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} + body {font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: justify; } + table {padding: 1.5em .5em 1em; page-break-inside: avoid; clear: both; } + div.titlepage {text-align: center; page-break-before: always; + page-break-after: always; } + div.titlepage p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 3em; } + .ph1 { text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; font-size: xx-large; + margin: .67em auto; page-break-before: always; } + .ph2 { text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; + page-break-before: always; } + .blackletter {font-family: 'Old English Text MT', serif; font-weight:bold; } + .center {text-align: center; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; + max-width: 50%; font-weight: bold; } + .x-ebookmaker p.dropcap:first-letter { float: left; } + .middle {vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1em; + padding-left: 1em; } + </style> + </head> + <body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75593 ***</div> + +<div class='tnotes covernote'> + +<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p> + +<p class='c000'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p> + +</div> + +<div class='chapter ph1'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div>Early Western Travels</div> + <div><span class='xlarge'>1748–1846</span></div> + <div class='c002'><span class='large'>Volume II</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class='titlepage'> + +<div> + <h1 class='c003'>Early Western Travels<br> <span class='xlarge'>1748–1846</span><br> <span class='large'>A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary Volumes of Travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement</span></h1> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><span class='small'>Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by</span></div> + <div><span class='xlarge'>Reuben Gold Thwaites</span></div> + <div class='c002'><span class='small'>Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc.</span></div> + <div class='c002'>Volume II</div> + <div>John Long’s Journal, 1768–1782</div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/illo_004.jpg' alt='[Logo]' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> + <div class='nf-center'> + <div>Cleveland, Ohio</div> + <div>The Arthur H. Clark Company</div> + <div>1904</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Copyright 1904, by</span></span></div> + <div><span class='small'>THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY</span></div> + <div class='c002'><span class='small'>ALL RIGHTS RESERVED</span></div> + <div class='c004'><span class='small'><span class='blackletter'>The Lakeside Press</span></span></div> + <div><span class='small'>R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS COMPANY</span></div> + <div><span class='small'>CHICAGO</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c005'>CONTENTS OF VOLUME II</h2> +</div> + +<table class='table0'> +<colgroup> +<col class='colwidth4'> +<col class='colwidth2'> +<col class='colwidth88'> +<col class='colwidth4'> +</colgroup> + <tr> + <td class='c006' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Preface.</span> <em>The Editor</em></td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and Trader</span>, describing the Manners and Customs of the North American Indians; with an Account of the Posts situated on the River Saint Laurence, Lake Ontario, &c. April 10, 1768–Spring, 1782. <em>John Long</em></td> + <td class='c007'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Author’s Dedication</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_22'>22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006' colspan='2'>List of Subscribers</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Author’s Preface</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_27'>27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Voyages and Travels</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Vocabulary</td> + <td class='c007'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>English-Esquimeaux</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_223'>223</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>English-Iroquois, Algonkin, Chippeway</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_224'>224</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>English-Algonkin, Chippeway</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_238'>238</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>English-Mohegan, Shawanee</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_250'>250</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>English-Mohegan, Algonkin, Chippeway</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_252'>252</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>English-Iroquois</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_254'>254</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>English-French</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_257'>257</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>English-Chippeway</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_259'>259</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Chippeway-English</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_289'>289</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Familiar Phrases: English-Chippeway</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_317'>317</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c005'>ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME II</h2> +</div> + +<table class='table0'> +<colgroup> +<col class='colwidth95'> +<col class='colwidth4'> +</colgroup> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Facsimile (reduced) of original title-page</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Map: “Sketch of the Western Countries of Canada, 1791.” <em>Facsimile of original</em></td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span> + <h2 class='c005'>PREFACE</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The second volume of our series of Early Western +Travels is devoted to the reprint of John Long’s <cite>Voyages +and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and Trader</cite>, originally +published in London in 1791.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Concerning Long, but little is known further than what +he himself relates in his book. Coming from England to +North America in 1768, he passed nearly twenty years +upon this continent, chiefly consorting with the Indians—learning +their languages, wearing their garb, living their +life. An expert woodsman, fur-trader, and explorer, he +penetrated into regions north and west of Canada, that +are still practically unexplored.</p> + +<p class='c009'>At first an articled clerk in Canada, he later was apprenticed +to a Montreal fur merchant. Having displayed +an adaptability for Indian philology, Long was sent +to the neighboring mission colony at Caughnawaga, +where he remained seven years, becoming an adept in +the arts and occupations of savage life. His term of +service having expired, the excitements of army life +attracted him. The American Revolution had just +broken out, and volunteering for service with the British +he was detailed to lead Indian parties to hang upon +the flanks of the invading American army—one of these +expeditions captured the famous Ethan Allen. After a +year and a half of this service, in which—dressed as +an Indian, and scalping his prisoners in their fashion—he +could scarcely be distinguished from a brave, Governor +Guy Carleton appointed Long a midshipman in the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>navy. But when his vessel sailed for England, he left +the sea in order to enter upon the more lucrative business +of fur-trading.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In May, 1777, Long left Montreal for Mackinac, engaged +as a bourgeois to lead a party of voyageurs into +the far Northwest, and trade with the Indians on their +own hunting grounds. The independent Canadian merchants +of this period were endeavoring to maintain the +old French connections with the Indians of the “upper +country,” and at the same time to undermine the trade +of the Hudson’s Bay Company, by intercepting the +natives before they reached the posts of the latter. Long +was assigned to the Nipigon district north and northeast +of Lake Superior—a region early occupied by the +French, and the scene of their hardy and audacious enterprises +against the Hudson Bay trade.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Cameron<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c010'><sup>[1]</sup></a> defines the limits of this region as follows: +“Bounded on the south by Lake Superior, on the southwest +and west, by the northwest road from Lake Superior +to the lower end of Lake Ouinipique (Winnipeg); +on the northwest and north by Hayes river and part of +Hudson Bay; and on the northeast by Hudson Bay. +Its greatest length from Pierre Rouge (Red Rock), at +the entrance of Nipigon River, to the Lake of the Islands, +on the Hayes river, is about three hundred and fifty +leagues and its greatest breadth, from Trout Lake to +Eagle Lake, is about one hundred and eighty leagues, +but in most parts not over eighty leagues. The two-thirds +at least of this country are nothing but rivers and +lakes, some fifty leagues long; properly speaking, the +whole country is nothing but water and islands.” Into +<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>this watery wilderness Long and his voyageurs pushed +their way, literally subsisting on the country. The +bourgeois’s chief qualification for the enterprise was his +familiarity with the Indian life and language, and the +fact that he had undergone the ceremony of adoption by +one of the most noted chiefs of the Chippewa nation.</p> + +<p class='c009'>During the French régime, this country was noted for +producing the largest number and best quality of furs +in the Northwest;<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c010'><sup>[2]</sup></a> but after the English occupation the +district had been nearly abandoned, the difficulties of +existence proving too great. Four out of eight traders +starved to death in the region in one year, and it was +avoided in favor of the better-provisioned Western districts. +Cameron says that in 1785 the whole district +produced but fifty-six packs of furs. We may judge +from this of Long’s success as a trader; in the first year, +he not only subsisted himself and a party of eight Canadians, +during the “hardest winter ever remembered,” +but rescued a brother trader from destruction by a murderous +band of Indians, and brought out a cargo of a +hundred and forty packs of furs all in good condition, +valued between $25,000 and $30,000. For these services +he received from his chiefs the salary of $750 a +year, and a supply of Indian corn and “hard grease,” or +tallow, as provision.<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c010'><sup>[3]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>At the end of his first year’s engagement, Long returned +only to Pays Plat, a trading station on Lake Superior. +Being there relieved of his furs, and supplied with +fresh provisions, he set out August 15, 1778, for another +<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>winter in the “inlands,” whither, after many hardships +and experiences with murderous Indians, he returned to +Mackinac, and spent the following winter with the Chippewas +near that fort.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In June, 1780, he joined a party of Canadians and Indians +who were sent from Mackinac to Prairie du Chien +to secure the deposits of furs at the latter place, and +prevent them from falling into the hands of the emissaries +of George Rogers Clark from the Illinois, and the +Spaniards from St. Louis. After a march through +Wisconsin, this undertaking was successfully accomplished—the +furs that could not be saved being burned +to keep them from the enemy.<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c010'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>The following autumn, Long returned to Quebec never +again to come to the “upper country.” He made one +more successful trading expedition to unknown lands, by +way of the Saguenay River and Lake St. John, penetrating +the country east of Hudson Bay, and bringing back a +rich cargo—in the very year that the Hudson’s Bay +Company was pillaged by the French expedition of La +Pérouse.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Long returned for a year to England, his mother-land +being entirely strange to him after fifteen years’ absence. +He was, therefore, glad to fit out a cargo for another venture +in the Indian trade of Canada. But his good fortune +seems now to have deserted him—debt, lack of +employment, and other difficulties drove him from one +place to another. In the spring of 1785 he was in New +York, where he pushed the claim of a Huron Indian +through Congress. A fur-trading expedition among +the Iroquois failed, and the British commandant at +Oswego confiscated his goods. Taking refuge among +<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>his Loyalist friends near Kingston, he received a grant +of land for his services, but debt drove him from that; +and after securing some assistance from the authorities, +he returned to England in the fall of 1788,<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c010'><sup>[5]</sup></a> there to write +and publish the volume of his adventures.</p> + +<p class='c009'>He appears to have secured some patronage for this +work, as is evidenced by the list of subscribers, and the +dedication to Sir Joseph Banks. He also consulted the +best available authorities on Indian traditions and Canadian +history, and seems to have taken pains to verify his +own experiences and observations, without slavishly +following his authorities.<a id='r6'></a><a href='#f6' class='c010'><sup>[6]</sup></a> In his defense of the Hudson’s +Bay Company, there is to be noted either a desire to +secure its favor for future services, or pique in relation +to the new North West Company, under some one of +whose partners he had undoubtedly served. The book, +which was published in 1791, attained considerable +popularity. It was favorably reviewed in the <cite>Monthly +Review</cite> (June, 1792), and translated into both French and +German. The French translation, made by J. B. L. J. +Billecocq, with notes by the translator (but without the +vocabularies, a fact deplored by French philologists),<a id='r7'></a><a href='#f7' class='c010'><sup>[7]</sup></a> +appeared in 1794, and again in 1810. Two German +translations were made, the first by B. Gottlob Hoffmann, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>issued in 1791; the second by G. Forster, published in +Berlin the following year.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The interest of the work, aside from incidental historical +references to expeditions in Canada and Wisconsin +during the Revolution, the Loyalist settlements, and +the retention of the Northern posts, lies in the author’s +intimate knowledge of Indian life and customs, especially +those of the more primitive and savage tribes of the +North; and in the light he incidentally throws on the history +of the fur-trade.<a id='r8'></a><a href='#f8' class='c010'><sup>[8]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>It is anything but an engaging picture which Long +paints of his Indian friends and companions—they are +in the stage of downright savagery, debauched by contact +with the dregs of civilization, learning its vices, appropriating +its weapons, and dominating the whites by +sheer force of numbers, and knowledge of the weakness +and greed of the latter. A pleasant contrast is his +account of the Canadian mission Indians; but even these +proved their savagery during the American Revolution. +Of their aboriginal customs, Long’s notices of totemism, +religious rites and beliefs, courtship and marriage, social +customs—games, dances, food, dwellings—habits of +hunting, and physical and mental characteristics, are +valuable because original and the result of immediate observation.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Scarcely less dark is the picture presented by Long, of +the fur-trade and the traders. This was the period of unlicensed +and almost ruinous competition between the +great company at the North, and the independent merchants +from Canada—the latter acting each for himself, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>with slight regard for the interest of the trade, the +Indians, or the lesser employees.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The fur-trade under the French régime had been under +strict surveillance. All traders were required to purchase +a government license, and the products of their traffic +were closely inspected. By the close of the French rule, +even the lawless <em>coureurs de bois</em>—trading through the +forest at will, and carrying their peltries to the English at +Albany and Hudson Bay—had been quite largely suppressed, +and brought into the service of the licensed +traders.</p> + +<p class='c009'>After the conquest of New France, a period of cutthroat +competition began. The English traders did not +at first dare venture into the wilderness peopled with +Indians faithful to the French; those who did, nearly paid +the penalty with their lives (as witness Alexander Henry, +at Mackinac). But after Pontiac’s War, and the gradual +subsidence of Indian hostility, British traders from +Montreal and Quebec began reaching out for this lucrative +traffic, and a class of enterprising <em>entrepreneurs</em> was +developed, recruited chiefly from the ranks of Scotchmen. +By them the fur-trade was pushed to its highest development, +and the rivers, lakes, and fastnesses of the great +Northwest discovered and explored in rapid succession. +This work was done by such men as the Henrys, Ponds, +Frobishers, Finlays, Camerons, McDonalds—and, greatest +of all, Sir Alexander Mackenzie.</p> + +<p class='c009'>By 1780, they began to unite their fortunes, and a +sixteen-share stock corporation was formed of the principal +traders.<a id='r9'></a><a href='#f9' class='c010'><sup>[9]</sup></a> A conspiracy of the Indians in the same +year, to massacre all the whites and pillage the posts, was +discovered and averted; but by the following season a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>still more terrible scourge had begun. Smallpox appeared +among the tribes in the Northwest, and spread so +rapidly that hunting was but languidly carried on, and +profits fell to the zero mark. To avert the chaos into +which the trade seemed falling, the North West Company +was established in 1783, for a term of five years. In +1787 its organization was perfected, and the corporate +period of the Canadian fur-trade began; competitors were +gradually bought out—union with the X Y Company +occurring in 1805, and with the Hudson’s Bay Company +in 1821.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Long’s narrative, therefore, portrays conditions during +the period of the free trader, responsible to no authority, +exploiting the country and the natives for the largest immediate +returns, without reference to the preservation +of the hunting grounds or the protection of the hunters. +The frightful debauchery of the Indians by means of +traders’ rum, and the necessity for the use of laudanum +to control their drunken excesses, are shown in full by +Long in his simple narrative of events. The dangers, +also, to which this system exposed the trader, are only +too evident from his relation of the case of Mr. Shaw. +As for the competition with the Hudson’s Bay Company, +it is plain from Long’s narrative that the Canadian traders +were encroaching on the hunting grounds of this great +monopoly. The case of M. Jacques Santeron shows +the possibility of dishonest men passing from one employ +to the other.</p> + +<p class='c009'>As for the rest of the picture, Long presents the usual +traits of the trader and interpreter—a certain rude +honesty, taking the form of loyalty to his employer, a disregard +of dangers, and small concern for hardships. His +knowledge of wilderness life was intimate, but to this +<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>fact he alludes only in an incidental way. In acquaintance +with Indian character, and power of influencing them in a +crisis, he seems to have been superior to the ordinary +trader. His vices were those of his class—slight regard +for laws, either moral or military (witness the incident at +Fort Mackinac), improvidence and wastefulness, restlessness, +and dissatisfaction with the routine life of towns. +His literary style, while discursive, is simple, and as clear +as running water. What he wishes to say, he says plainly, +leaving the reader as a rule to draw his own conclusions. +There is an unvarnished, unflinching directness in his +statements, conveying to the reader the impression that +he is concealing nothing, doing nought for effect, but +telling a straightforward story of travels and adventures. +The book forms a contribution of note to this important +class of literature, and will always be readable.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In the preparation of the notes, the Editor has had, as +in the first volume of the series, the assistance of Dr. +Louise Phelps Kellogg, of the Wisconsin Historical +Library. He has also had helpful suggestions from Dr. +James Bain, Jr., of the Toronto Public Library.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>R. G. T.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-l'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Madison, Wis.</span>, February, 1904.</span></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span></div> +<div class='chapter ph1'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='sc'>Long’s Voyages and Travels—1768–1782</span></div> + <div class='c004'><span class='large'>Reprint of the original edition: London, 1791</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span> +<img src='images/illo_022.jpg' alt='Facsimile (reduced) of original title-page' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span> + <h2 class='c005'>TO SIR JOSEPH BANKS, BAR<sup>T</sup>. PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY,<a id='r10'></a><a href='#f10' class='c010'><sup>[10]</sup></a> &c. &c. &c.</h2> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-l c004'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Sir</span>,</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>I feel the highest satisfaction in being permitted to +dedicate this work to one whose pursuits have ever been +more peculiarly directed to objects of originality, and +whose scientific researches have contributed so largely +to the information and benefit of society.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The public are too well acquainted with your general +knowledge in every branch of literature, to suspect that I +hold the language of adulation. Should I attempt to do +justice to a character so eminently distinguished, my +feeble efforts could only be regarded as the grateful +effusions of a mind proud of a patronage that can ensure +an especial share of public notice and protection.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I have the honour to be, very respectfully,</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in12'><span class='sc'>Sir</span>,</div> + <div class='line'>Your most obedient servant,</div> + <div class='line in20'>J. LONG.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-l'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><em>London,</em></div> + <div class='line in2'><em>February, 1791.</em></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span> + <h2 class='c005'>LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS</h2> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-b c004'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Addis, Mr. George.</div> + <div class='line'>Annereau, Mr.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Banks, Sir Joseph, Bart.</div> + <div class='line'>Beaufoy, Henry, Esq. M. P.</div> + <div class='line'>Berens, Hermanus, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Berens, Joseph, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Boddam, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Bettesworth, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Baker, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Baker, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Baker, Miss.</div> + <div class='line'>Batson, Robert, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Baynes, Burdon, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Blache, J. F. Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Belfour, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Belfour, Mr. Okey. 3 copies.</div> + <div class='line'>Belfour, Mr. J. D.</div> + <div class='line'>Bird, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Bird, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Bird, Michael, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Barbe, St. Samuel, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Barbe, St. John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Bingley, ——, jun. Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Bates, Mr. John.</div> + <div class='line'>Birkley, Mr. John.</div> + <div class='line'>Bowden, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Brandon, Mr.</div> + <div class='line'>Bull, Mr. J. Bath.</div> + <div class='line'>Beilby, Mr. 6 copies.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Croft, the Rev. Herbert.</div> + <div class='line'>Cornthwaite, the Rev. Mr.</div> + <div class='line'>Chalmers, George, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Culverden, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Corsellis, Nicholas Cæsar, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Coussmaker, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Croix, N. D. St., Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Cleaver, Miss.</div> + <div class='line'>Cotton, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Cotton, Bayes, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Chandler, George, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Coningham, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Cope, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Cleugh, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Clay, Felix, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Clay, James, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Clay, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>{iv} Clay, George, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Cooper, Mr.</div> + <div class='line'>Cooper, Mr. James.</div> + <div class='line'>Corbet, ——, Esq. 2 copies.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Dawson, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>Dalrymple, Alexander, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Dicken, John, Esq.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Earle, James, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Emes, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Edwards, Charles, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Etches, R. C., Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Eldridge, Thomas, Esq.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Fraser, Major.</div> + <div class='line'>Finch, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Forbes, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Fayle, Benjamin, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Faden, Mr. William. 6 copies.</div> + <div class='line'>Fawler, Mrs.</div> + <div class='line'>Forsteen, ——, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Finch, Mr. John.</div> + <div class='line'>Fletcher, Mr. James, Oxford.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Grote, George, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Gould, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>George, C. G., Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Goldthwaite, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>George, Mr. Edward.</div> + <div class='line'>Graft, Mr. James.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Hollingsworth, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Hulse, Richard, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Hulse, Edward, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Howison, John, Esq. Lisbon.</div> + <div class='line'>Hayward, Francis, Esq. 2 copies.</div> + <div class='line'>Holden, Joseph, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Haffey, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Hill, Edward, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Hussey, William Wheatley, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Harper, Mrs.</div> + <div class='line'>Hillier, Mr.</div> + <div class='line'>Hale, Mr. Harry. 2 copies.</div> + <div class='line'>Hill, Mr. John.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Jones, Edward, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Jeudwine, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Justice, Mr. Richard.</div> + <div class='line'>Jacks, Mr.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Knill, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Kensington, Charles, Esq.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Long, Sir James Tylney, Bart. M.P. 7 copies.</div> + <div class='line'>{v} Lake, Sir J. Winter, Bart. 4 cop.</div> + <div class='line'>Langmore, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Legg, Leaver, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Long, Mrs.</div> + <div class='line'>Locke, Miss.</div> + <div class='line'>Locke, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Lion, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Lane, Benjamin, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Lang, Charles, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Lightfoot, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>Lonsdale, Mr.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Mulgrave, the Right Hon. Lord.</div> + <div class='line'>Monsel, Lieutenant Colonel.</div> + <div class='line'>Marsden, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Morris, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Martin, Captain.</div> + <div class='line'>Man, Henry, Esq. 6 copies.</div> + <div class='line'>Mukins, Francis, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Malleson, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Murray, Mr. J. 2 copies.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Nesbitt, Lieutenant Colonel.</div> + <div class='line'>Nesbitt, Arnold, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Nasmyth, Maxwell, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Neave, Richard, Esq.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Prescott, George William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Pott, Rev. J. H. Archdeacon of St. Albans.</div> + <div class='line'>Pott, Percival, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Pott, E. H. Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Pott, Mrs.</div> + <div class='line'>Powell, Baden, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Powell, James, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Powell, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Peck, Jasper, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Pooley, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Perry, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Palmer, Peregrine, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Pickwoad, Robert, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Pickering, Thomas, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Popplewell, Mr.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Roberts, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Rennell, Major.</div> + <div class='line'>Robertson, Captain.</div> + <div class='line'>Ruspini, J. B., Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Rouse, Benjamin, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Ross, G. W., Esq. 2 copies.</div> + <div class='line'>Rutter, Miss.</div> + <div class='line'>Row, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Regail, Alexander, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Reading Society, Hackney.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Scott, Thomas, Esq. M. P.</div> + <div class='line'>{vi} Sneyd, Samuel, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Symons, the Rev. Mr.</div> + <div class='line'>Sheldon, John, Esq. Professor of Anatomy in the Royal Academy of Arts, London, and F. R. S.</div> + <div class='line'>Shamier, ——, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Stoe, Harry, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Sedgwick, Harry, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Stone, John Hurford, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Surman, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Smith, Haskett, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Scafe, Mr. Richard.</div> + <div class='line'>Scargill, Mr. James.</div> + <div class='line'>Stable, Mr. William.</div> + <div class='line'>Smith, Mr. Thomas.</div> + <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>Smith, Mr. J. Thomas.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Turner, Miss.</div> + <div class='line'>Turner, Miss Jane.</div> + <div class='line'>Tanner, N. Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Toulmin, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Taylors, Messrs. 6 copies.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Vaston, Mrs.</div> + <div class='line'>Vandriel, Mr. J. C.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Wegg, Samuel, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Winter, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Walker, John, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Wilson, Stephen, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Wilson, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Wilcox, William, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Wilcox, Edward, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Wilcox, Mrs. Anne.</div> + <div class='line'>Wickham, Lieut.</div> + <div class='line'>Woolhead, Major, Esq.</div> + <div class='line'>Wright, Mr. Thomas.</div> + <div class='line'>Watson, Mr. William.</div> + <div class='line'>White, Messrs. and Son. 6 copies.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Young, Mrs.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span> + <h2 class='c005'>PREFACE</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The reader will naturally expect some account of this +work.</p> + +<p class='c009'>With regard to the historical part, I have endeavoured +to explain the situation of the Posts, which, by Mr. Oswald’s +Treaty, were stipulated to be surrendered to the +Americans; and pointed out their convenience to Great +Britain in a political and commercial point of view:<a id='r11'></a><a href='#f11' class='c010'><sup>[11]</sup></a> I +have also given a description of the Five and Six Nation +Indians; and endeavoured to shew the usefulness, as well +as necessity, of a strict alliance with them as long as we +retain any possessions in Canada.</p> + +<p class='c009'>With respect to the descriptions of lakes, rivers, &c. +which lie beyond Lake Superior, from Lake Nipegon to +Lake Arbitibis, I have given them as accurately as possible, +either from my own knowledge, or the most authentic +Indian accounts; and when it is considered that interpreters +in the commercial line seldom have occasion for any +geographical knowledge, the want of better information +will be excused.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Vocabulary which is subjoined, and on which I +have bestowed some pains, it is hoped will not only +afford information to such as may be desirous of attaining +a knowledge of the Chippeway language, but prove +useful to those who are already engaged in traffic with +the Indians.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>{viii} As the mode of spelling a language which has never +been reduced to a grammatical system, must be arbitrary, +and principally depend on the ear, I have endeavoured to +use such letters as best agree with the English pronunciation; +avoiding a multiplicity of consonants, which only +perplex: and to enable the reader to speak so as to be +understood by the natives, it is necessary to observe that +<em>a</em> is generally sounded broad; and <em>e</em> final never pronounced +but in monosyllables.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The following are the motives which induced me to +make the Vocabulary in the Chippeway language so +copious.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In the first place it is, strictly speaking, one of the +mother tongues of North America, and universally +spoken in council by the chiefs who reside about the great +lakes, to the westward of the banks of the Mississippi, as +far south as the Ohio, and as far north as Hudson’s Bay; +notwithstanding many of the tribes, within the space of +territory I have described, speak in common a different +language.—This observation is confirmed by authors of +established repute, and further proved by the concurrent +testimony of the Indian interpreters.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Baron de Lahontan<a id='r12'></a><a href='#f12' class='c010'><sup>[12]</sup></a> asserts that the Algonkin is a +mother tongue, and that it is in as much estimation in +North America, as Greek and Latin in Europe: this being +<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>admitted, I am persuaded the Chippeway language +possesses as much, if not greater merit, as it is in every +respect better understood by the northwest Indians. +But as the knowledge of both {ix} may not only be useful, +but necessary, I have given a comparative table of about +two hundred and sixty words in both tongues, that the +reader may use either as he shall find it best understood +by the tribes with whom he may have occasion to trade; +though he will find, in a variety of instances, a perfect accordance.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The table of words in the Muhhekaneew, or Mohegan, +and Shawanee tongues, are extracted from the Rev. Mr. +Edwards’s publication, and are inserted to shew their +analogy with the Chippeway language;<a id='r13'></a><a href='#f13' class='c010'><sup>[13]</sup></a> and, as he observes +that the language of the Delawares in Pennsylvania, +of the Penobscots on the borders of Nova Scotia, of the +Indians of St. Francis, in Canada, of the Shawanees on +the Ohio, and many other tribes of Savages radically +agree, I judged the tables of analogy would not be unacceptable.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In the course of the historical part, several speeches in +the Chippeway language are introduced: and at the end +of the Vocabulary, a number of familiar phrases, which +not only serve to shew the mode of speech, but give a better +idea of the language than single words.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The numeral <em>payshik</em>, or one, is frequently used to +express the articles <em>a</em> and <em>the</em>; and <em>woke</em> is the general +word for the plural number, though not always used.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>Mr. Carver’s Vocabulary will, in many instances, be +found to differ from the Chippeway;<a id='r14'></a><a href='#f14' class='c010'><sup>[14]</sup></a> but when it is considered +that though he calls it the Chippeway Vocabulary, +in p. 414 of his work, he says “The Chippeway, or Algonkin,” +which {x} evidently proves that he believes them the +same language:—but with regard to the usefulness of +the tongue, there is a perfect corroboration of sentiment; +for he remarks that the Chippeway tongue appears to be +the most prevailing of all the Indian languages.</p> + +<p class='c009'>It may not be amiss to observe, that the Chippeway +tongue, as spoken by the servants of the Hudson’s Bay +Company, is somewhat different, though not essentially +so, and is called by them the <em>Home-Guard</em> Language.</p> + +<p class='c009'>With regard to the Iroquois, or Mohawk tongue, which +is peculiar to the Five and Six Nation Indians, it is not +necessary in the fur-trade beyond Michillimakinac; and +if it were, there are not wanting printed authorities sufficient +to instruct:—this consideration has induced me to +give only the numerals, and a few words in the language.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I have not any thing further to add, but a sincere wish +that my labours may prove useful to the world; and that +whatever defects may be found in the following work, +the Public will look on them with candour; and will +recollect that they are perusing, not the pages of a professed +<em>Tourist</em>, but such observations as a commercial +man flatters himself may be found acceptable to the merchant +and the philosopher.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span> +<a href='images/illo_033_hr.jpg'><img src='images/illo_033.jpg' alt='_SKETCH of the_ WESTERN COUNTRIES of CANADA 1791' class='ig001'></a> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span> + <h2 class='c005'>VOYAGES AND TRAVELS</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Having engaged myself, at an early period of life, to go +to North America, in the quality of an articled clerk, I +left Gravesend on the 10th of April, 1768, on board +the “Canada,” captain Smith, bound to Quebec and +Montreal. We had a pleasant voyage, till we reached the +coast of America, when the weather proving unfavourable, +we were obliged to put into Newfoundland, where we +stayed fourteen days. Nothing remarkable occurred +here, except that a party went on shore to hunt, and one +of them, Mr. Jordan, who was a passenger, bound to +Montreal, finding himself much fatigued, remained in +the woods; the rest returned on board in the evening, +anxiously expecting their companion; but after four days +painful solicitude, not being able to obtain any intelligence +of him, we gave up all hopes of seeing him again; +and as the snow was deep on the ground, and the wild +animals numerous, we supposed him to be either frozen +to death, or devoured by the beasts. Just as the captain +proposed setting sail, an Indian came on board, to whom +we endeavoured to communicate our distress. On this +occasion, he seemed to understand us, and made signs +of his intention to go in search of him; and being furnished +with some rum by way of encouragement, he got into his +canoe and paddled [2] ashore. The captain, with great +humanity, deferred prosecuting the voyage for some +time: but the Indian not returning, we left Newfoundland, +and after a tedious passage of near eleven weeks, arrived +at Quebec, the capital of Canada.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>When the Spaniards (who first discovered this northern +clime) sailed past Cape Rosiers at the entrance of the +River St. Laurence, the mountains, now called the Mountains +of Nôtre Dame, were covered with snow. Such +a prospect, in the summer season, gave them a very unfavourable +opinion of the country, and they were deterred +from going up the river, supposing the land to be too +barren to recompence their labours at present, or afford +any future advantages; and the same impressions induced +them to call it Capo di Nada, or Cape Nothing, by which +name it is described in their charts, and from whence, by +corruption of language, it has derived its present name of +Canada.<a id='r15'></a><a href='#f15' class='c010'><sup>[15]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>The River St. Laurence takes its rise from Lake Nipissin, +northeast of Lake Superior, about the distance of +2000 miles from Quebec.<a id='r16'></a><a href='#f16' class='c010'><sup>[16]</sup></a> The breadth of it is 90 miles +at the entrance, and it is navigable near 500 miles from +the sea.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Isle of Orleans, which is but a small distance from +the city, is a beautiful spot of ground, about 20 miles in +length, and six in breadth. The fertility of the soil +makes it a useful and valuable garden, insomuch that it +supplies the capital with vegetables and grain in great +abundance. The opposite village of Beauport also +charms the eye, and very much heightens the scene, +which is rich, romantic, and magnificent.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[3] The Fall of Montmorenci particularly attracted my +<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>notice, as it is perhaps the most pleasing natural cascade +in the world; and though its height and width are not to +be compared in point of awful grandeur with the stupendous +cataract of Niagara, it is sufficiently wonderful to +shew the power of the great Architect of the Universe; +and its effects are more pleasing than the latter; for while +it produces wonder and pleasure in the highest degree, it +does not strike the beholder with such tremendous ideas.</p> + +<p class='c009'>As our ship was bound to Montreal, as well as Quebec, +and I was under the captain’s care and direction, he did +not allow me to go on shore at the latter place; but in a +few days, to my great joy, we arrived safe at Montreal, the +place of our last destination.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Montreal, formerly called Ville Marie, has nothing remarkable +in it at present; it was formerly famous for a +great fair, which lasted near three months, and was +resorted to by the Indians, who came from the distance +of many hundreds of miles, to barter their peltry for English +goods. It will give pleasure to the reader to be informed, +that we received here the agreeable intelligence +that Mr. Jordan was found in the woods, two days after +our departure from Newfoundland, though with the loss +of his feet, occasioned by the severity of the weather: he +went afterwards in a vessel to Trois Riviéres, where he +settled in an iron foundry.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Trois Riviéres,<a id='r17'></a><a href='#f17' class='c010'><sup>[17]</sup></a> is so called from the junction of three +currents which empty themselves into the River St. +Laurence. About a league from the town there is an +iron foundry, which was erected by private [4] persons in +the year 1737, and afterwards ceded to the King. At first +<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>cannon and mortars were cast there, but it is now principally +used in the manufacture of stoves and kettles. +The ore is taken at a small distance from the works. A +river runs down from the foundry into the River St. +Laurence, which enables the proprietors to send their +manufactures round the country in boats upon very +moderate terms.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This town, which is half way between Quebec and +Montreal, had formerly a very considerable trade in +peltry, and was the second mart in Canada; but in process +of time the inhabitants of Montreal contrived to +draw almost all the fur-trade to themselves; and though +the residents in Trois Riviéres live by their commerce +with the savages, and the manufacturing of birch canoes, +yet the town has lost that rank and consequence which it +formerly maintained; nevertheless, the advantage of the +iron foundry makes them some amends, and they live, +upon the whole, as happy as any people in Canada. +The inhabitants of Trois Riviéres were formerly very +much incommoded with fleas, which swarmed in great +quantities, and which, Baron de Lahontan humorously +observes, occasioned an inconvenient quickness in conversation.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On my arrival at Montreal, I was placed under the care +of a very respectable merchant to learn the Indian trade, +which is the chief support of the town. I soon acquired +the names of every article of commerce in the Iroquois +and French languages, and being at once prepossessed in +favour of the savages, improved daily in their tongue, to +the satisfaction of my employer, who approving my assiduity, +and wishing me to be completely qualified in the +Mohawk language to enable me to traffic with the Indians +in his absence, sent me to a village called [5] Cahnuaga, or +<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>Cocknawaga, situated about nine miles from Montreal, on +the south side of the River St. Laurence,<a id='r18'></a><a href='#f18' class='c010'><sup>[18]</sup></a> where I lived +with a chief whose name was <em>Assenegethter</em>, until I was +sufficiently instructed in the language, and then returned to +my master’s store, to improve myself in French, which is +not only universally spoken in Canada, but is absolutely +necessary in the commercial intercourse with the natives, +and without which it would be impossible to enjoy the +society of the most respectable families, who are in general +ignorant of the English language.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>[6] <em>A Description of the Village and Inhabitants of</em> <span class='sc'>Cahnuaga</span>, <em>or</em> <span class='sc'>Cocknawaga</span>, <em>who some years since separated from the</em> <span class='sc'>Mohawks</span>.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>The Savages of this nation, who are called the praying +Indians, from the circumstance of their chiefs wearing +crucifixes, and going through the streets of Montreal +with their beads, begging alms, separated long since from +the Mohawk and River Indians, and for a considerable +time after their separation, carried on an illicit trade between +Albany and Montreal. The village contains about +two hundred houses, which, though they are chiefly built +of stone, have a mean and dirty appearance. The inhabitants +amount to about eight hundred, and (what is +contrary to the general observation on the population of +the Indians) are continually increasing. It is considered +as the most respectable of all the Indian villages, and the +people are in a great degree civilized and industrious. +They sow corn, and do not depend like other nations +solely upon hunting for support; but at the same time, +they are not fond of laborious work, conceiving it only +suited to those who are less free, and retaining so much +of their primeval valour and independence as to annex the +idea of slavery to every domestic employment. Their +hunting grounds are within the United States, at a considerable +distance from the village, round Fort George, +Ticonderoga, and Crown Point, where they kill beaver +and deer, but not in such great abundance at present as +they did formerly, the country being better inhabited, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>and the wild animals, from the present state of population, +being obliged to seek a more distant [7] and secure retreat. +The skins they obtain are generally brought down +to Montreal, and either sold for money, or bartered for +goods. It is not improbable, that in a few years there +will not be many good hunters among them, as they are +extravagantly fond of dress, and that too of the most +expensive kind. Their fondness for this luxury, which +the profits arising from the lands they let out to the +Canadians enables them to indulge, contributes to make +them more idle; and in proportion as their vanity increases, +ease and indolence are the more eagerly courted +and gratified, insomuch that hunting is in danger of +being totally abandoned. Their religion is Catholic, +and they have a French priest, or, as the Chippeway +Indians term it, “<em>The Master of Life’s Man</em>,” who instructs +them, and performs divine service in the Iroquois +tongue. Their devotion impressed my mind too powerfully +to suffer it to pass unnoticed, and induces me to +observe that great praise is due to their pastors, who by +unwearied assiduity, and their own exemplary lives and +conversation, have converted a savage race of beings from +Heathenism to Christianity, and by uniformity of conduct, +continue to preserve both their religion and themselves +in the esteem of their converts: An example +worthy of imitation, and amounting to an incontrovertible +proof that nature, in her most degenerate state, may be +reclaimed by those who are sincere in their endeavours, +gentle in their manners, and consistent in the general +tenor of their behaviour. And it is to be expected, and +certainly most ardently to be wished, that the savage +temper among them may in time be more effectually subdued, +their natural impetuosity softened and restrained, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>and their minds weaned from their unhappy attachment +to the use of strong liquors; their indulgence in which is +frequently attended with the most melancholy and fatal +consequences.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>[8] <em>Of the</em> <span class='sc'>Indians</span> <em>of the Five and Six Nations</em>.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>I shall now give a particular account of the Indians of +the Five and Six Nations, and the reasons why they are +so called, in order to enable the reader to form an idea +of their consequence in a political point of view, as well +as their importance on account of the fur-trade; because +the vicinity of the American territories from Georgia to +New England, gives the United States a great command +and influence from their situation, and renders them more +to be dreaded than even the French were in the zenith of +their American power, when it was universally known +they had such an interest among the savages, as induced +them to call the French their fathers, and of which so +much yet remains, as to prompt them to retain a predilection +in favour of the traders of the Gallic race who are +settled among them.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In 1603, when the French settled in Canada, part of +the Five Nations resided on the island of Montreal, and +were at war with the Adirondacks (who lived on the +Uttawa, or grand river leading to Michillimakinac);<a id='r19'></a><a href='#f19' class='c010'><sup>[19]</sup></a> +these, considered the Five Nations as very insignificant +opponents, and incapable of serious revenge, and they +were held in as much derision as the Delawares, who were +usually called old women, or the Shawanees (who lived +on the Wabach River), who were obliged to wear petticoats +for a considerable time, in contempt of their want +of courage, and as a badge of their pusillanimity and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>degradation. But as no people can bear the imputation +of cowardice or effeminacy as a [9] national character, the +chiefs determined to rouse their young men, and stimulate +them to retrieve, or establish, a reputation; and inspiring +them with heroic notions, led them to war against +the Satanas, or Shaounons, whom they subdued with +great ease. This success revived their drooping spirits, +and forgetting how often they had been defeated by the +Adirondacks, [they] commenced hostilities against them; +and availing themselves of the mean opinion their +enemies entertained of their valour, gained the victory in +several actions: and at last carried on a successful war +against them even in their own country, obliging their +former conquerors to abandon their native land, and seek +refuge on the spot where Quebec is now situated.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Soon after the French arrived and had settled at Quebec, +they formed an alliance with the Adirondacks against the +Five Nations. The first engagement proved decisive in +favour of the Adirondacks, owing entirely to the use of +fire arms having been introduced among them by their +new allies, which the Indians of the Five Nations had +never before seen. This alliance, and the consequent +defeat was far from subduing or disheartening the Five +Nations, but rather seemed to inspire them with additional +ardour, and what they were deficient in military +skill and suitable weapons, they supplied by stratagem +and courage. Although the French gained several advantages +over them in the course of more than fifteen +years, they at length were glad to bring the contest to a +conclusion, by making a peace with them.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This shews that the Savages of the Five Nations are not +easily to be conquered, and proves the necessity of preserving +them in our interest, [10] as long as we shall deem +<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>it expedient, from policy, to keep possession of Canada. +This being admitted, it is certain that no method will +more effectually conduce to that end, than retaining such +barriers in our hands as will enable us to afford them protection, +and supply them with arms and ammunition, +and other necessaries, in time of danger.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Indians who lie to the north of Philadelphia, between +the provinces of Pennsylvania and the Lakes, consist +of three distinct leagues, of which the Senekas, Mohawks, +and Onondagoes, who are called the fathers, +compose the first; the Oneidoes, Cayugas, Tuscororas, +Conoys and Nanticokes, which are one tribe, compose +the second, and these two leagues constitute what is +called the Six Nations. The third league is formed of +the Wanamis, Chihokockis, or Delawares, the Mawhiccons, +Munseys, and Wapingers, to which may be added +the Mingoes. The Cowetas, or Creek Indians, are also +united in friendship with them.<a id='r20'></a><a href='#f20' class='c010'><sup>[20]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>Mr. Colden says, the nations who are joined together +by a league or confederacy, like the United Provinces of +Holland, are known by the names of Mohawks, Oneydoes, +Onondagoes, Cayugas, and Senekas; that each of +these nations is again divided into three tribes or families, +who are distinguished by the names of the Tortoise, +Bear, and Wolf; and that the Tuscororas, after the war +<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>they had with the people of Carolina, fled to the Five +Nations, and incorporated with them, so that in fact they +now consist of six, although they still retain the name +of the Five Nations.<a id='r21'></a><a href='#f21' class='c010'><sup>[21]</sup></a> This union is of such long duration +as to leave little or no traces of its origin.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[11] Baron Lahontan observes, that the Iroquois are in +reality but one nation, divided into five districts; and +which he distinguishes in the following manner:—The +Tsonontouans, the Goyogans, the Onontagues, the +Oneyouts, and the Agnies, who were all settled about +thirty leagues from each other, near the great Lake +Frontenac, now called Ontario.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Mohawks, or Maquas, are the most warlike among +the Five Nations, and consist of near seven hundred warriors. +They are called by the French, Agnies, or Annies, +and were originally settled on the French or grand River, +leading to Michillimakinac, from whence they afterwards +removed to the Mohawk River, near Schenectady, about +sixteen miles from Albany, in the state of New York. +Since the war in 1757 they have separated, and part of +the nation is settled on the grand river, near Niagara, +and the rest at the back of the bay of Quenty, or Kenty, +about forty-eight miles above Cataraqui, the capital of +the Loyalist settlements on the River St. Laurence.<a id='r22'></a><a href='#f22' class='c010'><sup>[22]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>Cataraqui, or Fort Frontenac, is built near to the place +where Lake Ontario discharges itself into the River St. +Laurence. It was erected by Le Comte de Frontenac, +governor general of Canada, to stop the incursions of the +Iroquois, and divert the channel of the commerce in +peltry, which that people carried on with the inhabitants +of New York, and which they bartered for with the +Savages by merchandize, at a cheaper rate than the +French could supply them.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This fort was at first built of wood and turf, and surrounded +with high pickets, but during the mission of +Father Hennepin, it was faced [12] with stone, by the direction +of the Sieur Cavelier de la Salle, and enlarged to a +circuit of more than seven hundred yards. The bason +in which it stands is capable of holding a number of vessels +of considerable burthen. There is a small garrison +at present, and a commanding officer, to examine all +boats which pass either to the new settlements or the +upper posts.<a id='r23'></a><a href='#f23' class='c010'><sup>[23]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>The Oneidoes, or Oneyouts, the Onondagoes, Cayugas, +Senekas, or Tsonontouans, and the Tuscororas, who live +with the Oneidoes and Onondagoes, are settled about +thirty leagues distant from each other, and none of them +exceeding two hundred and fifty miles from the Mohawk +River. All these nations express peace by the metaphor +of a tree, whose top they say will reach the sun, and whose +branches extend far abroad, not only that they may be +<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>seen at a great distance, but to afford them shelter and +repose.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Five Nations claim all the country south of the +River St. Laurence to the Ohio, and down the Ohio to +the Wabache, which lies to the westward of the state of +Pennsylvania, near to the borders of Virginia; westerly, to +the Lakes Ontario and Erie, and the River Miamis, and +the eastern boundaries of Lake Champlain, and the +United States.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The firmness of this league, the great extent of land it +claims, the number of great warriors it produces, and +the undaunted courage and skill which distinguish the +members of it in their contests both with the Savages and +European nations, all conspire to prove the good policy +of an alliance with them; as it is an undoubted fact, that +in case of a dispute with the Americans, the posts would +make but a feeble resistance [13] without their exertions; +and deprived of the forts, the fur-trade would soon be +lost to this country.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I shall next consider the situation and utility of these +barriers, in a commercial point of view, and endeavour +to shew the propriety of keeping possession of the posts, +notwithstanding by the treaty of peace with the United +States, they were expressly stipulated to be given up; +although it is not probable indeed that the Americans will +be able to fulfil the treaty on their part, so as to entitle +them to make a reasonable demand—I mean such a +claim as government must absolutely admit.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The first post I shall notice is Oswegatche, on the River +St. Laurence, about one hundred and fifty miles above +Montreal, at the mouth of the Black River, where there +are about an hundred Savages, who occasionally frequent +<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>it, and are called Oswegatche Indians, although +they belong to the tribes of the Five Nations.<a id='r24'></a><a href='#f24' class='c010'><sup>[24]</sup></a> To this +fort the inhabitants of New England may with ease +transport goods, to supply the Mohawks, Cahnuagas, +Connecedagas, St. Regis, and some straggling Messesawger +Indians, who live near the Détroit,<a id='r25'></a><a href='#f25' class='c010'><sup>[25]</sup></a> at a smaller +expence than they can possibly be obtained from the +merchants at Quebec or Montreal, but particularly +Rum, which is now become an essential requisite in +every transaction with the Savages; for though they +used formerly often to complain of the introduction of +strong water by the traders (as appears by the language +of their chiefs in council) to the prejudice of their young +men, yet they have not now the resolution to refrain from +the use of it;—on the contrary, it is become so familiar, +and even necessary to them, that a drunken frolic is +[14] looked upon as an indispensible requisite in a barter, +and anticipated with extreme delight.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Carlton Island is higher up the river, and has greater +<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>conveniences annexed to it than Oswegatche, having an +excellent harbour, with a strong fortification well garrisoned.<a id='r26'></a><a href='#f26' class='c010'><sup>[26]</sup></a> +It affords excellent accommodation for shipping, +and may be considered as the naval storehouse for +supplying Niagara and the other posts. There are vessels +of considerable bulk continually sailing from thence +to Niagara, Oswego, &c.—There is also a commodore +of the Lakes, whose residence is on the island.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario, formerly called Lake +Frontenac, is a good fortification, and capable of containing +six hundred men. This post is particularly +important, as it is the key to the United States, and commands +the opening to the North, or Hudson’s River, +protecting the trade with the Indians who live on the +banks of the River St. Laurence, and the whole extent +of the great sheet of water near which it stands, reckoned +about eighty leagues in length, and in some places from +twenty-five to thirty broad.<a id='r27'></a><a href='#f27' class='c010'><sup>[27]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>When the English were in possession of the Colonies, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>Albany commanded the trade with the Indians; and it is +well known that no place in America furnished such a +quantity of furs and skins, not even the Hudson’s Bay +settlements, whose utmost extent of trade is far inferior +to the produce collected here. These furs and skins were +procured from Canada, and brought to Fort Oswego by +the Indians, who disposed of them to the agents sent +there by the merchants of Albany. [15] Besides, Indian +goods may be conveyed from Albany to Fort Oswego at a +cheaper rate than from Montreal to the new settlements +at Cataraqui and the head of the Bay of Kenty, and at +less risk, because the stream of the Mohawk River is not +so strong as that of the Cataraqui River, between the +Lake and Montreal, and there are not so many falls of +water.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Fort Niagara is on the same lake, where there is also +a good garrison.<a id='r28'></a><a href='#f28' class='c010'><sup>[28]</sup></a> This lake takes its rise from Lake +Erie, and after a course of fifteen leagues, empties itself +into Lake Ontario. About four leagues before it enters +the lake, it is intercepted by the great fall which is mentioned +by various authors, who do not agree in opinion +respecting its height; but from the most authentic accounts, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>joined to my own observations, I am inclined to +coincide with the judgment of captain Pierie, who made +an actual survey, and describes the height to be one +hundred and forty-six feet, and the width one thousand +and forty, which proves that the accounts of Father +Hennepin and La Salle were erroneous, who both agree +in calling the perpendicular height six hundred feet. +The distance from Fort Niagara to Fort Stanwix<a id='r29'></a><a href='#f29' class='c010'><sup>[29]</sup></a> is about +two hundred and eighty miles, through the Jenesee +country, which I travelled with great ease in about eight +days. This post therefore is of the most essential importance +to protect the Indians who are in alliance with +Great Britain, and to secure the valuable and undivided +advantage of their trade.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Détroit is so called from being a strait between +Lake Erie, and Lake Huron, and commands the trade +from the Ohio, Illinois, Mississippi, and the Upper +Lakes, which post is resorted to by the Uttawas, [16] Hurons, +Miamis, Ohio, Mississippi, Delaware, and Tuscorora +Indians, besides the Messesawgas.<a id='r30'></a><a href='#f30' class='c010'><sup>[30]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>These five posts are situated at the back of the three +states of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, +and at a very small distance from the Loyalist settlements.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>The last post is Michillimakinac, which is situated between +Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, upon an isthmus, +about one hundred and thirty leagues long, and twenty-two +wide, and is the last fortress towards the northwest. +This point of land is on the north of the straits through +which the Lake of the Ilinois, or Michigan, three hundred +leagues in circumference, empties into Lake Huron, +which is of equal extent. The strait is about three +leagues long, and one broad, and half a league distant +from the mouth of the Ilinois.<a id='r31'></a><a href='#f31' class='c010'><sup>[31]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>This is perhaps the most material of all the barriers, +and of the greatest importance to the commercial interest +of this country, as it intercepts all the trade of the Indians +of the upper country from Hudson’s Bay to Lake Superior, +and affords protection to various tribes of Savages, +who constantly resort to it to receive presents from the +commanding officer, and from whence the traders, who +go to the northwest, take their departure for the grand +portage, or grand carrying place, which is nine miles in +length, before they enter on the waters communicating +with the northwest.<a id='r32'></a><a href='#f32' class='c010'><sup>[32]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>Were the English to remain in possession of every part +of Canada, except the posts, numberless doors would be +left open for the Americans [17] to smuggle in their goods, +and in process of time the illicit trade would supersede +the necessity of the exportation of British goods from +England to Canada, and the commercial benefits arising +from the consumption of our manufactures would be entirely +lost.—In that case, Canada would be of little service +to England in a commercial point of view: How far +it is worth the expence of retaining, politically considered, +is not for me to discuss.<a id='r33'></a><a href='#f33' class='c010'><sup>[33]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>[18] <em>Indian Scouts, and Manner of Scalping.</em></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>Having endeavoured to explain the nature and importance +of the Five and Six Nation Indians, and described +the situation of the posts, and the probable consequences +of complying with the treaty, I shall return to +my situation at Montreal.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having stayed with my employer seven years, and not +being willing to enter into a new agreement, I determined +to pursue the bent of my inclinations; and being naturally +of a roving disposition, which was increased by my +frequent associations with the Savages, I entered a volunteer +at the head of a party of Indians, thinking that +my country might at some future period derive advantage +from my more intimate knowledge of the country and its +language.</p> + +<p class='c009'>My <em>entrée</em> was in 1775, when a party of about thirty of +the Americans, commanded by the famous Ethan Allen, +appeared at Long Point, about two miles from Montreal, +intending to plunder the town; they were however disappointed +in their expectations by the good conduct of +captain Crawford of the twenty-sixth regiment, who +with about forty regulars and some volunteers sallied out +and made the enemy retreat to a barn, where an engagement +took place, in which major Carden, Mr. Paterson, +a volunteer, and three privates were killed, and I was +wounded in the foot; but on the arrival of a field piece, +the enemy surrendered.<a id='r34'></a><a href='#f34' class='c010'><sup>[34]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>[19] Being beloved by the Indians, and preferring active +service with them to any other mode of life, I accompanied +<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>lieutenant Peter Johnson and lieutenant Walter +Butler, with a few Mohawks, to attack the Americans +at Isle au Noix, whom we defeated, taking a great many +prisoners. During the engagement we lost two volunteers +and three privates. In this action I received a wound in +the head from the butt-end of a musket.<a id='r35'></a><a href='#f35' class='c010'><sup>[35]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>I then joined the eighth regiment of foot, commanded +by captain Foster, to attack the Americans at the Cedars, +whom we also defeated. The prisoners were left at +Fort St. Vielle, or Prison Island, at the foot of the Falls, +under a proper guard; and the remains of our small +army, consisting of about one hundred and fifty men, +went down to La Chine to engage another body of Americans; +but finding them too strongly entrenched, we retreated +to Point Clair, where we stayed till we received +intelligence that general Arnold, with four thousand men +were at Isle au Noix, and that major Gordon was killed +in his way to St. John’s, about two miles from the fort.<a id='r36'></a><a href='#f36' class='c010'><sup>[36]</sup></a> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>On this occasion it may not be amiss to observe, that the +custom adopted by the Americans, and with so much +success, of levelling their pieces at the officers, originated +with the Indians, who are possessed with an idea that the +men will naturally be thrown into confusion when their +leaders are dead. This however is not without exceptions: +the Mattaugwessawacks, whose country lies westward +of Lake Superior, hold the persons of officers +sacred; and Josepsis, one of their tribe, who was taken +prisoner, and sold to the Penobscot Indians, says that the +Savages they were at war with have adopted the same +method.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[20] I was immediately ordered on a scout, at the head +of ten Connecedaga or Rondaxe Indians, with captain La +Motte, a Canadian gentleman,<a id='r37'></a><a href='#f37' class='c010'><sup>[37]</sup></a> in search of the person +who had killed major Gordon, and to reconnoitre the +woods, in hopes of gaining information of the real force +of the Americans at Isle au Noix. To avoid suspicion, +we were all dressed like Savages; and as captain La +Motte and myself were well acquainted with the Iroquois +language, it was impossible to distinguish us from the +natives. We were out six days and nights, with very +<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>little provision, living chiefly on the scrapings of the inner +bark of trees and wild roots, particularly onions, which +grow in great abundance, and are not disagreeable to the +palate. Hunger reconciles us to every thing that will +support nature, and makes the most indifferent food +acceptable. From my own woful experience I can assert, +that what at any other time would have been unpleasant +and even nauseous, under the pressure of hunger is not +only greedily eaten, but relished as a luxury. Those who +are acquainted with the nature of roving in the woods in +time of war, know the necessity of travelling light, and +particularly on an Indian scout, as the Savages seldom +take any thing but a small quantity of Indian corn and +Maple sugar, which, after beating the corn between two +stones, they mix with water, and on this they subsist. +During this expedition, as the business was urgent, and +the enemy near at hand, we depended on adventitious +food.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the last day’s march, returning without being able +to obtain any intelligence, one of the Indians heard a +noise resembling the breaking of a stick; the chief of the +band sent out a scout, who soon returned with a prisoner. +The man appeared much frightened, imagining himself +in the hands of Savages only. Having bound him to a +tree, I [21] being the only one of the party who understood +English, questioned him very closely respecting the +situation and force of the enemy, and interpreted the +conversation. When he heard me talk his own language +he was agreeably surprised, and his fears in some degree +giving way to hope, he begged me to save him from the +fury of the Indians, whose general conduct in war had +filled his mind with the most dreadful apprehensions. I +assured him, that if he would faithfully satisfy all my +<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>inquiries, his life should be spared. He cheerfully complied +with the requisition, and directed me to a place +from whence we might have a clear view of the Americans, +who were encamped on the opposite shore.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having left him bound, we proceeded about two miles +through swamps, till we came in sight of the enemy. +The Indians immediately panted for action, but captain +La Motte thought it prudent to restrain their ardour, +and ordered them to retreat into the woods, still keeping +our object in view. Soon after, a boat full of men crossed +the river, and landed without perceiving us. The +Indians instantly kindled a fire, and each man filled his +blanket with rotten wood and leaves, till it was extended +to the size of a man; then placing them near the fire, to +appear like Indians asleep, they retired to a small distance, +to give the Americans an opportunity of coming up unmolested, +not doubting but they would immediately +fire at the blankets. The manœuvre succeeded to our +expectation; for the Americans discovering the smoke +advanced towards the fire, and perceiving the blankets, +discharged their muskets. The Savages immediately rushed +from their ambush, and setting up the war-hoop, fell upon +the enemy, scalped seven of them, and took five prisoners, +whom we painted like ourselves. We then returned, +released the prisoner from the tree, and conducted them +all to St. John’s, [22] where they were examined by colonel +England, who ordered me to take them to Sir Guy Carleton +without delay.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having executed this commission to the satisfaction of +the commander in chief, I remained some time with my +old friends, till I received a message from Sir Guy Carleton +to attend him; when he ordered me to join brigadier +general Nesbit, with the twenty-ninth and forty-seventh +<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>regiments; in the latter of which I served as a volunteer a +considerable time; but finding no vacancy, and having +no allowance for my services, to enable me to live and +appear as I wished, I quitted the regiment to enjoy my +favourite Indian life; and as I knew their manner of +living, and could accommodate myself to their diet, I +thought I might probably continue serviceable to my +country in scouting parties, and accordingly accompanied +a party of Savages to the Lake of the two Mountains, +fifteen leagues above Montreal, a village belonging to the +Connecedagas, carrying a scalp as a trophy of my services.<a id='r38'></a><a href='#f38' class='c010'><sup>[38]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>Scalping is a mode of torture peculiar to the Indians. +If a blow is given with the tomahawk previous to the +scalp being taken off, it is followed by instant death; but +where scalping only is inflicted, it puts the person to +excruciating pain, though death does not always ensue. +There are instances of persons of both sexes, now living +in America, and no doubt in other countries, who, after +having been scalped, by wearing a plate of silver or tin +<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>on the crown of the head, to keep it from cold, enjoy +a good state of health, and are seldom afflicted with pains.</p> + +<p class='c009'>When an Indian strikes a person on the temple with a +tomahawk, the victim instantly drops; he then seizes his +hair with one hand, [23] twisting it very tight together, to +separate the skin from the head, and placing his knee on +the breast, with the other he draws the scalping knife +from the sheath, and cuts the skin round the forehead, +pulling it off with his teeth. As he is very dexterous, the +operation is generally performed in two minutes. The +scalp is then extended on three hoops, dried in the sun, +and rubbed over with vermilion. Some of the Indians +in time of war, when scalps are well paid for, divide one +into five or six parts, and carry them to the nearest post, +in hopes of receiving a reward proportionate to the number.</p> + +<p class='c009'>When the scalp is taken from the head of one of their +own people, they frequently make the dead body of advantage +to them, by dressing it up and painting it with +vermilion; they then place it against a tree, with weapons +in its hand, to induce the Indians to suppose it an enemy +on the watch; and round the body they set spears in the +ground, so as scarcely to be discernible. The Indians, +on seeing the person against the tree, and anxious to +make him a prisoner, in the eagerness of running fall +on the points of the spears, and being disabled from proceeding, +are easily made prisoners.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Before I close this subject I shall relate an anecdote of +two Savages of different nations, in the time of Sir William +Johnson.</p> + +<p class='c009'>A Mohawk, of the name of Scunnionsa, or The Elk, and +a Chippeway Indian of the name of Cark Cark, or the +crow, having met at a council of war near Crown Point, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>in the year 1757, were extolling their own merits, and +boasting of their superiority in taking scalps. The Mohawk +contended that he could take a larger scalp than +the Chippeway warrior; [24] who was very highly offended, +and desired that the experiment might be made. They +parted, each pursuing a different route, after having first +agreed to meet at a certain place, on a particular day, +when a council was to be held. At the time appointed +they returned, and appeared at the council. The Mohawk +laid down his scalp, which was the skin of the head +and neck of a man stuffed with fine moss, and sewed up +with deers’ sinews, and the eyes fastened in. The chiefs +expressed their approbation, and pronounced him to be +a great and brave warrior. The Chippeway then rose, +and looking earnestly at the Mohawk, desired the interpreter +to tell him that it was an old woman’s scalp, which +is considered as a term of great reproach, and called to +one of his sons to bring forward his scalp; when instantly +he exhibited to their view the complete skin of a man, +stuffed with down feathers, and sewed very close with +deers’ sinews. The chiefs loaded him with praise, and +unanimously acknowledged his superiority. The Mohawk +warrior, fired with resentment, withdrew from the +council meditating revenge; and as soon as he saw the +Chippeway come forth, he followed him, and watching +a convenient opportunity, dispatched him with his +tomahawk, rejoicing that he had, even in this dastardly +manner, got rid of a victorious rival.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>[25] <em>Some Account of the Character and Disposition of the</em> <span class='sc'>Connecedaga</span>, <em>or</em> <span class='sc'>Rondaxe Indians</span>; <em>with Remarks on the</em> <span class='sc'>Iroquois</span> <em>and</em> <span class='sc'>Cherokee</span> <em>Nations</em>.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>The Savages of this nation are of the Chippeway +tribe, and speak a mixture of the Iroquois and Chippeway +tongues: they were driven from the upper country at +the time of the great Indian war, about the year 1720, +and settled on the Lake of the two Mountains. There +are about two hundred inhabitants, who are very industrious, +and cultivate the land in the manner of the Cahnuagas; +they also breed cattle, and live in a degree of civilization +unknown to most of the Chippeway tribes. There +is also a town near Lake Erie, in the limits of the United +States, which is inhabited by about fifteen hundred of this +nation, of whom the Reverend Mr. Charles Beattie gives +a very favourable account.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Since the settlement of the Connecedagas they have +intermarried with the Cahnuaga, St. Regis, and Mohawk +Indians, which is the reason why their language is less +pure, though some of them speak the original tongue, +which in my frequent communications with the Chippeways +beyond Michillimakinac, I found in every respect +perfectly understood. It was among these Indians that +I first acquired the rudiments of a language which, from +long habit, is become more familiar to me than my +own; and I hope I shall not be accused of vanity, in +asserting that the vocabulary and familiar phrases, subjoined +to this [26] work, are more copious than will be +found in any former publication. In spelling them I +have been particularly careful in using such letters and +accents as best express the Indian words, according to our +pronunciation. To lay down general rules for the orthography +<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>of a language which has never been reduced to a +system, I do not pretend: my endeavours may perhaps +assist those who are better informed in the principles of +universal grammar.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Connecedagas are esteemed brave warriors; and +my opinion, founded on long experience of their conduct +and bravery, coincides with that which the English, from +report only, entertain of them. No nation of Savages +were ever more true to the British interest, not even +the Mohawks, whose fidelity is become almost proverbial. +During the continuance of the American war, they +neglected their families and domestic concerns to fight +for the English, which the Cahnuagas (though descendants +of the Mohawks and Munseys, or Mawhiccon +Indians, commonly called River Indians) did not with so +much cheerfulness; perhaps the relationship of the latter +to the Delawares before their defection, whom the Indians +by way of derision used to call old women, might occasion +this temporary reluctance; but if that was the cause, it +was but of very short duration; for to do them justice, +when they took up the tomahawk they behaved with great +intrepidity, and proved that the blood of the ancient +Mohawks still ran in their veins. Some have, though I +think without much candour, imputed their services to +the fear of our government, and the resentment of the +Savages in our interest on the one hand, and the hopes of +considerable rewards on the other; but as such reflections +may be far from the truth, it cannot answer any purpose +to comment severely on their conduct: [27] it is sufficient +to know they were our allies, and in all probability will +continue friendly to the British nation. Great praise is +due on this account to major Carlton, a brave and experienced +officer, whom they loved with a Roman friendship; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>they flew to his standard with alacrity, obeyed him with +cheerfulness, and never deserted him: no instance of +friendship or attachment, either ancient or modern, could +surpass it.