyphemus</i>, whilst lacking her torpedo +armament. Since then, the idea has found expression +in three small U.S. “semi-submerged” boats, with +the torpedo as their main armament; but these three +boats never got beyond the “designed” stage. No +other nation ever exhibited the least interest in the +<i>Polyphemus</i> idea.</p> + +<p>Reference has already been made to the <i>Shannon</i>, +which was the first armoured cruiser of the British Navy. +She was launched towards the end of 1875 and completed +two years later. In substance she was a development of +the idea which first found expression in the <i>Inconstant</i>, +heavy armament being preferred to the protection of +the guns. A narrow belt of armour with a maximum +thickness of 9-ins. protected three-quarters of the +water-line. This belt commenced at the stern and +ended in a bulkhead some 70ft. from the bow. Forward +of this bulkhead was an under-water protective deck, +and a certain amount of armour was concentrated on +the ram under water. The bulkhead, which was from +9in. to 8in. thick, rose to the upper deck, and afforded +protection to a couple of 18-ton muzzle-loaders, capable +of right-ahead fire. The remainder of her armament +consisted of seven 12½ton guns, and was entirely +unprotected.</p> + +<p>Other details of the ship are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—5,390 tons.</li> + +<li>Length—260ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—54ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—23ft. 4in.</li> + +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span></li> + +<li>Horse-power—3,370.</li> + +<li>Speed—12.35 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal carried—580 tons = nominal economical radius of 2,260 miles.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The speed of the <i>Shannon</i> was so low, even in those +days, that it is a little difficult to surmise for what +purpose she was designed, especially as this design was +more or less contemporary with the re-designing of the +<i>Dreadnought</i>.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> It found favour, however, since she was +almost immediately followed by two larger replicas, the +<i>Nelson</i> and the <i>Northampton</i>, details of which <span class="locked">were:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—7,630 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—280ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—60ft.</li> + +<li>Draught (maximum)—26ft. 6in.</li> + +<li>Armour—Belt amidships, 9in. to 6in., compound: +bulkhead ditto. Armour deck only, at ends.</li> + +<li>Main Armament—Four 18-ton M.L.R., eight 12-ton +M.L.R., two above-water 14-inch torpedo tubes.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—6,640.</li> + +<li>Speed—14.41 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal carried—1,150 tons = nominal radius of 3,850 +miles.</li> +</ul> + +<p>These ships differed from the <i>Shannon</i> in that the +armour belt was confined to a water-line strip amidships, +while the after guns were also protected by a bulkhead. +The most curious, and to modern ideas, eccentric feature +of these ships, was that they were fitted with triangular +rams, which, “for the sake of safety,” could be removed +in peace time and merely put on for war purposes! As +a matter of fact, the ships always carried their rams +without rendering themselves dangerous to anybody.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span> +On the other hand, shortly after construction, the +<i>Northampton</i> was run into by a small trading schooner, +which cut her down to the water’s edge. The ships, +therefore, started with an unfavourable reputation, +which the <i>Northampton</i> followed up by a total inability +to make even her moderate designed speed. The <i>Nelson</i>, +on the other hand, proved herself a comparatively good +steamer, so much so that at a later date she was to a +certain extent modernised. Both ships were originally +heavily masted, the idea being to perform most of their +peace service when convenient under sail. The <i>Nelson</i> +sailed moderately well, but the <i>Northampton</i> very +badly. It was possibly with some view to remedying +this that some years later, when it was decided that the +<i>Imperieuse</i>, originally built as a brig, should be given +a military rig, her lofty iron fore and mainmast were +taken out of her and substituted for the two equivalent +masts in the <i>Northampton</i>. The change, however, was +not satisfactory, as thereafter she sailed if anything +worse than ever.</p> + +<p>At and about this year protected cruisers made +their first appearance in the <i>Comus</i> class. Of these +altogether eleven were built, the best known of these +being the <i>Calliope</i>, which in the early nineties became +famous through steaming out of Samoa Roads in the +teeth of a hurricane, which utterly destroyed every +foreign vessel anchored there at the same time. The +<i>Comus</i> class consisted of the <i>Calliope</i>, <i>Calypso</i>, <i>Canada</i>, +<i>Carysfort</i>, <i>Champion</i>, <i>Cleopatra</i>, <i>Comus</i>, <i>Conquest</i>, +<i>Constance</i>, <i>Cordelia</i>, and <i>Curacoa</i>. They averaged 2,380 +tons displacement, though the first mentioned, which +were the last to be built, were slightly larger. The +original armament consisted of two 6-ton muzzle-loaders<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span> +and twelve 64-pounders. This was afterwards varied +by the substitution of breechloaders. The ships +generally had a speed of about thirteen knots, and were +completed between the years 1877, for the earliest, and +1884 for the latest. They had a 1½-inch protective deck +for the engines amidships. These ships, which were +generally officially known as the “C” class cruiser, were +undoubtedly diminutives of the <i>Shannon</i>, or, at any rate, +inspired by a similar idea.</p> + +<p>Besides growing downwards the idea also grew +upwards, and resulted in the building of six ships of the +“Admiral” class, of which the first was the <i>Collingwood</i>. +These, which were the apotheosis of the Barnaby idea, +represented an absolute revolution in naval construction, +so far as big ships were concerned.</p> + +<p>The “Admirals” were not all identical, as they +formed four different groups in the matter of displacement +and three in armament. In all, however, the integral +idea was the same. Amidships was a narrow belt, 150ft. +long by 7½ft. wide, which sufficed to protect engines, +boilers, and communication tubes of the barbettes. This +belt varied in thickness from 18ins. to 8ins, of compound +armour. The ends of the belt were closed up by 16-inch +bulkheads. Forward and aft was merely a curved +protective deck; there was also a flat protective deck +on top of the armour belt. The ships were of low +freeboard, forward and aft, but had a large superstructure +built up amidships. At either end of the superstructure, +with their bases unprotected by armour except for +the communication tubes already referred to, were +many-sided barbettes with plates set at an angle of +about forty-five degrees. These barbettes were about +11½ins. thick, and carried each a couple of the heaviest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span> +guns then available. These were 12-inch breechloaders +in the <i>Collingwood</i>, and 13.5-inch in the other ships, +except the <i>Benbow</i>, which mounted one 16.5 inch 110-ton +in each barbette instead. An auxiliary armament was +mounted inside the superstructure. The speed of these +ships was about seventeen knots, and was considerably +in excess of the average for the period.</p> + +<table id="t028" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Collingwood.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Rodney</i>, <i>Howe.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Anson</i>, <i>Camperdown.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Benbow.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2">Displacement, tons</td> + <td class="tdl">9,500</td> + <td class="tdl">10,300</td> + <td class="tdl">10,600</td> + <td class="tdl">10,600</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2">Length (<i>p.p.</i>) ft.</td> + <td class="tdl">325</td> + <td class="tdl">325</td> + <td class="tdl">330</td> + <td class="tdl">330</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Beam, ft.</td> + <td class="tdl">68</td> + <td class="tdl">68</td> + <td class="tdl">68½</td> + <td class="tdl">68½</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Draught (<i>mean</i>) ft.</td> + <td class="tdl">26¾</td> + <td class="tdl">27¼</td> + <td class="tdl">26¾</td> + <td class="tdl">27¼</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2">H.P.</td> + <td class="tdl">9,500</td> + <td class="tdl">11,500</td> + <td class="tdl">11,500</td> + <td class="tdl">11,500</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2">Nominal Speed, knots</td> + <td class="tdl">16.5</td> + <td class="tdl">16.7</td> + <td class="tdl">17.2</td> + <td class="tdl">17.5</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Armament</td> + <td class="tdl">4—12in., 6—6in.</td> + <td class="tdl">4—13.5, 6—6in.</td> + <td class="tdl">4—13.5, 6—6 in.</td> + <td class="tdl">2—16.25, 10—6in.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2">Built at</td> + <td class="tdl">Pembroke Yard</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Rodney</i>, Chatham Yd. <i>Howe</i>, Pembroke Yd. Chatham Yd.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Anson</i>, Pembroke Yd. <i>Camperdown</i>, Por’th.</td> + <td class="tdl">Thames, I.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2">Engines by</td> + <td class="tdl">Humphrys</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Rodney</i>, Humphrys <i>Howe</i>, Humphrys</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Anson</i>, Humphrys <i>Camperdown</i>, Maud’y</td> + <td class="tdl">Maudslay</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2">Armour belt</td> + <td class="tdl">18in.-8in.</td> + <td class="tdl">18in.-8in.</td> + <td class="tdl">18in.-8in.</td> + <td class="tdl">18in.-8in.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in4">barbettes</td> + <td class="tdl">14in.-12in.</td> + <td class="tdl">11½in.-10in.</td> + <td class="tdl">16in.-6in.</td> + <td class="tdl">12in.-4in.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in4">bulkheads</td> + <td class="tdl">16in.-6in.</td> + <td class="tdl">16in.-6in.</td> + <td class="tdl">14in.-12in.</td> + <td class="tdl">18in.-6in.*</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl">Armament</td> + <td class="tdl">4—12in., 6—6in., and smaller, 2 sub. and 4 above water tubes</td> + <td class="tdl">4—13.5, 6—6in., and smaller, as <i>Collingwood</i></td> + <td class="tdl">4—13.5, 6—6in., and smaller, as <i>Collingwood</i></td> + <td class="tdl">2—16.25, 10—6in., and smaller, as <i>Collingwood</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>As compared with the <i>Colossus</i> and <i>Edinburgh</i> class +of the same date and era of design, the “Admirals” +were somewhat inferior in armour protection, but +because of that secured a far better speed and a greatly +superior big gun command.</p> + +<p>In all the “Admiral” class the armour weighed +about 2,500 tons—say, 20 per cent. of the displacement. +This proportion has never been very greatly varied from +either before or since, and the popular idea that Barnaby +designs sacrificed armour weight for other features is +entirely incorrect. The real Barnaby ideal is better +described (the conditions of his own time being kept in +mind) as an attempt to put into practice “everything or +nothing,” so far as protection was concerned. To-day, +a compromise is in fashion, and Barnaby is very much out +of date. It may well be but a phase in the cycle of naval +design. Properly to appreciate the <i>Admiral</i> class +ideal, we have to translate it into the ideal which obtains +to-day. Thus put, the <i>Admirals</i> would be somewhat +swifter than our existing battle-cruisers, their vitals +would be invulnerable and their armaments superior to +that of any potential enemy. They would not, in fact, +very greatly differ from Admiral Bacon’s conception +(published some five years before the present war) of the +battleship of the future, in which he predicted the +disappearance of much of the side armour of to-day.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span></p> + +<figure id="i_29" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 39em;"> + <img src="images/i_029.jpg" width="2446" height="1511" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p class="left"><i>Photo</i>]</p> + <p class="right up1">[<i>Symonds & Co.</i></p> + <p>THE <i>BENBOW</i>—A SHIP OF THE “ADMIRAL” CLASS.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span></p> + +<p>The coming of the medium calibre quick-firer soon +rendered the “Admirals” obsolete and even ridiculous. +The medium calibre quick-firer profoundly modified +design until the development of the big gun enabled it +to act well beyond the effective range of the medium +gun, and incidentally enabled it to fire nearly as fast as +the elementary quick-firers were built to do. Thus we +have come back to something very akin to the condition +under which the Barnaby ships were designed.</p> + +<p>These ships could not, perhaps, be described as +an absolutely original idea, save in so far as the British +Navy was concerned, since the Italian <i>Italia</i> was launched +in the same year that the <i>Collingwood</i>, the first of the +“Admirals” was laid down. The <i>Italia</i>, equally abnormally +fast (or faster) for the period, carried four 100-ton +guns échelonned in one large heavily armoured barbette +amidships, but had no water-line belt whatever, and +relied entirely upon an armour-deck to protect the motive +power. In the “Admirals” the motive power was +thoroughly protected by the vertical belt amidships, while +flotation otherwise depended upon internal sub-divisions.</p> + +<p>The “Admiral” class idea was re-developed into +armoured cruisers in a somewhat curious fashion. At +that time the French Navy was second in the world, and +French ideas of construction commanded a great deal of +respect. French notions at that era ran largely to single +gun positions, four guns being separately disposed in four +barbettes placed one ahead, one astern, and one on either +side. The particular point of this arrangement was that +while British designs accepted two or four big guns +bearing, the French system allowed for a definite mean of +three. More practically put, this may be translated into a +conception that an enemy would use every effort to avoid<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> +positions in which four big guns could be brought to bear +on him, and seek those in which he was exposed to two +only. A gun-arrangement which gave three big guns +bearing in <i>any</i> position seemed therefore far more +reasonable on paper.</p> + +<p>It stands to the credit of Sir N. Barnaby (or else +to the credit of the Admiralty of the era) that he +recognised the impossibility of any such manœuvres in +fleet actions, but at the same time he also realised +how heavily it might tell in cruiser duels. Out of which +the <i>Imperieuse</i> and <i>Warspite</i> were born.</p> + +<p>Details of these <span class="locked">ships:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—8,400 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—315ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—62ft.</li> + +<li>Draught (maximum)—27⅓ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 9.2 24-ton B.L., six 6-inch, 89cwt., six torpedo tubes.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—10,000=16.75 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—1,130 tons = nominal radius of ten knots of 7,000 miles.</li> + +<li>Armour—Belt amidships of 10in. compound, with +9-inch bulkheads, 8-inch barbettes. No armour +to lesser guns. 3-inch protective deck fore and +aft, and on top of belt.</li> +</ul> + +<figure id="i_33" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_033.jpg" width="1657" height="2662" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + SHANNON.<br> + NORTHAMPTON.<br> + ADMIRAL class.<br> + “C” class.<br> + ORLANDO class. + </p> + <p>CHARACTERISTIC BARNABY SHIPS.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The <i>Imperieuse</i> was built at Portsmouth Dockyard +and engined by Maudslay. The <i>Warspite</i>, built at +Chatham, was engined by Penn. Both were completed +in 1886 at a total cost of about £630,000 each. They +were copper sheathed, and (like the <i>Inflexible</i>) originally +were to carry a heavy brig-rig. This was removed at +an early stage, and a single military mast between the +funnels substituted. The <i>Imperieuse’s</i> masts were subsequently<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span> +put in the <i>Northampton</i> (which see). Both +proved faster than anticipated; but the coming of the +quick-firer placed them in the semi-obsolete category +almost as soon as they were completed. The type was +never repeated. Till recently the <i>Imperieuse</i> still +existed as a depot ship for destroyers; the <i>Warspite</i> has +long since gone to the scrap heap. Years after their +conception a modernised version of them was to some +extent reproduced in the <i>Black Prince</i> class. In their +own day, however, they appeared and that was all.</p> + +<p>The “battleship of the future” ideal of those days +had to some extent been foreshadowed in the <i>Benbow</i>, +with her couple of 110-ton guns. The monster gun was +“the vogue” and no way of carrying it on existing +displacements allowed of more than two such pieces +being mounted.</p> + +<p>The idea of the moment became the mounting of +guns capable of delivering deadly blows, and (corollary +therewith) protection to ensure that that deadly blow +could be delivered with relative impunity. Since the +secondary gun had now come in, auxiliary guns and a +secondary battery were a <i>sine quâ non</i>; but the ideal +ship was to be one incapable of vital injury from such +weapons. On lines such as these the <i>Victoria</i> class was +designed.</p> + +<p>The call was for an improved <i>Benbow</i>. The armament +was to be no less and, if possible, more; while +better protection was an essential feature.</p> + +<p>Details of the <i>Victoria</i> type, of which only two were +built, are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—10,470 tons (approximately that of the +<i>Benbow</i>).</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—340ft.</li> + +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span></li> + +<li>Beam—70ft.</li> + +<li>Draught (maximum)—27¼ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Two 110-ton guns (in a single turret), one +9.2 (aft), twelve 6-inch; twenty-one anti-torpedo +guns, and six torpedo tubes (14-inch).</li> + +<li>Armour (compound)—18-inch to 16-inch belt amidships, +redoubt and bulkheads, 18-inch turret, 2-inch +in battery. Armour deck, and heavily armoured +conning tower.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—14,000 = 16.75 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—1,200 tons = 7,000 miles at 10 knots.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The <i>Victoria</i> was built at Elswick and engined by +Humphrys; launched in 1887 and completed for sea in +1889. The <i>Sanspareil</i>, engined by the same firm, but +built at Blackwall (Thames Ironworks) was launched a +year later, but completed about the same time.</p> + +<p>The design of these ships closely approximated to +the <i>Conqueror</i>, of which they were merely enlarged +editions with a heavily increased battery.</p> + +<figure id="i_37" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_037.jpg" width="1634" height="2619" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + RUPERT.<br> + CONQUEROR.<br> + VICTORIA.<br> + DREADNOUGHT.<br> + TRAFALGAR. + </p> + <p>TURRET SHIPS OF THE BARNABY ERA.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The <i>Victoria</i> on completion became the flagship in +the Mediterranean of Admiral Sir George Tryon. In the +course of evolutions off the coast of Syria on June 22nd, +1893, she was rammed and sunk by the <i>Camperdown</i>. +The disaster, which cost the lives of the Admiral and +321 officers and men, teaches no useful lesson, saving +the danger of transverse bulkheads. Water-tight doors +were shut too late. The sea entered. The ship gradually +turned over, then suddenly “turned turtle” and +capsized.</p> + +<p>The mystery of her loss has never been fully +explained. Admiral Tryon gave an order for the fleet, +then in two lines, to turn inboard sixteen points, while +at six cables apart. This manœuvre, with turning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span> +circles as they were, was bound to create a collision. +This was pointed out to Admiral Tryon, who, however, +took no notice of the representations. It has since been +assumed that he went suddenly mad. A more reasonable +explanation is that he intended the ships to “jockey +with their screws” (a manœuvre which he never employed +as a rule), and forgot to mention the fact, though details +of evidence in the court-martial hardly bear this out.</p> + +<p>The exact signal as made <span class="locked">was:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“Second division alter course in succession sixteen points to +starboard, preserving the order of the Fleet.”</p> + +<p>“First division alter course in succession sixteen points to +port, preserving the order of the Fleet.”</p> +</div> + +<p>This signal was capable of more than one interpretation. +Along one of them each ship in the two squadrons +might easily have rammed the other in succession, +according to some interpretations. Using screws, both +divisions might have closed in very closely but quite +safely. Acting other than simultaneously they might +anyway have effected the manœuvre without disaster. +At eight cables (a distance which was suggested to the +Admiral an hour before) it might have been done quite +safely. There have been other explanations also.</p> + +<p>In the Fleet at the time everything was believed, +except the “blunder” theory which has gone down to +history. To this day that is accepted with reservation. +But the rest is mystery.</p> + +<p>The <i>Camperdown</i>, in turning, crashed into the +<i>Victoria</i>, striking her forward, curiously enough directly +on a bulkhead, just as the <i>Vanguard</i> was struck when +she was rammed.</p> + +<p>It was not expected that the <i>Victoria</i> would be sunk. +Had the water-tight doors been closed during the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span> +manœuvre, instead of at the last moment, she would +probably have remained afloat. As things were, it +was impossible to close many at the time the order +was given, but her low-freeboard also played a part. +The sea invaded the door on the starboard side of the +superstructure and thence got everywhere on that side +of the ship. It was that which threw her over and +capsized her, but the chance circumstance of the blow +on the lateral bulkhead should not be forgotten. The +<i>Victoria</i> was struck just on one of the points where all +the odds were against her being struck.</p> + +<p>The <i>Sanspareil</i> had an uneventful career, and was +eventually sold out of the Service somewhat suddenly +under the “scrap-heap” policy of Admiral Fisher in +1904.</p> + +<p>Following upon the <i>Imperieuse</i> type, an entirely +new class of armoured cruisers, the <i>Orlandos</i>, were +designed. Just as the <i>Victorias</i> were improved and +enlarged <i>Conquerors</i>, so the <i>Orlandos</i> were “improved +<i>Merseys</i>.” Particulars of these ships, of which seven +were built altogether, are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—5,600 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—300ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—56ft.</li> + +<li>Draught (maximum)—22½ft. (actually more).</li> + +<li>Armament—Two 9.2in. B.L.; ten 6in.; and six +torpedo tubes.</li> + +<li>Armour (compound)—Belt amidships 10in., with 16in. +Bulkheads. Protective deck at ends. All guns +protected by shields only.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—8,500 = 18 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal (maximum)—900 tons = nominal radius of 8,000 +miles.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span></p> + +<figure id="i_41" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 39em;"> + <img src="images/i_041.jpg" width="2447" height="1634" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">BOARDING A SLAVE DHOW + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span></p> + +<p>They were built as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t042" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Name.</span></td> + <td class="tdc"> <span class="smcap">Builder.</span></td> + <td class="tdc"> <span class="smcap">Engined by</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Orlando</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> Palmer</td> + <td class="tdl"> Palmer</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Australia</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> Glasgow</td> + <td class="tdl"> Napier</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Aurora</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> Pembroke</td> + <td class="tdl"> Thompson</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Galatea</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> Glasgow</td> + <td class="tdl"> Napier</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Immortalité</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> Chatham</td> + <td class="tdl"> Earle</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Narcissus</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> Hull</td> + <td class="tdl"> Earle</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Undaunted</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> Palmer</td> + <td class="tdl"> Palmer</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>They were laid down in 1885 and 1886. The +<i>Orlando</i> was completed in 1888, all the others in 1889. +They were launched in 1886 and 1887, and some of them, +fitted with wooden guns (“Quakers”), served to swell +the Fleet at the great Jubilee Review of 1887. All made +over their designed speeds on trial, but they did their +trials “light.” In service all proved fairly useful, and +the <i>Undaunted</i>, with Lord Charles Beresford as her +captain in the Mediterranean, “made history” to the +extent of first creating an Anglo-American <i>entente</i>, +beginning with the U.S.S. <i>Chicago</i>, captained then by the +now universally known naval author, Admiral Mahan. +Beresford first achieved fame in the <i>Condor</i> at Alexandra, +in 1882; but it was in the <i>Undaunted</i> that he first +“made history” by ending the previously existing +hostility between the British and U.S. Navies; and +establishing the naval brotherhood of those who speak +the same language.</p> + +<p>The <i>Orlandos</i> were the last of the essentially Barnaby +ships. Barnaby was associated with the Navy thereafter; +but the <i>Nile</i> and <i>Trafalgar</i>, though produced +under his régime, were not “Barnaby ships,” and +differences of opinion with the Admiralty about them +eventuated in his resignation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span></p> + +<p>The tide of naval opinion was then setting back in +the old <i>Dreadnought</i> direction. More complete protection +was being demanded. The quick-firer was just +coming in and its potentialities seemed enormous. The +secondary battery had to be protected. Destruction of +communications on board began to take on a fresh and +more serious aspect. In a word, the Admiralty reverted to +Reed ideas, and in reverting exaggerated them. In such +circumstances the general idea of the <i>Trafalgars</i> was born.</p> + +<p>Sir N. Barnaby totally dissented from the Admiralty +line of thought. In his view the size of a ship could not +legitimately be increased unless her offensive powers +increased in proportion; in the <i>Trafalgar</i> idea both speed +and armament were reduced as compared to the <i>Admiral</i> +class, and over a thousand odd tons added entirely to +carry extra defensive armour. Over which dispute he +resigned his position.</p> + +<p>Details of the <i>Nile</i> and <i>Trafalgar</i> as built <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—11,940 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—345ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—73ft.</li> + +<li>Draught (mean)—27½ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 13.5-inch, six 4.7 Q.F., also +smaller guns, and four 14-inch torpedo tubes, +of which two were submerged.</li> + +<li>Armour (compound)—Belt, 230ft. long (<i>i.e.</i>, 80ft. +longer than in the <i>Admirals</i> and <i>Victorias</i>), +20—16in., with 16—14 inch bulkheads, protective +deck at ends and over main belt.</li> + +<li>Over this a redoubt 141ft. long, 18in. thick. +Above the redoubt a battery, 4in. thick. +Turrets, 18in.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—12,000 = 17 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 900 tons; (maximum) 1,200 tons += 6,500 miles at 10 knots.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span></p> + +<figure id="i_45" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 22em;"> + <img src="images/i_045.jpg" width="1358" height="1843" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p class="left"><i>Photo</i>]</p> + <p class="right up1">[<i>Russell & Sons.</i></p> + <p>SIR N. BARNABY.</p> + <p>A recent photograph.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span></p> + +<p>The <i>Nile</i> was built at Pembroke and engined by +Maudslay. She was laid down in April, 1886, launched +in March, 1888, and completed some two years later. +The <i>Trafalgar</i> was laid down at Portsmouth in January, +1886, and launched in September, 1887. Her machinery +was supplied by Humphrys. The armour of these ships +weighed no less than 4,230 tons, <i>i.e.</i>, some 35 per cent. +of the displacement instead of the more usual 25 per +cent. or so. The then first Lord of the Admiralty took +the occasion of the launch to remark that the days of +such armoured ships were over, and that probably these +were the last ironclads that would ever be built—the +future would lie with fast deck-protected vessels! As, +for three years, no more armoured ships were laid down, +he at least enunciated a definite policy when these +heavily armoured successors of the <i>Admiral</i> class were put +afloat. They differed from the <i>Admirals</i> in that turrets +were reverted to instead of barbettes, and, as already +mentioned, they were really nothing but modernised +versions of the old low freeboard <i>Dreadnought</i>.</p> + +<p>At a later date 6-inch Q.F. were substituted for the +4.7’s; but no other schemes of modernising the ships +ever came to a head.</p> + +<h3><i>PROTECTED CRUISERS OF THE BARNABY ERA.</i></h3> + +<p>Four ships of the <i>Amphion</i> Class—<i>Amphion</i>, +<i>Arethusa</i>, <i>Leander</i>, and <i>Phæton</i>, of which the first +(<i>Arethusa</i>) was laid down in 1880—represented the first +Barnaby idea of the protected cruiser. They were of +4,300 tons displacement, and 16.5 knots nominal speed. +They carried ten 6-inch guns, and a 1½-inch deck +amidships. According to the ideas of those days they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span> +were heavily over-gunned. They always steamed well; +but it is doubtful whether Barnaby, left to himself, +would ever have produced them. Incidentally, they +were always bad sea-boats.</p> + +<p>In 1883, completed about the same time as the +<i>Victoria</i>, the <i>Mersey</i> class—<i>Mersey</i>, <i>Thames</i>, <i>Severn</i>, and +<i>Forth</i>—of 4,050 tons displacement, and carrying two +8-inch and ten 6-inch, were commenced: practically +early essays at the <i>Orlando</i> class idea which followed. +The <i>Orlandos</i>, on only a thousand or so tons more +displacement, carried 9.2’s instead of 8-inch, had +armour-belts as well as protective decks, and were a +good knot faster. Both the <i>Amphions</i> and <i>Merseys</i> may +be described as representing strictly naval Admiralty +ideas—the <i>Orlando</i>, Barnaby ones. Each type was +quickly rendered obsolete by the coming of the quick-firer; +but the Barnaby type of cruiser, for 20 per cent. +extra displacement, certainly offered better chances than +any rival proposition, if only we consider matters in the +light of what existed in those days and what promised +best at that time.</p> + +<p>So ends the Barnaby era. Barnaby’s constructional +ideas were blown to mincemeat by the advent of the +quick-firer. Even to-day his ideas seem somewhat +obsolete. Yet a few years hence (if big ships survive) +they stand every chance of being reverted to, because +to-day the big gun has more or less come back to +where it was in 1875–1885. Barnaby, though he worked +into its era, never realised the preponderance or possible +preponderance of the “secondary gun.” In his era it +fired too slowly to count for very much; in our own, +range neutralises whatever it may have accomplished +in the rapidity of fire direction.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span></p> + +<p>Likely enough, the reversion to Barnaby ideals, +which is reasonably probable for the immediate future, +will be merely a phase; and casual historians will ever +put him down as the naval constructor who was least +able to anticipate the years ahead of his creations. But +a hundred years hence Barnaby may come into his own +in a way little suspected to-day. A hundred years hence, +when all the most modern ideas are ancient history, +Barnaby may stand with Phineas Pett, and the Navy +which he created stand for something infinitely more +than the scrap heap to which a later age swiftly relegated +it. Only the historian of the distant future can estimate +him at his real value. His own generation never placed +much faith in his ships; the generation that followed +generally regarded them with scorn. It was probably +wrong, but only the future can prove it to have been so.</p> + +<h3><i>GUNS IN THE ERA.</i></h3> + +<p>The guns which especially belong to the Barnaby +era were as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t049" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Cal. ins.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Weight in tons.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Length in cals.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Weight projectile lbs.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Muzzle velocity f.s.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Muzzle energy ft.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Penetration<br>2000 yds.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="theadsub"> + <td class="tdc">iron.</td> + <td class="tdc">comp.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">M.L.</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc fsr2p">16</td> + <td class="tdc">81</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">1684</td> + <td class="tdc">1590</td> + <td class="tdc">29,530</td> + <td class="tdc">22</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">B.L.</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">16.25</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">110</td> + <td class="tdc">30</td> + <td class="tdc">1800</td> + <td class="tdc">2148</td> + <td class="tdc">57,580</td> + <td class="tdc">29</td> + <td class="tdc">19</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc fsr1">13.5</td> + <td class="tdc">67</td> + <td class="tdc">30</td> + <td class="tdc">1250</td> + <td class="tdc">2025</td> + <td class="tdc">35,560</td> + <td class="tdc">26</td> + <td class="tdc">17</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc fsr2p">12</td> + <td class="tdc">45</td> + <td class="tdc">25</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">714</td> + <td class="tdc">2000</td> + <td class="tdc">18,060</td> + <td class="tdc">19</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">12½</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">9.2</td> + <td class="tdc">22</td> + <td class="tdc">25</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">380</td> + <td class="tdc">1809</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">8622</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc fsr1p">8</td> + <td class="tdc">14</td> + <td class="tdc">30</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">210</td> + <td class="tdc">2200</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">7060</td> + <td class="tdc">14</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">9</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdc fsr1p">6</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">5</td> + <td class="tdc">26</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">100</td> + <td class="tdc">1960</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">2665</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">8</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">5</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the early part of the period, guns of the Reed +era, down to the 10-inch 18-ton M.L., were also made +use of; but generally speaking, the Barnaby designs +coincide with early breechloading types. It is interesting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span> +to note that the 81-ton gun figured in one ship only (the +<i>Inflexible</i>), and that after this the 38-ton 12.5 M.L. was +reverted to, to be replaced in later designs by the 45-ton +12-inch B.L.</p> + +<p>The M.L. guns available for early Barnaby designs +were considerably superior to earlier examples of their +type; as after the fiasco of the <i>Glatton</i> trials,<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> copper gas +checks were introduced. These were affixed to the base +of the projectile and expanded on firing. They led to a +certain increased power and accuracy; but, even so, +only of a relative nature compared with the better +results obtained from breechloaders. The <i>Thunderer</i> gun +disaster, which after many experiments was found to +have been caused by doubly loading the gun, added +another argument to the anti-muzzle-loader cause.</p> + +<p>The 12-inch, which was the first large B.L. to be +introduced, compared as follows with the 12-inch <span class="locked">M.L.:—</span></p> + +<table id="t050" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Gun.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Length in cals.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Weight tons.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Muzzle energy ft.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Weight of + projectile lbs.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">Penetration of iron at</td> +</tr> +<tr class="theadsub"> + <td class="tdc">Muzzle. in.</td> + <td class="tdc">1000 yds. in.</td> + <td class="tdc">2000 yds. in.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">12in. M.L.</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">13½</td> + <td class="tdc">35</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">9470</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">706</td> + <td class="tdc">16</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">13</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl">12in. B.L</td> + <td class="tdc">25</td> + <td class="tdc">45</td> + <td class="tdc">18,060</td> + <td class="tdc">1250</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">30½</td> + <td class="tdc">28</td> + <td class="tdc">26</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The enormous difference in efficiency was of course +traceable to other causes than the adoption of the +breechloader instead of the old M.L.; but this was, +equally naturally, overlooked; which, perhaps, was just +as well—otherwise the muzzle-loader might have persisted +to quite recent times. Though the <i>Thunderer</i> +disaster showed that a M.L. could be loaded twice over +by accident, this was an obviously unlikely thing to +occur again. The impression was made by the fact that +the 12-inch B.L. was far more powerful than the old<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span> +16-inch M.L. It was possibly this which directly led to +the “monster-gun craze” of the Barnaby era, the way +to which had already been shewn by the 16-inch M.L. +Incidentally it is interesting to note that the present +monster gun era is the third in which, after a +period of adhesion to a 12-inch gun, greatly increased +calibres have suddenly and more or less generally been +resorted to.</p> + +<h3><i>THE COMING OF THE TORPEDO.</i></h3> + +<p>Reference has been made in the past chapter to +Sir E. J. Reed’s recognition of the possibilities of the +torpedo; and floating mines were, of course, well known. +It was not, however, till 1874 that either mine or torpedo +came to be regarded at all seriously.</p> + +<p>The earliest Whitehead “fish torpedo” was produced +in 1868; though it was then little more than a +curiosity. It was a crude weapon, although it embodied, +with two notable exceptions, most of the features that it +possesses to-day. Its motive power was compressed air; +it carried an explosive head with a sensitive pistol.</p> + +<p>The secret was bought by the British Government +at an early stage. It was made strictly confidential; +indeed, to the present day, the internal mechanism of a +torpedo is more or less sacred. Most other nations +purchased the secret also, and guarded it with like +care!</p> + +<p>It is but fair to add that this ridiculous situation was +brought about by the inventor, who particularly specified +that the balance chamber must not be revealed even to +admirals commanding fleets, but only to specially +selected officers.</p> + +<p>A main difficulty with the torpedo was how to discharge +it. For some while only two methods existed: the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span> +first, a mechanism of catapult type which hurled the torpedo +into the water; the other, by a crude application of +dropping gear, suitable, of course, for launches only. +In either case, especially the former, there was a strong +element of uncertainty as to the direction the torpedo +would take; for one to describe a circle and return to +the firer was not unknown.<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a></p> + +<p>The charge was inconsiderable, and range and speed +were both very small.</p> + +<p>An instrument called the Harvey torpedo was more +or less contemporaneous with the Whitehead. It was a +very primitive idea, consisting as it did merely in +attempting to tow explosives across the course of an +enemy. It was too obviously cumbersome to cause +disquietude, and with the invention of torpedo tubes +passed into oblivion.</p> + +<p>The advantages of the torpedo tube were quickly +recognised; and though the range was still little over +a hundred yards or so—at any rate, so far as any +probability of hitting was concerned—the torpedo +quickly became a part of the armament of all important +ships. So much was this the case that the submerged +tube was developed with sufficient celerity to be adopted +into the equipment of the <i>Inflexible</i>, of 1874 design.</p> + +<p>None the less, however, the possible results of +torpedo attack remained uninvestigated till 1874, and +even then only came to be inquired into after the +<i>Oberon</i> experiments, which were primarily if not entirely +brought about by the advent of the observation mine as +a practical thing.</p> + +<p>The mine’s arrival counted for little; the automobile +torpedo being at the moment much in the public eye, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> +point that the <i>Oberon</i> experiments were primarily +designed to test the effect of mines got somewhat lost +sight of. The essential fact is that by 1874 the fact of +other enemies to the ship than the gun was established. +For a long time it affected ship design no further than +the gradual introduction of an anti-torpedo-boat armament; +but this was mainly due to Sir E. J. Reed having +in the <i>Bellerophon</i> design endeavoured to anticipate +torpedo effect. In 1874, and onward therefrom for some +time, the double bottom, combined with water-tight +bulkheads, was considered a suitable “reply” to the +“new arm,” and it was not for many years that torpedo +nets were in any degree appreciated.</p> + +<p>In the later eighties some torpedo experiments were +conducted against the old ironclad <i>Resistance</i>, in which +the Bullivant net defence system proved altogether +superior to the cumbersome old wooden booms which +were in use: but, despite this, nothing was done for +many a year, and the old pattern was adhered to.</p> + +<h3><i>ESTIMATES IN THE ERA.</i></h3> + +<table id="t053" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Financial Year.</td> + <td class="tdc">Amount.</td> + <td class="tdc">Personnel.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1869</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">9,996,641</td> + <td class="tdc">63,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1870</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">9,370,530</td> + <td class="tdc">61,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1871</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">9,789,956</td> + <td class="tdc">61,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1872</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">9,532,149</td> + <td class="tdc">61,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1873</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">9,899,725</td> + <td class="tdc">60,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1874</td> + <td class="tdc">10,440,105</td> + <td class="tdc">60,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1875</td> + <td class="tdc">10,825,194</td> + <td class="tdc">60,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1876</td> + <td class="tdc">11,288,872</td> + <td class="tdc">60,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1877</td> + <td class="tdc">10,971,829</td> + <td class="tdc">60,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1878</td> + <td class="tdc">12,129,901</td> + <td class="tdc">60,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1879</td> + <td class="tdc">10,586,894</td> + <td class="tdc">58,800</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1880</td> + <td class="tdc">10,566,935</td> + <td class="tdc">58,800</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1881</td> + <td class="tdc">10,945,919</td> + <td class="tdc">58,100</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1882</td> + <td class="tdc">10,483,901</td> + <td class="tdc">57,500</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1883</td> + <td class="tdc">10,899,500</td> + <td class="tdc">57,250</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1884</td> + <td class="tdc">11,185,770</td> + <td class="tdc">56,950</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdc">1885</td> + <td class="tdc">12,694,900</td> + <td class="tdc">58,334</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="II"><span id="toclink_54"></span>II.<br> + +<span class="subhead">THE WHITE ERA.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap1">The</span> appointment of Sir William White as Chief +Constructor more or less synchronised with a +considerable revolution in naval construction and +ideas. The institution of naval manœuvres drew great +attention to the sea-going quality of various types of ships. +The manœuvres of 1887 mostly centred around the +<i>Polyphemus</i>, and her charging a boom at Berehaven. +Little was here proved except that boom defences were +easily to be annihilated. In 1888, however, the +manœuvres were of a much more extensive nature, and a +Committee was appointed to consider and report upon +them, especially with regard to the following <span class="locked">points:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“The feasibility or otherwise of maintaining an effective +blockade in war of an enemy’s squadron or fast cruisers in strongly +fortified ports, including the advantages and disadvantages <span class="locked">of—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot hang2"> + +<p>(a) Keeping the main body of the blockading Fleets off the +ports to be blockaded with an inshore squadron.</p> + +<p>(b) Keeping the main body of the blockading Fleets at a base, +with a squadron of fast cruisers and scouts off the +blockaded ports, having means of rapid communication +with the Fleet.</p> + +<p>(c) In both cases the approximate relative number of battleships +and cruisers that should be employed by the +blockading Fleet, as compared with those of the blockaded +Fleet.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“The value of torpedo-gunboats and first-class torpedo boats +both with the blockading and blockaded Fleets, and the most +efficient manner of utilising them.</p> + +<p>“As to the arrangements made by B squadron for the attack +of commerce in the Channel, and by A squadron for its protection.</p> + +<p>“As to the feasibility and expediency of cruisers making raids +on an enemy’s coasts and unprotected towns for the purpose of +levying contribution.</p> + +<p>“As to the claims and counterclaims made by the Admirals +in command of both squadrons with regard to captures made during +the operation.</p> + +<p>“As to any defects of importance which were developed in any +of the vessels employed, and their cause.”</p> +</div> + +<p>As Supplementary Instructions there <span class="locked">were:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot hang2"> + +<p>(1) As to the behaviour and sea-going qualities of, or the +defects in, the new and most recently commissioned +vessels, as obtained from the reports of the Admirals in +command of the respective squadrons.</p> + +<p>(2) The general conclusion to be drawn from the recent operations.”</p> +</div> + +<p>A summary of the findings<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> is as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“That to maintain an effective blockade of a Fleet in a strongly +fortified port a proportion of at least five to three would be essential +and possibly an even larger proportion, unless a good anchorage +could be found near the blockaded port which could be used as +a base, in which case a proportion of four to three might suffice, +supposing the blockading squadron to be very amply supplied with +look-out ships and colliers.”</p> +</div> + +<p>Torpedo boats were condemned as being of little +value to blockaders, though useful to the blockaded. +For blockade purposes the torpedo-gunboats of the +<i>Rattlesnake</i> class were highly commended.</p> + +<p>Attention was drawn to the large number of deck +hands employed down below on account of the insufficient<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span> +engine-room complements, and the excess of untrained +stokers. The case of the <i>Warspite</i> was specifically +mentioned. In order to break the blockade at sixteen +knots she sent thirty-six deck hands down below at a +time when every available deck hand would have been +required above had the operations been real war.</p> + +<p>A special supplementary report was called for as +to the sea-going qualities of the ships. Considerable +historical interest attaches to this particular report, and +the following extracts are especially <span class="locked">interesting:—</span></p> + +<p><i>Admiral</i> class.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“So far as could be judged, these vessels are good sea-boats, +and their speed is not affected when steaming against a moderate +wind and sea; but we are of opinion that their low freeboard +renders them unsuitable as sea-going armour-clads for general +service with the Fleet, as their speed must be rapidly reduced when +it is necessary to force them against a head sea or swell.</p> + +<p>“On the only occasion on which the <i>Collingwood</i> experienced +any considerable beam swell she is reported to have rolled 20 degrees +each way; this does not make it appear as if the <i>Admiral</i> class +will be very steady gun-platforms in bad weather.</p> + +<p>“They are said to be ‘handy’ at 6 knots and over.</p> + +<p>“In the <i>Benbow</i> much difficulty was experienced in stowing +the bower anchors. This is the case in all low freeboard vessels, +more or less, but the evil appears to have been intensified in this +instance by defective fittings, and by the fact of her being supplied +with the old-fashioned iron-stocked anchors instead of improved +Martins.</p> + +<p>“Serious complaints are made from these ships that the forecastles +leak badly, and that the mess-deck is made uninhabitable +whenever the sea breaks over the forecastle at all; it would seem +that this defect might be remedied.”</p> +</div> + +<p>This opinion was not shared by Admiral Sir Arthur +Hood, who commented as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“I cannot concur in this opinion, my view being that the +objects of primary importance to be fulfilled in a first-class battleship<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span> +are: (1) That, on a given displacement, the combined powers of +offence and defence shall be as great as can be given; (2) that she +shall be handy and possess good speed in ordinary weather, combined +with sea-worthiness; (3) that she shall have large coal-carrying +capacity. I certainly do not consider that the <i>Admiral</i> class, +which, on account of their comparatively low freeboard forward, +must have their speed reduced when steaming against a heavy head +sea or swell to a greater extent than is the case with the long, high +freeboard, older armour-clads, as the <i>Minotaur</i>, <i>Northumberland</i>, +<i>Black Prince</i> are for this reason rendered unsuitable as sea-going +armour-clads for general service with a Fleet. The power of being +able to force a first-class battleship at full speed against a head sea +is not, in my opinion, a point of the first importance, although in +the case of a fast cruiser it certainly is. Admiral Tryon draws +an unfavourable comparison between the speed of the new battleships +and that of the long ships of the old type, when steaming against +a head sea. I admit at once that vessels like the <i>Minotaur</i> class +would maintain their speed and make better weather of it when +being forced against a head sea than would the <i>Admirals</i>; but this +advantage, under these exceptional conditions, cannot for a moment +be compared with the enormous increase in the power of offence +and defence possessed by the <i>Admirals</i>.”</p> +</div> + +<figure id="i_55" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 23em;"> + <img src="images/i_055.jpg" width="1446" height="1839" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p class="left"><i>Photo</i>]</p> + <p class="right up1">[<i>Russell & Sons.</i></p> + <p>SIR WILLIAM WHITE.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The <i>Conqueror</i> and <i>Hero</i> were reported to roll a great +deal. Being short they felt a head sea quickly, and on +account of their low freeboard it was found impossible to +drive them against a heavy sea at anything approaching +full speed. Incidentally these ships were known as +“half-boots.”</p> + +<p>Here, again, Admiral Sir Arthur Hood dissented. +In connection with these points, Admiral Tryon submitted +a report in which he emphasised, as he had +done with the <i>Admirals</i>, that however fast these short +ships might be in smooth water, their speeds fell off +rapidly in a seaway.</p> + +<p>The <i>Mersey</i> class were described as being handy, +steady gun platforms and able to fight their guns longer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span> +than most ships.<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> The captain of the <i>Severn</i>, however, +reported a view that the 8-inch guns should be removed +and lighter pieces substituted. Admiral Baird agreed +with this. Sir Arthur Hood, in his comments, stated that +he was “decidedly opposed” to any reduction of armament, +both in this case and that of the other cruisers.</p> + +<p>The <i>Arethusa</i> type were reported to roll so heavily +when the sea was abeam or abaft that “accurate +shooting would be impossible and machine guns in the +tops would be useless.”</p> + +<p>The Committee concurred with Admiral Baird that +the armament of these should be reduced.</p> + +<p>For the <i>Archer</i> class it was unanimously suggested +that lighter guns should be fitted forward. Sir Arthur +Hood agreed with this view, which, however, was never +carried into effect.</p> + +<p>Particular interest attaches to the <i>Rattlesnake</i><a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> +class of torpedo-gunboats—these vessels being really +prototypes of the destroyers of the present day. They +were reported as “safe, provided they were handled +with care.” Their handiness was unfavourably reported +on. It was strongly urged that the 4-inch gun mounted +forward should be removed. This, however, was never +done.</p> + +<p>With reference to any new vessels of this type, +the Committee reported as deserving immediate <span class="locked">consideration:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p class="in1">(1) Generally strengthen the hull in this type of +vessel.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span></p> + +<p class="in1">(2) Raise the freeboard forward.</p> + +<p><i>or</i> (3) “Turtle-back” the forecastle.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the gunboats that followed the freeboard forward +was considerably raised; but when destroyers came to be +built several years later, it is interesting to observe that +the turtle-back forecastle was adopted, and it was not +till after over a hundred had been built that the high +forecastle, recommended so long before, appeared in the +<i>River</i> class.</p> + +<p>The report <span class="locked">concluded:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“The proportion of untrained (2nd class) stokers which were +drafted to several of the ships appears to have been too large; +in point of physique they are reported as unequal to their work, +and in many instances the experience of these men in stokehold +(or any other work on board ship) was nil.</p> + +<p>“As a means of affording opportunities for training newly-raised +stokers we recommend that at least one year should be served +by them as supernumerary in a sea-going ship before they are +considered fit to be draughted as part complement to any vessel; +we further are of opinion that a Committee should be appointed +to inquire into the sufficiency or otherwise of the complements allowed +in the steam department of each class of ship, the proportion of +2nd class stokers which should be borne, and the amount of training +which they should be required to undergo before they can usefully +be borne as part complement in a fighting ship.”</p> +</div> + +<p>An agitation as to the state of the Navy, which was +commenced in the year 1887, mainly by the initiative of +the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>,<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> finally resulted in the passing of +the Naval Defence Act of 1889. This provided for the +construction of a total of seventy vessels, consisting of +ten armoured ships, nine first-class cruisers, twenty-nine +second-class cruisers, four third-class and eighteen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span> +torpedo gunboats, to be built as quickly as possible at +the estimated cost of £21,500,000.</p> + +<p>The substantial part of the programme of 1886 had +consisted of two big turret ships, the <i>Nile</i> and <i>Trafalgar</i>, +and two armoured cruisers, <i>Immortalité</i> and <i>Aurora</i> of +the <i>Orlando</i> class. In 1887 nothing larger than second-class +cruisers was laid down; and in 1888 the most +important vessels on the programme were only the +protected cruisers, <i>Blake</i> and <i>Blenheim</i>. There was, +therefore, ample material for panic.</p> + +<p>Details of the <i>Blake</i> <span class="locked">class:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Length (<i>p.p.</i>)—375 ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—65 ft.</li> + +<li>Guns—Two 9.2 in., 22-ton B.L.R., ten 6-in. Q.F., +eighteen 3-pdr.</li> + +<li>H.P.—20,000.</li> + +<li>Designed speed—22.0 kts.</li> + +<li>Coal—1500 tons.</li> + +<li>Builder of Ship—<i>Blake</i>, Chatham; <i>Blenheim</i>, +Thames Ironworks.</li> + +<li>Builder of machinery—<i>Blake</i>, Maudsley; <i>Blenheim</i>, +Thames Ironworks.</li> + +<li>Launched—<i>Blake</i>, 1889; <i>Blenheim</i>, 1890.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Special features of these ships were a combination of +the armament of the <i>Orlando</i> class with greatly increased +speed secured by the development of deck armour in +place of the belts of the <i>Orlando</i> class. In so far as a +special type of ship may be said to be the development +of some predecessor, the <i>Blake</i> and <i>Blenheim</i> may be +described as enlarged <i>Merseys</i>. They were, however, +unique on account of their relatively great length and +great increase of displacement as compared with preceding +vessels. In them the armoured casemate, a leading<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span> +characteristic of nearly all Sir William White’s ships, +made its first appearance. It was employed in the <i>Blake</i> +and <i>Blenheim</i> for four main deck guns, the upper deck +guns being behind the usual shields.</p> + +<p>The coming of the casemate, curiously enough, +attracted little attention, compared to its importance. +It may be said to have rendered possible the return to +main deck guns in unarmoured ships. In the <i>Orlando</i> +class, ten 6-inch guns were all bunched together on the +upper deck amidships. Since these ships were designed +the 6-inch quickfirer had made its first appearance, and +the largest possible distribution of armament was +therefore desirable. The adoption of the two-deck +system of the <i>Blake</i> and <i>Blenheim</i> secured this much +larger distribution, rendering it impossible for a single +shell to put more than one of the five broadside 6-inch +out of action, whereas in the <i>Orlando</i> class at least three +guns were at the mercy of a single shell.</p> + +<p>Another novelty of the type was the introduction +of a special armoured glacis around the engine hatches. +This system had, of course, been used before in the +Italian monster ships <i>Italia</i> and <i>Lepanto</i>, but it was first +introduced in the British Navy in the <i>Blakes</i>.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">13</a></p> + +<p>The ships were very successful steamers, for all +that neither made her expected twenty-two knots on +trial.</p> + +<p>Trial <span class="locked">results:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot hang"> + +<p><i>Blake</i>: Eight hours’ natural draught, mean I.H.P.—14,525 += 19.4 knots.</p> + +<p><i>Blenheim</i>: Eight hours’ natural draught, mean +I.H.P.—14,925 = 20.4 knots.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span></p> + +<p><i>Blake</i>: Four hours’ force draught, mean I.H.P.—19,579 += 21.5 knots.</p> + +<p><i>Blenheim</i>: Four hours’ forced draught, mean +I.H.P.—21,411 = 21.8 knots.