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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75593 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+                         Early Western Travels
+                               1748–1846
+
+                               Volume II
+
+
+
+
+                         Early Western Travels
+                               1748–1846
+     A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest
+contemporary Volumes of Travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social
+and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of
+                       Early American Settlement
+
+            Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by
+                           Reuben Gold Thwaites
+
+    Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin
+ Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New
+                             Discovery,” etc.
+
+                                Volume II
+                      John Long’s Journal, 1768–1782
+
+[Illustration: [Logo]]
+
+                            Cleveland, Ohio
+                      The Arthur H. Clark Company
+                                  1904
+
+
+
+
+                           COPYRIGHT 1904, BY
+                      THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY
+
+                          ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+                          =The Lakeside Press=
+                     R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS COMPANY
+                                CHICAGO
+
+
+
+
+                         CONTENTS OF VOLUME II
+
+
+ PREFACE. _The Editor_                                                 9
+ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS OF AN INDIAN INTERPRETER AND TRADER, describing
+   the Manners and Customs of the North American Indians; with an
+   Account of the Posts situated on the River Saint Laurence, Lake
+   Ontario, &c. April 10, 1768–Spring, 1782. _John Long_
+     Author’s Dedication                                              22
+     List of Subscribers                                              23
+     Author’s Preface                                                 27
+     Voyages and Travels                                              33
+     Vocabulary
+        English-Esquimeaux                                           223
+        English-Iroquois, Algonkin, Chippeway                        224
+        English-Algonkin, Chippeway                                  238
+        English-Mohegan, Shawanee                                    250
+        English-Mohegan, Algonkin, Chippeway                         252
+        English-Iroquois                                             254
+        English-French                                               257
+        English-Chippeway                                            259
+        Chippeway-English                                            289
+     Familiar Phrases: English-Chippeway                             317
+
+
+
+
+                       ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME II
+
+
+ Facsimile (reduced) of original title-page                           21
+ Map: “Sketch of the Western Countries of Canada, 1791.” _Facsimile
+   of original_                                                       32
+
+
+
+
+                                PREFACE
+
+
+The second volume of our series of Early Western Travels is devoted to
+the reprint of John Long’s _Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter
+and Trader_, originally published in London in 1791.
+
+Concerning Long, but little is known further than what he himself
+relates in his book. Coming from England to North America in 1768, he
+passed nearly twenty years upon this continent, chiefly consorting with
+the Indians—learning their languages, wearing their garb, living their
+life. An expert woodsman, fur-trader, and explorer, he penetrated into
+regions north and west of Canada, that are still practically unexplored.
+
+At first an articled clerk in Canada, he later was apprenticed to a
+Montreal fur merchant. Having displayed an adaptability for Indian
+philology, Long was sent to the neighboring mission colony at
+Caughnawaga, where he remained seven years, becoming an adept in the
+arts and occupations of savage life. His term of service having expired,
+the excitements of army life attracted him. The American Revolution had
+just broken out, and volunteering for service with the British he was
+detailed to lead Indian parties to hang upon the flanks of the invading
+American army—one of these expeditions captured the famous Ethan Allen.
+After a year and a half of this service, in which—dressed as an Indian,
+and scalping his prisoners in their fashion—he could scarcely be
+distinguished from a brave, Governor Guy Carleton appointed Long a
+midshipman in the navy. But when his vessel sailed for England, he left
+the sea in order to enter upon the more lucrative business of
+fur-trading.
+
+In May, 1777, Long left Montreal for Mackinac, engaged as a bourgeois to
+lead a party of voyageurs into the far Northwest, and trade with the
+Indians on their own hunting grounds. The independent Canadian merchants
+of this period were endeavoring to maintain the old French connections
+with the Indians of the “upper country,” and at the same time to
+undermine the trade of the Hudson’s Bay Company, by intercepting the
+natives before they reached the posts of the latter. Long was assigned
+to the Nipigon district north and northeast of Lake Superior—a region
+early occupied by the French, and the scene of their hardy and audacious
+enterprises against the Hudson Bay trade.