</p> + +<p class='c009'>It requires good natural sense, and a thorough knowledge +of the dispositions of the Indians, to persuade them +to place unlimited confidence in their European or +American leaders; to which must always be added, a +seeming approbation of their advice, and an endeavour +to conform to their wishes, never obstinately pursuing a +design either offensive or defensive, contrary to their +opinion. How fatal a different line of conduct may +prove, the destruction of general Braddock is a melancholy +instance: by his haughty demeanour, and strict adherence +to his own plan, in direct opposition to the counsel of experienced +chiefs, he lost their friendship, and died unlamented, +confirming them in an opinion they had before +often hinted, “that he wanted both skill and prudence in +war.” Even the great Washington incurred their censure +by his conduct, and gave occasion to an Indian chief, +of the name of Thanachrishon, of the Seneka tribes, +judging him by their own rules, to say, “that he was a +good natured man, but had no experience.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>An impartial mind will require but little to be persuaded +that the Indians are superior to us in the woods: it is +their natural element (if I may be allowed the expression), +and a tree or river, of which their [28] recollection never +fails, guide them to the secret recesses of a deep wood, +either for safety, or the purpose of ambush. As they +pay little attention to the rising or setting sun, it at first surprised +me, by what method they traveled from place to +place, without any material aberration; but this they soon +explained, by assuring me, that they had not the least +<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>difficulty in going from one spot to another, being governed +by the moss on the trees, which always remains on +the north side, but on the south it wastes and decays: they +remark also, that the branches are larger, and the leaves +more luxuriant on the south than on the north side of the +tree. The most enlightened part of mankind, I am persuaded, +cannot be more exact in their mode of judging, +nor more attentive to the works of nature.</p> + +<p class='c009'>To prove further, if there are any who doubt it, that +the Indians possess strong natural abilities, and are even +capable of receiving improvement from the pursuits of +learning, I shall relate a story from Kalm’s Travels.<a id='r39'></a><a href='#f39' class='c010'><sup>[39]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>“An old American Savage being at an inn at New York, +met with a gentleman who gave him some liquor, and +being rather lively, boasted he could read and write English. +The gentleman, willing to indulge him in displaying +his knowledge, begged leave to propose a question, to +which the old man consented. He was then asked, who +was the first circumcised? the Indian immediately replied, +father Abraham:—and directly asked the gentleman, +who was the first quaker? He said it was very uncertain, +that people differed in their sentiments exceedingly. The +Indian perceiving the gentleman unable to resolve the +question, put his fingers into his mouth, to express his +surprize, and looking [29] stedfastly, told him, that +Mordecai was the first quaker, for he would not pull off +his hat to Haman.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>Mr. Adair<a id='r40'></a><a href='#f40' class='c010'><sup>[40]</sup></a> says, the Cherokees are very apt at giving +<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>people nicknames. A dull stalking fellow, they call a +turkey buzzard; an ill tempered man, a wasp; a talkative +person, a grasshopper; a hoarse voice, they say resembles +a bull; and an interpreter whose manners and conversation +are obscene, they call a smock interpreter.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The disposition of the Indians is naturally proud and +self-sufficient: they think themselves the wisest of the sons +of men, and are extremely offended when their advice is +rejected. The feats of valour of their ancestors, continually +repeated and impressed upon their minds, inspire +them with the most exalted notions of their own prowess +and bravery; hence arises the firmest reliance on their own +courage and power; and though but a handful of men, +comparatively speaking, they are vain enough to think +they can overthrow both French and English whenever +they please. They say, the latter are fools, for they hold +their guns half man high, and let them snap; but that they +themselves take sight, and seldom fail of doing execution, +which, they add, is the true intention of going to war.</p> + +<p class='c009'>These exalted notions of self-consequence are more +peculiar to the Five Nations, and for which they are more +eminently distinguished than other tribes of Savages, +although none of them are deficient in this respect. Such +sentiments as these have made the Iroquois dreaded and +revered by others, for their superior understanding and +valour, and likewise has a tendency to increase their +fame. Although they [30] decrease in numbers daily, the +thirst of glory will never be extinguished among them, +whilst there is a breast to nourish it: they will never shrink +from danger when honour is at stake.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Iroquois laugh when you talk to them of obedience +to kings; for they cannot reconcile the idea of submission +with the dignity of man. Each individual is a sovereign +<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>in his own mind; and as he conceives he derives his freedom +from the great Spirit alone, he cannot be induced to +acknowledge any other power.</p> + +<p class='c009'>They are extremely jealous, and easily offended, and +when they have been once induced to suspect, it is very +difficult to remove the impression. They carry their +resentments with them to the grave, and bequeath them +to the rising generation.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Those who have associated with them, though they +may admire their heroism in war, their resolution in supporting +the most excruciating tortures, and the stability of +their friendships, cannot but lament the dreadful effects +of their displeasure, which has no bounds. It is this +violence of temper, which is generally in the extreme, +that makes them so difficult to subdue, and so dangerous +to encourage; too much indulgence they attribute to fear, +and too much severity brings on resentment.</p> + +<p class='c009'>To remove these strong prejudices (which, however +prone human nature may be to encourage them, would +never prove so prejudicial to society, unless continually +promoted by the advice and example of the aged), has +been the constant endeavour of those nations who have +been [31] in alliance with them, and some attempts have +been made to soften their manners by the introduction +of the Christian religion, whose precepts are so wonderfully +calculated to destroy every blood-thirsty sentiment, +and make mankind happier in themselves, and better +members of the community. In this laudable pursuit our +neighbours the French have been most successful, at +least so far as an alteration in external behaviour may +be considered as an indication of the amendment of the +heart. The good conduct of the inhabitants of several +Indian villages in Canada bears testimony to this observation. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>Nevertheless, in contradiction to this remark, +Mr. James Adair observes, that the French Canadians +are highly censurable for debauching our peaceable +Northern Indians with their “infernal catechism.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>Though I am not an advocate for creeds inimical to the +peace of society, I believe the censure is too severe, for +however formerly they might have been influenced by +bigotted priests instilling into their minds sentiments +unfavourable to the subjects of Great Britain, I am +clearly of opinion, that they have for many years used +their best endeavours to inculcate the principles of the +Gospel: indeed, it is always to be lamented when either +politics or religion are made subservient to each other: +this being properly considered, perhaps the French are +not more blameable than other nations. We are too +apt to involve others in our disputes, and religion is +too frequently introduced by bigots to assist the cause +they wish to support.</p> + +<p class='c009'>With regard to those Indians who have been accustomed +to the society of English traders, and even preachers +(sorry am I to observe it), their sentiments, manners, +and practices are very different. The [32] alteration is +manifestly for the worse; they have become more degenerate, +and added to the turbulence of passions unsubdued +by reason the vices of lying and swearing, which unfortunately +they have learned from us.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The testimony of Mr. Sargeant, a gentleman of New +England, supports this assertion; who relates, that in a +journey to the Shawanese Indians (the allies and dependants +of the Six Nations),<a id='r41'></a><a href='#f41' class='c010'><sup>[41]</sup></a> and some other tribes, when he +offered to instruct them in the Christian religion, they +<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>rejected it with disdain; they even reproached Christianity, +told him the traders would lie, cheat, and debauch +their young women, and even their wives, when the husbands +were from home. They further added, that the +Senekas had given them their country, but charged them +never to receive Christianity from the English.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I shall subjoin one more proof to this. Governor +Hunter, by order of Queen Anne, presented the Indians +with cloaths, and other things of which they were extremely +fond; and addressing them at a council, which was +held at Albany, told them that their good mother the +Queen had not only generously provided them with fine +cloaths for their bodies, but likewise intended to adorn +their souls by the preaching of the Gospel, and that some +ministers should be sent to instruct them. When the +governor had finished his speech, the oldest chief rose up +and said, that, in the name of all the Indians, he thanked +their good mother the Queen for the fine cloaths she had +sent them; but that in regard to the ministers, they had +already some of them, who, instead of preaching the +Gospel to them, taught them to drink to excess, to cheat +and quarrel among themselves, and entreated the governor +[33] to take from them the preachers, and a number +of Europeans who came among them; for before their +arrival, the Indians were honest, sober and innocent +people; but now most of them were rogues; that they +formerly had the fear of God: but that now they hardly +believed his existence.</p> + +<p class='c009'>To extenuate as much as possible this charge against the +English, let it be observed, that the vice and immorality +complained of, is to be attributed in a great measure to +the traders, who used to purchase convicts, and hire men +of infamous character to carry up their goods among the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>Indians, many of whom ran away from their masters to +join the Savages: the iniquitous conduct of those people +essentially injured the English in the opinion of the +Indians and fixed an odium which will not be soon or +easily removed.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>[34] <em>Description of the</em> <span class='sc'>Indian</span> <em>Dances, &c.</em></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>Having finished this long digression, I shall continue +my history from the time of going to the village of +the Connecedagas, where I stayed some months, making +several excursions in scouting parties, and frequently +bringing in prisoners, which did not escape the notice of +Sir Guy Carleton, who at the next interview approved my +conduct, and wished me to serve again in his regiment. +I told him I was extremely happy I had rendered myself +useful to my country, and considered myself highly +honoured by so flattering a mark of his approbation; but +that the life of a volunteer, though very honourable, +would not entitle me to pay, and there was not a vacancy +in any of the British regiments: he then appointed me a +midshipman on board the ship Fell, commanded by captain +Barnsfer, lying in the river St. Laurence, in which +service I continued till she was ordered for England.</p> + +<p class='c009'>As soon as I quitted the navy, I returned to the Lake of +the Two Mountains, and continued doing my utmost, in +the line of an interpreter, and at intervals perfecting myself +in the Indian languages, particularly in the Chippeway +tongue, as I purposed engaging in the service of a merchant, +to go to the north west the first convenient opportunity. +I also applied myself sedulously to obtain a complete +knowledge of their manners and customs, and with +that view partook of their amusements, and was soon +noticed as a good dancer. To this [35] qualification I also +added the perfect notes of the different war <a id='t70'></a>whoops, as +naturally as a Savage; and by conforming to their ways, +and taking pleasure in their diversions, I was soon endeared +to them, and left them with regret.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>The dances among the Indians are many and various, +and to each of them there is a particular hoop.<a id='r42'></a><a href='#f42' class='c010'><sup>[42]</sup></a></p> + + <dl class='dl_1'> + <dt>1.</dt> + <dd>The calumet dance. + </dd> + <dt>2.</dt> + <dd>The war dance. + </dd> + <dt>3.</dt> + <dd>The chief’s dance. + </dd> + <dt>4.</dt> + <dd>The set out dance. + </dd> + <dt>5.</dt> + <dd>The scalp dance. + </dd> + <dt>6.</dt> + <dd>The dead dance. + </dd> + <dt>7.</dt> + <dd>The prisoner’s dance. + </dd> + <dt>8.</dt> + <dd>The return dance. + </dd> + <dt>9.</dt> + <dd>The spear dance. + </dd> + <dt>10.</dt> + <dd>The marriage dance. + </dd> + <dt>11.</dt> + <dd>The sacrifice dance. + </dd> + </dl> + +<p class='c009'>All these I was perfect master of, frequently leading the +sett. If accidentally a stranger came among us, (unless +I chose to be noticed) no one could distinguish me from +the Indians.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Presuming on my appearing exactly like a Savage, I +occasionally went down in a canoe to Montreal, and frequently +passed the posts as an Indian. Sometimes I would +distinguish myself at a charivari, which is a custom that +prevails in different parts of Canada, of assembling with +old pots, kettles, &c. and beating them at the doors of +new married people; but generally, either when the man +is older than the woman, or the parties have been twice +married: in those cases they beat a charivari, hallooing +out very vociferously, until the man is obliged to obtain +their silence by pecuniary contribution, or submit to be +[36] abused with the vilest language. Charivari, in +French, means a paltry kind of music, which I suppose is +the origin of the custom.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Not content with being a proficient in their sports, I +learnt to make a canoe, bark a tree for the purpose, and +perform the whole business as regular as the natives. I +also made makissins, or Indian shoes, of deer skins, +drest and smoked to make the leather soft and pliable, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>and worked with porcupine quills and small beads, to +which are sometimes suspended hawk bells. Those made +by the Mohawks, at the Grand River near Niagara, are +preferred for their superior workmanship and taste, and +are sometimes sold so high as four dollars a pair, but in +general they may be purchased, without ornaments, for +one dollar: they are more pleasant to wear than English +shoes: in summer they are cooler to the feet, and in winter, +from being made roomy, they will admit a thick sock, to +prevent the excessive cold from penetrating. The Indians, +in their war dances, sew hawk bells and small pieces of +tin on them to make a jingling noise, and at a dance where +I was present, these, with the addition of a large horse +bell, which I gave the chief who led the dance, made a +noise not much unlike a Dutch concert.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Savages are esteemed very active and nimble +footed, but admitting this general opinion to prevail, it is +well known the Europeans are more swift in running a +small distance: their chief merit, I am of opinion, consists +in their being able to continue a long time in one steady +pace, which makes them useful in going express through +the woods; and as they require little sleep, and can subsist +on roots and water, which they take <em>en volant</em>, they do +not waste much time in refreshment. [37] They are also +admirable swimmers, and are not afraid of the strongest +current. With these qualifications they are certainly a +very useful race of men; and as long as the English retain +any possessions in Canada, should be considered as the +most valuable acquisition; indeed, as indispensibly +necessary; and every endeavour should be exerted to +retain them in our interest.</p> + +<p class='c009'>With regard to bodily strength, they are excelled by +many; and even in hunting, the Virginians equal them in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>every part of the chace, though all the world allow them +the merit of being good marksmen. I remember seeing +some Americans shooting at a loon, a bird nearly the +size of an English goose. This bird is remarkable for +diving, and generally rises some yards from the place +where it dips. They fired at the distance of one hundred +and fifty yards with a rifle, several times without success: +an Indian standing by, laughed at them, and told +them they were old women: they desired him to try his +skill, which he instantly did: taking his gun, and resting +it against a tree, he fired, and shot the loon through the +neck. I confess I never saw a better shot in my life, and +was highly pleased, as it gratified my pride, in giving the +Americans a favourable opinion of the Savages, for whom +I always entertained a predilection.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The loon is a very remarkable bird, from the formation +of its feet: but having no anatomical knowledge, I cannot +describe it technically. They are so made, that it can +scarcely walk; it is therefore seldom seen on land. In +calm weather it rises from the water with great difficulty, +and flies as impelled by the wind, on which it seems to +depend. The method usually adopted by the Indians to +kill these birds, is by fixing [38] a large bough at the head +of the canoe, to conceal themselves till they paddle near +the place where they are; when at a convenient distance, +they fire, though not always with success. In the Chippeway +language it is called a maunk, which agrees with +the French word manquer, to fail; it being, from its shyness, +very difficult to kill. The skin, which is very tough +and thick, is dried and made use of as cases to cover their +guns, to prevent the wet from spoiling them.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having grown tired of living entirely with the Savages, +I made an excursion to Montreal, where I met with an +<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>offer to go as interpreter to the north, which, at first, I did +not care to accept; but as the salary proposed was handsome, +upon mature deliberation, I embraced the opportunity +of entering into that way of life, from which I fully +expected profit at least, if not pleasure; but alas! I had +often abundant reason to repent the pursuing the bent +of my inclinations.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the fourth of May, 1777, I left Montreal, with two +large birch canoes, called by the French, maître canots, +having ten Canadians in each, as the number of portages +require many hands to transport the goods across the +landings, which can only be done on men’s shoulders. +As their voyage is so essentially different from the English +manner of travelling, I shall relate it particularly.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The canoes are made at Trois Riviéres; they are, in +general, eight fathoms long, and one and a half wide, covered +with the bark of the birch tree, and sewed very close +with fibrous roots; and of this size they will carry four +tons weight each. As early in the spring as the ice will +permit, they are brought up to La Chine, a village nine +miles above Montreal.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[39] La Chine takes its name from the following story. +Le Sieur La Salle, who was afterwards murdered by two +of his own party, in Canada, in the year 1686, was very +intent on discovering a shorter road to China than was +then known, but his project failing by an accident which +happened to him at this place, he was obliged to postpone +his journey to the east, which induced the Canadians, +by way of derision, to call it La Chine, or China; and by +that name it has ever since been known.<a id='r43'></a><a href='#f43' class='c010'><sup>[43]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>At this place the Indian goods are put on board very +<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>carefully; the dry merchandise in bales about eighty +pounds weight, the rum, powder, and shot, in small +kegs. The voyage from Trois Riviéres to La Chine is +tedious and troublesome, as there is a strong current to +combat; and without a fair wind, and occasionally a brisk +gale to assist or relieve the constant use of the paddles, it +would be impossible to make any way. Where the water +is shallow, the canoes must be forced forward with long setting +poles, while the men wade knee deep, and pull against +the current with ropes; this is a labour and fatigue beyond +what will be easily imagined. Custom has however made +the Canadians very expert, and I must do them the justice +to say they encounter these difficulties with uncommon +chearfulness, though they sometimes exclaim, “C’est la +misere, mon bourgeois.”<a id='r44'></a><a href='#f44' class='c010'><sup>[44]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>From La Chine to Michillimakinac, there are thirty six +portages; the distance by land and water is about nine +hundred miles: in favourable weather the journey is frequently +performed in about a month. Great care is +necessary to steer the canoes up the strong rapids; to +labour and care must also be added experience to keep +them upright, and prevent their striking or rubbing +against the stones, as they are very slight, and [40] easily +damaged. Whenever by accident they receive an injury, +as they frequently do, the hole is stopped with gum, +melted with a piece of charcoal; the gum by wetting immediately +becomes hard, and is capable of resisting the +impression of the water. When the hole is too large to be +stopped by gum only, the inner bark of the birch tree, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>pounded and tempered like mortar, is put on the aperture, +this is covered by a linen rag, and the edges firmly cemented +with gum.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We continued our voyage to La Barriére, at the head of +the Long Saut, or long water fall, a very dangerous current +from the extreme rapidity of the fall. At the top +of this fall there are some traders settled, but they are +not of any consequence either for the extent of their commerce, +or the profits arising from the peltry they collect, +the Savages in those parts being too well acquainted with +the value of furs and skins to be imposed upon, unless +when they are intoxicated, an advantage I must confess +too frequently taken.</p> + +<p class='c009'>From this fall we proceeded to the Lake of the two +Mountains, where there is a village belonging to the Connecedaga +Indians, already described. At this place I +stayed a day among my old friends, which was all the +time my engagements would allow, as it is of the most +material consequence in this branch of trade to be early +at the wintering ground.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We proceeded to the Uttawa, or Grand River, coasting +all the way till we came to Lake Nipissin, from whence +the River St. Laurence takes its rise. We then entered +the French River, leading to Lake Huron, and proceeded +with very favourable weather to Michillimakinac, where +we arrived on the 17th of June.<a id='r45'></a><a href='#f45' class='c010'><sup>[45]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>[41] The country every where abounds with wild animals, +particularly bears, moose and other deer, beavers, beaver +eaters, lynx, foxes, squirrels, fishers, otters, martins, minx, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>wood cats, racoons, wolves, musquashes, &c.——There +are scarce any but savage inhabitants to be found, who +rove from place to place for subsistance, feeding on the +animals they kill, except the skunk, or pole cat, which +they never eat, unless pressed by the most extreme hunger.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Monsieur La Salle relates, that in his voyage on the +banks of the Mississippi, among the nation of the Oumas, +who live on a river of the same name, he saw a most extraordinary +animal between the wolf and the lion; the +head and shape resembling the former, and the tail and +claws like those of the latter: he asserts it would attack +all other animals, but was never known to hurt a man; +that sometimes it would carry its prey on its back, and +when it had eaten till satisfied, it concealed the rest under +the leaves, or other cover; that every animal dreaded it +to such a degree, that they would not touch any part of +the prey it had left; and that the Indians called it Michibichi, +which is an animal of the species of the tiger, but +smaller and less speckled, and is now known to be the +panther.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The beaver is a curious animal, but it has been described +by so many authors, that I shall only observe what I +believe they have not yet mentioned.—It is seldom seen +in the day time: After sun set it leaves its habitation, and +ventures abroad either to work, or procure food. It also +takes this opportunity to wash itself. But the most +remarkable singularity of this animal, is, that it lies with +its tail constantly in the water, to prevent its getting stiff. +The flesh of it is very good, either [42] boiled or roasted, +but the tail is the best part.<a id='r46'></a><a href='#f46' class='c010'><sup>[46]</sup></a> While I am upon the subject +of dainties, I may add, that the snout of the moose is +<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>also highly esteemed. Not any of the animals in North +America are to be dreaded, except the grizzled bear, +which generally keeps in as warm a climate as possible: +wherever it comes it makes dreadful havock, destroying +men, and even frequently whole families.</p> + +<p class='c009'>During the time I stayed at Michillimakinac, a remarkable +circumstance of bravery and generosity was +communicated to me, which may not be unentertaining +to the reader.</p> + +<p class='c009'>An Indian boy, about fifteen years of age, was standing +at some distance from the fort, when a Savage fired his +gun, and accidentally killed an Englishman. As he was +advancing, he discovered the boy leaning against a tree, +and not being of the same nation, he formed the resolution +of taking him prisoner: having no suspicion of the +boy’s intention, he went up to him, and took him by the +arm; the boy very artfully drew back, and shot the Indian +through the chin: this so incensed him, that he was raising +his hand to tomahawk him, when another Indian instantly +coming up, asked his companion who had wounded +him? he replied, the boy, adding, that he would immediately +take his scalp: the other prevented his bloody +purpose, and told him he would protect the lad, for he +was too brave to die. He carried him to the fort, where +he was purchased by the commanding officer, to prevent +the Indian whom he had wounded from killing him.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>[43] <em>Description of</em> <span class='sc'>Lake Superior</span>, <em>with the Ceremony of Indian Adoption</em>.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>Having taken in Indian corn, and hard grease, (the +food all traders carry to the upper country) and exchanged +my large canoes, or maître canots, for smaller +ones, the latter being more convenient to transport across +the carrying places, and better calculated to run into small +creeks, we proceeded to the Falls of St. Mary, (a strait so +called) which is formed by two branches that separate +from each other at the furthest point of the lake. Here +is a small picketted fort built by the Indians, and about +ten log houses for the residence of English and French +traders. The nation of the Sauteurs formerly were settled +at the foot of the Falls, and the Jesuits had a house +near them.<a id='r47'></a><a href='#f47' class='c010'><sup>[47]</sup></a> At this place there is abundance of fine +fish, particularly pickerill, trout, and white fish of an +uncommon size. From this place we continued our +<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>voyage to Lake Superior, formerly called Lake Tracy, +in honour of Mons. de Tracy, who was appointed viceroy +of America by the French king in June, 1665. It is +reckoned six hundred leagues in circumference, and on +it are a great number of large and small islands. At +the entrance of this lake is a high rock, somewhat in the +shape of a man, which the Chippeway Indians call +“Kitchee Manitoo,” or the Master of Life. Here they +all stop to make their offerings, which they do by throwing +tobacco, and other things, into the water: by this they +intend to make an acknowledgment to the rock, as the +representative of the Supreme Being, for the blessings +they enjoy, cheerfully sacrificing to [44] him their ornaments, +and those things which they hold most dear.<a id='r48'></a><a href='#f48' class='c010'><sup>[48]</sup></a> An +example worthy of imitation, so far as respects the good +intention of the creature to the Creator, exhibiting an +evident proof that man in his natural state, without any +of the refinements of civilization, is sensible of his dependance +on an invisible power, however ignorantly, or unworthily, +he may express his belief. God alone knoweth +the heart, and will judge every man by the knowledge he +hath.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Superstition is a noxious plant, but it hath flourished in +every climate from the torrid to the frigid zone. If its +effects have proved so pernicious among civilized nations, +as we know they have, is it to be wondered that barbarians +have suffered by it? The poor untutored Indian will +not incur a great degree of censure for obeying the dictates +of his uninformed nature, and following implicitly the +custom of his ancestors. Revealed religion has not been +given to all, and it is a melancholy reflection that those +<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>who have been enlightened by it, are not so superior to +the Savages as one should naturally expect to find them.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In this rock there are several cavities near a mile in +length, and about twenty feet in width, arched at the top. +The lake freezes only close to the shore, the water being +constantly in a swell, and the waves frequently mountains +high, which is easily accounted for, when we consider its +immense extent. On a calm day, a little distance from +shore, sturgeon may be seen in very deep water. The +surrounding land is high and rocky, and the woods extremely +thick. The palm, birch, ash, spruce, and cedar, +grow large, and in great abundance. The Northwest +Company, established at Montreal, keep a vessel on [45] +the lake to transport their goods from Michillimakinac +to the grand portage on the northwest side, and return +with the peltry collected in the inlands.<a id='r49'></a><a href='#f49' class='c010'><sup>[49]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 4th of July we arrived at Pays Plat,<a id='r50'></a><a href='#f50' class='c010'><sup>[50]</sup></a> on the north +east side of the Lake, where we unpacked our goods, and +made the bales smaller, having, by the Indian accounts, +one hundred and eighty carrying places to the part where +I intended to winter. On our landing we discovered at +some distance a number of Indians, which induced us to +accelerate the arrangement of the cargo, in case of barter, +and be prepared to embark when the business was finished. +Every thing being properly secured, I made up to the +Savages, and calculated their number at one hundred and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>fifty: most of them were of the Chippeway tribes; the rest +were of the nation of the Wasses. They gave me fish, +dried meat, and skins, which I returned with trifling +presents. The chief, whose name was Matchee Quewish,<a id='r51'></a><a href='#f51' class='c010'><sup>[51]</sup></a> +held a council, and finding I understood their +language, proposed to adopt me as a brother warrior. +Though I had not undergone this ceremony, I was not +entirely ignorant of the nature of it, having been informed +by other traders of the pain they endured in their adoption, +though they declared they were favoured exceedingly; +I determined however to submit to it, lest my refusal +of the honour intended me should be attributed to +fear, and so render me unworthy of the esteem of those +from whom I expected to derive great advantages, and +with whom I had engaged to continue for a considerable +time.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The ceremony of adoption is as follows.——A feast is +prepared of dog’s flesh boiled in bear’s grease, with huckle +berries, of which it is [46] expected every one should +heartily partake. When the repast is over, the war song +is sung in the following words.</p> + +<p class='c009'>“Master of Life, view us well; we receive a brother warrior +who appears to have sense, shews strength in his arm, +and does not refuse his body to the enemy.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>After the war song, if the person does not discover any +signs of fear, he is regarded with reverence and esteem; +courage, in the opinion of the Savages, being considered +not only as indispensible, but as the greatest recommendation. +He is then seated on a beaver robe, and presented +<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>with a pipe of war to Smoke, which is put round to every +warrior, and a wampum belt is thrown over his neck.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The calumet, or Indian pipe, which is much larger than +that the Indians usually smoke, is made of marble, stone, +or clay, either red, white, or black, according to the custom +of the nation, but the red is mostly esteemed; the +length of the handle is about four feet and a half, and +made of strong cane, or wood, decorated with feathers of +various colours, with a number of twists of female hair +interwoven in different forms; the head is finely polished; +two wings are fixed to it, which make it in appearance not +unlike to Mercury’s wand. This calumet is the symbol +of peace, and the Savages hold it in such estimation, that +a violation of any treaty where it has been introduced, +would in their opinion be attended with the greatest misfortunes.<a id='r52'></a><a href='#f52' class='c010'><sup>[52]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>Wampum is of several colours, but the white and black +are chiefly used; the former is made of the inside of the +conque, or clam shell; [47] the latter of the muscle: both +are worked in the form of a long bead, and perforated +in order to their being strung on leather, and made up in +belts.</p> + +<p class='c009'>These belts are for various purposes: When a council +is held, they are given out with the speeches, and always +proportioned in their size, and the number of the rows of +wampum which they contain, to the idea the Indians entertain +of the importance of the meeting; they frequently +consist of both colours. Those given to Sir William +Johnson, of immortal Indian memory, were in several +<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>rows, black on each side, and white in the middle: the +white being placed in the centre, was to express peace, +and that the path between them was fair and open. In +the centre of the belt was the figure of a diamond, made +of white wampum, which the Indians call the council fire.</p> + +<p class='c009'>When Sir William Johnson held a treaty with the +Savages, he took the belt by one end, while the Indian +chief held the other: if the chief had any thing to say, he +moved his finger along the white streak; if Sir William +had any thing to communicate, he touched the diamond +in the middle.</p> + +<p class='c009'>These belts are also the records of former transactions, +and being worked in particular forms, are easily deciphered +by the Indians, and referred to in every treaty with +the white people. When a string or belt of wampum is +returned, it is a proof that the proposed treaty is not accepted, +and the negotiation is at an end.</p> + +<p class='c009'>But to return from this digression. When the pipe has +gone round, a sweating house is prepared with six long +poles fixed in the ground, [48] and pointed at the top; it is +then covered with skins and blankets to exclude the air, +and the area of the house will contain only three persons. +The person to be adopted is then stripped naked, and +enters the hut with two chiefs; two large stones made red +hot are brought in, and thrown on the ground; water is +then brought in a bark dish, and sprinkled on the stones +with cedar branches, the steam arising from which puts +the person into a most profuse perspiration, and opens the +pores to receive the other part of the ceremony.</p> + +<p class='c009'>When the perspiration is at the height, he quits the +house, and jumps into the water; immediately on coming +out a blanket is thrown over him, and he is led to the +chief’s hut, where he undergoes the following operation. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>Being extended on his back, the chief draws the figure +he intends to make with a pointed stick, dipped in water +in which gunpowder has been dissolved; after which, with +ten needles dipped in vermilion, and fixed in a small +wooden frame, he pricks the delineated parts, and where +the bolder outlines occur, he incises the flesh with a gun +flint; the vacant spaces, or those not marked with vermilion, +are rubbed in with gunpowder, which produces +the variety of red and blue; the wounds are then seared +with punk wood, to prevent them from festering.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This operation, which is performed at intervals, lasts +two or three days. Every morning the parts are washed +with cold water, in which is infused an herb called +Pockqueesegan, which resembles English box, and is +mixed by the Indians with the tobacco they smoke, to +take off the strength. During the process, the war +songs are sung, accompanied by a rattle hung round with +hawk bells, called chessaquoy, [49] which is kept shaking, +to stifle the groans such pains must naturally occasion.<a id='r53'></a><a href='#f53' class='c010'><sup>[53]</sup></a> +Upon the ceremony being completed, they give the party +a name; that which they allotted to me, was <em>Amik</em>, or +Beaver.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In return for the presents given me by Matchee Quewish, +which I had only acknowledged by some trinkets, +and to shew how much I was pleased with the honour +they had conferred on me, I resolved to add to my former +gifts; I accordingly took the chiefs to a spot where I had +directed my men to place the goods intended for them, +and gave them scalping knives, tomahawks, vermilion, +tobacco, beads, &c. and lastly rum, the <em>unum necessarium</em>, +without which (whatever else had been bestowed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>on them) I should have incurred their serious displeasure. +Our canoes being turned up, and the goods properly +secured, I told the Canadians to keep a constant +watch, night and day, while we were encamped. This +precaution is absolutely necessary, as the Indians generally +do mischief when they are intoxicated. On this +occasion our care was of infinite service, for with the +rum we gave them, they continued in a state of inebriety +three days and nights, during which frolic they killed +four of their own party; one of whom was a great chief, +and was burnt by his son: having been a famous warrior, +he was buried with the usual honours peculiar to the +Savages, viz. a scalping knife, tomahawk, beads, paint, +&c. some pieces of wood to make a fire, and a bark cup +to drink out of in his journey to the other country.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 21st we embarked, leaving the band extremely +well satisfied with our conduct, which they acknowledged +in the most expressive language; but as it was customary +to take conductors from one Lake to another, I engaged +twenty of the Chippeways to accompany me in passing +[50] by land the Grande Côte de la Roche, which is the +rout that all the traders are obliged to take, on account +of the great cataract, which is reckoned six hundred feet +in height near the entrance of the Nipegon River. This +journey is extremely fatiguing to the men, who are +obliged to ascend a steep hill with considerable burdens, +and for this reason it is customary to rest two or three days +to recruit their strength.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We left la Grande Côte de la Roche in good spirits, and +continued our voyage to Lake Alemipigon, where we met +another band of Savages of the same nation. A council +was held, and mutual presents exchanged. We stayed +here ten days, encamped by the side of the Lake; during +<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>which time a skirmish happened among the Indians, in +which three men were killed, and two wounded, after a +dreadful scene of riot and confusion, occasioned by the +baneful effects of rum.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Lake Alemipigon, or Nipegon,<a id='r54'></a><a href='#f54' class='c010'><sup>[54]</sup></a> is about one hundred +miles in length, and supplies the Savages with great +quantities of fish. The land affords abundance of wild +roots, and the animals are very numerous. The Indians +who hunt here are in number about three hundred, and +are remarkably wild and superstitious.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>On the first of August we departed with fifteen Indians, +not only to serve as guides, but to assist us across +the portages. We lived on animal food and roots, reserving +our corn and hard grease for the winter. Every +evening at sun set we encamped, and got into our canoes +at break of day. We continued our march to Lac +Eturgeon, or Sturgeon Lake, but did not stay there a +sufficient time to enable me to give a particular account +of it; I have, however, described it in the narrative [51] +of my journey to Lake Manontoye, where I encamped for +three days on account of the badness of the weather.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the twenty fifth of September we arrived at Lac la +Mort, or Dead Lake, situate to the northeast of Lake +Alemipigon. This Lake is about sixty miles in circumference, +the land low and swampy, and the water very +unpleasant to the palate: it has been much frequented by +the Indians, for, during the time I wintered there, I discovered +no less than thirty-five different roads, about three +feet wide, leading from the woods to the Lake side: it +abounds with fish, and is frozen over in the winter, the +ice not breaking away till April. The Indians who +resort to it are good hunters, but very wild. The Chippeways +are not so fond of dress as the other Savages, particularly +those tribes who live very remote from Michillimakinac; +this is easily accounted for; as the ice remains +almost to the last spring month in England, and the winter +season begins early in the month of October, the intermediate +time is employed in making and repairing canoes, +taking short excursions for food, amusing themselves in +swimming, and other pastimes peculiar to the Savages. +The luxury of dress can be little regarded by those whose +constant necessities require the utmost exertions for their +<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>daily supply, and who are not provident enough to lay +up a store of provisions for winter. Indians in general +are extremely indolent, from the wildest to the most civilized, +and value themselves upon being so; conceiving it +beneath the dignity of a warrior to labour, and that all +domestic cares and concerns are the province of women +alone. This aversion for labour does not arise from dread, +or dislike of fatigue; on the contrary, no people encounter +or endure it with more chearfulness, particularly in their +amusements, which are of various kinds, and many of +them [52] violent and laborious. They are calculated +to make them athletic, and at the same time by the profuse +perspiration which they occasion, they render the +joints supple, and enable them to hunt with more +facility.</p> + +<p class='c009'><em>Playing at ball</em>, which is a favourite game, is very +fatiguing. The ball is about the size of a cricket ball, +made of deer skin, and stuffed with hair; this is driven +forwards and backwards with short sticks, about two +feet long, and broad at the end like a bat, worked like a +racket, but with larger interstices: by this the ball is impelled, +and from the elasticity of the racket, which is +composed of deers’ sinews, is thrown to a great distance: +the game is played by two parties, and the contest lies +in intercepting each other, and striking the ball into a +goal, at the distance of about four hundred yards, at the +extremity of which are placed two high poles, about the +width of a wicket from each other; the victory consists +in driving the ball between the poles. The Indians play +with great good humour, and even when one of them happens, +in the heat of the game, to strike another with his +stick, it is not resented. But these accidents are cautiously +<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>avoided, as the violence with which they strike +has been known to break an arm or a leg.<a id='r55'></a><a href='#f55' class='c010'><sup>[55]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'><em>Athtergain</em>, or miss none but catch all, is also a favourite +amusement with them, in which the women frequently +take a part. It is played with a number of hard beans, +black and white, one of which has small spots, and is +called the king: they are put into a shallow wooden bowl, +and shaken alternately by each party, who sit on the +ground opposite to one another; whoever is dexterous +enough to make the spotted bean jump out of the bowl, +receives of the adverse party [53] as many beans as there +are spots: the rest of the beans do not count for any +thing.<a id='r56'></a><a href='#f56' class='c010'><sup>[56]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>The boys are very expert at <em>trundling a hoop</em>, particularly +the Cahnuaga Indians, whom I have frequently seen +excel at this amusement. The game is played by any +number of boys who may accidentally assemble together, +some driving the hoop, while others with bows and arrows +shoot at it. At this exercise they are surprisingly expert, +and will stop the progress of the hoop when going with +great velocity, by driving the pointed arrow into its +edge; this they will do at a considerable distance, and on +horseback as well as on foot. They will also kill small +birds at fifty yards distance, and strike a halfpenny off +a stick at fifteen yards. Spears and tomahawks they +manage with equal dexterity.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>[54] <em>Settlement at Lac la Mort, with the Proceedings of a Trading Party.</em></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>The fatigue my Canadians had undergone rendered +it necessary to prepare for wintering, and induced me +to settle at Lac la Mort. The weather was also setting +in cold, and threatened to be very severe, which was +an additional motive. Having refreshed ourselves, and +secured the canoes, I took two Indians to shew me a spot +proper for building upon. We fixed close to the lake +side, where we erected a loghouse, thirty feet long, and +twenty feet wide, divided into two apartments, into which +we deposited our goods. The next concern was to conceal +our canoes in the woods, and to hide the rum under +ground, except a small quantity for immediate use, +knowing by experience the necessity of keeping it from the +Indians, as our safety so essentially depended on it.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having arranged every domestic concern, and spread +our table in the wilderness, we prepared our winter firing, +as wood is very difficult to bring home in severe weather. +At leisure times we hunted, to increase our stock of provisions, +which would not have been sufficient to support +our household, and not choosing to risk the uncertainty of +the arrival of Savages, who sometimes bring animal food +to the traders. As the snow began to fall very heavy, we +were prevented from making [55] long excursions, without +using snow shoes. For the space of a fortnight we hunted +with great success, and caught a number of small animals, +on which we feasted daily; these proved a seasonable +relief, and saved the corn and grease. We had been +settled about three weeks, when a large band of Savages +arrived; having only eight Canadians with me, I desired +them to act with the utmost precaution, as our number +<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>was comparatively small, and in case of a drunken frolic, +the property might be pillaged, and our lives sacrificed: +fortunately for me I had very steady men, who were well +accustomed to the Northwest Indians. We were mutually +pleased with each other, as no trader had wintered there +before. The great chief, whose name was <em>Kesconeek</em>, +made me a present of skins, dried meat, fish, and wild +oats; a civility which I returned without delay, and in a +manner with which he seemed highly gratified. The rest +of the Savages then came into my house, one by one, +which is called Indian file, singing war songs, and dancing. +All of them, except the chief, placed themselves on +the ground; he, standing upright with great dignity in +the centre of the tribe, delivered the following speech.</p> + +<p class='c009'>“<em>Angaymer Nocey, wa haguamissey kaygo arwayyor +kee zargetoone oway barthtyage Nishinnorbay nogome +cawwickca kitchee Artawway winnin, kitchee morgussey +cargoneek neennerwind zargetoone artawway neennerwind +debwoye Nocey barthtyage meekintargan omar appeemeenequy, +mackquah, amik, warbeshance menoach +kegonce.</em>”——</p> + +<p class='c009'>“It is true, Father, I and my young men are happy to +see you:—as the great Master of Life has sent a trader +to take pity on us Savages, we shall use our best endeavours +to hunt and bring you wherewithal to satisfy you in +furs, skins, and animal food.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>[56] This speech was in fact intended to induce me to +make them further presents; I indulged them in their +expectations, by giving them two kegs of rum of eight +gallons each, lowered with a small proportion of water, +according to the usual custom adopted by all traders, +five carrots of tobacco, fifty scalping knives, gun-flints, +powder, shot, ball, &c. To the women I gave beads, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>trinkets, &c. and to eight chiefs who were in the band, +each a Northwest gun, a callico shirt, a scalping knife +of the best sort, and an additional quantity of ammunition. +These were received with a full yo-hah, or +demonstration of joy.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The women, who are on all occasions slaves to their +husbands, were ordered to make up bark huts, which +they completed in about an hour, and every thing was +got in order for merriment. The rum being taken from +my house, was carried to their wigwaum, and they began +to drink. The frolic lasted four days and nights; and +notwithstanding all our precaution (securing their guns, +knives, and tomahawks) two boys were killed, and six +men wounded by three Indian women; one of the chiefs +was also murdered, which reduced me to the necessity +of giving several articles to bury with him, to complete the +usual ceremony of their interment. These frolics are +very prejudicial to all parties, and put the trader to a considerable +expence, which nevertheless he cannot with +safety refuse. On the fifth day they were all sober, and +expressed great sorrow for their conduct, lamenting +bitterly the loss of their friends.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 26th of October they departed for the hunt, +which gave us great satisfaction, as we had scarcely rested +during their abode with [57] us. When they got into +their canoes, they sung the dead war song.—“<em>Wabindam, +Kitchee Mannitoo, haguarmissey hapitch neatissum</em>:”—or, +“Master of Life, view me well, you have given me +courage to open my veins.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having piled the winter’s firing at a convenient distance +from the house to prevent accidents, we prepared +the nets for fishing. The ice was three feet thick, and the +snow very deep; this we were obliged to clear away, before +<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>we could cut holes in which to put our nets. For the +space of two months we had uncommon success, having +caught about eighteen thousand weight of fish, which we +hung up by the tails across sticks to freeze, and then laid +them up for store. This was to us an important acquisition, +as fishing in the middle of winter is precarious, and +the return of the Indians to supply the wants of the traders +very uncertain.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In summer the fishers go up the lakes, as well as rivers, +and are generally most successful at the foot of a deep +stream, or the mouth of a creek. In the beginning of +winter they cut a large opening, and set nets. In the +depth of winter they make a small hole, in which they +angle; and sometimes they cut two holes in a right line +through the ice, and pass a line at the end of a stick from +hole to hole, by which they haul the net under the ice, +frequently with good success. In winter, fishing is the +daily employ of half the men, though in very severe +weather it is a fatiguing service.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In the beginning of January, 1778, our provisions run +short, having nothing left but some spawn of fish, which +we beat up with [58] warm water and lived upon. The +intense severity of the weather would not allow us to +look after the nets; and although thus distressed for want +of better food, we were obliged to stay at home, keeping a +large fire, and lying almost continually on our blankets, +which weakened us exceedingly. Having remained in +this inactive state for some time, and hunger pressing +hard, I roused myself, and proposed to my men to make +marten traps, which they went about with the utmost +cheerfulness. When they had finished a sufficient number, +they set them in the woods, at the distance of about +two miles from the house. While they were employed in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>this service, I was left alone, it being necessary for some +one to remain, in case of the arrival of Savages. The +first day my men were successful, and returned with two +racoons, three hares, and four musquashes; on these we +feasted the next day; and though we were not satisfied, +they proved a seasonable relief, and enabled us to pursue +the business we were engaged in with greater spirits, +fondly expecting more prosperous days.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In a little time we were again destitute, and the men +became disheartened; this induced me to propose a +journey to Lake Manontoye, where we knew Mr. Shaw,<a id='r57'></a><a href='#f57' class='c010'><sup>[57]</sup></a> +a brother trader, had wintered, to endeavour to procure +some wild rice, which the Indians told me grew in the +swamps at that place. The Canadians approved of the +plan, and said they hoped they should be able to provide +for their subsistence till my return. Previous to my departure, +we were compelled to kill a favourite dog, belonging +to Joseph Boneau, one of my people, which most +sensibly affected us, because, independent of the attachment +we had towards him, he was a very useful animal. +The next morning I put on my snow shoes, and persuaded +an Indian and his wife, who were with [59] me +occasionally, and had accidentally come in from the hunt +with six hares, to accompany me, promising them payment +in rum at my return: they agreed to go, and it was +very fortunate they did, as I could not have found the +way without a guide.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We set off with the six hares, and travelled four days +without killing any thing; this was a disappointment, but +with the little stock we carried with us, we subsisted +tolerably well. About an hour before sunset on the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>fourth day, we stopped at a small creek, which was too +deep to be forded, and whilst the Indian was assisting +me in making a raft to cross over, rather than swim +through in such cold weather, against a strong current, +I looked round, and missed his wife: I was rather displeased, +as the sun was near setting, and I was anxious +to gain the opposite shore, to encamp before dark. I +asked the Indian where she was gone; he smiled, and told +me, he supposed into the woods to set a collar for a +partridge. In about an hour she returned with a newborn +infant in her arms, and coming up to me, said in +Chippeway, “<em>Oway Saggonash Payshik Shomagonish</em>,” +or, “Here, Englishman, is a young warrior.” It is said +that the Indian women bring forth children with very +little pain, but I believe it is merely an opinion. It is +true they are strong and hardy, and will support fatigue +to the moment of their delivery; but this does not prove +they are exempt from the common feelings of the sex on +such trying occasions. A young woman of the Rat +Nation has been known to be in labour a day and a night, +without a groan. The force of example acting upon their +pride, will not allow these poor creatures to betray a +weakness, or express the pain they feel, probably lest the +husband should think her unworthy of his future attention, +and despise both mother and child: at any rate, he +would tell her the infant, [60] if a boy, would never be a +warrior; and if a girl, would have a dastardly spirit, and +of course neither of them be fit for a Savage life.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I believe it will not be disputed that the Indian women +love their children with as much affection as parents in the +most civilized states can boast; many proofs might be +adduced to support this assertion. A mother suckles her +child till it attains the age of four or five years, and sometimes +<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>till it is six or seven. From their infant state they +endeavour to promote an independent spirit; they are +never known either to beat or scold them, lest the martial +disposition which is to adorn their future life and character, +should be weakened: on all occasions they avoid every +thing compulsive, that the freedom with which they wish +them to think and act may not be controuled. If they die, +they lament their death with unfeigned tears, and even +for months after their decease will weep at the graves of +their departed children. The nation of Savages called +Biscatonges, or by the French, Pleureurs, are said to +weep more bitterly at the birth of a child, than at its +decease; because they look upon death only as a journey +from whence he will return, but with regard to his birth, +they consider it as an entrance into a life of perils and misfortunes.<a id='r58'></a><a href='#f58' class='c010'><sup>[58]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>As soon as a child is born, if in summer, the mother goes +into the water, and immerses the infant; as soon as this is +done, it is wrapped up in a small blanket, and tied to a +flat board, covered with dry moss, in the form of the +bottom of a coffin, with a hoop over the top, where the +head lies, to preserve it from injury. In winter it is clad in +skins as well as blankets. In the heat of summer gauze +is thrown over the young Savage, to keep off the musquitoes, +which are very troublesome [61] in the woods. +The board, on which the child is placed, is slung to the +mother’s forehead with a broad worsted belt, and rests +against her back.</p> + +<p class='c009'>When the French took possession of Canada, the women +had neither linen, nor swaddling cloaths; all their childbed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>furniture consisted of a kind of trough, filled with +dry rotten wood dust, which is as soft as the finest down, +and well calculated to imbibe the moisture of the infant; +on this the child was placed, covered with rich furs, and +tied down with strong leather strings. The dust was +changed as often as necessary, till the child was weaned.<a id='r59'></a><a href='#f59' class='c010'><sup>[59]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>Among the Indians who are in any degree civilized, the +women feed their children with pap made of Indian corn +and milk, if it can be obtained; but in the parts more +northern, and remote from Europeans, wild rice and oats +are substituted, which being cleansed from the husk, +and pounded between two stones, are boiled in water +with maple sugar: this food is reckoned very nourishing, +and with broth made from the flesh of animals and fish, +which they are frequently able to procure, cannot fail +of supporting and strengthening the infant. Among +several of the tribes of Indians, pap is made of sagavite, +from a root they call toquo, of the bramble kind; this is +washed and dried, afterwards ground, or pounded, and +made into a paste, which being baked is pleasant to the +taste, but of a very astringent quality. It is their common +bread.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On our arrival at Lac Eturgeon, as the weather was +bad, we encamped three days, which gave me an opportunity +of making some observations [62] on this Lake, +which I could not do when I passed it in my way to Lac +la Mort.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This Lake, by the Indian accounts, is about five days +journey by water: the width in some parts is about thirty +miles. There are a number of small islands on it which +abound with hares, partridges, and wild fowl. The +<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>Indians who frequent it are the Hawoyzask or Musquash, +who speak the Chippeway language. They are +usually more stationary than the generality of the Chippeways; +they seldom leave the inlands, and are excellent +hunters. Mr. Carver, in his chart, points out a village +leading to Riviére St. Croix, which he says belongs to the +roving Chippeways; but I believe all the nation, with +very few exceptions, may be called rovers in the strictest +sense of the word.<a id='r60'></a><a href='#f60' class='c010'><sup>[60]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>The first day of our encampment we killed a hare, made +fish-hooks of the thigh bones, and baited them with the +flesh. The lines were made of the bark of the willow +tree cut into slips, and twisted hard together. Success +crowned our endeavours, for we not only caught sufficient +for present use, but enough for the remainder of the +journey to Lake Manontoye.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The day before our arrival we killed two otters, which +I intended as a present to Mr. Shaw, not doubting but +any animal food would be acceptable from the severity +of the season, concluding that his situation was as bad +as our own, except in the article of wild oats. When +arrived within about six miles of the lake, we met a small +party of Indians, who alarmed us by an account of a +dreadful confusion among their tribe, occasioned by the +Hudson’s Bay Savages having killed three of their [63] +band; and they said they believed Mr. Shaw had fallen +a sacrifice to their fury, as they had heard them consult +<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>together to plunder the trader. They lamented exceedingly +their inability to assist him, not being even strong +enough to resent their own personal injury; however, they +promised to accompany me on the way, as near to Mr. +Shaw’s house as their safety would admit.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having taken refreshment, we pursued our journey till +within two miles of the house, when they thought it +prudent to leave me, and wishing me success, retired +into the woods, out of the track, to avoid being seen, +where they promised to stay till my return. My Indian +and his wife did not choose to proceed any farther, being +also afraid of the Hudson’s Bay Savages. I confess my +situation was very unpleasant, and I debated in my mind +what steps to take to attempt the relief of a brother +trader, and at the same time avoid injury myself. Relying +on my usual success in suppressing these kind of +tumults occasioned by intoxication, and conscious that I +knew as well as any man the nature of the Indians when +under its pernicious influence, I did not doubt, however +unsuccessful my endeavours might prove as to rescuing +Mr. Shaw from his perilous situation, but that I should +certainly be able to effect an escape myself in case of an +attack; and as one favourable suggestion frequently gives +birth to another, and establishes by degrees a confidence in +the mind, I anticipated Mr. Shaw’s delivery to my entire +satisfaction. Fortified by these flattering hopes, I determined +to exert my best and speediest endeavours in his +behalf, and pursued my journey without delay. When I +arrived within a quarter of a mile of the scene of discord, +I heard the war-hoop in a manner very loud and clamorous; +and though I had been accustomed [64] to such +sounds, I was very much alarmed, and felt my resolution +rather staggered; sensible that the rage of drunken Indians, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>when it has risen to a certain pitch, knows no bounds, and +of the extreme difficulty of reconciling them to any person +to whom they had unfortunately taken a dislike. Animated, +however, with the idea of behaving like a warrior, +and recurring to the time when I was adopted at Pays +Plat, I conceived it unmanly to shrink from danger, and +pushing through the woods, had soon a full view of the +infernal spirits, for I could give them no better name.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I lay some minutes in ambush, listening with great attention, +till I heard one of them cry out in the Chippeway +language, “<em>Haguarmissey mornooch gunnisar Cushecance</em>;” +or, “I do not mean to kill the <em>Cat</em>;” which was +a name given to Mr. Shaw by the Indians, from his +speaking in a feeble voice. This convinced me he was +alive, though in imminent danger. I made all possible +haste up to the house, and found the Savages, both men +and women, completely drunk. The huts had been +knocked down, the canoes adrift, and the whole formed +the most dreadful scene of confusion I had ever beheld. +There were also an old Indian and a woman, who I afterwards +learned was his mother, lying dead upon the snow +by the lake side. I made several efforts to get into the +house, but was prevented by the Savages, who kept me +back, kissing me, and telling me they loved me, but that +I must not attempt to relieve the <em>Cat</em>. At last, with inconceivable +difficulty, I persuaded them to attend to me, +and felt the most extreme satisfaction in having succeeded, +at least so far, in an attempt which would have been dangerous +to any one to have undertaken who was not fully +master of the language and character of the Savages, and +[65] at the same time cool and dispassionate enough to +hear their nonsense with patience and temper.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I then addressed myself to the most sober of the chiefs, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>and inquired of him the cause of the dispute; he told me +Mr. Shaw was a <em>dog</em> instead of a <em>cat</em>, for that he had refused +them rum; and that though he and the rest of the +tribe were happy to see me, because they had heard I +always had a good heart towards the Savages, I should +not go in to assist the trader, for they were the masters of +the wigwaum, and not he, and that they were resolved +to have all the rum in his possession before break of day.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Mr. Shaw’s house might very properly be styled a fort, +being secured by high pickets, which made it difficult for +the Indians to approach it, and he had taken the precaution +to fasten the outer gate as well as the door. I told +the chief it was not my intention to interfere, that I passed +accidentally in my way to Lac le Rouge, and should only +stay to refresh myself. This information pleased him +exceedingly, as he knew Mr. Shaw had only one man in +the house, the rest, with the interpreter, being out in +search of provisions, so that at my departure there would +not remain force sufficient to obstruct their proceedings. +I perceived them so fully bent on accomplishing their +purpose, that had I betrayed the least intention or inclination +to relieve the unhappy man, I should most probably +have been dispatched without much ceremony. The +effects of the rum they had already drank, had so elevated +their spirits, that nothing less than the full possession of +the whole stock would satisfy them; and I am persuaded +that if half of them had perished, the rest would without +hesitation have risked their lives in the attempt. To +avoid all suspicion, [66] which would probably have been +fatal both to Mr. Shaw and myself, I left the chief, and +watched an opportunity of returning undiscovered. +Fortunately the Indians had not drank all the rum Mr. +Shaw had given them, and the chief as soon as I had left +<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>him went back to his hut to increase his intoxication, and +communicate the conversation which passed between us, +the rest of the band having retired soon after the conference +began.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Observing the coast clear, I walked unobserved to the +fort, and spoke loud both in French and English: Mr. +Shaw and his man heard me, and recollecting my voice, +were transported beyond measure. The man, who +was a Canadian, was most delighted, as his fears were very +strong, it being the first year he had wintered among the +Savages. On my approach, I heard him cry out with +the greatest vehemence, “<i><span lang="fr">Mon Dieu! que je suis content! +Nôtre ami est arrivé, autrement nous serions foutu. Je +conte assurément, que nous serons bientôt libre, mon cher +bourgeois.</span></i>” He instantly opened the gate; I entered +precipitately, and congratulated him on the prospect of +counteracting the designs of the Indians, being resolved +to exert my best endeavours, and to live or die with them. +Mr. Shaw thanked me for my professions of friendship, +and immediately gave me a concise account of the disturbance. +He said the Hudson’s Bay Indians had come +to him with very little peltry, and after trading for it, he +had given them more rum than they had any right to +expect; that instead of being content with this, they insisted +on more; that in a fit of intoxication they had killed +an Indian and his mother; and had attempted to set fire +to his house with punk wood, which they shot at it lighted, +fixed to the points of arrows. Having heard his story, +I encouraged him to keep up his spirits, and advised [67] +him, when the Indians returned to execute their purpose, +to appear indifferent to their menaces.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Whilst we were in deep discourse, I discovered three +chiefs at a small distance from the house, in very earnest +<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>conversation, and was convinced they were devising some +scheme to effect their design. As they approached, I +called to them, and desired them to come into the house: +they immediately advanced, and walked in one by one, +with looks of treachery, which the earnestness of the +business to be executed would not allow them to conceal. +I talked to them without the least reserve, and in apparent +good temper: I asked them if they were sober; but +before they could give me an answer, the rest of the band +came to the door, but did not enter; the head chief then +told me they were very sober, and expressed great concern +for their conduct, but that now the strong water had +lost its influence, they saw their folly, and were sure the +bad spirit had left their hearts.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I told them the Master of Life was angry with them, +and that they did not deserve success in hunting, for their +bad behaviour to the trader, who had been a kind father +to them, and supplied all their wants. I then presented +them with some tobacco to smoke in council, which was +well received, and looking earnestly at the chief, addressed +the band to the following effect.</p> + +<p class='c009'>“<em>Keennerwind Ojemar woke, kee wabindan indenendum +kee kee noneydone Kitchee Mannitoo, ojey +candan opin weene aighter ojey petoone nowwetting +guyack debarchemon kaygait nin oathty hapadgey nee +woke keennerwind equoy kee janis goyer metach nogome +gudderbarchemon</em> [68] <em>hunjyta O, nishshishshin artawway +winnin kaygait nee zargetoone artawway winnin +metach kakaygo arwayyor Matchee Mannitoo, guyyack +neennerwind oathty mornooch kee appay omar neegee</em>.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>“You chiefs, and others of the tribe whose eyes are +open, I hope you will give ear to the words of my mouth. +The Master of Life has opened my brain, and made my +<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>breath blow good words. My heart feels for you, your +wives, and children; and what I now speak proceeds +from the root of my friend’s sentiments, who owns this +house, and who has told me that his heart was opened to +you on your arrival; but notwithstanding his kindness, +the bad spirit got possession of you, which made him very +unhappy, though he hoped the Master of Life would +change your dispositions, and make you good Indians, as +you used to be.” To this speech one of the chiefs made +answer:</p> + +<p class='c009'>“<em>Kaygait Amik, kee aighter annaboycassey omar +hapadgey; O, nishshishshin kee debarchemon nogome +neennerwind ojey stootewar cockinnor nee doskeennerwaymug +kee debwoye neecarnis hapadgey sannegat neennerwind +ha nishinnorbay kaygwotch annaboycassey ozome +Scuttaywabo ojey minniquy neennerwind angaymer Amik, +shashyyea suggermarsh cockinnor nogome mornooch +toworch payshik muccuk Scuttaywabo ojey bockettynan +Cushshecance warbunk keejayp neennerwind ojey boossin;—haw, +haw, haw.</em>”</p> + +<p class='c009'>“It is true, Beaver, you have strong sense, it sweetens +your words to us, and we all understand you. We know, +friend, your lips open with truth. It is very hard for us +Indians, who have not the sense of the white people to +know when we have had enough of the strong [69] fiery +water; but we hope the <em>Cat</em> will throw off the film from +his heart, as ours are clear: we also hope he will open his +heart once more, and give us a small keg of the strong +water, to drink to the health of our brother and sister, +whom we have sent to the far country, and to-morrow at +break of day we will depart.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>Mr. Shaw, by my advice, promised to comply with +their request, on condition of their being true to their engagements, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>and that they should forbear even tasting the +rum while they remained on the ground. This determination +I acquainted them with, and they retired to their +huts, leaving us in quiet possession of the fort.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Indians remained quiet all night, which induced me +to hope that my promise of rum to them, on their departure, +had accomplished the desired effect: but I flattered +myself too much, as the storm was not yet even at the +height. At break of day they assembled, and asked for +the rum, which was immediately given them; and they +got into their canoes, and went off without burying their +dead. This being very uncustomary, alarmed me, as no +people are more particular in paying the greatest respect +to the remains of the deceased. Suspecting the bad +spirit was still in them, and that they were only gone a +short distance to drink the rum, we prepared for an +attack, loading twenty eight northwest guns, and a brace +of pistols, and sat down by the fire expecting their return +to compleat the design my fortunate arrival had hitherto +prevented. In about an hour they returned very much +intoxicated, singing their dead war songs, and every +warrior naked, painted black from head to foot: as they +approached the house in Indian file, each one repeated +the following words; “<em>Mornooch toworch gunnesar</em> [70] +<em>cushshecance neennerwind ojey dependan O wakaygan</em>:” +or, “Nevertheless we do not mean to kill the Cat, we only +own this fort, and all that is in it.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>Whilst they were singing, we were preparing our guns, +and placing them so as to be ready for immediate use, if +necessary; being determined to make a vigorous resistance, +although there remained only Mr. Shaw and myself, +the Canadian having fled to the woods.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I assumed the character of commander in chief, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>desired Mr. Shaw to obey my orders implicitly, and by +no means to fire till I gave the signal; well knowing that +the death of one of the Savages, even in our own defence, +would so exasperate the rest that there would not be a +possibility of escaping their fury. As our situation was +truly critical, we acted with as much coolness as men +devoted to destruction could. A fortunate thought came +into my head, which I instantly put in practice: I went +into the store, and rolling a barrel of gunpowder into +the outer room, knocked out the head. I had scarcely +finished it, before the Savages arrived, and advancing to +the door, armed with spears and tomahawks, said to each +other, “<em>keen etam</em>,” or, “you go first.” We stood ready +to receive them, and gave them to understand we were +not afraid of them. One of the band entered the house, +and I said to him sternly, “<em>Ha wa neyoe shemagonish +equoy kee tertennin marmo?</em>” or, “Who now among you +old women is a brave soldier?” and immediately pointing +my pistol cocked to the barrel of gunpowder, cried out +with great emphasis, “<em>Cockinnor marmo neepoo no gome</em>;” +or, “We will all die this day.” On hearing these words +they ran from the door, crying, “<em>Kitchee Mannitoo ojey +petoone Amik O mushkowar haguarmissey yang</em>:” [71] +or, “The Master of Life has given the Beaver great +strength and courage.” The women fled with the utmost +precipitation, pushed their canoes into the water, and +got off as fast as they could: the men, who before were +intoxicated, became sober, and making as much haste as +possible, paddled to an island opposite the house. Soon +after a canoe came on shore with six women, to endeavour +to make up the breach; but I refused all reconciliation, +telling them that they might have known me before; that +my name was Beaver; that all the Indians knew me to be +<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>a warrior; and that my heart was not easily melted. +The women immediately returned, carrying with them +the dead, which satisfied me they did not intend to trouble +us again.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Thus, by an happy presence of mind, we were saved +from almost inevitable destruction, and probably from +ending our lives under the most excruciating torture.</p> + +<p class='c009'>It may not be improper to observe the necessity there is +for a trader to be cool, firm, and, in case of emergency, +brave, but not rash or hasty. The Indians are just observers +of the human mind, and easily discover true from +affected courage, by that apparent tranquillity which +clearly distinguishes the former from the latter. It is +well known that no people in the world put courage to so +severe a trial, and watch at the executions of their enemies +with such savage curiosity, the effects of the tortures they +inflict; even the women exult in proportion to the agony +betrayed by the unhappy sufferer; though it frequently +happens thro’ the same spirit operating on both parties, +that the most excruciating torments cannot extort a sigh. +An example or two from Mr. Adair’s History of the +American Indians, will shew the firmness of an Indian +[72] mind, and prove beyond a doubt that such anecdotes +are not exaggerated. Truth should be the standard of +history, and guide the pen of every author who values his +reputation.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Some years ago the Shawano Indians being obliged to +remove from their habitations, in their way took a Muskohge +warrior, known by the name of old <em>Scrany</em>, prisoner; +they bastinadoed him severely, and condemned him to +the fiery torture. He underwent a great deal without +shewing any concern; his countenance and behaviour +were as if he suffered not the least pain. He told his +<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>persecutors with a bold voice, that he was a warrior; that +he had gained most of his martial reputation at the expence +of their nation, and was desirous of shewing them, +in the act of dying, that he was still as much their superior, +as when he headed his gallant countrymen against +them: that although he had fallen into their hands, and +forfeited the protection of the divine power by some impurity +or other, when carrying the holy ark of war against +his devoted enemies, yet he had so much remaining virtue +as would enable him to punish himself more exquisitely +than all their despicable ignorant crowd possibly could; +and that he would do so, if they gave him liberty by untying +him, and handing him one of the red hot gun-barrels +out of the fire. The proposal, and his method of address, +appeared so exceedingly bold and uncommon, that his +request was granted. Then suddenly seizing one end of +the red hot barrel, and brandishing it from side to side, +he forced his way through the armed and surprised multitude, +leaped down a prodigious steep and high bank into a +branch of the river, dived through it, ran over a small +island, and passed the other branch, amidst a shower of +bullets; and though numbers of his enemies were in close +pursuit of him, he got into a bramble swamp, [73] through +which, though naked and in a mangled condition, he +reached his own country.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Shawano Indians also captured a warrior of the +Anantoocah nation, and put him to the stake, according +to their usual cruel solemnities: having unconcernedly +suffered much torture, he told them, with scorn, they did +not know how to punish a noted enemy; therefore he was +willing to teach them, and would confirm the truth of his +assertion if they allowed him the opportunity. Accordingly +he requested of them a pipe and some tobacco, which +<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>was given him; as soon as he had lighted it, he sat down, +naked as he was, on the women’s burning torches, that +were within his circle, and continued smoking his pipe +without the least discomposure: on this a head warrior +leaped up, and said, they saw plain enough that he was a +warrior, and not afraid of dying, nor should he have died, +only that he was both spoiled by the fire, and devoted +to it by their laws; however, though he was a very dangerous +enemy, and his nation a treacherous people, it +should be seen that they paid a regard to bravery, even +in one who was marked with war streaks at the cost of +many of the lives of their beloved kindred; and then, by +way of favour, he with his friendly tomahawk instantly +put an end to all his pains. Though the merciful but +bloody instrument was ready some minutes before it gave +the blow, yet I was assured, the spectators could not perceive +the sufferer to change either his posture or his steadiness +of countenance in the least.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Death, among the Indians, in many situations is rather +courted than dreaded, and particularly at an advanced +period of life, when they [74] have not strength or activity +to hunt: the father then solicits to change his climate, and +the son cheerfully acts the part of an executioner, putting +a period to his parent’s existence.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Among the northern Chippeways, when the father of a +family seems reluctant to comply with the usual custom, +and his life becomes burdensome to himself and friends, +and his children are obliged to maintain him with the +labour of their hands, they propose to him the alternative, +either to be put on shore on some island, with a small +canoe and paddles, bows and arrows, and a bowl to +drink out of, and there run the risk of starving; or to +suffer death according to the laws of the nation, manfully. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>As there are few instances where the latter is not preferred, +I shall relate the ceremony practised on such an occasion.</p> + +<p class='c009'>A sweating house is prepared in the same form as at +the ceremony of adoption, and whilst the person is under +this preparatory trial, the family are rejoicing that the +Master of Life has communicated to them the knowledge +of disposing of the aged and infirm, and sending them to +a better country, where they will be renovated, and hunt +again with all the vigour of youth. They then smoke the +pipe of peace, and have their dog feast: they also sing the +grand medicine song, as follows.</p> + +<p class='c009'>“<em>Wa haguarmissey Kitchee Mannitoo kaygait cockinnor +nishinnorbay ojey kee candan hapadgey kee zargetoone +nishinnorbay mornooch kee tarpenan nocey keen aighter, +O, dependan nishinnorbay, mornooch towwarch weene +ojey mishcoot pockcan tunnockay.</em>—The Master of +Life gives courage. It is true, all Indians know that he +loves us, and [75] we now give our father to him, that he +may find himself young in another country, and be able +to hunt.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>The songs and dances are renewed, and the eldest son +gives his father the death-stroke with a tomahawk: they +then take the body, which they paint in the best manner, +and bury it with the war weapons, making a bark hut +to cover the grave, to prevent the wild animals from disturbing +it.