</p> +</div> + +<p>The principal item of the Naval Defence Act was +eight first-class and two second-class battleships. All +these ships were designed by Sir William White, and may +be described as battleship editions of the <i>Blake</i> and +<i>Blenheim</i>, so far as the disposition of their armament was +concerned. For the rest they may be described as +attempts to combine in one ship the best features of the +Read and Barnaby ideals. In place of the low freeboard +of the <i>Admiral</i> class, seven of the <i>Royal Sovereigns</i> were +given high freeboard fore and aft, with the big guns about +twenty-three feet above water. The eighth ship, the +<i>Hood</i>, was modified to suit the ideals of Admiral Hood, +and was to some extent an improved <i>Trafalgar</i>, her big +guns being in turrets some seventeen feet above the +water, in turrets instead of <i>en barbette</i>, with guns exposed +as in the rest of the class.</p> + +<p>In them, among other special features, 18-inch +torpedo tubes were first introduced instead of 14-inch, +and a stern torpedo tube appeared.</p> + +<p>The original idea of end-on torpedo tubes was +torpedo attack from the bow in place of the ram. The +<i>Polyphemus</i> was the first ship in which an end-on tube +appeared (submerged). In cruisers of a later date the +bow tube was found to injure speed, and there was +always the danger of a ship over-running her own torpedo. +On this account the bow-tube never secured in the British +Navy that vogue which it obtained, and still has, in +Germany.</p> + +<p>The stern-tube appears to owe its origin to an idea<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> +that a defeated or overpowered ship, running from +an enemy, might save herself by it: dim ideas of +“runaway tactics” had also begun to appear.</p> + +<p>Sir William White never claimed for himself that +he had anticipated the future in any way in his torpedo +armament, even when defending himself against criticisms, +to the effect that he “gave too little for the +displacement.” Yet his torpedo innovations, besides +discounting the future, all helped to swell the total +weight; as also did many internal strengthenings of the +kind which do not show on paper. Possibly he did not +realise his own greatness as the designer of a class of ship +which was so much better than any contemporary vessel, +that even in these days of “Super-Dreadnoughts” the +<i>Royal Sovereigns</i> are still looked back upon with respect, +and invariably regarded as marking the beginning of an +entirely new phase in ship construction.</p> + +<p>In April, 1889, their designer read a paper about +them at the Institution of Naval Architects, in which the +principal points which he claimed were that much superior +command of guns was given, and that the auxiliary +armament was nearly three times the weight of that of +the <i>Trafalgars</i>. The following points were also mentioned +by <span class="locked">him:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“(<i>a</i>) ‘That (it was officially decided that) it was preferable to +have two separate strongly protected stations for the four heavy +guns, rather than to have a single citadel.’</p> + +<p>“(<i>b</i>) ‘That on the whole the 4-inch armour amidships, from the +belt deck to the main deck, associated as it would be with the +internal coal bunkers, sub-divided into numerous compartments, +might be considered satisfactory; but that if armour weight became +available, it could be profitably utilised in thickening the 4-inch +steel above the middle portion of the belt.’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span></p> + +<p>“I would draw particular attention to the first of these conclusions, +since it expresses a most important distinction between the +two systems of protection.</p> + +<p>“With separate redoubts, placed far apart, the two stations are +isolated, and there is practically no risk of simultaneous disablement +by the explosion of shells, or perforation of projectiles from the +heaviest guns. Each redoubt offers a small target to the fire of +an enemy, and its weakest part—the thick steel protective plating +on the top—is of so small extent that the chance of its being struck +is extremely remote. Serious damage to the unarmoured turret +bases therefore involves the perforation of the thick vertical armour +on the redoubts.</p> + +<p>“With a single citadel, extending the full breadth of a ship, the +case is widely different.</p> + +<p>“Over a comparatively large area of the protective deck-plating +in the neighbourhood of each turret, perforation of the deck, or its +disruption by shell explosions at any point, involves very serious +risk of damage to the turret bases and the loading apparatus. In +fact, such damage may be effected and the heavy guns put out of +action while the thick vertical armour on the citadel is uninjured. +Moreover, as the turrets stand at the ends of a single citadel, there +is a possibility of their simultaneous disablement by the explosion +of heavy shell within the citadel.</p> + +<p>“This last risk may be minimised (as in the <i>Nile</i> and <i>Trafalgar</i>) +by constructing armoured ‘traverses’ within the citadel; but it +cannot be wholly overcome, so long as both turrets stand in one +armoured enclosure.</p> + +<p>“It may be thought that the risk of damage to a 3-inch steel +deck situated 11 ft. above water is remote; but I think the facts +are as stated, when actions at sea are taken into account.</p> + +<p>“For example, if a ship of 70 to 75 ft. beam is rolling only to 10 +degrees from the vertical, which is by no means a heavy roll, she +presents a target having a vertical (projected) height of 13 to 14 ft. +to an enemy’s fire, and even if she is a steady, slow-moving ship, +she will do this four or five times in each minute.</p> + +<p>“Now, at this angle of inclination, assuming the flight of +projectiles to be practically horizontal, even the thickest protective +steel decks yet fitted in battleships are liable to serious damage from +the fire of guns of moderate calibre, and this danger is increased by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span> +the employment of high explosives. Of course, I do not mean to +say that this damage is to follow from fire intentionally aimed at +the protective deck; but with a great and sustained volume of fire, +such as is possible with a powerful auxiliary armament, and especially +with quick-firing guns, it is obvious that there is a very real danger +of chance shots injuring seriously the wide expanse of the protective +deck at the top of a long citadel.</p> + +<p>“Again, it must be noted that the chances of damage to a deck +placed 10 or 11 ft. above water, and with large exposed surfaces in +the neighbourhood of the turrets when a ship is inclined or rolling, +are greater far than those of a deck 7 or 8 ft. lower, and with 5-inch +armour on the sides protecting the deck from the direct impact of +shells containing heavy bursters. It is for the naval gunner to +estimate these chances of injury; but, unless I am greatly mistaken, +their verdict will be that a far greater number of shots are likely to +strike at a height of 8 to 10 ft. above water than at a height of 4 to 5 ft.</p> + +<p>“These considerations, I submit, amply justify the selection of +the separate redoubt system, in association with the thin side armour +above the belt, and the lowering of the protective deck to the top of +the belt in the new designs.</p> + +<p>“It may be urged that, if the redoubt system be adopted, it +should be associated with side armour and screen bulkheads of +greater thickness than 5-inch steel, and more strongly backed. This +is perfectly practicable, but necessarily costly, involving an additional +load of armour, and a corresponding increase in the size of the ship.”</p> +</div> + +<p>The designs were vigorously criticised by Sir Edward +Reed, whose chief objections centred on the fact that +the lower-deck protection was thin armour only. Sir +William White combatted this idea, and proved very +conclusively that, according to the needs of the moment, +his views were correct. It is, however, worthy of record +that at a later date with the <i>Majestic</i> class (see a few +pages further on), he effected modifications which brought +his ships more into line with what Sir Edward Reed had +advocated. It should, however, be mentioned that this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span> +was not done until improvements in armour construction +rendered possible things that were certainly impossible +in the days of the <i>Royal Sovereigns</i>.</p> + +<p>In connection with the later career of the <i>Royal +Sovereign</i> class these items may be added. On completion +they were found to be singularly simple in all +their internal arrangements, and extraordinarily strong. +When they went to the scrap-heap in 1911–12, they +were, constructionally, practically as good as when built. +They proved to be good sea boats, but at first rolled very +badly, which resulted in their getting an unenviable +notoriety in this respect. This was, however, completely +cured by the fitting of bilge keels, after which the ships +were everything that could be desired in the way of +being steady gun platforms.</p> + +<p>The ever increasing vogue of the quickfirer tended +to render them rather quickly obsolescent over things +which to-day would count much less than they did in +the past. The defects of the <i>Sovereigns</i>, as realised not +very long after completion, <span class="locked">were:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot hang2"> + +<p>(1) That the big guns’ crews were practically +unprotected, and easily to be annihilated by +the newly-introduced high explosive shells +of the secondary armament of an enemy.</p> + +<p>(2) Only four of the ten 6-inch were armour protected, +which also was considered a fatal +drawback.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the first case nothing was ever done; but in the +second, about the year 1900, casemates were fitted +for the upper-deck guns of all ships except the <i>Hood</i>,<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span> +which on survey was found unsuitable for such reconstruction.</p> + +<p>The only thing that remains to add is that although +in the course of years the ships lost the speeds for which +they were designed, up to the very end they proved +capable of doing about thirteen knots indefinitely.</p> + +<p>In addition to the <i>Sovereigns</i> two “second-class +battleships” were built, the <i>Centurion</i> and <i>Barfleur</i>, +of which details <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—10,500 tons. Complement, 620.</li> + +<li>Length—(Waterline) 360ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—70ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(Maximum) 27ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 10-inch, ten 4.7-inch, eight 6-pounders, +twelve 3-pounders, two Maxims, two 9-pounder boat +guns. Torpedo tubes (18-inch)—two submerged and +one above water in the stern.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The <i>Barfleur</i> was laid down at Chatham in November, +1890, launched in August, 1892, and completed two +years later. The <i>Centurion</i>, laid down at Portsmouth in +March, 1891, was launched a year later, but completed +before her sister.</p> + +<p>The ships were armoured generally on the <i>Royal +Sovereign</i> plan, with 12-inch belts which, however, were +only 200ft. long, instead of 250ft. The bulkheads were +six inches only, and the upper belt (nickel steel) an inch +less than in the big ships. The barbettes were reduced +to nine inches only, but on the other hand were made +circular instead of pear-shaped, and 6-inch shields were +provided for the big guns—probably as the result of +criticisms of the unprotected big guns of the <i>Sovereigns</i>. +With a few early exceptions as to the shape of the base, +and with certain variation in form, this kind of “turret”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span> +has been adhered to ever since in the British Navy and +copied into every other.</p> + +<p>Both ships were engined by the Greenock Foundry +Company, and designed for 13,000 H.P., with forced +draught, giving a speed of 18.5 knots, which speed both +exceeded on trial. This high speed and their coal +endurance—they carried a maximum of 1,125 tons, +sufficient for a nominal 9750 mile radius—makes them +something more than the “second-class battleships” +which they nominally were.</p> + +<p>Compared to the <i>Sovereigns</i> they <span class="locked">were:—</span></p> + +<table id="t070" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead nobb"> + <td class="tdc"><i>Minus Points</i>:</td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Barfleurs.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Sovereigns.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Displacement (tons)</td> + <td class="tdl">10,500</td> + <td class="tdl">14,100</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Principal guns</td> + <td class="tdl">4—10in., 10—4.7</td> + <td class="tdl">4—13.5, 10—6in.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdl">Armour belt</td> + <td class="tdl">12 inches.</td> + <td class="tdl">18 inches.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc smaller"><i>Plus Points</i>:</td> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Horse Power</td> + <td class="tdl">13,000</td> + <td class="tdl">13,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Speed</td> + <td class="tdl">18.5</td> + <td class="tdl">17</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl">Nominal endurance (kts.)</td> + <td class="tdl">9,750</td> + <td class="tdl">7,900</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>From which the existence of an elementary conception +of the “battle-cruiser” of to-day seems fairly +apparent. To-day the battle-cruiser, instead of having +guns of reduced calibre, carries a reduced number, but +the general principle of “moderate sacrifices for increased +speed” obtains.</p> + +<p>The <i>Barfleur</i> and <i>Centurion</i> proved excellent steamers +and good sea-boats. Their defect was their weak armament, +and in 1903 it was decided to remedy this. In +that year they were “reconstructed.” Their 4.7’s were +taken out and 6-inch guns substituted, and the six on +the upper deck were put into casemates. As a species +of make-weight the foremast was taken out of both +ships; but this made little difference. The “improvements” +were a total failure; the ships were immersed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span> +far below what they had been designed for, and they +never thereafter realised much more than about sixteen +knots. Within seven years they were removed from the +Navy List altogether, and such service as they performed +after modernising was entirely of a subsidiary order.</p> + +<p>For the first-class cruisers of the Naval Defence +Act reduced examples of the <i>Blenheim</i> were decided +on. These vessels were the <i>Edgar</i>, <i>Endymion</i>, <i>Grafton</i>, +<i>Hawke</i>, <i>St. George</i>, <i>Gibraltar</i>, <i>Crescent</i>, and <i>Royal Arthur</i> +(formerly designated as the <i>Centaur</i>). They were +launched between 1891 and 1892, averaging 7,350 tons +(unsheathed) and 7,700 tons (sheathed and coppered, in +the case of the last four mentioned). Except the two +last, all had the <i>Blenheim</i> armament of two 9.2 and ten +6-inch. The two latter had a couple of extra 6-inch on +a raised forecastle substituted for the forward 9.2.</p> + +<p>No attempt was made to obtain the high speed +of the <i>Blenheims</i>—19.5 knots being the utmost aimed +at. Not only, however, did the <i>Edgar</i> class exceed +expectations on trial, but they proved most remarkably +good steamers in service. No engine-room defects of +moment were ever encountered in any of them, and +twenty years after launch most were still able to steam +at little short of the designed speed. Like the battleships, +they were given 18-inch torpedoes in place of the +14-inch of the <i>Blenheims</i>.</p> + +<p>In the course of their service careers, the <i>St. George</i> +(or rather her crew) earned distinction in the Benin +Expedition. The <i>Crescent</i> was served in by King +George V, and the <i>Hawke</i> achieved notoriety by ramming +the <i>Olympic</i> in the Solent in 1911.</p> + +<p>The lesser cruisers of the Naval Defence Act +numbered altogether 28. Of these twenty belonged to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span> +the <i>Apollo</i> class of 3,400 tons (unsheathed) and 3,600 +tons (sheathed). They were <i>Apollo</i>, <i>Andromache</i>, +<i>Latona</i>, <i>Melampus</i>, <i>Naiad</i>, <i>Sappho</i>, <i>Scylla</i>, <i>Terpsichore</i>, +<i>Thetis</i>, <i>Tribune</i> (unsheathed), and <i>Aeolus</i>, <i>Brilliant</i>, +<i>Indefatigable</i> (named <i>Melpomene</i> in 1911), <i>Intrepid</i>, +<i>Iphigenia</i>, <i>Pique</i>, <i>Rainbow</i>, <i>Retribution</i>, <i>Sirius</i>, and +<i>Spartan</i> (sheathed).</p> + +<p>In all, the armament was two 6-inch and six 4.7, +with lesser guns, and, above-water, 14-inch torpedo +tubes. The speed was twenty knots in the unsheathed, +and a quarter of a knot less in the sheathed ones.</p> + +<p>When built all proved able to steam very well, but +after some years service certain of them fell off very +badly in speed. Others, however, remained as fast as +when they were built—the <i>Terpsichore</i>, in 1908, averaging +20.1 knots, and the <i>Aeolus</i>, in 1909, nearly nineteen +knots.</p> + +<p>During their service, the <i>Melampus</i> was commanded +by King George as Prince George, while the <i>Scylla</i>, +under Captain Percy Scott, gave birth to the “dotter,” +and the “gunnery boom” which followed. In 1904 +and onwards seven of them, scrapped from regular +service—the <i>Latona</i>, <i>Thetis</i>, <i>Apollo</i>, <i>Andromache</i>, Iphigenia, +<i>Intrepid</i>, and <i>Thetis</i>—were totally or partially disarmed +and converted into mine layers.</p> + +<figure id="i_73" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> + <img src="images/i_073.jpg" width="2432" height="1642" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">SECOND CLASS CRUISER OF THE NAVAL DEFENCE ACT ERA. NOW CONVERTED INTO A MINE-LAYER + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The remaining eight cruisers of the Act—<i>Astræa</i>, +<i>Bonaventure</i>, <i>Cambrian</i>, <i>Charybdis</i>, <i>Flora</i>, <i>Forte</i>, <i>Fox</i>, +and <i>Hermione</i>—were increased in size up to 4,360 tons, +and given a couple of extra 4.7, and 18-inch in place of +14-inch tubes. Instead of their 4.7’s being mounted in +the well amidships, they were placed on the upper deck +level, a much better position in a sea-way, but they +never proved themselves quite such good ships for their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> +size as did the earlier type. They served to illustrate +the general rule that slight improvements on a design are +rarely satisfactory, and that while every staple design +has its defects, it is extremely difficult to remove one +drawback without creating another. Moreover, such +improvements invariably cause increased cost, and an +essential with the small cruiser is that she shall be cheap +enough to be numerically strong. Four <i>Astræas</i> cost as +much as five <i>Apollos</i>. They were rather more seaworthy, +but no faster—if as fast. The total broadsides +obtained were only <i>one</i> 4.7 more and <i>two</i> 6-inch <i>less</i>.<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> +A considerably greater possible bunker capacity was +obtained; but the normal supply (400 tons) was the +same for both.</p> + +<p>In the British Navy, in 1908–11, a precisely similar +thing obtained. It was probably inevitable. In the +German Navy, between 1897 and 1907, displacement +for small cruisers rose from 2,645 to 4,350 tons, with +practically the same armament. But here the horse-power +rose from about 8,500 or less to 20,000, and +designed speeds in proportion, from a twenty-one knots +(not made) to a 25.5, which, on trial, turned out to be +27,000 I.H.P. and over twenty-seven knots.</p> + +<p>Here, however, there was a definite aim—increased +speed, with only trivial improvements in any other +direction. With similar British cruisers the defect has +invariably been “general improvements” on what the +original design <i>might have been</i> if plotted a year or two +later than it actually was. There is no question—or +very little—but that Germany in its ultra-conservative +policy gauged the situation better than any British +Admiralty ever did till just before the war.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span></p> + +<p>Minor cruisers <i>must</i> be cheap to construct. Any +improvement in them <i>must</i> have a definite intrinsic value. +Lacking that, it is worth very little. The <i>Astræas</i>, as +cited, indicated how a supposed advantage may even be +a real deficit from another point of view.</p> + +<p>The value of increased speed cannot be put into +£ s. d., but armament easily can be. Like reconstruction, +minor “improvements” on a design rarely pay. With +the original conception the naval architect is given +certain data for which he arranges accordingly. Ordered +to improve upon it in any direction he can only add +displacement and upset the balance of everything.</p> + +<p>The Naval Defence Act also included a certain +number of third-class cruisers—<i>Pallas</i>, <i>Pearl</i>, <i>Philomel</i>, +and <i>Phœbe</i>—for the ordinary service, and five similar +ships for the Australian station, originally named <i>Pandora</i>, +<i>Pelorus</i>, <i>Persian</i>, <i>Phœnix</i>, and <i>Psyche</i>. These +were later altered to Australian names, <i>Katoomba</i>, +<i>Mildura</i>, <i>Wallaroo</i>, <i>Tauranga</i>, and <i>Ringarooma</i>. They +were of 2,575 tons, with 2½ decks, armaments of eight +4.7-inch and four above-water 14-inch tubes. The +designed speed was 19 knots.</p> + +<p>Thirteen torpedo gunboats, improved <i>Rattlesnakes</i>, +were laid down under the Act, corresponding to nine +others of the normal Programme, of which two were +for Australia. The Naval Defence boats were <i>Alarm</i>, +<i>Antelope</i>, <i>Circe</i>, <i>Gleaner</i>, <i>Gossamer</i>, <i>Hebe</i>, <i>Renard</i>, <i>Speedy</i>—all +laid down in 1889, as also were the <i>Whiting</i> (afterwards +<i>Boomerang</i>) and <i>Wizard</i> (renamed <i>Karahatta</i>) for +Australia. Those laid down normally in the previous +year were the <i>Salamander</i>, <i>Seagull</i>, <i>Sheldrake</i>, <i>Skipjack</i>, +<i>Spanker</i>, <i>Speedwell</i>, for the British Navy. Two others, +<i>Assaye</i> and <i>Plassy</i>, were built for the Indian Marine at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> +and about this time. All carried a couple of 4.7-inch +guns, were of about 750–850 tons displacement, and were +first known as “catchers.” They were all intended to +steam at 19 knots or over with locomotive boilers; but +in service none ever did. At a later date, reboilered with +water-tubes, many reached or exceeded the designed +speed, and the majority of them are still in service for +auxiliary purposes—many being specially fitted as mine +sweepers, and the rest used as tenders for various +services.</p> + +<p>They are of considerable interest on account of the +fact that the destroyers of 1909–12 were practically the +same displacement and general shape, with a not very +dissimilar armament—two 4-inch instead of two 4.7. +The modern destroyers, however, were approximately ten +knots faster—an interesting commentary on engineering +improvements in the course of twenty years!</p> + +<p>More interesting still, however, is the fact that Sir +William White should have evolved twenty years +ago almost exactly what—except in the matter of +modern speed possibilities—is to-day the recognised +ideal for destroyers.</p> + +<p>In the British Navy the torpedo gunboats never +get beyond the “catcher” stage—they never had the +opportunity; but it is worthy of note that the first +two ships to be torpedoed under anything like modern +war conditions—the Chilian <i>Blanco Encalada</i> and the +Brazilian <i>Aquidaban</i>—were both sunk by vessels of almost +exactly the same type as the “catchers,” and not by +torpedo boats.</p> + +<p>So far as the British Navy was concerned, the +“catchers” tested in the “secret manœuvres” of 1891 +did uncommonly well. They hung about off the torpedo<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span> +bases, and though only about one to four, accounted for +at least 90 per cent. of the hostile torpedo boats. To this +very success, perhaps, was due the fact that in their own +day they were not thought of as an offensive arm against +big ships—destruction of the torpedo boat was then the +principal aim in view. This they fulfilled. The South +American Republics discovered their “other uses,” and +so really led the way to the evolution of the destroyer +of a later era.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the only nation which really read the lesson +involved was Germany. So long ago as 1895 she had +launched the 2,000-ton “small cruiser” <i>Hela</i>; in 1898 +the <i>Gazelle</i> of 2,645 tons was set afloat. For years +Germany added to the <i>Gazelle</i> class, at a time when +all the rest of the world had decreed that “third-class +cruisers” were useless. Not for many a year did the +British Admiralty discover that Germany had seen the +matter of the <i>Lynch</i> and the <i>Sampaio</i><a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a> better than any +other Power.</p> + +<p>Neither of these ships in attacking got hit. They +got home without. But they might have been hit. +Germany evolved something that even if hit badly +would still float long enough to get off her torpedoes.</p> + +<p>Till the Chilian “catchers” in 1891 proved their +offensive abilities, no one had ever considered that side +of the question. To this day Germany has never really +received her meed of credit for perceiving that a small +third-class cruiser has potentialities with torpedoes +against a battleship at night.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span></p> + +<figure id="i_79" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_079.jpg" width="1640" height="2667" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + HOOD.<br> + ROYAL SOVEREIGN.<br> + BARFLEUR.<br> + RENOWN.<br> + MAJESTIC.<br> + LONDON.<br> + KING EDWARD. + </p> + <p>BATTLESHIPS OF THE WHITE ERA.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>So late as the present day much comment +about German small cruisers being inadequately gunned,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span> +a clear indication that just as in the past there was a +difficulty in conceiving of the torpedo-gunboat for other +than her nominal use, so the possibilities of the small +cruiser in the role of destroyer were still apt to be +generally overlooked.</p> + +<p>In February, 1893, there was laid down the <i>Renown</i>, +the only armoured ship of the 1892–93 Estimates; an +improved <i>Centurion</i>, with thinner belt armour. Harvey +armour—three inches of which had the resisting value +of four inches of compound or six inches of iron—was +adopted in this ship for the first time. Influences other +than taking advantage of the reduced weight required +for a given protective value were, however, at +work, for in the <i>Renown</i> sacrifices were made at +the water-line in order to secure better protection to +the lower deck side.</p> + +<p>Details of the <span class="locked"><i>Renown</i>:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—12,350 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—380ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—72⅓ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(maximum) 27ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 10-inch, ten 6-inch 40 cal., +twelve 12-pounders, four submerged 18-inch +tubes, and one above water-line in stern.</li> + +<li>Armour—8—6in. belt, 200ft. long amidships, 6in. +side above. Bulkheads 10—6in., barbettes 10in., +casemates, main deck ones 6in., upper deck +ones, 4in.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—12,000 = 18 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 800 tons; (maximum) 1,760 tons += nominal 7,200 miles at ten knots.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Built at Pembroke; engined by Maudslay; she +was launched in May, 1895, and completed for sea in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span> +April, 1897, having taken no less than 4¼ years to build. +Cost, £746,247.</p> + +<p>She proved one of the best steamers ever built +for the Navy. On a four-hour trial she made 18.75 +knots, with 12,901 I.H.P. Her economical speed +proved to be fifteen knots. She always steamed +well, and after thirteen years’ service did 17.4 knots +with ease.</p> + +<p>The special feature of this ship was that in her +instead of the ordinary flat deck on top of the belt, a +sloping deck behind the belt was first introduced. This +system—rigidly adhered to in the British Navy ever +since, and copied eventually into every other Navy—was +based upon the idea of reinforcing the deck-protected +cruiser with side armour. The principle involved was +that at whatever angle the belt might be hit and +penetrated, the incoming projectile would then meet +a further obstruction at a 45° angle, calculated to +present a maximum of deflecting resistance. Professor +Hovgaard and others have since indicated that, weight +for weight, three inches of inclined deck armour, having +to be spread more, represent as much or more tons as six +inches of vertical armour (the nominal equivalent), and +protective decks behind armour are to-day much thinner +than of yore and little better than “splinter decks.” +The principle, however, remains, as originated by Sir +William White, and is, perhaps, the most characteristic +feature of his era: seeing how universally the idea was +copied.</p> + +<p>The French were the last to adopt it. Instead, +they used the flat deck below the belt in addition to the +one on top of it. This was made use of so late as the +<i>République</i> and <i>Liberté</i> class. While ideally better for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span> +resisting projectiles which might penetrate the belt, it +was impossible of really practical application amidships +on account of the difficulty of keeping the engines +entirely below it.</p> + +<figure id="i_83" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 25em;"> + <img src="images/i_083.jpg" width="1565" height="1576" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + PROTECTED CRUISER.<br> + ROYAL SOVEREIGN.<br> + RENOWN.<br> + SUFFREN (<span class="allsmcap">FRENCH</span>) + </p> + <p>SYSTEMS OF WATER-LINE PROTECTION.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The <i>Renown</i> was the first ship to carry all her +secondary guns in casemates. She was fitted as a +flagship, and first served on the North American +Station. When Admiral Fisher went from there to the +Mediterranean he took the <i>Renown</i> with him as flagship, +presumably with the idea that speed was better than +power in a flagship. The <i>Renown’s</i> fighting power was +small even then, but she was well fitted for the social +side of flagship work—so nicely, indeed, that the flash-plates +of the big guns had been taken up so as not to +interfere with ladies’ shoes in dances!</p> + +<p>After leaving the Mediterranean the <i>Renown</i> +was still further converted into a “battleship yacht,” +the six-inch guns being removed. She was painted +white, and used to convey the then Prince of Wales +to India. Thereafter she practically disappeared from +the effective list and eventually became a training ship +for stokers.</p> + +<p>The <i>Renown</i> was followed by the ships of the +Spencer programme, nine battleships of the <i>Majestic</i> +class, which were spread over the 1893–94 Estimates, +and those of the next year. The <i>Majestics</i> were in +substance amplified <i>Renowns</i>, their special and particular +feature being that in place of the two amidships belt of +varying thickness a single belt of 16ft. wide of a uniform +9in. thickness was substituted.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Majestics</i>, the 13.5, which had been for so +long the standard gun for first-class battleships, +disappeared in favour of a new type of 12-inch,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span> +a Mark VIII. of 35 calibres. The two types compare +as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t086" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Bore. Inch.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Length. Cals.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Weight. Tons.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Projectile. lbs.</td> + <td class="tdc nobb" colspan="2">Maximum Penetration against K.C. (capped projectiles).</td> +</tr> +<tr class="theadsub"> + <td class="tdc nobt">at 5000 yds. in.</td> + <td class="tdc nobl nobt">at 3000 yds. in.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc fs1p">13.5</td> + <td class="tdc">30</td> + <td class="tdc">67</td> + <td class="tdc">1250</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">9</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1p">12</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">35</td> + <td class="tdc">46</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">850</td> + <td class="tdc">11½</td> + <td class="tdc">14½</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The new gun was, therefore, superior in everything +except weight of projectile, and that was not considered +much in those days. To-day, of course, it has quite a +special meaning.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Majestics</i>, except in the first two, all-round +loading positions for the big guns were introduced in +place of the cumbersome old system whereby, after firing, +the guns had to return to an end-on position, tilt up, +and at a fixed angle take their charges at what was little +but an adaption for breechloaders of the loading system +evolved twenty years before for the old <i>Inflexible</i>.</p> + +<p>Details of these <span class="locked">ships:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—14,900 tons.</li> + +<li>Length—(between perpendiculars) 390ft., (over-all) +413ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—75ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(mean), 27½ ft., (maximum) about 30ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 12-inch 35 cal., twelve 6-inch 40 +cal., sixteen 12-pounders, twelve 3-pounders. +Torpedo tubes (18-inch), four submerged and +one above water in stern.</li> + +<li>Armour (Harvey)—Belt, (220ft. by 16ft.) 9in. +Bulkheads, 14in. Barbettes, 14in. with 10in. +turrets. Casemates, 6in.</li> + +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span></li> + +<li>Horse-power—12,000 = 17.5 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 1,200 tons; (maximum) 2,200 tons += nominal radius of 7,600 miles at 10 knots and +4,000 at 15 knots.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The ships were built, etc., as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t087" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Builder.</td> + <td class="tdc">Engined by</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Magnificent</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">’93</td> + <td class="tdl">Chatham</td> + <td class="tdl">Penn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Majestic</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">’94</td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hannibal</i></td> + <td class="tdl">April,</td> + <td class="tdr">’94</td> + <td class="tdl">Pembroke</td> + <td class="tdl">Harland & Wolff</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Victorious</i></td> + <td class="tdl">May,</td> + <td class="tdr">’94</td> + <td class="tdl">Chatham</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn, Leslie</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Mars</i></td> + <td class="tdl">June,</td> + <td class="tdr">’94</td> + <td class="tdl">Laird</td> + <td class="tdl">Laird</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Prince George</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">’94</td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Humphrys</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Jupiter</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">’94</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cæsar</i></td> + <td class="tdl">March,</td> + <td class="tdr">’95</td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Maudslay</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Illustrious</i></td> + <td class="tdl">March,</td> + <td class="tdr">’95</td> + <td class="tdl">Chatham</td> + <td class="tdl">Penn</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Mostly they were completed inside two years, the +only ones which took appreciably longer being the +<i>Hannibal</i> and the <i>Illustrious</i>. In these and the <i>Cæsar</i> +an innovation introduced in the others—the placing of +the chart house round the base of the foremast with the +conning tower well clear ahead—was done away with, +and the old system of the bridge over the conning +tower reverted to. In the <i>Cæsar</i> and <i>Illustrious</i>, laid +down later than the others, an improvement was effected +by the introduction of circular instead of pear-shaped +barbettes. The <i>Majestic</i>, <i>Magnificent</i>, and <i>Cæsar</i> were +built in dry dock instead of on slips—the first instance of +this since the days of early coast-defence monitors.</p> + +<p>The total cost was approximately a million per +ship.</p> + +<p>On trials most of them exceeded the designed speed, +but all were light on trials. They proved very handy +ships, with circles of 450 yards at fifteen knots. Coal +consumption was always high.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span></p> + +<p>Compared to the <i>Sovereigns</i>, the following figures +are of <span class="locked">interest:—</span></p> + +<table id="t088" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc">Displacement (tons).</td> + <td class="tdc">Weight of Armour (tons).</td> + <td class="tdc">Weight of Armament & Ammunition (tons).</td> + <td class="tdc">H.P.</td> + <td class="tdc">Normal Coal (tons).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Majestics</i></td> + <td class="tdc">14,900</td> + <td class="tdc">4260</td> + <td class="tdc">1500</td> + <td class="tdc">12,000</td> + <td class="tdc">1200</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Sovereigns</i></td> + <td class="tdc">14,100</td> + <td class="tdc">4600</td> + <td class="tdc">1410</td> + <td class="tdc">13,000</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">900</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The total dead weight carried in armament, armour, +and coal thus works out at practically the same figure, +despite the rise of 800 tons in displacement. On these +grounds certain attacks were made upon the ships, +mainly by those who argued against the unarmoured +ends. The criticisms were, however, mainly of the +captious order—the ships were certainly the finest +specimens of naval architecture of their day.</p> + +<p>At a later date electric hoists were fitted to the +6-inch guns, and 400 tons of oil fuel were added to the +fuel capacity (the maximum coal capacity being reduced +by 200 tons). The first ship to be so fitted was the <i>Mars</i>. +Another innovation was shifting the torpedo nets, first in +the <i>Mars</i>, then in all the others, from the upper deck to +the main deck level; the idea being to keep the nets +clear of the 6-inch guns.</p> + +<p>The <i>Majestic</i> and <i>Magnificent</i> served for a long time +as flagships in the Channel Fleet. Admiral Sir F. +Stephenson and Sir A. K. Wilson flew their flags in the +<i>Majestic</i>, of which ship Prince Louis of Battenberg was +at one time captain.</p> + +<p>It was during the early service of the <i>Majestics</i> in +the Channel Fleet that “invisible” colours for warships +first came into consideration, all ships up to that date +being painted with black hulls, white upper works, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span> +yellow masts and funnels. For these experiments the +<i>Magnificent</i> was painted black all over, the <i>Majestic</i> and +<i>Hannibal</i> were given grey and light green upper works +respectively. The latter was really the more “invisible” +of the two, but both ships were left with black hulls. +Ultimately a grey, a little darker than that which the +Germans had long used, was adopted as the regulation, +though for some time it varied greatly between ship and +ship, following the old system under which a good deal +of latitude in painting was allowed.<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">17</a></p> + +<p>To this era, 1894–95, belong two groups of protected +cruisers, the <i>Powerfuls</i> and the <i>Talbots</i>. The latter, nine +in all, were merely enlarged (5,600 tons) editions of the +later cruisers of the Naval Defence Act, and call for no +comment. The former group were the <i>Powerful</i> and +<i>Terrible</i>, “replies” to the Russian <i>Rurik</i> and <i>Rossiya</i>. +They displaced nearly as much as the battleships—14,200 +tons—and ran to the then unheard of length of +500ft. between perpendiculars. They carried no belt +armour whatever, but were given stout protective decks, +no less than 6in. on the slopes amidships. The two big +guns (40 calibre, 9.2) were given 6in. Harvey barbettes, +the twelve other guns<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> (6-inch) being in 6-inch casemates. +Sixteen 12-pounders were disposed about the upper +works. Designed horse-power 25,000 = 22 knots. Total +bunker capacity of 3,000 tons, equal to a nominal 7,000 +miles at fourteen knots. Both ships were laid down in +1894, the <i>Powerful</i> by Vickers and the <i>Terrible</i> at +Clydebank. They were launched in the following year.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span></p> + +<p>In service the <i>Powerfuls</i> proved capable of keeping +up a speed of twenty knots almost indefinitely. For the +rest, they were unhandy ships with large turning circles. +At the time of the South African War, both of them were +at the Cape, and did service with landed naval brigades. +Of these, one from the <i>Powerful</i>, with some 4.7’s on +special Percy Scott gun-carriages, materially assisted in +the defence of Ladysmith.</p> + +<p>During the year 1911 the decision was come to that +it was not worth while preserving either ship, on account +of the large crews required and their comparatively small +fighting value under modern conditions.</p> + +<p>Two considerable novelties were embodied in these +ships. The first of these was the adoption of electrical +gear for the big guns. The other and more far-reaching +was the adoption of Belleville boilers.</p> + +<h3><i>THE BATTLE OF THE BOILERS.</i></h3> + +<p>Owing to favourable reports of their use in the French +Navy, Belleville boilers were in 1895 experimentally +fitted to the <i>Sharpshooter</i>, torpedo gunboat; but the +decision to adopt them in large ships was taken from +French rather than any British experience. Trouble +and failure were freely predicted. With the result +frequently attending lugubrious predictions, very little +trouble has ever been experienced with any type and +then only in the very early stage when the water-tube +boiler was an almost unknown curiosity to the engine-room +staff.</p> + +<p>The chief advantages claimed for Belleville boilers +were the higher working pressures, economy in maintenance +and fuel consumption, saving of weight, rapid steam +raising, and great facility for repairs.</p> + +<figure id="i_91" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 39em;"> + <img src="images/i_091.jpg" width="2463" height="1633" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">WHITE ERA BATTLESHIPS OF THE MAJESTIC CLASS + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The Belleville was the first water-tube boiler to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span> +come into prominence; other types, however, soon +appeared. In the period 1895–98, torpedo gunboats +were experimentally fitted as follows:—<i>Sharpshooter</i>, +Belleville; <i>Sheldrake</i>, Babcock; <i>Seagull</i>, Niclausse; +<i>Spanker</i>, Du Temple; <i>Salamander</i>, Mumford; <i>Speedy</i>, +Thornycroft—these three last being of the small tube +type. Other existing types were the Yarrow, White-Foster, +Normand, Reed, Blechynden, all these being of +the small tube type also, and regarded as suitable for +small craft only.<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a></p> + +<p>In the matter of big ships, so far as the British +Navy was concerned, “water-tube boiler” for some +years meant Bellevilles only, whence it came that in the +insensate “Battle of the Boilers,” which presently +broke out, Bellevilles were the main object of attack in +Parliament and elsewhere. Actually, of course, the +whole principle was in the melting pot. All the elements +opposed to change in any form rallied to the attack, led +on and influenced in some cases by those whose interests +were bound up with the old style cylindrical boilers. +It was all over again the old story of the fight for the +retention of the paddle against the screw propeller, with +an equal disregard for facts.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately the party of progress played somewhat +into the hands of the reactionaries. In fitting the +Belleville type only, they had not much alternative, other +types being then in a less forward state. The error made +was that in the wholesale adoption of a new type of +steam generator, requiring twice the skill and intelligence +necessary for the old type, it was practically impossible +to train quickly enough a sufficiency of engineers and +stokers. Hence troubles soon arose. An even greater<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span> +error was that the boilers were mostly built in England +to the French specifications, without, in many cases, +sufficient experienced supervision; and minor “improvements,” +such as fusible plugs and restricting regulations, +were introduced by more or less amateur Admiralty +authorities—which also produced trouble.</p> + +<p>For example, French practice had taught that +adding lime to the feed water was desirable; but in +many British ships this rule was ignored. Again, one +Belleville essential was to throw on coal in very small +quantities at a time, in contradistinction to the old +cylindrical practice in which shovelling on enormous +quantities of coal was the recipe for increased speed. +This feature was often disregarded.</p> + +<p>The Belleville, ever a complicated and delicate +mechanism, if its full efficiency is to be secured, was a +worse boiler for the experiments than many of the simpler +types of to-day would have been. But no water-tube +boiler of any type would have stood any chance of +success against the opposition. There were some terrible +times in the boiler rooms in those days. One or two +ships whose chief engineers had been specially trained in +France secured marvellous results, usually by ignoring +Admiralty improvements and regulations.<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> But for one +success there were many early failures.</p> + +<figure id="i_95" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_095.jpg" width="1651" height="2659" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + EDGAR.<br> + POWERFUL.<br> + DIADEM.<br> + CRESSY.<br> + DRAKE.<br> + COUNTY.<br> + DEVONSHIRE. + </p> + <p>PRINCIPAL CRUISERS OF THE WHITE ERA.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The agitation triumphed to the extent of a Committee +of Inquiry being appointed. An interim report +of this Committee made a scape-goat of the Belleville,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span> +to the extent of recommending that no more should be +fitted. But the victory of the retrogrades ended there. +A species of compromise with public opinion inflamed +against the water-tube system was temporarily adopted, +and absurd mixed installations of cylindrical and water-tube +boilers were fitted to some ships. Four large tube +types were selected as substitutes for Bellevilles, the +Niclausse, Dürr (a German variant of the Niclausse), +the Babcock and Wilcox, and the Yarrow large tube.</p> + +<p>It may approximately be said that every water-tube +boiler is a species of compromise between facility for +rapid repair on board ship and complication, and the +need of great care in using and working. It is usual to +put the Belleville at one end of this scale and the Yarrow +(large tube) at the other, this last boiler now requiring +little, if any, more care than the old type of cylindrical.</p> + +<p>In the course of comparatively short experiments, +both the Niclausse and the Dürr were found to possess +most of the alleged deficiencies of the Belleville without +its advantages; and it was decided to fit all future types +of large ships with the Babcock and Yarrow types only. +The absurd mixture of cylindrical and water-tube boilers +was wisely done away with. Curiously enough, the +Belleville boiler, once the agitation had ceased, also +ceased to be troublesome. This was no doubt due to +the increased experience which had been gained in the +interim.</p> + +<p>Both the Babcock and Yarrow boilers have been +immensely improved since the days when they were first +brought out. Something of the same sort is, of course, +true of all the standard types, and there is to-day hardly +any question as to which of them may be the best +or worst. Each type has some special advantage of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span> +its own, and in no case, probably, is that advantage +sufficiently pronounced to render any one type absolutely +the best. When adopted by the Admiralty the +Belleville was certainly the best water-tube boiler +available. Had it been persisted in and not “improved” +by amateurs it would probably have done quite as well +as any type adopted to-day. The real issue was mainly +not one of type, but of principle. That principle was the +water-tube boiler as opposed to the old type cylindrical.</p> + +<p>The Estimates for 1896–97 provided for five battleships +which were somewhat sarcastically alluded to as +“improved” <i>Majestics</i>. These ships were the <i>Canopus</i> +class, and they mark a species of early striving after the +ideal of the battle-cruisers of to-day. That is to say, +certain sacrifices were made in them with a view to +securing increased speed.</p> + +<p>Particulars of these <span class="locked">ships:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—12,950 tons.</li> + +<li>Length—(over all) 418ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—74ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(maximum) 26½ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 12in., 35 cal., twelve 6in. 40 cal., +ten 12-pounders, four submerged tubes (18in.)</li> + +<li>Armour—Harvey-Nickel. Belt amidships 6in. +with 2in. extension to the bow and 1½in. skin +aft on the water-line. Bulkheads and barbettes +12in. Turrets 8in.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—31,500 = 18.25 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 1,000 tons; (maximum) 2,300 tons += nominal radius of 8,000 miles at 10 knots.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The adoption of Harvey-Nickel armour, which was +of superior resisting power to Harvey armour in the ratio +of about 5 to 4, partly, but not entirely accounted for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span> +thinning of the armour of this class. Theoretically, the +9in. armour belt of the <i>Majestic</i> was equal to 18in. of +iron, while the belt of the <i>Canopus</i> class was equal to +about 15in. of iron. In place of the 4in. deck of the +<i>Majestics</i>, the <i>Canopus</i> class had only a 2½in. deck. The +thin bow (2in.) plating was introduced as a sop to a +public agitation against soft-ended ships. Such a belt is, +of course, perfectly useless against any heavy projectile, +or, for that matter, against 6in., except at very long +range indeed. Sir William White never made any secret +of his cynical disbelief in these bow belts. They were and +always have been what doctors call a “placebo.”</p> + +<p>In the following year the sixth ship of this class was +built—the <i>Vengeance</i>. She differed from the others in +the form of her turrets, which were flat sided for the first +time. In her also a mounting was first introduced, +whereby, in addition to being loaded in any position, +big guns could also be loaded at any elevation.</p> + +<p>Some other details of the <i>Canopus</i> class <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<table id="t099" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built by</td> + <td class="tdc">Engines by</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Completed.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Canopus</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Greenock</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">’97</td> + <td class="tdc">1900</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Goliath</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Chatham</td> + <td class="tdl">Penn</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">’97</td> + <td class="tdc">1900</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Albion</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Thames I.W.</td> + <td class="tdl">Maudslay</td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">’96</td> + <td class="tdc">1902</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Ocean</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn Leslie</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">’97</td> + <td class="tdc">1900</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Glory</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Laird</td> + <td class="tdl">Laird</td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">’96</td> + <td class="tdc">1901</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Vengeance</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">’97</td> + <td class="tdc">1901</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The cruisers of the following year were eight cruisers +of the much discussed <i>Diadem</i> class, small editions of the +<i>Powerful</i> (11,000 tons), and carrying a pair of 6-inch +guns in place of the 9.2’s of the <i>Powerfuls</i>. For the first +four (the <i>Diadem</i>, <i>Andromeda</i>, <i>Europa</i>, and <i>Niobe</i>) a +speed of 20.5 knots only was provided, but in the late +four (the <i>Argonaut</i>, <i>Ariadne</i>, <i>Amphitrite</i>, and <i>Spartiate</i>)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span> +the horse-power was increased to 18,000, in order to +provide twenty-one knots. At the present time (1912) +these ships have for all practical purposes already +passed from the effective list, all the weak points of the +<i>Powerfuls</i> being exaggerated in them.</p> + +<p>In the Estimates for the years 1895 to 1898, +provision was made also for eleven small third-class +cruisers of the “P” class of 2135 tons and twenty knot +speed. The armament consisted of eight 4-inch guns. +On trials most of them did well, but in a very short +time their speeds fell off, and at the present time, such +of them as remain on the active list are slower than the +far older cruisers of the <i>Apollo</i> class.</p> + +<p>In the Estimates for 1897–98, in addition to the +<i>Vengeance</i>, already mentioned, three improved copies of +the <i>Majestic</i> were provided. These ships <span class="locked">were:—</span></p> + +<table id="t100" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Engines by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Formidable</i></td> + <td class="tdl">March,</td> + <td class="tdr">’98</td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Earle</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Irresistible</i></td> + <td class="tdl">April,</td> + <td class="tdr">’98</td> + <td class="tdl">Chatham</td> + <td class="tdl">Maudslay</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Implacable</i></td> + <td class="tdl">July,</td> + <td class="tdr">’98</td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport</td> + <td class="tdl">Laird</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The only difference between them and the <i>Majestics</i> +lies in advantage being taken of improvements in gunnery +and armour to increase the offensive and defensive items. +The absurd 2-inch bow belt of the <i>Canopus</i> was repeated +in them, but raised within 2½ft. of the main deck. A +40-calibre 12-inch was mounted, also a 45-calibre 6-inch.</p> + +<p>These were the first ships of the British Navy in +which Krupp cemented armour was used. This armour, +generally known as “K.C.,” has approximately a resisting +power three times that of iron armour. That is to +say, the 9in. belts of the <i>Formidables</i> were approximately +33 per cent. more effective than the similar belts of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span> +<i>Majestics</i>. These ships proved faster and more handy, +easily exceeding their designed eighteen knots. The +superior handiness was brought about by a superior +form of hull—the deadwood aft being cut away for the +first time in them.</p> + +<p>In this year’s Estimates armoured cruisers definitely +re-appeared, six ships of the <i>Cressy</i> type being laid +down.</p> + +<p>Particulars of <span class="locked">these:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—12,000 tons.</li> + +<li>Length—454ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—69½ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(maximum) 28ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Two 9.2, 40 cal., twelve 6-inch, 45 +cal., twelve 12-pounders, two 18in. submerged +tubes.</li> + +<li>Armour—6in. Krupp belt amidships, 250ft. long +by 11½ft. wide, 2in. continuation to the bow. +Barbettes 6in. Casemates 5in.</li> + +<li>Horse power—21,000 = 21 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 800 tons; (maximum) 1,600 tons.</li> +</ul> + +<table id="t101" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Engines by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Sutlej</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">’98</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cressy</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">’98</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Aboukir</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">’98</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hogue</i></td> + <td class="tdl">July,</td> + <td class="tdr">’98</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Bacchante</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Euryalus</i></td> + <td class="tdl">July,</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In substance these ships were armoured editions of +the <i>Powerful</i>. They steamed very well in their time, but +have now fallen off considerably and are no longer of +any importance. Total weight of armour 2,100 tons. +An innovation introduced in these ships was the fitting of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span> +non-flammable wood, which at a later date was objected +to on the grounds that it deteriorated the gold lace of the +uniforms stored in drawers made of it. The <i>Cressy</i> was +completed in 1901; the others, excepting the <i>Euryalus</i>, +in 1902. This latter ship was greatly delayed from +various causes, and not completed until 1903.</p> + +<p>The 1898–99 Estimates consisted of three battleships +and four armoured cruisers. The battleships were +practically sisters to the <i>Formidable</i>, but differed from her +in that the main belt, instead of being a patch amidships, +has a total length of 300ft. from the bow. At the bow it +is 2in., quickly increasing to 4in., 5in., 6in., and finally to +9in., and this provided a measure of protection that the +2in. belts of preceding ships could never afford. The +flat-sided turrets, first introduced in the <i>Vengeance</i>, were +also fitted in these ships, the <i>Formidables</i> having the old +pattern turrets.</p> + +<p>The advantages of flat-sided turrets lie in the fact +that K.C. can be used for them instead of the relatively +softer non-cemented. K.C. is not applicable to curved +surfaces, for which reason barbettes, casemates, and +batteries with curved portholes in them and rounded +turrets cannot be constructed of it. Flat-sided turrets +consist of a number of flat plates placed to meet each +other at predetermined angles, thus forming one homogeneous +whole.</p> + +<p>These battleships <span class="locked">were:—</span></p> + +<table id="t102" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Engines by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>London</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">’98</td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Earle</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Bulwark</i></td> + <td class="tdl">March,</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Venerable</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdl">Chatham</td> + <td class="tdl">Maudslay</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>All were completed in 1902.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span></p> + +<p>The cruisers of the same year, the <i>Drake</i> class, were +“improved” <i>Cressies</i>, with increased displacement, +power and speed. The increased displacement allowed +of four extra 6-inch guns being mounted, these being +placed in casemates on top of the amidships casemates.</p> + +<p>Particulars of the <i>Drake</i> <span class="locked">class:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—14,000 tons.</li> + +<li>Length—(over all) 529½ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—71ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(maximum) 28ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Two 9.2, 45 cal. (instead of 40 cal., as +in the <i>Cressies</i>), sixteen 6-inch, 45 cal., and fourteen +12-pounders, two submerged tubes (18in.).</li> + +<li>Armour—2,700 tons, as in <i>Cressy</i>, except that +the casemates are 6in. thick.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—30,000 = 23 knots. Boilers, 43 +Belleville.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 1,250 tons; (maximum) 2,500.</li> +</ul> + +<p>These ships were altogether superior to the <i>Cressy</i> +class. On trial they all easily made their contract speeds +and subsequently greatly exceeded them. It was discovered +that increased speed was to be obtained by +additional weight aft, and this was so much brought to a +fine art that weights were adjusted accordingly, and in +one of them, seeking to make a speed record, the entire +crew were once mustered aft in order to vary the trim!</p> + +<p>Building details are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t103" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Completed.</td> + <td class="tdc"> Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc"> Engines by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Good Hope</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr"> ’99</td> + <td class="tdc"> 1902</td> + <td class="tdl"> Fairfield</td> + <td class="tdl"> Fairfield</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Drake</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> April,</td> + <td class="tdr"> ’99</td> + <td class="tdc"> 1902</td> + <td class="tdl"> Pembroke</td> + <td class="tdl"> Humphrys & T.