+
+Cameron[1] defines the limits of this region as follows: “Bounded on the
+south by Lake Superior, on the southwest and west, by the northwest road
+from Lake Superior to the lower end of Lake Ouinipique (Winnipeg); on
+the northwest and north by Hayes river and part of Hudson Bay; and on
+the northeast by Hudson Bay. Its greatest length from Pierre Rouge (Red
+Rock), at the entrance of Nipigon River, to the Lake of the Islands, on
+the Hayes river, is about three hundred and fifty leagues and its
+greatest breadth, from Trout Lake to Eagle Lake, is about one hundred
+and eighty leagues, but in most parts not over eighty leagues. The
+two-thirds at least of this country are nothing but rivers and lakes,
+some fifty leagues long; properly speaking, the whole country is nothing
+but water and islands.” Into this watery wilderness Long and his
+voyageurs pushed their way, literally subsisting on the country. The
+bourgeois’s chief qualification for the enterprise was his familiarity
+with the Indian life and language, and the fact that he had undergone
+the ceremony of adoption by one of the most noted chiefs of the Chippewa
+nation.
+
+During the French régime, this country was noted for producing the
+largest number and best quality of furs in the Northwest;[2] but after
+the English occupation the district had been nearly abandoned, the
+difficulties of existence proving too great. Four out of eight traders
+starved to death in the region in one year, and it was avoided in favor
+of the better-provisioned Western districts. Cameron says that in 1785
+the whole district produced but fifty-six packs of furs. We may judge
+from this of Long’s success as a trader; in the first year, he not only
+subsisted himself and a party of eight Canadians, during the “hardest
+winter ever remembered,” but rescued a brother trader from destruction
+by a murderous band of Indians, and brought out a cargo of a hundred and
+forty packs of furs all in good condition, valued between $25,000 and
+$30,000. For these services he received from his chiefs the salary of
+$750 a year, and a supply of Indian corn and “hard grease,” or tallow,
+as provision.[3]
+
+At the end of his first year’s engagement, Long returned only to Pays
+Plat, a trading station on Lake Superior. Being there relieved of his
+furs, and supplied with fresh provisions, he set out August 15, 1778,
+for another winter in the “inlands,” whither, after many hardships and
+experiences with murderous Indians, he returned to Mackinac, and spent
+the following winter with the Chippewas near that fort.
+
+In June, 1780, he joined a party of Canadians and Indians who were sent
+from Mackinac to Prairie du Chien to secure the deposits of furs at the
+latter place, and prevent them from falling into the hands of the
+emissaries of George Rogers Clark from the Illinois, and the Spaniards
+from St. Louis. After a march through Wisconsin, this undertaking was
+successfully accomplished—the furs that could not be saved being burned
+to keep them from the enemy.[4]
+
+The following autumn, Long returned to Quebec never again to come to the
+“upper country.” He made one more successful trading expedition to
+unknown lands, by way of the Saguenay River and Lake St. John,
+penetrating the country east of Hudson Bay, and bringing back a rich
+cargo—in the very year that the Hudson’s Bay Company was pillaged by the
+French expedition of La Pérouse.
+
+Long returned for a year to England, his mother-land being entirely
+strange to him after fifteen years’ absence. He was, therefore, glad to
+fit out a cargo for another venture in the Indian trade of Canada. But
+his good fortune seems now to have deserted him—debt, lack of
+employment, and other difficulties drove him from one place to another.
+In the spring of 1785 he was in New York, where he pushed the claim of a
+Huron Indian through Congress. A fur-trading expedition among the
+Iroquois failed, and the British commandant at Oswego confiscated his
+goods. Taking refuge among his Loyalist friends near Kingston, he
+received a grant of land for his services, but debt drove him from that;
+and after securing some assistance from the authorities, he returned to
+England in the fall of 1788,[5] there to write and publish the volume of
+his adventures.