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Thus do the unenlightened part of mankind assume a +privilege of depriving each other of life, when it can no +longer be supported by the labour of their own hands, and +think it a duty to put a period to the existence of those to +whom they are indebted for their own, and employ those +arms to give the fatal stroke, which, in more civilized countries, +would have been exerted for their support.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>I remained with Mr. Shaw until the return of his men, +and took an Indian slay, loaded with wild rice and dried +meat, and two of his Canadians to assist me. In my way +I called at the place where I left the Indians who communicated +to me the first account of the tumult at Mr. +Shaw’s but they were gone. My Indian and his wife +waited for me, and were rejoiced to see me again. On +my return to Lac la Mort, I found all my men in good +health and spirits, having been well supplied with provisions +by the Savages, during my absence, and had increased +my stock of peltry by barter. Mr. Shaw’s men +rested at my house one night, and the next morning set off +for Manontoye.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>[76] <em>Indian Manner of going to War, &c.</em></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>Lake Manontoye, where Mr. Shaw wintered, is not +so large as Lac Eturgeon: it abounds with excellent fish +and wild fowl; and oats, rice, and cranberries, grow +spontaneously in the swamps. There are very few +islands on it. There are about three hundred of the +Chippeway nation who resort to it; they are very wild, +and delight in war, which they sometimes wage against +the Sioux, on the Mississippi; and they are frequently +absent from their families fifteen months, scarce ever returning +without a prisoner or a scalp.<a id='r61'></a><a href='#f61' class='c010'><sup>[61]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>It is very strange that the thirst of blood should stimulate +the human mind to traverse such an amazing extent +of country, suffering inexpressible hardships, and uncertain +of success, to gratify a passion, which none but an +infernal spirit could suggest; and when success has +crowned his labours, that he should return with inconceivable +satisfaction, and relate the transactions of his +journey, with the greatest exultation, smiling at the relation +of agonies which he alone occasioned. The most +dreadful acts of a maniac cannot exceed such cruelty: +happy those, who enjoy the benefits of society, whose +civilization, and whose laws protect them from such +detestable outrages.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Previous to their going to war, the head chief calls a +council, and each chief has a belt of wampum, and a war +pipe: the belt to remind [77] them of former transactions +relative to the nation they intend to commence hostilities +against, and the pipe to smoke at the council fire. When +<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>they have determined to make war, they send the belts and +pipes to their enemies; and if a similar compliment is returned, +they instantly prepare for blood, with the most +steady and determined resolution.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The novel of Emily Montague affords a striking example +of this strong propensity for blood, which I shall +relate in the author’s own words.</p> + +<p class='c009'>“A Jesuit missionary told me a story on this subject, +which one cannot hear without horror. An Indian +woman with whom he lived on his mission, was feeding +her children, when her husband brought in an English +prisoner; she immediately cut off his arm, and gave her +children the streaming blood to drink. The Jesuit remonstrated +on the cruelty of the action; on which, looking +sternly at him—I would have them warriors, said +she, and therefore feed them with the food of men.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>When I was at Cataraqui, the capital of the Loyalist +settlements in Canada, a party of Mohawks and Messesawgers +accidentally met, and having bartered their +skins and peltry with the traders, sat themselves down to +drink the rum their merchandize had produced. As the +liquor began to operate, their imaginations suggested to +them that they were of different nations, and as the +Mohawks always claimed a superiority, intoxication +made them proud: at last a dispute arose, and a Messesawger +Indian was killed, and his heart taken out, +which the [78] Mohawks intended to have broiled, but +they were prevented by a gentleman who accidentally +passed by their hut, and prevailed upon them to give it up.</p> + +<p class='c009'>It seems to be the constant attention both of the male +and female part of the Indians to instil ideas of heroism +into the minds of the rising generation, and these impressions +they carry far beyond the line of reason or of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>justice. Is it then surprising that every action of their +lives should tend to satisfy their thirst for revenging +offences committed against them, and that these sentiments +should operate so powerfully in directing their +future conduct? There is, nevertheless, one exception +to these observations—their conduct to traders, who are +obliged on some occasions, when intoxication runs high, +to beat them very soundly;—to their credit, in these +instances, I must confess I never knew them to resent this +severity when sober. The only remark they have made +has been—“Friend, you beat me very severely last night—but +I do not mind, I suppose I deserved it—it was +the liquor made me offend.” Or if they betray any dissatisfaction, +one glass of rum will reconcile all differences. +With regard to severity when they are perfectly sober, I +am convinced it would be highly dangerous, and should +be cautiously avoided.</p> + +<p class='c009'>But although they often express these blood-thirsty +sentiments, and too frequently put them in execution, +yet there are occasions when they exercise both temper +and reason.</p> + +<p class='c009'>When I was at Pimistiscotyan Landing, on Lake +Ontario, I had a large dog, to protect myself and property; +an Indian came in rather [79] in liquor to ask for +rum, and probably might strike the animal; the dog instantly +seized him by the calf of the leg, and wounded +him dreadfully. He returned to his hut, and made no +complaint till the next morning, when he desired to speak +with me: I went to him, and he told me how the dog had +used him, saying, he hoped I would give him a pair of +leggons, to supply those which the dog had torn; but that +with regard to his leg, he did not trouble himself much +about that, as he knew it would soon be well. I immediately +<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>granted his request, and added a bottle of rum, +with which he seemed well pleased, and I heard no more +of it.</p> + +<p class='c009'>But to return to the subject of going to war. The +women and children sometimes go forward in their canoes +singing the war songs, and encamp every evening at sunset, +having a great dislike to travelling in the dark. +Forty-eight young warriors are placed, in four divisions, +to keep guard at night, armed with guns, bows and arrows, +and some scotté wigwas, or fire bark, to light in case of +sudden surprise.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This bark is taken from the birch tree, and being properly +dried, is used by the Indians to light them to spear +fish: it is fixed on a stick about seven feet long, and either +put at the head of the canoe, or carried by the person who +attends upon the man that spears, and whose business it is +also to steer the canoe.</p> + +<p class='c009'>At day break the Indians depart, and pursue their +journey regardless of the weather, till they arrive in the +enemy’s country, when the utmost precaution is adopted +that it is possible for human invention to suggest.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[80] When war is made against the Mississippi Indians, +they endeavour to kill the men and women, and bring +away the children to dispose of to the traders, who send +them down to Montreal for servants. The boys are not +so much to be depended upon as the girls, being more +stubborn, and naturally disdaining the idea of slavery; +they are also full of pride and resentment, and will not +hesitate to kill their masters in order to gratify their +revenge for a supposed injury. The girls are more docile, +and assimilate much sooner with the manners of civilization. +Being unaccustomed to domestic life, they are +at first sick and unhealthy; but the change soon becomes +<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>familiar to them, and they then prefer it to the uncultivated +manner of living in which they were brought up.<a id='r62'></a><a href='#f62' class='c010'><sup>[62]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>A few days after my return to Lac la Mort, a band of +Savages arrived from the Red Lake, called by the Indians, +<em>Misqui Sakiegan</em>, and some from Lake Shabeechevan, +or the Weed Lake, about five days march beyond +Lake Manontoye. Red Lake is so called on account +of a remarkable circumstance which happened to two +famous warriors of the Chippeway nation, who were +hunting by the lake side, and as they were looking out +for game, perceived at some distance an enormous beast, +that appeared much larger than any animal they had ever +seen; his pace was slow and heavy, and he kept constantly +by the water side. They followed him as close as they +thought prudent, determined at all hazards to use their +best endeavours to kill him. As they approached, they +had a clearer view, and discovered that his body was +covered with something like moss; this increased their +surprise, and after consulting together, they continued +advancing towards the beast, and fired large shot, without +appearing to make any impression. They [81] +fired again with as little effect as before; then retreated +some distance, sat down and sung their war songs, addressing +themselves to the Master of Life, and desiring +his assistance to enable them to conquer it, as they believed +it to be the <em>Matchee Mannitoo</em>, or bad spirit, in the +shape of this monster. They then got up and pursued +him, both firing at the same time: the shot proved successful, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>and caused the animal to turn round, which induced +them to keep up their fire till the beast jumped into +the water, and they lost sight of him. From the circumstance +of his blood dyeing the water red, this lake has ever +since been called the Red Lake.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Fish is caught here in great abundance, and wild rice +grows in very great plenty in the swamps. The country +likewise abounds with all sorts of animals for hunting. +There are several rivers and falls of water on the northwest +part. The Indians are very fond of fishing and +hunting here during the winter season, as they are generally +very successful even in the most severe weather. +From Red Lake to Lake le Sel, or Salt Lake, by the Indian +accounts, there are fourteen short portages, and +twenty-two creeks. Lake le Sel is very small, and the +water shallow and muddy. It does not exceed three miles +in length. There are few fish except eels, cat fish, and +pike; but it abounds with musquashes and wild fowl. +From this lake to Lake Caribou, or Rein deer Lake, is +eight days march across five creeks and three portages.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Lake Caribou, or, in the Indian language, <em>Ateeque</em>, is +about thirty miles long, with several small islands, resembling +the Mille Isles, in the River St. Laurence, above Montreal. +The water is deep and clear, [82] and the bottom +hard. It abounds with large trout, white fish, pickerill, +pike, and sturgeon. It is surrounded by a chain of high +mountains. Some years ago a French trader settled here, +but of late it has been deserted. The Indians reckon it +ten days march to Lake Schabeechevan, across thirteen +portages, and as many creeks; but as I wintered here the +following year, though I went to it by a different track, I +shall not describe it till I give an account of the occurrences +of that time. From Lake Schabeechevan to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>Lake Arbitibis are three small lakes, eight creeks, and +five portages. Lake Arbitibis is very large, and the surrounding +land rocky and mountainous. This Lake furnishes +the Indians with fish and wild fowl. The aquatic +race abound in this part of the world, doubtless so appointed +for the support of the numerous tribes of Savages, +who are obliged to resort to the lakes for food. At the +northern extremity of this Lake is a large fall of water, +which flows from a river whose current is rapid for about +twenty miles. On this river there are also dangerous +rapids; the land upon its banks is low, and the beach +sandy. From Lake Arbitibis to Crow’s Nest Lake, +called by the Indians, <em>Cark Cark Sakiegan</em>, is a short distance. +The utmost circumference of Crow’s Nest Lake +scarcely exceeds two leagues, and is only remarkable for a +small island in the middle, with about forty high palm +trees, where the crows build their nests, which is called +<em>Cark Cark Minnesey</em>. The fish in this Lake are very indifferent, +being mostly of the sword-fish kind, which the +Indians seldom eat. From this Lake is a long portage, +and about half way a high mountain. At the end of the +carrying place is a river called <em>Cark Cark Seepi</em>, or Crows’ +River, which runs with a strong current for about thirty +miles, from <em>Neeshshemaince Sakiegan</em>, or the Lake of +the Two Sisters; so called from the meeting of two currents, +which form one grand discharge into [83] the +lake. The Hudson’s Bay Indians hunt here with great +success. At the end is a carrying place about a quarter +of a mile long, that leads to a remarkably narrow river, +which runs with a strong current for about fifty leagues: +the land on each side being very high, makes the navigation +dark. The Indians in going up this river travel as +light as possible, to enable them to combat the strong current. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>The Hudson’s Bay Company are supplied with a +considerable quantity of peltry from this river.</p> + +<p class='c009'>As the description of this country, hitherto so little explored, +is a principal part of what I intended in this publication, +I have described it either from my own knowledge, +or the most authentic information I was able to procure +from the Savages. In this respect I have followed +Carver, who on his arrival at the grand portage, met a large +party of Killistinoe and Assinipoil Indians, from whom +he received accounts of several lakes and rivers, which +he describes agreeable to the information he obtained.</p> + +<p class='c009'>It is necessary to observe, that though the Indians are +very expert in delineating countries upon bark, with +wood coal mixed with bears’ grease, and which even the +women do with great precision, the length of a day’s +march is very uncertain, and consequently cannot afford +any geographical information. This remark, I trust, +will be found to want no farther proof than the consideration +that their drafts consist principally of lakes and rivers, +as they seldom travel much by land; and when their track +over land is described, it is perhaps only a short portage +which they cross, in order again to pursue their journey on +their favourite element. But as few persons will probably +read this account [84] with a view of going into this +country, the description I have been able to give will be +sufficient for the generality of my readers. I lament +exceedingly my inability to make this work more perfect, +but trust that it will be found highly useful to those whose +avocations may induce them to have recourse to it for +information and guidance in commercial pursuits. If +an Indian goes with the stream, or against it, from sunrise +to sunset, it is called a day’s march. This uncertainty +makes it very difficult for any one who travels as a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>trader to ascertain any thing more than the Indian distance +from one lake to another. As Mr. Carver, in his +map, says that the branches which run from Riviére St. +Louis, at the end of West Bay, in Lake Superior, are but +little known, I can with equal propriety observe that +those from Lake Alemipigon, or Nipegon, both east and +west, are very difficult to describe geographically. The +known candour of my countrymen, will, I am persuaded, +pardon any errors of this sort, as I can assure them I have +exerted my best endeavours to render the description of +places, with respect to distances and situation, as clear +as possible, which the chart I hope will more fully explain.<a id='r63'></a><a href='#f63' class='c010'><sup>[63]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>[85] <em>Further Transactions with the Indians; their Superstition, Jealousy, &c.</em></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>Having given an account of the different lakes, +rivers, &c. from Lac la Mort, I shall continue the narrative +from my return from Lake Manontoye, where I +relieved Mr. Shaw.</p> + +<p class='c009'>A few days after, another band of Savages arrived with +skins, furs, and some provisions; they stayed with me two +days, making merry with what rum I could spare them, +without doing any mischief, and departed at last very +peaceably. On the twenty-third of February another +band came in, consisting of about eighty, men, women, +and children, who brought dried meats, oats, bears’ +grease, and eight packs of beaver, which I purchased, +giving them rum, as usual, with which they got intoxicated. +In this frolic one woman was killed, and a boy +terribly burnt. On the third day they departed, well +pleased with their reception, leaving us plenty of provisions. +The weather being more moderate, I sent my +men to the lake to look after the nets, which had been under +the ice a considerable time, the severity of the season not +having allowed us to examine them for near a month, +when, to our great mortification they were found almost +rotten, and not a single fish; but as one of the Canadians +could make nets as well as myself, we repaired the +damage; and caught plenty of fish to support us till +April.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The severity of the season was sensibly felt by Mr. +James Clark, belonging to the same company, who had +five men starved at Lake Savan, [86] a bad lake for fish, +about three hundred and fifty miles from my wintering +<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>ground;<a id='r64'></a><a href='#f64' class='c010'><sup>[64]</sup></a> the Indians being obliged to hunt so far back +in the woods that they could not give him any assistance; +and from the concurrent accounts of the traders in the +northwest, as well as from the Savages who resorted to +my house, it was the hardest winter they ever remembered.</p> + +<p class='c009'>About this time a large band of Chippeways arrived, +traded with me for their hunt, and finished their frolic +in a peaceable manner. While this band was with me, +a curious circumstance occurred, which I shall relate.</p> + +<p class='c009'>One part of the religious superstition of the Savages, +consists in each of them having his <em>totam</em>, or favorite +spirit, which he believes watches over him. This <em>totam</em> +they conceive assumes the shape of some beast or other, +and therefore they never kill, hunt, or eat the animal +whose form they think this <em>totam</em> bears.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The evening previous to the departure of the band, one +of them, whose <em>totam</em> was a bear, dreamed that if he +would go to a piece of swampy ground, at the foot of a +high mountain, about five days march from my wigwaum, +he would see a large herd of elks, moose, and other animals; +but that he must be accompanied by at least ten +good hunters. When he awoke he acquainted the band +with his dream, and desired them to go with him: they +all refused, saying it was out of their way, and that their +hunting grounds were nearer. The Indian having a superstitious +reverence for his dream (which ignorance, and +the prevalence of example among the Savages, carries to a +great height), thinking himself [87] obliged to do so, as +his companions had refused to go with him, went alone, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>and coming near the spot, saw the animals he dreamed +of; he instantly fired, and killed a bear. Shocked at the +transaction, and dreading the displeasure of the Master of +Life, whom he conceived he had highly offended, he fell +down, and lay senseless for some time: recovering from +his state of insensibility, he got up, and was making the +best of his way to my house, when he was met in the road +by another large bear, who pulled him down, and scratched +his face. The Indian relating this event at his return, +added, in the simplicity of his nature, that the bear +asked him what could induce him to kill his <em>totam</em>; to +which he replied, that he did not know he was among the +animals when he fired at the herd; that he was very sorry +for the misfortune, and hoped he would have pity on +him: that the bear suffered him to depart, told him to be +more cautious in future, and acquaint all the Indians +with the circumstance, that their <em>totams</em> might be safe, +and the Master of Life not angry with them. As he entered +my house, he looked at me very earnestly, and +pronounced these words; “<em>Amik, hunjey ta Kitchee +Annascartissey nin, O Totam, cawwicka nee wee geossay +sannegat debwoye</em>:”—or, “Beaver, my faith is lost, my +<em>totam</em> is angry, I shall never be able to hunt any more.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>This idea of destiny, or, if I may be allowed the phrase, +“<em>totamism</em>,”<a id='r65'></a><a href='#f65' class='c010'><sup>[65]</sup></a> however strange, is not confined to the +Savages; many instances might be adduced from history, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>to prove how strong these impressions have been on minds +above the vulgar and unlearned. To instance one, in the +history of the private life of Louis the XV. translated by +Justamond, among some particulars of the life of the +famous Samuel Bernard, the Jew banker, of the court of +France, he says, that he was superstitious [88] as the +people of his nation are, and had a black hen, to which he +thought his destiny was attached; he had the greatest +care taken of her, and the loss of this fowl was, in fact, +the period of his own existence, in January, 1739.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Dreams are particularly attended to by the Indians, +and sometimes they make an artful use of the veneration +that is paid to them, by which they carry a point they +have in view: I shall relate an instance for the satisfaction +of the reader.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Sir William Johnson, sitting in council with a party of +Mohawks, the head chief told him, he had dreamed last +night, that he had given him a fine laced coat, and he +believed it was the same he then wore; Sir William +smiled, and asked the chief if he really dreamed it; the +Indian immediately answered in the affirmative: Well +then, says Sir William, you must have it; and instantly +pulled it off, and desiring the chief to strip himself, put +on him the fine coat. The Indian was highly delighted, +and when the council broke up, departed in great good +humour, crying out, <em>who-ah!</em> which is an expression of +great satisfaction among them.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The next council which was held, Sir William told the +chief that he was not accustomed to dream, but that since +he met him at the council, he had dreamed a very surprising +dream; the Indian wished to know it; Sir William, +with some hesitation, told him he had dreamed that he +had given him a tract of land on the Mohawk River to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>build a house on, and make a settlement, extending about +nine miles in length along the banks: the chief smiled, +and looking very cheerfully at Sir William, [89] told him, if +he really dreamed it he should have it; but that he would +never dream again with him, for he had only got a laced +coat, whereas Sir William was now entitled to a large bed, +on which his ancestors had frequently slept. Sir William +took possession of the land by virtue of an Indian +deed signed by the chiefs, and gave them some rum to +finish the business.<a id='r66'></a><a href='#f66' class='c010'><sup>[66]</sup></a> It is now a considerable estate, but +since the war the Americans have deprived him of it, +with all the buildings, &c. which are very valuable. It +lies on the opposite shore to the German Flats, but the +land is by no means equal in goodness with the soil there. +Perhaps no part of America produces land better calculated +for cultivation than the German Flats.</p> + +<p class='c009'>During the American war, the best Loyalist troops were +collected from the Mohawk River, and it was agreed on +all hands that for steadiness, bravery and allegiance, +they were not to be excelled. Government has done its +utmost to reward many of them for their services, by +giving them land in Canada and Nova Scotia; and to +those whom poverty obliged to solicit them, implements of +husbandry. They are now in a very flourishing state, +and there is no doubt but they will prove valuable friends +and supporters of Great Britain on any future emergency.</p> + +<p class='c009'>During the severe weather, I had a narrow escape from +a contrivance of the Indian who was occasionally with me, +and whom I employed in hunting, and making marten +<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>traps: this was occasioned by jealousy, on account of his +wife, who was a pretty young <em>Squaw</em>, of the Rat nation, +and whom he suspected of infidelity.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[90] Being short of provisions, and having only one +faithful Canadian in the house, except the Indian and his +wife, I desired him to make a number of marten traps, +and set them in two different roads, called a fork. Having +finished about two hundred, and set them in the woods, +baited with fish heads, which these animals are very +fond of, he returned, and I gave him some rum for his +trouble. Every day, for a considerable time, he went +regularly to examine them, and when successful, was +always rewarded to his satisfaction. Having been unfortunate +several days, I charged him with doing other business, +instead of examining the traps, to which he made +no reply. I communicated my suspicions to my man, +and desired him to watch the Savage. The next day the +Canadian discovered him in the woods dressing some +partridges:<a id='r67'></a><a href='#f67' class='c010'><sup>[67]</sup></a> when he returned home in the evening he +asked for rum, which I refused, telling him he did not +deserve any. This answer displeased him; and looking +earnestly at me, he replied, that I did not use him well; +for though he had been unsuccessful with his traps, his +trouble was the same; and that he generally found them +out of order, which obliged him to set them right, and +employed him the whole day. This excuse did not make +any alteration in my conduct, and I told him the weather +was too bad to get at any rum. He then began to imagine +that I suspected him, and knew of his laziness, and immediately +opened his mind, telling me very frankly that +<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>he was jealous of me; and that his reason for not going to +examine the marten traps, was to prevent any communication +between me and his wife, which, had he been far +distant from home, might have been easily effected; and +for this reason he kept near the house to watch her, +knowing that she was fond of me; but that if I would give +him some rum, to drive away the bad spirit from his +heart, he would endeavour to forget the injury I had done +him.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[91] Judging it prudent to remove his suspicions, I +gave him two gallons of rum, a carrot of tobacco, a shirt, +a pair of leggons, a scalping knife, &c. and several articles +to his wife. Having received the presents, he called +her to drink with him, and thank the trader with a cheerful +heart for his great kindness. When they were a little +merry he began to sing, and I heard him repeat these +words: “<em>Mornooch Amik kee zargetoone mentimoyamish</em>;” +or, “I do not care though the Beaver loves my wife.” +This did not please me, as I knew his jealousy would increase +in proportion to the quantity of liquor he drank. +However, I used the utmost precaution, securing his +weapons to prevent his doing me any injury. His wife +hearing him repeat the words so frequently, began to be +angry, and pulled his hair and scratched his face. I +thought this a favourable opportunity to express my dislike, +and told him he was a fool to be jealous; that I gave +him the rum to drive away the bad spirit, but it had a +contrary effect; that I never wanted any thing of his wife +but to make or mend snow shoes, and always paid her for +her trouble. Yes, cries the wife, he is a fool, Beaver, and +I will beat him; which she instantly did, and cut his head +with a glass bottle. I then interfered, and parted them.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The moment I was gone, he began the old song, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>continued singing till he was sober; when getting up, he +came to me and said, “Beaver, I have seen the bad spirit +in my dream, who told me that the trader had robbed me.” +Irritated at the expression, I told him his lips never spoke +truth, and that he had no sense; and thinking it right to +suppress this humour, beat him very severely. When he +had recovered his reason, he said to me, “Beaver, you +have sense, though you have spotted my carcase.” I +then remonstrated with him on the great [92] folly of +being jealous; but he was sullen, and made no reply. He +then called his wife, but she being asleep did not hear him; +he called a second time, and asked for his gun, tomahawk, +and scalping knife; but not receiving any answer, he +was very angry, and said to me, “Beaver, I will throw +away my body;” to which I did not think it prudent to +make any reply. He then laid himself down on the ground, +and called his wife a third time. She came to him, and +observing displeasure in his countenance, told him not +to be angry with the Beaver, for he was a great warrior, +and always opened his heart to them. He ordered her +to bring him a bark bowl full of water, and set it down +carefully between the Beaver’s legs. Whilst she was +gone for the water, he said to me, “Come here, Beaver, +and I will shew you that I have nothing sweet on my lips, +but will speak the truth.” The wife returned and placed +the bowl of water as her husband directed; when it had +stood some time he said, “Beaver, put your finger in the +water, and let it remain till I tell you to take it out.” I +obeyed him with the utmost cheerfulness, and in a few +minutes, by his desire, withdrew it. He then said, +“Beaver, you know that a husband is so called because he +is the master of weakness, and for that reason he should +protect his wife; and at the same time, you, as a trader, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>should not injure me: but that I may not accuse you unjustly, +I will try you by my own thoughts. Beaver, look +at my wife, and look at the water, and tell me where you +put your finger; if you cannot tell, you have certainly +robbed me.” I then put in my finger again, and pointed +out the place. “No;” said he, looking earnestly at me +and his wife, “as you cannot be certain that it is the exact +place where you first put in your finger, neither can I be +certain that you have robbed me; though I as much believe +it, as you do that the place you pointed out was the +exact spot.” I [93] confessed myself surprised at his disbelief; +but not willing to incense him, I told him I was +sorry he should imagine me capable of such wickedness +as to be guilty of injuring him, for my mind was as calm +as the water in an undisturbed state; and after giving him +a few presents, sent them away, injoining him to use his +wife well, as she was perfectly innocent. As they departed, +he said to me smiling, “Beaver, you must get +somebody else to look after your marten traps.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>Adultery among the northern Savages is generally punished +in a summary way by the husband, who either beats +his wife very severely, or bites off her nose. It is extremely +dangerous for a trader to be suspected, for when +the husband is intoxicated, his jealousy rises into madness; +and revenge, whether the party suspected be innocent +or guilty, is continually to be expected. When the +mind of an Indian is once affected, his passion increases +in proportion to the quantity of rum which he drinks, +though he has the art to conceal it when he is sober. It +is the baneful effects of rum which puts every jealous +thought in motion, and then it knows no bounds, till +intoxication completely overpowers him, or returning +sobriety restores his lost reason.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>Early in the month of April, I received a letter from +Monsieur Jaques Santeron at Lake Schabeechevan, in +the same employ as myself, to inform me that he was +tired of being a servant, and thinking his labours not +sufficiently rewarded, had determined to make a grand +<em>coup</em>, having a number of fine packs which he purposed +selling to the Hudson’s Bay Company: that he should +leave his wintering ground next morning with four birch +canoes, and would write further particulars on bark, +which he should nail against one of the crooked trees at +the foot of [94] the Grand Rapid, in case I should be disposed +to come that way, and concluded with great <em>gaieté +de cœur</em>, wishing me and all my friends very well.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I was greatly surprised on receiving this unpleasant intelligence, +and particularly as I had never heard of his +integrity being impeached in the smallest degree; and I +was disappointed, as I expected him to pass my wintering +ground on his return to Pays Plat.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Conceiving it my duty to exert my best endeavours to +prevent the loss of so much property to my employers, I +engaged <em>Kesconeek</em> the chief, and twenty Savages, under +promise of being satisfied for their trouble, to conduct me +to the crooked trees. We went off with the utmost expedition, +and in a few days arrived at the spot, where I saw +the piece of bark, as he described, and the following words +written with charcoal, “<i><span lang="fr">Adieu, mon cher ami, je prends +mon départ avec courage, et j’attends une bonne vente pour +ma pelleterie. De bon cœur je vous souhaite la prosperité; +faites mes complimens à tous mes amis—au revoir mon +cher companion.</span></i>”</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having perused it, and explained it to the chief; he +said he was a bad spirit, and that as he had been gone +six days before our arrival, it would be impossible to overtake +<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>him, as he could not be far from the entrance of the +North River, leading to Hudson’s Bay, and if I pursued +him, I should not get back in time to trade with the +Indians for their great hunt. We therefore returned, after +a fruitless expedition, extremely mortified at the disappointment, +as I was very sensible he would never return +to Canada, to make satisfaction to his employers.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[95] Soon after my return the grand band came in with +all their winter’s hunt, which they call <em>Kitchee Artawway</em>. +They consisted of about thirty families, of twenty in each. +He who has most wives is considered the best hunter, +being obliged to provide for their maintenance by his +own industry. The Indians laugh at the Europeans for +having only one wife, and that for life, as they conceive +the good spirit formed them to be happy, and not to continue +together unless their tempers and dispositions were +congenial.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having bartered for their skins and furs, they asked for +rum; I told them I had only one small keg left, which I +would give them at their departure, which satisfied them: +and when they were ready to embark, I ordered a Canadian +to put it into the chief’s canoe.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having disposed of all my merchandise except a few +articles, and a small quantity of rum, to barter with any +Indians I might happen to meet with in my return to Pays +Plat, we baled up our peltry, and on the 23d of May +left Lac la Mort, with four small birch canoes richly +laden with the skins of beavers, otters, martens, minx, +loup serviers, beaver eaters, foxes, bears, &c.<a id='r68'></a><a href='#f68' class='c010'><sup>[68]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>Before I proceed to relate the particulars of my voyage, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>I shall mention the Indian manner of killing the white +bear and the buffalo. The large white bear, commonly +called the grisly bear,<a id='r69'></a><a href='#f69' class='c010'><sup>[69]</sup></a> is a very dangerous animal; when +the Indians hunt it they generally go six or eight in a +band; the instant they see one, they endeavour to surround +it, by forming a large circle: if it is on the march +they fire at it;—but it is most frequently discovered in the +winter season sucking its paws; in [96] that case they approach +nearer, and form a double row for the animal to +run between. One of the party is then sent out, who +fires at the bear and generally wounds it: this rouzes it to +pursue the Indian, who runs between the ranks, and the +rest of the band fire and soon dispatch it.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The buffalo I need not describe; it is well known to be a +remarkably strong animal; the Indians say its head is +bullet proof, and therefore they always fire at the body, +endeavouring to hit the heart. When they are in pursuit +of this animal they make up small huts of snow in different +places, for near a mile in length on each side of the +road; in each of these huts an Indian stands with a bow +and arrow, to shoot at it as it passes, preferring that +mode to powder and ball, as it does not alarm the rest +of the herd. The snow prevents the buffalo from smelling +the Indians, though their scent is very strong and quick. +The instant the animal drops they tomahawk it.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 2d of July we arrived at Portage Plain, so called +on account of its being a barren rock, near a mile long, +joining to Lake Alemipigon: it was sunset when we encamped. +Besides the sixteen Canadians, our party was +increased considerably by about twenty of the Sturgeon +<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>and Nipegon Indians, who accompanied us according to +the usual custom of following the trader to assist at the +carrying places. The day previous to our departure some +traders overtook us, and encamped also. They informed +us of a band of Indians who were enemies to the Nipegons +being near at hand, and desired me to acquaint the +Savages with it. Before their arrival the Sturgeon +Indians left us, and the other band would fain have +quitted the ground; but upon telling them I wanted [97] +their assistance on my journey, they agreed to stay, though +I thought very reluctantly.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We soon discovered several canoes, and in about half an +hour the Indians landed. They were of the nation of the +Wasses, and always at war with our Savages.<a id='r70'></a><a href='#f70' class='c010'><sup>[70]</sup></a> Being +a select people, they seldom associate with other tribes, +and are continually on the hunt, only making their appearance +in spring and autumn. We received them very +cordially, and after the usual forms of salutation, made +mutual presents to each other: they told me they had +heard of me by some Indians at Lac la Mort, and were +desirous of seeing me before my return to Michillimakinac, +or in their language <em>Tecodondoraghie</em>.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I soon perceived the uneasiness of my Indians, and was +careful to keep them at some distance from each other; +but all my precaution was ineffectual, and before my departure +a most dreadful catastrophe was the consequence +of their mutual hatred.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>Our Indians having made up huts, began to sing their +medicine songs to induce the Wasses to partake of a +feast which they said they intended to make, with a view +of preventing any dispute with them; but knowing that +the Nipegons had no provisions but what I found them, +I suspected their intentions were not so pacific as they +pretended: this induced me to ask a boy belonging to the +band, why they pretended to make a feast, without having +any provision to do it; he replied, that the Wasses had +made them a present of dried meat, and with this and +some huckle berries they had saved, they intended to +make their visitants merry. This answer confirmed my +suspicions, as no feast is [98] ever made, where friendship +is intended, without inviting the trader; and as no notice +was sent me, I dreaded the evil consequence of their meeting.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Deliberating with myself on the unpleasant prospect, +and considering how to act to prevent mischief, I was +interrupted in my meditations by a Savage (<em>Ayarbee</em>, or +the big man), who came to give me intelligence of an intended +plan to destroy the Nipegon Indians, and which +was communicated to him by an old woman who belonged +to the band of Wasses.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In about an hour the Nipegon huts were in order to +receive their intended guests, who were encamped in a +hollow, surrounded with cedar trees and bushes, close +to the lake side. The Nipegons being determined to +counteract the designs of their deceitful visitors, and +punish their intended perfidy, made holes in the bark of +their huts, in which they placed their guns, loaded with +swan shot. Each man taking his station; the Wasses, to +the number of eighteen, ascended the hill, and were +coming prepared to partake of the feast, with knives and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>wooden bowls, intending to overpower the Nipegons on +a given signal; but they were fatally disappointed, for +when they got within thirty yards of the Nipegon huts, +they were fired at, and all the band, except a girl about +fourteen years of age, killed on the spot; she was dangerously +wounded, but advanced with a gun, which she +snatched from an Indian who was preparing to dispatch +her, and shot <em>Ayarbee</em> through the head, and was herself +soon after tomahawked and scalped by a Nipegon boy +about the same age, who at such an early period of life +displayed all that ferocity which marks the most determined +chief.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[99] Thus was treachery rewarded: and though in my +heart I could not but approve of the conduct of the Nipegon +Indians, I was afraid of trusting to them, and had +resolved on taking my leave of them, when the chief came +up and informed me, he was very sorry that his band could +not accompany me any farther, for being afraid of the +resentment of the nation of the Wasses, when they came +to hear of the transaction, notwithstanding they had done +it in their own defence, they had determined to depart; +and soon after pushed off their canoes, and left me, a +circumstance which pleased me exceedingly. The next +day a party of Indians met us, to whom I related the +disaster. They were very much shocked, and said the +Nipegon Savages might repent their rash conduct, though +at the same time they acknowledged them right in guarding +against the designs of the Wasses. They asked me if I +had got their packs, as they assured me they had made a +good hunt, and had rich peltry. This information vexed +me exceedingly, as I should certainly have increased my +cargo had not the affair happened, and likewise have +<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>given more satisfaction to my employers, though I had +already a large quantity of goods, and had every reason +to be pleased with my success. The Nipegons made up +fourteen bales of dried meat, which they took with them; +but the furs and skins were hidden in the woods, and +never afterwards found that I heard of.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We continued our journey to Lac Eturgeon, where soon +after our landing, we killed a great many wild fowl, and +caught plenty of fish. Here we met about fifty of the +Hawoyzask or Rat Nation Indians,<a id='r71'></a><a href='#f71' class='c010'><sup>[71]</sup></a> with whom I made +a small barter, chiefly with rum, having disposed of all +my Indian goods.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[100] Our journey was retarded for some time in order +to gratify my curiosity. A young Indian girl fell sick, +and the chief desired me to stay to see the wonderful +effects of their medicines, as she was very bad, and +without immediate assistance, he said, must soon change +her climate. The physician who attended her said, that +the <em>Matchee Mannitoo</em>, or bad spirit, had put the bear’s +claws into her, and his medicines would remove them. +A hut was prepared, and the girl stripped to her <em>matcheecoaty</em> +or under petticoat; she was then painted with vermilion, +and daubed over with soot and bears’ grease, +and profusely sweated, which soon relieved her pain. +During the operation, the physician addressed himself to +the Master of Life, begging his assistance, and thanking +him for giving knowledge to restore health: then giving +her a decoction of roots, he made a perfect cure. I could +not help admiring his skill and manner of proceeding, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>though I attributed her recovery solely to the plentiful +perspiration she underwent.<a id='r72'></a><a href='#f72' class='c010'><sup>[72]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>Previous to our departure, one of their women was delivered +of a fine boy, and I was highly delighted with the +mother’s tenderness, as the infant sucked the milk, which +in their language is called <em>tootooshonarbo</em>, or the sap of the +human breast, an expression which struck me forcibly. +The husband was also very attentive, and performed the +part of an affectionate parent, which induced me to give +him some rum to cheer his heart, and drink my health. +He seemed pleased with the present, and addressing himself +to the Great Spirit, thanked him for the safe delivery +of his <em>mentimoye</em>:—then looking very earnestly at me, +told me how much he was indebted to me for the comfort +that I had afforded him, and that he was sure that I was a +brave warrior, for my generosity to him and his wife, when +they so much wanted assistance. When the young [101] +warrior cried, he observed, that he wished to be grateful +to me for my attention to his parents, and that it was only +the echo of his breath, (meaning his voice) to praise +the goodness of the <em>Saggonash</em>, or Englishman. As I +got into my canoe, he said, “Beaver, be strong, you will +always have a public road among the Nipegon Indians, +therefore return as soon as you can; in the mean time, +I shall take care to acquaint all the Indians with your +goodness, and I hope when we see you again, we shall +have had a good hunt, and be able to give you furs and +skins to repay your kindness.” I told him I always +loved the Indians, that I was adopted by the Chippeways, +and considered myself as one of their tribe; that I would +<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>return as soon as possible with plenty of goods for their +families; that my heart was melted by his regard for me, +and giving him and his wife each a parting glass of the +strong water, took my leave, and pursued my journey.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We arrived at Pays Plat on the 10th of August, where I +met some brother traders, who had been in different parts +of the inlands, particularly the Northwest. Here we +waited for fresh goods from our employers, and enjoyed +ourselves with the remains of our different provisions, +which we threw into a common stock, and made ourselves +merry with the scanty pittance, recounting our several +adventures: but none of them had suffered the difficulties +I had experienced, except Mr. Shaw, whom I happily +relieved at Lake Manontoye; the rest of the traders having +wintered very remote from me, by the way of the Grand +Portage.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Soon after our arrival, our employers sent their agents +with a fresh assortment of merchandize and provisions, +which rejoiced us exceedingly, [102] having been a considerable +time without corn or grease, and absent from +Michillimakinac about fourteen months. I delivered my +cargo of furs, consisting of about one hundred and forty +packs, in good condition,<a id='r73'></a><a href='#f73' class='c010'><sup>[73]</sup></a> and loaded the canoes with +the fresh goods; then taking leave of my companions, prepared +for my departure for the Inlands, to winter another +year among the Nipegon Savages. But before I begin +to relate my second adventure, I cannot forbear making +some observations on the hardships attending an Indian +life, particularly as an interpreter and trader.</p> + +<p class='c009'>My salary was about one hundred and fifty pounds per +<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>annum, which I certainly deserved, considering the knowledge +I had of the Chippeway language.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I was sent into the Inlands with only corn and hard +grease, without any other provisions I could rely on; for +as to fish and other animal food, the former in a great +measure depends on the season, the latter on the arrival +of Savages; and though in general I was successful in +aquatic pursuits, and received frequent supplies from the +Indians, it was a precarious mode of subsistence, and at +Lac la Mort I suffered great hardships.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I had sixteen men, and an Indian and his wife occasionally +with me, to feed and govern, and on the continuance +of their health my existence in a great measure depended. +As it was my constant duty to be in the way, +in case of the arrival of Savages, being the only one who +could talk their language, I had few opportunities of +hunting, neither could I go far abroad to examine whether +the Canadians did their duty or not: I [103] was therefore +always full of anxiety, and rejoiced when the spring returned +to set me free.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The constant attention necessary in taking care of the +goods to prevent depredations, the continual fears and +apprehensions of being plundered by a set of intoxicated +beings; always liable to insults, without daring to resent +them; and when I had bartered all my merchandize, and +made a successful trip—feeling a painful solicitude till +the fruits of my labours were safely delivered to my employers. +Upon the whole, perhaps no situation can be +more distressing, and it has often filled my mind with +surprise when I reflected on the engagement I entered +into, which consumed the prime of my days in a traffic, +the dangers and fatigues of which scarce any salary could +compensate. I believe nothing but the flattering idea +<span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>of thinking myself superior to others as an interpreter, +prompted me to continue in a station so fatiguing to support, +and so difficult to execute; and I cannot but conclude +with this observation:—That however censurable +a man may be for indulging even this degree of pride, +the liberal mind will easily pardon the presumption, as +they know he alone is the sufferer; and as self-opinion +governs the pursuits of mankind, the individual who is +most influenced by it, must stand or fall by the consequences.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span> + <h3 class='c011'>SECOND EXPEDITION</h3> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>[104] <em>Proceed to winter again among the Nipegon Indians;—Design +of an Indian to plunder us;—unfortunate +Accident happens to an Indian Chief;—narrowly escape +being assassinated by an Indian Straggler; Murder of +Joseph la Forme, a Trader.</em></p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 15th of August I left Pays Plat, with four +birch canoes, and the same men who wintered with me +at Lac la Mort, and arrived at Riviére la Pique, which +runs into Lake Superior: this river is very crooked for +about seven miles, and extremely deep; it abounds with +fish, particularly pike, from which it takes its name.<a id='r74'></a><a href='#f74' class='c010'><sup>[74]</sup></a> +On our landing, we found a large band of Chippeways, +and some of the Rat nation, who immediately prepared a +feast for us of dried meat, fish, &c. Among them was an +Indian named <em>Ogashy</em>, or the horse; he was reckoned, +even by his own tribe, a bad Indian, which put me on my +guard during my encampment there. I traded for their +skins and furs, and gave them some rum, with which they +had a frolic, which lasted for three days and nights; on +this occasion five men were killed, and one woman +dreadfully burnt. When the fumes of the liquor had +evaporated, they began, as usual, to reflect on the folly +of their conduct, and all except <em>Ogashy</em> expressed great +concern; he seemed rather to be pleased at the mischief +which had happened, and before my departure, I was +informed that he intended to destroy me, and plunder the +property. To frustrate his villainous intention, I kept +him in good humour, and made [105] him sleep in my hut, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>a compliment he seemed highly pleased with, and which +I believe for the time diverted him from his purpose; and +though by no means fond of his company, I judged it most +prudent to have my enemy in sight. In the morning I +gave him a glass of rum, and promised him a two-gallon +keg to carry off the ground, which, as the Indians express +themselves, drove the bad spirit from his heart. +When my men had prepared every thing for embarkation, +I gave the chief of the band the liquor, and a single bottle +of rum more than I promised to <em>Ogashy</em>, unknown to the +rest, in which I had infused a considerable quantity of +laudanum. Unsuspicious of what I had done, he put the +bottle to his mouth, and shaking me by the hand, said to +me, “<em>Kee talinimanco negee</em>,” or, “your health, friend,” +and immediately took a hearty draught which soon stupified +and lulled him into a profound sleep, in which, I was +afterwards informed, he remained twelve hours, depriving +him of the power of doing harm, and that soon after, an +Indian who had an antipathy against him, and only +sought an opportunity of gratifying his resentment, +tomahawked him. His eldest son burnt him, and fixed +his bones on a high pole, as he was the head chief of the +tribe.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We proceeded on our voyage, and arrived at a short +carrying place, called Portage la Rame, where we encamped +for nine days, being wind bound; here we found +a number of Indians in the same situation.</p> + +<p class='c009'>As soon as Lake Superior was passable with safety, we +continued our journey through strong and dangerous +rapids, which kept us continually in the water, and very +sensibly affected our limbs; on these occasions, [106] +where great exertion is necessary, all distinction is laid +aside, and it is <em>tel maitre, tel valet</em>, the bourgeois must +<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>work as hard as the engagés, to encourage them to do +their duty with more alacrity, and avoid all cause of complaint.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The wind proving favourable, we proceeded to Cranberry +Lake, so called from the great quantity of cranberries +growing in the swamps. We stopped here two +days to refresh ourselves after the great fatigue we had +undergone in struggling against the rapids. Being +sufficiently recovered, and having nothing to detain us, +we proceeded to a short carrying place called <em>La grande +Côte de la Roche</em>, near the entrance of the Nipegon River, +which is a high ridge of rocks that must be passed to +avoid the great cataract which I mentioned in my former +voyage. At this time we had very little animal food, but +fortunately killed three large bears in the middle of the +portage, which supported us several days, besides which, +we reserved some of the meat we had smoked and dried +to carry with us.<a id='r75'></a><a href='#f75' class='c010'><sup>[75]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>From <em>La grande Côte de la Roche</em> we proceeded to <i><span lang="fr">Lac +le Nid au Corbeau</span></i>, or Crow’s Nest Lake, which is about +two hundred miles in circumference, and supplied by a +number of small rivers; there are also several islands on +it which furnish the Indians with great plenty of wild +fowl: bears are also found here in abundance, and a surprising +number of beaver dams, running in a crooked +direction about ten miles. The Chippeways hunt here, +and find a great deal of game.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The reader will observe that in the first voyage I gave +an account of another Crow’s Nest Lake, which is very +small, with an island in the [107] middle with high palm +<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>trees: in such an extent of country it is not surprising that +there should be two places of the same name.<a id='r76'></a><a href='#f76' class='c010'><sup>[76]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>During our stay a band of Indians arrived from Lake +Arbitibis, who probably were dissatisfied with the trader +they dealt with, and intended to go to Michillimakinac, +but finding that I understood their language, they bartered +with me, and made me a present of meat and fish. +An accident happened here which had nearly proved fatal, +and which was of infinite service to me ever after, by putting +me more on my guard in all transactions with the +Savages.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Some of the chiefs being desirous of seeing my Northwest +guns, I was obliged to open a case for their inspection; +this I did unwillingly, as the weather was fine, and +I was extremely anxious to get to the wintering ground +before a heavy fall of snow: having shewn them the guns, +they loaded four, and laid them down by the cases, intending +to try them; during the time they were thus employed +I was busy in arranging the goods that had been +displaced in getting at them; but as soon as I was at +leisure, I took up one of the guns in a careless manner, +not knowing it was charged, and snapped the lock, which +most unfortunately shot off the ear of one of the chiefs, +and I also received some injury by the powder flying in +my face, and almost depriving me of sight. The discharge +was so instantaneous, and appeared so premeditated +that the chief reproached me in very severe terms +for the injury I had done him, and threatened revenge; +however, I soon convinced him it was an accident, and +giving him some presents, he consoled himself for the +loss of his ear, which was very large and handsome, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>without a single break, which made it very valuable in +his estimation. It was fortunate [108] I did not kill him, +as in all probability we should have been sacrificed to the +resentment of the band.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Indians pride themselves in having large ears, and +extended as wide as possible, which renders them liable +to be pulled off. It is very common in drunken frolics +to lose them; but when they are only torn, they cut them +smooth with a knife, and sew the parts together with a +needle and deers’ sinews, and after sweating in a stove, +resume their usual cheerfulness.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The next day we took our leave, and pursued our +journey to <em>Shecarke Sakiegan</em>, or the Skunk’s Lake, +which runs with a strong current. In the fall it abounds +with geese and ducks: here we hunted one day, and with +good success. The next morning at break of day we +embarked, and had favourable weather till we arrived +at Lake Schabeechevan, or the Weed Lake. This lake +is about one hundred and eighty miles in circumference, +and full of small islands; it abounds with fish, and the +swamps are full of wild rice and cranberries; it is about +six days march from Lac la Mort.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This lake was an unfortunate situation to my employers +last year, when one of their servants, Jaques Santeron, +went off with a valuable cargo. On my arrival, +I looked out for the house he had erected, but could not +discern the least trace of it; probably he was so elated +that he made a <em>feu de joye</em> on the prospect of being his +own master. At the extremity of this lake is a fall of +water, which runs from a river of the same name, and +has a direct communication with the waters leading from +Fort Albany, within the boundaries of the Hudson’s +Bay territories: [109] it is about thirty days march across +<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>nineteen portages and creeks, besides fourteen rapids, +which are a great hindrance to the journey. The Indians +run down the strong currents without the least fear, +and seldom meet with any accident, performing the voyage +in one third part of the time they take in ascending, +and without any damage to their canoes, which in going +against the stream are frequently rendered useless, and +they are obliged to make new ones, before they can pursue +their voyage; but it is a most convenient circumstance +that they are no where at a loss for birch bark, and being +also very expert, they will make a canoe in three days +sufficiently large to carry three people with necessaries +for their support, and room to stow their furs and skins.<a id='r77'></a><a href='#f77' class='c010'><sup>[77]</sup></a> +On this lake there are about one hundred and fifty good +hunters, who make a great many packs of beaver, &c. +and this was one inducement for settling here, which was +increased by the prospect of a plentiful supply of fish, +rice, and cranberries, which are winter comforts of too +great consequence to be slighted.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having secured the canoes, and refreshed my men with +good soup, I left them in charge of the goods, and took +two Indians to shew me a convenient place to build a +house, which having fixed on, a building was erected, +fifty feet long, and twenty feet wide, divided into two +separate apartments, one for merchandise, and the other +for common use. The rum being concealed in the woods, +and every thing properly arranged, we put the fishing +tackle in order; and as the lakes began to freeze very fast, +I divided my men into two parties, one half to be employed +in fishing, the remainder (except one man whom +I always kept in the house) in providing fuel for winter. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>In about three weeks a sufficient quantity of wood was +piled near the house, and the wood [110] cutters joined +the fishing party: they proved very successful, so that +our minds were more at ease than in the preceding year, +not having the dread of famine.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In about ten days a numerous band of Indians arrived +with their fall hunt, none of whom I had ever seen, not +having wintered so far inland before. They seemed well +pleased to find a trader settled among them, and particularly +as I spoke the language; but when I informed them +that I was a brother warrior, and shewed the marks of +adoption in my flesh, they were highly delighted. The +women were immediately ordered to make up huts, and +prepare a feast; whilst this was doing the Indians came +into my house, one by one, and seating themselves on the +floor, began to smoke, and looked very cheerful. When I +had given them tobacco and other Indian goods, the old +chief, whose name was <em>Mattoyash</em>, or the Earth, took me +round the neck, and kissed my cheek, then addressed me +in the following words.</p> + +<p class='c009'>“<em>Meegwoitch kitchee mannitoo, kaygait kee zargetoone +an Nishinnorbay nogome, shashyyar payshik artawway +winnin tercushenan, cawween kitchee morgussey, an +Nishinnorbay nogome cawwickar indenendum. Kaygait +kitchee mushkowway geosay haguarmissey waybenan +matchee oathty nee zargetoone Saggonash artawway; +winnin kaygait hapadgey kitchee morgussey an Nishinnorbay; +kaygwotch annaboycassey neennerwind mornooch +towwarch nee zargey debwoye kee appay omar, cuppar +bebone nepewar appiminiqui omar.</em>”—“I thank the Master +of Life for loving us Indians, and sending us this day an +English trader, who will open his heart to me and my +young men. Take courage, young men, suffer not your +<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>hearts to be bound [111] up, and throw away the bad +spirit from you: we all love the English traders, for we +have heard of their pity to Savages; we believe that they +have an open heart, that their veins run clear like the +sun. It is true we Indians have but little sense when +drunk, but we hope you will not think of this, and if +you will stay with us, we will hunt with spirit for you.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>When he had finished his speech they all got up, and +taking me by the right hand, conducted me to their +hut; immediately on entering, one of the warriors placed +me on a large beaver robe which was prepared for me, and +put a wampum belt round my neck, singing all the time to +the Master of Life, while myself and the chief were +eating. When the feast was over, I took two of the +Indians to my house, and gave them two kegs of rum, and +ten carrots of tobacco, with other articles, for which they +gave me all their peltry. They then began to frolic, +which continued three days and nights: the only accident +which happened was to a little child, whose back +was broke by the mother. When they had rested a day +after intoxication, I supplied them with plenty of ammunition +for their winter’s hunt, and they departed perfectly +satisfied with their reception. I cannot help +relating the method I was obliged to adopt to quiet an +old Indian woman, who was more troublesome than the +rest, and continually importuned me for liquor.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I infused forty drops of the tincture of cantharides, and +the same quantity of laudanum, into a glass of rum, and +when she came to me soliciting very earnestly for the +strong water, I gave her the dose which was prepared for +her: she drank it without hesitation, and being already +much intoxicated, it made her stagger. But this did not +satisfy her, and [112] she still asked for more; I then repeated +<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>the dose, which she also drank, and then fell on +the floor. I ordered my Canadian to carry her out of +the house, and lay her carefully near her own wigwaum, +where she remained twelve hours in a deep sleep, to my +entire satisfaction. I have always found laudanum +extremely useful; in general it may be considered an +essential article in the commerce with the Indians, as it +proves the only method of overcoming their intoxicated +senses, and making the life of a trader more tolerable, by +putting a stop to their impertinence.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 19th of November a band of about forty Indians +came in with a few skins and a great quantity of dried +meat, with some bears’ grease, which I purchased for a +little rum, and advised them to carry it along with them +off the ground; they complied with my wishes and embarked +perfectly sober.</p> + +<p class='c009'>It was always my custom to endeavour to persuade +them to take away the rum, though I seldom succeeded. +The fatigue of watching them when the liquor begins to +operate is inconceivable, besides the risk of our lives +and property.</p> + +<p class='c009'>After their departure I was left for near a month with +only one man, the rest being employed in fishing and +watching the marten traps: in both pursuits they were successful, +but particularly in the former, having brought +home near eight thousand, trout, pike, pickerill, and +white fish, which we hung up as usual to freeze. When +the severe weather sets in every man has his allowance +served out twice a day, and this rule is constantly adhered +to even though the stock be very considerable.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[113] In the beginning of December a new married +couple arrived, and having given them a little rum, they +got very merry; and perceiving the woman was in great +<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>good humour, I desired her to sing a love-song, which +she consented to with cheerfulness.</p> + +<p class='c009'>THE SONG</p> + +<p class='c013'>“<em>Debwoye, nee zargay ween aighter, payshik oathty, +seizeebockquoit shenargussey me tarbiscoach nepeech cassawicka +nepoo, moszack pemartus, seizeebockquoit meteek.</em>”</p> + +<p class='c008'>“It is true I love him only whose heart is like the sweet +sap that runs from the sugar-tree, and is brother to the +aspin leaf, that always lives and shivers.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>I thanked her for her song, and giving the husband a +bottle of <em>scuttaywabo</em>,<a id='r78'></a><a href='#f78' class='c010'><sup>[78]</sup></a> left them together to enjoy their +hearts’ delight; and as there was not sufficient to intoxicate +them, I was not afraid of a jealous fit. I always +bore in mind the circumstance at Lac la Mort, and my +fortunate escape. In the morning they departed, paying +me well for my presents with some beaver, bear, and +otter skins.</p> + +<p class='c009'>A few days after an Indian arrived, with his two wives +and three children; they immediately came into my +house, and sat down by the fire. I thought I discovered +deceit in his countenance, and watched him very narrowly. +I asked him what success he had met with in his +hunt? He told me he believed the Master of Life was +angry with him, for he had fired at several animals, and +expended all his ammunition, without doing execution. +This was a figurative mode of expression, [114] and +convinced me that he was lazy, and could not get credit +for what he wanted: he added, that his family had been +without provisions some days, and hoped I would cheer +their hearts, and be a friend to them. I then ordered a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>large kettle to be put on the fire, and boiled some fish, +which they ate of very heartily, particularly the women +and children.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I questioned him concerning his hunting grounds: he +told me he was from Hudson’s Bay, and had come so +far, hearing some traders were settled at Skunk’s Lake, +and as he knew there were plenty of animals, he expected +to get a great many skins. This I was convinced was +false, and I immediately considered him as a straggler, or +he certainly would not have travelled so far, unless he +had done something to displease the servants at the Company’s +forts, and could not obtain credit. Looking at +me very earnestly, he asked me to trust him a gun, +blanket, and ammunition; but I refused him: this displeased +him; and going out of the house, one of them +called him, the other followed him out, and said something +to him in a low tone of voice: this appeared to me like a +confederacy, and put me on my guard. In a few minutes +he returned, and renewed his solicitations; saying, +“Are you afraid to trust me forty skins? I will pay you +in the spring.”—I told him I never gave credit to any +but good hunters, and I was sure he was an idle straggler, +who lived without industry, and advised him to return +to his own tribe, and solicit their assistance who +knew him better than I did. So severe a check to his +application (and which I was afterwards sorry for) +seemed to rouze the bad spirit in his heart, and he left +me under the influence of the <em>Matchee Mannitoo</em>, and +went down to his canoe, seeming to be in deep discourse +with his wives.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[115] My man observing them, watched them very narrowly, +and saw the Indian endeavouring to file off the +end of his gun, to make it convenient to conceal under his +<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>blanket; having shortened and loaded it, he returned with +it hid under his dress. This transaction being a convincing +proof of his diabolical intention, I directed my +man to stand on one side of the door, and I took my post +on the other, waiting his entrance into the house. Just +as he passed the threshold, I knocked him down with a +billet of wood, and taking his short gun from him, beat +him so much that we were obliged to carry him down to +his canoe, where his family were waiting for him, and +ordered them all off the ground, threatening that in +case of refusal his canoe should be instantly broken to +pieces, and his family turned adrift. The squaws and +children appeared very much distressed, and with great +reluctance obeyed my orders. Thus I got rid of an unprincipled +set; and, as will soon appear, escaped a danger +which was certainly intended to involve me and my +men in utter ruin.</p> + +<p class='c009'>A few days after their departure, an Indian arrived and +informed me that Mr. Joseph la Forme, a brother trader +who was settled at Lac le Sel, was killed by a Savage, +and described his person. I had no doubt but he was +the same man who attempted to destroy me. I communicated +every circumstance of his conduct, and the revenge +I took on the occasion. The Indian congratulated +me on my happy escape, as he was known to be a bad +man by all the tribe, having killed his brother and one of +his wives last fall, which was the reason that the band +he belonged to would not suffer him to stay among them. +As I was anxious to know the particulars, I desired him +to relate them. He told me that he was informed by a +Savage whom he accidentally met, and [116] to whom +the murderer had revealed the particulars, that the +Indian being disappointed in his design against me, pursued +<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>his journey with the bad spirit in his heart, and +arrived at Joseph La Forme’s house, which he entered, +and asked for rum and tobacco, which was given +him; but observing he had not any thing to trade with, +La Forme was suspicious of him: whilst he was smoking +he asked for credit, but was refused, and told that he was +not only a bad hunter, but that he had a heart of lead. +This imprudent reproach incensed him, and observing +no one in the house but the trader, (the men being fishing) +he watched a convenient opportunity, and when +La Forme stooped to light his pipe, shot him through +the head, plundered the house of a few things, and went +off.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On this information I dispatched six Indians, with a +trusty Canadian, to endeavour to secure the property, in +which they fortunately succeeded, and brought away all +the peltry, merchandise, &c. and the deceased trader’s +men, whom I engaged in my service. About six weeks +after, one of the tribe whom he had formerly offended, and +who had heard of this recent act of villainy, after repeated +reproaches for his baseness, tomahawked him, cut off his +head, and brought it to my house to shew my Indians.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The unhappy fate of Joseph La Forme affords a +melancholy example of the precarious situation of all +Indian traders; and furnishes a useful lesson of instruction +to those who may in future be engaged in commerce +with the Savages—that it is frequently more prudent to +conceal resentment than to gratify it.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>[117] <em>We are reduced to great Hardships for want of Provisions;—relieved by the fortunate Arrival of some Indians.—Narrative of a most shocking Transaction perpetrated by one Janvier, belonging to a Mr. Fulton, a Trader—Mr. Fulton takes Means to induce a Confession, and punishes him accordingly.—Visit from a Trader belonging to the Hudson’s Bay Company—some Observations concerning that Trade, and the Conduct of the Company towards their Servants.</em></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>The latter end of January, 1779, a band of the Rat +Nation arrived, belonging to <em>Shekarkistergoan</em>, or the +Skunk’s-head Lake, which is between Lake Nipegon and +Lake Manontoye. They brought me provisions and +furs, which I bartered for; giving them rum, as usual, of +which they drank freely without doing any mischief. +After their departure we were short of provisions, having +a larger household to provide for, by taking La Forme’s +men into my service. We were reduced to a few fish +and some wild rice, or <em>menomon</em> (which are kept in <em>muccucks</em>, +or bark boxes), to support myself and seventeen +men; the allowance to each being only a handful of rice +and a small fish, about 2lb. weight, which is boiled +together and makes pleasant soup. I have often been surprised +that fish-broth is not more generally used, as it is +certainly very palatable; but I am not sufficiently informed +in medical knowledge to speak either of its wholesomeness +or nutritive qualities. Sturgeon broth is delicious, and +leaves a pleasing taste on the tongue; but as it rather increases +the appetite for food, [118] as I have experienced, +it should not be taken but when there is plenty of meat to +be got. This fish is very common in Albany, and is sold at +1d. per lb. York currency. The flesh is called Albany beef.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>The frost continuing very severe, and no appearance of +Indians to supply our wants, we were obliged to take off +the hair from the bear skins, and roast the hide, which +tastes like pork. This, with some <i><span lang="fr">tripe de roche</span></i> boiled, +was all our nourishment.<a id='r79'></a><a href='#f79' class='c010'><sup>[79]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'><i><span lang="fr">Tripe de roche</span></i>, or <em>hawercoon</em>, is a weed that grows to +the rocks, of a spongy nature, and very unwholesome, +causing violent pains in the bowels, and frequently +occasions a flux. I am informed the traders in the Northwest, +have often experienced this disorder; and some of +them, in very severe weather, have been compelled to eat +it for fourteen days successively, which weakened them +exceedingly. When the disorder does not terminate in a +flux, it occasions a violent vomiting, and sometimes +spitting of blood, with acute spasms in the bowels.</p> + +<p class='c009'>After suffering great hardships, I advised my men to +make marten traps, and set them in the woods as they +did last winter at Lac la Mort, which supplied us occasionally, +but very short of our real wants. At last a band +of Indians arrived with ten slay load of meat and furs, +which relieved us, and gave us fresh spirits. My men discovered +them at a distance, and, though much enfeebled +by severe hunger, put on their snow shoes to meet them.</p> + +<p class='c009'>It is surprising what efforts nature makes to support +distress, and how cheerfully she struggles when the prospect +of relief is near at [119] hand; every painful recollection +of past sufferings quickly vanishes, and new +life seems to breathe through every vein. Those who live +in constant luxury, and are ignorant of the meaning of +the bread of carefulness, are strangers to the joy arising +from an unexpected supply, and sitting down to a table +<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>in the wilderness. Hunger needs not the borrowed aid +of sauce; and, in the language of Pope, “To enjoy, is to +obey.”—How delightful is such obedience!</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Indians seeing our distress by our looks, which +were very meagre, gave us all their provisions, consisting +of bear, racoon, and moose. The kettle was soon put +on the fire, and we made a comfortable repast, with +cheerful hearts; the Indians during the time enjoying the +happiness of relieving our wants.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Notwithstanding the cruelty of Savages, they possess +virtues which do honour to human nature, and exhibit +instances of generosity and kindness which the most +philanthropic soul cannot exceed. They are ignorant +of those mean sordid sentiments which disgrace many +more enlightened, and more wealthy; and from the +knowledge I have of their disposition, I am sure they +would blush at the parsimonious conduct of those whom +Providence hath blessed with affluence.</p> + +<p class='c009'>After the repast, the chief (not willing to disturb us before) +asked for some tobacco, and having smoked some +time, said he had bad news to tell me, which some Indians +had informed him of, concerning Mr. Fulton, then at +<em>Shekarkistergoan</em>, and which he was sorry to relate, as it +affected him exceedingly. I desired him to finish his +pipe, and drink a glass of rum before he began the story; +and at the same [120] time mentioned my surprise at +not hearing of any remarkable circumstance, having +traded with a band of the Rat nation within a few days, +who came from that Lake. He told me he had met the +band, and related the affair to them, who were much +astonished; but as Mr. Fulton’s men were not returned +from fishing when they left the place, the transaction was +not known till after their departure.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>Mr. Fulton being obliged to divide his men into two +parties, which is called the <em>cawway</em>, or casting lots, which +party shall hunt and fish, and which shall stay with the +master, did so accordingly. The fishing party consisted +of Charles Janvier, François St. Ange, and Lewis Dufresne, +all natives of Canada, who, being provided with +axes, ice-cutters, and fishing materials, set off, and at the +expiration of eight days arrived at a convenient place, +where they built a hut, in which they lived for some time +tolerably well; but fish failing them, and having no success +in hunting, they were almost starved. In this +situation, said the chief, the bad spirit had entered into +the heart of Janvier, and he being the strongest man, +supported hunger better than his companions, by which +he was enabled soon after to effect a diabolical purpose +he had formed, of killing the first Indian who should +come in his way, and which he had declared he would +do. In the height of their distress Janvier perceived a +Savage at some distance, with a load at his back, and +instantly returning to the hut, told his poor dispirited +partners of their approaching relief. They instantly +got up, though very weak, and came out of the hut as +fast as their feeble limbs would allow them. The Indian +arrived, took off his load, which was only two otters, and +two hares, and gave them to Janvier, who received them +with great satisfaction; and when he had skinned them, +boiled [121] them in the kettle without cleansing them, so +extreme was their hunger. This seasonable relief was +soon devoured, and from the eagerness with which Janvier +eat, and the satisfaction which appeared in his countenance +when he looked at the Savage, the men were in +hopes he had forgot the rash determination he had +formed, and flattered themselves his mind was not so +<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>depraved as to entertain a thought of doing an injury +to the man whose timely assistance had saved their lives. +The next morning the Indian told them he was sorry +he could not assist them further, having no ammunition, +but that he was going to Mr. Fulton for a supply.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Janvier’s heart being inexorable even to the kindness +he had received, desired the Savage to assist him in placing +a large log of wood on the fire, as his companions were +unable to do it. The Indian cheerfully complied, and +stooping to take it up, Janvier knocked him down with +an axe and dragged him to the door of the hut, cut him +up, and with the most unfeeling barbarity put as much +of the flesh of his deliverer into the kettle as he thought +sufficient for a meal. When it was dressed, he compelled +François St. Ange, and Louis Dufresne, to partake of it, +and obliged them to kiss the cross which hung at his +breast, and swear by all the saints never to reveal the +transaction; threatening, at the same time, that if they +did they should share the same fate. Intimidated by +his threats, and the certainty that he would fulfil them, +they solemnly promised perfect compliance with his injunctions. +Having overcome their first aversion, which +extreme hunger had occasioned, they ate immoderately +of the horrid meal, and soon after fell sick, with violent +reachings. During their indisposition they complained +to each other softly, that it was eating the Indian’s flesh +[122] which had occasioned their sickness: Janvier overhearing +them, called them fools and rascals, and asked +them if they were afraid the Savage would come to life +again; and with an insolent sneer desired them to tell +him which they thought the best part of a man? The +poor fellows only replied they were very sick and could +not tell the cause. In a few days (having no other provision) +<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>the Indian was eaten up, and Janvier determined +to have human flesh if no other could be obtained. To +this end he sought an opportunity to quarrel with St. +Ange—Dufresne not daring to interfere in the dispute. +Janvier willing, however, to appear as plausible in the +eyes of Dufresne as possible, widened the breach very +artfully, till pretending he was no longer able to contain +his anger, asked Dufresne if he did not think St. Ange +deserved the Indian’s fate, for daring to say he would +reveal the circumstance he had so solemnly sworn to conceal. +Dufresne dreading the consequences of differing +with him in sentiment, said he thought St. Ange was to +blame; upon which reply, Janvier immediately struck +him with an axe, and killed him: he then cut him up, and +boiled a part, of which he obliged Dufresne to partake, +he not daring to shew any reluctance. Fortunately for +Dufresne the weather became more moderate, and having +caught plenty of fish, they proposed to return to their +master. Janvier, intoxicated with ideas of his superiority, +obliged Dufresne to drag him in an Indian slay +to Mr. Fulton’s house—a cruel imposition upon him, +and a dreadful service to a weak emaciated man! but +knowing he was unable to resist, he made a virtue of +necessity, and obeyed the tyrant with seeming cheerfulness. +On the journey he was frequently reminded of his +oath, and the fatal consequences that would attend him +if he should ever divulge the secret, which Janvier assured +him would produce instant death.