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Leviathan</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdc"> 1903</td> + <td class="tdl"> Clydebank</td> + <td class="tdl"> Clydebank</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>King Alfred</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdc"> 1903</td> + <td class="tdl"> Vickers</td> + <td class="tdl"> Vickers</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span></p> + +<p>For some years these were the fastest ships in +the world. In 1905, in a race by the Second Cruiser +Squadron across the Atlantic, with ships of nominally +equal speed, the <i>Drake</i> came in first. In December, 1906, +at four-fifths power for thirty hours, she averaged 22.5 +knots. In 1907, the <i>King Alfred</i> averaged 25.1 knots +for one hour, and made an eight hours’ mean of 24.8. +They proved very economical steamers, being able to +do nineteen knots at an expenditure of eleven tons of +coal an hour, and though they are now getting old, as +warships go, they have never yet been beaten on the +results achieved by horse-power per ton of displacement.</p> + +<p>The Estimates of 1898–99 included a supplementary +programme of four armoured ships which, like the +<i>Canopus</i> class, again foreshadowed the battle cruisers of +to-day. These were the famous <i>Duncan</i> class, and may +be described as slightly smaller editions of the <i>London</i>, +with armour thickness sacrificed for superior speed. +The belt amidships was reduced from 9in. to 7in., but +against this the belt at the extreme bow was made an +inch thicker, and 25ft. away from the ram became 5in. +thick. The displacement sank by 1,000 tons, the horse-power +was increased by 3,000, and the speed by one knot.</p> + +<p>The total weight of armour is about 3,500 against +4,300 tons in the <i>Londons</i>. The <i>Duncans</i> may be +regarded as a species of recrudescence of Barnaby ideas, +plus a later notion that a well-extended partial protection +was better than a more concentrated protection +of less area. Generally speaking, they were improved +duplicates of the <i>Canopus</i> class, in the same way that +the <i>Formidable</i> and the ships that followed her were +duplicates of the <i>Majestic</i>. Two ideas were obviously +at work. In other forms these two ideas have (with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span> +variations) existed to the present day. Then it was +purely a question between ratios devoted to speed and +protection. To-day (1912) matters have been so far +modified that increased displacements are given to +secure speed advantages, but protection remains proportionately +as it was. Reduced armament has always +been accepted.</p> + +<p>Construction details of the <i>Duncans</i>, of which two +more figured in the estimates for <span class="locked">1899–1900:—</span></p> + +<table id="t105" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Engines by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Duncan</i></td> + <td class="tdl">July,</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdl">Thames, I.W.</td> + <td class="tdl">Thames, I.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Russell</i></td> + <td class="tdl">March,</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdl">Palmer</td> + <td class="tdl">Palmer</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cornwallis</i></td> + <td class="tdl">July,</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdl">Thames, I.W.</td> + <td class="tdl">Thames, I.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Exmouth</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdl">Laird</td> + <td class="tdl">Laird</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Albemarle</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">’00</td> + <td class="tdl">Chatham</td> + <td class="tdl">Thames, I.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Montagu</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport</td> + <td class="tdl">Laird</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <i>Montagu</i> was wrecked on Lundy Island in 1906.</p> + +<p>Contemporaneous with the <i>Drakes</i>, and extending +over four ships in the Estimates of 1898–99 to two in the +following and four in the year later, ten armoured +cruisers were provided for, which in essence were little +but an attempt to provide a normal second-class protected +cruiser of the <i>Talbot</i> class, with armour protection. +These ships—the <i>County</i> class—are of 9,800 tons displacement, +and may also be regarded as diminutives +of the <i>Drake</i> and <i>Cressy</i> classes, with a touch of the +<i>Diadems</i> thrown in. In place of the fore and aft 9.2’s of +the <i>Drake</i> and <i>Cressy</i>, they were supplied with a couple +of pairs of 6-inch guns mounted in turrets fore and aft. +The belt amidships was reduced to 4in. (a thickness in +K.C. which has no virtues over armour of earlier type) +with the usual extension of 2in. to the bow. The twin +turrets, in which, like those of the <i>Powerful</i>, electrical<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span> +control was once more introduced, have never given +satisfaction, being very cramped for working purposes, +and probably no more efficient than single gun turrets +would have been, certainly less than the single gun 7—5in. +turrets, originally proposed as an alternative, would have +been.</p> + +<p>Had the ships been regarded frankly as modern +variants of the second-class protected cruisers, they +probably would have been esteemed more than they +were. Unfortunately they have always been regarded +as “armoured ships” and discounted on account of +their obvious inferiority to the <i>Drakes</i>. In the matter +of steaming all of them have invariably done well (except +in the case of the <i>Essex</i>, over which a mistake in design +was made). The anticipated twenty-three knots was +made quite easily, once certain early propeller difficulties +were overcome. The Boiler Commission, already referred +to, affected these ships, in so far that, instead of the +hitherto inevitable Bellevilles, the <i>Berwick</i> and <i>Suffolk</i> +were given Niclausse boilers and the <i>Cornwall</i> Babcocks. +The total weight of armour is 1,800 tons.</p> + +<p>Details of the construction of this class <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<table id="t106" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Engines by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Essex</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">’00</td> + <td class="tdl">Pembroke</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Kent</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">’00</td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Bedford</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">’00</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Monmouth</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">’99</td> + <td class="tdl">L. & Glasgow</td> + <td class="tdl">L. & Glasgow</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Lancaster</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Mar.</td> + <td class="tdr">’01</td> + <td class="tdl">Elswick</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn L.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Berwick</i></td> + <td class="tdl">April,</td> + <td class="tdr">’01</td> + <td class="tdl">Beardmore</td> + <td class="tdl">Humphrys</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Donegal</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">’01</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cornwall</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Mar.</td> + <td class="tdr">’01</td> + <td class="tdl">Pembroke</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cumberland</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">’01</td> + <td class="tdl">L. & Glasgow</td> + <td class="tdl">L. & Glasgow</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Suffolk</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Mar.</td> + <td class="tdr">’02</td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Humphrys & T.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>All were completed during 1903 and 1904.</p> + +<p>For the year 1900–01 only two battleships were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span> +provided: the <i>Queen</i>, built at Devonport and engined +by Harland and Wolff, and the <i>Prince of Wales</i>, built +at Chatham and engined by the Greenock Foundry Co. +These were laid down in 1901 and completed in 1904. +They were copies of the <i>Londons</i> in every detail, saving +that, instead of being enclosed, their upper deck batteries +were left open as in the <i>Duncans</i>. The <i>Queen</i> was given +Babcock boilers instead of Bellevilles.</p> + +<p>The 1901–02 Estimates provided three battleships +and six armoured cruisers of the <i>County</i> class. These +were the last ships designed by Sir William White. The +battleships, of which eight were built altogether—three +for 1901–02, two for the next year—were of a different +type from any which had preceded them, and to some +extent may be said to mark the birth of the <i>Dreadnought</i> +era. That is to say, in them the old idea of the two +calibres, 12in. and 6in., died out, and heavier auxiliary +guns began to appear.</p> + +<p>Particulars of these ships, <i>the King Edward VII</i> +class, are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—16,350 tons.</li> + +<li>Length—(over all) 453¾ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—78ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(maximum) 26¾ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 12-inch, 40 cal., four 9.2, 45 cal., +ten 6-inch, 45 cal., twelve 12-pounders, fourteen +3-pounders, five 18-inch submerged tubes (of which +one is in the stern).</li> + +<li>Armour—As in the <i>London</i> (but a 6in. battery instead +of casemates).</li> + +<li>Horse-power—18,000 = 18.9 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 950 tons; (maximum) 2,150 tons, +also 400 tons of oil, except in the <i>New Zealand</i>.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span></p> + +<table id="t108" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Engines by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Commonwealth</i></td> + <td class="tdl">June,</td> + <td class="tdr">’01</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>King Edward</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Mar.</td> + <td class="tdr">’02</td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport</td> + <td class="tdl">Harland & W.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Dominion</i></td> + <td class="tdl">May,</td> + <td class="tdr">’02</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hindustan</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">’02</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>New Zealand</i>(now <i>Zelandia</i>)</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">’03</td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Humphrys & T.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Africa</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">’04</td> + <td class="tdl">Chatham</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Britannia</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">’04</td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Humphrys & T.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hibernia</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">’04</td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport</td> + <td class="tdl">Harland & W.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Except the last three, all were completed in 1905. +The others were completed very shortly afterwards.</p> + +<p>The boilers fitted to these ships varied considerably. +The <i>King Edward</i>, <i>Hindustan</i>, and <i>Britannia</i> were +given a mixed installation of Babcocks and cylindricals; +the <i>New Zealand</i> Niclausse boilers; the other ships +Babcock only. In the <i>Britannia</i>, super-heaters were also +fitted to six of her boilers. The point differentiating +these ships from their predecessors was the mounting +of four 9.2 guns in single turrets at the angles of the +superstructure. Equally novel was the placing of 6-inch +guns in a battery behind the armour on the main deck.<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> +Fighting tops, a feature of all previous ships, disappeared, +and in place of them fire-control platforms were +substituted.</p> + +<p>When produced, these ships were considered as +something like the “last word”; but in service later +on it was very soon found that the two calibres of big +guns rendered fire-control extremely difficult, and they +have been a somewhat costly lesson in that respect. +They cost about £1,500,000 each, and were found to be +all that could be desired tactically, their turning circles +with engines being only about 340yds. at fifteen knots. +All of them did not make their speeds on trials, and +some have never quite come up to expectations in that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span> +respect, but they have all proved remarkably reliable +steamers.</p> + +<p>Six armoured cruisers provided for in the 1901–02 +Estimates were the <i>Devonshires</i>. These were originally +intended to have been enlarged <i>Counties</i>, carrying a +single 7.5 fore and aft, in place of the twin 6-inch +turrets of the prototype ships. The design was, however, +modified to the extent of substituting a single 7.5 for +each of the forward pairs of 6-inch casemates.</p> + +<p>Details of these ships <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—10,850 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—450ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—68½ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(maximum) 25½ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 7.5, six 6-inch, 45 cal.; two +12-pounders, twenty-two 3-pounders, two 18in. +torpedo tubes submerged.</li> + +<li>Armour Belt—(length 325ft. from the bow, width +10½ft.), 6in. amidships, thinning to 2in. right +forward. Barbettes 6in. Turrets 5in. Casemates +6in.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—21,000==22.5 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 800; (maximum) 1,800 tons.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Other details <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<table id="t109" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Engined by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Devonshire</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Mar.</td> + <td class="tdr">’02</td> + <td class="tdl">Chatham</td> + <td class="tdl">Thames I.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Antrim</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">’02</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Argyll</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">’02</td> + <td class="tdl">Greenock Foundry</td> + <td class="tdl">Greenock F.C.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Carnarvon</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">’02</td> + <td class="tdl">Beardmore</td> + <td class="tdl">Beardmore</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hampshire</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">’02</td> + <td class="tdl">Elswick</td> + <td class="tdl">Elswick</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Roxburgh</i></td> + <td class="tdl">June,</td> + <td class="tdr">’02</td> + <td class="tdl">L. & Glasgow</td> + <td class="tdl">L. & Glasgow</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Like the <i>King Edwards</i>, various boilers were given +to them. All of them have one-fifth cylindrical boilers. +The <i>Devonshire</i> and <i>Carnarvon</i> were otherwise given<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span> +Niclausse; <i>Antrim</i> and <i>Hampshire</i>, Yarrow; <i>Argyll</i>, +Babcock; and <i>Roxburgh</i>, Dürr. The designed speed +was exceeded by all on trials, but none have proved +successful steamers ever since. They were completed +between 1904 and 1905.</p> + +<p>These were the last ships to be designed by Sir +William White. He resigned his position from ill-health; +but, like his predecessors, left under a cloud—at any rate, +with his services not really appreciated. He had created +a magnificent fleet; but its very magnificence made many +of his designs look poor on paper against any foreign +construction of less displacement, but—<i>on paper</i>—of +equal or superior qualities. It is the fate of the naval +architect in peace-time to be judged on paper with small +regard to issues such as nautical qualities, constructional +strength, and a score of other details which are not to be +expressed by any statistical formulæ, but yet make all +the difference between efficiency and the absence of it.</p> + +<figure id="i_111" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_111.jpg" width="1628" height="2408" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">EARLY TYPE OF “27 KNOT” DESTROYERS. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Sir William White’s period of office was marked by +an almost complete naval revolution. It began with the +quick-firer and the disappearance of the low freeboard +battleships. It ended with the coming of submarines, +fire-control, and wireless. In between, it included the +coming of the destroyer, the re-birth of the armoured +cruiser; the arrival of the water-tube boiler, new forms +of hull, unprecedented advances in both guns and +armour—in fact, almost every conceivable change. +Through these troubled waters with a steady hand and +cool brain Sir William White guided the destiny of the +Fleet and the millions of pounds expended in shipbuilding. +Already his era is “the pre-<i>Dreadnought</i>” one, and to +present-day ideas the term “pre-<i>Dreadnought</i>” is already<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span> +very nearly akin to “pre-historic.” His creations preserved +the peace, for which very reason they failed to +secure glory. Already some have gone to the scrap-heap, +and others are well on their way thither to join the Reed +and Barnaby ships in that oblivion to which modern +<i>Dreadnoughts</i> will just as surely go in their season. More +might be said: but <i>cui bono?</i> Such public epitaph as +Sir William White received when he retired was of the +“about time, too!” order. The creator of the finest +fleet that the world has ever seen left office with less +honour and no more public interest than did half-a-dozen +mediocre admirals who had chanced to fly their flags in +some of his creations. It is not given for the stage +manager to stand in the lime-light reserved for the +principal actors. But the historian of a hundred years +hence, placing great Englishmen in perspective, will +assuredly place Sir William White far ahead of many +who loom greater in the public eye to-day.</p> + +<h3><i>GUNS IN THE ERA.</i></h3> + +<p>The guns which especially belong to the White era +are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t113" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Designation.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Weight. Tons.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Projectile. lbs.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Velocity f.s.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Maximum Penetration with capped shot against K.C. at</td> +</tr> +<tr class="theadsub"> + <td class="tdc">5000 yds.</td> + <td class="tdc">3000 yds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">13.5, 30 cal.</td> + <td class="tdc">67</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">1250</td> + <td class="tdc">2016</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">9</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1p">12</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">12in., 35 cal.</td> + <td class="tdc">46</td> + <td class="tdc">850</td> + <td class="tdc">2367</td> + <td class="tdc">11½</td> + <td class="tdc">14½</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">12in., 40 cal.</td> + <td class="tdc">50</td> + <td class="tdc">850</td> + <td class="tdc">2750</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1p">16</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1p">20</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">10in., 32 cal.</td> + <td class="tdc">29</td> + <td class="tdc">500</td> + <td class="tdc">2040</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">5½</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">7½</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">9.2, 30 cal.</td> + <td class="tdc">24</td> + <td class="tdc">380</td> + <td class="tdc">2065</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">4</td> + <td class="tdc fsrp">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">9.2, 40 cal.</td> + <td class="tdc">25</td> + <td class="tdc">380</td> + <td class="tdc">2347</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">6¾</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">9¼</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">9.2, 45 cal.</td> + <td class="tdc">27</td> + <td class="tdc">380</td> + <td class="tdc">2640</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">8¾</td> + <td class="tdc">11¼</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">7.5, 45 cal.</td> + <td class="tdc">14</td> + <td class="tdc">200</td> + <td class="tdc">2600</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">5¾</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">7½</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">6in., 40 cal.</td> + <td class="tdc">7½</td> + <td class="tdc">100</td> + <td class="tdc">2200</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl">6in., 45 cal.</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">100</td> + <td class="tdc">2535</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">4½</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span></p> + +<h3><i>PURCHASED SHIPS.</i></h3> + +<p>In the year 1902 two ships, the <i>Constitucion</i> and +<i>Libertad</i>, were laid down at Elswick and Vickers-Maxims’ +respectively for the Chilian Government. They were +designed by Sir Edward Reed, and compare interestingly +with the <i>King Edwards</i> in being much longer and +narrower. It will be remembered that in the past Reed +ideals had always centred round a “short handy ship.” +They had also always embodied the maximum of +protection, while these ships carried medium armour +only. His ships had, further, always been characterised +by extremely strong construction, while these verged +on the flimsy, the scantlings being far lighter than in +British naval practice.</p> + +<p>Out of all which it has been held that they represented +the Reed ideal of armoured cruisers interlaced with whatever +limitations the Chilian authorities may have specified.</p> + +<p>Particulars of these ships, which in 1903 were +purchased for the British Navy and renamed <i>Swiftsure</i> +(ex <i>Constitucion</i>) and <i>Triumph</i> (ex <span class="locked"><i>Libertad</i>):—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—11,800. Complement, 700.</li> + +<li>Length—(over all) 470ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—71ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(Maximum) 24ft. 8in.</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 10-inch, 45 cal.; fourteen 7.5-inch, +50 cal.; fourteen 14-pounders, four 6-pounders, +four Maxims; two 18-inch submerged tubes.</li> + +<li>Armour—Practically complete belt 8ft. wide, 7-inch +thick amidships, reduced to 3-inch at ends. 10-inch +bulkheads at ends of thick portion of belt. Redoubt +above (250ft. long), 7-inch on sides 6-inch bulkheads +to it. Deck 1½-inch on slopes amidships, 3-inch on +slopes at ends. Barbettes 10-inch, with 8 to 6-inch<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span> +turrets. Battery and upper deck casemates, 7-inch.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—14,000 = 20 knots. Yarrow boilers.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 800 tons; (maximum) 2,000 tons.</li> +</ul> + +<p>These ships compare interestingly with the <i>King +Edwards</i> and <i>Devonshires</i>, between which they struck a +mean, as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t115" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>King Edward.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Swiftsure.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Devonshire.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Displacement</td> + <td class="tdl">16,350</td> + <td class="tdl">11,800</td> + <td class="tdl">10,850</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Principal Guns</td> + <td class="tdl">4—12in.</td> + <td class="tdl">4—10in.</td> + <td class="tdl">4—7.5.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl">4—9.2</td> + <td class="tdl">14—7.5</td> + <td class="tdl">6—6in.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl">16—6in.</td> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl"></td> +</tr> +<tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl">5—18in. tubes</td> + <td class="tdl">2—18in. tubes</td> + <td class="tdl">2—18in. tubes</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Armour belt</td> + <td class="tdl">9—2in.</td> + <td class="tdl">7—3in.</td> + <td class="tdl">6—2in.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Speed</td> + <td class="tdl">18.9 knots</td> + <td class="tdl">20 knots</td> + <td class="tdl">22.25 knots</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Coal (Normal)</td> + <td class="tdl">950</td> + <td class="tdl">800</td> + <td class="tdl">800</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl">Coal (Maximum)</td> + <td class="tdl">2,150—400 (oil)</td> + <td class="tdl">2,000</td> + <td class="tdl">1,800</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Other items of interest are that the armament of +the <i>Swiftsures</i> (10-inch and 7.5’s) had somewhere about +that time been laid down by Admiral Fisher as the ideal +armament of the future, on the principle that the best +possible was “the smallest effective big gun, and the +largest possible secondary gun.”</p> + +<p>In service these ships never proved brilliantly +successful. They rarely managed to make their speeds +successfully, and there was a great deal of vibration with +them. They were shored up internally in places with +a view to strengthening them. On the other hand, it +should be mentioned that some of these alleged defects +have been put down to conservatism in nautical ideas, +and that the shoring up was not really required. Their +great drawback was that so far as the British Navy was +concerned they were neither one thing nor the other, +being too light in heavy guns to be satisfactory with the +battleships, and too slow to act with the cruisers. Had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span> +there been six or so of them they would, possibly enough, +have formed an ideal squadron. Being two ships only, +they of necessity became round pegs in square holes.</p> + +<h3><i>NAVAL ESTIMATES IN THE ERA.</i></h3> + +<table id="t116" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Financial Year.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Amount.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Personnel.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">Ships.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="theadsub"> + <td class="tdc">Battleships.</td> + <td class="tdc">Armoured Cruisers.</td> + <td class="tdc">Protected Cruisers.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1887–88</td> + <td class="tdc">12,476,800</td> + <td class="tdc">62,500</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc fs1p">1888–89<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a></td> + <td class="tdc">13,082,800</td> + <td class="tdc">62,500</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1889–90</td> + <td class="tdc">13,685,400</td> + <td class="tdc">62,400</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1890–91</td> + <td class="tdc">13,786,600</td> + <td class="tdc">65,400</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">42</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1891–92</td> + <td class="tdc">14,557,856</td> + <td class="tdc">68,800</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1892–93</td> + <td class="tdc">14,240,200</td> + <td class="tdc">67,700</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1893–94</td> + <td class="tdc">14,340,000</td> + <td class="tdc">70,500</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1894–95</td> + <td class="tdc">17,365,900</td> + <td class="tdc">83,000</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1895–96</td> + <td class="tdc">18,701,000</td> + <td class="tdc">88,850</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1896–97</td> + <td class="tdc">21,823,000</td> + <td class="tdc">93,750</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1897–98</td> + <td class="tdc">21,838,000</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">100,050</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1898–99</td> + <td class="tdc">23,780,000</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">106,390</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1899–00</td> + <td class="tdc">26,594,000</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">110,640</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1900–01</td> + <td class="tdc">28,791,900</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">114,880</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1901–02</td> + <td class="tdc">30,875,500</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">118,625</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdc">1902–03</td> + <td class="tdc">31,255,500</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">122,500</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">—</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the following year 1903–04 three ships (the last +of the <i>King Edwards</i>) were provided for. The total +number of battleships designed for the British Navy by +Sir William White was therefore 48. There were in +addition 26 armoured cruisers—making a total of 74 +armoured ships, and about as many protected cruisers, +including some for Colonial service.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="III"><span id="toclink_117"></span>III.<br> + +<span class="subhead">THE WATTS ERA.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap1">Sir</span> William White was succeeded by Mr., afterwards +Sir Philip Watts, who came to the Admiralty +from Elswick, where he had been Chief Constructor. +He came with the reputation of “putting in plenty of +guns,” and his appointment was favourably received, +both inside the Navy and outside.</p> + +<p>The armoured cruisers <i>Duke of Edinburgh</i> and <i>Black +Prince</i> were the first ships for which he was personally +responsible.</p> + +<p>Details of <span class="locked">these:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—13,550 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—480ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—73½ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(maximum) 27½ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Six 9.2, 45 cal., ten 6-inch, 50 cal.; +twenty-two 3-pounders. Torpedo tubes:—Three +submerged (18in.).</li> + +<li>Horse-power—23,500 = 22.3 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 1,000 tons; (maximum) 2,000; +also 400 tons of oil.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The former ship was laid down at Pembroke and +engined by Hawthorn; the latter was built and engined +by the Thames Iron Works. In the matter of armament +and its arrangement the ships were to some extent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span> +cruiser versions of the <i>King Edward</i>; but equally, in +the adoption of a number of single gun-houses for big +guns, and the jump from two to a larger number of big +guns, the influence of the Chilian <i>O’Higgins</i>, built at +Elswick, may be noticed. The big guns were placed one +forward and one aft, two on either beam and two on +either quarter. The 6-inch were placed in an armoured +battery below. As originally designed, right ahead fire +was given to the forward battery guns, but this was +dispensed with at a later date. The ships were never +good sea boats, and the 6-inch guns were soon found to +be well-nigh useless in any sea.</p> + +<p>The armour was disposed in generous fashion—a +complete belt reaching up to the main deck, 4in. forward, +6in. for some 260ft. amidships, and 3in. aft of that. A +6in. battery (K.N.C.) with bulkheads surmounts the belt-7in. +barbettes with 6in. K.C. flat-sided gunhouses.</p> + +<p>Both were given a mixed installation of Babcock and +cylindrical boilers. A novelty was the standardisation +of all their machinery, a very valuable innovation, which +has been followed ever since. Parts of any one ship’s +machinery can be used for any other of her class, thus +facilitating rapid repairs and requiring a considerably +reduced stock of spares.</p> + +<p>On trials the <i>Duke of Edinburgh</i> did on her eight +hours’ full power trial I.H.P. 23,685 = 22.84 knots, the +<i>Black Prince</i> 23,939 = 23.6 knots. In service, however, +the former has generally proved the better steamer. +Another innovation in these ships was the re-appearance +of the stern torpedo tube, first introduced in the +<i>Centurions</i>. As re-introduced it was built submerged, a +feature long desired, but which had previously presented +innumerable difficulties in design.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span></p> + +<figure id="i_119" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_119.jpg" width="1661" height="2681" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + SWIFTSURE.<br> + <br> + WATTS ERA.<br> + LORD NELSON.<br> + BLACK PRINCE.<br> + WARRIOR.<br> + MINOTAUR. + </p> + <p>PRE-DREADNOUGHTS OF THE WATTS ERA.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span></p> + +<p>For the Estimates of the following year (1903–04) +four more ships of the same type were <span class="locked">provided—</span></p> + +<table id="t121" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Builders.</td> + <td class="tdc">Engines by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Achilles</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">’04</td> + <td class="tdl">Elswick</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cochrane</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Mar.</td> + <td class="tdr">’04</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Warrior</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">’04</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Natal</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">’03</td> + <td class="tdl">Pembroke</td> + <td class="tdl">Wallsend Co.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In these the defect of the low 6-in. battery of the +<i>Black Princes</i> was anticipated, and instead of ten 6-inch +guns, four 7.5 were mounted in gun-houses on the upper +deck amidships. Yarrow and cylindrical boilers mixed +were installed. Otherwise no change was made. On +trial the <i>Achilles</i> reached a maximum of 23.27, the other +three ships all made their contracts or over.</p> + +<p>These four, generally known as the <i>Warriors</i>, proved +to be the finest cruisers as sea-boats ever built for +the British Navy. They have always proved most +remarkably steady gun platforms. Shooting from them +is invariably good—they have always been near the top +of the list in gunnery returns. For a single ship in a +single commission good shooting is attributable to causes +other than the ship; but with four ships and different +crews at different times the effect of the design is obvious. +Apparently the extra weight on their upper decks is +responsible; for their dimensions are identical with +those of the unsatisfactory <i>Black Princes</i>.</p> + +<p>In all these ships, as in the <i>Devonshires</i> which +preceded them, raking masts and stumpy funnels were +introduced. The latter proved most inconvenient for +navigating purposes, and in 1911 all the <i>Warriors</i> had +their funnels considerably heightened.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span></p> + +<p>In these four latter the “dove-cot” platform fire-controls +first appeared; they were fitted also to the +three latest ships of the <i>King Edward</i> class.</p> + +<p>The main defect of all six is the trivial anti-torpedo +armament. The 3-pounders are perfectly useless against +destroyers. Incidentally it may be noticed that the class +signalled the scientific placing of such guns for control +purposes. In the <i>Warriors</i> some guns were mounted on +turret tops also, this being with a view to their survival +after an action. It was contended that an actual hit +was extremely improbable on any anti-t.b. guns, but +that shells bursting underneath might easily disable them. +Hence the search for an armoured base. This idea seems +to have originated in the German Navy, though the +Germans never adopted the turret-top position.</p> + +<p>The Estimates (1904–05) provided for two battleships +and three armoured cruisers. The latter of these, +the <i>Minotaur</i> class, were “improved <i>Warriors</i>”; but, +as a matter of fact, except for a larger armament, +they proved somewhat inferior to their immediate +<span class="locked">predecessors:—</span></p> + +<p>Details are:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—14,600 tons (as against 13,550).</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—490ft., (over +all) 525ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—74½ft. (but a foot more in <i>Shannon</i>).</li> + +<li>Draught—(maximum) 28ft. (but a foot less in +<i>Shannon</i>).</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 9.2, 50 cal., ten 7.5, fourteen +12-pounders, five 18in. tubes (submerged).</li> + +<li>Horse-power—27,000 = 23 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 1,000 tons (950 only in <i>Shannon</i>); +(maximum) 2,000, also 400 tons oil.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span></p> + +<figure id="i_123" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 19em;"> + <img src="images/i_123.jpg" width="1202" height="1487" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">SIR PHILIP WATTS. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span></p> + +<p>The 9.2 were placed in double turrets fore and aft. +For those of the <i>Minotaur</i> electric manœuvring was +substituted for the usual hydraulic. The 7.5’s are +disposed in ten single gun houses on the upper deck, +<i>Warrior</i> fashion. The armour belt is of the same +maximum thickness, but only 3in. for 50ft. from the +bow. Thereafter it thickens gradually for the next 75ft. +then reaches its maximum. Vertical armour above the +main deck was given up in order to allow for the increased +weight of armament and its protection—a total of 2,073 +tons. The <i>Minotaur</i> has Babcock, the other two Yarrow +large-tube boilers. No cylindricals were fitted; the +opponents of the water-tube system having lost their +influence by 1905, when the ships were laid down.</p> + +<p>None of these ships came up to expectations on trial, +though they developed considerably more than the +contract horse-power. The <i>Minotaur</i> just made her +speed, the <i>Defence</i> just failed to reach it, the <i>Shannon</i> +failed by half-a-knot. This last ship had been varied +from the others with an idea that a new form of hull, +would produce better speed—an unfortunate surmise. +Shortly after completion all had 15ft. added to their +funnels. The increased draught added to their power +somewhat, but did not materially better their speeds.</p> + +<p>Further details of these three ships <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<table id="t125" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Engined by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Minotaur</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">’05</td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport</td> + <td class="tdl">Harland & Wolff</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Defence</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">’05</td> + <td class="tdl">Pembroke</td> + <td class="tdl">Scott S. & E. Co.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Shannon</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">’05</td> + <td class="tdl">Chatham</td> + <td class="tdl">Humphrys</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>All were completed in 1908. Average cost, +£1,400,000 per ship. In them solid bulkheads first +appear, their engine-rooms having no water-tight doors.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span></p> + +<p>The battleships of the same programme (1904–05) +were the <i>Lord Nelson</i> and <i>Agamemnon</i>.</p> + +<p>Details <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—16,500 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (between perpendiculars)—410 ft., (over +all) 445ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—79½ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(mean) 27ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Four 12-inch, 45 cal., ten 9.2, 50 cal. +fifteen 12-pounders, sixteen 3-pounders, five +submerged tubes (18in.).</li> + +<li>Horse-power—16,750 = 18.5 knots.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 900 tons; (maximum) 2,000 tons; +also 400 tons oil.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The <i>Lord Nelson</i> was built and engined by Palmer, +the <i>Agamemnon</i> by Beardmore and engined by Hawthorn. +The former was given Babcock, the latter Yarrow boilers. +Both on trial easily exceeded the contract speed, and +proved abnormally handy ships. They cost £1,500,000 +or only a little more than the <i>Minotaurs</i>.</p> + +<p>The <i>Nelsons</i> are often counted as “Dreadnoughts”; +but their only claim to the position is they do not happen +to carry any 6-inch guns. Actually they are nothing but +improved <i>King Edwards</i>, bearing to those ships very +much the same relation as the <i>Warriors</i> to the <i>Black +Princes</i>. Their comparatively slow speeds and their +mixed armaments entirely differentiate them from the +swifter “all-big-gun” ship which followed, and, for that +matter, caught them up.<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">23</a></p> + +<p>The <i>Nelsons</i> were never really successful ships outside +the points alluded to above. Eight of their ten 9.2’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span> +were placed in twin turrets, and in many circumstances +two 9.2 so mounted proved very little superior in +efficiency to a similar single gun in an isolated gun-house.<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">24</a></p> + +<p>In the matter of protection the <i>Nelsons</i> far exceeded +the <i>King Edwards</i>. In place of a 9in. belt amidships +they were given a 12in. one, while the 8in. and 6in. +strakes above of the earlier ships became a uniform 8in. +The bow belt forward was also augmented to 6in. on +the water-line, surmounted by 4in., instead of a belt +uniformly increasing from 2in. to 6in. further aft. But +none of this made them “Dreadnoughts,” and the +absence of “Dreadnought” features relegated them to +the second line very soon after they were completed.</p> + +<p>In these ships the tripod mast, the idea of which +dates back to the <i>Captain</i> era, re-appeared. The +<i>Nelsons</i> were given as mainmasts the first of those +modern tripods which have characterised nearly every +British capital ship since built till the <i>Lion</i> was altered.</p> + +<p>The idea of the tripod mast is to avoid the many +shrouds of an ordinary mast; and so give greater training +to the guns. Whether the idea be of use is another matter. +Generally speaking ideas abandoned by our forefathers +have failed to live long if resuscitated.</p> + +<p>In the 1902–03 and 1903–04 Estimates provision was +made for four vessels each year of a new type, known +as “Scouts.” These were the <i>Adventure</i> and <i>Attentive</i> +(Elswick), <i>Forward</i> and <i>Foresight</i> (Fairfield), <i>Pathfinder</i> +and <i>Patrol</i> (Laird), <i>Sentinel</i> and <i>Skirmisher</i> (Vickers-Maxim).<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span> +One was awarded each year to each of the +firms mentioned, but all were actually laid down between +June, 1903, and January, 1904. The first four to be +given out to contract were originally named <i>Eddystone</i>, +<i>Nore</i>, <i>Fastnet</i>, and <i>Inchkeith</i>.</p> + +<p>These vessels came to be built owing to an appreciation +of the fact that destroyers had altogether lost +their original rôle and had become torpedo-boats, pure +and simple. The “Scouts,” though from three to four +times the size, were the old “catchers” re-introduced.</p> + +<p>They compared with these as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t128" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc">Average Displacement.</td> + <td class="tdc">Average Designed Speed.</td> + <td class="tdc">Armament.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">“Scouts”</td> + <td class="tdc">2850</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1p">25</td> + <td class="tdl">12 to 14—12pdr., 2—14in. tubes<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a></td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl">Halcyons</td> + <td class="tdc">1070</td> + <td class="tdc">18.5</td> + <td class="tdl">2—4.7,4—6pdr., 5—18in. tubes</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A 1½ deck on slopes amidships was provided for +the “Scouts,” which incidentally were designed for ten +12-pounders only. By the year 1912 it became +abundantly clear that, like their predecessors the +“catchers,” they were doomed to pass quickly into +the “little use” category on account of their weak +armaments and small sea-keeping capacity.</p> + +<h3><i>TORPEDO CRAFT.</i></h3> + +<p>It has already been mentioned that Sir William +White’s period of office saw the coming of the destroyer. +The origin of this craft is to be found in a public +agitation, which arose out of the tremendous attention +paid to torpedo boats by the French, who were then +our most likely enemy, and who had an overwhelming +superiority in torpedo craft.</p> + +<p>Some years before a type of craft, the torpedo +gunboats already referred to, which were first known<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span> +as “torpedo boat catchers” and subsequently as +“catchers” had been introduced. It soon, however, +became very clear that they were little likely to achieve +this end, and the doctrine that “the torpedo boat is the +answer to the torpedo boat” was being steadily preached. +At that time (1892) the then insignificant navy of +Germany was in possession of eight very large torpedo +boats, which were known as “division boats.” Austria +also had one or two fast craft, capable of dealing with +torpedo boats. Upon these existing lines a new type of +craft was developed for the British Navy. The first two +to be built were the <i>Havock</i> and <i>Hornet</i>, which were +launched in 1893. In substance they were very large +torpedo boats of about 250 tons displacement, designed +by Messrs. Yarrow. Their speed of 27 knots was well +in excess of that of any existing torpedo boat, and it +was confidently expected that they would easily run +down and destroy any such. In addition to what was +then the very considerable armament of one 12-pounder +and three 6-pounders, they were also fitted with torpedo +tubes.<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> The original idea of this was that when hostile +torpedo boats had been annihilated by them, the +destroyers could be used as torpedo boats in case of need.</p> + +<p>In 1894 the <i>Havock</i> and <i>Hornet</i> were used in +manœuvres and tested by being made to lie by for +twenty-four hours in the Bay of Biscay. They underwent +the test very well, and to this is probably attributed the +realisation of the fact that in them a more or less really +effective sea-going torpedo boat had been evolved. A +large number of duplicates were ordered; at first of +27 knots. Later this was increased to 30, and in a few +boats to a little more.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span></p> + +<p>The whole of these boats were nothing but enlarged +editions of existing torpedo boats, and some of them +proved rather weak for the service demanded of them. +In the year 1902 and onwards, therefore, a type of better +sea-going qualities was demanded, and the River class, +which totalled about 35 boats, began to be built. A +feature of the River class was that they were a blend of +the early torpedo gunboats of the Rattlesnake type, with +the later and heavier torpedo gunboats. There was a +reduction of speed to 25½ knots, with a view to securing +better sea-going qualities. On account of their slow +speed the River class are verging on the obsolete to-day, +but the high forecastle first embodied in them has +never been departed from, and the very latest types of +destroyers are nothing but swifter and larger editions of +them.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to note that here again to some +extent the Germans led the way. German destroyers +had the North Sea to consider, whereas all early British +destroyers were built with a view to being used only in +the Channel. Consequently and naturally enough the +Germans were the first to perceive the necessity for a +high forecastle.</p> + +<p>The submarine also appeared in the pre-Dreadnought +era, but the boats of that time were of such a primitive +type that they need hardly be specially mentioned. +They will be found alluded to in a later chapter.</p> + +<h3><i>END OF THE PRE-DREADNOUGHT ERA.</i></h3> + +<p>So ended the pre-Dreadnought era. It was characterised +by a multiplicity of types which had <span class="locked">included:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li> +First class battleships.</li> +<li>Second class battleships.</li> +<li>Fast intermediate battleships.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span></li> +<li>First rate armoured cruisers.</li> +<li>Second rate armoured cruisers.</li> +<li>First class protected cruisers.</li> +<li>Second class protected cruisers.</li> +<li>Third class protected cruisers.</li> +<li>Scouts.</li> +<li>Torpedo gunboats.</li> +<li>Sloops.</li> +<li>Gunboats.</li> +<li>Destroyers.</li> +<li>Torpedo boats.</li> +<li>Submarines. +</li> +</ul> + +<p>Although the whole of these types were not all +building or provided for at any one and the same time, +yet towards the end of the period there was a general +feeling that too many types of ships were in use. +Reductions in this direction were announced, at first +indicating that in future programmes provision would +be made only <span class="locked">for:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li> +“Armoured ships.”</li> +<li>Destroyers.</li> +<li>Submarines. +</li> +</ul> + +<p>Contemporaneously with this came Admiral Fisher’s +famous “scrap-heap policy,” whereby some eighty +vessels of one kind and another were struck off the +effective list, and either sold or relegated to subsidiary +service.</p> + +<p>The ships removed included all battleships and +armoured cruisers of earlier date than the <i>Trafalgar</i>, +several ships of the <i>Apollo</i> class, all earlier protected +cruisers, some of the “P” class, and the bulk of the +small fry in the way of sloops and gunboats.</p> + +<p>This action aroused a certain amount of criticism<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span> +on the grounds that the clearance was excessive. As +some of the ships were subsequently restored to the +active list, something is undoubtedly to be said for that +point of view; especially as no steps were taken to +replace the scrapped cruisers. On the other hand, most +of the ships removed were of trivial fighting value; +though here again the zeal of the reformer somewhat +overlooked the fact that the police duties rendered by +the small fry had been valuable.</p> + +<p>In connection with this policy some of the outlying +naval bases were done away with, and there commenced +a “reorganisation” of the Fleet which has continued +intermittently from that day to this! Certain other +considerable changes affecting the <i>personnel</i> will be +found dealt with in a later chapter.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="IV"><span id="toclink_133"></span>IV.<br> + +<span class="subhead">THE DREADNOUGHT ERA—(WATTS).</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class="drop-cap a"><span class="smcap1">A new</span> era in battleship design, not only for the +British Navy, but for the navies of the entire +world, was opened with the advent of the +<i>Dreadnought</i>. As has been seen, it was in a way led up +to by previous designs, notably the <i>Lord Nelson</i> class. +The essential point of difference, however, lies in the fact +that whereas the <i>Lord Nelson</i> carries heavy guns of two +calibres, in the <i>Dreadnought</i> the main armament is +confined to one calibre only. The advantages of this +on paper are not particularly great, but for practical +purposes, such as fire control and so forth, the superiority +to be obtained by a uniformity of big gun armament is +tremendous.</p> + +<p>As the historical portion of this book indicates, the +“Dreadnought idea” has been a fairly regular feature +of British Naval Policy, but in this particular case the +inception would seem to have been due to accident and +circumstance rather than to any settled policy.</p> + +<p>Immature and abortive attempts to realise something +of the “Dreadnought ideal” had taken place in +the past. The earliest ship claimed to represent the +Dreadnought ideal was the U.S. <i>Roanoake</i>, built at the +time of the Civil War. This was a high freeboard ship, +fitted with three turrets in the centre line. A few years +later something of the same sort found expression in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span> +four-turreted British <i>Royal Sovereign</i> and <i>Prince Albert</i>, +though these were merely coast defence ships. Still +later in the <i>Tchesma</i> class, Russian, and in the <i>Brandenburg</i> +class of the German Navy, six big guns were installed +as the primary armament. Both these two ideas were +laughed out of existence; and it became a settled +fashion to carry four big guns, two forward and two aft.</p> + +<figure id="i_135" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 21em;"> + <img src="images/i_135.jpg" width="1331" height="1955" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">GENERAL CUNIBERTI. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Matters were at this stage when the late “Colonel” +Cuniberti, Constructor to the Italian Navy, conceived +the idea of a ship carrying a considerable number +of big guns, and embodying in herself the power +of two or three normal battleships. This design was +considered altogether too ambitious for the Italian +Navy; but permission was given him to publish the +general idea, subject to official revision. It first saw +the light in “<i>Fighting Ships</i>,” in 1903, and is now so +historically interesting that I here reproduce the article +in full, the original being long since out of <span class="locked">print:—</span></p> + +<p>“Admiral Sir John Hopkins, late Controller of the +British Navy, in his admirable article, ‘Intermediates +for the British Fleet,’ published in the last edition +(1902) of this Annual, asks what results it would be +possible to obtain in the British Navy by extending the +ideas of the two Italian Ministers of Marine, Admiral +Morin and Admiral Bettolo, which were translated into +fact in the <i>Vittorio Emanuele III</i> (12,625 tons), so as to +arrive at the much greater tonnage of recent British +battleships, in the same manner as the ideas that found +concrete form in the projected vessels of the <i>Amalfi</i> class +were amplified and realised in the Italian battleships +alluded to and regarding which, even now, so many +doubts are expressed as to such realisation being +practicable.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span></p> + +<p>“To proceed from 8,000 to 12,000, and from 12,000 +to 17,000 tons of displacement, constitutes not only a +problem of naval architecture, but also involves high +considerations of quite another nature, such as the +special functions of the Fleet, so as to harmonise with +the political objects of any given maritime Power, the +geographical position of that Power, the state of its +finances, etc., etc. So that not only does the answer to +such a question entail a certain amount of difficulty from +the constructive point of view, but before the answer +can be seriously considered it is absolutely necessary to +determine exactly what end this ideal British battleship +is to serve; for it is not to be imagined that we are +going merely to enlarge the <i>Vittorio Emanuele</i> until we +arrive at a displacement equal to that of the <i>King +Edward VII.</i> For example, putting an extra 4,000 tons +on board will produce a vessel that will perhaps be a +little steadier in heavy weather than the original ship.</p> + +<div class="tb">* * * * *</div> + +<p>“In Britain are to be found naval experts of the +highest possible order, and they will have their own ideas +as to what type of vessels best fulfil the needs and ideals +of the British Fleet, so that it would almost appear a +presumption on my part to offer suggestions for any Navy +other than the Italian. But in deference to the courteous +interrogation of Admiral Hopkins I may be permitted +to point out that from the purely human point of view +there are two leading methods by which one can strike +to the ground one’s opponent, either by gradually +developing the attack and disposing of him little by +little, or, on the other hand, killing him at one blow +without causing him prolonged suffering. In like manner<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span> +there are two distinct modes of sending an enemy’s ship +to the bottom.</p> + +<p>“Let us take, for example, a human combat. The +first—the most commonly used, and the most practical +in the majority of cases—has as its basis the progressive +dismemberment of the enemy.</p> + +<p>“Two mortal foes place themselves on guard at a +distance; they begin with exceptional strokes, with +feints, with opportune advances and retreats, never +coming to close quarters for a deadly blow until the +capabilities of the enemy, both offensive and defensive, +are well tested, and until some fortunate stroke, even +although not actually deadly, has considerably weakened +the foe, has rendered his defence less able, and has +somewhat demoralised him. Covered with blood, stunned, +mutilated, and hardly capable of remaining on his feet, +then comes the moment when his adversary closes in +upon him and delivers the final and mortal blow. And +we may almost imagine we hear the beaten one, with +thick and choking voice, repeat the terrible words of +Francesco Ferruccio at the battle of Gavinana: ‘Maramaldo, +thou but killest a man already dead!’</p> + +<p>“Similarly, two opposing ships, with but slight +differences in their powers, will commence their combat +at a great distance, utilising their evolutionary abilities +and their speed in prudent manœuvres, seeking to gain +as much advantage as possible from their offensive +powers, and attempting to place every obstacle in the way +of the antagonist utilising powers in either direction. +The discharge of projectiles will commence in earnest, +greatly assisted by the rapid loading of which the guns +of medium and small calibre are now capable. What +results can reasonably be expected from the discharge of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span> +the smaller guns at such great distances is hard to say; +nor can the slender expectation of, let us say, chancing +to hit the captain of the opposing ship in the eye with a +lucky shot, at all justify such a waste of ammunition. +Gradually nearing one another, the ships manœuvring +less freely, hits will become more dangerous; the boats +that were not set adrift before the action began will be +alight and burning fiercely; the cowls of the wind trunks, +the funnels, and the masts will be in fragments.</p> + +<p>“The crew, wounded and reduced in numbers, will +have lost their calm, and consequently the firing will have +become wilder; finally, one of the two antagonists will +get in a lucky shot that will disable the other. She will +speedily become unmanageable, and her enemy will as +speedily close into within the thousand metres which will +permit of a torpedo being launched with every chance of +success, or the battle may be concluded by a final rush +and the point of the ram.</p> + +<p>“As the wounded hull sinks slowly beneath the waves, +the flag which had put such heart into the crew, and the +sight of which had spurred them to fight to the last, may +well seem as it disappears to repeat to the enemy these +sad words, ‘Thou but slayest one already dead.’</p> + +<p>“Four ships in place of two, eight in place of four, will +repeat in a perhaps more complex action the same phases +of attack, and the same foolish waste of ammunition, +which in these days causes the greatest preoccupation of +those who, having to design warships, must decide on +the quantity of ammunition and projectiles provided for +each different calibre of the armament.</p> + +<div class="tb">* * * * *</div> + +<p>“There is, however, another method of fighting and +sending your enemy to the bottom; but it is one that is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span> +capable of adoption only by a Navy at the same time +most potent and very rich.</p> + +<p>“Let us imagine a vessel whose armour is so well +distributed and so impervious as to be able to resist all +the attacks of an enemy’s artillery with the exception of +the projectiles of the 12-inch guns. Such a ship could +approach her enemy without firing a shot, without +wasting a single round of ammunition, absolutely +regardless of all the scratchings that her antagonist +might inflict on the exterior of her armour plates.</p> + +<p>“And as to-day the belts of fighting ships are +generally of such thickness that, when we leave the +results of the proving ground and come to the conditions +of actual combat, we find that it would be more than +difficult to penetrate them with 6-inch guns, we see at +once that it would be useless to equip our contemplated +ship with such artillery.</p> + +<p>“Further, if this ideal vessel which we have imagined +to be so potently armoured is also very swift, and of a +speed greater than that of a possible antagonist, she +could not only prevent this latter from getting away, +but also avail herself of her superiority in this respect +for choosing the most convenient position for striking the +belt of the enemy in the most advantageous manner.</p> + +<p>“For this swift vessel a numerous and uniform +armament of 8-inch guns, such as was contemplated for +the <i>Amalfi</i> class,<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> would appear to be sufficient, if we had +only to consider the penetration at right angles of modern +belts, especially if capped projectiles are adopted.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span></p> + +<p>“If, however, the hit is an oblique one, and the +distance is considerable, it appears necessary that we +should adopt the calibre of 12-inch if we want to be +absolutely certain of sinking the adversary, striking him +<i>only</i> on the belt. But the loading of such guns is as yet +very slow, although it has been greatly improved of late. +Besides, the number of hits that one can get in on to the +belt itself is small. From this it appears that in our +ideal and intensely powerful ship we must increase the +number of pieces of 12-inch so as to be able to get in at +least one fatal shot on the enemy’s belt at the water-line +before she has a chance of getting a similar fortunate +stroke at us from one of the four large pieces now usually +carried as the main armament.