+
+He appears to have secured some patronage for this work, as is evidenced
+by the list of subscribers, and the dedication to Sir Joseph Banks. He
+also consulted the best available authorities on Indian traditions and
+Canadian history, and seems to have taken pains to verify his own
+experiences and observations, without slavishly following his
+authorities.[6] In his defense of the Hudson’s Bay Company, there is to
+be noted either a desire to secure its favor for future services, or
+pique in relation to the new North West Company, under some one of whose
+partners he had undoubtedly served. The book, which was published in
+1791, attained considerable popularity. It was favorably reviewed in the
+_Monthly Review_ (June, 1792), and translated into both French and
+German. The French translation, made by J. B. L. J. Billecocq, with
+notes by the translator (but without the vocabularies, a fact deplored
+by French philologists),[7] appeared in 1794, and again in 1810. Two
+German translations were made, the first by B. Gottlob Hoffmann, issued
+in 1791; the second by G. Forster, published in Berlin the following
+year.
+
+The interest of the work, aside from incidental historical references to
+expeditions in Canada and Wisconsin during the Revolution, the Loyalist
+settlements, and the retention of the Northern posts, lies in the
+author’s intimate knowledge of Indian life and customs, especially those
+of the more primitive and savage tribes of the North; and in the light
+he incidentally throws on the history of the fur-trade.[8]
+
+It is anything but an engaging picture which Long paints of his Indian
+friends and companions—they are in the stage of downright savagery,
+debauched by contact with the dregs of civilization, learning its vices,
+appropriating its weapons, and dominating the whites by sheer force of
+numbers, and knowledge of the weakness and greed of the latter. A
+pleasant contrast is his account of the Canadian mission Indians; but
+even these proved their savagery during the American Revolution. Of
+their aboriginal customs, Long’s notices of totemism, religious rites
+and beliefs, courtship and marriage, social customs—games, dances, food,
+dwellings—habits of hunting, and physical and mental characteristics,
+are valuable because original and the result of immediate observation.
+
+Scarcely less dark is the picture presented by Long, of the fur-trade
+and the traders. This was the period of unlicensed and almost ruinous
+competition between the great company at the North, and the independent
+merchants from Canada—the latter acting each for himself, with slight
+regard for the interest of the trade, the Indians, or the lesser
+employees.
+
+The fur-trade under the French régime had been under strict
+surveillance. All traders were required to purchase a government
+license, and the products of their traffic were closely inspected. By
+the close of the French rule, even the lawless _coureurs de
+bois_—trading through the forest at will, and carrying their peltries to
+the English at Albany and Hudson Bay—had been quite largely suppressed,
+and brought into the service of the licensed traders.
+
+After the conquest of New France, a period of cutthroat competition
+began. The English traders did not at first dare venture into the
+wilderness peopled with Indians faithful to the French; those who did,
+nearly paid the penalty with their lives (as witness Alexander Henry, at
+Mackinac). But after Pontiac’s War, and the gradual subsidence of Indian
+hostility, British traders from Montreal and Quebec began reaching out
+for this lucrative traffic, and a class of enterprising _entrepreneurs_
+was developed, recruited chiefly from the ranks of Scotchmen. By them
+the fur-trade was pushed to its highest development, and the rivers,
+lakes, and fastnesses of the great Northwest discovered and explored in
+rapid succession. This work was done by such men as the Henrys, Ponds,
+Frobishers, Finlays, Camerons, McDonalds—and, greatest of all, Sir
+Alexander Mackenzie.
+
+By 1780, they began to unite their fortunes, and a sixteen-share stock
+corporation was formed of the principal traders.[9] A conspiracy of the
+Indians in the same year, to massacre all the whites and pillage the
+posts, was discovered and averted; but by the following season a still
+more terrible scourge had begun. Smallpox appeared among the tribes in
+the Northwest, and spread so rapidly that hunting was but languidly
+carried on, and profits fell to the zero mark. To avert the chaos into
+which the trade seemed falling, the North West Company was established
+in 1783, for a term of five years. In 1787 its organization was
+perfected, and the corporate period of the Canadian fur-trade began;
+competitors were gradually bought out—union with the X Y Company
+occurring in 1805, and with the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1821.
+
+Long’s narrative, therefore, portrays conditions during the period of
+the free trader, responsible to no authority, exploiting the country and
+the natives for the largest immediate returns, without reference to the
+preservation of the hunting grounds or the protection of the hunters.