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[123] Mr. Fulton was much rejoiced at their return, +being in want of his men, as the Indians were daily coming +in with their winter hunt. Soon after their arrival he made +enquiry after St. Ange—but no answer was given. He +then addressed Janvier directly upon the subject, who +<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>said he was gone on the hunt with a chief of the name of +<em>Onnemay</em>, or the Sturgeon, whom Mr. Fulton knew, and +that he would soon return. One of the Canadians contradicted +him by saying that could not be true, as <em>Onnemay</em> +left Mr. Fulton’s house the day before their return. +Janvier then said he might be mistaken in the chief’s +name, as he was not well acquainted with the Indian +language, and Dufresne, for fear of a discovery at that +time, changed the conversation in hopes of pleasing +Janvier.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Several days elapsed, and St. Ange not returning, Janvier +was again questioned, who told them as before, and +appealed to Dufresne for the truth of his assertions, which +he was obliged to confirm.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Mr. Fulton not being perfectly satisfied, examined them +apart; from Janvier he could not get any information, but +Dufresne hesitated, and at last said he had sworn not to +reveal—but that St. Ange would never return.—Mr. +Fulton endeavoured to convince him that the breach of +an oath, so imposed, was no crime; and in the end he +convinced the Canadian that it was so far from being +obligatory in the sight of God, that it would be a sin of +the most heinous nature in him to conceal the truth; artfully +adding, as an additional argument to induce him to +reveal the transaction, that if he had no doubt he was +himself perfectly innocent, he could not have any honest +motive for secrecy, and that he had no occasion to dread +the resentment of Janvier, as he would engage to [124] +protect him from all hazard by the discovery. Thus +persuaded and encouraged, Dufresne disclosed the whole +affair, but requested Mr. Fulton’s secrecy, which he +promised until the conversation should be renewed, +when it was agreed that he should relate every particular +<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>in Janvier’s presence. Janvier was repeatedly urged +by the rest of the men to give them some information +respecting the absence of St. Ange, but he remained obstinately +silent: some of them went so far as to accuse +him in pretty plain terms of knowing too much about +him, but he treated their insinuations with indifference.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Mr. Fulton having disposed of all his goods, prepared +to leave his wintering ground, and every thing being +properly arranged they departed. The first night after +their departure Mr. Fulton loaded a brace of pistols, +and having previously acquainted his men with the discovery +Dufresne had made, and the punishment he intended +for the villain, came out of his tent and stood by +the fire round which the Canadians were seated. The +conversation about St. Ange being purposely renewed, +Mr. Fulton remarked it was cruel to leave him in the +woods with the Indians, and blamed Janvier particularly, +as he was the foreman of the party, and therefore the +more responsible. Janvier nettled at the repetition of the +subject, (for guilt is soon angry) replied that St. Ange +was able to take care of himself, and that he had not any +controul over him. Dufresne was then censured; upon +which, agreeably to the plan settled with Mr. Fulton, he +divulged the whole transaction, and gave a full account of +every particular of Janvier’s conduct. Janvier attempted +to take instant revenge for the aspersion, as he called it, +and denied the charge with the most hardened effrontery +and solemn asseverations. Mr. Fulton then thought +it a proper time [125] to interfere; and to cover him +if possible with confusion, asked him “which was the +best part of a man?” Janvier replied, with ready insolence, +that those who had eaten human flesh could easily +tell: but being repeatedly urged, and at length thrown +<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>off his guard, he replied in great wrath, the feet. The +party encouraged by this confession, pressed the charge, +till at last he confessed the facts he was accused of, and +declared that in a similar situation he would kill his +brother.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Mr. Fulton could no longer suppress his resentment, +and going up to Janvier, told him he was an abandoned +villain, first for killing a harmless Indian who had generously +relieved his wants, and afterwards eating him +like a cannibal; that not content with these atrocious +acts, he had encreased his guilt by another deliberate +murder on a defenceless man, his companion, his fellow-labourer, +and friend; that he was a disgrace to human +nature, and ought not to be suffered to live a moment +longer; and without allowing him time to reply, shot him +through the head. The men were ordered to bury him, +and in the morning Mr. Fulton continued his journey to +<em>Michillimakinac</em>, where on his arrival he surrendered +himself to the commanding officer, who on a close examination +of the men, honourably acquitted him; but recommended +him not to venture again into those parts, where +the Indian was killed, lest the Savages should hear of the +transaction, and resent the death of one of their tribe, +whereby the innocent might suffer for the acts of the +guilty.<a id='r80'></a><a href='#f80' class='c010'><sup>[80]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>In the month of February I had a visit from a trader, +dressed in a smoked leather shirt; who was accompanied +by three Indians, and had been absent five days from +Fort Albany.<a id='r81'></a><a href='#f81' class='c010'><sup>[81]</sup></a> He said he was induced to come [126] +<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>from a motive of curiosity to see me, not having heard of +any person wintering so far inland before, except the +servants belonging to the Hudson’s Bay Company. At +that time I had very little provisions, and eight men to +maintain, besides Mr. Joseph La Forme’s Canadians; +our chief food was <i><span lang="fr">tripe de roche</span></i>; on his arrival the kettle +was on the fire with the leaves: he asked what food I had; +I ordered some to be taken out of the pot, and put into a +bark dish, which he tasted, but could not swallow. I +informed him that it had been a principal part of our +diet for many days, and in the best of times we had +nothing but wild animal food, and seldom any flour, as +the quantity of Indian corn we were able to bring along +with us from Pays Plat was not sufficient to last the winter. +When I had given him a description of my mode of living, +which he confessed was very different from the comforts +he enjoyed, I took him into my store, and shewed +him the packs of beaver I had collected: this increased +his surprise, as he could not conceive how it was possible +to transport a sufficient quantity of goods to barter for the +value I seemed to be in possession of. He asked me to +return with him, and promised to supply me with provisions; +but I told him I was engaged in an employ, and +had supported the same disagreeable situation the preceding +winter at Lac la Mort; and as I could not expect +to pass my life among the Indians with so much ease as in +England, my duty obliged me to remain till the season +was over, when I should return and endeavour to make +myself some amends for the hardships I had endured, by +<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>giving a good account of the merchandise intrusted to +my care, and receiving a reward for my labours. In the +morning he took his leave, wishing me the speedy arrival +of some Indians who might be able to relieve me from +such pressing necessity by supplying me with plenty of +more nourishing and palatable food.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[127] This civility from one of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s +servants leads me to make some few observations +in vindication of that respectable body, whose character +has been so severely, and I think so unjustly, censured.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Mr. Joseph Robson, one of the company’s servants, +who resided in their factory six years as surveyor and +supervisor of the buildings, in a work published by him +some years since,<a id='r82'></a><a href='#f82' class='c010'><sup>[82]</sup></a> animadverts in very strong terms on +the mode in which the governors of forts exert what he +calls their uncontroulable authority, and asserts that their +extreme tyranny is a perpetual source of personal disgust. +He also says, that “the overplus trade is big with iniquity, +and no less inconsistent with the company’s true interest, +than it is injurious to the natives, who by means of it are +become more and more alienated, and are either discouraged +from hunting at all, or induced to carry all +their furs to the French.” It may be necessary here to +observe, that the overplus trade arises from the peltry +which the company’s servants obtain in barter with the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>natives beyond the ratio stipulated by the company, and +which belongs to themselves.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This is a heavy charge, and, if true, a very proper cause +of complaint; but it should seem there is not sufficient +ground for the accusation, for Mr. Robson afterwards +says that this overplus trade is of little advantage to them, +for “that part of it, they always add to the company’s +stock, for the sake of enhancing the merit of their services, +and apply the remainder to their own use, which is +often expended in bribes to skreen their faults, and continue +them in their command.” What a strange degree +of folly, as well as of guilt! that the governors are so +[128] weak and so wicked as to commit enormities only to +make a temporary advantage, and are obliged to distribute +the wages of iniquity in order to skreen themselves +from its consequences among the company, and their +confederates in vice; whereas by a contrary conduct they +would be equally rich, more respected, and also feel an +inward satisfaction of mind from the consciousness of +having discharged their trust with integrity; ideas too +absurd to be admitted. With regard to the company, it +cannot be supposed they are ignorant of this “overplus +trade,” or the means by which their servants obtain the +advantages arising from it; if they are not, and no impartial +person will suppose they are, they not only allow but +approve of the conduct of their governors, from a conviction +of its being beneficial to the interests of the company; +a proper reward for the labours of their servants, or +from some other motive, which because it is adopted by +men so respectable, and so much above reproach, must +be allowed to be wise and prudent.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In the next place, I believe it will be very difficult to +prove that the conduct of the governors has “alienated +<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>the natives from the company’s interest, and discouraged +them from hunting.” The former is at present by no +means clear, as I am credibly informed the New Northwest +Company,<a id='r83'></a><a href='#f83' class='c010'><sup>[83]</sup></a> whose trade extends to the boundaries +of the settlements of the Hudson’s Bay Company, find +very little encouragement from the Indians; if therefore +the natives were disgusted, they would embrace the +first opportunity of shewing their dislike, by carrying +their peltry to the new traders; nothing can be more natural +than to expect that this would be the consequence; but as +they have not done so, the inference is fair that they are +not disgusted.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[129] Another observation is, “that the cruel and oppressive +behaviour of the governors and captains towards +the inferior servants, not only deters useful people from +engaging in the company’s service (a circumstance they +should attend to for their own interest), but furnishes one +pretext for the bad character that is given of the company.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>Though in the particular department in which I have +been many years engaged as an Indian interpreter and +trader, I have had few opportunities of a personal and +intimate acquaintance with many of the company’s servants +(having been in a commerce in direct opposition +to their interest), yet I can speak with confidence in regard +to some of them whom I have conversed with; that +in every point of view I believe them to be useful servants, +and well skilled in the language of the natives.—So +far in answer to the assertion “that useful people are +deterred from entering into the service.” And by way +of refuting the charge of “cruelty and oppression,” I +<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>need only add, what none I think will deny, that they +have been so well satisfied with the conduct of their +superiors, that many of them have continued in the service +more than twenty years.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I believe, upon the whole, it will appear that the conduct +of the governors at home and abroad, is perfectly +consistent with the true interests of the company, and +that any other mode of behaviour would tend to anarchy +and confusion; and I must declare for my own part that +I never heard of that personal disgust which Mr. Robson +so much complains of, but have rather found an anxious +solicitude to be employed in their service.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[130] Mr. Carver, in his history of North America, observes, +“that on the waters which fall into Lake Winnepeek, +the neighbouring nations take a great many furs, +some of them they carry to the Hudson’s Bay Company’s +factories, situated at the entrance of the Bourbon River, +but this they do with reluctance on several accounts; for +some of the <em>Assinipoils</em> and <em>Killistinoe</em> Indians,<a id='r84'></a><a href='#f84' class='c010'><sup>[84]</sup></a> who +usually traded with the company’s servants, told him +that if they could be sure of a constant supply of goods +from <em>Michillimakinac</em>, they would not trade any where +else; that they shewed him some cloth, and other articles +purchased at Hudson’s Bay, with which they were much +dissatisfied, thinking they had been greatly imposed on +in the barter.”</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>To this Mr. Carver adds, “that allowing their accounts +true, he could not help joining in their opinion; but +afterwards he admits that this dissatisfaction might +probably proceed, in a great measure, from the intrigues +of the Canadian traders; and that the method they took +to withdraw the Indians from their attachment to the +Hudson’s Bay Company, and to engage their good +opinion in behalf of their new employers, was by depreciating, +on all occasions, the company’s goods, and +magnifying the advantages that would arise to them +from trafficking entirely with the Canadian traders: in +this they too well succeeded; and from this, doubtless, +did the dissatisfaction which the <em>Assinipoils</em> and <em>Killistinoes</em> +proceed.” But, says he, further, “another reason +augmented it, the length of the journey to the Hudson’s +Bay Factories, which they informed him took up three +months during the summer heats to go and return, and +from the smallness of their canoes they could not carry +more than one third of the beaver they [131] killed, so +that it is not to be wondered at that the Indians should +wish to have traders come to reside among them.” As +Mr. Carver did not travel in the interior parts as a trader, +he could not have any interested commercial motives; on +that account he is certainly entitled to credit as an impartial +observer: the public will judge of his remarks, and +how far they tend to censure, or approve, the conduct of +the Hudson’s Bay Company.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I am induced to indulge this digression in consequence +of a new publication on the present state of Hudson’s Bay +by Mr. Umfreville.<a id='r85'></a><a href='#f85' class='c010'><sup>[85]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>It has unfortunately happened that the company’s +enemies have been frequently of their own household, persons +in whom they placed confidence and to whom they +entrusted the mysteries of their commerce. Differences +will naturally arise, and doubtless have arisen between +the governors and their servants, in which case no man +is, or ought to be, obliged to stay in a service that is +disagreeable to him; but then it is certainly sufficient to +leave the employ, and highly improper to endeavour to +prejudice the interest he once thought and felt it his duty +to promote; and I am of opinion that not a single transaction, +or circumstance, should be revealed that has +not an immediate reference to the cause of the disagreement, +or is necessary to support or vindicate a reputation. +The present governors are men of great probity, and +probably may not condescend to take notice of these +heavy charges against them; but as the most exalted +virtue may be injured by groundless assertions, I trust +the public will not be displeased with any endeavours, +however feeble, to vindicate the character of so respectable +a body. As I do not intend to enter on the subject +more fully, I shall only entreat the reader, if [132] he +wishes further satisfaction on this head, to peruse the +publication of Mr. Robson, who was one of the company’s +servants, and who, Mr. Umfreville acknowledges to be +a true and impartial writer. From his account the reader +will judge of the propriety of Mr. Umfreville’s censures +on the conduct of the governors of the Hudson’s Bay +Company. A more copious examination of Mr. Umfreville’s +publication would exceed the limits I have prescribed +to myself; and I cannot but think that those who +peruse it will readily perceive how much injustice he has +done to the governors and the company.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>[133] <em>Arrival of more Indians.—Rum gets short; adopt the usual Mode to encrease the Stock, which enables us to conclude our Traffic for the Season.—Take leave of the Indians, and proceed on our Journey homewards.—Account of an Indian Courtship.—Servile State of the Women after Marriage.—Observations on the Confidence which the Indians put in the Master of Life,—&c.—Arrive safe at Pays Plat.</em></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>Soon after the departure of the trader, a large band, +consisting of about 100, came in; my stock of rum +was very small, which was a misfortune, as rum is too +important in treaties with the Indians to be easily dispensed +with. On their arrival they wished to drink, but +I continued to barter for all their furs before I gave them +any rum: having finished the business, they grew clamorous, +when I gave them as much rum as I could spare, +upon receipt of which they embarked in tolerable good +humour.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In the month of April the last band came in, and I was +extremely perplexed how to act, having a very small portion +of rum, and no prospect of encreasing my stock; I +was therefore obliged to dilute it so as to make it about +one-fifth part weaker than usual, which made twenty +gallons of very passable Indian rum. Having supplied +them [134] with wearing apparel, &c. and received their +peltry, I gave them a taste of the <em>scuttaywabo</em>, and just +before my embarkation made the following speech:</p> + +<p class='c009'>“<em>Haguarmissey cockinnor an Nishinnorbay kee wabindan +cawwickcar nin serpargussey nee zargetoone, keennerwind +kaygo kee cushkendum webatch neennerwind +tercushenan nepewar annacotchigon nin ojey petoone. Wa +haguarmissey cockinnor meenwendesay bazam Ebeckcheck +<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>megoyyack debwoye neegee kaygo arwayyor matchee +oathty, kee cannawendan cockinnor, mokoman, baskeyzegan +goyer becka, kee minniquy kaygo arwayyor annascartissey +woke, mornooch kee permartissyan cockinnor an Nishinnorbay +nogome debwoye negee nepewar artawway winnin +ojey zargetoone an Nishinnorbay, keshpin suggermarch +wennewar metach nin ojey debarchemon kitchee ojemaw +awassa woity kitchee wakaygan Michillimakinac metach +kaygoshish ween ojey bockettywaun keennerwind.</em></p> + +<p class='c009'>“Now, my friends, take courage, I have always shewn +you a good heart, and you all know I am full of pity +for you, your wives, and children; therefore do not be +uneasy, or think the time long I shall be absent from you. +I hope the Master of Life will give me courage and +strength to return to you, and bring you goods. Now, +as you know I have no sugar on my lips, nor any spear +at my tongue, and that my ears are not stopt, nor my +heart bound up, I hope you will deliver up your knives, +guns, and tomahawks, and have no bad heart before you +begin to drink, so that on my return I may find you all +well. I shall speak with [135] courage to the great English +chief, at <em>Michillimakinac</em>, and he will open his heart +to you.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having finished my speech, the weapons were collected +and delivered to me. I then gave them a considerable +quantity of rum, after which I returned their knives, &c. +to convince them of the good opinion I entertained of +them, and that I had no doubt but they would attend to +the advice I had given them. I then got into my canoe, +and waving my hand, was saluted by a discharge of 200 +guns, which I returned by one volley, and pursued my +journey in good spirits, heartily pleased at leaving my +winter quarters.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>We continued our voyage without meeting with any +occurrence worth relating till we arrived at the Skunk’s +River, where I had unfortunately shot off a chief’s ear, +as I have before related. Here I met with the new married +couple, and some of the same band to whom I was +so much obliged in the preceding December for singing +the love-songs; and being desirous of obtaining a perfect +knowledge of their manners and customs, I made many +inquiries, and among other knowledge gained information +of the Chippeway form of courtship, which I presume +will be acceptable to those who have as much +curiosity as myself.<a id='r86'></a><a href='#f86' class='c010'><sup>[86]</sup></a></p> + +<h4 class='c014'>INDIAN COURTSHIP</h4> + +<p class='c015'>When an Indian wishes to take a wife, and sees one to +his mind, he applies to the father of the girl, and asks his +consent in the following words:</p> + +<p class='c009'>[136] “<em>Nocey, cunner kee darmissey kee darniss nee +zargayyar kakaygo O waterwarwardoossin cawween peccan +weettey gammat ottertassey memarjis mee mor.</em>”</p> + +<p class='c009'>“Father, I love your daughter, will you give her to me, +that the small roots of her heart may entangle with mine, +so that the strongest wind that blows shall never separate +them.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>If the father approves, an interview is appointed, for +which the lover prepares by a perspiration; he then comes +into her presence, sits down on the ground, and smokes +his pipe: during the time of smoking, he keeps throwing +small pieces of wood, of about an inch in length at her +one by one to the number of one hundred. As many as +she can catch in a bark bowl, so many presents her lover +<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>must make to her father, which he considers as payment +for his daughter. The young warrior then gives +a feast, to which he invites all the family—when the +feast is done, they dance and sing their war songs.—The +merriment being over, and mutual presents exchanged +between the lover and her relations, the father covers +them with a beaver robe, and gives them likewise a new +gun and a birch canoe, with which the ceremony ends.</p> + +<p class='c009'>When the French became masters of Canada, the +ceremony of marriage between the Savages was very +fantastical.</p> + +<p class='c009'>When a lover wished his mistress to be informed of his +affection, he procured an interview with her, which was +always at night, and in [137] the presence of some of her +friends; this was conducted in the following manner:</p> + +<p class='c009'>He entered the <em>wigwam</em>, the door of which was commonly +a skin, and went up to the hearth on which some +hot coals were burning; he then lighted a stick of wood, +and approaching his mistress, pulled her <em>three</em> times by +the nose, to awaken her; this was done with decency, and +being the custom, the squaw did not feel alarmed at the +liberty. This ceremony, ridiculous as it may appear, +was continued occasionally for <em>two</em> months, both parties +behaving during the time in all other respects, with the +greatest circumspection.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The moment she becomes a wife, she loses her liberty, +and is an obsequious slave to her husband, who never +loses sight of his prerogative. Wherever he goes she +must follow, and durst not venture to incense him by a +refusal, knowing that if she neglects him, extreme punishment, +if not death, ensues. The chief liberty he allows +her is to dance and sing in his company, and is seldom +known to take any more notice of her than of the most +<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>indifferent person: while she is obliged to perform the +drudgery of life, which custom or insensibility enables her +to do with the utmost cheerfulness.</p> + +<p class='c009'>A circumstance of this kind I recollect reading which +happened at Beaver Creek, about twenty-five miles from +Fort Pitt. An Indian woman observing some white +men to carry fire-wood on their shoulders, took up her +hatchet, and brought them in a short time a great burden +on her back; and throwing it down by the fire, said, she +not only pitied [138] them, but thought it was a great +scandal to see men doing that which was properly the +work of women.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The men consider women as of no other use but to +produce them children, and to perform the drudgeries of +life; as to the offspring, he prefers the sons to the daughter, +because he expects they will all prove warriors. The +daughters they do not value for the same reason that +they subjugate their wives, deeming them worthy only +to wait on warriors and do those things which would disgrace +the male sex.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We pursued our journey to Lac le Nid au Corbeau, +where we killed some wild geese and ducks, which at this +season of the year have a fishy taste. Here we rested +two days to enable us to pursue the remainder of our +voyage with greater vigour. The third morning, at daybreak, +we embarked, and arrived at La grande Côte de la +Roche, where we were fortunate enough to kill two bears, +which eat remarkably fine, and having some leisure time +to spare in the cookery, we enjoyed them with as high a +relish as in better situations we had done more luxuriant +meals.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We proceeded to Cranberry Lake, where we caught +some fish, and picked as many cranberries as we could +<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>conveniently carry; from thence we continued our route +to Portage la Rame, where we were again wind-bound +for some days; but during our stay we had not a single +visitor to disturb us. At length the wind proving favourable, +we proceeded to Riviére la Pique; on my arrival I +was immediately struck with the remembrance of the +escape I had from Payshik Ogashey [139] last year; but +my mind was almost as instantly relieved by the recollection +of his being killed, and no longer a terror to +traders.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This was one among many instances in which I found +that when the heart is oppressed with unpleasant recollections, +or forebodings, the Author of our Being conveys +relief to the mind very unexpectedly. This sudden transition +we are too apt to impute to our own wisdom, and +to attribute the escape from dangers we have experienced, +or the hopes of deliverance which we form, entirely to +our own sagacity and foresight. The Indians, on the +contrary, think more properly; they say it is the Master of +Life from whom we derive that presence of mind which +has extricated or procured us relief. To the Master of +Life the Indian addresses himself even for his daily +support.—To him he imputes his victories and his success; +and when subdued, and fastened to the stake, he +thanks him for giving him courage to open his veins.—It +is this confidence which enables him to bear the severest +tortures with composure, and in the height of anguish, to +defy the utmost malice of his enemies.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Notwithstanding the Chippeways, as well as the greater +part of the Indian nations, of North America, think so +justly, it is to be lamented that it is not universally so. +The <em>Mattaugwessawauks</em>, it is said, do not worship a +Supreme Being, and that when success attends them in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>war, they attribute the merit of the victory to their own +valour and skill. But notwithstanding their disbelief +of a Master of Life, in some respects, they are not less +superstitious than other Savages, for they think that certain +places are haunted by evil spirits, whose power they +dread, and impressed with these ideas cautiously avoid +them. Another proof [140] of their superstition is, if one +of their people is killed by accident, they preserve a hand +or a foot, which they salt, and dry, and keep as a charm +to avert calamities; by which it appears, that although +they do not acknowledge a dependance on a good spirit, +they entertain fears and apprehensions of a bad one; +which induces one to hope that such a deviation from the +common belief of mankind may never be confirmed, as +it would stamp human nature with an odium too horrid +to think of. But to conclude this digression—we continued +our voyage to Pays Plat, where we stayed some +days in the society of traders, who had also wintered in the +inlands, and others who arrived with goods to supply +those who were engaged to return; but as my time was +expired, I returned to <em>Michillimakinac</em>. After waiting +on the commanding officer, and giving an account of my +stewardship to my employers, I retired to Chippeway +Point, a spot of ground out of the Fort, where I lived +with an Indian family, who occasionally made me <em>mackissins</em>, +and other parts of Indian dress.<a id='r87'></a><a href='#f87' class='c010'><sup>[87]</sup></a></p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span> + <h3 class='c011'>THIRD EXPEDITION</h3> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>[141] <em>Remain some Time at Chippeway Point.—Account of +a whimsical Circumstance, whereby I had nearly incurred +the Displeasure of the Commanding Officer.—Narrative +of the fortunate Escape of a Mr. Ramsay, a Trader.—Undertake +to escort a Quantity of Merchandise from +the Mississippi to Michillimakinac, which I perform +with Success.—Return to Montreal; from thence to Quebec, +where I engage with a new Employer.</em></p> + +<p class='c009'>During the time I remained at Chippeway Point, +I had frequent offers from the officers to sleep at their +quarters within the fort; but being accustomed to lie in +the woods, I generally preferred that situation. A circumstance +happened soon after my arrival, which I shall +relate.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In consequence of Indian treachery in the year 1764, +(when the Savages, commanded by <em>Pontiac</em> the chief, +under the pretence of a game at ball, formed a plan to +destroy the inhabitants, and take possession of the fort, +and in which they unfortunately succeeded, to the extreme +mortification of the English), there was a standing order +that no Indian should be permitted to enter the fort with +fire arms; nor any squaw, or Indian woman, allowed to +sleep within the walls of the garrison on any pretence +whatever; and for the better security of the inhabitants, +when a council is held with the chiefs, double sentries +are always placed.<a id='r88'></a><a href='#f88' class='c010'><sup>[88]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>[142] Having a strong desire to introduce a great +<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>chief’s daughter and her sister, (notwithstanding the +governor’s orders) I communicated my intentions to an +officer, and desired his assistance to complete the plan. +He very politely told me that he could not appear to +countenance my scheme, but would give me every possible +assistance consistent with his station. I assured him +that they were a great chief’s daughters, and that I +would be answerable for their conduct.</p> + +<p class='c009'>With his consent I applied to two soldiers, and asked +them if they could spare time to roll a large hogshead +of bottled porter from Chippeway Point to the Fort; +they told me whenever it suited me they would be ready +to assist. Having purchased the hogshead, and got it +rolled down the hill whilst the officers were at dinner, I +told the squaws of my plan, and having knocked out the +head and bung, and bored several holes to admit as much +air as possible, desired them to get in, which with some +difficulty I persuaded them to do. I then replaced the +head, and ran immediately to the soldiers to acquaint +them that the porter was ready, and desired their assistance +without delay, as I was afraid some of the bottles +were broken, and it would be proper to examine them as +soon as possible.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The soldiers immediately returned with me, and applying +their shoulders to the cask, rolled it up the hill with +great labour and fatigue, continually observing that it +was very heavy. Just as they arrived at the gate, the +commanding officer and the commissary were coming +through, and seeing the hogshead, asked the soldiers +what they had got there? they replied it was bottled +porter for a trader, who had desired them to roll it from +the Point. As a vessel had just then arrived from the +Détroit, [143] the commanding officer was so satisfied with +<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>the account the soldiers gave, that he observed it was +very fortunate, for they now should have plenty of good +beer to drink. The soldiers had scarcely rolled another +turn, when unluckily one of them kicked his foot against +a stone, who with the extreme pain he suffered, fell down. +The other, not being able to sustain the whole weight, +let go his hold, and the hogshead rolled down the hill +with great velocity. Just as it came to the bottom the +head fell out, and the squaws exhibited the deception. +Unfortunately the commanding officer was near at hand +when the accident happened, and though it was a manifest +breach of his orders, he could not help smiling at +the conceit; and looking at the imprisoned females, said +to them, “pretty bottled porter indeed!” The squaws +were so confused that they ran with the utmost precipitation +into the woods, and did not make their appearance +for several days.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the commanding officer’s return to the fort, enquiry +was made for me, and I was under the necessity +of obeying his summons, although I confess my situation +was very unpleasant. As soon as I came into his presence, +assuming a look of displeasure, he asked me how I +could dare to disobey the orders of the garrison, which +I knew were issued to prevent the most serious consequences; +that I was more culpable than another person, +knowing the nature and disposition of the Indian women, +and the impropriety and danger of confiding in them, +adding that for the sake of example, and to prevent others +from acting so inprudently, he believed he should send me +down to Montreal in irons.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Alarmed at my situation, I made the best apology in +my power, and assured him I was extremely sorry for +my conduct, but hoped he would [144] pardon it. This +<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>acknowledgment of the offence induced him to forgive +me, and as he said he considered it a frolic of youth, he +would pass it over, but cautioned me against playing such +tricks again. I felt myself extremely obliged by his +lenity, and promised to conduct myself with more +propriety in future, which promise I faithfully kept: for +though the experiment to admit the squaws would not +have been attended with any bad consequences, I did not +chuse again to risk the commanding officer’s displeasure.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 11th of August, the traders arrived from the +<em>Mississippi</em>, and brought an account of an extraordinary +escape which a Mr. Ramsay and his brother had from +a tribe of the nation of the Poes, in their way to St. +Joseph.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Poes are a very wild savage people, have an aversion +to Englishmen, and generally give them as much +trouble as possible in passing or repassing the Fort of +St. Joseph’s, where some French traders are settled by +their permission.<a id='r89'></a><a href='#f89' class='c010'><sup>[89]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>It seems the Canadians were invited by the Savages to +land, and Mr. Ramsay supposing they had some furs to +dispose of, ordered his men to go on shore; when standing +up in his canoe just before his debarkation, three of the +warriors waded through the water neck-high, dragged +him out of his canoe, and carried him on shore. Mr. +Ramsay’s men immediately landed, and were preparing +to follow their master, but observing eleven Indians +near at hand, and perceiving the bad intention of the +chiefs, got again into their canoes, leaving the one in +which Mr. Ramsay and his son were, on the beach, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>paddled to an adjacent [145] island, waiting the event +of a circumstance which threatened death to their +masters.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Mr. Ramsay being tied to the stump of a tree, and his +son narrowly watched, the Indians rummaged the canoe, +and brought up as much rum as they thought they could +drink; they then began to sing their war songs; and +making a large fire near the stump to which Mr. Ramsay +was tied, they sat down on the ground, and began to +insult him, telling him he was an old woman, and obliged +his brother to join in the derision.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The usual mode of execution among the Savages, is as +follows:</p> + +<p class='c009'>When a warrior is taken, he is brought into a hut, and +tied with small cords made of the bark of trees, about the +size of a cod-line: he is then fastened to a stump, and a +small rattle put into his hand, called <em>chessaquoy</em>, which +he shakes while he sings the dead war song:</p> + +<p class='c009'>“<em>Wabindan payshik shemagonish kitchee mannitoo; nee +wee waybenan nee yoe Matchee Mannitoo.</em>”</p> + +<p class='c009'>“Master of Life, view me well as a warrior; I have +thrown away my body against the bad spirit.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>When the song is finished, the prisoner is untied, and +made to run the gauntlet through two ranks of women, +who are provided with small sticks to beat him. After +this punishment a dog-feast is prepared with bear’s +grease and huckleberries, of which he is obliged to eat. +He [146] is then brought again to the stake, when wood +is placed round him. He now sings his war song, and +the women set fire to the pile, the prisoner singing as it +burns. The bones are then collected and fixed to the +war-standard, which is a high pole painted with vermillion.</p> + +<p class='c009'>It is said that the nation of the <em>Followens</em>, or Wild +<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>Oats,<a id='r90'></a><a href='#f90' class='c010'><sup>[90]</sup></a> kill their wives and children before they go to +battle, that in case of a defeat the enemy shall not have +any prisoners of their nation.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Poes, beginning to feel the effects of the rum, +examined the cords, which were made of the bark of the +willow tree, and ordered some wood to be put round the +stump, to be ready when they should find themselves +disposed to burn him. Soon after they untied him, and +brought him to the war-kettle to make his death-feast; +which consisted of dog, tyger-cat, and bear’s grease, +mixed with wild oats, of which he was compelled to eat. +Mr. Ramsay, knowing the nature of Indians, complied +with seeming cheerfulness, and said he was satisfied. +He was taken back to the intended place of execution, and +tied again to the stump, from which, with great composure, +he desired permission to make his speech before +he changed his climate, which being granted, he immediately +spoke to them to the following effect:</p> + +<p class='c009'>“It is true the Master of Life has sent me here to those +Indians whose hearts are full of poisoned blood, and as +they mean me to change my climate, I shall go with +courage to a better trading ground, where I shall find +good Indians. They have always known me to have had +pity on them, their wives, and children, since I have been +<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>a trader, and to have opened my heart to them on all +occasions; but now the [147] bad spirit has joined his +heart with theirs, to make me change my climate, which +I am glad of, for I am better known in the country I am +going to, and by greater warriors than ever these were. +I now look on all the chiefs as old women; and as I am +the <em>Peshshekey</em> (or buffalo), I shall drink my last with +them, and carry the news to the warriors in the other +climate.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having attentively heard his speech, they prepared for +his death; which he perceiving, immediately told his +brother not to be disheartened, as he had hopes of overcoming +their fury, and desired him to ply them with rum, +and keep their kettles constantly filled. His brother +followed the instructions he gave him, and distributed +the rum among them very plentifully. When Mr. Ramsay +discovered that they were sufficiently intoxicated to +be incapable of doing mischief, he desired his brother to +cut his cords; and being released, assisted in pouring rum +down their throats till they were quite insensible. Fired +with resentment at their intended barbarity, he and his +brother cut all their throats, loaded his canoe with the +articles they had taken out, and paddled from shore as +fast as they could. The men hailed him at some distance, +and were rejoiced to see him safe; and after arranging +their cargo, pursued their journey into the Indian +country, by a different course.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I was informed Mr. Ramsay returned afterwards to +<em>Michillimakinac</em>, where he was congratulated by the +commanding officer on his fortunate escape; but he +never thought it prudent to go that route again.</p> + +<p class='c009'>About this time the Indian traders formed a company +of militia, which I joined with the rank of adjutant and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>lieutenant, under Captain [148] John Macnamara. In +the month of June 1780, news was brought from the +<em>Mississippi</em>, that the Indian traders had deposited their +furs at <i><span lang="fr">La Prairie des Chiens</span></i>, or Dogs’ Field, (where there +is a town of considerable note, built after the Indian +manner) under the care of Mons. Longlad, the king’s +interpreter;<a id='r91'></a><a href='#f91' class='c010'><sup>[91]</sup></a> and that the Americans were in great +force at the <em>Illinois</em>, a town inhabited by different nations, +at the back of the Kentuckey State, under the Spanish +government, who have a fort on the opposite shore, commanded +by an officer and about twelve men, to prevent +illicit trade.<a id='r92'></a><a href='#f92' class='c010'><sup>[92]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>The commanding officer at <em>Michillimakinac</em><a id='r93'></a><a href='#f93' class='c010'><sup>[93]</sup></a> asked me +to accompany a party of Indians and Canadians to the +<em>Mississippi</em>, which I consented to with the utmost cheerfulness. +We left the post with thirty-six Southern +Indians, of the <em>Ottigaumies</em> and <em>Sioux</em> nations, and +twenty<a id='r94'></a><a href='#f94' class='c010'><sup>[94]</sup></a> Canadians, in nine large birch canoes, laden +<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>with Indian presents. After a march of three days I +was taken ill, which I attributed to hard living in the +Nipegon Country; considering, however, the urgency of +the business, and that there was not any one of the party +capable of acting as interpreter, I struggled with my indisposition; +apprehending, also, that if I could not pursue +the journey, I should be exposed to great inconveniences; +and therefore I encreased my endeavours, determined to +risk my life at all hazards.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The fourth day we encamped at Lac les Puans, so +called, I apprehend, from the Indians who reside on the +banks being naturally filthy<a id='r95'></a><a href='#f95' class='c010'><sup>[95]</sup></a>—here we got plenty of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>deer and bears, Indian corn, melons and other fruit. +The Southern Indians have more villages, and are better +civilized than the Northern, the climate being warm, and +nature more prolific, which [149] enables them to raise the +fruits of the earth without much labour. Their houses +are covered with birch bark, and decorated with bows and +arrows, and weapons of war. Their beds are bark and +matts made of rushes.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We pursued our voyage to <em>Ouisconsin</em>, a fine River, +with a strong current for about sixty leagues, which our +canoes ran down in a day and a half; and upon which we +saw an immense quantity of ducks, geese, and other +fowl. On this river we were obliged to unload our +canoes, in order to transport our goods across the portage, +about two miles in length. We encamped on the banks, +and intended setting off at break of day, but one of the +Indians was bitten by a rattlesnake, which Mr. Adair +calls the bright inhabitant of the woods, and which had +fourteen rattles.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Mr. Beatty relates that as he was preaching to the +Indians and others, at a small house near Juniata River, +a rattlesnake crept into the room, but was happily discovered +and killed; and before the people could well recover +themselves, a snake of another kind was discovered +among the assembly, which was also killed without any +other detriment than disturbing the congregation, which +surprised him very much, as it was a matter of astonishment +how these reptiles could crawl into the house without +<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>being offended by some one, and which also excites them +to bite.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Indians say that when a woman is in labour, holding +the tail of a rattlesnake in her hand, and shaking the +rattles, assists her delivery. It is always observable that +the Indians take out the bag which contains [150] the +poison of this venomous reptile, and carry it alive in their +medicine box when they go to war.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This unfortunate accident retarded our journey till +the unhappy sufferer relieved himself by cutting out the +wounded part from the calf of his leg, and applying salt +and gunpowder, and binding it up with the leaves of the +red willow tree; he was soon able to proceed, bearing the +pain with that fortitude for which the Savages are so +eminently distinguished.</p> + +<p class='c009'>At the close of the next day we encamped near the +river, and it rained very hard: the Indians made some +bark huts. One of them walking some distance in the +woods, discovered a small loghouse, in which he found a +white man, with his arms cut off, lying on his back. We +conjectured he had been settled at the spot, and killed by +a bad Indian, which must have happened very recently, as +he was not putrid. Before our departure we buried him.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The next day we arrived at the Forks of the Mississippi, +where were two hundred Indians of the nation of the +Renards, or Foxes, on horseback, armed with spears, +bows and arrows. They did not seem pleased with our +appearance, which <em>Warbishar</em>, the chief of our band, told +me.<a id='r96'></a><a href='#f96' class='c010'><sup>[96]</sup></a> Just before we landed they dismounted, and surveyed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>us. The Sioux asked me if I was afraid; I told +them I had seen a greater number of Savages before, and +more wild than any of the Southern Indians. <em>Warbishar</em> +gave orders to strike ashore. As soon as we landed, the +Renards took our Indians by the hand, and invited them +into their camp. In the space of an hour they prepared a +feast, which consisted of five [151] Indian dogs, bear, +beaver, deer, mountain cat, and racoon, boiled in bear’s +grease, and mixed with huckleberries. After the repast, +the Indians danced and sung. A council was then held, +when the chief of the Renards addressed <em>Warbishar</em> to +this effect.</p> + +<p class='c009'>“Brothers, we are happy to see you; we have no bad +heart against you; although we are not the same nation +by language, our hearts are the same: we are all Indians, +and are happy to hear our great Father has pity on us, +and sends us wherewithal to cover us, and enable us to +hunt.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>To which <em>Warbishar</em> made answer.—“It is true, my +children, our great Father has sent me this way to take +the skins and furs that are in the Dog’s Field, under +captain Longlad’s charge, least the Great Knives (meaning +the Americans)<a id='r97'></a><a href='#f97' class='c010'><sup>[97]</sup></a> should plunder them. I am come +with the white man (meaning me) to give you wherewithal +to cover you, and ammunition to hunt.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>When the speech was finished, we immediately distributed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>the presents, got our canoes into the water, and +left the Renards in the most friendly manner.</p> + +<p class='c009'>After seven days journey we arrived at <i><span lang="fr">La Prairie des +Chiens</span></i>,<a id='r98'></a><a href='#f98' class='c010'><sup>[98]</sup></a> where we found the merchants’ peltry, in +packs, in a loghouse guarded by captain Longlad and +some Indians, who were rejoiced to see us. After resting +some time, we took out about three hundred packs of the +best skins, and filled the canoes. Sixty more which remained, +we burnt, to prevent the enemy from taking +them, having ourselves no [152] room to stow any more, +and proceeded on our journey back to Michillimakinac. +About five days after our departure, we were informed +that the Americans came to attack us, but to their extreme +mortification we were out of their reach. Seventeen +days after leaving <i><span lang="fr">La Prairie des Chiens</span></i>, we arrived +at <i><span lang="fr">Lac les Puans</span></i>, where we found a party of Indians encamped. +The next day we embarked, and arrived at +Michillimakinac, after an absence of eighty days. Soon +after my return, I waited on the commanding officer, +expecting payment for my services; but was referred for +satisfaction to the Indian traders, from whom I never +received any compensation.</p> + +<p class='c009'>By this means I was left destitute even of the necessaries +of life; but I did not remain long in this uncomfortable +situation, for I soon found protection and support among +the Indians; but as their assistance would not afford the +means to appear in civil society, I was under the necessity +of soliciting friendship from the merchants, to enable me +to return to Montreal, which I fortunately obtained. I +<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>left Michillimakinac in the beginning of September, and +arrived at Montreal on the 27th of the same month.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I embraced the first opportunity to call on my old +master, expecting to find him in good health, but alas! +he had paid the debt of nature, and was succeeded by his +nephew, who had been cotemporary clerk with me. +He permitted me to lodge at his house for a fortnight, but +a few days after my abode with him, my situation being +different from what I had experienced during the life +of my old master, I asked him to fit me out with an assortment +of goods for the Indian trade, and promised to remit +him payment in furs. He told me I was welcome to any +[153] goods he had in his store that would suit me, but on +examining the stock, all the merchandise proper for the +Savages was disposed of, and nothing left that would answer +any profitable purpose.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I then left his house, returning him thanks for his +civility; and having procured pecuniary assistance from +a friend, took lodgings in the town, where I stayed some +time. I then went to Quebec, where a gentleman accidentally +hearing that I was out of employ, and knowing +that I could speak the Indian languages, sent for me and +engaged me in his service, to go among the Indians at +Lake Temiscaming,<a id='r99'></a><a href='#f99' class='c010'><sup>[99]</sup></a> or any other situation I might think +most eligible for commerce.</p> + +<p class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>[154] <em>Leave Quebec—Description of the Loretto Indians; +some Remarks relative to an Assertion, that the American +Indians have no Beards.—Mistake the Mercury Packet +of Quebec for an American Privateer.—Proceed on our +Journey, and arrive at our Winter Residence.—Description +of several Sorts of Snakes.—Meet with great +Success, and soon complete our Traffic.—Return to +Quebec.</em></p> + +<p class='c009'>Being furnished with a proper assortment of merchandise, +I left Quebec, and proceeded to Tadousac,<a id='r100'></a><a href='#f100' class='c010'><sup>[100]</sup></a> which +is at the end of the Saguenay River, near the River +St. Laurence. About nine miles from Quebec there is a +village inhabited by the Loretto Indians, who are properly +of the nation of the Hurons.<a id='r101'></a><a href='#f101' class='c010'><sup>[101]</sup></a> They embraced +Christianity, through the means of the Jesuits, and +follow the Catholic religion. The women have remarkable +good voices, and sing hymns in their own language +most charmingly. They cultivate the ground, and bring +the produce to market; and in their manners they are the +most innocent and harmless of all the Savages in North +America. Their houses are decent, and built after the +Canadian fashion; they are an exception to the generality +of Indians, seldom drinking any spirituous liquors; they +are for the most part tall, robust people, and well shaped; +have short black hair, which is shaved off the forehead +from ear to ear, and wear neither caps nor hats. With +<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>regard to their beards, though they are scarcely visible, +they have them in common with all the tribes of Savages; +but having an aversion to excrescences, they carefully +pluck [155] out every hair from the upper jaw and chin +with brass wire, which they twist together in the form of +pincers; and it is well known that all traders carry out +that article of commerce for this express purpose.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Baron de la Hontan seems to have been much mistaken +when, in speaking of the Savages, he says that they have +no beards. Lord Kaims was also in the same error, when +he asserted there is not a single hair on an Indian’s body, +excepting the eyelashes, eyebrows, and hair of the head, +and that there is no appearance of a beard.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This observation Mr. James Adair remarks is utterly +void of foundation, as can be attested by all who have +had any communication with them; and major Robert +Rogers,<a id='r102'></a><a href='#f102' class='c010'><sup>[102]</sup></a> who certainly knew the Indians as well as any +man, says that they <em>totally destroy</em> their beards; which +proves beyond a doubt that they are not naturally <em>imbarbes</em>.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I have been led into these observations from the perusal +of Lord Kaims’s Sketches of the History of Man,<a id='r103'></a><a href='#f103' class='c010'><sup>[103]</sup></a> who +not only insists that the Indians have no beards, but +builds on the hypothesis to prove a local creation.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Tadousac is on the sea side, north of the River St. +Laurence, and inhabited by a few Indians called mountaineers, +who live chiefly on fish;<a id='r104'></a><a href='#f104' class='c010'><sup>[104]</sup></a> and one trader, clerk +to the gentleman in whose service I was engaged.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>There is a French clergyman and a church for the +Indians, who are all Catholics. At this village I remained +a fortnight, during which [156] time the American privateers +were continually cruizing about. One morning +there was a great fog, but we could just discern at a small +distance a vessel: this alarmed the priest and the Indians. +My brother Englishman (the trader who was settled here) +joined with me in soliciting the Indians to stand their +ground, which the priest strongly opposed, though paid +by the British government. This incensed me, and I +insisted on taking some of his flock with me to reconnoitre, +and endeavour to discover what vessel she was, though I +had strong suspicions she was an American privateer. +We went towards the shore, but could not discover the +number of guns she mounted; we returned to our camp, +and all the Indians at my request accompanied me to +attack her. We embarked in canoes, dressed alike, and +as we approached perceived she lay at anchor, and was a +vessel of inconsiderable force, mounting only eight small +swivels. I immediately went on one side of her, and +directed the Indians to the other, to inclose her as much +as we could. Having reached the vessel, I took hold of a +rope and went on board; the captain was alarmed, and +his fears were increased when he saw himself surrounded +with canoes, filled with Savages armed with guns and +tomahawks; however, he advanced towards me, and +clapping me on the shoulder, asked what I wanted? I +was too politic to make any reply at that time. He then +asked me, if I would have some biscuit? I replied, +<em>caween</em>, or no. He shook his head, as much as to say, I +<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>wish I could know what you want. The Indians then +came on board, and the captain having only seven men; +and our number being upwards of forty, well armed, did +not know how to act, but, probably willing to please me, +ordered his men to get some biscuit and rum. Whilst +the sailors were gone, I perceived she was an English vessel, +and then asked the captain in English to whom she +belonged; he was very agreeably surprised, [157] told +me his name was Allcrow, and that he commanded the +Mercury Packet of Quebec. This information gave me +occasion to rejoice we did not take rough means; and +when I communicated the intelligence to the Indians they +were highly pleased, and shook hands with the captain.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The captain then accompanied us to shore in our +canoes, and we landed at our encampment. We afterwards +went to the priest’s house, where we dined. Mr. +Martin, the priest, and myself were invited on board the +next day, when we had an excellent repast, with plenty of +wine and other liquors. Unfortunately we drank too +freely, and returning in the evening, the priest began to +be very angry with me for encouraging the Savages; this +reprehension, with his former conduct, incensed me exceedingly, +and in the heat of passion I threw him overboard, +but by the assistance of the sailors he was saved. +On our landing, our contest led us to blows, but we were +soon parted. When we were recovered from intoxication, +we shook hands, and afterwards remained good +friends.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The next day the Indians were seized with an epidemic +fever, which deprived them of the use of their limbs, and +occasioned a delirium. The disorder attacked me very +severely, but by the friendly assistance of Mr. Martin, who +had a medicine chest, in about three weeks I recovered.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>The winter now advancing very rapidly, and the unavoidable +delay at this post, obliged me to proceed on my +journey on snow shoes, carrying all my goods on Indian +slays, through the woods, and over [158] high mountains.</p> + +<p class='c009'>We travelled twenty-one days, on a deep snow, about +one hundred leagues through the Saguenay country, +which was very fatiguing, till we arrived at a place called +Checootimy;<a id='r105'></a><a href='#f105' class='c010'><sup>[105]</sup></a> about half way up the river on which it +stands the salt water ebbs and flows. Only a few Indians +reside here, and one Indian trader, with whom I wintered, +and hunted, killing a great many animals. Early in the +spring I took my leave of him, and being furnished with +canoes, pursued my journey to St. John’s Lake; from +thence to Panebacash River, to Lake Shaboomoochoine, +which lies northeast of Lake Arbitibis about the distance +of seven days Indian march.<a id='r106'></a><a href='#f106' class='c010'><sup>[106]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>Near the Falls of Panebacash River I landed, and +ascended a high mountain, to survey a large cave, about +two hundred yards deep, and three yards wide at the +mouth. Here I picked up a piece of ore, about three +inches square; the exterior crust was black and very thin, +and when broke, appeared yellow. I brought it to Quebec, +but by some accident lost it, which I lamented exceedingly, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>as some of my friends to whom I shewed it were of opinion +that it was very valuable.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This journey was farther inland, by near eighty leagues, +than any trader had ever been, the only settlement in that +part of Canada being at St. Peter’s Lake, where a French +house was formerly established, and where an English +trader, who was employed by the merchants in whose +service I was engaged, resided.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I arrived at Lake Shaboomoochoine on the 26th of +May, 1781, where I intended only to stay a few days; +but some Indians arrived who assured me that it would +answer my purpose to winter, and promised [159] to supply +me with fish, furs, and skins. This induced me to remain +here; and I built a house suitable for my business, +and kept two Indians with their wives to hunt for me.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 29th we set our nets, and in about four hours +caught abundance of large trout, pike, maskenonjey, +pickerill, and white fish, and as the country abounded +with wild fowl, we were never without two courses at +table, with roots for garden stuff.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 17th of June a band of Indians arrived, who +were agreeably surprised to see a trader at a place +where no one had settled before, and they were particularly +delighted when they heard me speak their own +language.</p> + +<p class='c009'>During my residence here I saw a great many snakes; +and one day in particular as I was walking in the woods, +I discovered one of those reptiles in the grass; the instant +I perceived it, I cut a long stick and dropt it gently on +the snake’s head; it immediately moved, and I could hear +the rattles very distinctly. Whilst I was surveying the +brightness of its colours, which were inexpressibly beautiful, +it was coiling itself round like a rope to dart at me; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>this warned me of my danger, and I took the taper end of +the stick, and let the heavy end fall on its head; the weight +of the blow stunned it, and seizing this opportunity, I +struck it again, which killed it. I measured it, and +judged the length to be at least five feet and an half, and +the thickest part about four inches in circumference, +with nine rattles on the tail, which agreeable to the +general observation, made his age nine years; but I believe +this is not an established fact, as it is uncertain at +what time the rattle begins to appear.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[160] The flesh of this reptile is delicious, and I have +frequently eaten of it with great goût. I have seen the +Indians poison it with the juice of tobacco.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Whilst I am on the subject, though not quite connected +with it, I shall make some observations on the +turkey and black water snake.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The turkey snake is longer than the rattle snake, with +stripes on the back, and a spear at the end of its tail like +an anchor, and a double row of teeth in each jaw. It +takes its name from its voice, which resembles the note of +a wild turkey. In the Mississippi it feeds on wild rice, +which grows among long grass, bearing its head frequently +erect, and makes a noise like a turkey to decoy +it; as the bird approaches, the snake darts its tail into +it, and makes it an easy prey.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The black water snake is used by the Indians when +they go to war; they pull out the teeth, tie the head and +tail together, and fasten it round their bodies, which soon +kills it. They take it off every night, and put it on every +morning.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In travelling from Toniata Creek, on the River St. +Laurence to Pimetiscotyan Landing, on Lake Ontario, +I saw one of these snakes swimming with a flat fish in its +<span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>mouth, which I had the good fortune to shoot, and released +the prisoner from the jaws of death.<a id='r107'></a><a href='#f107' class='c010'><sup>[107]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>I kept a flag constantly flying at my little fort, which the +Indians paid respect to by a salute from their guns. +The band who were at this time with me held a council, +and made me a present of two very large [161] beaver +robes, and several valuable skins, with plenty of provisions, +for which I supplied them with tobacco, rum, +trinkets, and ammunition. Two days after they left me, +and desired me to wait their return, which I promised, +provided they would bring me furs and skins to load the +canoes, and they should be repaid with Indian goods. As +I depended on their punctuality, I remained perfectly +satisfied.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I was then left with two white men, and two Indians +and their wives. We passed our time in hunting and +fishing; and as there were a great many small islands near +us, we made frequent trips to shoot wild fowl, which +enabled us to keep a good table. On one of the islands +we discovered two Indian huts, but from their appearance +no person had visited them for a length of time. +About half a mile from the place we saw a high pole, +daubed over with vermilion paint; on the top were placed +three human skulls, and the bones hung round: the +Indians supposed it had been erected many years. About +an hour before sun set we returned to our wigwam. The +next morning, in the absence of the Indians, the Canadians +assisted me in mixing the rum, and assorting the +goods, to be prepared against the arrival of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>Savages, and to fill up the time, which hung heavy on +our hands.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 24th of June, a band of Indians arrived from +Lake Arbitibis, who brought a considerable quantity +of excellent furs and skins, with dried meat, which I +bartered for. When the bargain was made, I gave them +some rum, as usual upon such occasions, which, after +their long march, highly delighted them. They drank +very plentifully, as I had exceeded the common donation, +but their cargo deserved it; and I always found it my +interest to be generous to them upon a barter.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[162] On their departure, taking an Indian for my +guide, I made a visit to a brother trader, one hundred and +fifty miles from my settlement. I stayed with him about +a fortnight, and was on the point of returning, when two +Indians came to inform me, by the desire of my Canadians, +that a band of Savages waited for me. In about +five days we returned, and I bartered for all their furs.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 16th of July, about fifty Savages came with their +spring hunt, which I also bartered for, though the peltry +was very inferior to what is collected in winter; but as I +was determined to make as good a season as possible, I +was eager to avail myself of every opportunity to increase +my stock.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The latter end of the month, the band who had promised +to return came in, and fulfilled their promise, bringing +a large quantity of furs, which, with the stock I had +collected during their absence, was as much as my canoes +would hold. They also brought intelligence that the +Hudson’s Bay Company had been pillaged of their furs +by the French.<a id='r108'></a><a href='#f108' class='c010'><sup>[108]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>Early in the month of August I made up my packs, and +embarked for Quebec, where I arrived in about six weeks, +to the great joy of my employers, who, from my long absence, +were very uneasy; however, the cargo fully satisfied +them, and convinced them of my industry and integrity +in their service. Being persuaded I had undergone great +fatigue, they made me a handsome present above my +salary, and I quitted their service, and the Indian life, +with a resolution to endeavour to procure an employ less +hazardous, and where I could partake [163] of the pleasures +of society with less fatigue both of body and mind.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I remained some time at Quebec, and intended to pass +my winter there, but my money being nearly exhausted, +and my mind not reconciled to another Indian voyage, I +returned to Montreal, where I found friends to supply +my wants till the spring following.</p> + +<p class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>[164] <em>Visit Fort George.—Remarkable Instance of Courage +in a Mohawk Indian.—Return to England.—Enter +into a new Engagement, and return to Canada, with +Merchandise for the Indian Commerce.</em></p> + +<p class='c009'>In May I took a trip to Fort George, situated on a lake +of the same name, called by the French, <em>Saint Sacrement</em>, +where I stayed with some of the Mohawks, who were +encamped there.<a id='r109'></a><a href='#f109' class='c010'><sup>[109]</sup></a> In the beginning of the French and +Indian war in 1757, there was a remarkable instance of +resolution and cool deliberate courage in one of these +Savages, occasioned by a sentence being passed upon a +soldier to receive five hundred lashes for intoxication.</p> + +<p class='c009'>An Indian known by the name of <em>Silver Heels</em>, from +his superior agility, as well as his admirable finesse in +the art of war, and who had killed more of the enemy than +any one of the tribes in alliance with Great Britain, accidentally +came into the fort just before the soldier was +to receive his punishment, and expressed his displeasure +that a man should be so shamefully disgraced. He went +up to the commanding officer, and asked him what crime +the soldier had committed: the officer not chusing to be +questioned, ordered one of his men to send Silver Heels +away, and to inform him that the company of Indians +<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>was not agreeable on such occasions; <em>Wa! wa!</em> or, Oh! +oh! replied the Savage, but what is the warrior tied up +for? For getting drunk, answered [165] the soldier:—Is +that all? said Silver Heels, then provide another set of +halberts, and tie up your chief, for he gets drunk twice a +day. Having said so, he instantly left the fort, telling +the soldier he should quickly return, to endeavour to +prevent the punishment being inflicted. Soon after the +delinquent was tied up, and the drummers in waiting to +obey orders, Silver Heels returned; and going up to the +officer, with a tomahawk and scalping knife, said to him, +Father, are you a warrior, or do you only think yourself +so? If you are brave, you will not suffer your men to +strike this soldier whilst I am in this fort. Let me advise +you not to spill the good English blood which to-morrow +may be wanted to oppose an enemy.—The officer, turning +upon his heel, answered with an indignant look, that the +soldier had transgressed, and must be flogged.—Well! +replied Silver Heels, then flog him, and we shall soon see +whether you are as brave a warrior as an Indian.</p> + +<p class='c009'>About two days after the officer was riding some distance +from the fort, and Silver Heels was lying flat on his +stomach, according to his usual custom when he watched +to surprize an enemy. The officer passed without perceiving +him, when he instantly sprung up, and laying +hold of the horse’s bridle, told the officer to dismount and +fight him. The officer judging it improper to risk his life +against a Savage, refused to dismount, and endeavoured +to spur his horse. Silver Heels perceiving his intention, +tomahawked the horse, who fell down suddenly, and the +officer rolled on the ground without being hurt. Now, +says Silver Heels, we are on equal terms, and, as you have +a brace of pistols and a sword, you cannot have any objection +<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>to fight me. The officer still refusing, Silver +Heels told him, that he thought himself a warrior when +he ordered one of his white slaves to be flogged for a [166] +breach of martial law, but that he had now forgot the +character he then assumed, or he certainly would have +fought him: and looking very sternly, added, that he had a +great mind to make him change his climate; but as that +mode of proceeding would not answer his purpose, and +sufficiently expose him among his brother warriors, he +might walk home as soon as he pleased; and that to-morrow +morning he would come to the fort with the horse’s +scalp, and relate the circumstance. The officer was +rejoiced to escape so well, though he was obliged to walk +a distance of three miles.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The next morning Silver Heels arrived, and asked to +see the officer, but was denied admission into his presence. +Some of his brother officers came out, and enquired his +business; he related to them the circumstance between +the officer and himself, and exhibited the trophy; adding, +that to-morrow he intended going to war, and should +make a point of taking an old woman prisoner, whom he +should send to take the command of the fort, as the great +chief was only fit to fight with his dog, or cat, when he was +eating, lest they should have more than him. Then +asking for some rum (which was given him), he left the +fort to fulfil his promise, but was soon after killed in an +engagement, fighting manfully at the head of a party of +Mohawks, near the Bloody Pond, joining to Lord Loudon’s +road, in the way to Albany.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Just before the frost set in, I returned to Montreal, and +visited my old Cahnuaga friends, where I amused myself +in the Indian way, as I always preferred their society to +the Canadians; notwithstanding, I occasionally mixed in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>more civilized amusements, and as I danced tolerably +well, my company was generally sought after.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[167] The Canadians are particularly fond of dancing, +from the <em>seigneur</em> to the <em>habitant</em>; and though the meaner +sort of people do not excel in it, there is a peculiar ease, +and careless indifference, which, though it appears too +rustic, is far from being disagreeable. The beverage on +these occasions is sour Spanish red wine, called black +strap; and this, homely as it would be thought in more +refined assemblies, is there considered as a very handsome +manner of treating their friends.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The winter being passed, I determined to go to Quebec, +and endeavour to get a passage to England, not having +any prospect of a permanent settlement in Canada. On +my arrival I put up at a tavern, and lived as moderately +as possible, from necessity more than inclination; for +every one knows that Indian traders, like sailors, are +seldom sufficiently prudent to save much money. Fortunately +for me, I met with an old school-fellow at Quebec, +a captain of a ship, whom I had not seen for sixteen +years. To him I communicated my distressed situation, +and by him was generously relieved. In addition to this +act of kindness, he promised me a free passage to England +on board his vessel, which offer I accepted with pleasure +and gratitude.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having fixed the time of his departure, I took the post, +and went to Montreal to settle my affairs: I then returned +to Quebec, from whence we sailed the 11th day of October, +1783, and put into Newfoundland. When we came +in sight of harbour, several of us requested permission to +take the long boat, and row on shore, which was granted; +but it being a dead calm, we made very little way. We +had not left the ship more than a league, when a southwest +<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>wind sprang up, and retarded us considerably. In +the evening the wind abated, and with hard rowing [168] +we reached the shore about midnight, both fatigued and +hungry. Early in the morning the ship came into harbour, +and had suffered some damage by beating about in +the night, which induced the captain to dispose of the +cargo. On the 9th of November we <a id='t206'></a>left Newfoundland, +on board another vessel: our passage was favourable, +without any remarkable occurrence, and we arrived in +London the 30th of the same month.</p> + +<p class='c009'>My native city, upon my arrival, appeared like a new +world to me, having been absent from England fifteen +years; and it was with difficulty I found any of my old +friends, the greatest part of them in such a length of +time being dead.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In February, 1784, I entered into an engagement with a +relation to return to Canada; and being furnished with a +cargo, left London on the 15th of April following. On +the 20th we got under weigh, and put into Portsmouth, +to take in wines. After a bad and tedious passage of +eleven weeks, we arrived safe at Quebec, from whence +my goods were sent to Montreal in small craft. Unfortunately +the season was too far advanced to suffer me +to attempt going to Michillimakinac, and wintering in +the inlands, as I had no prospect of providing suitable +canoes; nor were my goods properly assorted, and there +was not time sufficient to arrange them, so as to make +the intended voyage. This induced me to consult a +friend upon the occasion, who advised me to dispose of my +goods at public vendue, which I did, at very great loss, so +that I could only remit my friend in London a very small +sum in part of payment. In this adventure nothing succeeded +to my wishes, for by my credulity, and being willing +<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>to retrieve, if possible, the loss I had sustained, I soon +[169] increased my difficulties, so that in a few months +after my arrival, all my schemes failing, I was left totally +destitute.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In February, 1785, I quitted Montreal, and walked +from La Prairie to St. John’s,<a id='r110'></a><a href='#f110' class='c010'><sup>[110]</sup></a> where I accidentally +found a friend who supplied me with money to go to +New York. I proceeded to Stony Point, where I +stayed two days with some loyalist officers, some of whom +accompanied me to Crown Point, where we also stayed +three days.<a id='r111'></a><a href='#f111' class='c010'><sup>[111]</sup></a> We then parted company, and I hired a +slay, which carried me safely to New York, where I +took a lodging, and lived as moderately as I could.</p> + +<p class='c009'>During my residence there, I met a Loretto Savage, +called Indian John, who had been in the American service +all the war, and who waited to receive a reward +for his fidelity, as the Congress were then sitting. He +told me he had been at war for them nine years, had +killed a great many of their enemies, and had only received +a gun, two blankets, three pieces of Indian gartering, +and one hundred dollars in paper money, which +he could not make use of; and as I understood his language +he desired me to render him service by interpreting for +<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>him to the governor. I desired him to call at my lodgings, +and in the mean time I wrote down the circumstances +he had related to me, that I might be prepared, in case I +was sent for at a short notice.</p> + +<p class='c009'>A few days after he explained to me more fully the +nature of his claim, and how he had been trifled with by +Congress. I asked him his reasons for engaging in the +American service; he told me that at the commencement +of the war, the Big Knives (meaning the Americans), had +advised him to turn his heart from the English, and promised +to supply all his [170] wants; and, as an additional +inducement, that they would pay a better price for a +scalp than had been usually given, and at the close of the +war he should have land and stock sufficient to maintain +himself and family: but he was now convinced they only +meant to serve themselves, as he had frequently applied +for a performance of their promises without success; and +that he was determined to get satisfaction some way or +other.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I told him I was not sorry for his disappointments; +that he was a bad Indian for deserting his good father, +who lived on the other side the great water, and who +was universally beloved by all who knew him, particularly +by the Loretto nation; and as the subjects of this +great and good father lived near his village, and gave +every proof of their love and friendship to his nation, +which he could not be ignorant of, I was surprized that +he should suffer his heart to be moved by the changeable +winds, and was sorry to add, that I believed he was the +only Loretto Indian with two minds, and therefore +I was unwilling to say any thing in his behalf before +Congress.</p> + +<p class='c009'>These remarks on his conduct seemed to affect him, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>and he replied, that he hoped, notwithstanding he had +deserted the cause of his great father, he should find me +his friend to attend him when his affair should be taken +under consideration by Congress, as he had not any one +in New York who could serve him so essentially. I told +him, that in spite of my just displeasure, his situation had +melted my heart, and I would not refuse his request.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In about four days he came to acquaint me that Congress +were then sitting, and he believed they would pay +his demand if I would go [171] with him, and interpret to +the governor; but having taken an active part against the +Americans during the war, I would willingly have been +excused. On his urging my promise to him, I could not +resist, and immediately accompanied him to the council, +where Governor Franklin was president, who asked me if +I knew Indian John; I told him, only by seeing him at +New York, and that I came at his particular request to +speak in his behalf. He desired me to assure the Indian +that he might depend on having his demand satisfied +in a few days, and to make his mind easy: this I communicated +to him, with which he seemed perfectly +satisfied.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Soon after he was sent for, and he received an order +on a merchant for one hundred dollars, which being +presented for payment, was not honoured: this incensed +John, and he desired me to tell the merchant, that the +Congress and their agents were all thieves. The merchant +excused himself by saying that the treasury was +very poor, and could not immediately satisfy every demand.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The next day John went again to the governor, and +having acquainted him with the refusal of the draft, received +an order on another merchant, which was duly +<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>honoured.<a id='r112'></a><a href='#f112' class='c010'><sup>[112]</sup></a> John’s heart was quite elated, and in less +than ten days he had disposed of all the money, like a +true Indian, principally in drink.</p> + +<p class='c009'>My interference in favour of the Indian made me well +known, and procured me an introduction to a respectable +mercantile house, from which I got credit for the Indian +trade. Having arranged my cargo, I proceeded in a +vessel to Albany, where I arrived on the 18th of June. +[172] At this place I unloaded my goods, and got them +conveyed in a waggon to Schenectady, where I purchased +two boats. On the 6th of July I proceeded up the Mohawk +River, to the German Flats, where I stayed three +days; during which time a band of Oneida Indians came +and solicited me to winter at their village, which was +about ten days march from Fort Stanwix. I complied +with their request, and set off with twenty-eight horses to +carry my baggage, being obliged to travel through the +woods, and sold my boats to satisfy those from whom I +hired the horses. I arrived safe at the village with all my +goods, but finding the plan was not likely to turn out +advantageous, after a residence with them three weeks, +I bartered for the few skins they had, and having re-purchased +my boats, I left my Indian friends, proceeding +immediately to the Jenesee Lake, where I arrived on the +14th of September.