</p> + +<p>“We thus have outlined for us the main features of +our absolutely supreme vessel—with medium calibres +abolished—so effectually protected as to be able to +disregard entirely all the subsidiary armament of an +enemy, and armed only with twelve pieces of 12-inch. +Such a ship could fight in the second method we have +delineated, without throwing away a single shot, without +wasting ammunition. Secure in her exuberant protection +with her twelve guns ready, she would swiftly descend on +her adversary and pour in a terrible converging fire at the +belt.</p> + +<p>“Having disposed of her first antagonist, she would +at once proceed to attack another, and almost untouched, +to despatch yet another, not throwing away a single +round of her ammunition, but utilising all for sure and +deadly shots. A large and abundant supply of 12-inch +projectiles and ammunition can be provided, in addition +to the belt and guns contemplated, out of the 4,500 tons +of increase of displacement that will be disposable in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span> +enlargement of the <i>Vittorio Emanuele III</i> to become the +national British type of vessel in place of the <i>King +Edward VII</i>.</p> + +<p>“It will be necessary to defend our ‘<i>Invincible</i>’ +with a thick complete belt of twelve inches, and a +battery also protected with the 12-inch armour (for the +redoubt must be thus defended as well as the water-line, +so as to eliminate the perils of the first system of attack +sketched out, of progressive damages being adopted +against her); and at the same time she must be armed +with twelve pieces of 12-inch, arranged as in the <i>Amalfi</i> +class or in the <i>Vittorio Emanuele III</i>, so as to be able +herself to attack in the second method that has been +outlined, that is to say, the system of the stronger, of +the better defended, and most certainly that of the +richer. But when a certain number of such colossi of +17,000 tons—six, for example—had been constructed, it +is more than probable that the adversary would do his +utmost to prevent their getting near him, and, fearful +of the fatal result of so unequal a combat, would seek to +betake himself elsewhere immediately on the appearance +of the famous <i>Invincible</i> division.</p> + +<p>“In that case the command of the seas, or a deluded +belief that they have such command, will remain with +these <i>Invincible</i> ships, even although they may be of slow +speed; but to stop at this point would be too little and +unworthy of the Navy of the richest and most potent +Power in the world.</p> + +<p>“For this squadron or division, however ‘invincible,’ +will not be really and truly <i>supreme</i> if it cannot also +catch hold of the enemy’s tail. The bull in the vast ring +of the amphitheatre deludes himself with the idea that +because he is more powerful than the agile toreador he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span> +therefore has absolute command of the scene of the +combat; but he is too slow in following up his adversaries +and these almost always succeed in eluding his terrible +horns.</p> + +<p>“We must, therefore, come to the conclusion that the +type of vessel will not be absolutely <i>supreme</i> and worthy +of such a nation unless we furnish it with such speed +that it can overtake any of the enemy’s battleships and +oblige them to fight. It is, then, possible to give to a +vessel of 17,000 tons <span class="locked">displacement—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot hang"> + +<p>Protective armour of 12ins.</p> + +<p>Twelve guns of 12-inch calibre.</p> + +<p>An abundant supply of ammunition, and</p> + +<p>A very high speed, superior to that of all and existing +battleships afloat.</p> +</div> + +<p>“It has been said and written—indeed, repeatedly +written—that the <i>Vittorio Emanuele III</i> was a practical +impossibility. But before long she will be actually in +the water, and facts already show how vain were the +suppositions and criticisms of such croakers.<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a></p> + +<p>“But it has also been asserted that in the case of this +vessel surpassing the contemplated speed of 21½ knots on +trial and attaining that hoped for of 22 knots, such would +only prove that that particular tonnage of displacement +especially lends itself to obtaining a form of hull with +which we can realise a very high speed, and more so than +with larger ships. This, however, is not quite exact. +The law which governs the speed and displacement, +other things being equal, is well known to all naval +constructors, who have by heart the rule that whilst the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span> +displacement increases as the cube of the dimensions, the +resistance, on the other hand, at a given speed does not +increase in the same proportion as the displacement. +The pith of the kernel lies in utilising the most opportune +dimensions, or, rather, let us say, in adopting the special +form of hull most adapted to those dimensions, more +than in the actual amount of the displacement itself.</p> + +<p>“The amount of the displacement, however, is +intimately bound up with the question of the defensive +and offensive powers that it is wished to give to a ship; +so that once the particular objectives of the Italian +Navy had been laid down, and thereby the defensive +and offensive power sought for decided on, the question +resolved itself into harmonising them with a form of +hull of the greatest possible efficiency, and this worked +out at 12,600 tons. Nor does it appear that the problem +could have been satisfactorily solved with a vessel of +less displacement, as in that case it would have been +impossible to realise the required power, while with a +greater displacement the ship would have been incapable +of obtaining the desired speed.</p> + +<p>“In the same manner the defensive and offensive +power of the projected ships of the <i>Amalfi</i> class was +harmonised with a form of hull of such high efficiency +that it would have been possible to obtain a speed of +23 knots and probably more; but the statement that the +problem could not have been solved with a displacement +of much less or much greater tonnage than that projected, +is not to be taken as insisting that the solution must be +interpreted in a too absolute manner, asserting that the +speed of 23 knots could not be efficiently obtained save +with a displacement of from 8,000 to 9,000 tons, for this +would be inexact.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span></p> + +<p>“If now the question be put—Is it possible for some +naval architect to design a special form of hull having +a displacement of 17,000 tons, and with which we can +realise a very high speed—twenty-four knots, for +example?</p> + +<p>“‘Without doubt,’ will answer all practical naval +constructors.</p> + +<p>“If we go further, and ask—Is it possible for him at +the same time to arm such a vessel with twelve pieces of +12-inch?</p> + +<p>“‘Without doubt,’ will answer but a certain number +of such experienced men.</p> + +<p>“But if we go still further, and demand, finally—Is +it also possible for him to protect such a ship with 12-inch +armour?</p> + +<p>“‘Without doubt,’ will answer only one here and +there who may have already made researches in that +direction.</p> + +<p>“And as the solving of such a problem necessitates +many and many a calculation, and no amount of +discussion or argument on the matter could in any way +be conclusive unless based on definite plans and figures, +these lines might well conclude here.</p> + +<p>“But, in deference to the courteous inquiry of Admiral +Hopkins, this brief article must not be allowed to close +in a manner so indefinite.</p> + +<p>“I would, therefore, say frankly at once that the +designs for such a vessel have already been worked out, +and that its construction seems quite feasible and attainable. +Following up the progressive scale of displacement +from 8,000 to 12,000 tons, and then on to 17,000 tons, a +new <i>King Edward VII</i> has been designed, 521½ft. (159 +metres) in length, with a beam of eighty-two feet (twenty-five<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span> +metres), and mean draught of 27ft. (8.5 metres); +with the water-line protected with 12-inch plates, and +the battery similarly armoured; having two turrets at +the ends, each armed with a pair of 12-inch guns, and +two central side turrets high up (similar to the two with +8-inch guns in the <i>Vittorio Emanuele III</i>), also each +armed with two pieces of 12-inch, and four turrets at +the four angles of the upper part of the battery, having +each one 12-inch gun.</p> + +<p>“This vessel has no ports whatever in her armour; +she carries no secondary armament at all, but only the +usual pieces of small calibre for defence against torpedo +attack.</p> + +<p>“The speed to be realised, as proved by the tank +trials, is twenty-four knots.”</p> + +<p>The idea was at first received with derision and +scepticism, which lasted until, in the Russian-Japanese +War, it was announced that the Japanese had laid down +two battleships, the <i>Aki</i> and <i>Satsuma</i>, which “were to be +more or less on the lines of the ship projected by Colonel +Cuniberti.” Contemporaneous with this the United +States authorised the building of the <i>South Carolina</i> and +<i>Michigan</i>, which carry eight 12-inch guns, so disposed as +to be available on either broadside.</p> + +<p>Both these ideas were public property before the +British <i>Dreadnought</i> was laid down. She was, however, +built with such rapidity that she was completed long +before any other vessel of the type.</p> + +<figure id="i_147" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 39em;"> + <img src="images/i_147.jpg" width="2454" height="1634" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">THE “DREADNOUGHT”—1906. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>In the design for a new type of British capital ship, +a great many ideas were considered and rejected. +Eventually, however, it was decided to equip the +<i>Dreadnought</i> with five turrets so disposed that eight guns +were available on either broadside and six guns available<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span> +ahead or astern. The designed speed of the ship was +twenty-one knots.</p> + +<p>Together with this type of ship, another type, +somewhat more resembling the Cuniberti ideal, was laid +down. Three ships of this class, the <i>Invincible</i> class, +were designed for a speed of twenty-five knots, and +given big guns so disposed that eight guns were available +on either broadside and six big guns ahead or astern.</p> + +<p>The <i>Dreadnought</i> was officially laid down in December, +1905, and completed ten months later. Actually, +however, materials for her were collected months beforehand, +and the rate at which she was built,<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> like the +secrecy with which her building was surrounded, consisted +in great measure of a theatrical display, very impressive +to the general public at the time, but to-day generally +regarded as “unfortunate” on account of the foreign +attention thus attracted. But, while the previous +chapter is clear proof of the futility of any real secrecy +about the “Dreadnought idea,” so far as the British +Navy was concerned, it likewise serves to refute a charge +which has been made to the effect that the “secrecy +policy” induced foreign nations to build Dreadnoughts +also. The most that can be said is that had the +<i>Dreadnought</i> been built without so much attention being +attracted to her, foreign nations might have been less in +a hurry to copy her. But it is absolutely clear that the +all-big-gun ship era had arrived, just as in the past the +ironclad era came, or, in earlier days still, the gun and +steam eras did. The actual place of the <i>Dreadnought</i> in +history is that she marks a wise and rapid recognition of +new conditions.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span></p> + +<p>Details of the <i>Dreadnought</i> are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—17,900 tons.</li> + +<li>Length—526ft. (over all).</li> + +<li>Beam—82ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—Maximum, 29ft. (normal).</li> + +<li>Armament—Ten 12-inch, 45 cal.; twenty-seven +12 pounders; five submerged tubes (18 inch).</li> + +<li>Armour Belt—11-in. to 6-in. forward; and 4-in. +aft. On turrets 11-inch (K.C.)</li> + +<li>Machinery—Parsons Turbine; four screws.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—23,000 = 21 knots.</li> + +<li>Boilers—Babcock.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 900 tons; (maximum) 2,000 tons; +oil fuel also.</li> + +<li>Built at Portsmouth; Engined by Vickers.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The <i>Dreadnought</i> was unique in every particular. +The exact disposition of her big gun armament was only +arrived at after a long and careful consultation, and the +consideration of a number of alternatives. It admits of +eight big guns bearing in nearly every position, and +allows a minimum fire of six in any case. It is understood +that, in addition to the plan actually adopted, in the +earliest plan of all (which was merely an adaption of the +<i>Lord Nelson</i> class), consideration was given to a scheme +of five turrets, all in the centre line, and also to an +arrangement whereby the two amidship turrets would be +placed <i>en échelon</i>.</p> + +<p>One of the particular arguments in favour of the +plan ultimately adopted was that next to four, eight big +guns form the best workable unit for fire control purposes. +It was also considered that eight guns would probably +be the maximum that could safely be fired together +continuously, with full charges in battle conditions.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span></p> + +<figure id="i_151" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_151.jpg" width="1644" height="2460" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS FOR THE DREADNOUGHT. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span></p> + +<p>In these days when all big gun armaments are the +rule, there is a tendency to overlook the fact that the +<i>Dreadnought’s</i> main armament was double that of +previous ships, with only a comparatively small increase +of displacement, and that no intermediate experience +existed as to what might be expected.</p> + +<p>With a view to standing the shock of discharge, the +<i>Dreadnought</i> was built with very heavy scantlings and +generally given an immensely strong hull. The armouring +followed orthodox lines, except that a certain amount +was applied internally under-water as a protection +against torpedoes. In addition she was given solid bulkheads,<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> +though this was no novelty except with the +British Navy, as they had been introduced some years +before in the battleship <i>Tsarevitch</i> and the armoured +cruiser <i>Bayan</i>, built for the Russians at La Seyne. +Another novelty in the <i>Dreadnought</i> was the adoption of +a high forecastle, she being the first British battleship in +which this appears. Another innovation was the placing +of the officers’ quarters forward and putting the men aft, +a system which, however, has since been abandoned in +the most recent vessels.</p> + +<p>The greatest novelty of the <i>Dreadnought</i>, however, +was the adoption of turbine machinery, and the form of +her hull, with a 30ft. overhang aft, in order to adapt the +ship to the new means of propulsion. The fitting of +turbines to the new <i>Dreadnought</i> was perhaps an even +greater novelty than her armament, she being the first +warship, other than small cruisers, to be so equipped.</p> + +<p>The introduction of turbines was regarded with a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span> +good deal of apprehension in certain quarters, especially +when it became known that the three other big ships +belonging to the same programme were also to be turbine +propelled. The type selected for all was the Parsons with +four shafts. The wing shafts of the <i>Dreadnought</i> have +each one high pressure ahead and one high pressure +astern turbine. The amidship ones are fitted with three +turbines each—one low pressure one ahead, and one low +pressure astern, and one turbine for going astern. Each +turbine has 39,600 blades.</p> + +<p>On her first trials the <i>Dreadnought</i> exceeded her +designed speed for short spurts by three-quarters of a +knot, but on the eight hours’ run barely succeeded in +making a mean of twenty-one knots. Shortly afterwards +she fell a little below this, but at a later date picked up +again, and on more than one occasion since she has easily +made twenty-two knots or over. Such early difficulties +as occurred were due to the fact that her engine-room +complement were at first necessarily unfamiliar with +working so large an installation. The total cost of the +<i>Dreadnought</i>, which belongs to the 1905–06 programme, +was £1,797,497, and save that her draught somewhat +exceeded anticipations, the ship was a success in every +way, proving a remarkably steady gun-platform.</p> + +<p>The Committee which sat on the <i>Dreadnought</i> design +was by no means entirely unanimous as to what sacrifice +should be made for speed. The <i>Dreadnought</i> herself, +despite a considerable increase of speed as compared with +the battleships that preceded her, did not obtain that +speed by the sacrifice of any battleship qualities, but +almost entirely on account of the substitution of turbines +for reciprocating engines. To that extent, therefore, +though nearly as fast as the armoured cruisers of a few<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span> +years before, she may be said to have developed entirely +along normal lines, rather than on those laid down by +Cuniberti.</p> + +<p>The table on the next page and diagrams indicate how +the original Cuniberti idea compares with the first results +obtained. It will be noticed that, except in the case of +the <i>Invincible</i> type, and there only at a sacrifice of armour +and armament, was, however, anything like the Cuniberti +speed attempted. It should be stated that in the +Cuniberti ship the peculiar “girder construction” of his +<i>Vittorio Emanuele</i> was obviously contemplated. This +construction, which admits of far lighter scantlings than +usually employed, has not been attempted in any other +Navies, and a corresponding extra dead-weight results.</p> + +<p>Coming to details, there is uncertainty as to the +exact original design of the <i>Satsuma</i>; but a uniform +armament of big guns was certainly the first to be +projected. It is not clear whether it was abandoned from +a preference for a numerically larger but mixed battery; +or with a view to utilising such guns as were most likely +to be available for early delivery. Japan was then at +war, and there was the natural anticipation that the +ships might be wanted before the war was over. It +should, on the other hand, be borne in mind that the +<i>Kashima</i> and <i>Katori</i>, of 16,400 tons, carrying four 12-inch, +four 10-inch, twelve 6-inch, and twelve 14-pounders, with +9-inch belts and 18.5 knot speeds were at that time held +up in England on account of the war. Hence it has with +some considerable show of reason been argued that the +<i>Satsuma</i> and <i>Aki</i> are nothing but normal developments +of the <i>Kashima</i> design, bearing just the same relation to +it as the British <i>Lord Nelsons</i> bear to the <i>King Edwards</i>. +It was also practically admitted by the Japanese at a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span> +later date that for diplomatic reasons, in accounts of the +contemporary armoured cruisers of the <i>Tsukuba</i> class, the +armaments<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> were exaggerated.</p> + +<p class="p1 center">ORIGINAL DREADNOUGHT DESIGNS.</p> + +<table id="t156" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdc">Normal Displacement. Tons.</td> + <td class="tdc">Armament.</td> + <td class="tdc">Belt. in.</td> + <td class="tdc">Des’d. Speed. Knots.</td> + <td class="tdc">Laid Down.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2"><i>Cuniberti</i> (as built)</td> + <td class="tdc">17,000</td> + <td class="tdl">12—12in., 18—12 pdr.</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">12</td> + <td class="tdc">24</td> + <td class="tdc"><i>pro.</i> 1903</td> +</tr> +<tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdl in2"><i>Satsuma</i> Design</td> + <td class="tdc">19,250</td> + <td class="tdl">12 <i>or</i> 10—12in., 12—4.7</td> + <td class="tdc fsp">9</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2"><i>Satsuma</i></td> + <td class="tdc">19,250</td> + <td class="tdl">4—12in., 12—10in., 12—6</td> + <td class="tdc fsp">9</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">1905</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2"><i>S. Carolina, pro.</i></td> + <td class="tdc">16–17,000</td> + <td class="tdl">8—12in., (<i>or</i> 4—12in., 8—10in.), 30—14 pdr.</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">18–20</td> + <td class="tdc">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2"><i>S. Carolina</i></td> + <td class="tdc">16,000</td> + <td class="tdl">8—12in., 22—14 pdr.</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">18½</td> + <td class="tdc">1906</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2"><i>Dreadnought</i>, 1st Design</td> + <td class="tdc">?</td> + <td class="tdl">10—12in.</td> + <td class="tdc">..</td> + <td class="tdc">..</td> + <td class="tdc">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2"><i>Dreadnought</i> (as built)</td> + <td class="tdc">17,900</td> + <td class="tdl">10—12in., 27—12 pdr.</td> + <td class="tdc">11</td> + <td class="tdc">21</td> + <td class="tdc">1905</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl in2"><i>Invincible</i></td> + <td class="tdc">17,250</td> + <td class="tdl">8—12in., 16—4in.</td> + <td class="tdc fsp">7</td> + <td class="tdc">25</td> + <td class="tdc">1906</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Nassau</i> (as “S”)</td> + <td class="tdc">?</td> + <td class="tdl">8—11in., 12—6in., 10—24 pdr.</td> + <td class="tdc">?</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">19½</td> + <td class="tdc">1906</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Nassau</i></td> + <td class="tdc">18,500</td> + <td class="tdl">12—11in., 12—6in., 10—24 pdr.</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">9¾</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">19½</td> + <td class="tdc">1907</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="p0 b1 center"><i>Note.</i>—The <i>Nassau</i> was delayed a year owing to alterations in design.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span></p> + +<p>Be all these things as they may, however, Japan +is obviously entitled to some considerable share in +originating the “Dreadnought movement.”</p> + +<p>The claims of the United States Navy rest on a +stronger basis. The <i>South Carolina</i> type, all big guns +in the centre line, all bearing on either broadside, was +a distinct advance and novelty. The actual chronological +date of laying down goes for nothing; the ships +were designed and authorised long before they were +commenced. No secrecy whatever was observed about +them, and a strong body of opinion will always credit +the United States with being the first Navy that +definitely adopted the “all-big-gun idea.” It is interesting +to note (see <a href="#t156">table</a>) that at one stage a mixed 12-inch +and 10-inch armament was regarded as a possible +alternative.</p> + +<figure id="i_157" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_157.jpg" width="1657" height="2662" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + CUIBERI.<br> + SATSUMA.<br> + S CAROLINA. <span class="allsmcap">FIRST DESIGN</span><br> + S CAROLINA.<br> + <span class="allsmcap">FIRST BRITISH</span> DREADNOUGHT <span class="allsmcap">DESIGN</span><br> + DREADNOUGHT.<br> + INVINCIBLE.<br> + NASSAU <span class="allsmcap">FIRST DESIGN</span><br> + NASSAU <span class="allsmcap">AS BUILT</span> + </p> + <p>ORIGINAL DREADNOUGHT DESIGNS.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>It has been claimed, either by those responsible for +the <i>Dreadnought</i> herself, or by others professing to speak +for them, that the <i>Dreadnought</i> was evolved entirely +independently of Cuniberti’s ideal. It is practically +impossible to say definitely how far there can be any +truth in this. In all Admiralties, ships are, as a rule, +designed as “projects” long before they see the light +(some never see it at all, as witness the sea-going masted +turret-ship of his design referred to by Sir Edward Reed +in some remarks quoted on an earlier page!). The first +British all-big-gun ship design (see <a href="#i_157">diagram</a>) is a lineal +enough descendant of the <i>King Edward</i> and <i>Lord Nelson</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span> +just as Cuniberti’s is a descendant of the <i>Vittorio +Emanuele</i>.</p> + +<p>The Cuniberti design appears, however, to have been +submitted as early as 1901. In any case, to Cuniberti +belongs the first clear exposition of the idea, while the +ridicule with which it was at first received indicates the +general novelty.</p> + +<p>Germany is also a claimant to having evolved +Dreadnoughts with the “<i>S</i>” type, intended to have been +laid down in 1906, to follow the <i>Deutschlands</i>. These +ships can hardly have been designed much later than +1904. When first heard of they were reported to carry +four big gun turrets, of which two were placed on either +side amidships. Six big guns was the first reputed +armament, later each turret was to carry two guns.</p> + +<p>The absurd secrecy with which subsequent German +designs have been shrouded was not then in evidence; +and all the indications are that the <i>Nassau</i>, as originally +contemplated, was to have been a four-turret ship—the +two extra 11-inch being Germany’s equivalent for the +four 12-inch, four 9.2, of our <i>King Edwards</i>. This would +perhaps accord Germany a priority in actually adopting +the principle of an increased number of heavy guns.</p> + +<p>All of which suffices to indicate that the adoption +of more than four big guns had little or nothing to do +with the somewhat theatrical building of the original +<i>Dreadnought</i>.</p> + +<p>On the other hand (with the possible and doubtful +exception of the <i>South Carolinas</i><a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a>) it appears clear that +the <i>Dreadnought</i> was the first ship in which the all-big-gun +principle was adopted as a technical asset in gun-laying +over and above guns <i>qua</i> guns. After four, eight was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span> +the “tactical unit” of guns, promising results altogether +out of proportion to anything that six, or for that +matter, ten (in proportion) could achieve.</p> + +<figure id="i_161" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_161.jpg" width="1652" height="2668" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <table id="t163"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">1879.</td> + <td class="tdl">French</td> + <td class="tdl">AMIRAL DUPERRÉ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">1886.</td> + <td class="tdl">French</td> + <td class="tdl">HOCHE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">1886.</td> + <td class="tdl">Austria</td> + <td class="tdl">K.E.RUDOLPH.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">1886.</td> + <td class="tdl">Russian</td> + <td class="tdl">TCHESMA.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">1889.</td> + <td class="tdl">German</td> + <td class="tdl">SIEGFRIED.</td> + </tr> + </table> + <p>EARLY EXAMPLES OF WING TURRETS.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>It may not be too much to say that what Cuniberti +“saw as through a glass darkly,” the <i>Dreadnought</i> +translated into fact, and that she was the first battleship +avowedly so designed.</p> + +<p>“Fire control” was a new thing in 1905. No navy, +save the British, had considered it to any appreciable +degree. The <i>King Edwards</i> had taught that control +of two calibres from one position was a practical +impossibility. Mixed calibres were damned accordingly, +and there was no outlet but the <i>Dreadnought</i>.</p> + +<p>But for Cuniberti she might, and possibly would, +have remained a theoretical desirability for several +more years. The measure of his genius may be the +demonstration that such an ideal ship could be built. +It is to be argued that he did nothing more than put +into practicable shape what already existed as a +hypothesis. Even so, however, to him belongs the +honour of indicating that the step from theory to +practice was possible; and on that account alone he +deserves to go down to posterity as the actual creator +of Dreadnoughts.</p> + +<p>In the other three ships of the 1905–06 programme, +however, a high speed was accepted as the governing +factor. The ships as built were designated “armoured +cruisers,” and in so far as the Japanese were known to be +building armoured cruisers carrying battleship guns, +that designation was legitimate. For that matter, there +also existed a paper by Professor Hovgaard, of the +Massachusetts School of Naval Architecture, in which it +was tentatively laid down that the ideal armoured<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span> +cruiser of the future would be a battleship in armament +and armour, increased in size, to obtain greater speed.</p> + +<p>The three companion ships to the <i>Dreadnought</i>—the +<i>Invincible</i>, <i>Inflexible</i>, and <i>Indomitable</i>—adhered no more +closely to the Hovgaard ideal than to the Cuniberti one. +In principle they varied from the <i>Dreadnought</i> design +only in that they sacrificed a certain amount of armour in +order to obtain a greater speed. By the adoption of the +échelon system, the same broadside-fire was secured for +them (on paper, at any rate) as for the <i>Dreadnought</i>, +though with a turret less. In practice it has been found +that there are very few positions in which they can bring +more than six big guns to bear, but this must be considered +as an error of construction rather than of principle. +They have turned out to be wonderful steamers, but +considerably inferior sea-boats to the <i>Dreadnought</i>, and +in the British Navy are generally likely in the future to +become regarded as obsolete long before the former. +For all that, they probably approximate more nearly to +the warship of the future than the <i>Dreadnought</i>.</p> + +<p>Admiral Bacon, in his views as to the warship of the +future, generally inclined to the idea of very large and +very swift ships, relying on armament, speed, and +super-scientific internal sub-division rather than on +armour protection. These ships would act more or less +independently, each, as it were, representing a divided +squadron group of to-day.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to note that Italy, which in the +seventies evolved in the <i>Duilio</i> and <i>Dandolo</i> the “Dreadnought” +of that period, eventually developed a very +similar idea in the <i>Italia</i> and <i>Lepanto</i>, which had no side +armour whatever. In later designs a thin belt was +reverted to, and finally the old cycle was resumed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span></p> + +<p>This result was brought about by the quickfirer, +which appeared as a rival to the hitherto predominant +monster gun. To-day the torpedo is becoming paramount +and a danger to a fleet in close order at almost any range—hence +the Bacon ideal. It remains to be seen whether +the future will produce any analogy to the cycle of the +quickfirer of the eighties.</p> + +<p>Details of the <i>Invincible</i> type <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—17,250 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (over all)—562ft. (<i>p.p.</i>, 530ft.).</li> + +<li>Beam—78½ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—29ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Eight 12-inch, XI, 45 calibre, sixteen +4-inch (model 1907); three submerged tubes.</li> + +<li>Armour Belt—7-inch, reduced to 4-inch at the +ends.</li> + +<li>Machinery—Parsons Turbine.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—41,000 = 25 knots.</li> + +<li>Boilers—(<i>Invincible</i> and <i>Inflexible</i>) Yarrow, +(<i>Indomitable</i>) Babcock.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 1,000 tons; (maximum) 3,000 +tons; oil fuel also.</li> + +<li>Builders—(<i>Invincible</i>) Elswick, (<i>Inflexible</i>) Clydebank, +(<i>Indomitable</i>) Fairfield.</li> + +<li>Engined—(<i>Invincible</i>) Humphrys, (<i>Inflexible</i>) +Clydebank, (<i>Indomitable</i>) Fairfield.</li> +</ul> + +<p>As originally designed, the anti-torpedo guns of these +ships would have been the same as the <i>Dreadnought’s</i>, +but, having been completed nearly two years later and +a new pattern 4-inch quickfirer having been invented +in the interim, they were fitted with these guns. The +trial results were as follows:—<i>Invincible</i>, 26.6 knots; +<i>Inflexible</i>, 26.5 knots; and <i>Indomitable</i>, 26.1 knots;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span> +the designed horse power being considerably exceeded +in every case. After they were commissioned and had +shaken down, these trial speeds were considerably +exceeded, and at one time and another they all did +well over 28 knots; the <i>Indomitable</i> having made a +record of 28.7.</p> + +<p>The fuel consumption of these ships is naturally +enormous. The <i>Indomitable</i>, in crossing the Atlantic at +full speed, burned about 500 tons of coal a day, as well +as about 120 tons of oil. As steamers they are to be +considered remarkably successful. The average cost of +construction was about £1,752,000, which works out at +a little under £102 per ton.</p> + +<p>Towards the close of the year 1911 the official +designation of “armoured cruiser” for them and similar +ships was abandoned, and the term “battle cruiser” +substituted. No further secret was made of the fairly +obvious fact that they were designed as “fast battleships,” +intended to engage and hold a retreating enemy till such +time as the main squadron could come up.</p> + +<p>Curiously enough, for some while, though every +nation started building <i>Dreadnoughts</i>, Germany alone +proceeded to build <i>Invincibles</i> also. In 1911 Japan +ordered a ship of fast battleship type; but, generally +speaking, foreign nations have abstained from embodying +this portion of the Cuniberti ideal in their designs.</p> + +<figure id="i_167" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_167.jpg" width="1664" height="2454" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p> + DREADNOUGHT.<br> + INDOMITABLE.<br> + NEPTUNE.<br> + INDEFATIGABLE. + </p> + <p>DREADNOUGHTS.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The programme for the years 1906–07 had been +originally intended to include the building of four +armoured ships, presumably one <i>Dreadnought</i> and three +<i>Invincibles</i>; but the Liberal party, which had just come +into power, modified this to three battleships of an +improved <i>Dreadnought</i> type. This action led to a +popular agitation which ultimately eventuated in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span> +provision of no less than eight armoured ships in the +estimates of three years later.</p> + +<p>The three ships which followed, the <i>Dreadnought</i>, +the <i>Bellerophon</i>, <i>Téméraire</i>, and <i>Superb</i>, are some seven +hundred tons heavier, but otherwise differ only in minor +details. For the one heavy tripod of the <i>Dreadnought</i>, +two were substituted, and the 4-inch anti-torpedo gun +was also mounted. In the next year the <i>St. Vincent</i> +class, a group of similar type, but increased by 650 tons, +were provided. The anti-torpedo armament is carried +to 20 guns in the <i>St. Vincent</i> class, which are 10ft. longer +than their predecessors, and carry fifty-calibre big guns +in place of the forty-five calibre pieces of the earlier ships. +The constructive particulars of these ships are as +<span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t169" class="tbdr date"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Machinery by.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Laid down.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Completed.</td> + <td class="tdc">Trials.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Bellerophon</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.,</td> + <td class="tdr">’06</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.,</td> + <td class="tdr">’07</td> + <td class="tdc">21.9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Téméraire</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn, Leslie</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.,</td> + <td class="tdr">’07</td> + <td class="tdl">May,</td> + <td class="tdr">’09</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Superb</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Elswick</td> + <td class="tdl">Wallsend Co.</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.,</td> + <td class="tdr">’07</td> + <td class="tdl">June,</td> + <td class="tdr">’09</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>St. Vincent</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Scott Eng. & S. Co.</td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.,</td> + <td class="tdr">’07</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.,</td> + <td class="tdr">’10</td> + <td class="tdc">21.9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Collingwood</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn, L.</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.,</td> + <td class="tdr">’08</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.,</td> + <td class="tdr">’10</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1p">22</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Vanguard</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> + <td class="tdl">April,</td> + <td class="tdr">’08</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.,</td> + <td class="tdr">’10</td> + <td class="tdc">22.1</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the Estimates for 1908–09, the armoured ships +provided were reduced to two, the <i>Neptune</i> and the +<i>Indefatigable</i>. Provision in the United States, Argentine, +and Brazilian Navies for ships bearing ten big guns on +the broadside and the prospect of ships with equal broadsides +being constructed elsewhere is presumably the +reason why in the <i>Neptune</i> the original <i>Dreadnought</i> +design was varied, and a new arrangement of turrets +introduced. The <i>Neptune</i>, which is of 20,200 tons, is a +species of compromise between the <i>Dreadnought</i> and +<i>Invincible</i> designs, the amidship guns being <i>en échelon</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span> +and so mounted that they give a very full arc of fire +on either broadside. The increased space occupied by +this arrangement necessitated a certain cramping aft, +for which reason the forward of the two after turrets +was superposed to train over the aftermost, American +fashion.</p> + +<p>Particulars of the <i>Neptune</i> are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—20,200 tons.</li> + +<li>Length (over all)—546ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—85ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—29ft.</li> + +<li>Guns—Ten 12-inch, fifty calibre, twenty 4-inch.</li> + +<li>Armour—Belt 12-in. amidships, 6-in. forward, 4-in. +aft. Lower deckside, 9¾-in. Turrets, 12—8-in.</li> + +<li>Machinery—Parsons Turbine.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—25,000 = 21 knots.</li> + +<li>Boilers—Yarrow.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 900 tons; (maximum) 2,700 tons; +oil fuel also.</li> + +<li>Built at Portsmouth Dockyard.</li> + +<li>Engined by Harland and Wolff.</li> +</ul> + +<p>On trial she developed at three-quarter power I.H.P. +18,575, with a speed of nineteen knots, and at full power +27,721, with 21.78 knots. Her best maximum spurt +speed was 22.7—that is to say, about one and three-quarter +knots over contract.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Neptune</i> the original <i>Dreadnought</i> practice of +mounting the anti-torpedo armament on top of the +turrets was entirely abandoned, and these guns were +placed inside or on top of the superstructure in three +main groups.</p> + +<p>The number of torpedo tubes was reduced to three, +the reason for this being partly to save space and also +to take advantage of improved methods for securing +rapidity of fire. In the <i>Neptune</i> the possibility of aero +craft first received consideration, the upper deck being +built sufficiently thick to be proof against bombs dropped +from aloft.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span></p> + +<figure id="i_171" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 39em;"> + <img src="images/i_171.jpg" width="2442" height="1633" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">“INDEFATIGABLE” AND “INVINCIBLE” 1911. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The <i>Neptune</i> was one of the cheapest ships ever<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span> +built for the British Navy, her cost working out at a +little under £87 per ton.</p> + +<p>The other ship of the same programme was the +<i>Indefatigable</i>, an improved <i>Invincible</i>. She represents +an increase of nearly 2,000 tons over the type ship, with +an increase in length of 18ft. and a foot more beam. +Save for the addition of four more anti-torpedo guns the +armament remains the same, but an extra inch is added +to the belt. The principal improvement achieved in her +is that the two amidship turrets are much less crowded +up than in the type ship, thus securing a considerably +better range of fire.</p> + +<p>Although the horse power is proportionately less +than that of the <i>Invincibles</i>, the better lines of the ship +have made her even more speedy. She easily exceeded +her designed speed on trial, and has reached as high as +29.13 knots.</p> + +<p>The cost of construction was £1,547,426, which +works out at about £82 10s. per ton, as against the +average £120 per ton that the <i>Invincibles</i> cost to build. +She was the cheapest ship ever built for the British +Navy,<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> to her date.</p> + +<p>Details of the <i>Indefatigable</i> <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—19,200 tons.</li> + +<li>Length—578ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—79½ft.</li> + +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span></li> + +<li>Draught—27¾ft.</li> + +<li>Guns—Eight 12-inch, fifty calibre, twenty 4-inch.</li> + +<li>Armour Belt—8-in. amidships, diminished to 4-in. +at the ends.</li> + +<li>Machinery—Parsons Turbine.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—43,000 = 25 knots.</li> + +<li>Boilers—Babcock.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 1,000 tons; (maximum) 2,500 +tons; oil fuel also.</li> + +<li>Built at Devonport Dockyard.</li> + +<li>Engined by J. Brown & Co., of Clydebank.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Two other battle-cruisers almost identical to the +<i>Indefatigable</i>, the <i>Australia</i> at Clydebank, for the +Australian Navy, and the <i>New Zealand</i> at Fairfield, +a gift from New Zealand to the British Navy, were +launched in 1911.</p> + +<p>The programme for 1908–09, consisting as it did of +only two armoured ships, and the fact that the corresponding +German programme was increased by one capital ship, +bringing the total to four, brought the naval agitation +to a head. Meetings demanding eight “Dreadnoughts” +were held all over the country, with the result that the +British programme for 1909–10 rose to four armoured +ships with four other “conditional” ships. The ships +of the former programme were the <i>Colossus</i>, <i>Hercules</i>, +<i>Orion</i>, and <i>Lion</i>, and the first two of these were laid down +some months before the usual date, the <i>Colossus</i> being +commenced in July instead of at the end of the year.</p> + +<p>The “conditional” ships were all eventually laid +down in April of the following year. They were the +<i>Monarch</i>, <i>Conqueror</i>, <i>Thunderer</i>, and <i>Princess Royal</i>.</p> + +<p>Under this programme there were no less than three +distinct types of ships. The first two, the <i>Colossus</i> and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span> +<i>Hercules</i>, are practically sisters of the <i>Neptune</i>, but of 400 +tons greater displacement. They differ in appearance in +having but one tripod mast instead of two. This, like +the <i>Dreadnought’s</i>, is placed abaft the foremost funnel. +The <i>Colossus</i> was built and engined by the Scott Shipbuilding +and Engineering Co., commenced in July, 1909, +and completed two years later. The <i>Hercules</i>, built by +Palmer’s, followed a month later in both cases. The +first is fitted with Babcock, and the second with Yarrow +boilers. A point of minor interest about these two ships +is that whereas the anti-torpedo armament of the +<i>Neptune</i> is in three groups, that of the <i>Colossus</i> and +<i>Hercules</i> is in two groups only, the mounting of small +guns between the échelon turrets being done away with.</p> + +<p>The other two types of the 1909–10 Estimates +are the ships generally known as “super-Dreadnoughts.”</p> + +<h3><i>SUPER-DREADNOUGHTS.</i></h3> + +<p>The most obvious feature of the so-called “super-Dreadnoughts” +is the introduction of the 13.5-inch +gun, particulars of which will be found at the end of +this chapter. This gun was experimented with with a +certain amount of secrecy, and was for a long time +officially designated as the 12-inch “A,” although +practically everybody knew that it was really a 13.5. +It was only rendered possible by recent improvements in +gun-mountings and gun-construction. It is not very +appreciably heavier than the latest type of 12-inch, as +mounted in the <i>Colossus</i>, and its adoption was not so +much a matter of obtaining an increased range and +penetration, as of securing the tremendously increased +smashing power of the heavier projectile.</p> + +<p>Somewhat less obvious to the general public, but +really of a great deal more far-reaching importance, is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span> +the “Americanising” of British naval design exhibited +in all the “super-Dreadnoughts.” Though differing in +detail, the arrangement of the armament in all the +“super-Dreadnoughts” followed the American centre-line +system, an interesting indication of the progress of +the United States Navy from the days, not so very long +ago, when American warship design was more or less +a <i>pour faire rire</i>! It is none the less interesting from +the fact that in the earliest designs, in all ships carrying +more than two turrets, the centre line was the only +arrangement ever built or even considered. Yet when +an increased number of turrets came into being, the +American Navy was the only one which followed the +original practice. In all other Navies ideas of the +period 1870–1880, when strong end-on fire was considered +an all-important essential, influenced design. America +alone appreciated the prophecy long ago made by +Admiral Colomb to the effect that whatever else might +temporarily obtain, broadside to broadside would always +be reverted to for battle, on the grounds that thus, and +thus only, could the maximum number of guns be +utilised.</p> + +<p>It is proper here to remark that though the Americans +adopted the centre line from the outset for practical +reasons, this disposition became more or less a necessity +when 13.5’s came in, owing to the infinitely greater +strain on the structure. This has been occasionally used +as an argument against American influence having made +itself felt, but the balance of evidence shows that even +had the 13.5-inch not appeared, the centre line system +would have figured in the Navy. The original centre-line +idea disappeared because the échelon system looked so +superior. The échelon system of the 1875–85 era,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span> +however, died out in its turn on account of certain +practical disadvantages. It was resurrected when these +had been forgotten in the lapse of years; but the +disadvantages entailed in firing across a deck soon +made themselves felt again once the system was +reverted to.</p> + +<figure id="i_177" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_177.jpg" width="1647" height="2658" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <table id="t179"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">U.S.</td> + <td class="tdl">ROANOKE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">British.</td> + <td class="tdl">ROYAL SOVEREIGN.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Russian.</td> + <td class="tdl">ADMIRAL LAZAREFF.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">French.</td> + <td class="tdl">AMIRAL BAUDIN.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">German.</td> + <td class="tdl">BRANDENBURG.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">U.S.</td> + <td class="tdl">S. CAROLINA.</td> + </tr> + </table> + <p>CENTRE-LINE SHIPS OF VARIOUS DATES.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>One of the earliest advocates, if not the first of +modern advocates, of the centre-line in England was +Admiral Hopkins. Discussing the original Cuniberti +ideal, Admiral Hopkins pointed out that although for +an absolute right-ahead or astern fire wing-turrets gave +an advantage, a very slight yaw entirely altered the +proportion, and that circumstance in which the enemy +was dead right-ahead necessitating such a yaw were +likely to occur very rarely indeed in war. He leaned, +therefore, to the opinion that a fewer number of guns +all in the centre line would be equally as efficacious, +practically, as a larger number disposed partly in wing +turrets.</p> + +<p>The échelon system, of course, renders practically +no assistance here, the arc of the guns firing across the +deck being necessarily restricted, even with the best +échelon arrangement. While, therefore, the échelon +system is good for absolute end-on, or for more or less +absolute broadside firing, any intermediate and more +probable position renders it less efficient than a centre-line +arrangement.</p> + +<p>Another defect of the échelon system is that with it, +except exactly end-on, one side of the ship is necessarily +more efficient than the other, and that this is reversed +according to whether the enemy is ahead or astern, +twenty-five per cent. of the big-gun armament being +affected thereby in a four turreted ship.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span></p> + +<p>Though attention never seems to have been drawn +to the matter, it is a fact worthy of some attention that +the <i>Von der Tann</i>, which is to be regarded as Germany’s +“answer” to the <i>Invincibles</i>, has (like all German<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">34</a> ships +on the same system) her échelonned turrets exactly in +reverse order to British ones. All British ships have the +port turret foremost; all German ones the starboard. +The net result of this is that (as the diagram indicates) +there are two worst and two best positions for either +design. An <i>Invincible</i> getting and keeping a <i>Von der +Tann</i> upon her starboard bow or port quarter would +have a twenty-five per cent. superiority over her, while, +supposing the German type to maintain a position on +her starboard quarter or port bow she would be to the +same extent over-matched, and to a certain extent “in +chancery.”</p> + +<p>With the centre line system, the imposition of +fighting one side rather than the other is not imposed, and +overhauling or being overhauled causes no disadvantage. +Nothing is lost, save in the almost hypothetical case of +two ships engaging exactly end-on—a condition which in +no case would endure for more than a very short space +of time, to say nothing of the fact that practically +all gunnery errors being of “elevation” and not of +“direction,” a ship adopting the end-on position offers +the equivalent of a vertical target of some 60ft. to 70ft. +instead of the equivalent of 30ft. or so that she would +present broadside on.</p> + +<p>The centre-line system may, therefore, be expected +to endure against all other dispositions pending the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span> +appearance of some fresh condition of affairs which +would cause the old end-on idea to be reverted to.<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a></p> + +<figure id="i_181" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_181.jpg" width="1648" height="2672" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">DIAGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE WEAK POINT OF THE ÉCHELON SYSTEM. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The <i>Orion</i> was the only one of her class which +belonged to the normal Estimates, 1909–10, the other +three—<i>Conqueror</i>, <i>Thunderer</i>, <i>Monarch</i>—being “contingent +ships.” Details of the class are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—23,500 tons.</li> + +<li>Length—(between perpendiculars) 554½ft; (over all) +584ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—88½ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(mean) 27¾ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Ten 13.5-inch, forty-five calibre; sixteen +4-inch; three 21-inch torpedo tubes.</li> + +<li>Armour Belt—12—4-inch. Turrets, 12-inch.</li> + +<li>Machinery—Parsons turbine.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—27,000 = 21 knots.</li> + +<li>Boilers—Babcock.</li> + +<li>Coal—(nominal) 900 tons; (maximum) 2,700 tons; +oil, 1,000 tons.</li> +</ul> + +<table id="t183" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Engines by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Orion</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth</td> + <td class="tdl">Wallsend Co.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Conqueror</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Beardmore</td> + <td class="tdl">Beardmore</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Thunderer</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Thames I.W.</td> + <td class="tdl">Thames I.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Monarch</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Elswick</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <i>Orion</i> was laid down in November, 1909, the +others in April, 1910.</p> + +<p>The <i>Orion</i> was the first of these ships to be commissioned, +and her gunnery trials were watched with +great interest. Few details of them transpired, save +that part of the secondary battery was injured by blast.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span> +After commissioning, the <i>Orion</i> was sent for a voyage +across the Bay of Biscay, and attracted much attention +by rolling very heavily, this being attributed to the fact +that her bilge keels were not large enough—not to any +general structural defect.</p> + +<p>An interesting feature of the <i>Orion</i> type is that in +it provision first appears for the protection of boats in +action.</p> + +<p>Belonging to the same programme (1909–10), the +first belonging to the normal Estimates and the second +to the “contingent,” are the battle cruisers <i>Lion</i> +and <i>Princess Royal</i>. A great deal of secrecy was +observed about these ships, but their main details are +approximately as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>Displacement—25,000 tons. Full load, 26,350 tons.</li> + +<li>Length—(water-line), 675ft.; (over all) 690ft.</li> + +<li>Beam—86½ft.</li> + +<li>Draught—(maximum) 30ft.</li> + +<li>Armament—Eight 13.5 inch 45 calibre, twenty 4-inch, +three 21-inch torpedo tubes.</li> + +<li>Armour—Belt, 9—4-inch.</li> + +<li>Machinery—Parsons Turbine.</li> + +<li>Horse-power—(as designed) = 28 knots.</li> + +<li>Boilers—Yarrow.</li> + +<li>Coal—(normal) 1,000 tons; (maximum) 3,500 tons; +oil also.</li> + +<li><i>Lion</i>—Built at Devonport; engined by Vickers.</li> + +<li><i>Princess Royal</i>—Built at Vickers; engined by Vickers.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The <i>Lion</i> was laid down in November, 1909, +and launched in the following year. The <i>Princess +Royal</i> was laid down in April, 1910, and launched +a year later. Both were arranged to be completed +during 1912.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span></p> + +<p>The <i>Lion</i> was somewhat delayed owing to slight +repairs being required to her turbines. In addition, the +authorities very wisely did not “hurry” her—hurrying +ships to fit an exact official date having done more +mischief than anything else in the past.</p> + +<p>The <i>Lion</i> did her trials early in 1912, and reached a +maximum of 31.7 knots by patent log, with a mean of +29 knots at full power and 24.5 or so at three-quarter +power. For her trials the <i>Lion</i> burned coal only, and +this at the seemingly enormous rate of 950 tons a day, +which worked out at approximately about a ton and a +quarter per mile. This consumption, heavy though it +seems, really pans out at about the usual “ton a mile,” +as the ship developed horse-power far in excess of the +contract. At the same time it necessarily draws attention +to the enormous increase in coal stores required for +supplying modern warships. It is unfortunately by no +means clear that the question of the very great increase +in coal required for modern warships has been thoroughly +realised by the authorities. The amount provided may +be said to be what ships needed in the pre-Dreadnought +era. It is now an open secret that at the time of the +“war scare” with Germany in 1911, the British Home +Fleet was unable to proceed to sea owing to a shortage of +coal supply, many ships being a thousand tons short and +no proper arrangements for rapid remedy existing. +This state of affairs, at one time alleged to be merely a +newspaper <i>canard</i>, is not likely to occur again; but it is +an indication of how difficult it is adequately to realise +the problem of coal supply to ships of ever-increasing +horse-power.</p> + +<p>During the <i>Lion’s</i> trials it was found that the heat +from the fore funnel was so great that the fire-control<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span> +station (then carried on a tripod mast placed immediately +over the forward funnel) was so intense as to render that +position practically impossible. On the navigating bridge +also, instruments were badly affected by the heat. The +ship was consequently further delayed in order to effect +essential modifications. These included the abolition of +the tripod mast, shifting the fore funnel back a long way, +and enormously increasing the height of all funnels.</p> + +<p>The principal item of the Estimates of 1910–11 was +five armoured ships. Of these, four, the <i>King George V</i> +class, are slightly improved replicas of the <i>Orion</i>, while +the remaining vessel, the <i>Queen Mary</i>, is a battle-cruiser +of the <i>Lion</i> type.</p> + +<p>Ships of the <i>George V</i> class are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t186" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Machinery by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>King George V</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth Y.</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Centurion</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport Y.</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Ajax Scotts</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Scotts</td> + <td class="tdl">Scotts</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Audacious</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Cammell-Laird</td> + <td class="tdl">Cammell-Laird</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The over-all length is increased to 596ft., and the +horse-power to 31,000. All were laid down during 1911, +with a view to launching during 1912 and completion in +1913. The displacement of these ships is 23,000 tons +odd.</p> + +<p>The <i>Queen Mary</i>, laid down at Palmers’ early in +1911, and engined by Clydebank, is virtually a sister to +the <i>Lion</i>, differing from her merely in a slight variation +of the lines, and some increase in length. Save for these +items, and a small difference in the arrangement of the +anti-torpedo armament, the ship belongs to the same +class and type.</p> + +<p>The 1911–12 Estimates provided for five further +large armoured ships, which represent an increase in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span> +dimensions over their predecessors. Of these the first +four are battleships varying from their predecessors in +the inevitable increase in size to allow of somewhat +superior protection and an improved secondary battery—twelve +6-inch being substituted for the sixteen 4-inch of +the <i>King George</i> class.</p> + +<p>The selection of the 6-inch gun as the anti-torpedo +craft weapon was due partly to the way in which Germany +had persisted in her rigid adherence to that calibre for +her minor armament, and partly to the rapidly increasing +size of destroyers. It was held as questionable, even by +the most ardent believers in the ability of the big ship +to defend herself against destroyer attack, whether the +4-inch was sufficient to disable large destroyers. Hence +the adoption of the 6-inch—the largest gun that can be +man-handled.</p> + +<p>The nominal displacement of these battleships, the +<i>Iron Duke</i> class, rises to 25,000 tons as against 23,000 of +the previous class. The length is increased to 620ft. +and the beam to 89½ (instead of 89ft.). Owing to +improved lines, the horse-power is reduced to 30,000 +without any very material loss of speed. In all these +super-Dreadnoughts, as in the Dreadnoughts themselves, +21 knots has always been the selected speed, though in +units there have been slight variations.</p> + +<p>Ships of the <i>Iron Duke</i> class are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t187" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Machinery by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Iron Duke</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth Y.</td> + <td class="tdl">Cammell-Laird</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Benbow Beardmore</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Beardmore</td> + <td class="tdl">Beardmore</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Emperor of India</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Marlborough</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport Y.</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <i>Emperor of India</i> was originally named <i>Delhi</i>. +The first two were given Babcock, and the second two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span> +Yarrow boilers. All were completed in 1914, but only +the <i>Iron Duke</i> was available for service on the eve of the +outbreak of the war with Germany and Austria. The +other three were, however, rapidly completed and put +into commission.</p> + +<p>The fifth ship of the 1911–12 Estimates was the +battle cruiser <i>Tiger</i>, nominally belonging to the <i>Lion</i> +group, but actually differing very considerably in various +important details.