+The frightful debauchery of the Indians by means of traders’ rum, and
+the necessity for the use of laudanum to control their drunken excesses,
+are shown in full by Long in his simple narrative of events. The
+dangers, also, to which this system exposed the trader, are only too
+evident from his relation of the case of Mr. Shaw. As for the
+competition with the Hudson’s Bay Company, it is plain from Long’s
+narrative that the Canadian traders were encroaching on the hunting
+grounds of this great monopoly. The case of M. Jacques Santeron shows
+the possibility of dishonest men passing from one employ to the other.
+
+As for the rest of the picture, Long presents the usual traits of the
+trader and interpreter—a certain rude honesty, taking the form of
+loyalty to his employer, a disregard of dangers, and small concern for
+hardships. His knowledge of wilderness life was intimate, but to this
+fact he alludes only in an incidental way. In acquaintance with Indian
+character, and power of influencing them in a crisis, he seems to have
+been superior to the ordinary trader. His vices were those of his
+class—slight regard for laws, either moral or military (witness the
+incident at Fort Mackinac), improvidence and wastefulness, restlessness,
+and dissatisfaction with the routine life of towns. His literary style,
+while discursive, is simple, and as clear as running water. What he
+wishes to say, he says plainly, leaving the reader as a rule to draw his
+own conclusions. There is an unvarnished, unflinching directness in his
+statements, conveying to the reader the impression that he is concealing
+nothing, doing nought for effect, but telling a straightforward story of
+travels and adventures. The book forms a contribution of note to this
+important class of literature, and will always be readable.
+
+In the preparation of the notes, the Editor has had, as in the first
+volume of the series, the assistance of Dr. Louise Phelps Kellogg, of
+the Wisconsin Historical Library. He has also had helpful suggestions
+from Dr. James Bain, Jr., of the Toronto Public Library.
+
+                                                                R. G. T.
+
+  MADISON, WIS., February, 1904.
+
+
+
+
+                  LONG’S VOYAGES AND TRAVELS—1768–1782
+
+
+             Reprint of the original edition: London, 1791
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+                         _VOYAGES AND TRAVELS_
+                                 OF AN
+                     INDIAN INTERPRETER AND TRADER,
+                               DESCRIBING
+                       _The Manners and Customs_
+                                 OF THE
+                        NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS;
+                                  WITH
+                       _AN ACCOUNT OF THE POSTS_
+                              SITUATED ON
+              THE RIVER SAINT LAURENCE, LAKE ONTARIO, &c.
+                           TO WHICH IS ADDED,
+
+                              A VOCABULARY
+                                   OF
+                        The Chippeway Language.
+           _Names of Furs and Skins, in English and French._
+
+                            A LIST OF WORDS
+                                 IN THE
+          IROQUOIS, MOHEGAN, SHAWANEE, AND ESQUIMEAUX TONGUES,
+                          AND A TABLE, SHEWING
+      _The Analogy between the Algonkin and Chippeway Languages_.
+
+                              BY J. LONG.
+
+
+                                LONDON:
+
+  PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR; AND SOLD BY ROBSON, BOND-STREET; DEBRETT,
+     PICCADILLY; T. AND J. EGERTON, CHARING-CROSS; WHITE AND SON,
+     FLEET-STREET; SEWELL, CORNHILL; EDWARDS, PALL-MALL; AND MESSRS.
+     TAYLORS, HOLBORN, LONDON; FLETCHER, OXFORD; AND BULL, BATH.
+
+                               M,DCC,XCI.
+
+]
+
+
+
+
+TO SIR JOSEPH BANKS, BAR^T. PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY,[10] &c. &c.
+                                  &c.
+
+
+  SIR,
+
+I feel the highest satisfaction in being permitted to dedicate this work
+to one whose pursuits have ever been more peculiarly directed to objects
+of originality, and whose scientific researches have contributed so
+largely to the information and benefit of society.
+
+The public are too well acquainted with your general knowledge in every
+branch of literature, to suspect that I hold the language of adulation.
+Should I attempt to do justice to a character so eminently
+distinguished, my feeble efforts could only be regarded as the grateful
+effusions of a mind proud of a patronage that can ensure an especial
+share of public notice and protection.
+
+I have the honour to be, very respectfully,
+
+                                                        SIR,
+                                            Your most obedient servant,
+                                                                J. LONG.