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having landed and secured my goods, I ordered my +men to prepare a house. The chiefs, on hearing of my +<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>arrival, assembled, and came up to me, accompanied by +their young men, expecting presents, which I was obliged +to make; and I asked permission to stay on their ground. +Some consented, and others disapproved; at the last, +after consulting each other, they told me I might go on +with the building. The men immediately proceeded +with cheerfulness and dispatch, in hopes of finishing the +business before their return; but how transitory are all +human events! whilst the men were at work, some Indians +came in great haste to desire my attendance at the council +fire, which was at a small distance from my intended place +of residence. I obeyed the summons, and sat down by +the chiefs, when one of them rose up, and addressed me +to the following effect.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[173] “You are the Sugar, for so you are called in our +tongue, but you must not have too much sweetness on +your lips. All the Oneida Indians say they have heard +that you are only come under a pretence to get our lands +from us; but this must not be, my young warriors will +not suffer any Englishman to settle here. You are like +the great chief, General Johnson, who asked for a spot +of ground, or large bed, to lie on; and when Hendrick, the +chief of the Mohawks, had granted his request, he got +possession of a great quantity of our hunting grounds; +and we have reason to think that you intend to dream us +out of our natural rights.<a id='r113'></a><a href='#f113' class='c010'><sup>[113]</sup></a> We loved Sir William, and +therefore consented to all his requests; but you are a +stranger, and must not take these liberties: therefore, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>my advice is, that you depart to-morrow at break of day, +or you will be plundered by the young warriors, and it +will not be in our power to redress you.”</p> + +<p class='c009'>As I have mentioned a council, I shall describe the +form of a house erected for that purpose near Fort Pitt.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The building is long, with two fires in it at a proper distance +from each other, without any chimney or partition: +the entry into the house is by two doors, one at each end: +over the door the figure of a turtle was drawn, which is +the ensign of the particular tribe: on each doorpost was +cut out the face of an old man, an emblem of that gravity +and wisdom that every senator ought to be possessed of. +On each side, the whole length of the house within, is a +platform, or bed, five feet wide, raised above the floor +one foot and a half, made of broad pieces of wood split, +which serves equally for a bed to sleep on, and a place +to sit down. It is covered with a handsome mat made of +rushes, and at the upper end of the building the king, or +great chief sat.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[174] To return from this digression,—We baled up our +goods, and proceeded to Fort Oswego, which I attempted +to pass, but was prevented by a centinel, who informed me +that no batteau with goods could pass without the commanding +officer’s permission. I told him I was not an +American, and would wait on him to know if he had issued +such orders. I travelled in my Indian dress, and left my +men at the landing, about a mile and a half from the +garrison. I paid my respects to him, and acquainted +him with my situation: he told me he should be very +happy to oblige me, but that it was impossible to pass the +fort without proper credentials; and as I had them not, +he desired me to return to the United States, to prevent +<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>my goods being seized. Notwithstanding this friendly +advice, I was determined to run the risk, and, to my +extreme mortification, they all were seized by the customhouse +officers, by them deposited in the king’s warehouse, +and afterwards condemned.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In this distressed situation, and very ill in health, I went +down in a king’s boat to Cataraqui, where I arrived on +the 8th of November, and took up my abode at Mr. +Howell’s tavern. My indisposition increasing, I was +obliged to keep to my blankets, and had only one faithful +squaw to attend me. In this miserable state I lay some +time, expecting every hour to change my climate, though +determined to use every endeavour to effect a recovery. +At this interesting period my correspondent arrived from +England, and notwithstanding the losses he had sustained +by my imprudence, performed the part of a good +Samaritan, pouring oil and wine into my wounds; and +finding my disorder required medical assistance, desired +a surgeon to attend me, and I was soon sufficiently recovered +to pursue my journey to La Chine, where I +remained some months in preparing the goods which he +brought from England [175] for a Northwest journey +among the Indians, intending to go next spring to Michillimakinac; +<i><span lang="fr">mais la mauvaise fortune qui nous poursuivit +toûjours</span></i>, frustrated all our schemes, and obliged us to +leave La Chine on the 26th of May, 1786, from whence +we proceeded in a large Schenectady boat<a id='r114'></a><a href='#f114' class='c010'><sup>[114]</sup></a> to Oswegatche, +where we stopped a few hours, and landed at a +place called Toniata Creek, where I determined to apply +<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>for five hundred acres of land as a loyalist settler;<a id='r115'></a><a href='#f115' class='c010'><sup>[115]</sup></a> +which being granted me by government, I immediately +felled timber to build a house for the accommodation of +Indians, in hopes of deriving considerable advantages by +barter.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In a few days the Indians came to trade with us, which +gave us encouragement, and at the same time flattered +us with the pleasing ideas of succeeding in commerce: +but some affairs requiring my friend’s attendance at +Montreal, trade suffered a temporary suspense, and at +his return he told me that we must leave our quarters, +for he was apprehensive of a seizure for an English debt.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In this cruel dilemma, flight was our only security, +and we embarked all our goods on board a large batteau, +and proceeded to Pimitiscotyan landing upon Lake +Ontario, where we entered a creek, and found accommodation +at a trader’s house. The next morning we prepared +a house for trade, and for some days went on successfully; +but our happiness was of short duration, for an +officer pursued us, and took possession of all the effects +he could find, even to the tent which sheltered us from +the weather, and carried them down to Montreal, where +they were sold for less than one fourth part of their +original cost and charges.—Thus circumstanced, without +any property to trade with, we came down [176] to +the Bay of Kenty, and resided there ten months among +the loyalist settlers, whose hospitality tended to soften the +rigour of distress, and alleviate my sorrows. Early in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>spring, 1786, we crossed over to Carlton Island, and from +thence to Fort Oswego, intending to go into the United +States by that post; but not having any pass, we were not +allowed to pursue our journey. In this mortifying +situation I advised my friend to adopt another plan, and +procured a conveyance to Salmon Creek, about twenty +miles from the Fort. Here we rested one day, and with +five pounds of pork, and two loaves of bread, we set off +on foot, escorted by a squaw, expecting to reach Fort +Stanwix in about four days; but the old path was entirely +obliterated, and we were obliged to return in the +evening to the creek, disappointed in the attempt. Unwilling +to make another effort, we agreed to return to +Fort Oswego, and though the distance was not more than +twenty miles, we were six days before we reached the +garrison.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In this expedition my friend suffered great hardships, +not being accustomed to sleep in the woods; and having +also a knapsack with about thirty pounds weight to carry, +grieved him exceedingly: the shortness of provisions increased +the distress, for it cannot be supposed that five +pounds of pork, and two loaves of bread, would last +three persons any length of time.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Previous to our journey’s end, we were twelve hours +without any sustenance, except wild onions; but fortunately +we found on the sand about one hundred and forty +birds eggs, which we boiled, and eagerly devoured, notwithstanding +the greatest part had young birds in them, +with small down on their bodies.</p> + +<p class='c009'>[177] On our arrival at the fort, the commanding officer +rallied us on our attempt; and taking my friend aside, advised +him either to return to Montreal, or go up to Niagara, +as he was sure he was not equal to the fatigue of an Indian +<span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>life. He followed the officer’s advice, and left me at the +fort, which I soon afterwards quitted, and went down to +Montreal; from thence I got a conveyance to Quebec; and +being greatly distressed, applied to Lord Dorchester for +relief, who generously directed his aid de camp to accompany +me to Lieut. General Hope,<a id='r116'></a><a href='#f116' class='c010'><sup>[116]</sup></a> and strongly recommended +me to his notice, to be employed in an Indian +capacity. Being in some measure relieved, and supplied +with a few dollars and other necessaries, I was sent up to +Cataraqui.</p> + +<p class='c009'>I left Quebec, and arrived at Montreal on the 14th +of July: the next day I pursued my journey on foot, but +seeing two Indians of my acquaintance in a canoe, and +having some money in my pocket to buy rum, I hired +them to convey me to Cataraqui, and in our way we +killed plenty of game.</p> + +<p class='c009'>On the 19th of August I delivered my credentials to +the proper officer, but he could not render me any service; +however, he recommended me, by letter, to his +friend at Carlton Island, where Sir John Johnson<a id='r117'></a><a href='#f117' class='c010'><sup>[117]</sup></a> was +<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>waiting for a vessel to convey him to Niagara, to hold a +council with the Indians: fortunately I procured an interview +with him, and communicating to him my situation, +he ordered me to be in readiness to assist as interpreter +at his return. On the 18th of September, Sir +John Johnson met us at the head of the bay of Kenty; the +instant the Indians heard of his arrival, they saluted him +with a discharge of small arms, and having received +some rum, they danced and sung all night [178] their +war songs; one of them I particularly noticed, which was +to the following effect:—</p> + +<p class='c009'>“At last our good father is arrived, he has broken the +small branches, and cleared his way to meet us. He has +given us presents in abundance, and only demands this +large bed (meaning a considerable tract of land which +was described on a map).”</p> + +<p class='c009'>At twelve o’clock the next day a council was held, and +Sir John laid his map before them, desiring a tract of land +from Toronto to Lake Huron. This the Indians agreed +to grant him, and the deed of gift being shewn them, it was +signed by the chiefs’ affixing the emblem, or figure of +their respective totams, as their signatures.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Sir John Johnson then left them, and embarked for +Cataraqui, the capital of the loyalist settlements.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Previous to his departure, I made him more fully acquainted +with my distressed situation and procured from +him a temporary supply, which enabled me to go down +<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>to the third Township in the Bay of Kenty,<a id='r118'></a><a href='#f118' class='c010'><sup>[118]</sup></a> where I +stayed with my loyalist friends till the spring of 1787; +during which time I had frequent opportunities of making +observations on the flourishing state of the new settlements.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The settlements of loyalists in Canada, bid fair to be a +valuable acquisition to Great Britain; and in case of a +war with the United States, will be able to furnish not +only some thousands of veteran troops, but a rising generation +of a hardy race of men, whose principles during [179] +the last war stimulated them to every exertion, even at +the expence of their property, families, and friends, in +support of the cause they so warmly espoused. There +was, however, when I resided in the country, one cause +of complaint, which, though it may not immediately +affect the welfare and prosperity of the present inhabitants, +or prevent an encrease of population, in proportion +to the unlocated lands, is big with impending danger, and +which, for the satisfaction of the public, I shall endeavour +to explain.</p> + +<p class='c009'>All the land from Point au Baudet (the beginning of +the loyalist settlements on the River St. Laurence), to +the head of the bay of Kenty, which at this period I am +informed, contains at least ten thousand souls, is said +to be liable to the old feudal system of the French seigneuries; +the lords of which claim title to receive some rent, +or exercise some paramount right, which, though it may +be at present very insignificant, and which perhaps may +never be insisted on, renders every man dependent on +<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>the lord of the manor, and, in process of time, as land +becomes more valuable, the raising these rents, or the +exercise of these rights, may occasion frequent disputes: +I think therefore, with submission to our government, +that as many hundreds of Americans are now settled +there, and doubtless many more may occasionally migrate +from the United States, either from being disgusted with +the polity of the country, or from an idea of reaping +greater benefits as subjects of Great Britain, it behoves +us to remove every obstacle of subserviency, and either +by purchase, or any other mode Administration shall +think fit to adopt, render all the lands in Canada, granted +to loyalist subjects, or others who have, or may voluntarily +take the oaths of allegiance, as free as those in Nova +Scotia.<a id='r119'></a><a href='#f119' class='c010'><sup>[119]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c009'>[180] Men who have been engaged in their country’s +cause from the best of principles, should have every +possible indulgence; and in proportion as they have been +deprived of comforts by the desolation of war, they +should be recompensed without any partial restrictions, +and the remainder of their days rendered as happy as +the government they live under can make them.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The population of these new settlements, and their +parallel situation with Fort Oswegatche, Carleton Island, +Oswego, and Niagara, evince, perhaps, more forcibly +than ever, the propriety of retaining these barriers in our +possession, which, in the former part of this work, I +have fully explained; and as the third Township alone +(which is nine miles square) contained, in the year 1787, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>about seventeen hundred inhabitants, it is difficult to +say what number of valuable subjects that country may +hereafter produce; certain it is, that it is capable of supporting +multitudes, as the land is in general fertile, and +on an average produces about thirty bushels of wheat +per acre, even in the imperfect manner in which it is +cleared, leaving all the stumps about three feet high, and +from five to ten trees on an acre. This mode of clearing +is in fact absolutely necessary, because new cultivated +lands in hot climates require shelter, to prevent the +scorching heat of the sun, which, in its full power, would +burn up the seed. It has also been found expedient in +stony ground to let the stones remain, as they retain a +moisture favorable to vegetation.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In the month of May I left the new settlements, and +went down to Montreal, and from thence to Quebec, +where I waited on Lord Dorchester, but could not gain +admittance. I was afterwards informed [181] that his +lordship was indisposed. I then went to Lieut General +Hope’s, but he had embarked for England.</p> + +<p class='c009'>So many mortifying disappointments affected me very +sensibly, but as discouragements generally encreased my +exertions, I was more assiduous in my endeavours to +live, and whilst I was contriving schemes for future support, +I received a supply from a friend: so seasonable a +relief braced up all my nerves, and I felt a pleasure that +can scarce be conceived by any but such as have experienced +hardships and difficulties similar to mine.</p> + +<p class='c009'>My heart being cheered, and every gloomy thought +dispersed, I determined to leave the country whilst I had +money in my pocket. Having found another friend to +sign a pass, I went on board a ship then lying in the River +St. Laurence, on the 25th of October, and arrived in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>London the beginning of December following, rejoiced +at again setting foot on my native shore.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Having finished the historical part of my work, I have +only to solicit the candid indulgence of the public for any +literary errors I may have been guilty of; and with great +respect to convey to them an humble hope that the +Voyages and Travels, together with the Vocabulary +subjoined, may not be found totally unworthy their +attention.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span> + <h2 class='c005'>VOCABULARY</h2> +</div> + +<table class='table0'> +<colgroup> +<col class='colwidth50'> +<col class='colwidth50'> +</colgroup> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Esquimeaux</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Arrow</td> + <td class='c019'>Kátso</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bow</td> + <td class='c019'>Petíksick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Boat</td> + <td class='c019'>Kágak</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dog</td> + <td class='c019'>Mické, or Tímitok</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eye</td> + <td class='c019'>Killick, or Shik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Egg</td> + <td class='c019'>Manneguk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ear</td> + <td class='c019'>Tehiu</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Four (number)</td> + <td class='c019'>Missílagat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Foot</td> + <td class='c019'>Itikak</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hair</td> + <td class='c019'>Nutshad</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Heaven</td> + <td class='c019'>Taktuck, or Nabugákshe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Head</td> + <td class='c019'>Níakock</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Knife</td> + <td class='c019'>Shavié</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Moon</td> + <td class='c019'>Tákock</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Oar</td> + <td class='c019'>Pácotick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>One (number)</td> + <td class='c019'>Kombuc</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sun</td> + <td class='c019'>Shíkonac, or Sakáknuc</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Two (number)</td> + <td class='c019'>Tigal</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Three (number)</td> + <td class='c019'>Ké</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rain</td> + <td class='c019'>Kíllaluck</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tooth</td> + <td class='c019'>Ukak</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Water</td> + <td class='c019'>Sillakákto</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='lg-container-l'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>N. B. <em>Esquimeau, in the singular Number, means an Eater of raw Flesh.</em></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<table class='table1'> +<colgroup> +<col class='colwidth50'> +<col class='colwidth50'> +</colgroup> + <tr><td class='c020' colspan='2'><span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'>[184] <em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Iroquois</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>One</td> + <td class='c019'>Uskat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Two</td> + <td class='c019'>Tekkeny</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Three</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Four</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Five</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Six</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seven</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eight</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nine</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ten</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyéry</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eleven</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyéry uskat yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Twelve</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyéry tekkeny yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thirteen</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyéry aghsey yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fourteen</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyéry kayeery yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fifteen</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyéry wisk yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sixteen</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyéry yàyak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seventeen</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyéry tsyàdak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eighteen</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyéry sadégo yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nineteen</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyéry tyoughtow yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Twenty</td> + <td class='c019'>Towwaghsey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Twenty one</td> + <td class='c019'>Towwaghsey uskat yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Twenty two</td> + <td class='c019'>Towwaghsey tekkeny yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Twenty three</td> + <td class='c019'>Towwaghsey aghsey yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Twenty four</td> + <td class='c019'>Towwaghsey kayeery yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Twenty five</td> + <td class='c019'>Towwaghsey wisk yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'>[185] <em>Algonkin</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Chippeway</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Payjik</td> + <td class='c019'>Payshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninch</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naran</td> + <td class='c019'>Narnan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootwassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Swosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shongassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Metosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ashy payjik</td> + <td class='c019'>Metosswoy asshea payshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ashy ninch</td> + <td class='c019'>Metosswoy asshea neesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ashy nissoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Metosswoy asshea neesswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ashy neoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Metosswoy asshea neon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ashy naran</td> + <td class='c019'>Metosswoy asshea narnan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ashy ningootwassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Metosswoy asshea negutwosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ashy ninchowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Metosswoy asshea neeshswosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ashy nissowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Metosswoy asshea swosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ashy shongassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Metosswoy asshea shangosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchtànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh tanner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchtànà ashy payjik</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh tanner asshea payshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchtànà ashy ninch</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh tanner asshea neesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchtànà ashy nissoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh tanner asshea neesswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchtànà ashy neoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh tanner asshea neon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchtànà ashy naran</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh tanner asshea narnan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'>[186] <em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Iroquois</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Twenty six</td> + <td class='c019'>Towwaghsey yàyak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Twenty seven</td> + <td class='c019'>Towwaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Twenty eight</td> + <td class='c019'>Towwaghsey sadégo yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Twenty nine</td> + <td class='c019'>Towwaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thirty</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey newaghsey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thirty one</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey newaghsey uskat yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thirty two</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thirty three</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey newaghsey aghsey yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thirty four</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey newaghsey kayeery yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thirty five</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey newaghsey wisk yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thirty six</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey newaghsey yàyak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thirty seven</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thirty eight</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey newaghsey sadégo yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thirty nine</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Forty</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery newaghsey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Forty one</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery newaghsey uskat yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'>[187] <em>Algonkin</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Chippeway</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchtànà ashy ningootwassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh tanner asshea negutwosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchtànà ashy ninchowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh tanner asshea neeshswosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchtànà ashy nissowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh tanner asshea swosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchtànà ashy shongassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh tanner asshea shangosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nisso metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Neess semmettenner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissoo metànà ashy payjik</td> + <td class='c019'>Neess semmettenner asshea payshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissoo metànà ashy ninch</td> + <td class='c019'>Neess semmettenner asshea neesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissoo metànà ashy nissoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neess semmettenner asshea neesswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissoo metànà ashy neoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neess semmettenner asshea neon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissoo metànà ashy naran</td> + <td class='c019'>Neess semmettenner asshea narnan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissoo metànà ashy ningootwassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neess semmettenner asshea negutwosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissoo metànà ashy ninchowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neess semmettenner asshea neeshswosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissoo metànà ashy nissowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neess semmettenner asshea swosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissoo metànà ashy shongassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neess semmettenner asshea shangosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon mettenner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neoo metànà ashy payjik</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon mettenner asshea payshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Iroquois</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Forty two</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Forty three</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery newaghsey aghsey yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Forty four</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery newaghsey kayeery yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Forty five</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery newaghsey wisk yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Forty six</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery newaghsey yàyak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[188]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Forty seven</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Forty eight</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery newaghsey sadégo yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Forty nine</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fifty</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk newaghsey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fifty one</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk newaghsey uskat yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fifty two</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fifty three</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk newaghsey aghsey yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fifty four</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk newaghsey kayeery yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fifty five</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk newaghsey wisk yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fifty six</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk newaghsey yàyak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>Algonkin</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Chippeway</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neoo metànà ashy ninch</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon mettenner asshea neesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neoo metànà ashy nissoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon mettenner asshea neesswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neoo metànà ashy neoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon mettenner asshea neon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neoo metànà ashy naran</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon mettenner asshea narnan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neoo metànà ashy ningootwassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon mettenner asshea negutwosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[189]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neoo metànà ashy ninchowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon mettenner asshea neeshswosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neoo metànà ashy nissowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon mettenner asshea swosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neoo metànà ashy shongassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon mettenner asshea shangosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naran metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar mettenner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naran metànà ashy payjik</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar mettenner asshea payshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naran metànà ashy ninch</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar mettenner asshea neesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naran metànà ashy nissoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar mettenner asshea neesswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naran metànà ashy neoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar mettenner asshea neon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naran metànà ashy naran</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar mettenner asshea narnan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naran metànà ashy ningootwassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar mettenner asshea negutwosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Iroquois</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fifty seven</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fifty eight</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk newaghsey sadégo yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fifty nine</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sixty</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak newaghsey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sixty one</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak newaghsey uskat yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sixty two</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sixty three</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak newaghsey aghsey yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sixty four</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak newaghsey kayeery yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sixty five</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak newaghsey wisk yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[190]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sixty six</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak newaghsey yàyak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sixty seven</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sixty eight</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak newaghsey sadégo yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sixty nine</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seventy</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak newaghsey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seventy one</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak newaghsey uskat yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>Algonkin</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Chippeway</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naran metànà ashy ninchowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar mettenner asshea neeshswosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naran metànà ashy nissowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar mettenner asshea swosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naran metànà ashy shongassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar mettenner asshea shangosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootwassoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwoss semmettenner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootwassoo metànà ashy payjik</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwoss semmettenner asshea payshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootwassoo metànà ashy ninch</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwoss semmettenner asshea neesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootwassoo metànà ashy nissoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwoss semmettenner asshea neesswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootwassoo metànà ashy neoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwoss semmettenner asshea neon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootwassoo metànà ashy naran</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwoss semmettenner asshea narnan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[191]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootwassoo metànà ashy ningootwassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwoss semmettenner asshea negutwosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootwassoo metànà ashy ninchowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwoss semmettenner asshea neeshswosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootwassoo metànà ashy nissowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwoss semmettenner asshea swosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootwassoo metànà ashy shongassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwoss semmettenner asshea shangosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchowassoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswoss semmettenner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchowassoo metànà ashy payjik</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea payshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Iroquois</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seventy two</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seventy three</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak newaghsey aghsey yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seventy four</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak newaghsey kayeery yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seventy five</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak newag[h]sey wisk yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seventy six</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak newaghsey yàyak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seventy seven</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seventy eight</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak newaghsey sadégo yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seventy nine</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[192]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eighty</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo newaghsey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eighty one</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo newaghsey uskat yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eighty two</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eighty three</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo newaghsey aghsey yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eighty four</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo newaghsey kayeery yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eighty five</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo newaghsey wisk yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eighty six</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo newaghsey yàyak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>Algonkin</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Chippeway</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchowassoo metànà ashy ninch</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea neesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchowassoo metànà ashy nissoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea neesswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchowassoo metànà ashy neoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea neon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchowassoo metànà ashy naran</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea narnan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchowassoo metànà ashy ningootwassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea negutwosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchowassoo metànà ashy ninchowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea neeshswosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchowassoo metànà ashy nissowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea swosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninchowassoo metànà ashy shongassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea shangosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[193]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissowassoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Swoss semmettenner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissowassoo metànà ashy payjik</td> + <td class='c019'>Swoss semmettenner asshea payshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissowassoo metànà ashy ninch</td> + <td class='c019'>Swoss semmettenner asshea neesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissowassoo metànà ashy nissoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Swoss semmettenner asshea neesswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissowassoo metànà ashy neoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Swoss semmettenner as[s]hea neon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissowassoo metànà ashy naran</td> + <td class='c019'>Swoss semmettenner asshea narnan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissowassoo metànà ashy ningootwassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Swoss semmettenner asshea negatwosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Iroquois</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eighty seven</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eighty eight</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo newaghsey sadégo yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eighty nine</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninety</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow newaghsey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninety one</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow newaghsey uskat yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninety two</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninety three</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow newaghsey aghsey yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninety four</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow newaghsey kayeery yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninety five</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow newaghsey wisk yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninety six</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow newaghsey yàyak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[194]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninety seven</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninety eight</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow newaghsey sadégo yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninety nine</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>One hundred</td> + <td class='c019'>Uskat towaneyow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Two hundred</td> + <td class='c019'>Tekkeny towaneyow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Three hundred</td> + <td class='c019'>Aghsey towaneyow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Four hundred</td> + <td class='c019'>Kayeery towaneyow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>Algonkin</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Chippeway</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissowassoo metànà ashy ninchowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Swoss semmettenner asshea neeshswosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissowassoo metànà ashy nissowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Swoss semmettenner asshea swosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nissowassoo metànà ashy shongassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Swoss semmettenner asshea shangosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shongassoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangoss semmettenner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shongassoo metànà ashy payjik</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangoss semmettenner asshea payshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shongassoo metànà ashy ninch</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangoss semmettenner asshea neesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shongassoo metànà ashy nissoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangoss semmettenner asshea neesswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shongassoo metànà ashy neoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangoss semmettenner asshea neon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shongassoo metànà ashy naran</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangoss semmettenner asshea narnan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shongassoo metànà ashy ningootwassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangoss semmettenner asshea negutwosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[195]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shongassoo metànà ashy ninchowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangoss semmettenner asshea neeshswosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shongassoo metànà ashy nissowassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangoss semmettenner asshea swosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shongassoo metànà ashy shongassoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangoss semmettenner asshea shangosswoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Negut wauk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ninchtànà metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesh wauk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo nissoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesswoy wauk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo neoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Neon wauk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Iroquois</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Five hundred</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisk towaneyow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Six hundred</td> + <td class='c019'>Yàyak towaneyow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seven hundred</td> + <td class='c019'>Tsyàdak towaneyow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eight hundred</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadégo towaneyow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nine hundred</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoughtow towaneyow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>One thousand</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyéry towaneyow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>Algonkin</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Chippeway</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo naran metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar wauk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ningootwassoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Negutwoss wauk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo ninchowasso metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeshswoss wauk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo nissowassoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Swoss wauk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo shongassoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Shangoss wauk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metassoo metassoo metànà</td> + <td class='c019'>Metosswoy kitchee wauk</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span> + <h3 class='c011'>A TABLE OF WORDS</h3> +</div> +<p class='c012'>[196] <em>Shewing, in a variety of Instances, the Difference as well as Analogy between the Algonkin and Chippeway Languages, with the English Explanation.</em></p> + +<table class='table1'> +<colgroup> +<col class='colwidth33'> +<col class='colwidth33'> +<col class='colwidth33'> +</colgroup> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>English</em></th> + <th class='c017'><em>Algonkin</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Chippeway</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To abandon, or forsake</td> + <td class='c006'>Packiton</td> + <td class='c019'>Packitan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To arrive at a place</td> + <td class='c006'>Takouchin</td> + <td class='c019'>Takooshin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To assist</td> + <td class='c006'>Mawinewah</td> + <td class='c019'>Mawinewah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To alter, or change</td> + <td class='c006'>Miscoush</td> + <td class='c019'>Mishcoot</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To amuse, or play</td> + <td class='c006'>Packeguay</td> + <td class='c019'>Athtergain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To beat, or bruise</td> + <td class='c006'>Packité</td> + <td class='c019'>Packettywaun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To believe</td> + <td class='c006'>Tilerimah, or tikerimah</td> + <td class='c019'>Indenendum gwoyack</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To be willing</td> + <td class='c006'>Wisch</td> + <td class='c019'>Cannar, or cunner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To call</td> + <td class='c006'>Tychintkaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Nandootum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To carry</td> + <td class='c006'>Petou, or peta</td> + <td class='c019'>Keemarjemet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To dance</td> + <td class='c006'>Nemeh</td> + <td class='c019'>Nemeh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To do, or make</td> + <td class='c006'>Toshiton</td> + <td class='c019'>Ojeytoon, or Tojeytoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[197]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To dwell, or stay</td> + <td class='c006'>Tapia</td> + <td class='c019'>Appay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To drink</td> + <td class='c006'>Minikwah</td> + <td class='c019'>Minniquah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To eat</td> + <td class='c006'>Wissin</td> + <td class='c019'>Wissinnin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To freeze</td> + <td class='c006'>Kissim</td> + <td class='c019'>Mushcowwartin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To fall</td> + <td class='c006'>Ponkisin</td> + <td class='c019'>Ponkissin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To find</td> + <td class='c006'>Nantounewaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbermeco</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To go by water</td> + <td class='c006'>Pimmiscaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Pamiskian, or pemiskar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To go by land</td> + <td class='c006'>Teja</td> + <td class='c019'>Papamôtay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To give</td> + <td class='c006'>Millaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Darmissey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To govern</td> + <td class='c006'>Tibarimaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Tibarimaw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To have</td> + <td class='c006'>Tindala</td> + <td class='c019'>Arwayyor</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To hunt</td> + <td class='c006'>Keoussey</td> + <td class='c019'>Geosay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To hate</td> + <td class='c006'>Shinguerimaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Nesharquish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To keep</td> + <td class='c006'>Ganawerimaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Gannewainnemar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To kill</td> + <td class='c006'>Nesa</td> + <td class='c019'>Gunnesar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To know</td> + <td class='c006'>Kekerindan</td> + <td class='c019'>Keecannawendan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To love, or love</td> + <td class='c006'>Sakiar</td> + <td class='c019'>Zargay, or zargeytoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To lose</td> + <td class='c006'>Packilague</td> + <td class='c019'>Winnetoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To laugh</td> + <td class='c006'>Kapy</td> + <td class='c019'>Pawpy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To lie down</td> + <td class='c006'>Weepemaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Neperhan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To meet</td> + <td class='c006'>Nantoonewar</td> + <td class='c019'>Neewatch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[198]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To marry</td> + <td class='c006'>Weewin</td> + <td class='c019'>Tuckunnumkewish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To make water</td> + <td class='c006'>Minsy</td> + <td class='c019'>Meesesay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To make fire, & cook</td> + <td class='c006'>Pootawee</td> + <td class='c019'>Pooterway chebockwoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To pay</td> + <td class='c006'>Tipaham</td> + <td class='c019'>Guddyparhan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>To please</td> + <td class='c006'>Mirowerrindan</td> + <td class='c019'>Mirrowerrindan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To perspire</td> + <td class='c006'>Matootoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Matootoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To run</td> + <td class='c006'>Pitcheba</td> + <td class='c019'>Squamich</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To row</td> + <td class='c006'>Pimisca</td> + <td class='c019'>Pemishkar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To sit down</td> + <td class='c006'>Mantippy</td> + <td class='c019'>Mantetappy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To seek</td> + <td class='c006'>Nantawerima</td> + <td class='c019'>Warcharch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To sing</td> + <td class='c006'>Sheshin</td> + <td class='c019'>Najemoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To steal</td> + <td class='c006'>Kemootin</td> + <td class='c019'>Keemôtyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To sleep</td> + <td class='c006'>Nepa</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To smoke a pipe</td> + <td class='c006'>Saggasoy</td> + <td class='c019'>Suggersoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To speak</td> + <td class='c006'>Galoola</td> + <td class='c019'>Debarchim, or debarchemon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To see</td> + <td class='c006'>Wabemo</td> + <td class='c019'>Wabemat, or wabemor</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To take</td> + <td class='c006'>Takoonan</td> + <td class='c019'>Tarpenan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To think</td> + <td class='c006'>Tilelindan</td> + <td class='c019'>Indenendum, or indenind</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To tell</td> + <td class='c006'>Teta</td> + <td class='c019'>Gudjey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To throw away, or repudiate</td> + <td class='c006'>Webenan</td> + <td class='c019'>Waybenan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[199]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To understand</td> + <td class='c006'>Nistotawa</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesstootewar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To vex</td> + <td class='c006'>Iskatissey</td> + <td class='c019'>Annascartissey, or nishcartissey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To walk, or go</td> + <td class='c006'>Pemousse</td> + <td class='c019'>Pamôsay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To win</td> + <td class='c006'>Packitan</td> + <td class='c019'>Warmatt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Axe</td> + <td class='c006'>Ajackwet</td> + <td class='c019'>Ajackquoit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Above, or high</td> + <td class='c006'>Spimink</td> + <td class='c019'>Ishpemeg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>After, or afterwards</td> + <td class='c006'>Mipidach</td> + <td class='c019'>Ningoot</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>And</td> + <td class='c006'>Gaye, or mipigaye</td> + <td class='c019'>Ashea</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Another</td> + <td class='c006'>Coutak</td> + <td class='c019'>Ningootch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Again, or yet</td> + <td class='c006'>Menawatch</td> + <td class='c019'>Meenewatch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>All</td> + <td class='c006'>Kakina</td> + <td class='c019'>Cockinnor</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Always, wherever</td> + <td class='c006'>Kakeli</td> + <td class='c019'>Cargoneek, or memarmo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Breech clout</td> + <td class='c006'>Kepokitty kousah</td> + <td class='c019'>Oncean</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beard</td> + <td class='c006'>Mischiton</td> + <td class='c019'>Opeewyesky</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Barrel</td> + <td class='c006'>Ayoentagun</td> + <td class='c019'>Owentagun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ball, or large shot</td> + <td class='c006'>Alwin</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee anwin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bottle</td> + <td class='c006'>Sheshegouay</td> + <td class='c019'>Môtay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beaver</td> + <td class='c006'>Amik</td> + <td class='c019'>Amik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beaver skin</td> + <td class='c006'>Appiminiquy</td> + <td class='c019'>Appiminiquy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Body</td> + <td class='c006'>Yao</td> + <td class='c019'>Yoe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[200]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Blankets</td> + <td class='c006'>Wabiwyan</td> + <td class='c019'>Waperwoyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Breech</td> + <td class='c006'>Miskousah</td> + <td class='c019'>Peckqueen dorsow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bear</td> + <td class='c006'>Mackquah</td> + <td class='c019'>Mackquah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bear cub</td> + <td class='c006'>Makons</td> + <td class='c019'>Mackconce, or Mackquaconce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bread, or flour</td> + <td class='c006'>Paboushikan</td> + <td class='c019'>Pockquoisigan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Broth, or soup</td> + <td class='c006'>Wabou</td> + <td class='c019'>Shoanarboop</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bag</td> + <td class='c006'>Maskimout</td> + <td class='c019'>Muchcomat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Blood</td> + <td class='c006'>Miskoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Misquy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bark bowl, or cup</td> + <td class='c006'>Oulagan</td> + <td class='c019'>Onagun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Belly</td> + <td class='c006'>Mishemout</td> + <td class='c019'>Ishquamach</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Brother</td> + <td class='c006'>Necanish</td> + <td class='c019'>Shemayn</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>Bowels</td> + <td class='c006'>Olakick</td> + <td class='c019'>Onuggesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Birds, or fowl</td> + <td class='c006'>Pilé</td> + <td class='c019'>Pinneyshis</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Because</td> + <td class='c006'>Mewinch</td> + <td class='c019'>Mewinch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Black</td> + <td class='c006'>Negao</td> + <td class='c019'>Mackcutty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Big</td> + <td class='c006'>Mentitoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Menditoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Coats</td> + <td class='c006'>Capotewian</td> + <td class='c019'>Piskawagan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Canoe</td> + <td class='c006'>Cheeman</td> + <td class='c019'>Cheeman</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Companion, or friend</td> + <td class='c006'>Neechee</td> + <td class='c019'>Neejee, or Neecarnis</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Captain, or chief</td> + <td class='c006'>Okemaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Okemaw, or Ojemaw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Captain, or head warrior</td> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee okemaw semauganish</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee Okemaw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Child, or children</td> + <td class='c006'>Bobeloshin</td> + <td class='c019'>Queebesince</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Courage</td> + <td class='c006'>Taquamissi</td> + <td class='c019'>Taguamissy, or Haguamissy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[201]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Covetous</td> + <td class='c006'>Sasakissy</td> + <td class='c019'>Sazargesay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cold</td> + <td class='c006'>Kekatch</td> + <td class='c019'>Geessennar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Duck, wild</td> + <td class='c006'>Sheeship</td> + <td class='c019'>Sheeshib</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dust</td> + <td class='c006'>Pingway</td> + <td class='c019'>Pingo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Deer</td> + <td class='c006'>Awaskesh</td> + <td class='c019'>Awaskesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dog</td> + <td class='c006'>Alim</td> + <td class='c019'>Anim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dog, puppy</td> + <td class='c006'>Alimons</td> + <td class='c019'>Animonce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Day, or days</td> + <td class='c006'>Okonogat</td> + <td class='c019'>Ogunnegat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dart</td> + <td class='c006'>Sheshikwee</td> + <td class='c019'>Aysquish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dish</td> + <td class='c006'>Mackoan</td> + <td class='c019'>Mackoan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dead</td> + <td class='c006'>Neepoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neepoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Devil, or Bad Spirit</td> + <td class='c006'>Matchee Mannitoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee Mannitoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dance of Savages</td> + <td class='c006'>Sheshequoy</td> + <td class='c019'>Shessaquoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>Drunk</td> + <td class='c006'>Ousquibby</td> + <td class='c019'>Squibby, or Osquibby</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Done, it is done, or past</td> + <td class='c006'>Sheyar</td> + <td class='c019'>Shyyar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Elk</td> + <td class='c006'>Mons</td> + <td class='c019'>Moouse</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eye</td> + <td class='c006'>Ouskinshik</td> + <td class='c019'>Wiskinky</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>English</td> + <td class='c006'>Outsakamink dachereni</td> + <td class='c019'>Saggonash</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Equal</td> + <td class='c006'>Tabiscooch</td> + <td class='c019'>Tabiscoach</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Each</td> + <td class='c006'>Paypayjik</td> + <td class='c019'>Papayjit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Enough</td> + <td class='c006'>Mimilic</td> + <td class='c019'>Mee, or mimilic</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fire steel</td> + <td class='c006'>Scoutykan</td> + <td class='c019'>Squittycan, or Scotaycan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fire</td> + <td class='c006'>Scoute</td> + <td class='c019'>Scotay or squitty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[202]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fort</td> + <td class='c006'>Wackaygan</td> + <td class='c019'>Wakaygan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>French</td> + <td class='c006'>Mittigoush</td> + <td class='c019'>Waymistergoash</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fish</td> + <td class='c006'>Kickons</td> + <td class='c019'>Kegonce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fish, white</td> + <td class='c006'>Attikamek</td> + <td class='c019'>Artikkameg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fox</td> + <td class='c006'>Outagamy</td> + <td class='c019'>Assinbo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Flesh of animals</td> + <td class='c006'>Weass</td> + <td class='c019'>Weass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fork or prong stick</td> + <td class='c006'>Nassawokwot</td> + <td class='c019'>Cawmeek meteek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Father</td> + <td class='c006'>Nooskay</td> + <td class='c019'>Nocey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fat, or he is fat</td> + <td class='c006'>Pimete</td> + <td class='c019'>Pimmethy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Female, or woman</td> + <td class='c006'>Ickwer</td> + <td class='c019'>Equoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Full</td> + <td class='c006'>Mooshquenay</td> + <td class='c019'>Mooshquenay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Free, generous</td> + <td class='c006'>Walatissy</td> + <td class='c019'>Ajackquoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Formerly</td> + <td class='c006'>Peraweego</td> + <td class='c019'>Maywisher</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Far off</td> + <td class='c006'>Watso</td> + <td class='c019'>Awassa, or Awassa woyta</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Girl</td> + <td class='c006'>Ickwessens</td> + <td class='c019'>Equoysince</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gun</td> + <td class='c006'>Paskeysegan</td> + <td class='c019'>Baskeyzegan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Grass</td> + <td class='c006'>Myask</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepish, or mejask</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Grapes</td> + <td class='c006'>Shoamin</td> + <td class='c019'>Minneshish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>God, or Great Spirit</td> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee Mannitoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee Mannitoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gunpowder</td> + <td class='c006'>Pingo Mackate</td> + <td class='c019'>Mackcutty, or Pingo Mackcutty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Good</td> + <td class='c006'>Quelatch</td> + <td class='c019'>Nishshishshin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>House, or hut</td> + <td class='c006'>Wikiwam</td> + <td class='c019'>Wigwaum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hair, human</td> + <td class='c006'>Lissy</td> + <td class='c019'>Lissy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[203]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hair, of beasts</td> + <td class='c006'>Pewall</td> + <td class='c019'>Opeeway</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Heaven, or the other world</td> + <td class='c006'>Spiminkaquin</td> + <td class='c019'>Pockcan worrockey, or pockan tunnockey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hare</td> + <td class='c006'>Wapoos</td> + <td class='c019'>Wapoos</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Husband, or master of weakness</td> + <td class='c006'>Napema</td> + <td class='c019'>Nabaim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Head</td> + <td class='c006'>Ousteooan</td> + <td class='c019'>Eshtergoan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Heart</td> + <td class='c006'>Mishewah</td> + <td class='c019'>Oathty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Half</td> + <td class='c006'>Nabal</td> + <td class='c019'>Arbittar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Handsome</td> + <td class='c006'>Sasayga</td> + <td class='c019'>Sasayga</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Home, or dwelling</td> + <td class='c006'>Entayank</td> + <td class='c019'>Ashemich</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hot</td> + <td class='c006'>Akeeshattay</td> + <td class='c019'>Geeshartay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hungry</td> + <td class='c006'>Packatay</td> + <td class='c019'>Bocketty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Here</td> + <td class='c006'>Akonda, or akomanda</td> + <td class='c019'>Ashemich</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>How</td> + <td class='c006'>Tany</td> + <td class='c019'>Tawny</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>How much, or how many?</td> + <td class='c006'>Tantasou, or taxnimilik?</td> + <td class='c019'>Tawnymilik?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Indian corn</td> + <td class='c006'>Metamin</td> + <td class='c019'>Medarmin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Iron</td> + <td class='c006'>Pewaby</td> + <td class='c019'>Pewabick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Island</td> + <td class='c006'>Minis</td> + <td class='c019'>Minnesey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Indians</td> + <td class='c006'>Ishinawbah</td> + <td class='c019'>Nishinnorbay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Immediately</td> + <td class='c006'>Webatch</td> + <td class='c019'>Webatch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Idle, or lazy</td> + <td class='c006'>Kittimy</td> + <td class='c019'>Kittim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Knife</td> + <td class='c006'>Mockoman</td> + <td class='c019'>Mokoman</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Knife, crooked</td> + <td class='c006'>Coutagan</td> + <td class='c019'>Wakeckuman</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[204]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kettle, or pot</td> + <td class='c006'>Akikkons</td> + <td class='c019'>Akeek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Land</td> + <td class='c006'>Oustikan</td> + <td class='c019'>Onjee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Looking glasses</td> + <td class='c006'>Wabemo</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbemoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lake</td> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee Gammink</td> + <td class='c019'>Sakiegan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Letter</td> + <td class='c006'>Marseynaygan</td> + <td class='c019'>Marseynaygan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Leggons, or stockings</td> + <td class='c006'>Metass</td> + <td class='c019'>Mittasse</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Light (clear)</td> + <td class='c006'>Vendao</td> + <td class='c019'>Meesharquoit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Long since</td> + <td class='c006'>Shashayay</td> + <td class='c019'>Sharshyyar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Little, small, few</td> + <td class='c006'>Wabeloosheins</td> + <td class='c019'>Pongay, or hagushenonce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Man</td> + <td class='c006'>Alisinape</td> + <td class='c019'>Ninnee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Moon, or night light</td> + <td class='c006'>Debikat Ikisy</td> + <td class='c019'>Geezus</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mistress, or wife</td> + <td class='c006'>Neremoossin</td> + <td class='c019'>Mentimoye</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Merchandise</td> + <td class='c006'>Alokatchigan</td> + <td class='c019'>Huncushigon, or Annacotchigon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>Medicine</td> + <td class='c006'>Maskikik</td> + <td class='c019'>Maskikkee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Male</td> + <td class='c006'>Nape</td> + <td class='c019'>Ayarbey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Male deer, or stag</td> + <td class='c006'>Mecheway</td> + <td class='c019'>Ayarbey awaskesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Much</td> + <td class='c006'>Nebela</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepewar, or gwotch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Needle to sew with</td> + <td class='c006'>Shabounekan</td> + <td class='c019'>Shaboonegun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nose</td> + <td class='c006'>Yatch</td> + <td class='c019'>Yotch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>News</td> + <td class='c006'>Taypatchimoo, kan</td> + <td class='c019'>Mergummegat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Night</td> + <td class='c006'>Debbikat</td> + <td class='c019'>Debbikat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Near, or nigh</td> + <td class='c006'>Pechoowetch</td> + <td class='c019'>Payshew</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[205]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Now</td> + <td class='c006'>Nongom</td> + <td class='c019'>Nogome</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Never</td> + <td class='c006'>Kawicka</td> + <td class='c019'>Cawwickca, or cassawickca</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>No</td> + <td class='c006'>Ka</td> + <td class='c019'>Cawween, or ka</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nothing</td> + <td class='c006'>Kakaygoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Kakaygo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Not yet</td> + <td class='c006'>Kamasshy</td> + <td class='c019'>Kamarchy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Otter</td> + <td class='c006'>Nekeek</td> + <td class='c019'>Nekeek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Old, he was old</td> + <td class='c006'>Kewesheins</td> + <td class='c019'>Keewaency</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Portage, or carrying place</td> + <td class='c006'>Cappatagan</td> + <td class='c019'>Onuggemeg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>People, or nation</td> + <td class='c006'>Irenee</td> + <td class='c019'>Nondajewot</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Paddle, or small oar</td> + <td class='c006'>Apway</td> + <td class='c019'>Abboy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pike (a fish)</td> + <td class='c006'>Kenonjay</td> + <td class='c019'>Kenonjay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Peninsula</td> + <td class='c006'>Minnissin</td> + <td class='c019'>Minnissin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Peace</td> + <td class='c006'>Pekah</td> + <td class='c019'>Meecho</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>Partridge</td> + <td class='c006'>Pilesiwee</td> + <td class='c019'>Peenay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pipe</td> + <td class='c006'>Poygan</td> + <td class='c019'>Opoygan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Quick</td> + <td class='c006'>Welibik</td> + <td class='c019'>Annacook</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ring, for the finger</td> + <td class='c006'>Debelincheebeson</td> + <td class='c019'>Zenzeebisson</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rice, wild</td> + <td class='c006'>Malomin</td> + <td class='c019'>Menomon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Road</td> + <td class='c006'>Meekan</td> + <td class='c019'>Meekan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rum, or brandy</td> + <td class='c006'>Scoutiwaboy</td> + <td class='c019'>Squittywabo, or scotaywabo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[206]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rain</td> + <td class='c006'>Kemewan</td> + <td class='c019'>Kimmeevan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>River</td> + <td class='c006'>Sepim</td> + <td class='c019'>Seepee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Roots of trees</td> + <td class='c006'>Oustikwees</td> + <td class='c019'>Watappy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Robe of peltry</td> + <td class='c006'>Ockola</td> + <td class='c019'>Woygan, or oakonus</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Red</td> + <td class='c006'>Misquy</td> + <td class='c019'>Misquoy, or misquitty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shirt</td> + <td class='c006'>Papakewean</td> + <td class='c019'>Parbockerwoyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Spoon</td> + <td class='c006'>Mickwan</td> + <td class='c019'>Tamickquoin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sword, or great knife</td> + <td class='c006'>Semagan</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee mokoman</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sense, to have sense</td> + <td class='c006'>Nebwacka</td> + <td class='c019'>Annaboycassey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Star</td> + <td class='c006'>Alan</td> + <td class='c019'>Annunk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sturgeon</td> + <td class='c006'>Lamek</td> + <td class='c019'>Onnemay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sea, or unbounded lake</td> + <td class='c006'>Agankitchee gammink</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee gammink</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Stone</td> + <td class='c006'>Assin</td> + <td class='c019'>Assin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Spirit</td> + <td class='c006'>Mannitoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Mannitoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>Sun, or great light</td> + <td class='c006'>Keesis</td> + <td class='c019'>Geesessey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shoes (Indian)</td> + <td class='c006'>Mackisin</td> + <td class='c019'>Maukissin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ship, or great canoe</td> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee cheeman</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee Naberquoin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Soldier, or warrior</td> + <td class='c006'>Semaganis</td> + <td class='c019'>Shemagonish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Smoke, or fire fog</td> + <td class='c006'>Pentakoe</td> + <td class='c019'>Keenarbittay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Summer, or spring</td> + <td class='c006'>Merockamink</td> + <td class='c019'>Menokemeg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sick</td> + <td class='c006'>Outineous</td> + <td class='c019'>Aquoisee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sad</td> + <td class='c006'>Talissimy</td> + <td class='c019'>Cushkendummerman</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Strong</td> + <td class='c006'>Mashkawa</td> + <td class='c019'>Mushcowar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[207]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Teeth</td> + <td class='c006'>Tebit</td> + <td class='c019'>Weebit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To-morrow</td> + <td class='c006'>Wabank</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbunk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tomahawk</td> + <td class='c006'>Agackwetons</td> + <td class='c019'>Warcockquoite</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tongue, human</td> + <td class='c006'>Ooton</td> + <td class='c019'>Ooton</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tobacco</td> + <td class='c006'>Sayma</td> + <td class='c019'>Assaymer</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tobacco pouch</td> + <td class='c006'>Kaspetagun</td> + <td class='c019'>Kispetawgun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Trees</td> + <td class='c006'>Meteek</td> + <td class='c019'>Meteek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>There</td> + <td class='c006'>Mandadiby</td> + <td class='c019'>Woity, or awoity</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Too much</td> + <td class='c006'>Ozam</td> + <td class='c019'>Ozome</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Too little</td> + <td class='c006'>Ozame mangis</td> + <td class='c019'>Ozome pangay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thank you</td> + <td class='c006'>Meegwatch</td> + <td class='c019'>Meegwotch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Truly</td> + <td class='c006'>Keket</td> + <td class='c019'>Kaygait</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>That</td> + <td class='c006'>Manda</td> + <td class='c019'>Maunder</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Together</td> + <td class='c006'>Mamawee</td> + <td class='c019'>Marmo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Vermillion</td> + <td class='c006'>Oulamar</td> + <td class='c019'>Ozonnemon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Village</td> + <td class='c006'>Oudenank</td> + <td class='c019'>Narpoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Water</td> + <td class='c006'>Nepee</td> + <td class='c019'>Nippee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>Winter</td> + <td class='c006'>Pepoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Bebone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wolf</td> + <td class='c006'>Mahingan</td> + <td class='c019'>Mahingan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wine, or blood red broth</td> + <td class='c006'>Shoemin aboo</td> + <td class='c019'>Mishquoy shoanarboop</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wind</td> + <td class='c006'>Loutin</td> + <td class='c019'>Noetting</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Woods</td> + <td class='c006'>Nopemenk</td> + <td class='c019'>Menopemeg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>War</td> + <td class='c006'>Nontobâly</td> + <td class='c019'>Mecartay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weary, or tired</td> + <td class='c006'>Takoosy</td> + <td class='c019'>Nowwendayshon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[208]</td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Why</td> + <td class='c006'>Tanientien</td> + <td class='c019'>Cannatoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Where</td> + <td class='c006'>Ta</td> + <td class='c019'>Aunday</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Where is he? or where does he dwell?</td> + <td class='c006'>Tanepy appy</td> + <td class='c019'>Tannepy Appay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>What is that? what? or what now?</td> + <td class='c006'>Waneweenay?</td> + <td class='c019'>Wàygonin?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Who is that?</td> + <td class='c006'>Waneweenay mabo?</td> + <td class='c019'>Hawaneeyau?