</p> + +<p>She was laid down at Clydebank in June, 1912, a +great deal of official reticence being maintained concerning +her. She was not complete on the outbreak of war; +but as she was available for service not long afterwards +she is included in this survey.</p> + +<p>The marked and most characteristic difference +between her and the <i>Lions</i> is that the third turret instead +of being cramped amidships as in the <i>Lion</i> design, is +moved further aft, thus giving a greatly improved arc +of fire. Twelve 6-inch were substituted for the sixteen +4-inch of the <i>Lions</i> for reasons already given.</p> + +<p>The <i>Tiger</i> is approximately 720ft. long, with a +nominal horse-power of 75,000. Babcock type boilers +are fitted. Her nominal speed is 27 knots, but this has +more than once been very considerably exceeded.</p> + +<p>For 1912–13 the Estimates provided for four capital +ships, the usual twenty destroyers, and a new type of +warship designated as “lightly armoured cruisers.”</p> + +<p>This programme is of abounding interest, not only +on account of the fact that—so far as the larger types +of ships are concerned—it probably embodies the last new +construction available for the British Fleet in the war +(unless the war endure beyond all anticipations) but +also because of its more or less revolutionary nature.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span></p> + +<figure id="i_189" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 39em;"> + <img src="images/i_189.jpg" width="2439" height="1638" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">EARLY “30 KNOT” DESTROYERS. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span></p> + +<p>The big ships of the programme were as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t191" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Machinery by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Queen Elizabeth</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth Yard</td> + <td class="tdl">Wallsend</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Warspite</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport Yard</td> + <td class="tdl">Hawthorn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Valiant</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Clydebank</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Barham</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> + <td class="tdl">Fairfield</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Malaya</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Elswick</td> + <td class="tdl">Wallsend</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The fifth ship in this list, the <i>Malaya</i>, is an extra +vessel paid for and presented to the British Navy by the +Federated Malay States.</p> + +<p>In general appearance these ships of the <i>Queen +Elizabeth</i> class do not greatly differ from their predecessors; +but there all resemblance ends. In every other +way they embody a “new idea”—an attempt so to +blend the battleship proper with the battle-cruiser so as +to secure the best points of both.</p> + +<p>Roughly, the battleship proper sacrifices speed for +extra gun power and protection; while the battle-cruiser +sacrifices these two latter for speed. The speed of the +<i>Queen Elizabeths</i> was fixed at 25 knots—something +rather less than that of battle-cruisers, but still sufficiently +high to take them out of the ordinary battleship +category as hitherto understood. Certainly they differ +from the normal quite as much as the original <i>Dreadnought</i> +differed from her immediate predecessors.</p> + +<p>It was only possible to secure this high speed, plus +other qualities, by the bold adoption of oil fuel only—in +itself of the nature of a gigantic experiment, which, +however, results have more than justified. The designed +horse-power to secure 25 knots is 58,000.</p> + +<p>If, however, the motive power embodied novelty, +still more so did the armament. For the ten 13.5’s of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span> +preceding ships, eight 15-inch guns were substituted. +So far as power is concerned the 13.5 is ample for all +contingencies, but the 15-inch embodies a marked +superiority in range and the additional accuracy which +a heavier projectile naturally affords. Furthermore—a +very important point—the “life” of the 15-inch gun is +much longer, owing to there being no necessity to utilise +the full power of which it is capable.</p> + +<p>The general arrangement of turrets is that of all the +super-Dreadnoughts, with the middle turret (always the +most restricted in arc of fire) omitted.</p> + +<p>Nothing has ever been officially stated as to the +armour protection; but it is known to be equal or +superior to that of any preceding battleships.</p> + +<p>When war broke out, the first two of these ships +were nearing completion—the first being completed +about the end of 1914 and the second at the end of +March, 1915.</p> + +<p>The 1913–14 Estimates provided for five more or +less normal battleships designed for coal fuel,<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> the usual +21 knots speed, but 15-inch instead of 13.5-inch guns.</p> + +<table id="t192" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc">Built at.</td> + <td class="tdc">Machinery by.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Royal Sovereign</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Portsmouth Y.</td> + <td class="tdl">(not stated)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Royal Oak</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Devonport Y.</td> + <td class="tdl">(not stated)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Resolution</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Palmer</td> + <td class="tdl">Palmer</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Ramillies</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Beardmore</td> + <td class="tdl">Beardmore</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Revenge</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> + <td class="tdl">Vickers</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Beyond that they are of 25,750 tons, and were +designed for 31,000 horse-power, no details of these ships +have been furnished. Two were estimated to be completed +by the end of 1915—the others in 1916.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span></p> + +<p>The rest of the programme consisted of eight more +lightly armoured cruisers, a reduced number of destroyers +and an increased number of submarines.</p> + +<p>In the 1914–15 Estimates three more battleships of +the <i>Royal Sovereign</i> class—to be named <i>Renown</i>, <i>Repulse</i>, +and <i>Resistance</i>—were provided for, also a sixth ship of the +<i>Queen Elizabeth class</i>, which was provisionally named +<i>Agincourt</i>. The participation of any of these in the war +is very improbable.</p> + +<p>The other vessels of the programme were four +lightly armoured cruisers, twelve destroyers and an +unstated number of submarines.</p> + +<p>When war broke out three battleships building in +British Yards—two for Turkey and one for Chili—were +taken over by the British Admiralty. Details of these +are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t193" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc">Name.</td> + <td class="tdc">Displacement.</td> + <td class="tdc">Armament.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Agincourt</i><br>(ex-<i>Sultan Osman I</i>)</td> + <td class="tdc bot">27,500</td> + <td class="tdl bot">14—12in., 20—6in.; 3 tubes.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Erin</i><br>(ex-<i>Sultan Rechad V</i>)</td> + <td class="tdc bot">23,000</td> + <td class="tdl bot">10—13.5, 16—6in.; 3 tubes.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl"><i>Canada</i><br>(ex-<i>Almirante Latorre</i>)</td> + <td class="tdc bot">28,000</td> + <td class="tdl bot">10—14in., 16—6in.; 4 tubes.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>There were also taken over three Brazilian armoured +gunboats—renamed <i>Humber</i>, <i>Severn</i>, and <i>Mersey</i>—of +1,200 tons each, carrying two 6-inch guns forward and +two 4.7-inch howitzers aft. The speed is about 11½ +knots, and early use was made of these vessels on the +Belgian coast shortly after the outbreak of war.</p> + +<p>In addition to the above, two large Chilian destroyers +building at Cowes were taken over and renamed <i>Broke</i> +and <i>Faulknor</i>.</p> + +<p>A variety of other vessels were likewise incorporated +into the British Fleet, liners (to act as auxiliary cruisers),<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span> +trawlers (to act as mine sweepers), plus various hospital +ships, transports, and so on and so forth. Roughly, from +25 to 33 per cent. of the British Mercantile Marine came +to be used in some way or other by the Admiralty—to +say nothing of innumerable private yachts and motor +boats.</p> + +<p>The destroyers of the period have not materially +differed from their predecessors of the Dreadnought era, +save for the adoption of two, and subsequently three, +4-inch guns in the armament, instead of one.</p> + +<p>Submarines and aerial craft are dealt with in a +separate chapter.</p> + +<div class="tb">* * * * *</div> + +<p>At and about the year 1912, the “super-Dreadnought” +may be said to have reached its apotheosis.</p> + +<p>For what it is worth, however, it may here be put +on record that junior opinion in the Navy was then +becoming opposed not only to “super-Dreadnoughts” +but to Dreadnoughts in any shape or form. Hardly any +naval officer under the rank of Commander, and an +ever-increasing percentage over that rank, was to be +found who was not more or less convinced that the days +of the Dreadnoughts and “super-Dreadnoughts” might +be nearly numbered, and that we were possibly on +the verge of some as yet indeterminate revolution in +naval construction as great as any that the “fifties” +saw.</p> + +<p>As yet no very clear argument can be produced. +Only vaguely it is put forward that with torpedo +range what it is, the big ship’s chance against torpedo +craft is practically relegated to not being found, and +“not being found” depends mainly upon the “super-Dreadnought”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span> +being screened with very numerous +smaller craft.</p> + +<p>When Lord Charles Beresford put it on record that +a hundred anti-torpedo attack guns would be useless +in a battleship, he spoke for all progressive naval ideas. +A destroyer may be hit and hit vitally, but it is hard +to imagine a hit which will stop her drifting within +easy range of her quarry before going down. If hostile +destroyers get in, the only real chance of big ships is to +sweep their decks with the modern variant of “case shot” +and so kill the crews, a difficult proposition at the best +owing to the small amount of time available. The +proposition is rendered tenfold harder by the certainty +that attack, if it comes, will not come from one quarter +only, but from several. Consequently to preserve the +Dreadnoughts, an ever increasing number of auxiliaries +is demanded. Of these no Navy can be said to have a +sufficiency. Hence it is argued that a destroyer attack +is bound to succeed sooner or later, while even did a +sufficiency of small craft exist, the big ship has to be so +nursed and protected that her sphere of usefulness is +enormously reduced. Submarines also are a deadly +danger.</p> + +<p>On the other hand it is argued that, given sufficient +bulk to the big ship, torpedoes are likely to be relatively +harmless to her; it is also asked how can the small craft +protect their own big ships and also search out and +attack the enemy’s mastodons?</p> + +<p>There, till the war proves something definite one +way or the other, the matter must be left. The big ship +has been doomed so often, and so often adapted itself to +changed conditions, that it may well do so again, despite +the seemingly heavy odds against it.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span></p> + +<h3><i>PROTECTED CRUISERS OF THE DREADNOUGHT ERA.</i></h3> + +<p>The original conception of the Dreadnought era +was “nothing between the most powerful armoured +ships and torpedo craft,” though so far as second class +cruisers were concerned the last of these had been laid +down in 1901.</p> + +<p>The persistence with which Germany continued +yearly to build small protected cruisers eventually, +however, began to cause some perturbation; and in +the 1908–09 Estimates five protected cruisers of the +<i>Bristol</i> class were provided for. These were the <i>Bristol</i> +(Clydebank), <i>Glasgow</i> (Fairfield), <i>Gloucester</i> (Beardmore), +<i>Liverpool</i> (Vickers), <i>Newcastle</i> (Elswick). The designed +displacement was 4,820 tons, length 453 feet over all, +beam 47 feet, and mean draught 15¼ feet. Armament +two 6-inch, ten 4-inch, and two submerged tubes. A +speed of 25 knots was expected from 22,000 horse-power. +On trials all exceeded 26 knots. All were fitted with +Yarrow boilers, also turbines of the Parsons type, except +in the <i>Bristol</i>, in which Curtiss type turbines were +installed.</p> + +<p>For 1909–10 four more similar ships were provided—the +<i>Weymouth</i> class. Displacement rose to 5,250 tons, +and a uniform armament of eight 6-inch was substituted +for the mixed armament of the <i>Bristol</i> class. These +four “Town” cruisers were the <i>Weymouth</i> (Elswick), +<i>Yarmouth</i> (London and Glasgow Co.), <i>Dartmouth</i> +(Vickers), and <i>Falmouth</i> (Beardmore). All were given +Yarrow boilers and Parsons turbines except the <i>Weymouth</i>, +which was supplied with Curtiss turbines.</p> + +<p>The Estimates of 1910–11 contained three cruisers, +the <i>Chatham</i>, <i>Dublin</i>, and <i>Southampton</i>, of the same +type, but with a displacement increased by 200 tons.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span> +Three more, the <i>Birmingham</i>, <i>Nottingham</i>, and <i>Lowestoft</i>, +figured in the Estimates of 1911–12.</p> + +<p>In 1907 the practice was instituted of building a +Scout or two a year, those constructed to date being the +<i>Boadicea</i>, <i>Bellona</i>, <i>Blanche</i>, <i>Blonde</i>, <i>Active</i>, <i>Amphion</i>, and +<i>Fearless</i>, all of which are unarmoured, and so more or +less compelled to fight modern destroyers on equal terms. +Of these the <i>Amphion</i> was lost early in the war by a +mine.</p> + +<p>Of the original type were three Australian cruisers, +<i>Sydney</i>, <i>Melbourne</i> and <i>Brisbane</i>, of which two were built +in this country and the third built, or put together, in +Australia. In all these ships the slight increase in +displacement was due to the introduction of a thin +armour belt amidships—a “reply” to a similar innovation +in the German Navy.</p> + +<p>The 1912–13 Estimates saw no more of the “Town” +class cruisers being provided for, but, as already stated, +they heralded the appearance of eight vessels of a new +type, officially described as “lightly armoured cruisers.”</p> + +<p>They were at one and the same time an entirely new +type, and also a reversion to the original <i>Bristol</i> with +modifications born of experience.</p> + +<p>In essence, these ships of the <i>Arethusa</i> class—<i>Arethusa</i>, +<i>Aurora</i>, <i>Galatea</i>, <i>Inconstant</i>, <i>Royalist</i>, <i>Penelope</i>, +<i>Phaeton</i> and <i>Undaunted</i>, compared with the prototype +as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t197" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Arethusa.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Bristol.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Displacement (tons)</td> + <td class="tdl">3520</td> + <td class="tdl">4800</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Armament</td> + <td class="tdl">2—6in.</td> + <td class="tdl">2—6in.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl">6—4in.</td> + <td class="tdl">10—4in.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl">4 above water t. tubes</td> + <td class="tdl">2 submerged t. tubes</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Side protection</td> + <td class="tdl">2½″</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>nil.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">H.P.</td> + <td class="tdl">30,000</td> + <td class="tdl">22,000</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl">Speed (est.) kts.</td> + <td class="tdl">30</td> + <td class="tdl">25</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span></p> + +<p>Fuel supply has never been given out officially, but it +may be stated that, roughly, by making use of oil fuel +in the <i>Arethusa</i>, a radius equal to that of the <i>Bristols</i> +was secured with a considerable saving in weight.</p> + +<p>Incidentally, this is one of the most interesting +examples of how the progress of invention makes possible +to-day the impossibility of yesterday. When the <i>Bristols</i> +were designed they were the “best possible” of 1908. +Four years later oil fuel had opened out an entirely +novel vista.</p> + +<p>In the 1913–14 Estimates another eight of similar +cruisers were provided for, with, however, 250 tons odd +added to the displacement and an extra 6-inch gun +forward allowed for; though this, however, was altered +afterwards, as this batch of cruisers, the <i>Calliope</i>, <i>Caroline</i>, +<i>Carysfort</i>, <i>Champion</i>, <i>Cleopatra</i>, <i>Comus</i>, <i>Conquest</i>, <i>Cordelia</i>, +do not carry any 6-inch guns forward like the <i>Arethusa</i>, +but mount a couple, one abaft the other aft—a wise +arrangement, as a heavy weight forward does not make +for sea-worthiness.</p> + +<p>The <i>Arethusas</i> and the “C” class, therefore, compare +as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t198" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdc">Forward.</td> + <td class="tdc">Amidships.</td> + <td class="tdc">Aft.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Arethusas</i></td> + <td class="tdl">One 6in.</td> + <td class="tdl">Four 4in.</td> + <td class="tdl">One 6in., two 4in.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl">“<i>C</i>” <i>class</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Two 4in.</td> + <td class="tdl">Six 4in.</td> + <td class="tdl">Two 6in.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="in0">which indicates a couple of 4-inch guns gained for the +extra 250 tons.</p> + +<p>In the 1914–15 Estimates four similar vessels were +provided for, but no details whatever have been published +concerning them.</p> + +<h3><i>DESTROYERS IN THE DREADNOUGHT ERA.</i></h3> + +<p>The Dreadnought era, while simplifying types of +big ships, was the early institution of two distinct types<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span> +of destroyers, plus an experimental vessel which was +not duplicated. The original staple idea of Dreadnought +era destroyers was to build very fast ocean-going +destroyers for fleet work, and smaller craft, “coastals,” +for local duties. A considerable flourish of trumpets +accompanied the announcement of this decision, which, +however, was in no way really novel. It merely reproduced +in destroyers the long exploded idea of sea-going +and coast-defence ironclads.</p> + +<p>Of these boats the first instalment amounted to +a total of eighteen; the most important being the +experimental boat <i>Swift</i>, which was given a displacement +of 1,825 tons, and so might just as well have been +designated a fast small cruiser. The horse-power provided +was no less than 30,000, the speed 36 knots, though +on trials she once reached nearly 39 knots. Armament +four 4-inch, two 18-inch tubes. Cost about £280,500.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to note that in 1885 a precisely +similar idea found vent in a <i>Swift</i> (afterwards renamed +t.b. 81) of 125 tons against the 40 to 65 tons that was +then normal for torpedo boats. It was nine years before +anything else of the same size was built.</p> + +<p>The first standard destroyers of the era were the +“Oceans” (often known as “Tribals”). These averaged +880 tons, 33 knot speed with oil fuel only. Between 1906 +and 1910 altogether a dozen were built. The armament +given to the five first was five 12-pounder, and two +18-inch tubes; in later boats two 4-inch, 25-pounder +were substituted for the five 12-pounders.</p> + +<p>The “coastal destroyers,” which have since lost +that name, and are now known as first-class torpedo-boats, +were built in groups of twelve for three years; +the first batch averaging 225 tons, and later boats about<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span> +260 tons. In all the armament is two 12-pounder and +three 18-inch torpedo tubes; speed 26 knots. Parsons +turbines in all, and oil fuel instead of coal.</p> + +<p>In 1908–09 there came a revulsion of official feeling +against both types, and an attempt to evolve a species +of intermediate was made. It was held that the Oceans +were exceedingly costly; also somewhat fragile. The +new boats, the <i>Beagle</i> class, averaged 900 tons instead +of the thousand tons that the latest Oceans were +getting to. Armament was reduced to one 4-inch, +25-pounder, and three 12-pounders, with the usual +two 18-inch torpedo tubes. Speed was cut down to +27 knots. Oil fuel was done away with, and coal +reverted to.</p> + +<p>The 1909–10 programme provided for 20 destroyers +of the <i>Acorn</i> class. These are slightly smaller than the +<i>Beagles</i>, armed with two 4-inch and two 12-pounders, +but with oil again instead of coal only.</p> + +<p>On account of considerable agitation in Parliament +as to the small number of modern British destroyers, +the construction of all this class was accelerated by a +few months, and with a single exception they were +completed in June, 1911.</p> + +<p>Up till this time considerable latitude had been +given to contractors for destroyers. In the 1910–11 +programme the <i>Acheron</i> class, an Admiralty design, +was given out for fourteen of the boats, which, except +that they had two funnels instead of three, closely +corresponded with the destroyers of the preceding year. +In the other six boats the firms of Thornycroft, Yarrow, +and Parsons were given some considerable freedom of +design with two boats each, and an increased speed was +obtained with all.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span></p> + +<p>For 1911–12 boats a similar principle was followed, +and there was also still further acceleration. These +latest boats are somewhat faster than heretofore, and +an interesting innovation in the case of one of them—the +Thornycroft type—is the appearance of the Diesel +engine for partial propulsion instead of steam. As a +matter of fact, this idea did not eventually materialise, +owing to various circumstances of the side issue nature. +More or less contemporaneously with this the Yarrow +firm in the <i>Archer</i> and <i>Attack</i>, their special destroyers, +evolved a system of super-heated steam, which led to a +very considerable increase in speed, as compared with +older methods. A conflict between steam and “gas +engines” for destroyers was, therefore, in 1912, a +probable feature of the early future, a conflict still in the +“to-morrow” stage; but it may be unwise to place too +much reliance on the fact that a similar conflict with +motor cars ended in the practical extinction of steam, +for all that the probabilities point in that direction. +The superior convenience of the Diesel engine whether +for destroyers or larger ships is obvious, but there are +undoubtedly still certain practical difficulties which +cannot be ignored.</p> + +<p>In 1912 the destroyer may be said to have reached +its apotheosis. Later boats are considerably larger, +more powerfully armed, and occasionally a trifle faster, +but, taken all in all, they do not indicate any definite +advance on the “general idea” of a destroyer.</p> + +<p>Novelty, such as it exists, is confined to the introduction +of flotilla leaders. The idea is not new, since the +Germans hit on it for torpedo boats long before destroyers +as we understand them were evolved. There is also the +still older idea of our original <i>Swift</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span></p> + +<p>The integral notion is in each case the same. The +idea is to provide the commander of the flotilla with a +boat swifter and more powerful than those of his normal +command, and thus to enable him to reinforce as requisite +any particular portion of his squadron. Thus viewed, the +idea is, of course, as old as naval warfare itself, or, for +that matter, any warfare whatever; and it is strange that +the principle of the superior power of the chief should +ever have been allowed to lapse.</p> + +<p>It is, however, curious to note that at the outbreak +of the present war the British was the only Navy +in which the idea was in actual practice. Not till +the war is over shall we learn whether the seeming +advantage is or is not of real value. All the indications, +however, are that it should be an immense asset +if properly handled.</p> + +<h3><i>GUNS OF THE WATTS ERA.</i></h3> + +<p>The principal guns of the Watts era are as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<table id="t202" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Calibre in.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Length in cals.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Weight tons.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Weight of projectile lbs.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> Maximum penetration A.P. capped against K.C.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="theadsub"> + <td class="tdc">at 5000 yds.</td> + <td class="tdc">3000 yds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdc">in.</td> + <td class="tdc">in.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc fs1p">13.5</td> + <td class="tdc">45</td> + <td class="tdc">80</td> + <td class="tdc fsr1">1250</td> + <td class="tdc">22</td> + <td class="tdc">26</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">50</td> + <td class="tdc">58</td> + <td class="tdc">850</td> + <td class="tdc">19</td> + <td class="tdc">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">45</td> + <td class="tdc">50</td> + <td class="tdc">850</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">17½</td> + <td class="tdc">22</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc fs2p">9.2</td> + <td class="tdc">50</td> + <td class="tdc">30</td> + <td class="tdc">380</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">13</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdc fs2p">9.2</td> + <td class="tdc">45</td> + <td class="tdc">27</td> + <td class="tdc">380</td> + <td class="tdc fs2p">8¾</td> + <td class="tdc fs1p">11¼</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>It may be noted that the 12-inch, 45 cal. (as mounted +in the original <i>Dreadnought</i>) is quite capable of penetrating +anything in existence at most ranges, and the 12-inch, +50 cal. anything likely to exist. The main advantage of +the 13.5 is the superior weight of the projectile and the +better capacity of its shell.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span></p> + +<p>Modern progress in gunnery is remarkably demonstrated +by a comparison between the 13.5 of the Barnaby +era and the same calibre of the Watts era.</p> + +<table id="t203" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Calibre in.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Length in cals.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Weight tons.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Projectile lbs.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Maximum penetration A.P. capped against K.C. at</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Corresponding value in K.C. of belt of ship carrying</td> +</tr> +<tr class="theadsub"> + <td class="tdc">5000 yds.</td> + <td class="tdc">3000 yds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">13.5</td> + <td class="tdc">30</td> + <td class="tdc">80</td> + <td class="tdc">1250</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">9</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">9</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdc">13.5</td> + <td class="tdc">45</td> + <td class="tdc">67</td> + <td class="tdc">1250</td> + <td class="tdc">22</td> + <td class="tdc">26</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>From which it will be seen that armour has in no +way kept pace with the gun, except in so far as that +in the conditions which obtained with the old 13.5 +a range of 3,000 yards was considered an outside +limit, 12,000 yards is now held in the same or even +less estimation.</p> + +<p>Along such lines progress has been practically +nullified during the last twenty years. But the limit of +vision has now been reached, and increased gun-power +cannot, practically speaking, any longer be met by +range. Whence the argument of many that, failing +the production of some armour altogether superior to +anything now existing, the armoured ship is closely +approaching the status of the armoured soldier of the +Middle Ages. A precisely similar remark, however, was +first made in 1887,<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">37</a> and proved an incorrect prophecy. +To-day, therefore, those best able to judge are extremely +careful about prophecying.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, the outbreak of war synchronised with +the fact that both the British and German Navies had +under construction ships carrying 15-inch guns; thus<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span> +indicating a trend of opinion towards ships capable of +delivering heavier and heavier projectiles.</p> + +<h3><i>TORPEDO PROGRESS.</i></h3> + +<p>The principal feature of the last few years has been +the steadily increasing efficiency of torpedoes, mainly +by the adoption of improved engines. For many years +2,000 yards had been the maximum torpedo range. +About 1904 an 18-inch Whitehead with 4,000 yards +range and a maximum speed of 33 knots came into +service. This was presently improved upon by torpedoes +of 7,000 yards range. The exact range of the latest type +Hardcastle torpedo—so called after its inventor, Engineer +Commander Hardcastle—is a matter of uncertainty, but +it is supposed to be capable of about 7,000 yards at 45 +knots, and up to 11,000 at 30 knots. As a torpedo would +take about 5½ minutes to travel this distance, it is +obviously unlikely to be able to anticipate the position +of a single enemy sufficiently to ensure hitting her, +except by pure chance. On the other hand, if a fleet be +fired at, hits with a torpedo are almost as likely as hits +from a gun, and it seems impossible that the old idea of +ships fighting in line can possibly survive, and Admiral +Bacon’s theory that for the squadron of the past there +will have to be substituted the isolated monster ship of +the future seems the only reasonable one, despite all +the protests against “mastodons.”</p> + +<p>With the improvement of torpedoes, especial +attention has been devoted to under-water protection +against them. One form of this, the solid bulkheads of +the original <i>Dreadnought</i>, was, after a time, partially +abandoned owing to its extreme inconvenience. Another +form of protection adopted in all Dreadnoughts is a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span> +certain amount of internal armour, an idea first evolved +in France for the battleship <i>Henri IV</i>, which was laid +down in July, 1897. Experiments with a view to testing +the efficiency of this device were not very promising. +An improvement on the system was effected by M. +Lagane, of La Seyne, in the Russian <i>Tsarevitch</i> in 1899. +This ship was actually torpedoed in the Russo-Japanese +War, but unfortunately she was not hit on the specially-protected +portion, so no experience was gained of the +war utility of the system. While at the outbreak of +war it was believed by some that the modern system +is proof against half a dozen torpedoes, others were +extremely sceptical as to whether any real immunity is +afforded. The most that could ever be prophesied was +that the next naval war would see the torpedo accomplish +either a great deal more or a great deal less than is +generally assumed. A paradoxical position; but so things +are! No one can predict with any more certainty, even +now that war is on us. We do not know what may +happen. Some of us adhere to the idea that the torpedo +is going to be omnipotent: that the gun is going to be +relegated to the second place. The future is likely enough +to discount the destroyer idea. But, from the submarine +the torpedo is likely to do many unexpected things. If the +Germans realise the torpedo, startling things are toward.<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">38</a></p> + +<p>The period just preceding the war saw a curious +state of affairs in connection with net defence against +torpedoes. Practically ever since nets were invented the +use of them had been confined to the British, Russian and +Japanese Navies—most other navies making no use of +net defence. Curiously enough the adoption of nets by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span> +Germany and Austria coincided with their abandonment +in the British Navy—the British theory being that net +cutters had become so efficient that any kind of net +would immediately be cut through. Incidentally it may +be observed that with nets down a ship can only proceed +at a very slow speed.</p> + +<h3><i>NAVAL ESTIMATES OF THE WATTS ERA.</i></h3> + +<table id="t206" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Financial Year.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Amount.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Personnel.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="4">Ships provided.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="theadsub"> + <td class="tdc">Battleships</td> + <td class="tdc">Battle-cruisers</td> + <td class="tdc">Armoured cruisers.</td> + <td class="tdc">Prot. cruisers.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1902–03</td> + <td class="tdc">31,003,977</td> + <td class="tdc">122,500</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1903–04</td> + <td class="tdc">35,709,477</td> + <td class="tdc">127,100</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1904–05</td> + <td class="tdc">36,859,681</td> + <td class="tdc">131,100</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1905–06</td> + <td class="tdc">33,389,500</td> + <td class="tdc">129,000</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1906–07</td> + <td class="tdc">31,472,087</td> + <td class="tdc">129,000</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1907–08</td> + <td class="tdc">31,419,500</td> + <td class="tdc">128,000</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1908–09</td> + <td class="tdc">32,319,500</td> + <td class="tdc">128,000</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1909–10</td> + <td class="tdc">35,142,700</td> + <td class="tdc">138,000</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1910–11</td> + <td class="tdc">40,603,700</td> + <td class="tdc">131,000</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">1911–12</td> + <td class="tdc">44,392,500</td> + <td class="tdc">134,000</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdc">1912–13</td> + <td class="tdc">44,085,400</td> + <td class="tdc">136,000</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Later in 1912 the sum of £1,000,000 was handed to +the Navy out of the Budget surplus. This sum, the +“supplementary estimate,” was allotted in order to set +off a corresponding German increase.</p> + +<p>The decrease of 1905–1908 is probably directly +responsible for the increase 1910–1912; owing to the +fact that the British decrease was met by a corresponding +rise in German expenditure. It was the fashion before +the war to deplore the sums spent on naval armaments, +while little or nothing was said about the military +estimates.</p> + +<p>For 1912–13 the Naval Estimates were £45,075,400.</p> + +<p>For 1912–14 they increased to £48,809,300, and for +1914–15 they stood at £51,550,000.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span></p> + +<p>On the face of things, this ever-increasing naval +outlay looked likely to lead to ultimate financial ruin. +This, however, is really a somewhat superficial view, and +mostly nothing but a modern equivalent to that “Insular +Spirit” which has been referred to in previous pages.</p> + +<p>Compared to the national interests at stake, the +increase regarded as an insurance is more apparent than +real. It is, if anything, a smaller percentage on national +existence; also over a period of a hundred years it is +far less than the corresponding increase in the Civil +Service Vote, which lacks any claims to be considered +an “insurance.” The entire amount spent in shipbuilding +is expended in the country, and about 70 per cent. of it +goes in direct payment to “Labour”: which is probably +a larger percentage than would be achieved were the same +sum spent in any other way whatever.</p> + +<p>The “ruinous competition in naval armaments” +so prated on by certain publicists was really little better +than an idle phrase so far as the British nation is +concerned; and there was never any real reason to +regard future increases with apprehension.</p> + +<p>Now that the nation is at war this fact is being +recognised. We must continue to recognise it. In +trenches over the water we may attack. But on the +British Navy depends our defence of home interests.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="V"><span id="toclink_208"></span>V.<br> + +<span class="subhead">SUBMARINES.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap1">The</span> submarine as anything of the nature of a +practical arm made its first appearance as a +“submarine torpedo boat,” useful merely for +harbour defence. As such it was eagerly embraced by +the French Navy, and had a considerable vogue therein, +besides being a commonplace in the United States long +before the British Admiralty accepted it as serious in a +way.</p> + +<p>As a matter of fact, till the invention of the +periscope enabled it to see where it was going when +submerged, the submarine was little if anything but a +paper menace. The periscope altered all this.</p> + +<p>The first submarines for the British Navy figured in +the 1901–2 Estimates. Five copies of the American +<i>Holland</i> were laid down at Barrow, the first being +launched in October, 1901. These boats were of 120 +tons submerged displacement, and used merely as +instructional or experimental craft almost as soon as +completed.</p> + +<figure id="i_209" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 39em;"> + <img src="images/i_209.jpg" width="2450" height="1635" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">SUBMARINES LEAVING PORTSMOUTH HARBOUR. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>They were followed immediately by the “A” class, +totalling thirteen boats in all. Displacement submerged, +207 tons. Those numbered from five to thirteen were +given sixteen cylinder surface motors of 550 horse-power +in place of the 450 horse-power twelve cylinder ones +of the earlier boats. In 1904 A1 was lost with all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span> +hands under tragic circumstances off Spithead, being run +down by a merchant steamer. This disaster led to the +installation of double periscopes in later types. A3 was +lost off Spithead in 1912, being run down by the <i>Hazard</i>, +very near where A1 was lost.</p> + +<p>The B class which followed numbered eleven boats, +of which B1 was originally known as A14. The remaining +B class belong to the 1904–05 Estimates. The submerged +displacement in these rises to 313 tons, and the surface +speed to thirteen knots, instead of eleven and a half, +though, owing to improved lines, the horse-power was +little increased.</p> + +<p>New boats, completed in 1906 and later, though +generally identical with the B class, were known as the +C class, and totalled thirty-eight altogether. One, C11, +was lost at sea from a collision.</p> + +<p>In 1907 the earliest boat of a new type (D Class) +was put in hand. Displacing 600 tons submerged, she +practically doubled her predecessors. Her surface speed +rose to sixteen knots with 1,200 horse-power. Three +instead of two torpedo tubes were fitted, also wireless +telegraphy was experimentally adopted in her. She +herself was never any great success, but the rest of the +type were far more successful.</p> + +<p>By the end of 1911 eight boats of the D class had +been launched. It was originally intended to build a +total of nineteen of this class, but meanwhile an improved +boat of the E type was evolved. The E class are 177ft. +long, with a submerged displacement of 800 tons or +thereabouts, and four 21-inch tubes. They are fitted +with wireless. Their special feature, however, is the +fitting of guns, as a regular and integral part of the +design.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span></p> + +<p>The first submarine to mount a gun was D4, in which +a special 12-pounder was experimentally mounted, so +that it could be housed when the boat was submerged; +for later boats two guns were decided on.</p> + +<p>The E class were followed by an F class—and a +variety of other boats, most of which have been completed +since the war began and concerning which it is obviously +undesirable to say anything whatever.</p> + +<p>Guns for submarines were expected to appear +sooner than they actually did. At an early stage it was +foreseen that, once radii developed, submarines were +likely enough to find themselves in contact with hostile +submarines and to need something to attack them with. +The original idea of the submarine as “the weapon of the +weaker Power” soon went the same way as did a similar +idea about torpedo boats at their first inception.</p> + +<p>In torpedo-boats it was at once self-evident that, +whatever the value of the torpedo boat, the stronger +Power was able to build far more than the weaker, and +to annihilate accordingly.</p> + +<p>For a time the submarine seemed to defy this law. +It was fatuously hoped that “submarines cannot injure +hostile submarines”; and that the “torpedo boat is the +answer to the torpedo boat” would not have as sequel +“the submarine is the answer to the submarine.”</p> + +<figure id="i_213" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img src="images/i_213.jpg" width="2544" height="1649" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p class="left"><i>Photo</i></p> + <p class="right up1"><i>Stephen Crabb. Southsea.</i></p> + <p>SUBMARINE E 2.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>It may well be in the womb of the future that +submarines to-morrow, or perhaps to-day, may be what +the ironclad was yesterday or the day before. The +submarine battleship may appear and render obsolete +the “Dreadnought” of to-day! But nothing can alter +the cardinal fact that, given equal efficiency, the Power +with most such craft must win, and that, given an +inferior efficiency, defeat may be looked for as the natural<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span> +corollary on lines entirely unconnected with whether the +“capital ship” is of a type that floats only or one that +can be submerged at will.</p> + +<p>Tactics may alter, the means may alter, and the +most obvious instruments of naval strategy may do the +same. But nothing whatever can affect the bedrock +truth that, given equal efficiency, “numbers only can +annihilate.” Given the “equal efficiency” nothing else +really matters!</p> + +<p>If the creators of weapons keep themselves to date, +if those who supply them see to it that the supply is +sufficient, if those who work the weapons are efficient, +the part of those in chief control resolves itself into +little save achieving victory with the minimum of loss. +The day may yet arrive when someone discovers that a +good deal of what has been written about the genius of +various famous admirals of the past is verbiage rather +than fact, that they were a part of one great whole, +rather than the sole controlling organisation—at any rate, +once battle was engaged.</p> + +<p>In the future, if the submarine “Dreadnought” +becomes an actuality, this is probably likely to be so to +a greater extent than anything which obtained in the +past. So far as we can to-day conceive of such future +fights, much of the battle, at any rate, will entail more +or less blind work under the surface, individual enemies +engaging one another, the leader compelled to rely more +and more upon the efficiency of his individual units and +less and less upon his own tactical combinations.</p> + +<p>Of course things may turn out otherwise. Inventions +yet undreamed of may come to the fore, and the nether +waters present no greater obstacle to regular operations +than the surface does to-day. Plunging may offer no<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span> +salvation to a beaten enemy. We can only make idle +speculations now.</p> + +<p>Yet, however things may shape, success or failure, +victory or defeat must assuredly depend in a great +measure on the makers of the weapons and the efficiency +of those who work them—the tools, on the reliability of +which every admiral must trust for victory.</p> + +<p>When this war started there were roughly thirty +German submarines to something like seventy British. +At the moment of writing (June, 1915) at least twenty +of those German submarines have gone below. How and +why cannot be published: but they have gone under in +one way or another. Means of defeating submarines are +being developed.</p> + +<p>Where big ships are concerned the principle means +in use are high speed and a zig-zag course, the combination +making it difficult for the relatively slow submarine +to arrive at the correct striking point.</p> + +<p>In this connection it has to be remembered that the +vision of a submarine is limited; and so that though the +range of modern torpedoes is something like five miles, +the actual effective range of a submarine’s torpedoes is +nearer a mile or less.</p> + +<p>So much is this the case that German submarines +are fitted with a torpedo which has a range of only a +thousand yards or thereabouts, the reduced range being +compensated for by a greatly increased charge. This +charge, 420 lbs. of very high explosive instead of the +usual charge of 300 lbs. or less, accounts for the devastating +effects of German torpedoes fired from submarines.</p> + +<p>It is merely a phase in submarine warfare. At +present a submarine dare not fire too near its victim lest +it be involved in the common destruction. That,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span> +however, is likely enough to be guarded against in future +construction, and the prospects of the early future is one +of more importance for submarines rather than less. +They are bound to become larger and larger, their radius +increasing with the size. Coincidently with this we may +expect to see the birth of small submarines designed to +attack big ones: some new variant of the swordfish +and the whale.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="VI"><span id="toclink_218"></span>VI.<br> + +<span class="subhead">NAVAL AVIATION.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap1">The</span> aeroplane idea is so old that we find it in Greek +mythology, and it is consequently of unknown +antiquity. Hundreds of years before Christ there +were hoary old legends of Dædalus and Icarus, who made +wings for themselves and flew. Icarus flew too high, the +sun melted his wings, with the result that there happened +to him what happens about once a week to aviators +to-day, he fell and died. Contemporary with these +legends, are legends of floating rocks which spurted out +fire—stories which sounded inestimably silly till steamships +came along. We may imagine prophets able to +look ahead<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">39</a> and to invest their day with visions +of the future. Equally we can discard prophets +and imagine a civilisation long since dead which +knew all about flying and steamers, and survives +in legends only.</p> + +<figure id="i_219" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img src="images/i_219.jpg" width="2539" height="1641" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p class="left"><i>Photo</i>]</p> + <p class="right up1">[“<i>Topical.</i>”</p> + <p>BRITISH NAVY SEAPLANE.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The latter alternative is really the more reasonable +of the two. While imagination can do a very great deal +and exaggerate to any extent, it must have a base to work +on. It is easier to believe in some long gone and extinct +civilisation which destroyed itself in the air, than to +believe that pure imagination accounts for the flying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span> +stories of long ago. Africa is full of traces of vast cities +older than any history, telling of past civilisations of +which nothing is or ever will be known. Also there is +practically no known age in which anything but the +motive power stood between aeroplane theories and +their realisation.</p> + +<p>In support of the theory that men flew before to-day +there is the following:—Somewhere about the year 1100, +that is to say, back in the reign of King Stephen, a +French historian relates the appearance of “as it were, +a ship, in the air over London.” It anchored, and the +citizens of London got hold of the anchor. The airship +sent a man down to free it, and the citizens +of London caught him and drowned him in the river. +The rest of the aviators then cut the rope and sailed +away.</p> + +<p>This incident is mentioned so baldly and casually +and so much mixed up with ordinary petty chat of the +era (chat which proves to have been quite true), that it +takes far more faith to accept it as “pure lies” than to +accept it as fact more or less.</p> + +<p>These legends cannot be disregarded lightly. They +one and all give priority to the aeroplane—the “heavier +than air” vehicle. Once in a way the “lighter than air” +idea got a casual look in; but it was not till the end of +the eighteenth century that it got into the regions of +practical politics with the French Montgolfiers. But +there were people who invented elementary aeroplanes +long before Montgolfier.</p> + +<p>From the end of the eighteenth century until to-day +the Montgolfier idea of “lighter than air” has got little +further. The shape has altered; instead of hot air, +hydrogen gas is now employed; and by means of motors<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span> +the balloon no longer drifts before the wind. But +progress is terribly slow. That it is so, is a very +important thing to recognise, as slow development is by +no means a reason for ignoring an invention. Sometimes +it is quite the opposite.</p> + +<p>It will probably be a good many years before it +is definitely settled whether the “heavier than air” +or “lighter than air” principle is the better +for Naval purposes, though there are not wanting +enthusiasts who decry the “lighter than air” +machines altogether.</p> + +<p>This is probably a grave mistake, brought about by +the fact that practical balloons existed long before +practical aeroplanes, and dirigibles made flights before +ever aeroplanes rose off the earth. Yet the dirigible +is in a far more elementary stage than the aeroplane is. +Not only is the aeroplane a much older idea in the +theoretical direction, but, being very much smaller, it +on that account has very possibly developed more +quickly.</p> + +<p>The world has been building ships for thousands of +years, yet it has only recently developed <i>Tigers</i> and +<i>Olympics</i>, and both are still developing and likely to +do so for some time to come. Row-boats, however, +arrived at perfection a good thousand years ago. +That is to say, there has been no alteration or +improvement in them at all commensurate with +the alterations that have taken place in big ships during +the same period.</p> + +<figure id="i_223" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 39em;"> + <img src="images/i_223.jpg" width="2469" height="1849" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p class="left"><i>Photo</i>]</p> + <p class="right up1">[<i>Sport & General.</i></p> + <p>HOISTING A NAVAL SEAPLANE ON BOARD THE <i>HIBERNIA</i>.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Something of the same sort is quite possible with +aeroplanes. It is already comparatively easy to forecast +their eventual form without much danger of being +proved a false prophet later on. We may safely say that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span> +they will become capable of much higher speeds than at +present; also (which is perhaps more important) <i>slower</i> +speeds; and that all existing troubles with stability will +eventually be overcome. But experiments made with +birds indicate that the run which an aeroplane has to take +before it can rise occurs in much the same proportion +with birds; and so there are few, if any, practical men +who now expect to see future aeroplanes capable of rising +vertically from the ground, or hovering in the air except +under such conditions as any bird can hover without +inconvenience.</p> + +<p>The possibilities of the dirigible, on the other hand, +no man can foresee. The gasbag that can be brought to +the ground by a single bullet hole in it, is a very +different thing from the possibility of airships of the +future, which may be a mile or two long, divided into +innumerable compartments, filled with non-explosive gas +such as is sure to be discovered sooner or later. Two +miles seems an extraordinary length to-day, but a ship +ten miles long would only be something like the ratio +of the early dirigible to the future ones compared +to the ratio Dreadnoughts bear to the first ships built +by men.</p> + +<p>On the water, bulk is limited by the depth and +size of harbours, but in the vast regions of the air there +are practically no limitations whatever, and there is +virtually nothing to limit size, save the building of land +docks on open plains into which airships could descend +for purposes of repair and so forth. Consequently those +who hastily assume from a few accidents that the +“lighter than air” craft has no future are probably +making a mistake; at any rate, so far as naval work +is concerned. Certain definite uses are apparent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span> +even now to those who think and ignore commercial +rivalries.</p> + +<p>It has been wisely laid down that aeroplanes for +naval purposes must be capable of rising from and +descending on the water. The Curtiss was the first +successful hydro-aeroplane, but since then floats have +been fitted to various other types with equal success. +It is doubtful whether naval aeroplanes will ever be +carried on shipboard like boats, although this is by no +means impossible. It will, however, be more convenient +for a variety of reasons to use them like submarines with +their own special depot ships.</p> + +<p>The main naval use of aeroplanes at the outbreak of +war was for scouting purposes. How near they would +be able to approach a hostile fleet was a question not +likely to be solved until the day of battle. The question +of their being hit is secondary to the question of their +being upset, owing to tremendous concussions of heavy +gun fire. The idea of aeroplanes dropping bombs down +the funnels of warships can be dismissed as the entirely +fanciful dreams of people who know nothing whatever +about aeroplanes or the mathematical problems involved. +Judging by recent events, dropping bombs anywhere upon +a moving ship is nearly or entirely impossible, except at +ranges where the aviator would at once be brought down +by rifle fire.</p> + +<p>A far more likely and useful service would be the +destruction of enemy aeroplanes. For this purpose +a special gun, firing a species of chain shot, has already +been suggested, and the naval aeroplane of the future +was always certain to carry a gun of some kind. The +off-chance of doing a certain amount of damage to a +hostile ship by dropping a bomb upon it, is nothing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span> +compared to the importance of destroying the enemy’s +aeroplanes. This last seems likely to be all-important as +time goes on.</p> + +<p>The duties of naval airships will be of a different +nature. Already a point kept in view in their design is +ability to “keep the air” for a considerable period, and +with what are in these days “large airships” of the +Zeppelin type (to which the ill-fated Naval Airship No. 1 +<i>Mayfly</i> belonged) there seems no reason why an airship +should not be kept in the air for three or four days +already.</p> + +<p>The fuel problem is not very difficult, because a great +deal can already be done without the use of the engines, +or with only partial use of them. It is also more than +probable that with a view to further economy some kind +of sails, combined with sea-anchors, will be evolved, +whereby the ship might become able to sail in the air +nearly as well as the old three-deckers, or, at any rate, +as well as the masted ironclads, sailed in the water. The +difficulty of “keeping the air” is the inevitable leakage +of gas, but as leakage nowadays is infinitesimally less +than it once was, the assumption is that as the years +go on it will eventually be reduced to almost a minus +quantity. Gales will be met by “bulk” and efficient +anchors, on the principle that the gale which swamps a +fishing-boat or blows over a haystack has no effect on a +Dreadnought or a cathedral.</p> + +<p>Ability to keep the air will enable all Fleets to be +accompanied by airships, which would detect mines and +perhaps submarines, and with their ability to adapt their +speeds at will, the presumption is that they would be able +to destroy submarines by bombs.</p> + +<p>A further and very important duty would be the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span> +detection of torpedo attacks at night. Experiments +carried out in Austria some few years ago with a captive +balloon proved conclusively that except in cases of thick +fog any vessels in motion are easily detected at a distance +of ten or twelve miles. It is not merely the tell-tale +flames in the funnels which betray attacking vessels; +their wakes are always clearly visible, and as a general +rule the vessels themselves, no matter how dark the +night.</p> + +<p>Bomb-dropping from an airship must be a more +serious matter than from aeroplanes, as so much more in +the way of explosives could be carried. The chance of +being hit, however, would probably be so much greater +that it was (when war broke out) unlikely that any +airships would be risked for such purposes. Nor is it +very probable that naval airships will for some time to +come attack each other, if they can possibly avoid it, +the reason being that for a good many years they will +be comparatively few in number, and the attack would +have, in most cases, to be delivered in the presence of a +fleet, which would make the attack, to say the least of it, +very hazardous.</p> + +<p>Eventually, of course, aerial Dreadnoughts fighting +each other are probable enough; but “the Trafalgar of +the air” is unlikely to be witnessed within the lifetime +of most or any of us now living. Nor is it likely that +aerial Dreadnoughts will replace Dreadnoughts of the +water, although as years go on they may cause profound +modifications in design in order to allow of mounting +guns for vertical fire.</p> + +<p>We are in the presence of the introduction of a “new +arm.” But between what a “new arm” can actually +accomplish, and what enthusiastic inventors say it will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span> +do, there is always an enormous gap. Inventors, when +they come to prophesying, are usually one of two things—asses, +or prodigious asses! France—once the second +Naval Power in Europe—became of little or no account +because it took the submarine at the enthusiastic +inventor’s face value, and neglected the present and +immediate future.</p> + +<p>The present stage of aerial progress in the +British Navy is briefly to be summarised as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> + +<p>1. A big Zeppelin type naval airship was built +in 1909–1911. It proved a total failure.</p> + +<p>2. In 1911 four naval officers were appointed to +learn aeroplane work. Subsequently a few others were +appointed. Others, again, qualified privately. In 1912, +the Royal Flying Corps was established—both naval and +military aviators becoming “wings” of the same body—an +excellent principle, but one necessarily experimental +so far as practical work was concerned.</p> + +<p>3. In practice it proved a failure; so the Naval +Air Service was formed into a branch by itself. Four +small army airships were handed over to it—craft +too small to be of any value except for instructional +purposes.</p> + +<p>At the outbreak of war there were two effective +dirigibles—one of French type of Astra-Torres design, +the other a Parseval purchased in Germany. Neither +of these ships is in any way comparable to the German +Zeppelins in dimensions or endurance. A number of +other dirigibles of varying sizes were on order, but it is +inadvisable to publish any particulars on this subject. +The designs for these were foreign, but the construction +was British.</p> + +<p>In the matter of aeroplanes a number of special<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span> +naval stations were established and supplied with +seaplanes and landplanes of various types, while strenuous +efforts were made towards the training of a large number +of efficient pilots. The building of an aeroplane is a +matter of only a few weeks, whereas the training +of a really efficient pilot is a matter of a year or +thereabouts.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="VII"><span id="toclink_231"></span>VII<br> + +<span class="subhead">AUXILIARY NAVIES.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap1">No</span> account of the British battle fleet would be +complete without reference to the various auxiliary +navies. Though none of them possesses any +very serious fighting value, yet all possess potentialities +for the future which can with difficulty be computed.</p> + +<p>The auxiliary navies may be divided into two main +sections—(1) those which are direct branches of the +British Navy, and (2) those which belong to the semi-independent +colonies.</p> + +<p>Of the former, the principal is the Royal Indian +Marine, which consists of a number of armed troopships. +Of these the chief are the <i>Northbrook</i>, launched at +Clydebank in 1907, 5,820 tons, 16 knot speed, and an +armament of six 4-inch and six 3-pounders. The +<i>Dufferin</i>, which was launched in 1904, is of 7,457 tons, +has a speed of 19 knots, and an armament of eight 4-inch +and eight 3-pounders. The <i>Hardinge</i>, launched 1900, is +of 6,520 tons, 18 knots speed, and carries six 4.7-inch +guns as well as six 3-pounders and 4 Maxims.</p> + +<p>There are three older troopships, the <i>Minto</i> (1893), +the <i>Elphinstone</i> (1887), and the <i>Dalhousie</i> (1886). These +are supplemented by ten small steamers and nine small +mining vessels.</p> + +<p>The germ of this fleet was created in the early +seventies when the breastwork monitors <i>Abyssinia</i> and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">232</span> +<i>Magdala</i> were sent out for the defence of Indian harbours. +These were small predecessors of the <i>Devastation</i>, very +similar to the home coast-defence monitors of the <i>Cyclops</i> +class, and carried four 18-ton muzzle-loading guns.