+
+  _London,
+    February, 1791._
+
+
+
+
+                          LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS
+
+
+ Addis, Mr. George.
+ Annereau, Mr.
+
+ Banks, Sir Joseph, Bart.
+ Beaufoy, Henry, Esq. M. P.
+ Berens, Hermanus, Esq.
+ Berens, Joseph, Esq.
+ Boddam, Thomas, Esq.
+ Bettesworth, Thomas, Esq.
+ Baker, John, Esq.
+ Baker, William, Esq.
+ Baker, Miss.
+ Batson, Robert, Esq.
+ Baynes, Burdon, Esq.
+ Blache, J. F. Esq.
+ Belfour, John, Esq.
+ Belfour, Mr. Okey. 3 copies.
+ Belfour, Mr. J. D.
+ Bird, William, Esq.
+ Bird, Thomas, Esq.
+ Bird, Michael, Esq.
+ Barbe, St. Samuel, Esq.
+ Barbe, St. John, Esq.
+ Bingley, ——, jun. Esq.
+ Bates, Mr. John.
+ Birkley, Mr. John.
+ Bowden, John, Esq.
+ Brandon, Mr.
+ Bull, Mr. J. Bath.
+ Beilby, Mr. 6 copies.
+
+ Croft, the Rev. Herbert.
+ Cornthwaite, the Rev. Mr.
+ Chalmers, George, Esq.
+ Culverden, William, Esq.
+ Corsellis, Nicholas Cæsar, Esq.
+ Coussmaker, John, Esq.
+ Croix, N. D. St., Esq.
+ Cleaver, Miss.
+ Cotton, Thomas, Esq.
+ Cotton, Bayes, Esq.
+ Chandler, George, Esq.
+ Coningham, William, Esq.
+ Cope, Thomas, Esq.
+ Cleugh, John, Esq.
+ Clay, Felix, Esq.
+ Clay, James, Esq.
+ Clay, William, Esq.
+ {iv} Clay, George, Esq.
+ Cooper, Mr.
+ Cooper, Mr. James.
+ Corbet, ——, Esq. 2 copies.
+
+ Dawson, William, Esq.
+
+ Dalrymple, Alexander, Esq.
+ Dicken, John, Esq.
+
+ Earle, James, Esq.
+ Emes, William, Esq.
+ Edwards, Charles, Esq.
+ Etches, R. C., Esq.
+ Eldridge, Thomas, Esq.
+
+ Fraser, Major.
+ Finch, Thomas, Esq.
+ Forbes, Thomas, Esq.
+ Fayle, Benjamin, Esq.
+ Faden, Mr. William. 6 copies.
+ Fawler, Mrs.
+ Forsteen, ——, Esq.
+ Finch, Mr. John.
+ Fletcher, Mr. James, Oxford.
+
+ Grote, George, Esq.
+ Gould, Thomas, Esq.
+ George, C. G., Esq.
+ Goldthwaite, Thomas, Esq.
+ George, Mr. Edward.
+ Graft, Mr. James.
+
+ Hollingsworth, John, Esq.
+ Hulse, Richard, Esq.
+ Hulse, Edward, Esq.
+ Howison, John, Esq. Lisbon.
+ Hayward, Francis, Esq. 2 copies.
+ Holden, Joseph, Esq.
+ Haffey, John, Esq.
+ Hill, Edward, Esq.
+ Hussey, William Wheatley, Esq.
+ Harper, Mrs.
+ Hillier, Mr.
+ Hale, Mr. Harry. 2 copies.
+ Hill, Mr. John.
+
+ Jones, Edward, Esq.
+ Jeudwine, Thomas, Esq.
+ Justice, Mr. Richard.
+ Jacks, Mr.
+
+ Knill, John, Esq.
+ Kensington, Charles, Esq.
+
+ Long, Sir James Tylney, Bart. M.P. 7 copies.
+ {v} Lake, Sir J. Winter, Bart. 4 cop.
+ Langmore, William, Esq.
+ Legg, Leaver, Esq.
+ Long, Mrs.
+ Locke, Miss.
+ Locke, John, Esq.