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Whence</td> + <td class='c006'>Tannepy</td> + <td class='c019'>Tannepy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>White</td> + <td class='c006'>Waby</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbishcar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yellow</td> + <td class='c006'>Wazzo</td> + <td class='c019'>Jônia</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yes</td> + <td class='c006'>Mi, or Minkooty</td> + <td class='c019'>Angaymer, or Nangaymer</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yesterday</td> + <td class='c006'>Pitchylago</td> + <td class='c019'>Pitchynargo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'>[209] <em>English</em></th> + <th class='c017'><em>Mohegan</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Shawanee</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>A bear</td> + <td class='c006'>Mquoh</td> + <td class='c019'>Mauquah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>A beaver</td> + <td class='c006'>Amisque</td> + <td class='c019'>Amaquah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eye</td> + <td class='c006'>Hkeesque</td> + <td class='c019'>Skesacoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ear</td> + <td class='c006'>Towohque</td> + <td class='c019'>Towacah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fetch</td> + <td class='c006'>Pautoh</td> + <td class='c019'>Peatoloo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>My grandfather</td> + <td class='c006'>Nemoghhome</td> + <td class='c019'>Nemasompethau</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>My grandmother</td> + <td class='c006'>Nohhum</td> + <td class='c019'>Nocumthau</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>My grandchild</td> + <td class='c006'>Naughees</td> + <td class='c019'>Noosthethau</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>He goes</td> + <td class='c006'>Pumissoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Pomthalo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>A girl</td> + <td class='c006'>Peesquausoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Sqauthauthau</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>House</td> + <td class='c006'>Weekumuhm</td> + <td class='c019'>Weecuah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>He (that man)</td> + <td class='c006'>Uwoh</td> + <td class='c019'>Welah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>His head</td> + <td class='c006'>Weensis</td> + <td class='c019'>Weenseh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>His heart</td> + <td class='c006'>Utoh</td> + <td class='c019'>Otaheh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hair</td> + <td class='c006'>Weghaukun</td> + <td class='c019'>Welathoh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Her husband</td> + <td class='c006'>Waughecheh</td> + <td class='c019'>Wasecheh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>His teeth</td> + <td class='c006'>Wepeeton</td> + <td class='c019'>Wepeetalee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>I thank you</td> + <td class='c006'>Wneeweh</td> + <td class='c019'>Neauweh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>My uncle</td> + <td class='c006'>Nsees</td> + <td class='c019'>Neeseethau</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>I</td> + <td class='c006'>Neah</td> + <td class='c019'>Nelah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thou</td> + <td class='c006'>Keah</td> + <td class='c019'>Kelah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>We</td> + <td class='c006'>Neaunuh</td> + <td class='c019'>Nelauweh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ye</td> + <td class='c006'>Keauwuh</td> + <td class='c019'>Kelauweh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Water</td> + <td class='c006'>Nbey</td> + <td class='c019'>Nippee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Elder sister</td> + <td class='c006'>Nmees</td> + <td class='c019'>Nemeethau</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>River</td> + <td class='c006'>Sepoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Thepee</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table class='table1'> +<colgroup> +<col class='colwidth50'> +<col class='colwidth50'> +</colgroup> + <tr><td class='c020' colspan='2'><span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'>[210] <em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Mohegan</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bear</td> + <td class='c019'>Mquoh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beaver</td> + <td class='c019'>Amisque</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dead, he is dead</td> + <td class='c019'>Nboo, or Neepoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Devil, or Bad Spirit</td> + <td class='c019'>Mtandou</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dress the kettle, (make a fire)</td> + <td class='c019'>Pootouwah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eyes</td> + <td class='c019'>Ukeesquan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fire</td> + <td class='c019'>Stauw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Give it him</td> + <td class='c019'>Meenuh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>How</td> + <td class='c019'>Tuneh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>House</td> + <td class='c019'>Weekumuhm</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Go, or walk</td> + <td class='c019'>Pumisseh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Marry</td> + <td class='c019'>Weeween</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>River</td> + <td class='c019'>Sepoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shoes</td> + <td class='c019'>Mkissin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>The sun</td> + <td class='c019'>Keesogh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sit down</td> + <td class='c019'>Mattipeh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Water</td> + <td class='c019'>Nbey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Where</td> + <td class='c019'>Tehah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Winter</td> + <td class='c019'>Hpoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wood</td> + <td class='c019'>Metooque</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c019' colspan='2'>N. B. The e final is not sounded except in monosyllables.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'>[211]<em>Algonkin</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Chippeway</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mackquah</td> + <td class='c019'>Mackquah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Amik</td> + <td class='c019'>Amik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Neepoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee Mannitoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee Mannitoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Poutwah</td> + <td class='c019'>Pooterway Chebockwoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ouskinshik</td> + <td class='c019'>Wiskinky</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Scoute</td> + <td class='c019'>Scotay or Squitty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Millaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Darmissey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tany</td> + <td class='c019'>Tawny</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wikiwam</td> + <td class='c019'>Wigwaum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pemousse</td> + <td class='c019'>Pamosây</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wewin</td> + <td class='c019'>Tuckunnumkewish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sepim</td> + <td class='c019'>Seepee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mackisin</td> + <td class='c019'>Maukissin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keesis</td> + <td class='c019'>Geessessey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mantippy</td> + <td class='c019'>Mantetappy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepee</td> + <td class='c019'>Nippee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ta</td> + <td class='c019'>Aunday</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pepoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Bebone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meteek</td> + <td class='c019'>Meteek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'>[212]<em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Iroquois</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Above</td> + <td class='c019'>Aynegun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Absent</td> + <td class='c019'>Yáckta ohárlogh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Abuse, to</td> + <td class='c019'>Henryotaxa</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Accept, to</td> + <td class='c019'>Iáyner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Account, to</td> + <td class='c019'>Sastáyricey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Accuse, to</td> + <td class='c019'>Cúttergun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Add to</td> + <td class='c019'>Cayéntuck</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Admire, to</td> + <td class='c019'>Sannagatcácktone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Advice</td> + <td class='c019'>Sattayéntack</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Adultery</td> + <td class='c019'>Sáchequar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Afraid</td> + <td class='c019'>Sáquoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Afternoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Nowwátone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Again</td> + <td class='c019'>Ségo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Agree, to</td> + <td class='c019'>Curywyyárley</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Alike</td> + <td class='c019'>Sadáyyouth</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>All</td> + <td class='c019'>Aguágo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ally</td> + <td class='c019'>Lanóha</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Alone</td> + <td class='c019'>Yáckta oya</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Always</td> + <td class='c019'>Chetko</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Amuse, to</td> + <td class='c019'>Susqueeselon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Another</td> + <td class='c019'>Oya</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Answer, to</td> + <td class='c019'>Sattróly</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>And</td> + <td class='c019'>Noke</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>A, an, or the</td> + <td class='c019'>Ne, ne</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bread</td> + <td class='c019'>Kanádaro</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Black</td> + <td class='c019'>Agohoonsay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[213]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dear</td> + <td class='c019'>Carnolelow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>English</td> + <td class='c019'>Cherrihunságat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Father</td> + <td class='c019'>Luggoney</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gunpowder</td> + <td class='c019'>Ogánra</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Give me</td> + <td class='c019'>Cassar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>How much, or how many</td> + <td class='c019'>Toneego</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Jacob</td> + <td class='c019'>Yárwek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>King, or great chief</td> + <td class='c019'>Sachem</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Money</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisstar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Montreal</td> + <td class='c019'>Chocktyhargo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Or</td> + <td class='c019'>Neteas</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Partridge</td> + <td class='c019'>Oquesses</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Peter</td> + <td class='c019'>Gwider</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Plenty</td> + <td class='c019'>Cúshcowait</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Perhaps</td> + <td class='c019'>Togatt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rose (a flower)</td> + <td class='c019'>Easel</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rum</td> + <td class='c019'>Skarat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[214]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shot</td> + <td class='c019'>Onáya</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sugar</td> + <td class='c019'>Chekayter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Silver works</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisstar noolone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thank you</td> + <td class='c019'>Yaown</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>There is</td> + <td class='c019'>Honerer</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Understand, to</td> + <td class='c019'>Cockharonckar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wise</td> + <td class='c019'>Satoákha</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wind</td> + <td class='c019'>Yowwetty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>Win, to</td> + <td class='c019'>Rowwennéhoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Willing</td> + <td class='c019'>Senooncy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wild</td> + <td class='c019'>Yáckta satoákha</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wife</td> + <td class='c019'>Sannatella</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>White</td> + <td class='c019'>Carárger</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>War</td> + <td class='c019'>Satterleyhone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Who</td> + <td class='c019'>Unghka</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Was</td> + <td class='c019'>Ne</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Water</td> + <td class='c019'>Oghnéga</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wine, or blood red soup</td> + <td class='c019'>Onéahháradáschhoúhtserákeri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Who was</td> + <td class='c019'>Ungka ne</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>What was</td> + <td class='c019'>Oghnihayadòtea</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Where</td> + <td class='c019'>Caha</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Virgin</td> + <td class='c019'>Hanághgwáyenden</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[215]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Young</td> + <td class='c019'>Agúntelo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>You</td> + <td class='c019'>Ecee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yesterday</td> + <td class='c019'>Tyoúcktárlow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yes</td> + <td class='c019'>Etho</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yellow</td> + <td class='c019'>Ajeenegwar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Year</td> + <td class='c019'>Atoori</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Your health</td> + <td class='c019'>Honoroquennyee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c020' colspan='2'>[216] <em>Names of Furs and Skins in English and French</em></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>French</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fat winter beaver</td> + <td class='c019'>Castor gras d´hiver</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fat summer beaver</td> + <td class='c019'>Castor gras d´été</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dry winter beaver</td> + <td class='c019'>Castor secs d´hiver</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dry summer beaver</td> + <td class='c019'>Castor secs d´été</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Old winter beaver</td> + <td class='c019'>Castor vieux d´hiver</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Old summer beaver</td> + <td class='c019'>Castor vieux d´été</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Raw stag skins</td> + <td class='c019'>Cerfs verts</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Prepared stag skins</td> + <td class='c019'>Cerfs passés</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rein deer skins</td> + <td class='c019'>Caribous</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Raw hind skins</td> + <td class='c019'>Biches vertes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Prepared hind skins</td> + <td class='c019'>Biches passées</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mush rats</td> + <td class='c019'>Rats musques</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Prepared roebuck skins</td> + <td class='c019'>Chevreuils passés</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Unprepared roebuck skins</td> + <td class='c019'>Chevreuils verts</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tanned roebuck skins</td> + <td class='c019'>Chevreuils tanés</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Southern, or Virginia foxes</td> + <td class='c019'>Renards du sud ou Virginie</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>White, from Tadousac, foxes</td> + <td class='c019'>Renards blancs de Tadousac</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wolves</td> + <td class='c019'>Loups de bois</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beaver eaters</td> + <td class='c019'>Carcajous</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Martens</td> + <td class='c019'>Martres</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squirrels, black</td> + <td class='c019'>Ecureuils, noirs</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squirrels, grey</td> + <td class='c019'>Ecureuils, argentés</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[217]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fishers</td> + <td class='c019'>Peccans</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bears</td> + <td class='c019'>Ours</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bears, Cub</td> + <td class='c019'>Oursons</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Otters</td> + <td class='c019'>Loutres</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cats</td> + <td class='c019'>Chats</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lynx</td> + <td class='c019'>Loups cerviers</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>Foxes, red</td> + <td class='c019'>Renards, rouges</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Foxes, cross</td> + <td class='c019'>Renards croisés</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Foxes, black</td> + <td class='c019'>Renards noirs</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Foxes, grey</td> + <td class='c019'>Renards argentés</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Minks</td> + <td class='c019'>Visons, ou Fourtreaux</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>North Case Cat</td> + <td class='c019'>Pichoux du nord</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>South Case Cat</td> + <td class='c019'>Pichoux du sud</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c020' colspan='2'>[218] <em>Parts of the Human Body</em></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'><em>English</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>Chippeway</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ankle</td> + <td class='c019'>Warwích</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Arm</td> + <td class='c019'>Aník</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Arm, broken</td> + <td class='c019'>Késconeek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Back</td> + <td class='c019'>Oníckquick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beard</td> + <td class='c019'>Opeewyésky</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Belly</td> + <td class='c019'>Is´quamach</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Blood</td> + <td class='c019'>Misqúy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Body</td> + <td class='c019'>Yoe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bones</td> + <td class='c019'>Oakcan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bowels</td> + <td class='c019'>Onúggesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Brain</td> + <td class='c019'>Opin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Breath</td> + <td class='c019'>Nowwetting, or nowwettywich</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Breech</td> + <td class='c019'>Peckqueen dorsow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Breast</td> + <td class='c019'>Wheyóe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cheeks</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbím</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Chin</td> + <td class='c019'>Utchwar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eye</td> + <td class='c019'>Wiskínky</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eye that squints</td> + <td class='c019'>Annooch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ear</td> + <td class='c019'>Nóndawar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[219]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eyelid</td> + <td class='c019'>Péwyar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eyebrow</td> + <td class='c019'>Gwátso</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Face</td> + <td class='c019'>Meechaw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fundament</td> + <td class='c019'>Meedséywort</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fingers</td> + <td class='c019'>Argátso</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Foot, or feet</td> + <td class='c019'>Ozett</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gall</td> + <td class='c019'>Marchéw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hand</td> + <td class='c019'>Armóche</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Heart</td> + <td class='c019'>Oathty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hair</td> + <td class='c019'>Lissy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span>Head</td> + <td class='c019'>Eshtergóan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hips</td> + <td class='c019'>Tarbatch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Head, bald</td> + <td class='c019'>Wematishtergóan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Knee</td> + <td class='c019'>Puttwar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lips</td> + <td class='c019'>Meemoáche</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lungs</td> + <td class='c019'>Seegwa</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Leg</td> + <td class='c019'>Ocárt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Liver</td> + <td class='c019'>Quinch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mouth</td> + <td class='c019'>Meessey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nails of fingers and toes</td> + <td class='c019'>Narb</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neck</td> + <td class='c019'>Shemmor</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[220]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nostrils</td> + <td class='c019'>Pecktópe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nose</td> + <td class='c019'>Yotch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Navel</td> + <td class='c019'>Pinneck</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ribs</td> + <td class='c019'>Ashíngo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Skull</td> + <td class='c019'>Eshteroáthcan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sinews</td> + <td class='c019'>Atteese</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Skin</td> + <td class='c019'>Pokkikkin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Teeth</td> + <td class='c019'>Weebitt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thighs</td> + <td class='c019'>Oquarme</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thumbs</td> + <td class='c019'>Mitchea</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Throat</td> + <td class='c019'>Squissow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Toes</td> + <td class='c019'>Tarwárchewort</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tongue</td> + <td class='c019'>Ooton</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Veins</td> + <td class='c019'>Weebórso, or neatissum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wrist</td> + <td class='c019'>Annánk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c020' colspan='2'>[221] <em>Names of Animals, &c.</em></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Animal between a dog and a wolf</td> + <td class='c019'>Wabátch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ants, and all small insects</td> + <td class='c019'>Mannetónce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Buck, or male deer</td> + <td class='c019'>Ayarbéy awashkésh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beaver robe</td> + <td class='c019'>Amik woygán, or amik oakónus</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bear</td> + <td class='c019'>Mackquáh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bear, cub</td> + <td class='c019'>Mackquacónce or mackónce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beaver</td> + <td class='c019'>Amik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beaver skin</td> + <td class='c019'>Appiminiquy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beaver eater</td> + <td class='c019'>Quickwahay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Birds, all small</td> + <td class='c019'>Pennyshance</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Buffalo</td> + <td class='c019'>Péshshekey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cat, wild</td> + <td class='c019'>Peshshéw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cat, tame</td> + <td class='c019'>Cúshecance</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Crow</td> + <td class='c019'>Cark cark</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Carp</td> + <td class='c019'>Narmáybin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Crane</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee cárbo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Duck, wild</td> + <td class='c019'>Sheshíb</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dog</td> + <td class='c019'>Anim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[222]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dog, puppy</td> + <td class='c019'>Animónce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Deer</td> + <td class='c019'>Awashkésh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Elk</td> + <td class='c019'>Moouse</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eggs</td> + <td class='c019'>Wark</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eagle</td> + <td class='c019'>Meegeezes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Flesh of animals</td> + <td class='c019'>Weass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fur of animals</td> + <td class='c019'>Oyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>Feathers of birds</td> + <td class='c019'>Pequim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fox</td> + <td class='c019'>Assínbo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Frog</td> + <td class='c019'>Muckkikkée</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fish</td> + <td class='c019'>Kegónce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fisher</td> + <td class='c019'>Ochíck</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fowl, or birds</td> + <td class='c019'>Pénnyshis</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fish, white</td> + <td class='c019'>Artíkkameg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Goose, wild</td> + <td class='c019'>Neecárk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hog</td> + <td class='c019'>Coocóoche</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hair of animals</td> + <td class='c019'>Opeeway</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hide of animals</td> + <td class='c019'>Weeyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hare</td> + <td class='c019'>Wapóos</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Horse</td> + <td class='c019'>Ogashy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Loon</td> + <td class='c019'>Maunk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Marten</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbeshánce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[223]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mink</td> + <td class='c019'>Shángwoitch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Musquash, or mush rat</td> + <td class='c019'>Háwoyzask</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Otter</td> + <td class='c019'>Nekeek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Partridge</td> + <td class='c019'>Peenay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pickeril</td> + <td class='c019'>Ogánce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Peltry, or robe made of fur</td> + <td class='c019'>Woygan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pike</td> + <td class='c019'>Keenonjey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Plover</td> + <td class='c019'>Guéveshew</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Racoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Asseeban</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Skunk, or pole cat</td> + <td class='c019'>Sheecark</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span>Sturgeon</td> + <td class='c019'>Onnemay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Snakes</td> + <td class='c019'>Keenaypíckneeshey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Skin of animals</td> + <td class='c019'>Nink</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squirrel</td> + <td class='c019'>Opickquoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Swan</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee meework</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tongue of animals</td> + <td class='c019'>Sawwétch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tail of animals</td> + <td class='c019'>Warmeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Turkey</td> + <td class='c019'>Weenecobbo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Trout</td> + <td class='c019'>Narmáyguiss</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wing of birds</td> + <td class='c019'>Gwimbítch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wolf</td> + <td class='c019'>Mawhíngon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c020' colspan='2'>[224] <em>Merchandise</em></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Arm bands</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee wáybesun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Axe</td> + <td class='c019'>Ajáckquoit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ball, or large shot</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee ánwin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Brass wire</td> + <td class='c019'>Pewarbickcónce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beads</td> + <td class='c019'>Mannetoo menánce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Broaches</td> + <td class='c019'>Paunéa</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Breech clout</td> + <td class='c019'>Oncean</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Blanket</td> + <td class='c019'>Waperwóyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Comb</td> + <td class='c019'>Penárquan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Coat</td> + <td class='c019'>Piskawágan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Canoe awl</td> + <td class='c019'>Meecóose</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fire steel</td> + <td class='c019'>Squíttycan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Finger ring</td> + <td class='c019'>Zenzéebisson</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gun flint</td> + <td class='c019'>Powwabickcóon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gum</td> + <td class='c019'>Pickkéw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gun</td> + <td class='c019'>Baskéyzegan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[225]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gartering</td> + <td class='c019'>Arcoquóshergan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gunpowder, or black dust</td> + <td class='c019'>Mackcutty, or mackcutty pingo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gun worms</td> + <td class='c019'>Teakíagun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hair plates</td> + <td class='c019'>Saggobánwan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hawk bells</td> + <td class='c019'>Pewarbeneech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Horn</td> + <td class='c019'>Pendycutty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hats</td> + <td class='c019'>Oweoathcoan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kettle, or pot</td> + <td class='c019'>Akeek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span>Knife, or knives</td> + <td class='c019'>Mókoman</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Knife, crooked</td> + <td class='c019'>Wakéckuman</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lines for a net</td> + <td class='c019'>Shenowantágan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Leggons, or stockings</td> + <td class='c019'>Mittasse</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Looking glasses</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbermoone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Needles</td> + <td class='c019'>Shaboonegun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Net for fishing</td> + <td class='c019'>Assubbub</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ribbons, or silk</td> + <td class='c019'>Sénnebar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rum, or brandy</td> + <td class='c019'>Scótaywábo, or Squittaywábo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Spear</td> + <td class='c019'>Eshcan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shot</td> + <td class='c019'>Sheesheebanwín</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Stroud, blue</td> + <td class='c019'>Mannetoo woygán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[226]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Stroud, red</td> + <td class='c019'>Míshwoygán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shirt</td> + <td class='c019'>Parbóckerwoyán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tomahawk</td> + <td class='c019'>Warcóckquoite, or Warcóckquoite Opoygan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tobacco</td> + <td class='c019'>Assáymer</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thread</td> + <td class='c019'>Assúb</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Vermilion</td> + <td class='c019'>Ozonnemon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wristbands</td> + <td class='c019'>Annán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Army, or number of people assembled together</td> + <td class='c019'>Barthtiárje</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Adultery</td> + <td class='c019'>Keemótegun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Air</td> + <td class='c019'>Shaquoit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ashes</td> + <td class='c019'>Pamótay wáybegun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Arch (part of a circle)</td> + <td class='c019'>Nondárgay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Aunt</td> + <td class='c019'>Ergúshemin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Absent</td> + <td class='c019'>Cáwween áppay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>All</td> + <td class='c019'>Cockinnór</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Abuse, to abuse</td> + <td class='c019'>Mecártay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>All together</td> + <td class='c019'>Cockinnór marmó</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Alive</td> + <td class='c019'>Pemártus</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ashamed, to be ashamed</td> + <td class='c019'>Newemo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Any</td> + <td class='c019'>Apáckcan, or han</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Alike, or equal</td> + <td class='c019'>Tabiscoach</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Again, or yet</td> + <td class='c019'>Méenewatch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Alone, at, or only</td> + <td class='c019'>Aighter or unter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Always, or wherever</td> + <td class='c019'>Cargonéek, or memármo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>After, or afterwards</td> + <td class='c019'>Ningoot</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>And</td> + <td class='c019'>Ashea</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[228]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>A and The</td> + <td class='c019'>Páyshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Another</td> + <td class='c019'>Ningootch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Alone, or I myself</td> + <td class='c019'>Nin aighter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Above, or high</td> + <td class='c019'>I´shpemeg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Also, too</td> + <td class='c019'>Guyyea</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Book, letter, paper</td> + <td class='c019'>Marseynáygan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bread, or flour</td> + <td class='c019'>Pockquoísigan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>Broth, or soup</td> + <td class='c019'>Shoanárboop</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Branches of a tree</td> + <td class='c019'>Meetecónce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Brother</td> + <td class='c019'>Shemayn</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bark of a tree</td> + <td class='c019'>Wigwass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bark, fire bark</td> + <td class='c019'>Scótay wigwass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Boy</td> + <td class='c019'>Oskenáygay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Battle</td> + <td class='c019'>Shamishcart</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bag</td> + <td class='c019'>Múshcomat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Barrel</td> + <td class='c019'>Owentágun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bridge</td> + <td class='c019'>Warmeek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Basket, or hand bowl</td> + <td class='c019'>Wapátch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bed</td> + <td class='c019'>Péshshemo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bottle</td> + <td class='c019'>Môtay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bay, or road for vessels</td> + <td class='c019'>Assénjey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Box of wood, or bark, or run keg</td> + <td class='c019'>Meteek múshcomat, or muccuck</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Blue</td> + <td class='c019'>Talónjay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bald</td> + <td class='c019'>Parmín</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bad, or wicked</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[229]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bitter</td> + <td class='c019'>Matooch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bright, or light</td> + <td class='c019'>Meeshárquoit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Barren, not bearing fruit</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee wáybegun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Big, or great</td> + <td class='c019'>Menditoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Black</td> + <td class='c019'>Mackcútty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Blind</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbermenéech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Broad</td> + <td class='c019'>Hamatchey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bottom</td> + <td class='c019'>Haundwatchey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Busy</td> + <td class='c019'>U´ngwoitch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Because</td> + <td class='c019'>Mewinch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>But</td> + <td class='c019'>Moszáck</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>By and by</td> + <td class='c019'>Panimár</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span>Below</td> + <td class='c019'>Opármey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Beyond, or far of</td> + <td class='c019'>Awassa, or awassa woy´ta</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Before</td> + <td class='c019'>Awáshshemon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Behind</td> + <td class='c019'>Ningôochum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Between</td> + <td class='c019'>Icktum guichum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Besides</td> + <td class='c019'>Metách, or menoche</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Canoe</td> + <td class='c019'>Cheeman</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Country</td> + <td class='c019'>Tunnockáy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Chief, or captain</td> + <td class='c019'>Ojémaw, or O´kemaw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cup, or bark bowl</td> + <td class='c019'>Onágun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cloud, or grand cover</td> + <td class='c019'>Kenárbo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cable, or big rope</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee assubbub</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Copper, iron, or brass</td> + <td class='c019'>Pewárbick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Crowd</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepewárnoondájewort</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[230]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cabin, hut, or house</td> + <td class='c019'>Wigwaum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Current of water</td> + <td class='c019'>Sedgwin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Companion, or friend</td> + <td class='c019'>Neejee, or Neecarnis</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Courage</td> + <td class='c019'>Haguámissey or Taguámissey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Child, or children</td> + <td class='c019'>Queebesince</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Corn, Indian</td> + <td class='c019'>Medármin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Covetous, or greedy</td> + <td class='c019'>Sazárgesay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Calm</td> + <td class='c019'>Annywattin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cunning</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee weebézesay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Coarse (not fine)</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee arpeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cold</td> + <td class='c019'>Geessennar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Come here</td> + <td class='c019'>Ondass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Can it, is it, was it</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Carrying place, or portage</td> + <td class='c019'>Onúggemeg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Devil, or Bad Spirit</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee Mannitoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Daughter</td> + <td class='c019'>Indongway, or Darniss</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dust, or powder</td> + <td class='c019'>Pingo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Day, fine</td> + <td class='c019'>Meeno geesshegat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Day, bad</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee geesshegat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Day, or days</td> + <td class='c019'>Ogúnnegat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Day, dawn of</td> + <td class='c019'>Thurénsera</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dart</td> + <td class='c019'>Aysquish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dew</td> + <td class='c019'>Misquoitch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Debt, or trust</td> + <td class='c019'>Marsennahatch, or Marsennáygan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Door, shut the door</td> + <td class='c019'>Squendum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dish</td> + <td class='c019'>Mackcóan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[231]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Down (on the ground)</td> + <td class='c019'>Doutch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dear, or too much</td> + <td class='c019'>Ozóme</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Done, gone, or past</td> + <td class='c019'>Shyyár, or shárshyyar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dark</td> + <td class='c019'>Onárgushey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Drunk</td> + <td class='c019'>Squibby, or Osquibby</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dressed, or ripe</td> + <td class='c019'>Keejetty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Drowsy, (I am drowsy)</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepârhar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dry, or thirsty</td> + <td class='c019'>Sparchtay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Deaf</td> + <td class='c019'>Chartch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dead</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Deep</td> + <td class='c019'>Anneycheewoatch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Edge</td> + <td class='c019'>Gatsotes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Enemy, or bad heart</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee Oathty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>English</td> + <td class='c019'>Saggonash</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Earth</td> + <td class='c019'>Mattoyash</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Easy</td> + <td class='c019'>Meenwéndesay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Enough</td> + <td class='c019'>Mee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span>Empty</td> + <td class='c019'>Cawween mooshkenay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Equal, or alike</td> + <td class='c019'>Tabiscoach</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Each</td> + <td class='c019'>Papay´jit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Flour, or bread</td> + <td class='c019'>Pockquoísigan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fat, oil, or grease</td> + <td class='c019'>Pimmethy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Food</td> + <td class='c019'>Mejimmim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fever</td> + <td class='c019'>Mishquoishártay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fear, to fear, he is afraid</td> + <td class='c019'>Keezáycus</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[232]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fruit</td> + <td class='c019'>Pinneesh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Feast</td> + <td class='c019'>Wisseneet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Friend, or companion</td> + <td class='c019'>Neejee, or Necárnis</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fool, he is a fool</td> + <td class='c019'>Keepártesee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Flood of water</td> + <td class='c019'>Chingwim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Family</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepewoajánis</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Father</td> + <td class='c019'>Nócey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>French, or builders of vessels</td> + <td class='c019'>Waymístergoash</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fathom (a measure)</td> + <td class='c019'>Euníck</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Female, or woman</td> + <td class='c019'>E´quoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fork, or prong stick</td> + <td class='c019'>Cáwmeek meeteek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fire</td> + <td class='c019'>Scótay, or squitty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Flint stone</td> + <td class='c019'>Pewarmickcoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fort, or tower</td> + <td class='c019'>Wakáygon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fond, I am fond</td> + <td class='c019'>Nezárgea</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Free, or generous</td> + <td class='c019'>Ajáckquoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fine (not coarse)</td> + <td class='c019'>Arpeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Few</td> + <td class='c019'>Memárjis</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Fresh (not stale)</td> + <td class='c019'>Meecheeweass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Full</td> + <td class='c019'>Mooshquenay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Formerly, long time ago</td> + <td class='c019'>Maywísher</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Grease, fat, or oil</td> + <td class='c019'>Pimmethy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Grapes</td> + <td class='c019'>Minnishish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Girl</td> + <td class='c019'>E´quoysince</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>God, or Great Spirit</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee Mannitoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gold, or fine yellow metal</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee jónia</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[233]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Great, good</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee, or nishshishshín</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Green</td> + <td class='c019'>Achíb</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Great, or big</td> + <td class='c019'>Menditoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Globe, the earth</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbegún</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gone, past, or done</td> + <td class='c019'>Shyyar, or sharshyyar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Harbour</td> + <td class='c019'>Pejárcan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Health</td> + <td class='c019'>Pemártus</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Herb, or grass</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepísh, or mejásk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hell, or place of bad spirits</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee squíttyung</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Half, or part</td> + <td class='c019'>Arbittár</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Home, or dwelling</td> + <td class='c019'>A´shemich</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hill</td> + <td class='c019'>Anneech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Husband, or master of weakness</td> + <td class='c019'>Nabaim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hole</td> + <td class='c019'>March</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Huckleberries</td> + <td class='c019'>Shóamin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hard, cruel; it is hard or cruel</td> + <td class='c019'>Sánnegat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Handsome</td> + <td class='c019'>Sasay´ga</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Heavy</td> + <td class='c019'>Pestérquan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hot, or warm</td> + <td class='c019'>Geeshártay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hungry, thin, lean</td> + <td class='c019'>Bócketty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>He, him, she, or her</td> + <td class='c019'>Ween</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Here</td> + <td class='c019'>Omár, or owáy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>How, or how do you do?</td> + <td class='c019'>Waygush, or way way</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span>How many, or how much</td> + <td class='c019'>Tawnimilik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Here and there</td> + <td class='c019'>Pay payshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[234]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Have, had</td> + <td class='c019'>Arthty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>High, or above</td> + <td class='c019'>I´shpemeg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Island</td> + <td class='c019'>Min´nesey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ice</td> + <td class='c019'>Mequárme</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Indians</td> + <td class='c019'>Nishinnorbay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Journey, to go a journey</td> + <td class='c019'>Marchián</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Justice, or truth</td> + <td class='c019'>Gwoyack</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Idle, or lazy</td> + <td class='c019'>Kíttim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Jealous</td> + <td class='c019'>Pejármoach</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>I, me, or my</td> + <td class='c019'>Nin, nee, or nee, nee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>I, myself, or alone</td> + <td class='c019'>Nin aighter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>If</td> + <td class='c019'>Késhpin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Indeed</td> + <td class='c019'>Hapádgey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Immediately, or very soon</td> + <td class='c019'>Weebátch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>In</td> + <td class='c019'>Pendeek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>It is true, or right, or very well</td> + <td class='c019'>Kaygait, kay, or meegwoyack</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>I have</td> + <td class='c019'>Kaygo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>I have not</td> + <td class='c019'>Ka, kaygo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Is it, was it, can it</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Knot of wood</td> + <td class='c019'>Mushqueewórmeteek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>King, or great chief</td> + <td class='c019'>Gósenan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lake</td> + <td class='c019'>Sakíegan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lightning, or quick fire</td> + <td class='c019'>Squitty annacook</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[235]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Loss, to lose</td> + <td class='c019'>Winnetoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span>Leaves</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Life</td> + <td class='c019'>Noochimmoin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Love, to love</td> + <td class='c019'>Zárgay, or zargeytoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Land</td> + <td class='c019'>Onjee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lean, hungry, or thin</td> + <td class='c019'>Bócketty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Little, small</td> + <td class='c019'>Pongay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Light (not heavy)</td> + <td class='c019'>Cáwween pestérquan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Light, or bright</td> + <td class='c019'>Meeshárquoit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lazy, or idle</td> + <td class='c019'>Kíttim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Last</td> + <td class='c019'>Ingwitch, or awass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Long</td> + <td class='c019'>Keenónje</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lame</td> + <td class='c019'>Armooch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Low</td> + <td class='c019'>Appywick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Long since</td> + <td class='c019'>Sharshyyar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lately, or now</td> + <td class='c019'>Nogóme</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lewd, or unwise</td> + <td class='c019'>Cáwween annobóycassey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Male</td> + <td class='c019'>Ayarbéy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Middle</td> + <td class='c019'>Amáng</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Music</td> + <td class='c019'>Agummeweech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Merchandize</td> + <td class='c019'>Huncúshigon, or annacótchigon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Milk, or the sap of the breast</td> + <td class='c019'>Tootooshonárbo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Medicine</td> + <td class='c019'>Maskikkee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mistress, or wife</td> + <td class='c019'>Mentimóyey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>My wife, or mistress</td> + <td class='c019'>Mentimóyamish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mouth</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[236]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Moon</td> + <td class='c019'>Geezus</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mat made of rushes</td> + <td class='c019'>Woyzáskquish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mother</td> + <td class='c019'>Ningay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_274'>274</span>Man</td> + <td class='c019'>Ninnee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Montreal (a town in Canada)</td> + <td class='c019'>Monyny´yank</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Morning</td> + <td class='c019'>Keejay´p</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mountain</td> + <td class='c019'>Espeo´ckay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mud</td> + <td class='c019'>Onjeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Many</td> + <td class='c019'>Márnay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Much, or a great deal</td> + <td class='c019'>Népewar, or gwotch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mine, belonging to me</td> + <td class='c019'>Weechópe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Make haste</td> + <td class='c019'>Weebittán, or ha weebittán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Me, my, or I</td> + <td class='c019'>Nin, nee, or nee, nee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>News, or intelligence</td> + <td class='c019'>Mergummegat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Name</td> + <td class='c019'>Shenecazeau</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Night</td> + <td class='c019'>Debbikat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nest, bird´s nest</td> + <td class='c019'>Wesshepátchta</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Noise</td> + <td class='c019'>Tonbíngesay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nothing, no, or not</td> + <td class='c019'>Cáwween, or Ka</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>New, or strange</td> + <td class='c019'>Nobeetch, or pockcan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Narrow</td> + <td class='c019'>Agússin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Near, or nigh</td> + <td class='c019'>Payshéw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Not yet</td> + <td class='c019'>Kámarchey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Now, or lately</td> + <td class='c019'>Nogóme</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Never</td> + <td class='c019'>Cáwwickcá, or cássawickcá</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[237]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Oil, fat, or grease; or to be fat</td> + <td class='c019'>Pímmethy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Old, he is old</td> + <td class='c019'>Keewáency</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Out, or without</td> + <td class='c019'>Accochink</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Of</td> + <td class='c019'>An</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Oh! oh!</td> + <td class='c019'>Taw! waw!</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span>Only, at, or alone</td> + <td class='c019'>Aighter, or unter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Our, us, or we</td> + <td class='c019'>Neennerwind</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>One, the, a, or an</td> + <td class='c019'>Páyshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pity, or sorrow</td> + <td class='c019'>Cushkéndum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Part, or half</td> + <td class='c019'>Arbittár</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pain</td> + <td class='c019'>Daggow´wemeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Plenty</td> + <td class='c019'>Cúshcowait</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Paint</td> + <td class='c019'>Zawnúm</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Peace</td> + <td class='c019'>Meecho</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pipe</td> + <td class='c019'>Opóygan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Portage, or carrying place</td> + <td class='c019'>Onúggemeg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Peninsula</td> + <td class='c019'>Minnesin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Poison, or the taste of the bad swelling</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee pattso</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Paddle, or small oar</td> + <td class='c019'>A´bboy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Priest, or Master of Life´s man</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee Mannitoo Ninnee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pack, or bundle of skins</td> + <td class='c019'>Meekintárgan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Present, or gift</td> + <td class='c019'>Achímmey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pledge</td> + <td class='c019'>Assinjégo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Price, what price, how many, or how much</td> + <td class='c019'>Andersoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[238]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pleasure</td> + <td class='c019'>Armeetso</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>People, or nation</td> + <td class='c019'>Nondájewot</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Permission</td> + <td class='c019'>Gar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Patient</td> + <td class='c019'>Ardátch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Proof</td> + <td class='c019'>Chárno</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Poor</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee Mórgussey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Proud</td> + <td class='c019'>Ish´pemeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pregnant</td> + <td class='c019'>Mooshkey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span>Past, gone, done</td> + <td class='c019'>Shyyár, or sháshyyár</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Perhaps</td> + <td class='c019'>Cánnebatch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Plural</td> + <td class='c019'>Woke</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Quiet, all is quiet</td> + <td class='c019'>Súggermarsh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Quick</td> + <td class='c019'>Annacook</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rock weed, or tripe derôche</td> + <td class='c019'>Haw´wercoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rice, Indian</td> + <td class='c019'>Menómon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>River</td> + <td class='c019'>Seepee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Robe made of peltry</td> + <td class='c019'>Woygán, or oakónus</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Road</td> + <td class='c019'>Meekan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Raft of wood</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepewameteek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rain</td> + <td class='c019'>Kimmeewan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rocks</td> + <td class='c019'>Essíngo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rushes</td> + <td class='c019'>Woyzásk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Roots of trees</td> + <td class='c019'>Watáppy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Roots, a figurative expression for the affections of the heart which entwine about each other</td> + <td class='c019'>Waterwawaddoossin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[239]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rapid, or strong current of water</td> + <td class='c019'>Pówwetink</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ready</td> + <td class='c019'>Guy´oxim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rotten</td> + <td class='c019'>Dadge</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Round</td> + <td class='c019'>Omích</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Red</td> + <td class='c019'>Misquitty, or mísquy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Rough</td> + <td class='c019'>Guachootch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Raw, or unripe</td> + <td class='c019'>Kakeejetty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ripe, or dressed</td> + <td class='c019'>Keejetty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Stone</td> + <td class='c019'>Assín</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Soup, or broth</td> + <td class='c019'>Shoanárboop</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sense, or understanding</td> + <td class='c019'>Annabóycassey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sap of the breast, or milk</td> + <td class='c019'>Tootooshomarbo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Star</td> + <td class='c019'>Annúnk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shame</td> + <td class='c019'>Acheek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Stranger</td> + <td class='c019'>Péwithay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shade</td> + <td class='c019'>Angwoitch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shell</td> + <td class='c019'>Atch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sky</td> + <td class='c019'>Esh´pea</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sleep</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sugar, or sweet</td> + <td class='c019'>Seezeebóckquoit, or seezequar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Salt</td> + <td class='c019'>Sheotágan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Soldier, warrior, or brave man</td> + <td class='c019'>Shemágonish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sister</td> + <td class='c019'>Shemay´nce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Strong, or strength</td> + <td class='c019'>Múshkowar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Summer, or spring</td> + <td class='c019'>Menókemeg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Stumps of trees</td> + <td class='c019'>Mátwort</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[240]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Storm</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee geeshegar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Slay, an Indian carriage</td> + <td class='c019'>Tarbinnáck</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Spoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Támmickquoin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Son</td> + <td class='c019'>Jánis</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sand</td> + <td class='c019'>Dárjey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ship, or great canoe</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee náberquoin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shoes (Indian)</td> + <td class='c019'>Maukissin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sword, or great knife</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee mókoman</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sea, or great unbounded lake</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee gammink</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Smoke, or fire fog</td> + <td class='c019'>Keenárbittay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span>Sail of a ship</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee náberquoin parbóckerwoyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Snow</td> + <td class='c019'>Going</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sun, or great light</td> + <td class='c019'>Geessessey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Soft</td> + <td class='c019'>Charbeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sad</td> + <td class='c019'>Cushkendummerman</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sorrow, or pity</td> + <td class='c019'>Cushkendum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Savage, or wild</td> + <td class='c019'>Matcheewa</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Small, or little</td> + <td class='c019'>Hagúshenonce, or pongay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sharp</td> + <td class='c019'>Weemátch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Smooth</td> + <td class='c019'>Narnín</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sour</td> + <td class='c019'>Nebítch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sudden</td> + <td class='c019'>I´shmick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Slow</td> + <td class='c019'>Kíttermish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Surprising</td> + <td class='c019'>Towwácktowar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Short</td> + <td class='c019'>Dáckquoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Strange, or new</td> + <td class='c019'>Nobeetch, or pockan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[241]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Such</td> + <td class='c019'>Shenárgussey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sick</td> + <td class='c019'>Aquoisee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>She, her, he, or him</td> + <td class='c019'>Ween</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tower or fort</td> + <td class='c019'>Wakaygon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Truth, or justice</td> + <td class='c019'>Gwoyack</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Trade</td> + <td class='c019'>Artawway</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Trader</td> + <td class='c019'>Artawway winnin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thunder</td> + <td class='c019'>Tarbishár</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tobacco pouch</td> + <td class='c019'>Kispetawgan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thief; he is a thief</td> + <td class='c019'>Keemôtay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Trees, or wood</td> + <td class='c019'>Meteek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thoughts</td> + <td class='c019'>Waybissay, or waybeezezay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thing, or things</td> + <td class='c019'>Kaygoshish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span>To-morrow</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbunk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tame</td> + <td class='c019'>Jimmenin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thin, hungry, or lean</td> + <td class='c019'>Bocketty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>True; to be true</td> + <td class='c019'>Deb´woy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>This, or that</td> + <td class='c019'>Mor, or morndar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>They, them, or ye</td> + <td class='c019'>Weenewar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>There, at that place</td> + <td class='c019'>Woity, or awoity</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>The, a, an, or one</td> + <td class='c019'>Páyshik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To</td> + <td class='c019'>Ojey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thou, or you</td> + <td class='c019'>Keen, kee, or kee kee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Too little</td> + <td class='c019'>Ozóme pongay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Too, or also</td> + <td class='c019'>Guyyea</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Too much</td> + <td class='c019'>Ozóme</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[242]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Together</td> + <td class='c019'>Marmo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thank you</td> + <td class='c019'>Meegwoitch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Urine</td> + <td class='c019'>Meessay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Valley</td> + <td class='c019'>Amarcheep</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Virgin</td> + <td class='c019'>Quéwescence</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Voice, or the echo of the breath</td> + <td class='c019'>Tarpoach</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Village</td> + <td class='c019'>Narpoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Unripe, or raw</td> + <td class='c019'>Kakeejetty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Unwise, or lewd</td> + <td class='c019'>Cáwween annaboycassey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Unlucky, or unfortunate</td> + <td class='c019'>Basqueenewar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Unjust, or wrong</td> + <td class='c019'>Cáwween gwoyack</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Under</td> + <td class='c019'>Otárpeet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Unto</td> + <td class='c019'>Un´towarch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Upon</td> + <td class='c019'>Ish´carmooch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Very well, or it is true, or right</td> + <td class='c019'>Meegwoyyack, kay, or kaygait</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>Very soon, or immediately</td> + <td class='c019'>Weebatch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Us, we, our, all of us</td> + <td class='c019'>Neennerwind</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wife, or mistress</td> + <td class='c019'>Mentimoy´ey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Water</td> + <td class='c019'>Nippee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wind</td> + <td class='c019'>Noetting</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wound</td> + <td class='c019'>Aquish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>War, to go to war, to fight, or quarrel</td> + <td class='c019'>Mecártay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Woods</td> + <td class='c019'>Menópemeg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wine, or blood red broth</td> + <td class='c019'>Misquoyshoanarboop</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[243]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Whore, or bad woman</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee móyamee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Winter, or year</td> + <td class='c019'>Bebóne</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Well of water</td> + <td class='c019'>Sagoyb</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Word</td> + <td class='c019'>Cáza</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wing</td> + <td class='c019'>Gwimbitch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Witness, you are a witness</td> + <td class='c019'>Ken´dersay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>World, the other world</td> + <td class='c019'>Pockcan worroc´kay, or pockcan tunnoc´kay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wide</td> + <td class='c019'>Packquoím</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weary, or tired</td> + <td class='c019'>Nowwenday´shon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wild, or savage</td> + <td class='c019'>Matcheewa</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warm, or hot</td> + <td class='c019'>Geeshar´tay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wet</td> + <td class='c019'>Neepeeweenoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Willing, to be willing</td> + <td class='c019'>Can´nar, or cun´ner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>White</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbishcár</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weak</td> + <td class='c019'>Cáwween mush´kowar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wild</td> + <td class='c019'>Carnaboycus</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>We, us, or our</td> + <td class='c019'>Neennerwind</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Who, or who is that?</td> + <td class='c019'>Way´nin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span>What, or what now?</td> + <td class='c019'>Hawwaneeyaw, tar´nin, tar´neyau, or way´gonin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Where</td> + <td class='c019'>Aúnday</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>When, or whence</td> + <td class='c019'>Tan´nepy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Why</td> + <td class='c019'>Cannatoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wherever, or always</td> + <td class='c019'>Cargoneek, or memar´mo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Was it, is it, can it</td> + <td class='c019'>Nar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[244]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Young (offspring)</td> + <td class='c019'>Wiskon´kissey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yesterday</td> + <td class='c019'>Pitchynar´go</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Young man, or men</td> + <td class='c019'>Doskeennerway´mug</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ye, they, or them</td> + <td class='c019'>Weennewar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ye, your</td> + <td class='c019'>Kéennerwind</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yes</td> + <td class='c019'>Angay´mer, or Nan´gaymer</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yellow</td> + <td class='c019'>Jonia</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yet, or again</td> + <td class='c019'>Meenewatch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To amuse, or play</td> + <td class='c019'>Athtergain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To account</td> + <td class='c019'>Metashwárbermy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To approve; I approve</td> + <td class='c019'>Mornooch nezar´gay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To assist</td> + <td class='c019'>Mawwinnewah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To alter, or change</td> + <td class='c019'>Mishcoot</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To affront</td> + <td class='c019'>Nishcar´teyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To answer, or attend to</td> + <td class='c019'>Noneydone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To ask, I ask</td> + <td class='c019'>Nindooton, or nindootimond</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To ascend</td> + <td class='c019'>Negádeja</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To abandon, or forsake</td> + <td class='c019'>Pack´itan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To arrive at a place</td> + <td class='c019'>Takooshin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To arrive by land</td> + <td class='c019'>Keekeepejar´can</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To arrive by water</td> + <td class='c019'>Sharshyyar´ new´ebens</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>To avoid</td> + <td class='c019'>Yaquoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To attack</td> + <td class='c019'>Jimmim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To be vexed; I am vexed</td> + <td class='c019'>Nischcárteseyyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[245]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To believe</td> + <td class='c019'>Indenéndum gwoyack</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To bawl</td> + <td class='c019'>Tonbíngus</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To be told</td> + <td class='c019'>Ecárto</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To begin</td> + <td class='c019'>Ethetum war´march</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To bend</td> + <td class='c019'>Marchím</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To be willing</td> + <td class='c019'>Can´nar, or cun´ner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To betray all</td> + <td class='c019'>Matchee arpeech chickwar´woke</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To beat, or bruise</td> + <td class='c019'>Packettywaum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To bring, or fetch</td> + <td class='c019'>Nartín, or Petoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To bind, or tie</td> + <td class='c019'>Tackan´nin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To break, or tear</td> + <td class='c019'>Bowwískar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To bite</td> + <td class='c019'>Quoyjím</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To build</td> + <td class='c019'>Gowweájetoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To barter</td> + <td class='c019'>Gudgymárdat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To boil</td> + <td class='c019'>Zepeeooch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To borrow</td> + <td class='c019'>Carmatch´ey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To burn</td> + <td class='c019'>Squitty árbach</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To beg (you beg)</td> + <td class='c019'>Keenandóton</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To bathe</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepewoy´awat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To be unconcerned, or indifferent about a thing</td> + <td class='c019'>Mornooch towwárch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To cut</td> + <td class='c019'>Kiskejune</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To call</td> + <td class='c019'>Nandootum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To choose</td> + <td class='c019'>Tucku´nnin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To cure</td> + <td class='c019'>Zársquoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span>[246]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To catch</td> + <td class='c019'>Keeásquin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To clean</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbermeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To chew</td> + <td class='c019'>Wis´semeg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To come on</td> + <td class='c019'>Ondash´in</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To carry</td> + <td class='c019'>Keemárjemet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To close</td> + <td class='c019'>Dusquin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To converse</td> + <td class='c019'>Debárchim, or debárchemon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To conquer</td> + <td class='c019'>Ninnowátchim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To dance</td> + <td class='c019'>Neméh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To drown</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepewooch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To divide</td> + <td class='c019'>Arbitórch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To dig</td> + <td class='c019'>Achím</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To dwell, or stay</td> + <td class='c019'>Appay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To defend</td> + <td class='c019'>Mushkáwesay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To dream</td> + <td class='c019'>Charmeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To drop</td> + <td class='c019'>Char´quoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To depart</td> + <td class='c019'>Gamar´char</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To drink</td> + <td class='c019'>Mínniquah</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To dip</td> + <td class='c019'>Marchtooch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To elect</td> + <td class='c019'>Keetárpeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To embark</td> + <td class='c019'>Boossin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To experience</td> + <td class='c019'>Candan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To expect</td> + <td class='c019'>Indenéndumsee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To eat</td> + <td class='c019'>Wíssinnin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[247]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To freeze</td> + <td class='c019'>Mushcow´wartin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To find</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbermecó</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To fast</td> + <td class='c019'>Bockettyneech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To fish</td> + <td class='c019'>Bockettywaun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To feel</td> + <td class='c019'>Tarpín, or peach</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span>To fall</td> + <td class='c019'>Pónkissin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To float</td> + <td class='c019'>Arnooch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To follow</td> + <td class='c019'>Weegewach´in</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To forget; I forgot</td> + <td class='c019'>Newinnemeecoossay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To foretell; I foretell</td> + <td class='c019'>Newárbemoach</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To fetch, or bring</td> + <td class='c019'>Nartín, or petoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To fly</td> + <td class='c019'>Zeewítch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To grow</td> + <td class='c019'>Ameechet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To grind</td> + <td class='c019'>Ojít</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To give</td> + <td class='c019'>Dármissey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To go, I will go</td> + <td class='c019'>Es´zar, or Gúddeszar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To go by water</td> + <td class='c019'>Pamískian, or pemískar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To go by land</td> + <td class='c019'>Papamôtay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To get up, or rise</td> + <td class='c019'>Goníshcar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To govern</td> + <td class='c019'>Tibárimaw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To hide</td> + <td class='c019'>Cannawéndan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To hold</td> + <td class='c019'>Jingwím</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To hate</td> + <td class='c019'>Neshárquish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To hear</td> + <td class='c019'>Stootewar, or nondágaitch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To hurt</td> + <td class='c019'>Naw´wameetch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[248]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To hang</td> + <td class='c019'>Peechúganub</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To hunt</td> + <td class='c019'>Géosay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To hit</td> + <td class='c019'>Mátwoit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To have</td> + <td class='c019'>Arwayyor</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To interpret</td> + <td class='c019'>Kitchee ungwoitch undárjewort</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To jump</td> + <td class='c019'>Abooch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To join, I join</td> + <td class='c019'>Neewo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To keep</td> + <td class='c019'>Gannewaínnemar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To kill</td> + <td class='c019'>Gúnnesar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To know, you know</td> + <td class='c019'>Keecannawéndan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To kick</td> + <td class='c019'>Achíp</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To lend</td> + <td class='c019'>Mishcow´womeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To love; love</td> + <td class='c019'>Zárgay, or zárgeytoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To long to see, or wish</td> + <td class='c019'>Badásh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To lose; loss</td> + <td class='c019'>Wínnetoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To lift</td> + <td class='c019'>Es´termeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To learn</td> + <td class='c019'>E´shpermeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To lead</td> + <td class='c019'>Acheech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To lie down</td> + <td class='c019'>Neparhan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To lie, a falsity</td> + <td class='c019'>Cáwween deb´woy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To laugh</td> + <td class='c019'>Pawpy´</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To meet</td> + <td class='c019'>Neewatch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To make fire and cook</td> + <td class='c019'>Pooterway chebóckwoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[249]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To make, or do</td> + <td class='c019'>Ojeytoon, or tojeytoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To measure</td> + <td class='c019'>Apín</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To melt</td> + <td class='c019'>Acheemeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To mend</td> + <td class='c019'>Packquoy mowachin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To mix</td> + <td class='c019'>Packquoítso</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To marry</td> + <td class='c019'>Tuckunnu´mkewish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To make water</td> + <td class='c019'>Meesesay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To neglect</td> + <td class='c019'>Wínnemawatch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To own</td> + <td class='c019'>Guddypen´dan, or dépendan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To open</td> + <td class='c019'>Pameech, or hapitch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To place, or put</td> + <td class='c019'>Acktone, or neech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span>To pull</td> + <td class='c019'>Ajárme</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To pay</td> + <td class='c019'>Guddypa´rhan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To please</td> + <td class='c019'>Mirrowerrindan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To push</td> + <td class='c019'>Meetso</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To pass</td> + <td class='c019'>Pisquitch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To pierce</td> + <td class='c019'>Chagworm</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To pinch</td> + <td class='c019'>Chímmeney</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To promise</td> + <td class='c019'>Nebebeewoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To perspire</td> + <td class='c019'>Matootoo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To return</td> + <td class='c019'>Tercus´henan, or guabeecheway</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To raise</td> + <td class='c019'>Ishpin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To receive</td> + <td class='c019'>Ajímmoach</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[250]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To row</td> + <td class='c019'>Pemíshkar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To rejoice</td> + <td class='c019'>Papyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To run</td> + <td class='c019'>Squamích</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To read</td> + <td class='c019'>Daguoítso</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To revolt</td> + <td class='c019'>Etummecártey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To ride</td> + <td class='c019'>Annyscoop</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To release</td> + <td class='c019'>Pejárkemet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To rise or get up</td> + <td class='c019'>Goníshcar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To repudiate, to throw away</td> + <td class='c019'>Waybenán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To shake</td> + <td class='c019'>Písquemeetch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To stand up</td> + <td class='c019'>Pásserquoin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To sail</td> + <td class='c019'>Pemíshcarmooch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To spit</td> + <td class='c019'>Warmar´ch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To seek</td> + <td class='c019'>Warchar´ch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To stand</td> + <td class='c019'>Andátch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To seize</td> + <td class='c019'>Ajímmenin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span>To stab</td> + <td class='c019'>Batcheypehone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To split</td> + <td class='c019'>Chippauk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To shew</td> + <td class='c019'>Serpárgussey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To shut</td> + <td class='c019'>Cupperharne</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To sing</td> + <td class='c019'>Nájemoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To sink</td> + <td class='c019'>Nondágat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To satisfy</td> + <td class='c019'>Neminwaíndesee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To sit down, or sit you down</td> + <td class='c019'>Mantetáppy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To send</td> + <td class='c019'>Marchetoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To smoke a pipe</td> + <td class='c019'>Suggersoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[251]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To swim</td> + <td class='c019'>Squabeech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To see</td> + <td class='c019'>Wabemát, or wabemór</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To speak</td> + <td class='c019'>Debárchim, or debárchemon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To smell</td> + <td class='c019'>Iaquítch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To say; what did you say? when spoke angrily</td> + <td class='c019'>Ickeetóyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To stink; you stink, or your sentiments are offensive</td> + <td class='c019'>Keeméchawich</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To strike</td> + <td class='c019'>Keebárcham</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To steal</td> + <td class='c019'>Keemótyan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To sleep</td> + <td class='c019'>Nepán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To tie, or bind</td> + <td class='c019'>Tackannin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To touch</td> + <td class='c019'>Chewwar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To tell</td> + <td class='c019'>Gudjey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To think</td> + <td class='c019'>In´denind, or indenéndum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To throw away; to repudiate</td> + <td class='c019'>Waybenán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To take</td> + <td class='c019'>Tarpenán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To understand</td> + <td class='c019'>Neesstootewar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To view, or examine well my mind</td> + <td class='c019'>Wabindán</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To vex</td> + <td class='c019'>Annascar´tissey, or níshcar´tissey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To win</td> + <td class='c019'>Warmatt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To watch</td> + <td class='c019'>Warbennís, or warbennét</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To wash</td> + <td class='c019'>Zaquébenan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[252]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To work</td> + <td class='c019'>Tojeytoon, or gúsketoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To want</td> + <td class='c019'>Guy´yossey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To weep</td> + <td class='c019'>Marmy´</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To walk, or go</td> + <td class='c019'>Pamósay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To weigh</td> + <td class='c019'>Quois´ciquen</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>To wish, or long to see</td> + <td class='c019'>Badásh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c017'>[253] <em>Chippeway</em></th> + <th class='c018'><em>English</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Abboy</td> + <td class='c019'>Paddle, or small oar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ajack´quoit</td> + <td class='c019'>Axe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Annaboy´cassey</td> + <td class='c019'>Sense, or understanding</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Aník</td> + <td class='c019'>Arm</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Appimíniquy</td> + <td class='c019'>Beaver skin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ayarbéy awashkésh</td> + <td class='c019'>Buck, or male deer</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Amík</td> + <td class='c019'>Beaver</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Assénjey</td> + <td class='c019'>Bay, (harbour for canoes)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Aním</td> + <td class='c019'>Dog</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Animónce</td> + <td class='c019'>Dog, puppy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Aysquish</td> + <td class='c019'>Dart</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Awashkésh</td> + <td class='c019'>Deer</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Annooch</td> + <td class='c019'>Eye that squints</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Argátso</td> + <td class='c019'>Fingers</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Assínbo</td> + <td class='c019'>Fox</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Artik´kameg</td> + <td class='c019'>White fish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Arcoquosh´ergan</td> + <td class='c019'>Gartering</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Armoche</td> + <td class='c019'>Hand</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Arbittár</td> + <td class='c019'>Half, or part</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Anneech</td> + <td class='c019'>Hill</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>A´shemich</td> + <td class='c019'>Home, or dwelling</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Akeek</td> + <td class='c019'>Kettle, or pot</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[254]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ayarbéy</td> + <td class='c019'>Male</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Annacótchigon, or huncúshigon</td> + <td class='c019'>Merchandise</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Amáng</td> + <td class='c019'>Middle</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Agúmmeweech</td> + <td class='c019'>Music</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Assúbúb</td> + <td class='c019'>Net for fishing</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span>Assúb</td> + <td class='c019'>Thread</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Achimmey</td> + <td class='c019'>Present, or gift</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Assinjégo</td> + <td class='c019'>Pledge</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>An´dersoy, or tawnymilik</td> + <td class='c019'>Price; what price? how many? how much?