</p> + +<p>About the year 1888 some new torpedo boats (Nos. +100–106) were lent for the Indian Marine service. These, +with their names and numbers, were as follows:—<i>Baluch</i> +(100), <i>Ghurka</i> (101), <i>Kahren</i> (102), <i>Pathan</i> (103), +<i>Maharatta</i> (104), <i>Sikh</i> (105), and <i>Rajput</i> (106). The two +earliest numbers were built by Thornycroft, and were of +92 tons; the others were built by White, of Cowes, and +were of 95 tons displacement.</p> + +<p>In the years 1890–91 two torpedo gunboats, <i>Plassy</i> +and <i>Assaye</i>, of the <i>Sharpshooter</i> class, were launched at +Elswick for the Indian Marine, in which they remained +until withdrawn in the early years of the present century.</p> + +<p>On a similar footing to the Royal Indian Marine +are the flotillas, mostly consisting of river gunboats, +maintained in North and South Nigeria and in Central +Africa, and the gunboats on the Nile under the Egyptian +Government.</p> + +<p>The Colonial Navies are on a different standing. +First place in their formation belongs to Australia. +The monitor <i>Cerberus</i>, practically a sister of the <i>Abyssinia</i> +and <i>Magdala</i> already mentioned, was launched at Jarrow +in 1868 for Victoria. This vessel (which still exists as a +drill ship) is of 3,480 tons, armed with four 18-ton +muzzle-loaders, and protected with an 8-inch belt.</p> + +<p>In 1884 Australia’s local defence was re-inforced +with four gunboats as follows:—The <i>Protector</i>, of 920 +tons, carrying one 8-inch and five 6-inch guns, for South +Australia. She, as well as the others, was built at +Elswick. For Western Australia a similar vessel of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">233</span> +530 tons, named the <i>Victoria</i>, was built, armed with +one 18-ton muzzle-loader. The <i>Gayundah</i> and <i>Paluma</i>, +also of the same type, carrying one old 8-inch and one +6-inch, were built for Queensland. Their displacement +is 360 tons each.</p> + +<p>From that time onward the Australian Navy +occasionally sent a few officers and men for training in +the British Navy.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of the eighties interest began to +be taken in Australian naval defence, and five cruisers +and two torpedo gunboats were ordered for local +Australian service while borne on the Royal Navy List. +Of these vessels the five cruisers were the <i>Katoomba</i> +(ex <i>Pandora</i>), <i>Mildura</i> (ex <i>Pelorus</i>), <i>Ringarooma</i> (ex +<i>Psyche</i>), <i>Tauranga</i> (ex <i>Phœnix</i>), and the <i>Wallaroo</i> +(ex <i>Persian</i>), all 2,575 vessels of the old <i>Pallas</i> class, of +which at the time of writing the <i>Philomel</i> still +exists. These ships had a designed speed of 16.5 knots, +a protective deck, and an armament of eight 4.7-inch +and some smaller guns.</p> + +<p>The torpedo gunboat <i>Boomerang</i> (ex <i>Whiting</i>) and +<i>Karrakatta</i> (ex <i>Wizard</i>) belonged to the <i>Sharpshooter</i> +class, and were lent under the same conditions as the +cruisers.</p> + +<p>In the course of time all of them wore out and were +eventually recalled.</p> + +<p>Coincident with this the Australians commenced to +have a revived interest in Imperial defence, and in the +year 1905–6 Australia and New Zealand contributed +£240,000 to Imperial naval defence, and a project was +put forward for the building of eight destroyers and four +torpedo gunboats for Colonial Defence purposes.</p> + +<p>A few years later this project took a more definite<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">234</span> +shape, and about the year 1910 the battle-cruiser +<i>Australia</i>, a sister of the <i>Indefatigable</i>, was ordered. As +part of the same programme, three protected cruisers of +the <i>Dartmouth</i> type, the <i>Melbourne</i>, <i>Sydney</i>, and <i>Brisbane</i>, +were also ordered. Previously to this, three destroyers +of the <i>Paramatta</i> type had been commenced, and in 1911 +three more were ordered, thus forming a nucleus of a +serious Australian Navy.<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">40</a></p> + +<p>New Zealand’s interest in the Imperial Navy may +be said to have commenced about the year 1900. It +eventuated in paying for the battleship <i>New Zealand</i><a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> of +the <i>King Edward</i> class, which was laid down in September, +1903. An old gunboat of the <i>Magpie</i> class was purchased, +re-christened the <i>Amokoura</i>, and used for training +purposes, while to replace some old torpedo boats, which +had been sent to New Zealand about the same time as +similar boats went to Australia, three destroyers of the +<i>Paramatta</i> type were ordered. Finally, an offer from the +New Zealand Premier to supplement the Dreadnought +efficiency of the British Navy culminated in the battle-cruiser +<i>New Zealand</i>, which was offered to be provided +about the same time or a little before Australia offered +a similar vessel.<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">42</a></p> + +<figure id="i_235" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> + <img src="images/i_235.jpg" width="1629" height="2440" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">BATTLE CRUISER “NEW ZEALAND” ON THE STOCKS—1912. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The Dominion of Canada has always maintained a +certain number of small vessels for Customs duties or +fishery protection, also for service on the Great Lakes. +In 1909 the question of a Canadian Navy became +insistent, and two old British cruisers—the <i>Niobe</i> of +the <i>Diadem</i> class and the <i>Rainbow</i> of the <i>Apollo</i> class—were +purchased as training ships for the Canadian Navy. +A project was also brought forward for the creation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">237</span> +of Canadian dockyards and building therein four second-class +cruisers of the <i>Dartmouth</i> class and six destroyers, +though up to the time of writing none of these ships have +materialised, and the Canadian Navy is still very much a +project in the air.</p> + +<p>Newfoundland has a naval reserve, trained over +many years in the drill-ship, which is ex H.M.S. <i>Calypso</i>.</p> + +<p>The whole subject of Colonial Navies is somewhat +involved, owing to the question as to how far they should +be under the orders of and part of the British Navy, +liable to be used when and where required for Imperial +needs, and how far they should be regarded as merely for +local defence. It has been argued from one point of view +that Colonial Navies acting on their own responsibility +might create undesirable Imperial complications—as for +instance, Australia with Japan, or Canada with the +United States. On the other hand it is argued that it +would not be possible to arouse Colonial enthusiasm for +a Colonial fleet which was not always on the spot, despite +any strategical grounds that might exist for its being +elsewhere. New Zealand, in May, 1912, negatived this +by presenting her battle-cruiser to the Imperial Navy for +use where most needed, but generally speaking Colonials +think first of local defence.</p> + +<p>These two divergent points of view, which are +certainly extremely delicate, may be said to be still +<i>subjudice</i>, but in the year 1911 the following agreement, +which is of the nature of a very judicious compromise, +was drawn <span class="locked">up:—</span></p> + +<p>1. The naval services and forces of the Dominions +of Canada and Australia will be exclusively under the +control of their respective Governments.</p> + +<p>2. The training and discipline of the naval forces of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">238</span> +the Dominions will be generally uniform with the training +and discipline of the fleet of the United Kingdom, and +by arrangement, officers and men of the said forces will +be interchangeable with those under the control of the +British Admiralty.</p> + +<p>3. The ships of each Dominion naval force will +hoist at the stern the white ensign as the symbol of +the authority of the Crown, and at the jack-staff the +distinctive flag of the Dominion.</p> + +<p>4. The Canadian and Australian Governments will +have their own naval stations as agreed upon and from +time to time. The limits of the stations are described +in Schedule A (Canada) and Schedule B (Australia).</p> + +<p>5. In the event of the Canadian or Australian +Government desiring to send ships to a part of the +British Empire outside of their own respective stations, +they will notify the British Admiralty.</p> + +<p>6. In the event of the Canadian or Australian +Government desiring to send ships to a foreign port, +they will obtain the concurrence of the Imperial Government, +in order that the necessary arrangements with the +Foreign Office may be made, as in the case of ships of +the British Fleet, in such time and manner as is usual +between the British Admiralty and the Foreign Office.</p> + +<p>7. While ships of the Dominions are at a foreign +port a report of their proceedings will be forwarded by +the officer in command to the Commander-in-Chief on +the station or to the British Admiralty. The officer in +command of a Dominion ship so long as he remains in +the foreign port will obey any instructions he may +receive from the Government of the United Kingdom +as to the conduct of any international matters that may +arise, the Dominion Government being informed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">239</span></p> + +<p>8. The commanding officer of a Dominion ship +having to put into a foreign port without previous +arrangement on account of stress of weather, damage, +or any unforeseen emergency, will report his arrival and +reason for calling to the Commander-in-Chief of the +station or to the Admiralty, and will obey, so long as +he remains in the foreign port, any instructions he may +receive from the Government of the United Kingdom +as to his relations with the authorities, the Dominion +Government being informed.</p> + +<p>9. When a ship of the British Admiralty meets a +ship of the Dominions, the senior officer will have the +right to command in matters of ceremony or international +intercourse, or where united action is agreed upon, but +will have no power to direct the movements of ships +of the other service unless the ships are ordered to +co-operate by mutual arrangement.</p> + +<p>10. In foreign ports the senior officer will take +command, but not so as to interfere with the orders that +the junior may have received from his Government.</p> + +<p>11. When a court-martial has to be ordered by a +Dominion and a sufficient number of officers are not +available in the Dominion service at the time, the +British Admiralty, if requested, will make the necessary +arrangements to enable a court to be formed. Provision +will be made by order of his Majesty in Council and by +the Dominion Governments respectively to define the +conditions under which officers of the different services +are to sit on joint courts-martial.</p> + +<p>12. The British Admiralty undertakes to lend to +the Dominions during the period of development of +their services, under conditions to be agreed upon, such +flag officers and other officers and men as may be needed.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">240</span> +In their selection preference will be given to officers and +men coming from, or connected with, the Dominions, +but they should all be volunteers for the service.</p> + +<p>13. The service of officers of the British Fleet in +the Dominion naval forces or of officers of those forces +in the British Fleet will count in all respects for +promotion, pay, retirement, etc., as service in their +respective forces.</p> + +<p>14. In order to determine all questions of seniority +that may arise, the names of all officers will be shown in +the Navy List, and their seniority determined by the +date of their commissions, whichever is the earlier, in +the British, Canadian, or Australian services.</p> + +<p>15. It is desirable in the interests of efficiency and +co-operation that arrangements should be made from +time to time between the British Admiralty and the +Dominion for the ships of the Dominions to take part in +fleet exercises or for any other joint training considered +necessary under the Senior Naval Officer. While so +employed the ships will be under the command of that +officer, who would not, however, interfere in the internal +economy of ships of another service further than is +absolutely necessary.</p> + +<p>16. In time of war, when the naval service of a +Dominion or any part thereof has been put at the +disposal of the Imperial Government by the Dominion +authorities, the ships will form an integral part of the +British Fleet, and will remain under the control of the +British Admiralty during the continuance of the war.</p> + +<p>17. The Dominions having applied to their naval +forces the King’s Regulations and Admiralty Instructions +and the Naval Discipline Act, the British Admiralty and +Dominion Governments will communicate to each other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">241</span> +any changes which they propose to make in these +Regulations or that Act.</p> + +<p>The Schedules A and B defined the stations of +Canadian and Australian ships respectively. These +stations cover the territorial and contiguous waters in +each case. The agreement generally seems framed in +an exceedingly able and statesmanlike spirit, designed +so far as may be to avoid any possible friction or +misunderstanding in the future, and in preparation for +the day when the Imperial British Fleet shall be something +very much more than a dream or just a fancy.</p> + +<p>This chapter merely records the birth of something +the end of which none can foretell. It may be the +first hint of a great world-wide English-speaking confederation: +it may be the swan song of the British +Empire. But it is probably one or the other in full +measure.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">242</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="VIII"><span id="toclink_242"></span>VIII.<br> + +<span class="subhead">GENERAL MATTERS IN THE LAST HUNDRED YEARS.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap1">Since</span> the Great French Wars the British Navy has +altered out of all recognition in its <i>materiel</i>; but +changes in the <i>personnel</i> are often considerably less +than appears on the surface.</p> + +<p>To take matters in the same order as they are taken +in Chapter <span class="allsmcap">VIII</span>, Vol. I., uniform has, of course, long +established itself. It has done so with a formality which, +in the view of many, has “established the régime of the +tailor rather than the sailor.” Within the last few years +a slight change for the better has occurred; but of the +greater part of the period so far as concerns purposes +for which uniform was first introduced—the sailor and +tailor exchanged places. Much has been written about +admirals and captains whose ideas of naval efficiency +were limited by “spit and polish,”<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">43</a> but “spit and +polish” at its worst was never so bad as that tailoring +idea which was the ultimate result of George II admiring +the costume of the Duchess of Bedford.<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">44</a></p> + +<figure id="i_243" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 21em;"> + <img src="images/i_243.jpg" width="1299" height="2641" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p class="left"><i>Photo</i>]</p> + <p class="right up1">[<i>Stuart, Southampton.</i></p> + <p>ADMIRAL FISHER.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The mischief is popularly supposed to lie with naval +officers. Actually its roots lie with officials, who have +piled regulation upon regulation, and the Vanity of +Vanities is to be found so far back as the days of the +great St. Vincent and his recorded orders about officers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">245</span> +shoe-laces. Lesser lights than he, being in authority, +blindly imitated. And so the uniform fetish grew and +prospered.</p> + +<p>This is not to be taken wholly as a condemnation—for +all that a system which made one of the most +important duties of a lieutenant to be the carrying round +of a tape measure with a view to ascertaining whether +every man was “uniform” within a fraction of an inch +may seem more suggestive of comic opera than of naval +efficiency. Within reasonable limits, conformity has +many virtues; and a man slovenly in observing uniform +regulations is likely enough to be slovenly in things of +greater moment. Like most bad things in the Navy, the +principle was ideal: only the carrying of it too far was +at fault. There is not the remotest reason to believe +that a Navy not in uniform would be as efficient as one +in uniform—all the probabilities are that it would be +less so. The man who invented the saying that “a +pigmy in uniform is more impressive than a giant in +plain clothes” was making no idle statement, but stating +a general verity. The trouble is solely in the difficulty +that has ever been experienced in striking a common-sense +mean—a difficulty created by the first mediocrity +who tried to stand in St. Vincent’s shoes, and who +lacked the brains to realise that what St. Vincent had +started with a definite Service object in view, he—the +unknown mediocrity—had merely lost in the <i>means</i>. +An example once created had to be followed. The +hardships of conformity—of which overmuch is heard +nowadays—are actually trivial, on account of the custom. +The mischief lies not in the conforming, but in the waste +of time of those who are made responsible for that +conformity.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">246</span></p> + +<p>In essence, modern uniform is simple enough: that +the various ranks should be noted by special insignia is +obviously desirable. For combatant officers, the distinguishing +sleeve-marks <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<figure id="i_246" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img src="images/i_246.jpg" width="1625" height="370" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption">Admiral + Vice-Admiral Rear-Admiral Commodore + Captain Commander Lieutenant-Commander + Lieutenant Sub-Lieutenant + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Engineer officers wear the same insignia with purple +between the stripes. Non-combatant officers are without +the curl to the stripes, and wear colours to distinguish +them as follows:—Doctors, red; Paymasters, white; +Naval Instructors, blue.</p> + +<p>The system for the supply of the <i>personnel</i> is to-day +altogether different from what it was a hundred years +ago. Till comparatively recently future deck officers +were taken very young, passed into the Service as Naval +Cadets, and thence promoted up to Midshipmen, etc., +while Engineers and officers of the other civilian branches +joined later in life.</p> + +<p>More or less contemporaneously with the Dreadnought +era this was altered by the “New Scheme of +Entry,” also known as the “Selbourne Scheme,” after +the then first Lord of the Admiralty, but really the +creation of Admiral Fisher, the Sea Lord who was the +moving spirit at the Admiralty at that time.</p> + +<p>Few schemes have been more virulently criticised—few, +in some cases, more unfairly. Like nearly all Admiral +Fisher’s innovations, the scheme was better on paper +than in fact. Like all his other schemes it was carried +through at far too great a pace for the ultra-conservative +moods of the British Navy, which has ever resented<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">247</span> +anything but the most gradual of changes. On the +other hand, it is too often forgotten by critics that a +great agitation on the part of naval engineer officers, +backed by very considerable shore-influences, was then in +existence. Something had to be done, and done quickly. +Of Admiral Fisher it may ever be said that he acted +where others merely argued.</p> + +<p>Under the New Scheme, the deck-officer, the +engineer, and the marine-officer were all to enter as +cadets at a very tender age, undergo a common training, +and be specialised for any Branch at option or at +Admiralty discretion later on.</p> + +<p>Whatever may be said against the New Scheme, it +was magnificent on paper. Engineer officers had first +come into the Navy as mechanics to work an auxiliary +motive-power in which no “seamen” had much faith. +From that humble beginning the status of their Branch +grew and grew, till both motive-power and the existence +of nearly everything on ship-board depended on the +engineers. At the same time the official status of the +Branch remained practically in the same stage as it did +when the first few “greasers” were entered. The deck-officer +was (nominally, at any rate) drawn from the +aristocracy; the engineer officer from the democracy in +a great measure. In so far as this obtained, “social +war” was added to the real issue. It was obvious that +this state of affairs was detrimental to naval efficiency. +Something had to be done.</p> + +<p>Admiral Fisher cut the Gordian knot in his own +fashion. In substance his Scheme provided that future +engineer officers were to be drawn from the same class +as deck-officers—to gild the pill, marine officers were +flung into the same melting pot. He might have done<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">248</span> +better: but far more conceivably harm might have been +perpetrated.</p> + +<p>As an argument behind him, he had Drake and +Elizabethan conditions, the history of the days when +every man was made to “sail his ship and fight it too.” +The U.S. Navy had already plunged on a somewhat +similar experiment. When the Russo-Japanese War +came, the Japanese, in the middle of a life-and-death +fight, suddenly granted executive rank to their engineer +officers—<i>i.e.</i>, that right to control and punish their own +men which British marine officers have always had.</p> + +<p>The Scheme met its first rock in the Marines. For +three hundred years or thereabouts the “Sea Regiment” +has been afloat as a thing apart. The “leather-necks”—as +the sailors call them—have built up their own +traditions. They have ever remained a force apart from +both Army and Navy, belonging to both and yet to +neither. The record of the Marines is such that when, +recently, it was proposed that they should have a +regimental colour with their battles emblazoned on it, +the idea had to be abandoned because there was not +room on the flag for their services!</p> + +<p>Any attempt to interfere with the continuity of +such a corps was fore-doomed to failure from the first. +The Marines resisted being turned into sailors just as +they would have resisted being turned into soldiers. +They stood out uncompromisingly for being “the Sea +Regiment.” The expected happened. By 1911 this +part of the New Scheme was practically shelved, and +the most unique body of men in the world was left to +carry out its own traditions.</p> + +<figure id="i_249" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 23em;"> + <img src="images/i_249.jpg" width="1432" height="2694" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p class="left"><i>Photo</i>]</p> + <p class="right up1">[<i>Russell & Sons, Southsea.</i></p> + <p>ADMIRAL SIR JOHN JELLICOE.</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>In the matter of future engineers, snags were struck +likewise, but here a more or less unreasoning conservatism<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">251</span> +on the part of parents played its full part. The average +parent objected to his son becoming an engineer specialist +over old-time reasons. A further and weightier objection +was, and continues to be, raised by engineering experts, +who argue that engineering is a life profession, not to +be picked up efficiently by casual specialization.</p> + +<p>The matter is still under discussion, and its verification +or otherwise rests with the future. As to the first +point, a serious effort to overcome it was made early in +1912 by the promulgation of an order that New Scheme +officers, specialised for engineering, would be eligible for +the command of submarines equally with deck-officers.</p> + +<p>The importance of this particular point is great; +for by the end of 1911 it was generally believed that +the motor warship would at some more or less early date +in the future replace the steam-driven one; and so the +“sail-his-ship-and-fight-it-too” theory found a new +interpretation.</p> + +<p>As regards the rank and file of the Navy, the +difference of a hundred years has been so great and so +commented on that to-day we perhaps tend to make it, +seem far greater than it really is. It is to be doubted +whether the “prime seaman” has altered to anything +like the extent imagined. We are all too prone to forget +that in the days of the Great French Wars <i>all</i> the crews +were not jail-birds, pressed-men, and riff-raff. The +leaven of the mass were the “prime seamen,” who, in +their own way, were as well trained for the naval service +as are the bluejackets of to-day.</p> + +<p>Since then the “prime seamen” have had many +vicissitudes. So long ago as the time of the Crimean War +men of ten years’ continuous service were in existence, +but whatever the “paper” value of this force may have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">252</span> +been, the extracts given in Chapter <span class="allsmcap">VIII</span>, Vol. I, make it +abundantly clear that the “prime seaman” was in practice +very scarce. It is long since then that the long service +system was built up.</p> + +<p>Under this every bluejacket was a “prime seaman” +either in <i>posse</i> or in <i>esse</i>. He was entered for a period of +ten years, with option to re-engage for a further ten +years at slightly increased pay and a pension on retirement. +At a later and comparatively recent stage this +total of twenty years got increased to twenty-two years. +The prospects were improved to the extent that the best +men of the Lower Deck upon reaching Warrant Rank +were able, towards the close of their careers, to reach +the rank of lieutenant on the Active List. In a word, +the idea of a Navy consisting entirely of “prime seamen” +was more or less actually reached.</p> + +<p>This system had, however, one drawback. It was, +relatively speaking, very expensive. When the Fisher +revolution took place Economy was very much the +motto of the day. It was pointed out that outside the +Royal Naval Reserve, consisting of merchant seamen, +no effective reserve existed. It was further pointed out +that on board a modern battleship there were many +duties which could just as well be performed by partially +trained or even untrained men as by skilled men.</p> + +<p>Out of these two points (according to some critics), +by using the first as a cloak for the economy of the +second, a certain retrograde movement was established +in the institution of the Short Service System. Under +this the old time “landsman” was revived under another +name. Under the Short Service System a man could +enter the Navy for five years, receiving ordinary pay +for ordinary duties, but without prospects of promotion<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">253</span> +or pension, except in so far as he might afterwards be +utilised for reserve purposes.</p> + +<p>How far this scheme made for efficiency is a moot +point, but it certainly led to economy. As certainly it +was bitterly resented by the men of the Navy. The +views of the officers on the subject of “ticklers”—as +Short Service men were termed afloat—were less decided. +Some considered the scheme an abomination; others +thought it very satisfactory.</p> + +<p>With so conservative an institution as the British +Navy, it is yet too early to give a definite decision one +way or the other on the subject. But it is worth noting +that no one seems to have remarked on the fact that it +was a tentative return, under modern and peace +conditions, to what obtained in the days of the Great +French Wars, and then at least satisfactorily answered +requirements.</p> + +<p>No one really knew, and no one could do more than +surmise, what would be required for manning the Fleet +in the next great war in which the British Navy was +engaged. It was generally assumed that in the present +century the re-institution of the press-gang would be +quite impossible owing to public opinion.</p> + +<p>Public opinion, however, is a variable quantity, and +with a Navy in desperate plight for men there is no +saying definitely what might or might not happen, either +publicly or <i>sub rosa</i>. It was generally agreed on all hands +that, large as the trained <i>personnel</i> of the British Navy +is, it might prove totally inadequate in a big naval +war. In such case extra men would have to be found—sentiment +or no sentiment. The Short Service System, +despite all its drawbacks, has so far proved a loophole to +avoid the horrors of the press-gang of the old days; and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">254</span> +much which on the face of it was at the time obviously +unsatisfactory may in the future prove to have been +foresight of an unexpectedly high order.</p> + +<p>It only remains to add that nothing of this sort has +ever been advanced in extenuation by advocates of +Short Service, who have confined themselves entirely to +the obvious point of economy and the more or less +debatable point of an efficient reserve.</p> + +<p>To-day, of course, the crews do not find their ships +a prison; but it is a moot question whether they are +relatively much better off than in Nelson’s day. A +great deal of leaven is given—far more, indeed, than is +represented by philanthropic agitators—but it is mainly +of the nature of “short leave.” This—in these days of +travel—means very little relatively, since it rarely allows +of a trip home. For good or ill, the bluejacket of to-day +is a “home-bird”; consequently, what a hundred years +ago would have represented “ample liberty,” to-day +appears much on all fours with the old time confinement +to the ship. Modern facilities for travel have swallowed +up most of the difference! This is among the matters +not understood by the Powers That Be. The perspective +has changed; and Service Conditions have not yet been +fully accommodated to the alteration.</p> + +<p>Food remains a source of naval grievance to-day +almost as much as in the days of the Great Mutiny. +That it does so is mostly an inherited tradition of the +past; for both quality and quantity are now excellent. +An impression prevails, however, that were messing +provided by the Admiralty on non-profit lines instead +of by contract, “extras” would either be cheaper, or +that what are now “canteen profits” on them would +be more available than they are at present. There is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">255</span> +little reason to believe that this is so. Like the purser +of a hundred years ago, the modern contractor probably +does not make a tenth of the profit that he is legendarily +supposed to make, nor is there any clear proof that +things could be materially bettered, except in details +which have little or nothing to do with the main point.</p> + +<p>When all is said and done, the bluejacket of the +Twentieth Century has always been fed as well or better +than his brother in civilian life, and his growls upon the +subject of messing do not demand any very serious +attention. Just as the Great Mutiny of 1797 brought +about an attention to details of uniform, regulations and +things of that sort which have ever since endured, so it +perpetuated a corresponding impression that an official +eye must ever be directed to keeping messing more or +less up to the mark. And that eye has never slumbered.</p> + +<p>In Chapter <span class="allsmcap">VIII</span>, Vol. I, a page is devoted to surgery +in the Great War Era. Here, as in some other matters, +progress may be more real than imaginary. Now, as +then, the Navy offers little in the way of lucrative +inducements to a good surgeon. In one sense it offers +less than it did; for, though exceptions can be found, +the general naval conception of the doctor is still the +old-fashioned notion of someone to cure the sick man +rather than the more modern idea of preventing the man +from becoming sick.</p> + +<p>The problem, it must, however, be admitted, is a +difficult one in many ways. In peace conditions the +medical staff is rather too large than too small; for all +that, for modern war conditions it is probably hopelessly +inadequate.</p> + +<p>It is more or less accepted that in modern battle +the wounded must lie where they fall. Theoretically, at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">256</span> +any rate, this is mitigated by certain instructions in +First Aid, and the furnishing of hypodermic syringes to +one member of each gun’s crew for use on the badly +wounded. The days when lint was forbidden as a +useless extravagance, and sponges were restricted for the +sake of economy, have indeed gone, just as surely as +has the old-time surgeon who, unable to afford his own +instruments, had to borrow from the carpenter an +ordinary saw to amputate a limb! But—relatively to +shore-practice of equal date—the naval medical service +is not much less hampered than it was a hundred odd +years ago; and a really big naval action is likely enough +to see as much superfluous agony (relatively speaking) +as in the old days!</p> + +<p>The true position of the surgeon in a warship is not +recognised; the official duties of a doctor are officially +purely “curative,” very rarely “preventive.” Some +or most of this is due to the prevalence of old-fashioned +obsolete ideas in high quarters; but some also is to be +laid at the door of the “Churches,” and their fancy for +differentiating between diseases. The matter is not one +that admits of further discussion here; but the enforcement +upon naval surgeons (who have to deal with large +bodies of men crowded into spaces necessarily favourable +for contagion) of conditions which, rightly or wrongly, +are deemed to be for the public’s ultimate welfare on +shore, are a terrible menace to naval efficiency. Things +are indeed bettering in this respect, but still somewhat +slowly.</p> + +<p>After the Great Mutiny of 1797 the pay of the men +was approximately trebled. Although “extras” have +since been added, the normal pay has remained to all +intents and purposes stationary, while if qualifications<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">257</span> +be taken into account it has actually decreased, since +the “ordinary” of to-day is called on to do just about +what the “able seamen” of a hundred odd years had +to do.</p> + +<p>The respective rates<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> <span class="locked">are:—</span></p> + +<table id="t257" class="tbdr"> +<tr class="thead"> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdc">1797 per week.</td> + <td class="tdc">1914 per week (minimum).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl">Ordinary seamen</td> + <td class="tdc">6/6</td> + <td class="tdc fs1">8/9</td> +</tr> +<tr class="tlast"> + <td class="tdl">Able seamen</td> + <td class="tdc">8/4</td> + <td class="tdc">11/8</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Since the cost of living has certainly gone up at +least twenty per cent. in the interim, and since the +normal increase is undoubtedly under that, a <i>prima facie</i> +case is certainly made out for those who contend that +the British sailor is, if anything, worse paid than he was +a hundred years ago.</p> + +<p>The board and lodging which he obtains of course +adds to the actual total; but the fact remains that the +board and lodging labourer of to-day, who takes no risks +of his life, is now as much ahead of the sailor as he was +behind him in 1797. And “uniform” means a heavy +extra expense for clothing.</p> + +<p>In 1912 the men of the Navy definitely asked for a +twenty per cent. increase of pay. It amounted to nothing +but an adjustment of 1797 conditions to modern ones. +They did not obtain it—unasked for off-chances of +“Democracy on the Quarter Deck” were given instead. +Later on a 3d. a day concession was made to able seamen +after the completion of six years’ more service.</p> + +<p>There at the moment the question remains. It has +to a certain extent been obscured by question of naval +punishments; about which a good deal of nonsense has<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">258</span> +been written by people who in some cases should know +better.</p> + +<p>Naval punishments are severe; but discipline +necessitates punishments, and these have been regularly +toned down to the spirit of the age. The real and +genuine grievances of to-day are almost identical with +the genuine grievances of which the “prime seamen” +complained in 1797:—pay, leave, and the treatment of +men who happen to come into the hands of the ship’s +medical staff through no fault of their own.</p> + +<p>In 1912 a Commission was enquiring into punishments, +and further reductions in them to suit modern +ideas resulted; but it is by no means certain that any +advantage in efficiency will be acquired therefrom. +Naval Discipline—no matter how harsh—is a tricky +thing to tamper with. The highest possible ideal of +Discipline was reached by the Japanese, who, previous +to the war with Russia, ran their Navy on “the honour +of the flag” lines; and presumably had some similar +system in the Army. In what is certainly the most +patriotic land of our era this succeeded in peace time. +Yet in the attacks on Port Arthur, when a great assault +was made, when the time came to cease bombarding the +hostile position, the guns were turned on the possible +line of retreat, ensuring that for a man to retire was +more dangerous to him than to go forward. In the case +of the Japanese it was perhaps an unnecessary precaution, +but it was borrowed from old-time precautionary usage +in Europe.</p> + +<p>Every system of discipline is based on the fact that +either sooner or later there will be some man who will +be frightened enough to turn tail, and lead others to +follow his example, unless there is something still worse<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">259</span> +to stop him. On this foundation stone the most +seemingly trivial items of discipline are based.</p> + +<p>No normal man, <i>when it comes to the point</i>, cares to +risk his life or limbs. Here and there an individual of +the “don’t care” order is to be found; but generally +speaking he is an anomaly. In the ordinary way the +safest assumption is that he will think more of his skin +than anything else—and on this theory all systems of +discipline are founded. All rely on the ultimate fact +that “it is worse to go back than to go forward.” The +curse of the present age is the semi-educated humanitarian +who criticises the <i>means</i> (often crude enough) +without taking the <i>end</i> into proper account. At the +other extreme are those who, though familiar with the +story of the Russian sentry regularly placed to protect +a favourite flower which had died two hundred years +before, understand that there is a <i>reason</i> for everything, +but fail to realise fully that conditions change.</p> + +<p>Many works have been written on the tactical and +strategical superiority of those who have led British +Fleets to victory; but in the great majority of cases +there is little to show that the majority of our admirals +were really more clever than many of their opponents. +He would be a bold man who set out to prove in black +and white that Collingwood had more brain than +Villeneuve, or would have done better than that unlucky +admiral had they changed places with each other. Nor +would he have much more luck in attempting to prove +that at any era in history British sailors were really +braver than French ones.</p> + +<p>In one critical period of English history Drake +appeared—and the most lasting sign of “how he did it” +was “spit and polish”! In another dark time came<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">260</span> +St. Vincent—and his sign manual was “tailoring” and +“routine.” In yet another critical hour came Nelson +who supplied enthusiasm by his care for the health of +his men. But it was Nelson who went out of his way to +congratulate St. Vincent on hanging mutineers out of +hand on a Sunday instead of keeping them till the +Monday! These three great men knew what they relied +upon.</p> + +<p>The real secret of British naval success has surely +lain in the possession of naval architects able to create +the kind of ship best calculated to stand hammering, +and hard-hearted folk in authority who created a +discipline which, however unreasonable some of it may +now seem, has ever ensured victory.</p> + +<p>Superior British courage then, as now, was a +pleasing topic for the music hall or its equivalent; but +the real driving power of the British battle fleet in the +past was “discipline.” Those who to-day would amend +or alter even the most seemingly ridiculous anomalies of +discipline will do well to ponder and walk warily, lest +they upset greater things than they wot of—lest they +damage the keystone embodied in the crude words of +that unknown stoker who said: “It’s just this—do your +blanky job.”</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">261</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="WARSHIP_NICKNAMES">WARSHIP NICKNAMES<br> + +<span class="subhead">PAST AND PRESENT.</span></h2> +</div> + +<table id="nicknames"> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Achilles</i></td> + <td class="tdl">A-chilles, <i>also</i> The Chilly</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Aeolus</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Oily</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Anson</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Handsome</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Agamemnon</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Aggie, <i>also</i> Mother Weston</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Alexandra</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Alex</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Ajax</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Queen of Hearts</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Andromache</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Andrew Mark</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Apollo</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Pollie</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Ariadne</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Harry Agony, <i>also</i> Hairy Annie</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Bacchante</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Boozer, <i>also</i> Black Shanty</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Belleisle</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Belle-isle</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Bellerophon</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Bellyfull</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Black Prince</i></td> + <td class="tdl">British Public</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Brilliant</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Hair Wash</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Caesar</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Gripes</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Calliope</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Cally-ope</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cambrian</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Taffy</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Camperdown</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Scamperdown</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Circe</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Sirse</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Collingwood</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Collywobbles</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Colossus</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Costly</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Conqueror</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Corncurer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">262</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cornwallis</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Colliwobbles</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cumberland</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Cumbersome</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Curacoa</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Cocoa</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Curlew</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Curly</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cyclops</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Sickly</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Daphne</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Duffer</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Devastation</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Devy</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Diana</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Die Anyhow</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Dido</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Diddler</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Donegal</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Don’t Again</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Duke of Wellington</i></td> + <td class="tdl">The Dook</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Dreadnought</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Fearnought</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Endymion</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Andy Man</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Fantome</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Ghost</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Galatea</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Gal to Tea</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Gibraltar</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Gib</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Glory</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Ruddigore</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Gorgon</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Guzzler</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Grasshopper</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Grass Bug</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hannibal</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Annie Bell</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hawke</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Awkward</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hecate</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Tom Cat</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hercules</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Her-cules</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hermione</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Hermy-one</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Highflyer</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Aeroplane</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hindustan</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Dusty One</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Hogue</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Road Hog</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Howe</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Anyhow</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Illustrious</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Lusty</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Immortalité</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Immortal Light, <i>also</i> Immorality</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Imperieuse</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Impy</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Indefatigable</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Antipon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">263</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Iphigenia</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Silly Jane</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Isis</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Icy</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Jupiter</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Jupes</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>King Alfred</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Alfie</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>King Edward</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Neddie, <i>also</i> King Ned</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Lancaster</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Lanky</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Leda</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Bleeder</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Lion</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Liar, <i>also</i> Lie On</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Magnificent</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Maggie</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Melpomene</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Melpo-mean</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Montagu</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Montie</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Narcissus</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Nasty Sister</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Niger</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Nigger</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Nile</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Jew</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Northampton</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Northo’, <i>also</i> Bradlaugh</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Northumberland</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Northo’</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Onyx</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Only One</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Pandora</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Paddler</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Penelope</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Penny Lope</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Perseus</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Percy</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Philomel</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Filly</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Polyphemus</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Polly</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Prince George</i></td> + <td class="tdl">P.G.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Psyche</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Sue, <i>or</i> Sukey, <i>also</i> Sickly</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Queen Elizabeth</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Black Bess, <i>also</i> Bessie, <i>also</i> Lizzie</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Ramillies</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Mutton Chop</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Rattlesnake</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Ratto</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Repulse</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Beecham</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Resolution</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Reso</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Royal Sovereign</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Royal Quid</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Salamander</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Sally and her Ma</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Sanspareil</i></td> + <td class="tdl">San Pan<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">264</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Scylla</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Silly</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Seagull</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Gull</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Sheldrake</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Shell Out</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>St. Vincent</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Saint</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Sutlej</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Suble J.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Tartar</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Emetic</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Téméraire</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Temmy</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Terrible</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Orrible</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Undaunted</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Dauntless</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Yarmouth</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Lunatic</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Warspite</i></td> + <td class="tdl">War Spider</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Note.</i>—From time to time Nicknames vary, as occasionally +they are bestowed by other ships. This list is not quite complete +on that account.</p> + +<div class="chapter footnotes"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</h2> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">1</a> Most of the criticism past and present of the Barnaby era is rendered +worthless by an ignoring of this report.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">2</a> This is instanced by the increasing ahead fire given to the broadside +ironclads.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">3</a> <i>Our Ironclad Ships.</i></p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">4</a> In this connection see <i>Imperieuse</i> and <i>Warspite</i> later on.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">5</a> <i>Naval Developments of the Century</i>, by Sir N. Barnaby, pp. 163–164.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">6</a> Re-designed to give extra protection.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">7</a> <i>See</i> Reed Era.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">8</a> In the Chili-Peruvian War—as late as 1879–81—a torpedo fired from the +<i>Huascar</i> did this.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">9</a> The full report is to be found in Part IV of <i>Brassey’s Naval Annual</i>, +1888–9.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">10</a> It is worthy of note that these ships were abnormally “over-gunned” +according to the ideas which were then in official favour, and which, later on, +came more into favour still. The same applies to the <i>Arethusa</i> class.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">11</a> It is interesting to note that the Laird firm, who built the <i>Rattlesnake</i>, +which was easily the fastest of her class, made her engines considerably +heavier than Admiralty specifications. For this they were fined £1,000, +which sum, however, was remitted after the brilliant success of the ship in the +manœuvres above referred to.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">12</a> Mr. W. T. Stead, who edited the <i>Pall Matt Gazette</i> at that time, intimated +some twenty years later that Lord Fisher was behind him in commencing +the agitation. Lord Charles Beresford, then in political life, brought the +Bill forward.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">13</a> In 1899 the <i>Blake</i> was re-boilered. The ships remained upon the effective list +till 1906, when they were converted into sea-going depot ships for destroyers, +most of their guns being removed. They now carry each 670 tons of coal +of their own, and 470 tons stowed in one cwt. bags for use by destroyers.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">14</a> This ship very greatly exceeded her nominal displacement of 14,200 tons. +She was actually 15,400 tons. The essentially White ships were, on the other +hand, of about their nominal displacement. Of the <i>Hood</i> it may further be +added that she was greatly inferior to the others as a sea-boat—a serious +set-off against her superior big gun protection.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">15</a> 4 <i>Astræas</i> = 8—6in., 16—4.7. 5 <i>Apollos</i> = 10—6in., 15—4.7</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">16</a> The <i>Lynch</i> and <i>Condell</i> (launched 1890) sank the Chilian <i>Blanco Encalada</i> +in 1891; the <i>G. Sampaio</i> (1893) the Brazilian <i>Aquidaban</i> in 1894.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">17</a> In 1894 the <i>Thunderer</i> had her upper works painted in black and white +chequers, like the old three-deckers of the Nelson era. Ships with the top of +their upper works yellow were also not uncommon.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">18</a> About 1902–3 four additional casemates for 6-inch guns were added on +top of the four amidship casemates.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">19</a> The large tube Yarrow, now so general, did not appear till at a later date.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">20</a> Comparatively recently a ship—best left unnamed—made wonderful +speed. With a new Engineer Commander she suddenly lost 25 per cent. +of her horse-power. The newcomer was rather inexperienced in the type, +and closely followed Admiralty regulations. Presently the ship recovered +her power—he had given up following the book! It is only fair to say +that the restrictive regulations of the Admiralty were mostly forced upon +them by people ashore, who probably had not even a nodding acquaintance +with the engine-room of a warship, or warship requirements.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">21</a> This idea was borrowed from the Continent. Germany had long +adopted batteries, and nearly every other nation had followed suit.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">22</a> Also under Naval Defence Act an additional sum of £10,000,000, spread +over seven years.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">23</a> The <i>Nelsons</i> were delayed in completion, as the 12-inch guns made +for them were appropriated for the <i>Dreadnought</i>, in order to ensure rapid +completion of that ship.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">24</a> To some extent this is probably true of slower firing of larger guns. +The only warships with single 12-inch—the Italian <i>Victor Emanuele</i> class—have +generally achieved almost as many hits at target practice as the <i>Brine</i>, +with two pairs of 12-inch. Improved mountings have since appeared, +but certain advantages still seem inevitable to the single gun. Its disadvantage +lies, of course, in much extra weight, and to-day in the space +question also.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">25</a> Armament recently altered to 9—4 inch.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">26</a> They had a bow tube besides broadside tubes. This bow tube was soon +done away with and a couple of 6-pounders substituted.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">27</a> The vessels of the <i>Amalfi</i> class designed by Col. Cuniberti in 1899 were +of 8,000 tons displacement; they were to have been armed with twelve +203-m/m (8-inch), twelve 76-m/m (12-pounders), and twelve 47-m/m (3-pounders). +The armour belt was 152-m/m (6-inches) thick, as also was the +armour of the battery and of the turrets. The engines were to be 19,000 +H.P., and the speed with 15,000 H.P. was to be 22 knots.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">28</a> The <i>Vittorio Emanuele</i> proved a most successful ship, answering all +expectations of her. One of her chief novelties was the employment of a +special girder construction, and the scientific reduction of all superfluous +weights upon a scale never before attempted. Though apparently lightly +built the ship was found to be abnormally strong.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">29</a> The false impression that a British battleship could be built in about a +third of the time that German ships take to construct had far more to do +with subsequent shipbuilding reductions than any deliberate ignoring of +naval needs, such as those responsible were accused of.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">30</a> They first appeared, as already recorded, in British cruisers of the +<i>Minotaur</i> class. Their safety record is to be found in the survival of the +<i>Pallada</i> at Port Arthur; their inconvenience in the fact that in the <i>Neptune</i> +they were abandoned.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">31</a> These were announced as intended to carry four 12-inch and eight +10-inch, besides smaller guns. The 10-inch proved later on to be mythical.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">32</a> American scientific gunnery rather post-dates the <i>South Carolina</i> design.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">33</a> It should be remembered that alterations were made in the <i>Invincible</i> +class in the course of construction, and this probably helped to swell the cost.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">34</a> In the Chinese ships <i>Ting Yuen</i> and <i>Chen Yuen</i>, built in Germany in 1882 +with big guns <i>en échelon</i>, the former had the port big guns foremost, the +latter the starboard ones—presumably an appreciation of and an attempt +to overcome the inherent defect of the échelon system—the two ships being +intended to fight in company, and so have one of the two always in the +best fighting position were the enemy anywhere on the beam or quarter.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">35</a> The torpedo, for example, may possibly bring about something of the +sort by a state of speed and accuracy which leads to heavy or anticipated +heavy long-range losses from it in fleet actions. To offer only one-fifth or so +of the target would then be a serious consideration.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">36</a> This is rumoured to have been abandoned for oil fuel.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">37</a> Something of the same kind was also observed about 1870 or earlier, +when a Whitworth gun punched through a 6-inch iron plate!</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">38</a> Since these words were written the <i>Lusitania</i> has been torpedoed. I +see no reason whatever to alter the original thesis.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">39</a> Dean Swift in “Gulliver’s Travels” described almost exactly the moons +of Mars long before their existence was ever suspected.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">40</a> Of these, the third in either case was built or put together in Australia.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">41</a> Now renamed <i>Zelandia</i>.