+ Lion, Thomas, Esq.
+ Lane, Benjamin, Esq.
+ Lang, Charles, Esq.
+ Lightfoot, John, Esq.
+
+ Lonsdale, Mr.
+
+ Mulgrave, the Right Hon. Lord.
+ Monsel, Lieutenant Colonel.
+ Marsden, William, Esq.
+ Morris, John, Esq.
+ Martin, Captain.
+ Man, Henry, Esq. 6 copies.
+ Mukins, Francis, Esq.
+ Malleson, John, Esq.
+ Murray, Mr. J. 2 copies.
+
+ Nesbitt, Lieutenant Colonel.
+ Nesbitt, Arnold, Esq.
+ Nasmyth, Maxwell, Esq.
+ Neave, Richard, Esq.
+
+ Prescott, George William, Esq.
+ Pott, Rev. J. H. Archdeacon of St. Albans.
+ Pott, Percival, Esq.
+ Pott, E. H. Esq.
+ Pott, Mrs.
+ Powell, Baden, Esq.
+ Powell, James, Esq.
+ Powell, Thomas, Esq.
+ Peck, Jasper, Esq.
+ Pooley, John, Esq.
+ Perry, John, Esq.
+ Palmer, Peregrine, Esq.
+ Pickwoad, Robert, Esq.
+ Pickering, Thomas, Esq.
+ Popplewell, Mr.
+
+ Roberts, John, Esq.
+ Rennell, Major.
+ Robertson, Captain.
+ Ruspini, J. B., Esq.
+ Rouse, Benjamin, Esq.
+ Ross, G. W., Esq. 2 copies.
+ Rutter, Miss.
+ Row, William, Esq.
+ Regail, Alexander, Esq.
+ Reading Society, Hackney.
+
+ Scott, Thomas, Esq. M. P.
+ {vi} Sneyd, Samuel, Esq.
+ Symons, the Rev. Mr.
+ Sheldon, John, Esq. Professor of Anatomy in the Royal Academy of Arts,
+    London, and F. R. S.
+ Shamier, ——, Esq.
+ Stoe, Harry, Esq.
+ Sedgwick, Harry, Esq.
+ Stone, John Hurford, Esq.
+ Surman, William, Esq.
+ Smith, Haskett, Esq.
+ Scafe, Mr. Richard.
+ Scargill, Mr. James.
+ Stable, Mr. William.
+ Smith, Mr. Thomas.
+
+ Smith, Mr. J. Thomas.
+
+ Turner, Miss.
+ Turner, Miss Jane.
+ Tanner, N. Esq.
+ Toulmin, William, Esq.
+ Taylors, Messrs. 6 copies.
+
+ Vaston, Mrs.
+ Vandriel, Mr. J. C.
+
+ Wegg, Samuel, Esq.
+ Winter, John, Esq.
+ Walker, John, Esq.
+ Wilson, Stephen, Esq.
+ Wilson, William, Esq.
+ Wilcox, William, Esq.
+ Wilcox, Edward, Esq.
+ Wilcox, Mrs. Anne.
+ Wickham, Lieut.
+ Woolhead, Major, Esq.
+ Wright, Mr. Thomas.
+ Watson, Mr. William.
+ White, Messrs. and Son. 6 copies.
+
+ Young, Mrs.
+
+
+
+
+                                PREFACE
+
+
+The reader will naturally expect some account of this work.
+
+With regard to the historical part, I have endeavoured to explain the
+situation of the Posts, which, by Mr. Oswald’s Treaty, were stipulated
+to be surrendered to the Americans; and pointed out their convenience to
+Great Britain in a political and commercial point of view:[11] I have
+also given a description of the Five and Six Nation Indians; and
+endeavoured to shew the usefulness, as well as necessity, of a strict
+alliance with them as long as we retain any possessions in Canada.
+
+With respect to the descriptions of lakes, rivers, &c. which lie beyond
+Lake Superior, from Lake Nipegon to Lake Arbitibis, I have given them as
+accurately as possible, either from my own knowledge, or the most
+authentic Indian accounts; and when it is considered that interpreters
+in the commercial line seldom have occasion for any geographical
+knowledge, the want of better information will be excused.