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Armeetso</td> + <td class='c019'>Pleasure</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ashin´go</td> + <td class='c019'>Ribs</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Asseeban</td> + <td class='c019'>Racoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Amik woygán, or amik oakónus</td> + <td class='c019'>Beaver robe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Aquísh</td> + <td class='c019'>Wound</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Attees</td> + <td class='c019'>Sinews</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Annúnk</td> + <td class='c019'>Star</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Assín</td> + <td class='c019'>Stone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Acheek</td> + <td class='c019'>Shame</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Angwoitch</td> + <td class='c019'>Shade</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Atch</td> + <td class='c019'>Shell</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Artawway</td> + <td class='c019'>Trade</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Artawway winnin</td> + <td class='c019'>Trader</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Assay´mer</td> + <td class='c019'>Tobacco</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Amarcheep</td> + <td class='c019'>Valley</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Annánk</td> + <td class='c019'>Wrist</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Annán</td> + <td class='c019'>Wristbands</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[255]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Annywattin</td> + <td class='c019'>Calm</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Anneycheewoatch</td> + <td class='c019'>Deep</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Achíb</td> + <td class='c019'>Green</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Armooch</td> + <td class='c019'>Lame</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ajack´quoy</td> + <td class='c019'>Free, or generous</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Appywick</td> + <td class='c019'>Low</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Agússin</td> + <td class='c019'>Narrow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ardátch</td> + <td class='c019'>Patient</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>Arpeech</td> + <td class='c019'>Fine, not coarse</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Annacook</td> + <td class='c019'>Quick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ac´quoisee</td> + <td class='c019'>Sick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Apackhan, or han</td> + <td class='c019'>Any</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Awoíty, or woíty</td> + <td class='c019'>There; at a place</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Aighter, or unter</td> + <td class='c019'>Only, at, alone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Aúnday</td> + <td class='c019'>Where</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Angáymer, or nángaymer</td> + <td class='c019'>Yes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Awashemon</td> + <td class='c019'>Before</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>An</td> + <td class='c019'>Of</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Awa´ss, or ingwitch</td> + <td class='c019'>Last</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Awa´ssa, or awa´ssa woy´ta</td> + <td class='c019'>Beyond, or far off</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Accochink</td> + <td class='c019'>Out, or without</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Arthty</td> + <td class='c019'>Have, had</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ashea</td> + <td class='c019'>And</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Athtergain</td> + <td class='c019'>To amuse, or play</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Arbitórch</td> + <td class='c019'>To divide</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Arwayyor</td> + <td class='c019'>To have</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Achím</td> + <td class='c019'>To dig</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>An´yscoop</td> + <td class='c019'>To ride</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[256]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Appay</td> + <td class='c019'>To dwell, or stay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Amooch</td> + <td class='c019'>To float</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Acheech</td> + <td class='c019'>To lead</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ameechet</td> + <td class='c019'>To grow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Achíp</td> + <td class='c019'>To kick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Abooch</td> + <td class='c019'>To jump</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Apín</td> + <td class='c019'>To measure</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ajárme</td> + <td class='c019'>To pull</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ajímmoach</td> + <td class='c019'>To receive</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ajímmenin</td> + <td class='c019'>To seize</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Andátch</td> + <td class='c019'>To stand</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span>Ac´ktone, or neech</td> + <td class='c019'>To place, or put</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Annascar´tissey, or níshcartissey</td> + <td class='c019'>To vex</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Acheemeech</td> + <td class='c019'>To melt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Baskey´zegan</td> + <td class='c019'>Gun</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bebo´ne</td> + <td class='c019'>Winter, or year</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Barthtiar´je</td> + <td class='c019'>Army, or number of people assembled together</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bócketty</td> + <td class='c019'>Hungry, thin, lean</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Basqueenewar</td> + <td class='c019'>Unlucky, or unfortunate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bowwis´kar</td> + <td class='c019'>To break, or tear</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bóckettyneech</td> + <td class='c019'>To fast</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Batcheypehone</td> + <td class='c019'>To stab</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Badásh</td> + <td class='c019'>To long to see, or wish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Bóckettywaun</td> + <td class='c019'>To fish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Boossin</td> + <td class='c019'>To embark</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[257]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cushkéndum</td> + <td class='c019'>Sorrow, or pity</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cheeman</td> + <td class='c019'>Canoe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cúshecance</td> + <td class='c019'>Tame cat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cark cark</td> + <td class='c019'>Crow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Chingwím</td> + <td class='c019'>Flood of water</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cáwmeek meteek</td> + <td class='c019'>Fork, or prong stick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Coocooshe</td> + <td class='c019'>Hog</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cúshcowait</td> + <td class='c019'>Plenty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cáwween, or ka</td> + <td class='c019'>Nothing, no, not</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cáza</td> + <td class='c019'>Word</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cáwween áppay</td> + <td class='c019'>Absent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cockinnór</td> + <td class='c019'>All</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cockinnór marmó</td> + <td class='c019'>All together</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Chartch</td> + <td class='c019'>Deaf</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span>Cáwween mooshkenay</td> + <td class='c019'>Empty</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cwween pestérquan</td> + <td class='c019'>Light (not heavy)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cáwween annaboy´cassey</td> + <td class='c019'>Lewd, or unwise</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Charbeech</td> + <td class='c019'>Soft</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cushkendúmmerman</td> + <td class='c019'>Sad</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cáwween gwoyack</td> + <td class='c019'>Unjust, or wrong</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cáwween mush´kowar</td> + <td class='c019'>Weak</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Carnayboy´cus</td> + <td class='c019'>Wild</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cargoneek, or memármo</td> + <td class='c019'>Always, wherever</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cáwwická, or cássawickcá</td> + <td class='c019'>Never</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cannatoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Why</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Can´nebatch</td> + <td class='c019'>Perhaps</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Chárno</td> + <td class='c019'>Proof</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[258]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Can´ner, or cun´ner</td> + <td class='c019'>Willing, to be willing</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Candan</td> + <td class='c019'>To experience</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Charmeech</td> + <td class='c019'>To dream</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Char´quoy</td> + <td class='c019'>To drop</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cannawéndan</td> + <td class='c019'>To hide</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cáwween deb´woy</td> + <td class='c019'>To lie (a falsity)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Chagworm</td> + <td class='c019'>To pierce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Chímmeney</td> + <td class='c019'>To pinch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Chíppauk</td> + <td class='c019'>To split</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Cupperharne</td> + <td class='c019'>To shut</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Chewwar</td> + <td class='c019'>To touch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Carmátchey</td> + <td class='c019'>To borrow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Deb´bikat</td> + <td class='c019'>Night</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Doskeennerway´mug</td> + <td class='c019'>Young man, or men</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Daggow´wemeech</td> + <td class='c019'>Pain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dar´jey</td> + <td class='c019'>Sand</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>Dar´niss, or indong´way</td> + <td class='c019'>Daughter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dadge</td> + <td class='c019'>Rotten</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dáckquoy</td> + <td class='c019'>Short</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Doutch</td> + <td class='c019'>Down, on the ground</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Deb´woy</td> + <td class='c019'>True, to be true</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dus´quin</td> + <td class='c019'>To close</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Debar´chim, or debar´chemon</td> + <td class='c019'>To converse</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Daguoit´so</td> + <td class='c019'>To read</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Depen´dan, or gúddypendan</td> + <td class='c019'>To own</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Dar´missey</td> + <td class='c019'>To give</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[259]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Euníck</td> + <td class='c019'>Fathom (a measure)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ergush´shemin</td> + <td class='c019'>Aunt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>E´quoy</td> + <td class='c019'>Woman, or female</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>E´quoysince</td> + <td class='c019'>Girl</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eshtergóan</td> + <td class='c019'>Head</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Espeoc´kay</td> + <td class='c019'>Mountain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Essíngo</td> + <td class='c019'>Rocks</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Eshteroath´can</td> + <td class='c019'>Skull</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>E´shcan</td> + <td class='c019'>Spears</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Esh´pea</td> + <td class='c019'>Sky</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Es´zar, or gúddeszar</td> + <td class='c019'>To go; I will go</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ethetum war´march</td> + <td class='c019'>To begin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Es´termeech</td> + <td class='c019'>To lift</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Esh´permeech</td> + <td class='c019'>To learn</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Etummecar´tey</td> + <td class='c019'>To revolt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ecar´to</td> + <td class='c019'>To be told</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gósenan</td> + <td class='c019'>King, or great chief</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gwat´so</td> + <td class='c019'>Eyebrow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span>Gatsoates</td> + <td class='c019'>Edge</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gwoyack</td> + <td class='c019'>Justice, or truth</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Geezus</td> + <td class='c019'>Moon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Guéveshew</td> + <td class='c019'>Plover</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Going</td> + <td class='c019'>Snow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Geessessey</td> + <td class='c019'>Sun, or great light</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gwimbítch</td> + <td class='c019'>Wing, of birds</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Geessennar</td> + <td class='c019'>Cold</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[260]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Geeshar´tay</td> + <td class='c019'>Hot, or warm; to make hot or warm</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Guy´oxim</td> + <td class='c019'>Ready</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Guachootch</td> + <td class='c019'>Rough</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gar</td> + <td class='c019'>Permission</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Guyyea</td> + <td class='c019'>Also, too</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gwotch, or népewar</td> + <td class='c019'>Much, or a great deal</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gudggymárdat</td> + <td class='c019'>To barter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Guabeecheway, or tercúshenan</td> + <td class='c019'>To return</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gowweájetoon</td> + <td class='c019'>To build</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gamar´char</td> + <td class='c019'>To depart</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Guy´yossey</td> + <td class='c019'>To want</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Géosay</td> + <td class='c019'>To hunt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gannewain´nemar</td> + <td class='c019'>To keep</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gun´nesar</td> + <td class='c019'>To kill</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Guddypar´han</td> + <td class='c019'>To pay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Guddypen´dan, or dépendan</td> + <td class='c019'>To own</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gudjey</td> + <td class='c019'>To tell</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gonish´kar</td> + <td class='c019'>To rise, or get up</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gúsketoon, or tójeytoon</td> + <td class='c019'>To work</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Gúddeszar, or Es´zar</td> + <td class='c019'>To go, I will go</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Huncush´igon, or annacotch´igon</td> + <td class='c019'>Merchandise</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hagua´missey, or táguámissey</td> + <td class='c019'>Courage</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Háwoyzask</td> + <td class='c019'>Musquash, or musk rat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Haw´wercoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Tripe de rôche, or rock weed</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hamátchey</td> + <td class='c019'>Broad</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[261]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Haundwátchey</td> + <td class='c019'>Bottom</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hagúshenonce</td> + <td class='c019'>Small</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hawwaneeyaw, tarnin, tarneyau, or way´gonin</td> + <td class='c019'>What, or what now?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Han, or apackcan</td> + <td class='c019'>Any</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hapadjey</td> + <td class='c019'>Indeed</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Hapitch, or pameech</td> + <td class='c019'>To open</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ha weebittan, or weebittan</td> + <td class='c019'>Make haste</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Indong´way, or dar´niss</td> + <td class='c019'>Daughter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Jánis</td> + <td class='c019'>Son</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Jónia</td> + <td class='c019'>Yellow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ish´pemeg</td> + <td class='c019'>High, or above</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ingwítch, or awáss</td> + <td class='c019'>Last</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ish´pemeech</td> + <td class='c019'>Proud</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>I´shmick</td> + <td class='c019'>Sudden</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Jimmenin</td> + <td class='c019'>Tame</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Is´quamach</td> + <td class='c019'>Belly</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Icktum guichum</td> + <td class='c019'>Between</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>I´shcarmooch</td> + <td class='c019'>Upon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>In´denind, or indenen´dum</td> + <td class='c019'>To think</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Indenen´dumsee</td> + <td class='c019'>To expect</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Jímmim</td> + <td class='c019'>To attack</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Jingwím</td> + <td class='c019'>To hold</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>Ishpin</td> + <td class='c019'>To raise</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Jaquítch</td> + <td class='c019'>To smell</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Indenen´dum gwoyack</td> + <td class='c019'>To believe a thing true</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[262]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ickkeetoyan</td> + <td class='c019'>To say; what did you say? when spoken angrily</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kes´coneek</td> + <td class='c019'>Broken arm</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keemótegun</td> + <td class='c019'>Adultery</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee anwin</td> + <td class='c019'>Ball, or large shot</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee carbo</td> + <td class='c019'>Crane (a bird)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keenar´bo</td> + <td class='c019'>Cloud, or grand cover</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee assubbub</td> + <td class='c019'>Cable, or big rope</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keegónce</td> + <td class='c019'>Fish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keepartesee</td> + <td class='c019'>Fool; he is a fool</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee mannitoo</td> + <td class='c019'>God, or Great Spirit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee jónia</td> + <td class='c019'>Gold, or fine yellow metal</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee squittyung</td> + <td class='c019'>Hell, or place of bad spirits</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keejayp</td> + <td class='c019'>Morning</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keenonjey</td> + <td class='c019'>Pike, a fish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee mannitoo ninnee</td> + <td class='c019'>Priest, or Master of Life´s man</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kimmeewan</td> + <td class='c019'>Rain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keenaypick´neeshey</td> + <td class='c019'>Snakes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee meework</td> + <td class='c019'>Swan</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee mókoman</td> + <td class='c019'>Sword, or great knife</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee gammink</td> + <td class='c019'>Sea, or great unbounded lake</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keenárbittay</td> + <td class='c019'>Smoke, or fire fog</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee náberquoin parbock´erwoyan</td> + <td class='c019'>Sail of a ship</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee náberquoin</td> + <td class='c019'>Ship, or great canoe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keemôtay</td> + <td class='c019'>Thief; he is a thief</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span>Kispetaw´gan</td> + <td class='c019'>Tobacco pouch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keezay´cus</td> + <td class='c019'>Fear; to fear; he is afraid</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ken´dersay</td> + <td class='c019'>Witness; you are a witness</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee, or nishshishshin</td> + <td class='c019'>Great, or good</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee way´besun</td> + <td class='c019'>Armbands</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kittim</td> + <td class='c019'>Idle, or lazy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keenónge</td> + <td class='c019'>Long</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keewáency</td> + <td class='c019'>Old, he is old</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee mor´gussey</td> + <td class='c019'>Poor</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kakeejetty</td> + <td class='c019'>Raw, or unripe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keejetty</td> + <td class='c019'>Ripe, or dressed</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kíttermish</td> + <td class='c019'>Slow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keen, kee, or kee kee</td> + <td class='c019'>Thou, or you</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ka, or ca´wween</td> + <td class='c019'>No, not; nothing</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Késhpin</td> + <td class='c019'>If</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kaygoshish</td> + <td class='c019'>Thing, or things</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kaygait, kay, or meegwoyack</td> + <td class='c019'>It is true, or truly</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kamar´chey</td> + <td class='c019'>Not yet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keennerwind</td> + <td class='c019'>Ye, your</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kaygo</td> + <td class='c019'>I have</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kakaygo</td> + <td class='c019'>I have not</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keenandóton</td> + <td class='c019'>To beg; you beg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keeas´quin</td> + <td class='c019'>To catch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keekeepejar´can</td> + <td class='c019'>To arrive by land</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kískejune</td> + <td class='c019'>To cut</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keemar´jemet</td> + <td class='c019'>To carry</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keetar´peech</td> + <td class='c019'>To elect</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[264]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Kitchee ungwoitch, undar´jewort</td> + <td class='c019'>To interpret</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keemótyan</td> + <td class='c019'>To steal</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span>Keemeechawich</td> + <td class='c019'>To stink; you stink, or your sentiments are offensive</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keebar´cham</td> + <td class='c019'>To strike</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Keecannawen´dan</td> + <td class='c019'>To know; you know</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Lissy</td> + <td class='c019'>Human hair</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mejásk, or nepísh</td> + <td class='c019'>Herb, or grass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Marchián</td> + <td class='c019'>Journey; to go a journey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mushqueewor´meteek</td> + <td class='c019'>Knot of wood</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mannetónce</td> + <td class='c019'>Ants, and all small insects</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Misquy´</td> + <td class='c019'>Blood</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mannetoo menan´ce</td> + <td class='c019'>Beads</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mackquáh</td> + <td class='c019'>Bear</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mackquacon´ce, or mackon´ce</td> + <td class='c019'>Cub bear</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meetecónse</td> + <td class='c019'>Branches of a tree</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Marseynay´gan</td> + <td class='c019'>Book, letter, or paper</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meteek múshcomat, or muccuck</td> + <td class='c019'>Box of wood, or bark, or rum keg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Môtay</td> + <td class='c019'>Bottle</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Múshcomat</td> + <td class='c019'>Bag</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meecoose</td> + <td class='c019'>Canoe awls</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Medar´min</td> + <td class='c019'>Indian corn</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Menómon</td> + <td class='c019'>Indian rice</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee Mannitoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Devil, or bad spirit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Misquoitch</td> + <td class='c019'>Dew</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[265]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mackcóan</td> + <td class='c019'>Dish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meekintar´gan</td> + <td class='c019'>Pack, or bundle of skins</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Marsennahatch, or marsennay´gan</td> + <td class='c019'>Debt, or trust</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_300'>300</span>Meeno geesshegat</td> + <td class='c019'>Fine day</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee geeshegat</td> + <td class='c019'>Bad day</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Moouse</td> + <td class='c019'>Elk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meegeezes</td> + <td class='c019'>Eagle</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee oathty</td> + <td class='c019'>Enemy, or bad heart</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mattoyash</td> + <td class='c019'>Earth</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meechaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Face</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meedséywort</td> + <td class='c019'>Fundament</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Muckkikee</td> + <td class='c019'>Frog</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mejimmim</td> + <td class='c019'>Food</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mishquoishártay</td> + <td class='c019'>Fever</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Marchew´</td> + <td class='c019'>Gall</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Min´nishish</td> + <td class='c019'>Grapes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>March</td> + <td class='c019'>Hole</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Min´nesey</td> + <td class='c019'>Island</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Min´nesin</td> + <td class='c019'>Peninsula</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meequorm</td> + <td class='c019'>Ice</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mókoman</td> + <td class='c019'>Knife, or knives</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meemoche</td> + <td class='c019'>Lips</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mittasse</td> + <td class='c019'>Leggons, or stockings</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Maunk</td> + <td class='c019'>Loon, (a bird)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Maskikkee</td> + <td class='c019'>Medicine</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mentimoy´ey</td> + <td class='c019'>Wife, or mistress</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mentimoy´amish</td> + <td class='c019'>My wife, or mistress</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[266]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meesey</td> + <td class='c019'>Mouth</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mergummegat</td> + <td class='c019'>News</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mackcutty, or mackcutty pingo</td> + <td class='c019'>Gunpowder, or black dust</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meecho</td> + <td class='c019'>Peace</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee pattso</td> + <td class='c019'>Poison, or the taste of the bad swelling</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_301'>301</span>Meekan</td> + <td class='c019'>Road</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mannetoo woygan´</td> + <td class='c019'>Blue stroud</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mishwoygan´</td> + <td class='c019'>Red stroud</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Menókemeg</td> + <td class='c019'>Summer, or spring</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mat´wort</td> + <td class='c019'>Stumps of trees</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Múshkowar</td> + <td class='c019'>Strength, or strong</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee geesshegar</td> + <td class='c019'>Storm</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Monyny´yank</td> + <td class='c019'>Montreal, a town in Canada</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Maukissin</td> + <td class='c019'>Indian shoes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meteek</td> + <td class='c019'>Trees, or wood</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mitchea</td> + <td class='c019'>Thumbs</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meessay</td> + <td class='c019'>Urine</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mawhin´gon</td> + <td class='c019'>Wolf</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mecar´tay</td> + <td class='c019'>War; to go to war; to fight, or quarrel</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Menópemeg</td> + <td class='c019'>Woods</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Misquoyshoanar´boop</td> + <td class='c019'>Wine, or blood red broth</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee móyamee</td> + <td class='c019'>Whore, or bad woman</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee</td> + <td class='c019'>Bad, or wicked</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matooch</td> + <td class='c019'>Bitter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee way´begun</td> + <td class='c019'>Barren, or not bearing fruit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[267]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Menditoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Big, or great</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee arpeech</td> + <td class='c019'>Coarse, not fine</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee weebeezesay</td> + <td class='c019'>Cunning</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meenwen´desay</td> + <td class='c019'>Easy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mee</td> + <td class='c019'>Enough</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meermárjis</td> + <td class='c019'>Few</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meecheweass</td> + <td class='c019'>Fresh, not stale</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mooshquenay</td> + <td class='c019'>Full</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mackcutty</td> + <td class='c019'>Black</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meeshar´quoit</td> + <td class='c019'>Light, or bright</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_302'>302</span>Marnay</td> + <td class='c019'>Many</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mooshkey</td> + <td class='c019'>Pregnant</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Misquy, or misquitty</td> + <td class='c019'>Red</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matcheewa</td> + <td class='c019'>Savage, or wild</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Marmo</td> + <td class='c019'>Together</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Maunder, or mor</td> + <td class='c019'>This, or that</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metách, or menoch</td> + <td class='c019'>Besides</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mewinch</td> + <td class='c019'>Because</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meenewatch</td> + <td class='c019'>Again, or yet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Memar´mo, or cargoneek</td> + <td class='c019'>Always, wherever</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Maywísher</td> + <td class='c019'>Long time ago, formerly, or is it long since?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Moszack</td> + <td class='c019'>But</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meegwoyack, kay, or kaygait</td> + <td class='c019'>It is true, or right, or very well</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meewgotch</td> + <td class='c019'>Thank you</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mishcoot</td> + <td class='c019'>To alter, or change</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Marchetoon</td> + <td class='c019'>To send</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[268]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mantetappy</td> + <td class='c019'>To sit down, or sit you down</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Meetso</td> + <td class='c019'>To push</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mirrowerrindan</td> + <td class='c019'>To please</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Metashwar´bermy</td> + <td class='c019'>To account</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mornooch nezar´gay</td> + <td class='c019'>To approve; I approve</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mawwinnewah</td> + <td class='c019'>To assist</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Marchím</td> + <td class='c019'>To bend</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee arpeech chickwar</td> + <td class='c019'>To betray</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matchee arpeech chickwar´woke</td> + <td class='c019'>To betray a number of people</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Marmy´</td> + <td class='c019'>To weep</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mornooch towwárch</td> + <td class='c019'>To be unconcerned, or indifferent about a thing</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_303'>303</span>Mushkáwesay</td> + <td class='c019'>To defend</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mat´woit</td> + <td class='c019'>To hit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Min´niquah</td> + <td class='c019'>To drink</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mishcow´womeech</td> + <td class='c019'>To lend</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Marchtooch</td> + <td class='c019'>To dip</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Mushcow´wartin</td> + <td class='c019'>To freeze</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Matootoo</td> + <td class='c019'>To perspire</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nondar´gay</td> + <td class='c019'>Arch, part of a circle</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nowettywich, or nowwetting</td> + <td class='c019'>Breath</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Narmay´bin</td> + <td class='c019'>Carp, a fish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepewarnoondájewort</td> + <td class='c019'>Crowd</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Non´dawar</td> + <td class='c019'>Ear</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neejee, or neecarnis</td> + <td class='c019'>Friend, or companion</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepewoajánis</td> + <td class='c019'>Family</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nócey</td> + <td class='c019'>Father</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[269]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepísh, or mejásk</td> + <td class='c019'>Herb, or grass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nabaim´</td> + <td class='c019'>Husband, or master of weakness</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nishinnorbay</td> + <td class='c019'>Indians</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Noochimmoin</td> + <td class='c019'>Life</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nin´gay</td> + <td class='c019'>Mother</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninnee</td> + <td class='c019'>Man</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Narb</td> + <td class='c019'>Nails of fingers and toes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neecárk</td> + <td class='c019'>Wild goose</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepeech</td> + <td class='c019'>Leaves</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nekeek</td> + <td class='c019'>Otter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neatissum, or weebor´so</td> + <td class='c019'>Veins of the body</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nondájewot</td> + <td class='c019'>People, or nation</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepewámeteek</td> + <td class='c019'>Raft of wood</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nink</td> + <td class='c019'>Skin of animals</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_304'>304</span>Nepan´</td> + <td class='c019'>Sleep</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Narmay´guiss</td> + <td class='c019'>Trout</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Narpoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Village</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nippee</td> + <td class='c019'>Water</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Noetting</td> + <td class='c019'>Wind</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Newemo</td> + <td class='c019'>Ashamed; to be ashamed</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootch</td> + <td class='c019'>Another</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nezar´gea</td> + <td class='c019'>Fond, I am fond</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepewár, or gwotch</td> + <td class='c019'>Much, or a great deal</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nishshishshin´, or kitchee</td> + <td class='c019'>Good, or great</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nobeetch, or pockcan</td> + <td class='c019'>New, or strange</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Narnín</td> + <td class='c019'>Smooth</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nebítch</td> + <td class='c019'>Sour</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[270]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepeeweenoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Wet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nowwenday´shon</td> + <td class='c019'>Weary, or tired</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neepoo</td> + <td class='c019'>Dead</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepárhar</td> + <td class='c019'>Drowsy; I am drowsy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nin, nee, or nee nee</td> + <td class='c019'>I, me, my</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nin aighter</td> + <td class='c019'>I myself, or alone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neennerwind</td> + <td class='c019'>We, us, or our; all of us</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nangay´mer, or angay´mer</td> + <td class='c019'>Yes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nogom</td> + <td class='c019'>Now, or lately</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningoot</td> + <td class='c019'>Afterwards, or after</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningoochum</td> + <td class='c019'>Behind</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ningootch</td> + <td class='c019'>Another</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nar</td> + <td class='c019'>Is it, was it, can it</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nishcar´teyan</td> + <td class='c019'>To affront</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neeshar´quish</td> + <td class='c019'>To hate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nishcarteseyan</td> + <td class='c019'>To be vexed; I am vexed</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nishcartissay, or annascartissey</td> + <td class='c019'>To vex</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_305'>305</span>Nóneydone</td> + <td class='c019'>To answer, or attend to</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nindooton, or nindootimond</td> + <td class='c019'>To ask; I ask</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Negádeja</td> + <td class='c019'>To ascend</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepewoy´awat</td> + <td class='c019'>To bathe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neesstootewar</td> + <td class='c019'>To understand</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ninnowatchim</td> + <td class='c019'>To conquer</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neméh</td> + <td class='c019'>To dance</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepewooch</td> + <td class='c019'>To drown</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nartín, or petoon</td> + <td class='c019'>To fetch, or bring</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Naw´wameetch</td> + <td class='c019'>To hurt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[271]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neewo</td> + <td class='c019'>To join</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neparhan</td> + <td class='c019'>To lie down</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Newinnemecoossay</td> + <td class='c019'>To forget; I forget</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Newárbemoach</td> + <td class='c019'>To foretell; I foretell</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nondágaitch, or stootewar</td> + <td class='c019'>To hear</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neewatch</td> + <td class='c019'>To meet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neech, or acktone</td> + <td class='c019'>To put, or place</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nebebeewoy</td> + <td class='c019'>To promise</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nájemoon</td> + <td class='c019'>To sing</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nondágat</td> + <td class='c019'>To sink</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Neminwain´desee</td> + <td class='c019'>To satisfy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nepa´n</td> + <td class='c019'>To sleep</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Nandootum</td> + <td class='c019'>To call</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Onágun</td> + <td class='c019'>Bark bowl, or cup</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Oakónus, or amik woygan´</td> + <td class='c019'>Beaver robe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Opeewyesky</td> + <td class='c019'>Beard</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Onick´quick</td> + <td class='c019'>Back</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Oakcan</td> + <td class='c019'>Bones</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Opin</td> + <td class='c019'>Brain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_306'>306</span>Oncean</td> + <td class='c019'>Breech clout</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Oskenay´gay</td> + <td class='c019'>Boy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Owentágun</td> + <td class='c019'>Barrel</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ojémaw, or O´kemaw</td> + <td class='c019'>Chief</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ogunnegat</td> + <td class='c019'>Day, or days</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ozett</td> + <td class='c019'>Foot, or feet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Oyan</td> + <td class='c019'>Fur of animals</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[272]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ochick´</td> + <td class='c019'>Fisher, an animal</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Onuggesh</td> + <td class='c019'>Bowels</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Oathty</td> + <td class='c019'>Heart</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Opeeway</td> + <td class='c019'>Hair of animals</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Oweoathcoan</td> + <td class='c019'>Hats</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Onúggemeg</td> + <td class='c019'>Portage, or carrying place</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ogashy</td> + <td class='c019'>Horse</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ocárt</td> + <td class='c019'>Leg</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Onjee</td> + <td class='c019'>Land</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Onjeech</td> + <td class='c019'>Mud</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Opoy´gan</td> + <td class='c019'>Pipe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ogánce</td> + <td class='c019'>Pickerill, a fish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Onnemay</td> + <td class='c019'>Sturgeon, a fish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Opickquoy</td> + <td class='c019'>Squirrel</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Oquarme</td> + <td class='c019'>Thighs</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Outon</td> + <td class='c019'>Tongue</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ozonnemon</td> + <td class='c019'>Vermillion</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ozóme</td> + <td class='c019'>Too much, or dear</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ozóme pongay</td> + <td class='c019'>Too little</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Onar´gushey</td> + <td class='c019'>Dark</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Omích</td> + <td class='c019'>Round</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Opar´mey</td> + <td class='c019'>Below</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Omár, or owáy</td> + <td class='c019'>Here</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Otárpeet</td> + <td class='c019'>Under</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_307'>307</span>Ojey</td> + <td class='c019'>To</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ondass</td> + <td class='c019'>Come here</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Osquibby, or squibby</td> + <td class='c019'>Drunk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[273]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ojit</td> + <td class='c019'>To grind</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ojeytoon, or ogúbbetoon</td> + <td class='c019'>To make, or do</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ondashin´</td> + <td class='c019'>To come on</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pennyshance</td> + <td class='c019'>All small birds</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pamótay way´begun</td> + <td class='c019'>Ashes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Peckqueen dorsow</td> + <td class='c019'>Breech</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pewarbickcónce</td> + <td class='c019'>Brass wire</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Paunéa</td> + <td class='c019'>Broaches</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Peshshekey</td> + <td class='c019'>Buffalo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pesh´shemo</td> + <td class='c019'>Bed</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Penar´quan</td> + <td class='c019'>Combs</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Piskawágan</td> + <td class='c019'>Coats</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Peshshew</td> + <td class='c019'>Wood cat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pewar´bick</td> + <td class='c019'>Copper, iron, or brass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pingo</td> + <td class='c019'>Dust, or powder</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pewyar</td> + <td class='c019'>Eyelid</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pennyshis</td> + <td class='c019'>Fowl, or birds</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pockquoísigan</td> + <td class='c019'>Flour, or bread</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pinneesh</td> + <td class='c019'>Fruit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pequim</td> + <td class='c019'>Feathers of birds</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pewarmickcoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Flint stone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Powwabickcoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Gun flints</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pickkew</td> + <td class='c019'>Gum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Powwetink</td> + <td class='c019'>Rapid or strong current of water</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Péwithay</td> + <td class='c019'>Stranger</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pewarbeneech</td> + <td class='c019'>Hawk bells</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_308'>308</span>Peja´rcan</td> + <td class='c019'>Harbour</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pemartus</td> + <td class='c019'>Health</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pendycutty</td> + <td class='c019'>Horn</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Puttwar</td> + <td class='c019'>Knee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pecktópe</td> + <td class='c019'>Nostrills</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pinneck</td> + <td class='c019'>Navel</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pimmethy</td> + <td class='c019'>Oil, fat, or grease; or to be fat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Peenay</td> + <td class='c019'>Partridge</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pockkikkin</td> + <td class='c019'>Skin (human)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Parbock´erwoyan´</td> + <td class='c019'>Shirts</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pockcan worrockay, or pockcan tunnockay</td> + <td class='c019'>The other world, or country</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pitchynar´go</td> + <td class='c019'>Yesterday</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pester´quan</td> + <td class='c019'>Heavy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Parmín</td> + <td class='c019'>Bald</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pejar´moach</td> + <td class='c019'>Jealous</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pongay, or hagush´enonce</td> + <td class='c019'>Little, small</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Páyshik</td> + <td class='c019'>One, the, a, or an</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pockcan, or nobeetch</td> + <td class='c019'>Strange, or new</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Packquoim</td> + <td class='c019'>Wide</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Payshéw</td> + <td class='c019'>Near, or nigh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Papay´jit</td> + <td class='c019'>Each</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Panímár</td> + <td class='c019'>By and by</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pendeek</td> + <td class='c019'>In</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pay, páyshik</td> + <td class='c019'>Here, and there</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pack´itan</td> + <td class='c019'>To abandon, or forsake</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Peach, or tarpín</td> + <td class='c019'>To feel</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[275]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pon´kissin</td> + <td class='c019'>To fall</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pamískian, or pemískar</td> + <td class='c019'>To go by water</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Papamôtay</td> + <td class='c019'>To go by land</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_309'>309</span>Peechúganub</td> + <td class='c019'>To hang</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Packettywaun</td> + <td class='c019'>To beat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pawpy´</td> + <td class='c019'>To laugh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Packquoy mowachin</td> + <td class='c019'>To mend</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Packquoítso</td> + <td class='c019'>To mix</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Petoon, or nartín</td> + <td class='c019'>To fetch, or bring</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pameech, or hapítch</td> + <td class='c019'>To open</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pisquitch</td> + <td class='c019'>To pass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pemíshkar</td> + <td class='c019'>To row</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Papyan</td> + <td class='c019'>To rejoice</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pejar´kemet</td> + <td class='c019'>To release</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pas´serquoin</td> + <td class='c019'>To stand up</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pemíshcarmooch</td> + <td class='c019'>To sail</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pis quemeetch</td> + <td class='c019'>To shake</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pamósay</td> + <td class='c019'>To walk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Pooterway chebock´woy</td> + <td class='c019'>To make a fire and cook</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Quickwahay</td> + <td class='c019'>Beaver eater</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Queebesince</td> + <td class='c019'>Child, or children</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Quinch</td> + <td class='c019'>Liver</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Quéwescence</td> + <td class='c019'>Virgin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Quoyjím</td> + <td class='c019'>To bite</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Quois´ciquen</td> + <td class='c019'>To weigh</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[276]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shaquoit</td> + <td class='c019'>Air</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shemayn</td> + <td class='c019'>Brother</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shoanar´boop</td> + <td class='c019'>Broth, or soup</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shemay´nce</td> + <td class='c019'>Sister</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shamíshcart</td> + <td class='c019'>Battle</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sedgwin</td> + <td class='c019'>Current of water</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squendum</td> + <td class='c019'>Door; shut the door</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sheshíb</td> + <td class='c019'>Wild duck</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_310'>310</span>Saggonash</td> + <td class='c019'>English</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squittycan</td> + <td class='c019'>Fire steels</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squitty, or scotay</td> + <td class='c019'>Fire</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Scotay wigwass</td> + <td class='c019'>Fire bark</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Saggoban´wan</td> + <td class='c019'>Hair plates</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shóamin</td> + <td class='c019'>Huckleberries</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seegwa</td> + <td class='c019'>Lungs</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squitty annacook</td> + <td class='c019'>Lightning, or quick fire</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sakíegan</td> + <td class='c019'>Lake</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shenowantágan</td> + <td class='c019'>Lines for a net</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shan´gwoitch</td> + <td class='c019'>Mink</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shem´mor</td> + <td class='c019'>Neck</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shaboonegun</td> + <td class='c019'>Needles</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shenecázeau</td> + <td class='c019'>Name</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sen´nebar</td> + <td class='c019'>Ribbands, or silk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Scótaywa´bo, or squittywa´bo</td> + <td class='c019'>Rum, or brandy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seepee</td> + <td class='c019'>River</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sheesheebanwín</td> + <td class='c019'>Shot</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sheecark</td> + <td class='c019'>Skunk, or pole cat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[277]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Seezeebockquoit, or seezequar</td> + <td class='c019'>Sugar, or sweet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sagoyb</td> + <td class='c019'>Well of water</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sheotágan</td> + <td class='c019'>Salt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shemágonish</td> + <td class='c019'>Soldier, warrior, or brave man</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squissow</td> + <td class='c019'>Throat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sawwétch</td> + <td class='c019'>Tongue of animals</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sazárgesay</td> + <td class='c019'>Greedy, or covetous</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sannegat</td> + <td class='c019'>Hard, cruel; it is hard, or cruel</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_311'>311</span>Sasay´ga</td> + <td class='c019'>Handsome</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shenargussey</td> + <td class='c019'>Such</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sug´germarsh</td> + <td class='c019'>Quiet; all is quiet</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Shyyár, or shar´shyyár</td> + <td class='c019'>Past, or gone, or done</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squibby, or Osquibby</td> + <td class='c019'>Drunk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sparchtay</td> + <td class='c019'>Thirsty, or dry</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sharshyar´ newebens</td> + <td class='c019'>To arrive by water</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squittyar´bach</td> + <td class='c019'>To burn</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sug´gersoy</td> + <td class='c019'>To smoke a pipe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squabeech</td> + <td class='c019'>To swim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Serpar´gussey</td> + <td class='c019'>To shew</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Stootewar, or nondágaitch</td> + <td class='c019'>To hear</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Squamích</td> + <td class='c019'>To run</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Sharshyyár</td> + <td class='c019'>Long since</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Taguámissey, or haguámissey</td> + <td class='c019'>Courage</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tonbin´gesay</td> + <td class='c019'>Noise</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tunnoc´kay</td> + <td class='c019'>Country</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Teakíagun</td> + <td class='c019'>Gun worms</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[278]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tarbátch</td> + <td class='c019'>Hips</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tootooshonarbo</td> + <td class='c019'>Milk, or sap of the breast</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tam´mikquoin</td> + <td class='c019'>Spoon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tarbinnáck</td> + <td class='c019'>Indian slay</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tarbishár</td> + <td class='c019'>Thunder</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Talon´jay</td> + <td class='c019'>Blue</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tarwar´chewort</td> + <td class='c019'>Toes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Thurensera</td> + <td class='c019'>Dawn of day</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tarpoach</td> + <td class='c019'>Voice, or the echo of the breath</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tabiscoach</td> + <td class='c019'>Equal, or alike</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_312'>312</span>Towwacktowar</td> + <td class='c019'>Surprising</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tannepy</td> + <td class='c019'>When, or whence</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tar´nin, tar´neyau, way´go nin, or hawwaneeyaw</td> + <td class='c019'>What, or what now?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tawnimilik, or andersoy</td> + <td class='c019'>How many, what price, how much?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Taw! waw!</td> + <td class='c019'>Oh! oh!</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tarpenán</td> + <td class='c019'>To take</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Takooshin</td> + <td class='c019'>To arrive at a place</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tackannin</td> + <td class='c019'>To bind, or tie</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tuckunnin</td> + <td class='c019'>To choose</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tibárimaw</td> + <td class='c019'>To govern</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tuckunnum´kewish</td> + <td class='c019'>To marry</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tonbin´gus</td> + <td class='c019'>To bawl</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tercush´enan, or guabeecheway</td> + <td class='c019'>To return</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tarpin, or peach</td> + <td class='c019'>To feel</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Tójeytoon, or gúsketoon</td> + <td class='c019'>To work</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Utchwar</td> + <td class='c019'>Chin</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[279]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Un´gwoitch</td> + <td class='c019'>Busy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Unter, or aighter</td> + <td class='c019'>Only, at, or alone</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Untowarch</td> + <td class='c019'>Unto</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Way´bissay, or waybeezesay</td> + <td class='c019'>Thoughts</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warbunk</td> + <td class='c019'>To-morrow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warwích</td> + <td class='c019'>Ankle</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warcockquoit, or warcockquoit opoygan</td> + <td class='c019'>Tomahawk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wabatch</td> + <td class='c019'>An animal between a dog and a wolf</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_313'>313</span>Wheeyóe</td> + <td class='c019'>Breast</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Waperwoyan´</td> + <td class='c019'>Blankets</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wapátch</td> + <td class='c019'>Basket, or hand bowl</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warmeek</td> + <td class='c019'>Bridge</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wigwass</td> + <td class='c019'>Bark of a tree</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warbim´</td> + <td class='c019'>Cheeks</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wiskin´ky</td> + <td class='c019'>Eyes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wark</td> + <td class='c019'>Eggs</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warbegum´</td> + <td class='c019'>Globe, the earth</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weass</td> + <td class='c019'>Flesh of animals</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wisseneet</td> + <td class='c019'>Feast</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Waymístergoash</td> + <td class='c019'>French, or builders of vessels</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wakay´gon</td> + <td class='c019'>Fort, or tower</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wematishtergóan</td> + <td class='c019'>Bald head</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Woygán, or oakónus</td> + <td class='c019'>Robe made of peltry</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wapoos</td> + <td class='c019'>Hare</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[280]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weeyan</td> + <td class='c019'>Hide of animals</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wigwaum</td> + <td class='c019'>House, cabin, or hut</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wakeck´uman</td> + <td class='c019'>Crooked knife</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warbermoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Looking glasses</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Winnetoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Loss</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warbun´</td> + <td class='c019'>Month</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Woyzáskquish</td> + <td class='c019'>Rush mat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warbeshan´ce</td> + <td class='c019'>Marten, an animal</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wesshepátchta</td> + <td class='c019'>Bird´s nest</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Woyzásk</td> + <td class='c019'>Rushes</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Watappy</td> + <td class='c019'>Roots of trees</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warmeech</td> + <td class='c019'>Tail of animals</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weenecobbo</td> + <td class='c019'>Turkey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weebitt</td> + <td class='c019'>Teeth</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weebor´so, or neatissum</td> + <td class='c019'>Veins</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_314'>314</span>Wiscon´kissey</td> + <td class='c019'>Young, offspring</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warbermeneech</td> + <td class='c019'>Blind</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weematch</td> + <td class='c019'>Sharp</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warbishcár</td> + <td class='c019'>White</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Waterwawadoossin</td> + <td class='c019'>Roots; a figurative expression for the affections of the heart, which entwine about each other</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Ween</td> + <td class='c019'>He, him, she or her</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weennewar</td> + <td class='c019'>Ye, they, or them</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt c006'>Way´nin</td> + <td class='bbt c019'>Who, or who is that?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Way´gonin, hawwaneeyaw }</td> + <td class='middle bbt' rowspan='3'>What, or what now?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>—— tar´nin }</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt c006'>—— Tar´neyau }</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[281]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Waygush, or way way</td> + <td class='c019'>How, or how do you do?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Woity, or awoity</td> + <td class='c019'>There, at that place</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weebátch</td> + <td class='c019'>Immediately, or very soon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weechópe</td> + <td class='c019'>Mine, belonging to me</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Woke</td> + <td class='c019'>Plural number</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weebittan´, or ha, weebittan´</td> + <td class='c019'>Make haste</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warbermeech</td> + <td class='c019'>To clean</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wíssemeg</td> + <td class='c019'>To chew</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wissinnin</td> + <td class='c019'>To eat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Weegewach´in</td> + <td class='c019'>To follow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warbermecó</td> + <td class='c019'>To find</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wínnemawatch</td> + <td class='c019'>To neglect</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warmarch</td> + <td class='c019'>To spit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wabindán</td> + <td class='c019'>To view, or examine well my mind</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Wabemát, or wabemór</td> + <td class='c019'>To see</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_315'>315</span>Warcharch</td> + <td class='c019'>To seek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warmatt</td> + <td class='c019'>To win</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Warbennís, or warbennét</td> + <td class='c019'>To watch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Waybenán</td> + <td class='c019'>To throw away, to repudiate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yoe</td> + <td class='c019'>Body</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yotch</td> + <td class='c019'>Nose</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Yaquoy</td> + <td class='c019'>To avoid</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Zenzeebisson</td> + <td class='c019'>Finger rings</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Zárgay, or zargéytoon</td> + <td class='c019'>Love; to love</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>[282]</td> + <td class='c019'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Zawnum´</td> + <td class='c019'>Paint; to paint</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Zeepeeooch</td> + <td class='c019'>To boil</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Zar´squoy</td> + <td class='c019'>To cure</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Zeewitc´h</td> + <td class='c019'>To fly</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>Zayquébenan</td> + <td class='c019'>To wash</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_317'>317</span> + <h2 class='c005'>FAMILIAR PHRASES<br> <span class='c021'>IN THE</span><br> ENGLISH AND CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGES</h2> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-b c004'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_318'>318</span><span class='center'>[284] <em>English</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>How do you do, friend?</div> + <div class='line'>In good health, I thank you.</div> + <div class='line'>What news?</div> + <div class='line'>I have none.</div> + <div class='line'>Have you had a good hunt this winter?</div> + <div class='line'>Yes, a very good hunt.</div> + <div class='line'>What lake did you hunt at last winter?</div> + <div class='line'>At the Skunk Lake.</div> + <div class='line'>What is there at that lake?</div> + <div class='line'>Beaver, but not much.</div> + <div class='line'>How long were you there?</div> + <div class='line'>Only one month.</div> + <div class='line'>They say there are no fish in that lake;</div> + <div class='line'>That is hard.</div> + <div class='line'>There has been a great deal of snow lately;</div> + <div class='line'>We have all found it hard this winter.</div> + <div class='line'>Did you see any strange Indians on the way?</div> + <div class='line'>Yes, I met five going to Lake Sturgeon.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Had they any thing with them?</div> + <div class='line'>No, I did not see any thing but slays.</div> + <div class='line'>I long to see spring, that we may go a fishing.</div> + <div class='line'>What lake will you fish at?</div> + <div class='line'>The Red Lake.</div> + <div class='line in2'>[286]</div> + <div class='line'>Our canoes are broken;</div> + <div class='line'>We must make new in the spring.</div> + <div class='line'>There is great quantity of birch bark at the Red Lake;</div> + <div class='line'>Yes, but the trees are small.