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">42</a> In May, 1912, the <i>New Zealand</i> was definitely handed over to the British +Navy. The <i>Australia</i> still remains a Commonwealth ship.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">43</a> See Vol. I., Chap. III. No less a man than Sir Francis Drake appears +to have invented “spit and polish.”</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">44</a> See Vol. I., page 194.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">45</a> The minimum is given in each case.</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">265</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="Index">Index.</h2> + +<div class="index"> +<ul class="index"> +<li class="ifrst">Aboukir, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Abuses, Naval, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Acquitaine, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Admiral Bacon’s Theory, <a class="v2" href="#Page_204">204</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Admiral Hopkins—Earliest Advocate of Centre-Line in England, <a class="v2" href="#Page_179">179</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Aerial Bombs First Provided Against, <a class="v2" href="#Page_173">173</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Aerial Dreadnoughts, <a class="v2" href="#Page_171">171</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Aerial Experiments in Austria, <a class="v2" href="#Page_228">228</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Aerial Guns, <a class="v2" href="#Page_226">226</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Aeroplanes for Naval Purposes, <a class="v2" href="#Page_226">226</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Agreement with the Colonies, Naval, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Aircraft, Possibilities of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Aircraft, Potentialities in, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Alexander, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Alexandria, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Alfred the Great, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Alfred, King, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Algiers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">All-Big-Gun Ship Arguments, <a class="v2" href="#Page_143">143</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Alterations to “Lion,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_185">185</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Alternative “Dreadnought” Ideal, <a class="v2" href="#Page_165">165</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Alva, Duke of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">American Colonies Revolution, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">American Frigates, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Americanising of British Naval Designs, <a class="v2" href="#Page_176">176</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">American Monitors and Conning Towers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">American Monitors, limitations of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">American Navy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">American War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Amiens, Peace of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Anson, Commodore, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Answer” British, to frégates blindées, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Antigua, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Antwerp, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Appreciation of Barnaby, <a class="v2" href="#Page_49">49</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Arch Duke Charles, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_98">98</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Archers, English, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Armada, Defeat of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_57">57</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Armada, Delayed, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Armada, Force of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">266</span>Armada, Indifferent Gunnery of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Armada, Real History of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_57">57</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Armament, Ratio of Size, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Armed Neutrality, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Armour, <a class="v2" href="#Page_204">204</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Armoured Cruisers Re-appear, <a class="v2" href="#Page_101">101</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Armour Experiments at Woolwich, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Armoured Forecastles, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Armoured Scouts, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Armstrong and Percussion Shell, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Army of Invasion,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Articles of War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Artificial Ventilation, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Armstrong, Guns of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Artillery, Superior, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Assize of Arms, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Athelston, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Australia, Navy of, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Auxiliary Navies, <a class="v2" href="#Page_231">231</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Battle of Trafalgar, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Belle Island Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Berwick Captured by French (1795), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Blockade, Scientific, First Instituted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Blockade Work, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bomb Dropping, <a class="v2" href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_228">228</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Bombs from Airships, <a class="v2" href="#Page_228">228</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Bomb Vessels Introduced, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bonaparte (see <a href="#Napoleon">Napoleon</a>), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bordelais Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Boscawen, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Boswell, Invention of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bounty, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bounty, Given by Henry VII, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bounty to Seamen, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bourbon, Isle of, Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Box-Battery Ironclads, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Brading, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Breaking the Line, First Attempt at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_128">128</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Breaking the Line by Rodney, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Breastwork Monitors, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_307">307</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Breech Blocks, Elementary, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_320">320</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Breechloaders, Armstrongs, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_320">320</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Brest, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Brest, Cornwallis off, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bridport, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_139">139</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Brig Sloop of 18 Guns, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">British Battle Fleet, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">British Defects in the Crimean War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">British Empire, an English-Speaking Confederation, <a class="v2" href="#Page_241">241</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">British Flag, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_75">75</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">British and French Ideals, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">British v. French Ships Discussed in Parliament, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">British Guns, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">British Merchant Ships Trade with Russia During War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">British Methods of Warfare, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">British Navy, Birth of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">British Squadron, Defeat of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">British Tactics, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">267</span>Broadside Ironclads, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Broke, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Brown, Samuel, Invents a Propeller (1825), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bruat, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Brueys, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bruix, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_154">154</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Buckingham, Duke of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bullivant Torpedo Defence, <a class="v2" href="#Page_53">53</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Burchett, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Burgoyne, Alan H., <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Burgoyne, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Bushnell, David, and his Submarine, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Busk, Hans, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Busses, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Byng, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_99">99</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Byng, Shot, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Cadiz, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cadiz, Collingwood off, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Calais, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Colder, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Calcutta, Recapture of (1757), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Calypso, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Campaign of Trafalgar (Corbett), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Camperdown, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Canada Acquired by England, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Canadian Dockyards, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Canadian Navy, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Cannon, Early, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cannon, First use of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Canute, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cape St. Vincent, Battle of (1759), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Capital Ship” Adjusts Itself, <a class="v2" href="#Page_218">218</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Capital Ship, Galley Replaced by Galleon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cape La Hogue, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Capraja, “Queen Charlotte” blown up off (1880), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Captain,” Nelson in, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_142">142</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Carronades, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Carronades, Part of Armament, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cartagena, Vernon Fails at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Catapults, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Catherine the Great, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_154">154</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cayenne Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cellular Construction, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Central Africa, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Central Battery Ironclads, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Centre-line, System, <a class="v2" href="#Page_179">179</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Cerberus, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Cette, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Chads, Captain and Gunnery Experiments, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_220">220</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Chads, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Chagres Bombarded, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Channel Policed, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Channel Protected by Merchants, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Chappel, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Charles I, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Charles II, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Charles, Prince, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Charring, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Charter of Ethelred, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Chartres, Duke of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Chateau, Renault, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_96">96</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Chatham, Earl of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Christian VII, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cinque Ports, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cinque Ports Established, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">268</span>Civil War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_75">75</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Claxton, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Clive, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Clothing, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Clydebank, <a class="v2" href="#Page_188">188</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Coal, Larger Store of, Affects</li> + +<li class="indx">Construction, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Coal Stores, <a class="v2" href="#Page_185">185</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">“Coastals,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_199">199</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">“Coastal Destroyers,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_199">199</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Coast Defence Ironclads, <a class="v2" href="#Page_199">199</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Coat of Mail Idea, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cockpit, Horrors of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cochrane, Lord, and Fire Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cochrane Opposes Vote of Thanks to Lord Gambier, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Code of Naval Discipline, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Colonials and Local Defence, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Colour Experiments, <a class="v2" href="#Page_89">89</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Command of the Sea (First Appearance of), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_75">75</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Commerce Defence, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_75">75</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Commission, Report of (1806), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Compass, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Coles, Captain Cowper, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Coles, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Coles, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Coles, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Collingwood Incompetent, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_202">202</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Collingwood, Resignation of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Colomb, Admiral, Quoted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Communication Tube, First for</li> + +<li class="indx">Conning Tower, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Conflict Between Steam and Gas Engines, <a class="v2" href="#Page_201">201</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Congreve Rocket, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Conning Towers in American Monitors, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Constantinople Bombarded, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Continuous Service, <a class="v2" href="#Page_251">251</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Contractors, Unscrupulous, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Contemporary Art, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Contraband of War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Contract-Built Ships First Advocated, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Controller of the Navy and Constructor, Disputes Between, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Converted Ironclads, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Convoys, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cook, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Copper Bottoms, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Copper Bottoms, Rapid Deterioration of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Copenhagen, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cornwall, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cornwallis off Brest, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cornwallis, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_139">139</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Corsairs, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_102">102</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cost per Gun for Sailing Man-of-War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_238">238</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cost per Gun for Steamers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_238">238</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cotton, Sir Charles, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Crimean War, British Defects in, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Crimean War, the British Navy in: Little Better than a Paper Force, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cromwell, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cronstadt, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cross Raiding, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_75">75</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cruisers of the Super-Dreadnought Era, <a class="v2" href="#Page_188">188</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Crusaders, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Conditional” Ships, <a class="v2" href="#Page_174">174</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">269</span>Cost of Oak, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cost per Gun for Early Ironclads, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_238">238</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cumberland, Inventor of Stoving, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Cuniberti, <a class="v2" href="#Page_179">179</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Cuniberti’s Conception of All Big-Gun ships, <a class="v2" href="#Page_139">139</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Curtis, Captain of the Fleet, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_136">136</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Curtiss Aeroplane, <a class="v2" href="#Page_226">226</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Curtiss Turbines, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Cutting Out Expeditions Instituted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Daedalus, <a class="v2" href="#Page_221">221</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">“Dandy” Captains, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Dandy” Sailors, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Danes, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Danish Fleet Surrendered, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Danish Ships Hired, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Darien, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dawkins, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dean, Sir Anthony, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dean, Sir John, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Decline of the Navy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">De Conflans, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Defects of the échelon System, <a class="v2" href="#Page_179">179</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Defects of the “Royal Sovereigns,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_69">69</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">De la Clue, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Delegates of Mutineers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Democracy on the Quarter Deck,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_257">257</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">De Pontis, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_102">102</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">De Witt, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_79">79</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Deptford Yard, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">De Ruyter, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_85">85</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">D’Estaing, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">D’Estrees, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_85">85</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Descharges, Inventor of Portholes, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Destroyer Attack Bound to Succeed, <a class="v2" href="#Page_195">195</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Destroyers in the Dreadnought Era, <a class="v2" href="#Page_199">199</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">De Tourville, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Devastation idea evolved, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Devonport Yard, <a class="v2" href="#Page_191">191</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Dibden (ref.), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Diesel Engine, <a class="v2" href="#Page_201">201</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Dirigibles, <a class="v2" href="#Page_222">222</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Discipline, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_258">258</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Discipline, Jervis Idea of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Discipline, Lack of, in time of Charles I, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Disputes Between the Controller of the Navy and Constructor, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Doctors, Naval, <a class="v2" href="#Page_256">256</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Dominion of Canada, <a class="v2" href="#Page_234">234</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">D’Orvilliers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_125">125</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Double Bottoms, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dover, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Downs, Battle in (1639), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_76">76</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Drake, Character of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Drake, Sir Francis, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Drake, Methods of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_259">259</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Dreadnought (analogy), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dreadnought, first idea of, <a class="v2" href="#Page_164">164</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Dromons, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dropping Bombs, <a class="v2" href="#Page_226">226</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Dry Dock, First, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dubourdieu, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">270</span>Du Casse, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ducas, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Duchess of Bedford and Uniform, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ducking, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Duckworth, Sir John, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Duguay-Trouin, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dumanoir, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Duncan, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dundonald, Earl of (Cochrane), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dutch Fleet Captured by Anglo-Russian Force, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dutch War, First, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_75">75</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dutch War, Second, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Dutch War, Third, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Eagle attacked by Submarine, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Earliest Advocate of the centre-line in England, Admiral Hopkins, <a class="v2" href="#Page_179">179</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Early Aerial Ideas, <a class="v2" href="#Page_218">218</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Early Wire Guns, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Economists Limit Lint and Sponges, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Economists on Shore, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Economy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Economy in Construction, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Edgar, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Edmund, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Edward I, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Edward II, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Edward III, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Edward IV, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Edward the Confessor, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Effects of Shell Fire, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Egyptian Government, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Electro, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Elementary Quickfirers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Elizabeth, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Elizabeth, First Acts of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Elizabethan Fleet, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Elphinstone, Captain in Russian Navy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_154">154</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Elswick, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">End-on Fire, <a class="v2" href="#Page_176">176</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">End-on Idea, <a class="v2" href="#Page_179">179</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">End of the White Era, <a class="v2" href="#Page_116">116</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Engineer Agitation, <a class="v2" href="#Page_247">247</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Engines of “Glatton” built in Royal Dockyard, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">England, Austria, and Sweden at war, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Equal Efficiency,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_215">215</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Ericsson, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ericsson Patents Propeller (1836), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Espagnols-sur-Mer, Les, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ethelred’s Navy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Excellence of the “Warrior” Class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_121">121</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Experiments, Gunnery, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Experiments to Improve Sailing Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Explosion” Vessels, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Eustace the Monk, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Feeding of Men During Great War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ferrol, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_96">96</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Fight—Shannon (British) v. Chesapeake (U.S.), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Finisterre, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Finisterre, Rodney off, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Fire, Raking, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Fire Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Fire Ships, Decline of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Fireworks, Use of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">First English Over-Sea Voyage, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">First of June, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">271</span>First Ship of Royal Navy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Fisher, Admiral Lord, <a class="v2" href="#Page_247">247</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Flag, Neutral, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Fleet Decoyed Away, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Fleet Saved by a Military Officer, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Fleet of Richard I, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Floating Batteries, First Use of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Florida Acquired by England, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Flotilla, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Flotilla Invasion, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Flushing Blockaded, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Food, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_254">254</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Forecastle, Armoured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Forecastles on Turret Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Fort, S. Phillip, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Frames, Trussed, Introduced, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_210">210</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">France, Why Beaten in Great War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">France, War with, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Frégates Blindées, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">French Fleet in Crimean War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">French and British Ideals, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">French Warships, Superb Qualities of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">French Fleet Superior to British, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">French Floating Batteries, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">French Revolution, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Freya, Danish Frigate, Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Frisians, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Fulton” Driven by steam Paddle, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Future Fights, <a class="v2" href="#Page_215">215</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="ifrst">“Galatea” Fitted with Paddles, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Galleon as Dreadnought of the 14th Century, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Galley, Replaced as Capital Ship, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Gambier, Admiral, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Gambier, Lack of Energy of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Gambier, Lord, Acquitted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Gambier, Lord, Vote of Thanks to Opposed by Cochrane, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Gambling, Punishment for, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ganteaume, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ganteaume, Admiral Escapes from Rochefort, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Garay, Inventor of Steamship, (1543), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Genereux Captured by Nelson, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Genius of Famous Admirals, <a class="v2" href="#Page_216">216</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Genoa, Hotham’s Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Gentlemen Adventurers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">George I, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">George II, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">George II and Institution of Uniform, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">German Seamen, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Germans Agitate for British Naval Efficiency, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Germany, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Germany (analogy), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Germany, Guns from, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">272</span>Gibraltar, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Gibraltar, Nelson at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Glasgow, “Black Prince,” Built at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Globe Circumnavigated by Drake, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Godwin, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_9">9</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Good Hope, Cape Dutch Squadron Captured at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Graham, Sir James, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Grasse, De, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Greek Fire, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Guadaloup Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_137">137</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Guarda-Costas, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Guerre de Course, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_102">102</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Guichen, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_128">128</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Guillaume Tell Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Gunners, Training of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Gunnery, Enemy’s Inefficiency of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Gunnery Errors, <a class="v2" href="#Page_179">179</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Gunnery Experiments, <a class="v2" href="#Page_231">231</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Guns Against Aircraft, <a class="v2" href="#Page_226">226</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Guns, British, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Guns in the Reed Era, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Guns in Submarine, <a class="v2" href="#Page_212">212</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Guns of the Watts Era, <a class="v2" href="#Page_202">202</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Guns, Pivot, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Guns, Rapid Fire, Development of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Guns, Turkish Monster, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Hales, Dr., Ventilation System of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hamelin, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hampden, John, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hanniken, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hardcastle Torpedo, <a class="v2" href="#Page_204">204</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Hardy, Sir Charles, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Harvey-Nickel Armour Introduced, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Hawkins, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hawthorn, <a class="v2" href="#Page_188">188</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">“Heavier than Air,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_221">221</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Heavy Rolling of the “Orion,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_183">183</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Henry II, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Henry III, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Henry IV, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Henry V, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Henry VII, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Henry VIII, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Hermione,” Mutiny in, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hickley, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hire of Danish Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hired Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Holy Land, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hood, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_137">137</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hopkins, Admiral, Ideas of, <a class="v2" href="#Page_134">134</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Horsey, Admiral de, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hoste, Captain William, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hotham, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Howard, Sir Edward, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Howe, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hubert de Burgh, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Hurrying Ships, <a class="v2" href="#Page_185">185</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Hyeres, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Icarus, <a class="v2" href="#Page_218">218</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Imperial British Fleet, <a class="v2" href="#Page_241">241</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Imperial Needs, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Impressment, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Increased Gun-Power, <a class="v2" href="#Page_203">203</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Increased Smashing Power of Projectiles, <a class="v2" href="#Page_175">175</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Indecisiveness in British Operations, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_137">137</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">273</span>Indies, Spanish Wealth from, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Inexperienced Officers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Inflexible” at the Nore Mutiny, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Inman, Dr., <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Inscription, Maritime, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Instructors, Spanish, in English Navy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Insular Spirit,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Insurance, <a class="v2" href="#Page_206">206</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Internal Armour, <a class="v2" href="#Page_206">206</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Introduction of Steam, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Introduction of 13.5-inch Gun, <a class="v2" href="#Page_175">175</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Invasion, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Invasion, Nelson’s Schemes Against, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Invasion of England, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Invasion Projected by French, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ironclads, Converted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ironclads, The First British, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ironclad Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Iron for Shipbuilding Instead of Oak, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Iron-plated Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Iron Ships Condemned (1850), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Iron Steamer Existed in 1821, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Island Empires, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Jacobite Element in the Fleet, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Jacobite Rising, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">James I, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">James II, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">James Watt, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Jarrow, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Java, Isle of, Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Jean Bart, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Jervis, Sir John, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Jews, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">John, King, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Juan, Fernandez, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Julius Cæsar, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Junction of the Fleets, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_98">98</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">“Kamptulicon,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Keel-Hauling, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Keeping the Air,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_227">227</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Keith, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_154">154</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Keppel, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_125">125</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Killala Bay, French Expedition to, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_151">151</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Kinburn Bombarded, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Kipling (ref.), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Kronstadt, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Kronstadt, Anglo-Danish Demonstration at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Krupp Fire, Shell, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">La Gallisonnier, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Labour” and the Navy, <a class="v2" href="#Page_207">207</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Lagane, <a class="v2" href="#Page_204">204</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Laird, Messrs., of Birkenhead, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Laird, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_186">186</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Lalande de Joinville, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Lancaster Guns, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Lancaster,” The, at Camperdown, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Landsmen,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_252">252</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">La Rochelle, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">La Rochelle, Expedition to, in time of Charles I, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Last Word,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">274</span>Latouche-Treville, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Laughton, Professor, Quoted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Laughton’s, Professor, Summary, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Laws of Oberon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Leake, Sir John, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Leave, <a class="v2" href="#Page_254">254</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Legends of Floating Rocks, <a class="v2" href="#Page_218">218</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Leissegues, Vice-Admiral, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Louisbourg Invested (1758), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Lighter than Air,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_221">221</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Linois, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Liquid Fire, Norton’s, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Lisbon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_102">102</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Lissa, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Little Englanders, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Lloyd, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Loading, Greater Rapidity in, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">London, Citizens of, Fit out Fleet Against Spain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">London, Dutch Guns heard in, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Longridge, C. + E., <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Lord Charles Beresford, <a class="v2" href="#Page_195">195</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Lord of the Sea, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Lorient, French Squadron, break-out of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Lorient, Partial Battle of (1795), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_139">139</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Loss of the “Victoria,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_39">39</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Louis Napoleon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Lower Deck, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Lowestoft, <a class="v2" href="#Page_207">207</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Machine of Meerlers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Macintosh, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Maderia Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Maintenance Allowance Increased, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Malaga, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Mallett, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Malta, Russian Designs on, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Malta Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Malta Starved into Surrender, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Marines, Objection to New Scheme, of the, <a class="v2" href="#Page_251">251</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Marryat, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Martinique, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_137">137</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Masefield, John, Quoted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Mastless Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Masts, Tripod, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Mauritius Attacked, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Medal, Tempus, Charles I, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Medine Sidonia, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Mediterranean, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Mediterranean, English Fleet First Stationed, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Meerlers, Machine Ships of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Meerlers “Smoak-boat,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Memoirs of Torrington, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Men Wanting, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Men, Lack of Training of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Messing, <a class="v2" href="#Page_254">254</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Messing in Tudor Times, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Methods of Drake, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Military Officer Saves Fleet, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Military Warfare, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Milne, Admiral, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Mines Appear, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Mines, Russian, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Minorca, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">275</span>Moderate Dimensions, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Modern Protective Decks Introduced, <a class="v2" href="#Page_85">85</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Modern Variant of “Case Shot,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_195">195</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Monk, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_76">76</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Monitor and Merrimac, Fight between, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Montgolfier, <a class="v2" href="#Page_221">221</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Motor-Destroyers, <a class="v2" href="#Page_201">201</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Mounting of Small Guns Between the échelon Turrets done away with, <a class="v2" href="#Page_175">175</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Murder, Punishment for, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Mutiny at Spithead, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Mutiny, The Great, <a class="v2" href="#Page_255">255</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Muzzle Loaders, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_320">320</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Nachimoff, Admiral (Russian), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Napier, Admiral Sir Charles, K.C.B., <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><a id="Napoleon"></a>Napoleon, at Toulon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Napoleon, Deportation of, to Elba, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Napoleon, Deportation of, to St. Helena, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Napoleon, Emperor, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Napoleon, First Consul, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Napoleon and Nelson, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Napoleon, Re-appearance of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Napoleon, Renovates his Navy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Napoleon and “Sea Power,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">National Interests, <a class="v2" href="#Page_206">206</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval Abuses, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval Aeroplanes, <a class="v2" href="#Page_225">225</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval Agreement with the Colonies, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval Aviation, <a class="v2" href="#Page_222">222</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval Defence Act, <a class="v2" href="#Page_63">63</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval Defence Act Cruisers, <a class="v2" href="#Page_71">71</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval Commission, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval Regulations of John, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval Pay in Great War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval Scare of 1887–89, <a class="v2" href="#Page_61">61</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval Punishments, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Naval War, The Next, <a class="v2" href="#Page_265">265</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Navarino, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Navy of Canute, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Navy, Non-Existence of, in Early Times, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_260">260</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson (analogy), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson at Gibraltar, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson at Toulon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson in the “Agamemnon,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson in the Mediterranean, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson (ref.), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson at Cadiz, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson, First Appearance of (1780), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_128">128</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson, Costume of Men, in Era of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson Defeated at Santa Cruz, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson, Drawing Away of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson Institutes Theatricals, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson, Last Order of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson’s Limitations, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">276</span>Nelson Mortally Wounded, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson and Mutineers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_151">151</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nelson’s Schemes of Invasion, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Neutral Flag, Property Under, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Neutrality, Armed, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">New Forest, Oak Plantations, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">New Scheme, The, <a class="v2" href="#Page_247">247</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Newfoundland Naval Reserve, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">New Zealand and the British Fleet, <a class="v2" href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">New Zealand’s Interest in the Imperial Navy, <a class="v2" href="#Page_234">234</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Nore, Mutiny at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Norman Invasion, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_9">9</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Normans, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Norris, Sir John, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Norton’s Liquid Fire, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">North Foreland, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nova Scotia, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Nile, Battle of (analogy), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">North and South Nigeria, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">“Numbers Only Can Annihilate,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_215">215</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Oak Plantations, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Oberon, Laws of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ocean-going Destroyers, <a class="v2" href="#Page_199">199</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Odessa Bombarded, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Odin, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Officering the Fleet, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Officers, Inexperience of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Officers’ Wine for Wounded, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ogle, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Oil Fuel, <a class="v2" href="#Page_200">200</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Original Conception of the Dreadnought Era, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Ormonde, Duke of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_96">96</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ornamental Work Reduced, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ostend Attacked, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ostend Captured (1706), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Paddle Experiments, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Paddles, “Galatea” Fitted with, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Paddle Recognised as a Source of Danger (1825), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Paddle Wheels Exposed, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Paint on Warships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Paixham, General, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Palmer’s, <a class="v2" href="#Page_175">175</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Parma, Duke of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Parker, Sir Hyde, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Parliament Discusses French v. British Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_137">137</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Parliamentarians, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Parson’s Turbine, <a class="v2" href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_200">200</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Paul, Russia, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pay (1653), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pay, Modern, <a class="v2" href="#Page_257">257</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Payta Captured by Captain Anson, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Peace of Amiens, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pembroke, Earl of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Penelope” Fitted with Engines, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Penelope Frigate attacks Guillaume Tell, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pennington, Sir John, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pensions for Wounds, Time of John, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pepys, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_79">79</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Period of Broadside Ironclads Ends, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Personality, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">277</span>Peterborough, Earl of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Peter the Great, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Phineas Petts, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_80">80</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Phœnicians, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pierola, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pigot, Captain of “Hermione,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_151">151</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pigtail, Origin of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pinnaces, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Piracy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Piracy, English Acts of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pirates, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pitt and Sea Power, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pivot Guns, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pizarro, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Plymouth Hoe, Drake on, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Plymouth, Mutiny at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Plymouth Sacked, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Policing the Channel, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Politics and Admirals, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pomone, French Frigate, Captured (1794), <span class="v2">135</span>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Portholes, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Portsmouth, Review at (1512), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Portsmouth Sacked, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Portsmouth Yard, <a class="v2" href="#Page_191">191</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Possibility of Airships in the Future, <a class="v2" href="#Page_226">226</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Possibility of Dreadnoughts Considered, <a class="v2" href="#Page_145">145</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Present Stage of Aerial Progress, <a class="v2" href="#Page_229">229</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Press Gang, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_199">199</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Presumed End of Ironclads, <a class="v2" href="#Page_47">47</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Prime Seamen, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_251">251</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Prince Charles, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Prince of Hesse, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_99">99</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Private Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Privateering, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Privateers Attack Henry IV, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Privateers, French, Activity of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Private Yards, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Progress Nullified During the Last Twenty Years, <a class="v2" href="#Page_203">203</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Progressive Naval Ideas, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Promotion on the Lower Deck, <a class="v2" href="#Page_252">252</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Protection of Boats in Action, <a class="v2" href="#Page_184">184</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Providence and the Armada, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Provisioning of Ships Under John, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Punishments, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Punishments (Modern), <a class="v2" href="#Page_259">259</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Pursers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Pym, Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Quebec, Abortive Attack on, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Queen Anne, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Queensland, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Quiberon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Quick Firers, Elementary, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Quick Lime, Use of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Raking Fire, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Raleigh, Sir Walter, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ram Tactics, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ramming, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Rapidity in Loading, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Rates in English Navy, Time of Queen Anne, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Rating, New, of Ships Introduced (1817), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Re-construction Never Pay,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">278</span>Reed, Sir E. + J., <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_266">266</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Reed, Sir E. + J., Anticipates Torpedoes, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Reed Broadside Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Reed Ideals in the White Era, <a class="v2" href="#Page_115">115</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Reed, Sir E. + J., Turret Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Regular Stores Instituted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Repairs, Cost of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Reserve Ships, Speedy Equipment of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Restoration, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Retirement of Sir W. White, <a class="v2" href="#Page_113">113</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Richard I, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Richard II, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Richard III, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Right Ahead Fire, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Rigging, Firing at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Right of Search, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Robinson, Commander, on Causes of Mutiny, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Robinson, Commander, R.N., Quoted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Rocket, Congreve, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Rodjestvensky (analogy), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Rodney, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Rogerswick, Harbour of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Rogues in Authority, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Rolling of the “Orion,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_183">183</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Romans in Britain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Rooke, Sir George, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_96">96</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Routine, <a class="v2" href="#Page_260">260</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Row Boats, <a class="v2" href="#Page_222">222</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Indian Marine, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Naval College Established, Portsmouth, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Navy, Birth of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Yachts, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Ruinous Competition in Naval Armaments,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_206">206</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Russel, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Russell, John Scott, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Russia, War with (1720), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Russian Mines, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Russian Navy Established by England, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Russo-Japanese War, <a class="v2" href="#Page_205">205</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Ryswick, Peace of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Samaurez, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Samaurez in the Baltic, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">San Domingo, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sandwich, Earl of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Saints, Battle of the, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">San Juan Nicaragua, Nelson at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_128">128</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Santa Croix, Capture of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Santa Cruz, Marquis of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Santissima Trinidad (130), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Saxon Fleet, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Saxons, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Scantlings, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Scarcity of Oak, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Scouts” Appear, <a class="v2" href="#Page_127">127</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">“Scrapping,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Scheldt, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">School of Naval Architecture, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Scotts, <a class="v2" href="#Page_186">186</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Scott Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, <a class="v2" href="#Page_175">175</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Sea-Fights with the Danes, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Seamen, Bounty to, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Seamen, Foreign, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Seamen, German, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">279</span>Sea-Going Masted Turret Ship, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sea-Going Qualities of Barnaby Ships, <a class="v2" href="#Page_59">59</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Seamen, Improved, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sea Kings, Elizabethan, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Seamanship, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sea Power and Napoleon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sea Regiment, The, <a class="v2" href="#Page_251">251</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Search, Right of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sebastopol Attacked, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sebastopol, Siege of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Semenoff, Captain (quoted), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Semi-Dreadnoughts,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_127">127</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Senegal Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Senyavin in the Mediterranean, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Senyavin, Ships of, Restored, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Serpents, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Seymour, Sir Hamilton, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Shah and Huascar Action, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Shell Guns, Adopted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_220">220</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Shell, Percussion, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Shell, Thermite, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sheerness, Dutch at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ships, Engaging exactly End-on, <a class="v2" href="#Page_179">179</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Ships, Iron-plated, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ships, Ironclad, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_239">239</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ships of King Alfred, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst"><i>SHIPS MENTIONED BY NAME.