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_319'>319</span><span class='center'>[285] <em>Chippeway</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Way, way, nee neejee?</div> + <div class='line'>Meegwotch nóbum pemártus.</div> + <div class='line'>Ta´rnin mergúmmegat?</div> + <div class='line'>Caw´ween a´rwayyor.</div> + <div class='line'>Níshshishshín géosay nógone bebóme?</div> + <div class='line'>Anga´ymer, O, níshshishshín.</div> + <div class='line'>Hawwaneeyaw sakíegan kee géosay awa´ss bebóne?</div> + <div class='line'>Sheecark Sakíegan.</div> + <div class='line'>Way´gonin woíty ha sakíegan?</div> + <div class='line'>Amík, cawween gwotch.</div> + <div class='line'>Maywísher kee appay?</div> + <div class='line'>Páyshik geezus aíghter.</div> + <div class='line'>Eca´rto ca´wween ka´ygo keegónce woity sakíegan;</div> + <div class='line'>Sannegat.</div> + <div class='line'>Nepewár going nogóme;</div> + <div class='line'>Cockinnór marmó ojey candan sannegat nogóme bebóne.</div> + <div class='line'>Póckcan níshinnorbay kee warbema´t nar?</div> + <div class='line'>Anga´ymer, na´rnan nee warbemór onnemay sakíegan ojey eszar.</div> + <div class='line'>Ka´ygoshish arthty wéenewar nar?</div> + <div class='line'>Ca´wween, nin ojey warberma´t a´rwayyor tarbinna´ck.</div> + <div class='line'>Ba´dash menókemeg bóckettywaun neennerwind.</div> + <div class='line'>Ta´rneyau sakíegan keen bóckettywaun?</div> + <div class='line'>Misquíttyyang sakíegan.</div> + <div class='line in2'>[287]</div> + <div class='line'>Cóckinnor neennerwind, O, chema´n ojey bowwískar;</div> + <div class='line'>Póckcan in gar ojeytoon menókemeg.</div> + <div class='line'>Nepewár wigwass woity Misquíttyyang Sakíegan;</div> + <div class='line'>Anga´ymer, hagúshenonce meteek.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_320'>320</span><span class='center'><em>English</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>How many fathom long will you make your canoe?</div> + <div class='line'>Perhaps three fathom.</div> + <div class='line'>There are many rapids at the Red Lake;</div> + <div class='line'>Are they hard rapids?</div> + <div class='line'>Here and there.</div> + <div class='line'>How long are you going up them?</div> + <div class='line'>Fifteen days.</div> + <div class='line'>That is long.</div> + <div class='line'>Bring me some tobacco;</div> + <div class='line'>Here is some for you.</div> + <div class='line'>This is English;</div> + <div class='line'>Yes, it is.</div> + <div class='line'>Sit down.</div> + <div class='line'>I want to smoke a pipe.</div> + <div class='line'>I am tired.</div> + <div class='line'>I will lie down.</div> + <div class='line'>I will get up.</div> + <div class='line'>I want to eat.</div> + <div class='line'>I want to drink.</div> + <div class='line'>We will make fire and cook our kettle;</div> + <div class='line'>It is ready;</div> + <div class='line'>Let us eat;</div> + <div class='line'>It is very good.</div> + <div class='line in2'>[288]</div> + <div class='line'>I will go.</div> + <div class='line'>Are you going, friend?</div> + <div class='line'>Yes, but I shall return soon.</div> + <div class='line'>Have you any good guns?</div> + <div class='line'>Yes.</div> + <div class='line'>Let us see them?</div> + <div class='line'>This is broke.</div> + <div class='line'>Here is another;</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_321'>321</span><span class='center'><em>Chippeway</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Ta´wnimilík eu níck kee ojeytóon chema´n?</div> + <div class='line'>Ca´nnebatch neesswoy euník.</div> + <div class='line'>Nepewár powwetink Misquíttyyang Sakíegan;</div> + <div class='line'>Sannegat nar powwetink?</div> + <div class='line'>Pay, pa´yshik.</div> + <div class='line'>Maywísher nar shy´yar cockinnór?</div> + <div class='line'>Metósswoy ogúnnegat asshea na´rnan.</div> + <div class='line'>Débwoy maywísher.</div> + <div class='line'>Assa´ymer petoon;</div> + <div class='line'>Oway.</div> + <div class='line'>Maúnder Sa´ggonash;</div> + <div class='line'>Anga´ymer dédwoy.</div> + <div class='line'>Manteta´ppy.</div> + <div class='line'>Nee, wee, súggersoy.</div> + <div class='line'>Nowwenda´yshon nin.</div> + <div class='line'>Nepa´rhan, nin.</div> + <div class='line'>Goyey nin goníshcar.</div> + <div class='line'>Nee, nee, wissínnin.</div> + <div class='line'>Nee, nee, mínniquah.</div> + <div class='line'>Pooterway chebóckwoy neennerwind;</div> + <div class='line'>Shashy´yar keejetty;</div> + <div class='line'>Haw wíssinnin;</div> + <div class='line'>Húnjeyta O, níshshishshin.</div> + <div class='line in2'>[289]</div> + <div class='line'>Nin gamárcha.</div> + <div class='line'>Shashy´yar kee bóossin nar négee?</div> + <div class='line'>Angáymer, pánimar tercúshin nin.</div> + <div class='line'>O, níshshishshin baskéyzegan árthty nar?</div> + <div class='line'>Angáymer.</div> + <div class='line'>Gar warbemór?</div> + <div class='line'>Maunder bowwískar.</div> + <div class='line'>Oway póckcan páyshik;</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_322'>322</span><span class='center'><em>English</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>This, I think, is a good one.</div> + <div class='line'>I want a paddle;</div> + <div class='line'>Here is one for you.</div> + <div class='line'>Thank you, friend.</div> + <div class='line'>Where is your wife?</div> + <div class='line'>She is dead.</div> + <div class='line'>Is it long since?</div> + <div class='line'>Last winter.</div> + <div class='line'>Have you any children alive?</div> + <div class='line'>Only one boy.</div> + <div class='line'>Can he hunt?</div> + <div class='line'>Not yet.</div> + <div class='line'>Where is your brother?</div> + <div class='line'>I saw him last winter at the Skunk´s Lake;</div> + <div class='line'>He was killed there by an Indian when he was drunk.</div> + <div class='line'>He was a bad Indian, and they should have killed him too;</div> + <div class='line'>An Indian just now told me he is killed.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>That´s right.</div> + <div class='line'>[290]</div> + <div class='line'>Was he old?</div> + <div class='line'>No.</div> + <div class='line'>He had three packs of beaver skins, and ten bags of dried meat, besides fish, when he was killed:</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Oh! that was hard.</div> + <div class='line'>Who is that coming?</div> + <div class='line'>A strange Indian:</div> + <div class='line'>I will go and see him.</div> + <div class='line'>Are you come from far, friend?</div> + <div class='line'>No, a little way from hence.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_323'>323</span><span class='center'><em>Chippeway</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Maúnder páyshik O, níshshishshin indenéndum.</div> + <div class='line'>Ab´boy nee gúyyossay;</div> + <div class='line'>Oway páyshik.</div> + <div class='line'>Meegwotch, neecárnis.</div> + <div class='line'>Aúnday keen O, mentimóyey?</div> + <div class='line'>Sharshy´yar nepoo.</div> + <div class='line'>Maywísher nar?</div> + <div class='line'>Pa´yshik bebóne shy´yar.</div> + <div class='line'>Ar´thty O, jánis nogóme pemártus?</div> + <div class='line'>Páyshik oskenáygay áighter:</div> + <div class='line'>Géosay ween nar?</div> + <div class='line'>Kamarchy.</div> + <div class='line'>Aúnday chemayn?</div> + <div class='line'>Nee warbemór awáss bebóne woity Sheecark Sakíegan;</div> + <div class='line'>Páyshik níshinnorbay ojey gúnnissar ween osquíbby.</div> + <div class='line'>Ween O, mátchee níshinnórbay, meégwoyack O, gúnniesar ween gúyyea;</div> + <div class='line'>Shashy´yar ojey gúnnesar, ween nogóme me ecárto níshinnorbay;</div> + <div class='line'>Meegwoyack.</div> + <div class='line in2'>[291]</div> + <div class='line'>Keewáency nar?</div> + <div class='line'>Cáwween.</div> + <div class='line'>Ween arthty neésswoy meekintárgan appimíniquy metósswoy múshcomat wéass spárchtay metách keegónce gúyyea:</div> + <div class='line'>Taw! waw! sannegat.</div> + <div class='line'>Hawwaneeyaw tercúshin?</div> + <div class='line'>Póckan Níshinno´rbay:</div> + <div class='line'>Nin eszar gar warbem´or</div> + <div class='line'>Awássa nar kee tercúshin, neegee?</div> + <div class='line'>Cáwween, páyshew omar.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_324'>324</span><span class='center'><em>English</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>What have you brought?</div> + <div class='line'>A small pack of beaver.</div> + <div class='line'>What will you want?</div> + <div class='line'>Blankets.</div> + <div class='line'>I have none but small for your children.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>What is your trader´s name at the Red Lake?</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>The Good Heart.</div> + <div class='line'>Has he many goods there?</div> + <div class='line'>Five large canoes full.</div> + <div class='line'>Have you any bears´ grease?</div> + <div class='line'>One box only.</div> + <div class='line'>I will trade with you for it;</div> + <div class='line'>Very well, friend.</div> + <div class='line'>How many beaver skins did you give for that blanket?</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Eleven.</div> + <div class='line'>I want to buy such;</div> + <div class='line in2'>[292]</div> + <div class='line'>You will get such at the English trader´s.</div> + <div class='line'>How many beaver skins will you take for this?</div> + <div class='line'>Twenty:</div> + <div class='line'>Take them, friend.</div> + <div class='line'>Will you trade for those otter skins?</div> + <div class='line'>No, not now; I must pay my credit to the Good Heart.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>What did you take from him?</div> + <div class='line'>Some small things.</div> + <div class='line'>Fetch me some water.</div> + <div class='line'>Make haste.</div> + <div class='line'>Do you hear me?</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_325'>325</span><span class='center'><em>Chippeway</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Wa´ygonin kee ogúbbetoon?</div> + <div class='line'>Hagúshenonce meekinta´rgan appimíniquy.</div> + <div class='line'>Wa´ygonin kee gúyyossay?</div> + <div class='line'>Wa´perwoyan.</div> + <div class='line'>Ca´wween kaygo wa´rpewoyan hagúshenonce kee janis shena´rgussey.</div> + <div class='line'>Ta´rnin sheneca´zeau keennerwind arta´wwaywinnin Misquíttyyang Sakíegan?</div> + <div class='line'>Níshshishshin oa´thty.</div> + <div class='line'>Nepewar huncúshigon a´rthty nar?</div> + <div class='line'>Na´rnan kítchee cheeman mo´oshquenay.</div> + <div class='line'>Mackqua´h pímmethy a´rthty nar?</div> + <div class='line'>Pa´yshik muccuck a´ighter.</div> + <div class='line'>Nee wee arta´wway;</div> + <div class='line'>Meégwoyack, négee.</div> + <div class='line'>An´dersoy appimíniquy kee, kee, arta´wway, wa´per woyan?</div> + <div class='line'>Meto´sswoy asshea pa´yshik.</div> + <div class='line'>Nee wee arta´wway shenargussey;</div> + <div class='line in2'>[293]</div> + <div class='line'>Sa´ggonash a´rthty shena´rgussey.</div> + <div class='line'>An´dersoy appimíniquy keetarpena´n mor?</div> + <div class='line'>Neesh tanner:</div> + <div class='line'>Tarpena´n neeca´rnis.</div> + <div class='line'>Cúnner kee wee arta´wway maúnder nekeék woygan?</div> + <div class='line'>Cáwween, nogóme; nee wee gudderpa´rhan nee marseyna´ygan níshshishshin o´athty.</div> + <div class='line'>Wa´ygonin kee tarpena´n?</div> + <div class='line'>Póngay ka´ygoshish.</div> + <div class='line'>Nippee nartin.</div> + <div class='line'>Ha, webitta´n.</div> + <div class='line'>Cunner kee sto´otewar?</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_326'>326</span><span class='center'><em>English</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>I hear you.</div> + <div class='line'>Come here;</div> + <div class='line'>I am coming.</div> + <div class='line'>What kind of a hunt had the <em>Fox</em> last winter?</div> + <div class='line'>The winter was bad indeed.</div> + <div class='line'>What did he hunt for?</div> + <div class='line'>Bear.</div> + <div class='line'>I wish this was spring, and all the Indians would come and trade their winter´s hunt;</div> + <div class='line'>They will come soon:</div> + <div class='line'>I think they will have a great many packs.</div> + <div class='line'>What will you ask to take me by water from Montreal to Michillimakinac?</div> + <div class='line'>One large keg of rum, one gun, one blanket, one kettle, and one knife; that is all I want:</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in2'>[294]</div> + <div class='line'>That is too much, as you will eat and drink the same as us, and will not work, but only shew the way.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Will you go directly?</div> + <div class='line'>No, I shall stay till to-morrow, and then embark.</div> + <div class='line'>I left my wife and children at a place four days march from hence.</div> + <div class='line'>I want to see them.</div> + <div class='line'>To-morrow, at the dawn of day, we will embark.</div> + <div class='line'>Take courage; farewell, friend.</div> + <div class='line'>Very well, I will be true to my word.</div> + <div class='line'>All is quiet.</div> + <div class='line'>I will go to bed.</div> + <div class='line'>Get up, friend.</div> + <div class='line'>I am lazy.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_327'>327</span><span class='center'><em>Chippeway</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Kee, kee, no´neydone.</div> + <div class='line'>Onda´ss;</div> + <div class='line'>Nin tercúshin.</div> + <div class='line'>Ta´rnin shena´rgussey géosay <em>Assinbo</em> awa´ss bebo´ne?</div> + <div class='line'>Hapadgey maítchee bebo´ne.</div> + <div class='line'>Wa´ygonin ween géosay?</div> + <div class='line'>Mackqua´h.</div> + <div class='line'>Ba´dash meno´kemeg ha cockinno´r marmo níshinnorbay tercúshin ojey arta´wway awass bebo´ne O, wo´ygan;</div> + <div class='line'>Weeba´tch tercushin weénnewar:</div> + <div class='line'>Nepewar meekinta´rgan indenéndum weénnewar.</div> + <div class='line'>Wa´ygonin kee nindootymond monyny´yank woíty Michillima´kinac pamis´kian?</div> + <div class='line'>Pa´yshik kitchee muckcúck scotaywa´bo, pa´yshik baskéyzegan, payshik wa´perwoyan, pa´yshik akeek, pa´yshik mo´koman; me cockinno´r:</div> + <div class='line'>[295]</div> + <div class='line'>Ozo´me kee tabisco´ach wíssinnin neénnerwind mínniquy ca´wween a´rwayyor kee gúsketoon meekan mee áighter unter wabindan´.</div> + <div class='line'>Weebatch gúddeszar keen?</div> + <div class='line'>Ca´wween, omar ojey appay; warbunk boossin.</div> + <div class='line'>Mee woity ojey appay, mentimóyamish, ja´nis woke, guyyea neon ogúnnegat.</div> + <div class='line'>Nee, nee, warbema´t weennewar.</div> + <div class='line'>Warbunk thurensera boossin.</div> + <div class='line'>Hagua´rmissey, way, way, negee.</div> + <div class='line'>Meegwoyack, nee gar débwoy.</div> + <div class='line'>Súggermarch.</div> + <div class='line'>Péshshemo nin gama´rchar.</div> + <div class='line'>Goníshcar, neegee.</div> + <div class='line'>Kittim nin.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_328'>328</span><span class='center'><em>English</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>I am sick.</div> + <div class='line'>I am vexed.</div> + <div class='line'>I am cold.</div> + <div class='line'>I am hot.</div> + <div class='line'>I am hungry.</div> + <div class='line'>I am dry.</div> + <div class='line'>I am well.</div> + <div class='line'>I love you.</div> + <div class='line'>Your health, friend.</div> + <div class='line'>I do not understand you.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_329'>329</span><span class='center'><em>Chippeway</em></span></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Acquoisee nin.</div> + <div class='line'>Nishcar’teseyan.</div> + <div class='line'>Geessénnar nin.</div> + <div class='line'>Geesha’rtay nin.</div> + <div class='line'>Bócketty nin.</div> + <div class='line'>Spa’rchtay nin.</div> + <div class='line'>Pema’rtissey nin.</div> + <div class='line'>Neeza’rgay keen.</div> + <div class='line'>Kee talleneman’co, or, keetan’nemecó neejee.</div> + <div class='line'>Cawween nee stoticee.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='small'>THE END</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<hr class='c022'> +<div class='footnote' id='f1'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. Masson, <cite><span lang="fr">Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</span></cite> (Quebec, 1890), ii, +pp. 139, 140.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f2'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. Alexander Henry, <cite>Travels and Adventures in Canada</cite> (Bain’s ed., Boston, +1901), p. 233.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f3'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. For the wages of voyageurs, see Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” +Wisconsin Historical Society <cite>Proceedings</cite>, 1889.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f4'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. See <cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite>, ix, pp. 290, 291.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f5'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. The chronology of Long’s later years in Canada is confusing. On page +175 of his book, he gives the date of 1786, and after describing ten months’ +occupations says on the next page, “the spring of 1786.” That this should be +1787, is proved by the fact that when he applied to General Hope for assistance +the next year, the latter had gone to England. As Hope’s departure occurred +in June, 1788, Long’s mistake of a year in his dates is thus manifest.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f6'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. The following are those to whom he definitely refers: Lahontan, Hennepin, +La Salle, Colden, Adair, Carver, Jonathan Edwards, Kalm, Beatty, Rev. +John Sargent, Robson, Umfreville, Kames, Robert Rogers, Pope’s poems, a +novel by Lady Emily Montague, and Justamond’s Life of Louis XV.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f7'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. Field, <cite>Essay toward an Indian Bibliography</cite> (New York, 1873).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f8'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. Long’s book is of slight topographic value to the historical student, because +of the apparently uninhabitable nature of the countries through which he passed; +they are nearly as undeveloped now as they were then.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f9'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. For list of partners, see <cite>Canadian Archives</cite>, 1888, p. 61.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f10'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society from 1778 until his death +in 1820, was the patron of discoverers, having himself voyaged around the +world with Captain Cook (1768–71). He was especially interested in Northwest +exploration, and the customs and habits of primitive people, and to him +Alexander Henry dedicated his <cite>Travels and Adventures in Canada</cite>.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f11'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. The Treaty of Paris, drawn up between the envoys of the United States +and those of Great Britain (1783), was called “Oswald’s Treaty,” because +Richard Oswald was chief negotiator for the British ministry. The Northwest +posts were not surrendered <em>de facto</em>, until after Jay’s Treaty in 1794.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f12'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce, Baron de Lahontan, was a French officer +who served in Canada, in 1683–93. While commanding a small fort on Detroit +River, he started on a journey to the Western country. Going by way of Mackinac, +he ascended the Mississippi from the mouth of the Wisconsin, and explored +part of Minnesota. In 1703 he published an account of his travels, +which was largely fabulous, although of some value. The work had, however, +great vogue in the eighteenth century, was translated into several languages, +and much studied. He also published a French-Algonquian dictionary, to +which Long here refers.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f13'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. Rev. Jonathan Edwards was much interested in Indian missions; and +having been brought up among the Stockbridges, published (1788) <cite>Observations +on the Language of the Mukhekaneew Indians</cite>. In a republication with +notes by John Pickering, in the <cite>Massachusetts Historical Collections</cite>, 2nd series, +x, pp. 81 ff., the added Chippewa vocabulary is that of Long.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f14'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. Jonathan Carver, one of the earliest American explorers of the Northwest, +was born in 1732, and served in the French and Indian War, barely +escaping from the massacre of Fort William Henry. In 1766, he went to +Mackinac, and thence through Wisconsin and Minnesota, and later explored +Lake Superior. His <cite>Travels</cite> were first published in London in 1778, and +two years later he died there in destitute circumstances. For further details +see <cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite>, vi, pp. 220–237. Carver gives an account +of Indian manners and customs; chapter 17, devoted to language, includes a +Chippewa vocabulary.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f15'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. Long is here following the authority of Father Hennepin, who gives this +origin of the name “Canada” in his <cite>New Discovery</cite> (London, 1698). The +real origin of the word is disputed, some deriving it from an Iroquois term +meaning “village;” others from Indian terms signifying “at the mouth of the +river;” still others, from a term for “lakes,” <em>i. e.</em>, a country full of lakes.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f16'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. The author assumes that Lake Huron is the source of the St. Lawrence, +and that Lake Nipissing, which empties into Georgian Bay through the French +River, is the source of Lake Huron.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f17'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. Trois Rivières, at the mouth of St. Maurice River, where it empties into +the St. Lawrence by three channels separated by islands, was ceded (1634) to +the Jesuits, who built a fort here. See Sulte, “La Rivière des Trois Rivières,” +in Royal Society of Canada <cite>Proceedings</cite>, 1901, sec. i, pp. 97–116.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f18'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. A Jesuit mission entitled St. François Xavier was founded for Iroquois +converts in 1669. Later it was removed to this village (near Montreal), which +was named for an Indian town in the Mohawk Valley, also the seat of a Jesuit +mission. The usual orthography is Caughnawaga.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f19'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. Long uses as his historical authority the work of Cadwallader Colden +(whom he later cites directly), <cite>History of the Five Indian Nations</cite> (New York, +1727). Colden appears to have taken much of his material from Bacqueville +de la Potherie’s <cite><span lang="fr">Histoire de l’Amérique Septentrionale</span></cite> (Paris, 1722). But +Long does not blindly follow Colden, and adds other material.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f20'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. The Conoys and Nanticokes were fragments of Indian tribes which had +removed from the South—driven forth by the pressure of English population—and +with the consent of the Six Nations had settled on the upper waters of the +Susquehanna.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In the third league the author probably intends to include the so-called +“Ohio Indians”—the Miamis (Wanamis), Delawares, Mohicans, Munseys +(a sub-tribe of the Delawares), the Wapingers (unidentified), and the Mingoes—who +were all subordinate to the Six Nations. The Creeks were a powerful +confederacy in Alabama, of which Coweta was the principal war-town on the +Chattahoochee River.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f21'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. The Tuscaroras joined the Five Nations between 1712 and 1715. See +<cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite>, xvi, p. 321, for a letter from the governor of +New France, mentioning this fact.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f22'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. After the Revolutionary War, nearly thirty thousand Loyalists left the +United States to settle in the Canadian provinces. Of these, about ten thousand +went from the back settlements by way of Lake Ontario, and founded Upper +Canada. General Haldimand was largely instrumental in this movement, and +1784 was the year of its culmination. The Mohawks, also, under the leadership +of Brant, removed about the same time to the two reservations mentioned by +Long. Descendants of this tribe still live in these two localities, although most +of the land has been alienated.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f23'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. This is a good résumé of the history of Fort Frontenac, which was built +in 1673, abandoned during the Iroquois War in 1689, but restored in 1695. +La Salle was for several years proprietor of the fort, the revenues from which +passed afterwards to the royal treasury. In 1758, Fort Frontenac was captured +and destroyed by a British expedition, after which it fell into disuse, until the +Loyalists re-garrisoned it about 1784.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f24'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. This was the site of Father Picquet’s mission and fortified post, La Présentation. +This Sulpitian missionary came to Canada in 1734, and after several +years’ service in the colonies founded this establishment in 1749, where the +city of Ogdensburg, New York, now stands. He was successful in attracting +the Iroquois thither, and had in his settlement nearly three thousand Indians, +who espoused the French cause in the French and Indian War. In 1760, Picquet +retired to New Orleans, and thence to France. The English, on taking possession, +changed the name of the post to Fort Oswegatchie. It was garrisoned and +maintained until after Jay’s Treaty in 1794.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In 1792, the site had been purchased by Ogden, and the settlement of the +modern city was begun four years later.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f25'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. The Mississagua Indians were first met by the French on the north shore +of Lake Huron, and formed part of the Sault Ste. Marie mission (1670–73). +Later, they removed to the lower Michigan peninsula, and some settled at +Detroit. They now have a reservation in Eastern Ontario, and number about +eight hundred.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The other Indians mentioned are those of the Jesuit mission villages. See +<cite>Jesuit Relations</cite> (Thwaites’s ed., Cleveland, 1896–1901), index.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f26'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. Haldimand fortified Carleton Island at the mouth of Lake Ontario, by sending +thither (1778) three companies of the 47th regiment to erect a post.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f27'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. The mouth of the Oswego River was early noted as an important station +in relation to the Iroquois country and the fur-trade. Champlain passed here in +1615, and Frontenac in 1692. In 1721, Governor Burnet of New York secured +permission from the Iroquois to erect a trading post at this spot, and despite +the protests of the French built a fort in 1726–27. This post of Choueguen +(so called by the French) was especially obnoxious to the French fur-traders; +all the more so, when (1743) Sir William Johnson built his trading post beneath +its walls. Montcalm organized an expedition, and captured it in 1756; but +was compelled to retreat when Forbes penetrated Pennsylvania. It was also +the rendezvous for the successful British attack on Fort Frontenac in 1758. +After the fall of New France, the British garrisoned and repaired the fort, and +it was from here that St. Leger started on his expedition up the Mohawk Valley +in 1777. It was headquarters for the Indian and Tory scalping parties—Butler, +Brant, and Johnson started thence on their raids. It was in British hands +at the close of the Revolution, and not delivered to the Americans until 1796. +Traces of the British fort were to be seen in 1839.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f28'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. Fort Niagara, one of the chain of posts established by the French, and +later maintained by the British to protect Canada, has had a long and interesting +history. Hennepin and La Salle were there in 1679, when a small blockhouse +was constructed, which was later burned by the Senecas. Denonville erected +a fort here in 1687, which was abandoned September 15, 1688. No permanent +establishment was made on the spot until 1726, when Governor Beauharnais +ordered a fort built to counteract that of the English at Oswego. This was +garrisoned and maintained by the French, until Sir William Johnson captured +it in 1759. At Niagara, in 1764, Johnson met the Indian nations in a general +treaty of peace. During the Revolution, the post was steadily maintained by +the British, and proved an important base of supplies for the Western forts. +After the Revolution, it remained in British hands until 1796. In the War of +1812–15, it was captured by the British, and restored to the Americans at the +close of the conflict. For further details see Severance, <cite>Old Trails on the +Niagara Frontier</cite> (Buffalo, 1899).—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f29'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. Fort Stanwix was built by the British at the head of navigation on the +Mohawk River (where the city of Rome, New York, now stands), in 1758, at a +cost of $266,000. Here was held the treaty of 1768, by which a general purchase +of Indian lands was made, and the Iroquois boundaries settled. Early in the +Revolution it fell into American hands, and was re-christened Fort Schuyler, +which withstood the siege of St. Leger and his Indian braves in 1777. It is +claimed that the present national flag, as adopted by Congress in 1777, was first +raised over the battlements of Fort Schuyler. After the Revolution, the fort +was rebuilt, and reverted to its original name. Here were held important +treaties with the Iroquois in 1784 and 1788, in the latter of which much land in +the Mohawk Valley was ceded to the whites. The settlement about the fort +was made in 1785, by Connecticut emigrants.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f30'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r30'>30</a>. For history of Detroit see vol. i of the present series, p. 55, note 18.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f31'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r31'>31</a>. For the history of Mackinac, see “Story of Mackinac,” in Thwaites’s +<cite>How George Rogers Clark won the Northwest, and Other Essays in Western +History</cite> (Chicago, 1903). By the “isthmus” the author means the Upper +Peninsula of Michigan; the “point of land” must signify the island of Mackinac. +The “mouth of the Illinois” is the outlet of Lake Michigan.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f32'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. Grand Portage was the route by the Pigeon River (the present boundary +between Minnesota and Ontario) to the lakes and streams of the Northwest. +The term was first applied to the carrying place, nine miles long, and later +to a landing place somewhat south of the mouth of the river. This route was +first explored by La Vérendrye in 1731—(see <cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite>, +xvii, for a map of this region drawn by an Indian for La Vérendrye). It became +the established fur-trade route to the Northwest, and a place of great importance +as a rendezvous for voyageurs. For a description of the route and the traders +gathered here in the latter part of the eighteenth century, see Mackenzie, +<cite>Voyages through North America</cite> (London, 1801).—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f33'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. For the British determination to retain the Northern and Western posts, +and arguments in regard to their legal right, see “Calendar of Haldimand +Papers,” <cite>Canadian Archives</cite>, 1885–89, also McLaughlin, “Western Posts and +the British Debts,” in American Historical Association <cite>Report</cite>, 1894.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f34'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. This action took place September 24, 1775, and was the occasion of the +capture and imprisonment of Ethan Allen. For his own narrative of this event, +see Hall, <cite>Ethan Allen</cite> (New York, 1892), pp. 110–119.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f35'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. General Richard Montgomery, the commander of the American forces at +Isle aux Noix—an island in Richelieu River about ten miles from the head of +Lake Champlain—wrote September 12, 1775, concerning the skirmish here +mentioned: “I went down the river the other day with 800 or 900 men, in order +to cut off the communication between St. Johns and Montreal. The detachment +marched off from the boats at night, and in less than half an hour, returned +in the utmost confusion.”—<cite>Biographical notes concerning General Richard +Montgomery</cite> (Poughkeepsie, 1876), p. 11.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Lieutenant Walter Butler was a New York Tory, son of Colonel John +Butler, who led the Indians to the Wyoming Valley massacre. Walter Butler +was with St. Leger in 1777, and was captured soon after the siege of Fort Schuyler. +Escaping from prison at Albany, he led the Iroquois to the Cherry Valley +massacre (1778). He seems to have been despised for his cruelty, even by his +own associates. Brant said he was “more savage than the savages themselves.” +He was killed and scalped at Butler’s Ford, in the retreat from Johnstown +in 1781, by an Oneida, who called out as he fell, “Cherry Valley!”—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f36'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. Long was a member of the party of forty regulars detached from the +8th regiment under command of Captain Foster, with a large body of Indian +auxiliaries led by Brant, which descended upon the American detachment at +the Cedars, forty-three miles above Montreal, and captured the whole number +(April 19, 1776). For further details of this, and the following movements, see +Jones, <cite>Campaign for the Conquest of Canada</cite> (Philadelphia, 1882), pp. 54–65.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Major Gordon, who had recently been made brigadier-general, was shot +from ambuscade, July 24, 1776, while returning to his headquarters well within +British lines. His fellow officers were exceedingly indignant over it, and +Washington appeared to deprecate the matter; although General Gates promoted +the American officer involved. See Sparks, <cite>Life and Writings of Washington</cite> +(Boston, 1855), iv, pp. 56–59.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f37'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. This was probably Captain Guillaume Lamothe, who during this period +led so many Indian scalping parties from Detroit while Hamilton commanded +at that place. Lamothe accompanied Hamilton on the latter’s expedition to +Vincennes, and was captured there by George Rogers Clark (February, 1779). +After the surprise of Vincennes he was sent in irons to Virginia, and kept in +close confinement. In April, 1780, he accepted a parole, and returned to +Canada.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f38'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r38'>38</a>. The Lake of Two Mountains is an enlargement of the Ottawa River, near +its mouth, above Montreal. On this lake is situated the Sulpitian mission +town of Oka. This is a union of two early missions—one, founded about +1677 on Montreal Island for Iroquois converts, weakened during the Iroquois +War, and removed in 1704 to the Sault au Récollet, being finally located on +the Lake of Two Mountains about 1720; the second, or Algonkin mission, was +first called La Présentation and situated on Montreal Island near Lachine; +the site was abandoned in 1685, and the remnants of the mission Indians gathered +at Bout de l’Isle (the other end of the same island), where the mission was called +St. Louis. Again removed (1706–07) to the Isle aux Tourtres, it was permanently +located on the Lake of Two Mountains between 1721 and 1726. There +are still about four hundred Indians located on the reserve at the lake. See +Canadian Department of Indian Affairs <cite>Report</cite>, 1901, p. 49. The account +given by Long in the following pages, of the Chippewa division of this mission, +is the best known—their intermarriage with the Indians of the other mission +villages at Caughnawaga and St. Regis, their cultivation of the soil, and their +semi-civilized habits.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f39'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. Peter Kalm, Swedish naturalist and botanist, was sent to America to +study its flora, and travelled extensively between 1748 and 1751. The English +edition of his travels was published in London in 1772.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f40'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. James Adair, a trader among the Cherokee and Chickasaw Indians, +1735–75. He published a <cite>History of the American Indians</cite> (London, 1775), +which attempts to prove their relationship to the Jews. It contains, notwithstanding, +much valuable information, particularly in regard to the Southern +tribes.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f41'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r41'>41</a>. This was Rev. John Sargent, missionary to the Stockbridge Indians, in +Western Massachusetts.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f42'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. On the subject of Indian dances see <cite>Jesuit Relations</cite>, index. Also Grant, +in Masson, <cite><span lang="fr">Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</span></cite>, ii, pp. 335–337.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f43'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r43'>43</a>. This origin of the name La Chine is generally accepted by historians. +See Girouard, <cite>Lake St. Louis and La Salle</cite> (Montreal, 1893), pp. 32, 33.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f44'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r44'>44</a>. The “bourgeois” was the chief trader, to whom the voyageurs were +bound by engagements for service. The term was also often applied to the +trader’s agent or clerk, when the latter was in command of the expedition. +See Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical Society <cite>Proceedings</cite>, +1889, pp. 77–82.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f45'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r45'>45</a>. For a description of the trade route by way of Ottawa River, Lake Nipissing, +Georgian Bay, and Lake Huron to Mackinac, see H. H. Bancroft, <cite>History +of the Northwest Coast</cite> (San Francisco, 1886), i, pp. 561–564. Also, for a +personal narrative, see that of Captain Thomas G. Anderson, in <cite>Wisconsin +Historical Collections</cite>, ix, pp. 138–143.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f46'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r46'>46</a>. On the habits and uses of the beaver (<em>castor Canadensis</em>), see Martin, +<cite>Castorologia</cite> (Montreal and London, 1892).—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f47'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r47'>47</a>. The normal food of those who wintered in the woods was Indian corn +and tallow. See Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” pp. 78, 79.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Falls of St. Mary, or Sault Ste. Marie, were visited by traders as early +as 1616. The <cite>Jesuit Relation</cite> of 1640 gives a partial description of this place. +Radisson and Groseilliers were here between 1658 and 1660; and here (1669) +a Jesuit mission was established by Allouez and Dablon. After 1689, the mission +and trading post were abandoned in favor of Mackinac; but Sault Ste. +Marie continued to be a station on the Northwestern fur-trade route; and in +1750 the land thereabout was granted to De Repentigny on condition that he +erect a fort at that place. After the English occupation, a French Canadian, +J. B. Cadot, had a trading post here, which was probably the one mentioned by +Long. Later, the North West Company occupied the spot; but in 1814 its +post was burned by a detachment of American troops, commanded by Major +Holmes, who afterwards fell at the unsuccessful attack on Mackinac. The +first military post and Indian agency of the United States at Sault Ste. Marie +was established in 1822.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Saulteurs were a Chippewa tribe, so called by the French from having +been first encountered at the Sault. The name afterwards was employed to +designate all the Chippewa nation. A pretty Indian legend of the origin of +these falls, is found in <cite>Jesuit Relations</cite>, liv, p. 201.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f48'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r48'>48</a>. On the offering of tobacco to “Manitous,” see <cite>Jesuits Relation</cite>, x, p. 324. +See, also, caption “Manitou,” in index thereto.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f49'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r49'>49</a>. Probably the “Athabasca,” one of the first schooners of the North West +Company on Lake Superior. See Masson, <cite><span lang="fr">Bourgeois</span></cite>, ii, p. 149. The French +had a sailing vessel on Lake Superior as early as 1735. See <cite>Wisconsin Historical +Collections</cite>, xvii.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f50'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r50'>50</a>. Pays Plat was the fur-trade station near the Nipigon River, about one +hundred miles east of Grand Portage. It was situated on one of the islands of +Nipigon Bay, and so named because of the low land and shoal water in the +vicinity. See Bigsby, <cite>Shoe and Canoe</cite> (London, 1850), p. 223.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f51'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r51'>51</a>. For a history of the Chippewa Indians, see <cite>Minnesota Historical Collections</cite>, +v.</p> + +<p class='c009'>This noted chief, Matchekewis, was the captor of Mackinac during Pontiac’s +War. For a sketch of him, see <cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite>, vii, pp. +188–194.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f52'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r52'>52</a>. For a description of Indian pipes and smoking habits, see U. S. National +Museum <cite>Report</cite>, 1897, pp. 351 ff. The material for the red calumets is called +“catlinite,” from George Catlin, who described it in 1836. It is found in the +pipestone quarries of Pipestone County, in Southwestern Minnesota. See +<cite>Jesuit Relations</cite>, lix, p. 310.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f53'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r53'>53</a>. For a description of the rattle called “sysyquoy,” see <cite>Wisconsin Historical +Collections</cite>, xvi, p. 367; and Masson, <cite><span lang="fr">Bourgeois</span></cite>, ii, p. 333.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f54'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r54'>54</a>. The Nipigon River is the largest and most northerly tributary of Lake +Superior, and the outlet for Lake Nipigon. Its region, until the building of the +Canadian Pacific Railroad, was almost as wild and unknown as when visited +by the French explorers in the seventeenth century. Perrot mentions this +river and lake in his <cite>Mémoire</cite> (1658); and Duluth (1684) wrote to De la Barre +of the “fort which I have constructed near the River à la Maune, at the bottom +[the north end of Lake Alemipigon,” as a barrier to the English trade from +Hudson Bay. In 1687, Duluth’s brother traded with fifteen hundred Indians +in the Lake Nipigon region. The furs from this district were especially rich +and valuable, and the trading post on the lake appears to have been maintained +throughout the French occupation. La Vérendrye was commandant here in +1728, when he became fired by the reports of the savage Ochagach, with zeal +for Western exploration. See <cite>Northern and Western Boundaries of Ontario</cite> +(Toronto, 1878), pp. 68–80.</p> + +<p class='c009'>In 1757, Bougainville describes this post as follows: “Les Népigons, a post +established to the north of Lake Superior; the commandant is its farmer and +pays for that privilege about 4,000 francs; it includes the Lake à la Carpe.... +The post produces generally every year from eighty to one hundred bundles of +fur.” After the British occupation the productiveness of the region declined. +Duncan Cameron says that when he first went to this country (1785), the whole +district produced but fifty-six packs of fur, although it had no opposition from +Hudson Bay, and part of the Lake Winnipeg department was included in the +Nipigon district. See Cameron, “The Nipigon Country,” in Masson, <cite><span lang="fr">Bourgeois</span></cite>, +ii, pp. 231–300. The North West Company considered this to be its +territory, but later the Hudson’s Bay Company built a post at Red Rock, near +the mouth of the river—now a station on the Canadian Pacific Railway. +The Hudson’s Bay Company still maintains a wintering post, known as Poplar +Lodge, on the east shore of Lake Nipigon. See Canadian Bureau of Mines +<cite>Report</cite>, 1901, p. 212. The Nipigon River is now noted as a fisherman’s paradise. +For a description of the route from the mouth of the river to the lake, see +Canadian Geological Survey <cite>Report</cite>, 1867–69, p. 336.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f55'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r55'>55</a>. This is the game of lacrosse, a modification of which has become the +Canadian national game. For an historical account of this game, see <cite>Jesuit +Relations</cite>, x, pp. 326–328; Henry’s <cite>Travels</cite> (Bain’s ed.), p. 77; Masson, +<cite><span lang="fr">Bourgeois</span></cite>, ii, pp. 337, 338.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f56'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r56'>56</a>. For a similar game with slight modifications, see Masson, <cite><span lang="fr">Bourgeois</span></cite>, +ii, p. 340.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f57'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r57'>57</a>. Mr. Shaw was an independent trader, father of Angus Shaw, partner and +agent of the North West Company.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f58'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r58'>58</a>. This is a citation from the <cite>New Discovery</cite> of Hennepin, who gives the +first account of the tribe, apparently a branch of the Sioux, whose custom of +weeping he so fully describes in connection with his captivity among the Issati +Indians.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f59'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r59'>59</a>. The early cradles of the Chippewa Indians are described in more detail +by Grant, “The Sauteux Indians,” in Masson, <cite><span lang="fr">Bourgeois</span></cite>, ii, pp. 322, 323.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f60'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r60'>60</a>. This is true not only of the St. Croix River (Wisconsin) Chippewas, but +of nearly all the tribe up to the present time. The “woods Indian” north of +Lake Superior is usually a Chippewa (Ojibwa), and a large portion of those +under the care of the Canadian government are still hunters. The Canadian +Department of Indian Affairs, in its <cite>Report</cite> for 1900, represents the modern +Ojibwa as little changed, except from general inability to obtain liquor as freely +as in the olden days of the fur-trade.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f61'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r61'>61</a>. For the hereditary enmity between the Chippewas and the Sioux, and the +particularly fierce encounters of this period, see Warren, “History of the Ojibways,” +in <cite>Minnesota Historical Collections</cite>, v, pp. 72, 95, 222–241.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f62'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r62'>62</a>. Indian slavery among the French was first practiced in the Illinois country, +and (1709) was authorized by edict for Canada. Slavery was abolished for +Upper Canada in 1793; and by 1800 had ceased in Lower Canada. See Lafontaine, +“L’ésclavage en Canada,” Montreal Historical Society <cite>Proceedings</cite>, +1858; Canadian Institute <cite>Transactions</cite>, 1889–90 (Toronto, 1891); and <cite>Proceedings</cite>, +1897, p. 19.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f63'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. In the language of James Bain, Jr., librarian of the Toronto Public Library, +“Long is the most indefinite of travellers, and English names of lakes +and rivers unstable.” It seems an almost hopeless task to localize several of +his geographical names by the aid of modern maps. As a matter of fact this +part of Northwestern Ontario from Lake Nipigon to Lake Abittibi is still +almost <em>terra incognita</em>. For the best current maps and descriptions, see Canadian +Department of the Interior <cite>Report</cite>, 1890, part v; also Ontario Bureau of +Mines <cite>Report</cite>, 1900.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f64'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. Lake Savanne lies northwest of Lake Nipigon, on a tributary of the Albany +River. A brief account of a voyage thither is given by Duncan Cameron, in +Masson, <cite><span lang="fr">Bourgeois</span></cite>, ii, p. 271. Cameron also says that four out of eight traders +starved there in one year (<em>ibid.</em>, p. 242).—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f65'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. Long was the first to apply the word “totamism” to that system of beliefs +and family relationships, now recognized as the basis of primitive society. +The theory of clan relationships, as expressed by totems, was first developed +by M’Lennan in a series of articles published in the <cite>Fortnightly Review</cite>, 1869–71. +On the general theory, see Lang, <cite>Myth, Ritual, and Religion</cite> (London, 1887), +i, pp. 58–81. On the totemism of the American Indian there is a large literature. +The following are useful: Schoolcraft, <cite>Indian Tribes of the United +States</cite> (Philadelphia, 1851–57); Brinton, <cite>Myths of New World</cite> (Philadelphia, 3d +ed., 1896).—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f66'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. This was the grant made to Sir William Johnson in 1760, of sixty-six +thousand acres, now within Little Falls Township on the Mohawk River. +The grant was confirmed by the crown in 1769, and Johnson Hall, a large portion +of which is still standing, was built thereupon. See vol. i of this series, p. 88, +note 48.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f67'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r67'>67</a>. Henry says, “In North America there is no <em>partridge</em>; but the name is +given to more than one species of grouse.” This was probably the <em>Canace</em> or +<em>Dendragapus Canadensis</em>, black or spotted grouse.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f68'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. The loup-cervier is the Canadian lynx; the beaver eater, the wolverine +(<em>gulo luscus</em>), or “carcajou.” For a description of the latter, see Martin, +<cite>Castorologia</cite>, pp. 147–151.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f69'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r69'>69</a>. The grizzly bear (<em>ursus ferox</em>), was first adequately identified and described +by Lewis and Clark. See Thwaites’s ed. of <cite>Original Journals of Lewis +and Clark</cite> (New York, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1904).—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f70'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. Dobbs, <cite>Account of the Countries adjoining Hudson’s Bay</cite> (London, 1744), +gives a map of these regions “as described by Joseph La France, a French +Canadese Indian, who Traveled thro those Countries and Lakes for 3 years +from 1739 to 1742,” on which he places “Ouassi Indians” between the Michipicoten +and Nipigon rivers on the north shore of Lake Superior. He also says +(p. 32), “There are two Indian Nations upon this North Coast, the Epinette ... and the Ouassi, both tribes of the Sauteurs.” The tribe designated +by this term seems to have disappeared in the nineteenth century.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f71'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r71'>71</a>. The Rat Indians are those of Rat Portage, on the Lake of the Woods, +apparently a branch of the Chippewas. Their name is taken from the muskrat +(<em>ondatra zibethicus</em>). See Coues, <cite>Henry-Thompson Journals</cite> (New York, +1897), i, p. 26.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f72'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. On Indian medicine-men and their skill as physicians, see Brinton, +<cite>Myths of the New World</cite>, pp. 304–328; and <cite>Jesuit Relations</cite>, index, caption +“Medicine-men.” See also Hoffman, “The Midewinin of the Ojibwa,” +United States Bureau of Ethnology <cite>Report</cite>, 1885–86.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f73'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. According to Count Andrani of Milan, who was at Grand Portage in +1791, each pack was valued at £40 sterling, making the total value of Long’s +first season nearly $28,000. On the expenses of such an outfit, see <cite>Canadian +Archives</cite>, 1888, p. 69.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f74'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r74'>74</a>. This is not the river now known as Pic River, which is east of Pays Plat, +but one of the shorter streams between this and Nipigon River, probably the +one now called Gravel River.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f75'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. For the difficulties of this passage from Pays Plat to Nipigon, see the +account of the building of this section of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, in +Ingersoll, <cite>Canadian Guide-Book</cite> (New York, 1892), ii, pp. 29, 30.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f76'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. For this lake, see Cameron, “Nipigon Country,” Masson, <cite><span lang="fr">Bourgeois</span></cite>, +ii, pp. 242, 244.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f77'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. For a brief description of the process of making a birch bark canoe, see +McKinney, <cite>Tour of the Lakes</cite> (Baltimore, 1827), p. 319.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f78'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. Scuttaywabo is rum or brandy. See Long’s Chippewa vocabulary, at the +end of the present volume.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f79'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. Tripe de roche is a lichen, which Henry calls <em>waac</em> in Chippewa. See +Henry, <cite>Travels</cite> (Bain ed.), pp. 214, 215.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f80'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r80'>80</a>. On the subject of justice in the forest, as exercised by the British companies, +see Bancroft, <cite>Northwest Coast</cite>, i, pp. 538–542.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f81'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r81'>81</a>. Fort Albany was built by the Hudson’s Bay Company in the seventeenth +century. It was in a sheltered inlet, forty yards from the borders of James Bay +on the south side of Albany River. In 1686 it was attacked and captured by +Troyes’s expedition; and Iberville re-christened the post, Fort Ste. Anne. It +remained in French hands until 1693, when retaken by the English, who never +again lost it, although besieged by the French in 1704. The later fort was +built on Factory Island, in the mouth of the river, about two and one-half +miles from the old fort on the mainland.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f82'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r82'>82</a>. Joseph Robson went out to Hudson Bay in 1733, as a stone-mason, and +was employed in the construction of Fort Churchill. He appears to have had +disagreements with the governor, and returned to England in 1736. In 1744, +he was again sent out as surveyor and superintendent of buildings at York +factory, and explored the Nelson River. Returning to England in 1747, he +testified on behalf of the Company in 1749, before the House of Commons +committee; but some years later published a work, <cite>An Account of Six Years’ +Residence in Hudson’s Bay</cite> (London, 1752), in which he animadverts against +the treatment of servants and Indians by the Company’s governors. Long +attempts to controvert him in this paragraph; but on p. 170 he uses his testimony +in favor of the management of the Company.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f83'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r83'>83</a>. For the history of the formation of the North West Company, see preface, +<em>ante</em>, p. 16.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f84'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r84'>84</a>. The Cristinaux (Kiristinou, Killistinoe) Indians, now known as Crees, are +Algonquian tribes who have always been associated with the Assiniboins (Assinipoils), +a Siouan tribe derived early from the Yankton Dakotas. Their habitat +has been the wilderness between Lake Superior and Hudson Bay, and the land +to the west as far as the Assiniboin and Saskatchewan rivers. They were well +known to the early French explorers (see <cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite>, +xvi), and were the chief Indians with whom the Hudson’s Bay Company traded. +They still number over twelve thousand. See Henry, <cite>Travels</cite> (Bain ed.), p. +249.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f85'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r85'>85</a>. This was the work of Edward Umfreville, <cite>Present State of Hudson’s Bay</cite> +(London, 1790), written with a view of opposing the continuance of the Company’s +charter, and exposing the practices of the officers. Umfreville had been +in the service of the Company from 1771 to 1782.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f86'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r86'>86</a>. On this subject of courtship and marriage, see also Grant, “Sauteux +Indians,” in Masson, <cite><span lang="fr">Bourgeois</span></cite>, ii, pp. 319–321.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f87'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r87'>87</a>. The British fort at Mackinac was still upon the south shore of the strait, +where Mackinaw City now stands; but the governor, Patrick Sinclair, had already +begun the erection of a new fort on the island, to which the establishment +moved in the spring of 1781. See “Story of Mackinac,” in Thwaites’s +<cite>How George Rogers Clark won the Northwest</cite>.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f88'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r88'>88</a>. For a contemporary account of this well-known incident, see Henry, +<cite>Travels</cite>, chaps. 8, 9, and 10.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f89'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r89'>89</a>. The “Poes” were the Potawatomi Indians (called Poux by the +French). For their history and that of Fort St. Joseph, see vol. i of this +series, pp. 115, 117.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f90'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r90'>90</a>. The Menominee Indians were called Folles-Avoines by the French, a +name by which the latter designated both the grain (<em>zizania aquatica</em>), and +this tribe of Indians whom they first found using it. They are Algonquian in +language, and were originally encountered by Nicolet (1634) on the shores of +Green Bay. This remained their habitat until they were removed to their +present reservation in Shawano County, Wisconsin. For history of this tribe, +see <cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite> (especially vols. xvi and xvii); Hoffman, +“Menomini Indians,” U. S. Bureau of Ethnology <cite>Report</cite>, 1892–93; Jenks, +“Wild Rice Gatherers of the Upper Lakes,” <em>ibid.</em>, 1897–98.</p> + +<p class='c009'>No mention of such a barbarous custom as this is made by other writers. +Long may have been misinformed.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f91'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r91'>91</a>. On the cause of this action of the Indian traders, alarmed at the reprisals +being made by Spanish and Americans for the unsuccessful attack on St. Louis +by the British party from Mackinac, see <cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite>, vii, +p. 176, <em>note</em>.</p> + +<p class='c009'>For biography of Charles Langlade, first Wisconsin settler, see Tassé’s +“Memoir,” <em>ibid.</em>, pp. 123–185.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f92'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r92'>92</a>. This is a somewhat confused reference to George Rogers Clark’s occupation +of the Illinois country, and alliance with the Spaniards who controlled +Louisiana. The fort here mentioned is St. Louis, for whose early history see vol. +iii of this series, André Michaux’s <cite>Journal</cite>, note 138. Spaniards were incensed +at the British traders’ methods in Upper Louisiana during this period.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f93'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r93'>93</a>. The commandant at Mackinac was Patrick Sinclair, for whose biography +see <cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite>, xi, p. 141, <em>note</em>. For documents dealing with +the Revolution in this region, see <em>ibid.</em>, xi, pp. 97–212; and xii, pp. 49–55.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f94'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r94'>94</a>. The Outagamies, or Fox Indians (French, Renards), were first encountered +by the French on Fox River, Wisconsin. A proud and warlike nation, +they refused to yield to the French yoke. The long series of wars waged by +them with the French was a great source of weakness to the colony of Canada, +and prepared the way for its downfall. For the documents on these wars, see +<cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite>, xvi and xvii. Driven from their habitat in +Eastern Wisconsin, about 1740, the Foxes joined with their kindred, the Sauks, +and settled on the Mississippi, siding alternately with the British and Americans +during the wars of the Revolution and of 1812–15. One band of the Sauks +participated in the Black Hawk War (1832). At present the combined population +of the Sauks and Foxes is about four hundred, located on a reservation +in Iowa.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The Sioux were the Minnesota branch of this nation, under their chief +Wabasha, <em>q. v.</em>, <em>post</em>, note 87.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f95'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r95'>95</a>. Lac les Puans (Stinking Lake) was a name used by the French for Green +Bay. The origin of this term was long supposed to be either in the ill-smelling +shores or the filthy character of the native Puants (<em>i. e.</em>, Winnebagoes). In +<cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite>, xvi, p. 360, however, an early writer testifies +to the cleanliness of the Puants.</p> + +<p class='c009'>It appears that the original Algonquian name for these people, who are an +offshoot from the Sioux, was Ouinepeg, a word which has come down to us +in two forms—Winnipeg and Winnebago. The meaning of <em>Ouinepeg</em> was, +“men of (or from) the fetid (or bad-smelling) water.” It is probable that these +people may at one time have lived near a sulphur spring or on the shore of a +salt lake. The earliest French inferred that the allusion was to the ocean; +hence Nicolet’s appearance among the Winnebagoes on Green Bay (1634) +attired as a mandarin, under the apprehension that these “Men of the Sea”—as +they were called in some of the earlier French accounts—were Chinamen. +Herein we have an illustration of the tenacity of the old theory that America +was but an outlying portion of Asia. La Salle’s post at La Chine, near +Montreal, which was so nicknamed because some thought it to be on the road +to China, is another case in point. When the “Men of the Sea” were discovered +to be ordinary Indians, their Algonquian appellation <em>Ouinepeg</em> was translated +by the French into a less complimentary term, “Puants” (Stinkards). +Given the name, the reputation of uncleanliness soon followed. The <cite>Jesuit +Relations</cite> frequently mentioned the matter; but by the time of the missionaries +the old term of “Men of the Sea” appears to have been forgotten. See <cite>Wisconsin +Historical Collections</cite>, xvi, p. 3, <em>note</em>, for citations; also Thwaites, <cite>Stories +of the Badger State</cite> (New York, 1900), p. 30, for brief recital of the case—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f96'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r96'>96</a>. The Foxes had been largely won to the American interest by the efforts +of Godefroy Linctot, Sr., their trader at Prairie du Chien, and the emissaries of +George Rogers Clark from the Illinois country.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Wabasha was a famous Sioux chief, first mentioned by the French commandant +in 1740. Being devoted to the British side, he was dignified with the +title of “general,” and was received with honors of war at Mackinac. He +also visited Quebec several times, and was decorated by the British officials. +His village was near the present site of Winona, Minnesota. A son of the same +name participated in the War of 1812–15. The French called both these chiefs, +“La Feuille.”—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f97'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r97'>97</a>. On the origin of this term for Americans (Great Knives, Long Knives, or +Big Knives, indifferently) see Thwaites, <cite>Daniel Boone</cite> (New York, 1902), p. +111, <em>note</em>.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f98'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r98'>98</a>. This must mean seven days’ journey either from Mackinac or Green +Bay, for Prairie du Chien is situated at the confluence of the Wisconsin with the +Mississippi. On the early settlement of Prairie du Chien, which was named +for a chief of the Fox tribe called “Chien,” see <cite>Wisconsin Historical Collections</cite>, +ix, pp. 282–302.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f99'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r99'>99</a>. Lake Temiscaming lies near the source of the Ottawa River, on the +boundary between Quebec and Ontario. The savages near here were wandering +tribes of rude Algonkins, who traded indifferently with Canada or Hudson +Bay.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f100'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r100'>100</a>. Tadoussac, at the entrance of the Saguenay River, is one of the oldest +trading stations on the St. Lawrence, having been founded before Quebec. It +was the site of an early Jesuit mission begun before 1642. A church built for +the mission (1747–50), is still standing.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f101'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r101'>101</a>. The mission colony of the Hurons at Lorette was established by the +Jesuits on their seigniory in 1673. There is still a settlement of these Indians +near this place.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f102'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r102'>102</a>. For biographical sketch of Robert Rogers, see vol. i, Croghan’s <cite>Journals</cite>, +note 61. Long here refers to his work, <cite>Concise Account of North America</cite> +(London, 1765).—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f103'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r103'>103</a>. Henry Home, Lord Kames, a famous Scotch jurist, published <cite>Sketches +of History of Man</cite> (Edinburgh, 1774).—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f104'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r104'>104</a>. The Montagnais Indians—so called from their habitat, the mountainous +country north and east of Quebec—were an Algonquian tribe, much in contact +with the French colonists. They still roam through their ancient territory, +hunting and fishing, and acting as guides to scientific and sporting parties. +They have a reservation on Lake St. John.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f105'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r105'>105</a>. Chicoutimi, at the head of navigation of Saguenay River, was early settled, +a mission church being built there in 1726. It has but recently become +a place of importance, being not only the chief trading station for the entire +Saguenay region, where settlement has commenced to be permanent, but the +seat of large salmon fisheries and of extensive wood-pulp mills; small ocean +vessels are now laden with pulp at Chicoutimi docks, carrying the product to +English, French, and American ports.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f106'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r106'>106</a>. After leaving Lake St. John, Long followed its sources westward, and +portaged over the Height of Land into the present Northeast Territory—a +region now nearly as unknown and unexplored as it was then. Modern maps +are not helpful regarding Long’s route.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f107'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r107'>107</a>. The true rattlesnake (<em>crotatus horridus</em>) is not found in Canada. The +one here alluded to is the <em>caudisona tergemina</em>. The age is not indicated by the +number of the rattles. The black water snake was probably the <em>tropidonatus +sipedon</em>, which feeds on fish, and is an expert swimmer, although not a true +water snake. The “turkey snake” cannot be identified.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f108'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r108'>108</a>. This was the expedition of La Pérouse, who in the summer of 1782 +captured Fort Prince of Wales and York factory. See Wilson, <cite>The Great +Company</cite> (Toronto, 1899), pp. 320–326.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f109'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r109'>109</a>. Lake George was originally named Lac du St. Sacrement, by the Jesuit +missionary and martyr Isaac Jogues, who was there in 1646. On his expedition +of 1755, Sir William Johnson changed the name in honor of his king. +Lakes George and Champlain were of strategic importance in all the French +wars, and that of the Revolution. Fort George was a small post on an +eminence a half mile southeast of Fort William Henry, built in 1759 after +the destruction of the latter. Abandoned temporarily during Burgoyne’s +invasion, the garrison were surprised and captured by Carleton (October, +1780), and the fortification destroyed. New York State has appropriated the +land around the ruins of this fort for Fort George Battle Park.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f110'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r110'>110</a>. For a description of the road from St. Johns on the Richelieu River, at +the outlet of Lake Champlain—where the French built a fort in 1748—to +La Prairie on the St. Lawrence, see Kalm, <cite>Travels in North America</cite> (London, +2nd ed., 1772), ii, pp. 219–223.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f111'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r111'>111</a>. Crown Point, called by the French Pointe au Chevalure (scalp point), +was fortified by the latter nation in 1731, as their advanced post (Fort St. +Frédéric) on the northern frontier. During the French and Indian War it +was twice attacked by the English; but the French retained possession until +Amherst’s expedition (1759), when Fort St. Frédéric was abandoned and +destroyed. Amherst began here extensive fortifications, the ruins of which +still exist. Crown Point was captured by the Americans in 1775, and restored +to the British in 1776. After 1780 it was dismantled and fell into decay, so that +Long could have found but deserted quarters at this place.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f112'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r112'>112</a>. This incident indicates the low state of the credit of the United States. +Congress passed the act for the relief of this Indian, April 8, 1785, as follows: +“On report of a committee, consisting of Mr. Howell, Mr. Long, and Mr. +Holton, to whom was referred a petition of John Vincent, an Indian of the +Huron tribe, <em>Resolved</em>, That in consideration of the faithful services of John +Vincent, an Indian of the Huron tribe, in the course of the late war, he be +allowed and paid by the commissioners of the treasury, the sum 100 dollars.—<cite>Journals +of Congress</cite> (Philadelphia, 1801), x, p. 82.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f113'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r113'>113</a>. Hendrick was the well-known Mohawk chief, born about 1680, whose +friendship for the English and especially for Sir William Johnson kept his tribe +firm in the English alliance during the French wars. Hendrick lived at Canajoharie +in the Mohawk Valley. At the Albany Conference (1754), he was one +of the most prominent negotiators; but was killed in the battle of Lake George +the following year.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f114'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r114'>114</a>. Schenectady boats were long, narrow, flat-bottoms, propelled by small +and ungainly sails, or by iron-shod poles. They were so named from being +first built at Schenectady, and were much used in the shallow water navigation +of Western New York and the Upper St. Lawrence.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f115'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r115'>115</a>. The Canadian government was at this period granting large areas of +land north of the St. Lawrence, and of Lake Ontario, to the Loyalists of the +United States, who were removing thither. Two hundred acres were given +to each settler; and higher amounts, according to rank, to those who had served +in the British army. See Canniff, <cite>History of the Settlement of Upper Canada</cite> +(Toronto, 1869).—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f116'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r116'>116</a>. Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester, served with Amherst at Louisburg, in +1758. The next year he was wounded at the siege of Quebec. In 1766 he +was made governor of Quebec, and was governor of Canada, 1767–70. In +1775, he was again made governor of Quebec, and defended Canada against +the American forces until relieved by Haldimand in 1778. In 1782, he succeeded +Clinton as commander in chief of the forces in America, and having +evacuated New York in 1783, returned with the troops to England. He was +created Baron Dorchester in 1786, and appointed governor general of Canada, +whither he arrived in October, serving as the ruler of this province until 1796, +when he retired to England, where he died in 1808.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Henry Hope, lieutenant colonel of the 44th regiment, came to America in +1776, and served throughout the war. In November, 1785, he was made lieutenant-governor +of Canada, and served as acting governor until the arrival of +Dorchester, under whom he continued as lieutenant-governor until his death +at Quebec, April 13, 1789.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f117'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r117'>117</a>. Sir John Johnson was the son and heir of Sir William Johnson, the New +York Indian agent. Born in the Mohawk Valley in 1742, he received part of +his education in England, and was knighted there in 1765. He succeeded to +his father’s position and estates in 1774; and on the outbreak of the Revolution +escaped to Canada, where he was made colonel in the British army. His services +during the war, leading Iroquois against the border settlements in the +Mohawk and Cherry Valley, are well known. His estates were confiscated +by the State of New York, and he retired to Canada, where he was made superintendent +general of Indian affairs in British North America. His death +occurred at Montreal in 1830.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f118'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r118'>118</a>. In the surveys made in 1783–84, preliminary to the Loyalists’ settlement, +ten townships were set off in Quinté Bay, which were long known by their +respective numbers. The third township was that now called Fredericksburgh, +and was chiefly settled by Johnson’s disbanded soldiers.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f119'> +<p class='c009'><a href='#r119'>119</a>. On the land system of Canada, see Canniff, <cite>History of Settlement of +Upper Canada</cite>; and Kingsford, <cite>History of Canada</cite> (London and Toronto, +1894), vii, pp. 300–313. The feudal tenure was not abolished in Quebec until +1854; but the Act of 1791, separating Upper from Lower Canada, decreed a +modern system for the Loyalist settlements.—<span class='sc'>Ed.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='pbb'> + <hr class='pb c002'> +</div> + +<div class='chapter ph2'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div>Important</div> + <div>Historical Publications</div> + <div><span class='small'>OF</span></div> + <div>The Arthur H. Clark Company</div> + <div class='c004'><span class='small'>Full descriptive circulars will be mailed on application</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<p class='c023'>“The bare title hardly conveys an idea of the interesting lore embraced in this admirably carried +out study of the roads and their part in the development of the country.”—<cite>Boston Globe.</cite></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='xlarge'>The Historic Highways of America</span></div> + <div class='c002'>by <span class='sc'>Archer Butler Hulbert</span></div> + <div class='c004'>A series of monographs on the History of America as portrayed in the evolution of its highways of War, Commerce, and Social Expansion.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c024'>Comprising the following volumes:</p> + + <dl class='dl_2'> + <dt> I—</dt> + <dd>Paths of the Mound-Building Indians and Great Game Animals. + </dd> + <dt> II—</dt> + <dd>Indian Thoroughfares. + </dd> + <dt> III—</dt> + <dd>Washington’s Road: The First Chapter of the Old French War. + </dd> + <dt> IV—</dt> + <dd>Braddock’s Road. + </dd> + <dt> V—</dt> + <dd>The Old Glade (Forbes’s) Road. + </dd> + <dt> VI—</dt> + <dd>Boone’s Wilderness Road. + </dd> + <dt> VII—</dt> + <dd>Portage Paths: The Keys of the Continent + </dd> + <dt> VIII—</dt> + <dd>Military Roads of the Mississippi Basin. + </dd> + <dt> IX—</dt> + <dd>Waterways of Westward Expansion. + </dd> + <dt> X—</dt> + <dd>The Cumberland Road. + </dd> + <dt> XI, XII—</dt> + <dd>Pioneer Roads of America, two volumes. + </dd> + <dt>XIII, XIV—</dt> + <dd>The Great American Canals, two volumes. + </dd> + <dt> XV—</dt> + <dd>The Future of Road-Making in America. + </dd> + <dt> XVI—</dt> + <dd>Index. + </dd> + </dl> + +<p class='c009'>Sixteen volumes, crown 8vo, cloth, uncut, gilt tops. <span class='sc'>A limited edition</span> +only printed direct from type, and the type distributed. Each volume handsomely +printed in large type on Dickinson’s hand-made paper, and illustrated +with maps, plates, and facsimiles.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Published a volume each two months, beginning September, 1902.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Price</span>, volumes 1 and 2, $2.00 net each; volumes 3 to 16, $2.50 net +each.</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Fifty sets printed on large paper</span>, each numbered and <em>signed by the +author</em>. Bound in cloth, with paper label, uncut, gilt tops. Price, $5.00 +net per volume.</p> + +<p class='c013'>“The history of American trails and carries in colonial times; of paths, roads, and highways +in our national beginnings; and of our great lake, river, and railroad traffic in later times is and +has been of the first importance in our social and political history. Mr. Hulbert has shown +himself abundantly able to investigate the subject and put in good form the results of his labors.”—Professor +<span class='sc'>William M. Sloane</span>, <cite>Princeton University</cite>.</p> + +<p class='c025'>“Mr. Hulbert has evidently mastered his subject, and has treated it very ably and enthusiastically. +History is too frequently a mere collection of dry bones, but here we have a book +which, when once begun, will be read eagerly to the end, so vividly does the author bring +scenes and personages before us.”—<cite>Current Literature.</cite></p> + +<p class='c025'>“As in the prior volumes, the general effect is that of a most entertaining series. The charm +of the style is evident.”—<cite>American Historical Review.</cite></p> + +<p class='c025'>“His style is effective ... an invaluable contribution to the makings of American History.”—<cite>New +York Evening Post.</cite></p> + +<p class='c025'>“Should fill an important and unoccupied place in American historical literature.”—<cite>The +Dial.</cite></p> + +<p class='c023'>“The most important project ever undertaken in the line of Philippine +history in any language, above all the English.”—<cite>New York Evening Post.</cite></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='xlarge'><em>The</em> Philippine Islands</span></div> + <div><span class='xlarge'>1493–1898</span></div> + <div class='c002'><span class='large'>Being the history of the Philippines from their discovery to the present time</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c026'>Explorations by early Navigators, descriptions +of the Islands and their Peoples, their History, and +records of the Catholic Missions, as related in contemporaneous +books and manuscripts, showing the political, +economic, commercial, and religious conditions of those +Islands from their earliest relations with European Nations +to the end of the nineteenth century.</p> + +<p class='c009'><em>Translated, and edited and annotated by</em> <span class='sc'>E. H. Blair</span> <em>and</em> +<span class='sc'>J. A. Robertson</span>, <em>with introduction and additional notes by</em> +<span class='sc'>E. G. Bourne</span>.</p> + +<p class='c009'>With Analytical Index and Illustrations. Limited edition, +55 volumes, large 8vo, cloth, uncut, gilt top. Price $4.00 +net per volume.</p> + +<p class='c013'>“The work is second in importance only to the original documents; to +the student it is even of greater value, since it places before him translations +of these historical data which would otherwise be totally inaccessible, and +without which no work on the Philippines could be definitive.”—<cite>American +Anthropologist.</cite></p> + +<p class='c025'>“At the present time few subjects are discussed so widely and so ignorantly +as matters relating to the Philippines.”—<cite>Chicago Chronicle.</cite></p> + +<p class='c025'>“In addition to its value as accurate history, the work is full of interest +and of suggestions of thrilling mediæval romance and adventure among +strange scenes and wild people.”—<cite>Philadelphia Telegraph.</cite></p> + +<div class='pbb'> + <hr class='pb c004'> +</div> +<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'> + +<div class='chapter ph2'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<table class='table2'> + <tr> + <th class='c017'>Page</th> + <th class='c017'>Changed from</th> + <th class='c018'>Changed to</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c027'><a href='#t70'>70</a></td> + <td class='c028'>added the perfect notes of the different war hoops, as</td> + <td class='c029'>added the perfect notes of the different war whoops, as</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c027'><a href='#t206'>206</a></td> + <td class='c028'>cargo. On the 9th of November we felt Newfoundland,</td> + <td class='c029'>cargo. On the 9th of November we left Newfoundland,</td> + </tr> +</table> + + <ul class='ul_1'> + <li>Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. + + </li> + <li>Placed footnotes all at the end of the last chapter. + </li> + </ul> + +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75593 ***</div> + </body> + <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e (with regex) on 2025-03-11 22:39:38 GMT --> +</html> + diff --git a/75593-h/images/cover.jpg b/75593-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..82dbf43 --- /dev/null +++ b/75593-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/75593-h/images/illo_004.jpg b/75593-h/images/illo_004.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..433182f --- /dev/null +++ b/75593-h/images/illo_004.jpg diff --git a/75593-h/images/illo_022.jpg b/75593-h/images/illo_022.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..51fe246 --- /dev/null +++ b/75593-h/images/illo_022.jpg diff --git a/75593-h/images/illo_033.jpg b/75593-h/images/illo_033.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ad5110 --- /dev/null +++ b/75593-h/images/illo_033.jpg diff --git a/75593-h/images/illo_033_hr.jpg b/75593-h/images/illo_033_hr.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e77f1f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/75593-h/images/illo_033_hr.jpg |