</i></li> + +<li class="isub1">Aboukir, <a class="v2" href="#Page_101">101</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Abyssinia, <a class="v2" href="#Page_231">231</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Acheron class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_200">200</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Achilles, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Acorn class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_200">200</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Active, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Admiral class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_47">47</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Adventure, <a class="v2" href="#Page_127">127</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Aeolus, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Africa, <a class="v2" href="#Page_108">108</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Agamemnon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Agincourt, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Ajax, <a class="v2" href="#Page_186">186</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Aki, <a class="v2" href="#Page_146">146</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Alarm, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Albemarle, <a class="v2" href="#Page_105">105</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Albion, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Alexandra, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_277">277</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Amphitrite, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Amethyst, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Antrim, <a class="v2" href="#Page_109">109</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Amokoura, <a class="v2" href="#Page_234">234</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Amphion, <a class="v2" href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Andromache, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Andromeda, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Anna Pink (1740), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Antelope, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Apollo class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Aquidaban, <a class="v2" href="#Page_77">77</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Archer, <a class="v2" href="#Page_201">201</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Argonaut, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Arethusa, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Ariadne, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Argyll, <a class="v2" href="#Page_109">109</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Assaye, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Astraeas, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Atalanta, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Attack, <a class="v2" href="#Page_200">200</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Attentive, <a class="v2" href="#Page_127">127</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Audacious, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_277">277</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Audacious (1794), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_186">186</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Aurora, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Australia, <a class="v2" href="#Page_174">174</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Bacchante, <a class="v2" href="#Page_101">101</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Badere Zaffer (Turkish), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">280</span> Bahama (Spanish), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Baluch, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Barfluer, <a class="v2" href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_70">70</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Beagle class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_200">200</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Bellerophon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_266">266</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_169">169</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Belleisle, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Bellona, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Berwick, <a class="v2" href="#Page_106">106</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Birmingham, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Black Prince, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_35">35</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Blake, <a class="v2" href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_63">63</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Blanco Encalada (Chilian), <a class="v2" href="#Page_77">77</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Blanche, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Blenheim, <a class="v2" href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_63">63</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Blonde, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Boadicea, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Bonaventure, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Boomerang, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Brilliant, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Britannia (1688), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Britannia, <a class="v2" href="#Page_108">108</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Brisbane, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Bulwark, <a class="v2" href="#Page_102">102</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Cæsar, <a class="v2" href="#Page_87">87</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Caledonia, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Calypso, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Cambrian, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Camperdown, <a class="v2" href="#Page_39">39</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Canopus, ex-Franklin (French prize), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Canopus, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_100">100</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Carnarvon, <a class="v2" href="#Page_109">109</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Captain, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Captain, Loss of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_291">291</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Centurion (1740), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Centurion (1891), <a class="v2" href="#Page_81">81</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Cerebus (Australian), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Charybdis, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Chatham, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Chen Yuen (Chinese), <a class="v2" href="#Page_180">180</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Chicago (U.S.), <a class="v2" href="#Page_43">43</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Circe, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Cog, Thomas, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Commonwealth, <a class="v2" href="#Page_108">108</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Conqueror, <a class="v2" href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_174">174</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Cornwall, <a class="v2" href="#Page_106">106</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Cornwallis, <a class="v2" href="#Page_105">105</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">County class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_105">105</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Crescent, <a class="v2" href="#Page_71">71</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Cressy, <a class="v2" href="#Page_101">101</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Cumberland, <a class="v2" href="#Page_106">106</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Cyclops, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_242">242</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Dalhousie, <a class="v2" href="#Page_231">231</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Dartmouth, <a class="v2" href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Dauntless, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Defence, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Devastation (1870), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Devonshires, <a class="v2" href="#Page_109">109</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Diadem, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Diana, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Dominion, <a class="v2" href="#Page_108">108</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Donegal, <a class="v2" href="#Page_106">106</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Drake, <a class="v2" href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_106">106</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Dreadnought (old), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_317">317</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Dreadnought (1908), <a class="v2" href="#Page_164">164</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Dublin, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Dufferin, <a class="v2" href="#Page_231">231</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Duncans, <a class="v2" href="#Page_105">105</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Edgar, <a class="v2" href="#Page_71">71</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Elphinstone, <a class="v2" href="#Page_231">231</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Endymion, <a class="v2" href="#Page_71">71</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Entrepennant (French), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Erebus, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Essex, <a class="v2" href="#Page_106">106</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Etna, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Europa, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Euryalus, <a class="v2" href="#Page_101">101</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">281</span> Exmouth, <a class="v2" href="#Page_105">105</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Fearless, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Flora, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Formidable, <a class="v2" href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_102">102</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Foresight, <a class="v2" href="#Page_129">129</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Forth, <a class="v2" href="#Page_48">48</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Forward, <a class="v2" href="#Page_129">129</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Foudroyant, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Franklin (French prize), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Fulton, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Galatea, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Gayundah, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Gazelle, <a class="v2" href="#Page_78">78</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Gibraltar, <a class="v2" href="#Page_71">71</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Glasgow, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Glatton (1795), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Glatton, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Gleaner, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Glory, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Gloucester (1740), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Gloucester, <a class="v2" href="#Page_204">204</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Goliath, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Good Hope, <a class="v2" href="#Page_103">103</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Gorgon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Gossamer, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Grace de Dieu, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Grafton, <a class="v2" href="#Page_71">71</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Great Harry, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Ghurka, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Hampshire, <a class="v2" href="#Page_109">109</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hannibal, <a class="v2" href="#Page_87">87</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hardinge, <a class="v2" href="#Page_231">231</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Havock, <a class="v2" href="#Page_129">129</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hawke, <a class="v2" href="#Page_71">71</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hebe, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hecate, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hector, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hela (German), <a class="v2" href="#Page_78">78</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Henri IV (French), <a class="v2" href="#Page_204">204</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hercules, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_175">175</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hermione, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hero, <a class="v2" href="#Page_59">59</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hibernia, <a class="v2" href="#Page_108">108</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hindustan, <a class="v2" href="#Page_108">108</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Holland, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_218">218</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hood, <a class="v2" href="#Page_68">68</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hornet, <a class="v2" href="#Page_129">129</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hotspur (British), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Huascar (Peruvian), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Hydra, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Immortalitie, <a class="v2" href="#Page_43">43</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Inflexible, <a class="v2" href="#Page_52">52</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Intrepid, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Imperieuse, <a class="v2" href="#Page_43">43</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Iphigenia, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Iron Duke, <a class="v2" href="#Page_187">187</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Illustrious, <a class="v2" href="#Page_87">87</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Implacable, <a class="v2" href="#Page_100">100</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Inconstant, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Indefatigable, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_100">100</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Independencia, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Invincible, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_183">183</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Iphigenia, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Irresistible, <a class="v2" href="#Page_100">100</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Italia (Italian), <a class="v2" href="#Page_63">63</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Jupiter, <a class="v2" href="#Page_87">87</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Kahren, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Karrahatta, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Katoomba, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Kent, <a class="v2" href="#Page_106">106</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">King Alfred, <a class="v2" href="#Page_103">103</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">King Edward VII class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">King George V, <a class="v2" href="#Page_186">186</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Lady Nancy (Gun raft), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">La Forte (French), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">La Gloire (French), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Lancaster, <a class="v2" href="#Page_106">106</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Latona, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">282</span> Lave La, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Lavinia, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Leander, <a class="v2" href="#Page_47">47</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Lepanto (Italian), <a class="v2" href="#Page_63">63</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Leviathan, <a class="v2" href="#Page_103">103</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">L’Hercule (French), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Liberté class (French), <a class="v2" href="#Page_82">82</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Lion, The (1800), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Lively, frégate, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Liverpool, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">London, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_107">107</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Lord Clyde, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Lord Nelson, <a class="v2" href="#Page_133">133</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Lord Warden (British), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Lorne, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Lynch, <a class="v2" href="#Page_78">78</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Magdala class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Magnificent, <a class="v2" href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_88">88</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Maharatta, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Majestic, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_86">86</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Marengo (French), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Marlborough, <a class="v2" href="#Page_187">187</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Mars, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_87">87</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Melampus, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Melbourne, <a class="v2" href="#Page_234">234</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Melpomene, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Merrimac, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Mersey, <a class="v2" href="#Page_48">48</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Meteor, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Mildura, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Minotaur, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Monarch, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_175">175</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Monarch, <a class="v2" href="#Page_183">183</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Montagu, <a class="v2" href="#Page_105">105</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Naiad, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Narcissus, <a class="v2" href="#Page_43">43</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Neptune (1797), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_151">151</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Newcastle, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">New Zealand, <a class="v2" href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_108">108</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Nile, <a class="v2" href="#Page_44">44</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Niobe, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_234">234</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Northbrook, <a class="v2" href="#Page_231">231</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Northumberland, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_59">59</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Nottingham, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Oberon, <a class="v2" href="#Page_53">53</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Ocean, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Olympic, <a class="v2" href="#Page_71">71</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Orion, <a class="v2" href="#Page_183">183</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Orlando, <a class="v2" href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_63">63</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Pallas class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Paluma, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Pandora, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Pathan, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Pathfinder, <a class="v2" href="#Page_127">127</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Pearl (1740), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Pelican, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Pelorus, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Penelope, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Persian, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Phaeton, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Phœbe, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Philomel, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Pique, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Plassy, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Polyphemus, <a class="v2" href="#Page_64">64</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Powerful, <a class="v2" href="#Page_89">89</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Prince Albert, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_134">134</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Prince Consort, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Prince George, <a class="v2" href="#Page_87">87</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Prince of Wales, <a class="v2" href="#Page_107">107</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Prince Regent, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Prince Royal, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_174">174</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Princessa (Spanish), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Protector, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Psyche, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Queen, <a class="v2" href="#Page_107">107</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">283</span> Queen Charlotte, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Queen Mary, <a class="v2" href="#Page_186">186</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Rainbow, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_234">234</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Rajput, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Raleigh, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Ram, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Rattler, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Rattlesnake class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Re d’Italia, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Regent, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Renard, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Renown, <a class="v2" href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_81">81</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Republique (French), <a class="v2" href="#Page_82">82</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Repulse, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Resistance, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Retribution, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Revolutionaire (French), (1794), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Ringarooma, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">“River” class destroyers, <a class="v2" href="#Page_131">131</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Rossiya (Russian), <a class="v2" href="#Page_89">89</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Royal Alfred, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Royal Arthur, <a class="v2" href="#Page_71">71</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Royal George, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Royal James, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Royal Oak, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Royal Sovereign, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_198">198</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Royal Sovereign (1657), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Royal Sovereign (1795), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_139">139</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Royal Sovereigns, (old), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Roxburgh, <a class="v2" href="#Page_109">109</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Rupert reconstructed, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Rurik (Russian), <a class="v2" href="#Page_89">89</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Russell, <a class="v2" href="#Page_105">105</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Salamander, <a class="v2" href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sampaio, <a class="v2" href="#Page_78">78</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">San Ildefonso (Spanish), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sappho, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Satsuma (Japanese), <a class="v2" href="#Page_146">146</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Scorpion, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Scylla, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sea Gull, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_93">93</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sea-horse, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sentinel, <a class="v2" href="#Page_129">129</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Severn, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_48">48</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Shah, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sharpshooter class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sheldrake, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_93">93</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sikh, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sirius, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Skipjack, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Skirmisher, <a class="v2" href="#Page_127">127</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Southampton, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sovereign, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Spanker, floating battery, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Spanker, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_93">93</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Spartan, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Spartiate, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Speedwell, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Speedy, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_93">93</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">St. George, <a class="v2" href="#Page_71">71</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Suffolk, <a class="v2" href="#Page_106">106</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sultan, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_304">304</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sutlej, <a class="v2" href="#Page_101">101</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Swift, <a class="v2" href="#Page_200">200</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Swiftsure, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sybil, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Sydney, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Talbot, <a class="v2" href="#Page_89">89</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Tauranga, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Terpsichore, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Terrible, <a class="v2" href="#Page_89">89</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Terror, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Thames, <a class="v2" href="#Page_48">48</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Thetis, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Thunder, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">284</span> Thunderer, <a class="v2" href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_175">175</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Thunderbolt, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_50">50</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Tiger, <a class="v2" href="#Page_188">188</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Ting Yuen (Chinese), <a class="v2" href="#Page_180">180</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Tonnant (French), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">“Town” class cruisers, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Trafalgar, <a class="v2" href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_64">64</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Transports, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">“Tribals,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_199">199</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Tribune, <a class="v2" href="#Page_72">72</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Triumph, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_58">58</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Trusty, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Tryal (1740), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Tsarevitch (Russian), <a class="v2" href="#Page_204">204</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Undaunted, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Valiant, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Vanguard, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_169">169</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Venerable, <a class="v2" href="#Page_102">102</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Vengeance, <a class="v2" href="#Page_99">99</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Vernon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Victoria, <a class="v2" href="#Page_48">48</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Victoria (Colonial), <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Victorious, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_87">87</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Victory, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Viper, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Vixen, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Von der Tann (German), <a class="v2" href="#Page_180">180</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Wager (1740), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Wallaroo, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_256">256</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Wampanoag (U.S.), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_320">320</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_233">233</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Warrior, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Warspite, <a class="v2" href="#Page_195">195</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Waterwitch, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Weymouth class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Whiting, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Wizard, <a class="v2" href="#Page_76">76</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1">Wsewolod (Russian), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Yarmouth, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="isub1 tpad">Zealous, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="isub1">Zelandia, <a class="v2" href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_234">234</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Ship Money, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ships, Short, handy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Shipwrights’ Company Established, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Short Service System, <a class="v2" href="#Page_253">253</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Shovell, Sir Cloudesley, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_98">98</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sidon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Simoon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sinope, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Syracuse, Neutrality of, Disregarded by Nelson, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sir Charles Napier, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Sirius” and “Magicienne” Aground, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sir W. White’s Views on the “Sovereigns,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_65">65</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">“Slop Chest,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sluys, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Small Cruisers and First Cost, <a class="v2" href="#Page_75">75</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Small German Protected Cruisers, <a class="v2" href="#Page_197">197</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Smith, Sir Sidney, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Smoak-Boat” of Meerlers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sole Bay, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_85">85</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Solid Bulkhead, <a class="v2" href="#Page_204">204</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Suffren, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Southampton Sacked, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">South Australia, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Southsea Beach, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sovereignty of the British Seas, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sovereignty of the Seas upheld by Cromwell, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_75">75</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Spain, First War with, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Spain, Operations against, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Spanish Instructors in English Navy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">285</span>Spanish Wars (Succession), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Spanish Treasure Ship Captured by Captain Anson, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Spanish Treasure Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Specialisation in Elizabethan Times, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Speed in the “Drake” class, <a class="v2" href="#Page_103">103</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">“Spit and Polish,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_242">242</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Spithead Mutiny, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_202">202</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Spragge, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_85">85</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">St. Andre, Jean Bon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">St. Bride’s Day Massacre, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">St. Lucia Captured (1794), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_137">137</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">St. Malo, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">St. Thomas Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">St. Vincent, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">St. Vincent, Cape, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Steam Ships Anticipated, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Steam Tugs added to Navy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Steam Vessel, The First, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Steam Vessels, Auxiliary, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Steam Warships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Steering Gear Unprotected, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sterns made Circular, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Stewart Kings and the Navy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Stones from Aloft, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Stores regularly Instituted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Stour, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Stoving, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Strachan, Rear Admiral Sir E., <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sub-divisions, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_271">271</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Submarine, Americans refuse to officially sanction, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Submarine Battleship may appear, <a class="v2" href="#Page_215">215</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Submarine, First, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Submarine, First appearance of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Submarine, First use of, in War, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_125">125</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Submarine, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_208">208</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Submarines, a Danger to Big Ships, <a class="v2" href="#Page_194">194</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Submarines and Harbour Defence, <a class="v2" href="#Page_208">208</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Succession, War of the Spanish, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Super-Dreadnoughts, <a class="v2" href="#Page_175">175</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Super-heated Steam, <a class="v2" href="#Page_201">201</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Superior Artillery, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Supply of Oak, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Surgeons, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_257">257</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Sveaborg, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Swain, King of Denmark, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sweden becomes French Ally, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sweden, War with (1715), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sweden, Peace with, Declared (1812), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Swedish Fleet, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Sweeps superseded by Paddles, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Tactics, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tactics at Trafalgar, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tactics, Early, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tactics, English, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tactics, First appearance of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tagus Blockaded, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Tailoring,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_260">260</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Tarpaulin Seamen, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tegethoff at Lissa (analogy), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">286</span>Tercera, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Teignmouth Attacked, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Texel, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Thames Iron Works, Blackwall, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Thames, Project to Block, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">The Australian Navy, <a class="v2" href="#Page_237">237</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">The “Battle of the Boilers,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_93">93</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">The Cape, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">The Coming of the Torpedo, <a class="v2" href="#Page_51">51</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">The “Dreadnought” Commenced, <a class="v2" href="#Page_149">149</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">The Duties of Naval Airships, <a class="v2" href="#Page_227">227</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">The Earliest Naval Manœuvres, <a class="v2" href="#Page_54">54</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">The “Échelon” System Resurrected, <a class="v2" href="#Page_179">179</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">The First British Ironclads, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Theft, Punishment for, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">The Future of Submarines, <a class="v2" href="#Page_215">215</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">“The Offensive,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">The Origin of “Dreadnoughts,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_137">137</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">The Periscope, <a class="v2" href="#Page_208">208</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">“The Torpedo Boat, the Answer to the Torpedo Boat,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_212">212</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">“The Trafalgar of the Air,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_228">228</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Thermite Shell, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Theseus,” Nelson’s Ship at Santa Croix, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Thieving Pursers,” <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Thompson, Messrs, of Clydebank, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_304">304</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Thornycroft, <a class="v2" href="#Page_201">201</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Three Days’ Battle, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_76">76</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Three-Masters, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Thurot, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ticklers, <a class="v2" href="#Page_253">253</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Tiddy, Mr. David, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tilset, Peace of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Timber, Boiling, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Timber, Supply of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tiptoft, Sir Robert, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Torpedo (analogy), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Torpedo Boat, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_199">199</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Torpedoes anticipated by Reed, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Torpedo, First use of, from Big Ship in Action, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Torpedo Gun-Boats, <a class="v2" href="#Page_77">77</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Torpedo, The, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Torpedoes, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Torpedo Progress, <a class="v2" href="#Page_203">203</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Torrington, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Toulon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Toulon Abandoned, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Toulon, Attack on Defeated (1707), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Toulon, Royalists at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Toulouse, Comte de, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_98">98</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Trafalgar, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Trafalgar, First Battle deliberately fought under White Ensign, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_210">210</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Trafalgar, Losses to the Allied Fleets at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Trafalgar Made a Certainty, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Trafalgar, Tactics at, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Training, Lack of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Training of Gunners, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Treadwell, Professor Daniel, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">287</span>Treasure Ships Captured (Spanish), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Trident,” First Iron Warship, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Trinidad, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tripod Masts, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_186">186</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Troubridge, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Trousers, Ample, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tsushima, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tudor Navy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Tumble Home Sides, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Turbines Introduced for Big Ships, <a class="v2" href="#Page_155">155</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Turning Circles, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Turkish Monster Guns, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Turret Craze, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Turret on Rollers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Turret Ships, Idea of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Turret Ship, Sea-Going Masted, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Turret Ship Controversy, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Turret Ships, Panic About, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Twelve-Inch “A,” <a class="v2" href="#Page_175">175</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Two-Power Standard, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_96">96</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Under-Water Protection, <a class="v2" href="#Page_204">204</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Uniform, Anson’s Use of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Uniform, <a class="v2" href="#Page_25">25</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Uniform Badge of Pressed Men and Jail Birds, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Uniform, Description of First, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Uniform, First Use of, for Officers, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Union Flag Altered, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Union Jack, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">United Provinces, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Unprotected Steering Gear, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Unscrupulous Contractors, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ushant, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_125">125</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">U.S. Monitors, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_285">285</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Vaisseaux Blindées, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Van Drebel, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Vanguard,” The, Nelson in, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Van Tromp, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Venetian Frigates Captured, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“Vengeur” Sunk (1795), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_136">136</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ventilation, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Ventilation, Artificial, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Vernon, Admiral, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Versailles, Treaty of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Vickers, Lts., <a class="v2" href="#Page_192">192</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Villaret-Joyeuse, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_139">139</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Villeneuve, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Villeneuve Appointed, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Villeneuve Gets Out of Toulon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Villeneuve Returns to Toulon, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Victualling, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Walpole, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">War, Contraband of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">“War Scare” with Germany in 1911, <a class="v2" href="#Page_185">185</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Wars of the Roses, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Warwick, Earl of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, v. i; + <a class="v2" href="#Page_198">198</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Warry (Early Idea of Quick Firer), <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_242">242</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Walcheren Expedition, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Watts, Isaac, Sir, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Waterloo, Battle of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Weather Gauge, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Western Australia, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">West Indies, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Whitehead, <a class="v2" href="#Page_204">204</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">White, of Cowes, <a class="v2" href="#Page_232">232</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">288</span>Whitworth, Works of, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_239">239</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Who First Adopted Cuniberti Ideas?, <a class="v2" href="#Page_159">159</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">Why France was Beaten, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Willaumez, Leaves Brest, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Willaumez, Rear Admiral, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Willaumez Blockaded in Basque Roads, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Will Dreadnoughts Die Out?, <a class="v2" href="#Page_195">195</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">William of Orange, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">William the Conqueror, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Wire Guns, Early, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Wolfe, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Wood-Copper Sheathing Re-introduced, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Woolwich, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">World Circumnavigated by Drake, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Yarmouth Ships, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Yarrow Boilers, <a class="v2" href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a class="v2" href="#Page_196">196</a>, v. ii</li> + +<li class="indx">York, New, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="ifrst">Zarate, Don Francisco de, <a class="v1" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/75616/75616-h/75616-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>, v. i</li> + +<li class="indx">Zeppelin Type (Dirigible), <a class="v2" href="#Page_227">227</a>, v. ii</li> +</ul> +</div></div> + +<p class="p2 center">THE END.</p> + +<p class="p2 center"> +<span class="smcap">Netherwood, Dalton & Co., Rashcliffe, Huddersfield.</span> +</p> + +<div class="chapter transnote"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> + +<p>Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made +consistent when a predominant preference was found +in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.</p> + +<p>Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced +quotation marks were remedied when the change was +obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.</p> + +<p>Armament and other sizes and quantities were printed in +inconsistent ways.</p> + +<p>Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned +between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions +of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page +references in the List of Illustrations lead to the +corresponding illustrations.</p> + +<p>Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of the pages that referenced them, +have been collected, sequentially renumbered, and placed near the end of +the book, just before the index.</p> + +<p>In the original two-volume set, the index for both volumes was +printed at the end of the second volume. The Transcriber has copied +that index to the first volume. In versions of this ebook that support +hyperlinks, both copies of the index link to pages in both volumes, by +referencing the Project Gutenberg copy of the other volume. Those links +to the other volume are double-underlined, and generally will work only +within a Browser.</p> + +<p>Many alphebetization errors in the index were +remedied, but some may remain. Page references in +the index were checked automatically, but some may +be incorrect.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_28">Page 28</a>: The table contains an asterisk for which +there is no matching footnote. +</p> +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75617 ***</div> +</body> +</html> + |