+
+The Vocabulary which is subjoined, and on which I have bestowed some
+pains, it is hoped will not only afford information to such as may be
+desirous of attaining a knowledge of the Chippeway language, but prove
+useful to those who are already engaged in traffic with the Indians.
+
+{viii} As the mode of spelling a language which has never been reduced
+to a grammatical system, must be arbitrary, and principally depend on
+the ear, I have endeavoured to use such letters as best agree with the
+English pronunciation; avoiding a multiplicity of consonants, which only
+perplex: and to enable the reader to speak so as to be understood by the
+natives, it is necessary to observe that _a_ is generally sounded broad;
+and _e_ final never pronounced but in monosyllables.
+
+The following are the motives which induced me to make the Vocabulary in
+the Chippeway language so copious.
+
+In the first place it is, strictly speaking, one of the mother tongues
+of North America, and universally spoken in council by the chiefs who
+reside about the great lakes, to the westward of the banks of the
+Mississippi, as far south as the Ohio, and as far north as Hudson’s Bay;
+notwithstanding many of the tribes, within the space of territory I have
+described, speak in common a different language.—This observation is
+confirmed by authors of established repute, and further proved by the
+concurrent testimony of the Indian interpreters.
+
+Baron de Lahontan[12] asserts that the Algonkin is a mother tongue, and
+that it is in as much estimation in North America, as Greek and Latin in
+Europe: this being admitted, I am persuaded the Chippeway language
+possesses as much, if not greater merit, as it is in every respect
+better understood by the northwest Indians. But as the knowledge of both
+{ix} may not only be useful, but necessary, I have given a comparative
+table of about two hundred and sixty words in both tongues, that the
+reader may use either as he shall find it best understood by the tribes
+with whom he may have occasion to trade; though he will find, in a
+variety of instances, a perfect accordance.
+
+The table of words in the Muhhekaneew, or Mohegan, and Shawanee tongues,
+are extracted from the Rev. Mr. Edwards’s publication, and are inserted
+to shew their analogy with the Chippeway language;[13] and, as he
+observes that the language of the Delawares in Pennsylvania, of the
+Penobscots on the borders of Nova Scotia, of the Indians of St. Francis,
+in Canada, of the Shawanees on the Ohio, and many other tribes of
+Savages radically agree, I judged the tables of analogy would not be
+unacceptable.
+
+In the course of the historical part, several speeches in the Chippeway
+language are introduced: and at the end of the Vocabulary, a number of
+familiar phrases, which not only serve to shew the mode of speech, but
+give a better idea of the language than single words.
+
+The numeral _payshik_, or one, is frequently used to express the
+articles _a_ and _the_; and _woke_ is the general word for the plural
+number, though not always used.
+
+Mr. Carver’s Vocabulary will, in many instances, be found to differ from
+the Chippeway;[14] but when it is considered that though he calls it the
+Chippeway Vocabulary, in p. 414 of his work, he says “The Chippeway, or
+Algonkin,” which {x} evidently proves that he believes them the same
+language:—but with regard to the usefulness of the tongue, there is a
+perfect corroboration of sentiment; for he remarks that the Chippeway
+tongue appears to be the most prevailing of all the Indian languages.
+
+It may not be amiss to observe, that the Chippeway tongue, as spoken by
+the servants of the Hudson’s Bay Company, is somewhat different, though
+not essentially so, and is called by them the _Home-Guard_ Language.
+
+With regard to the Iroquois, or Mohawk tongue, which is peculiar to the
+Five and Six Nation Indians, it is not necessary in the fur-trade beyond
+Michillimakinac; and if it were, there are not wanting printed
+authorities sufficient to instruct:—this consideration has induced me to
+give only the numerals, and a few words in the language.
+
+I have not any thing further to add, but a sincere wish that my labours
+may prove useful to the world; and that whatever defects may be found in
+the following work, the Public will look on them with candour; and will
+recollect that they are perusing, not the pages of a professed
+_Tourist_, but such observations as a commercial man flatters himself
+may be found acceptable to the merchant and the philosopher.
+
+[Illustration: _SKETCH of the_ WESTERN COUNTRIES of CANADA 1791]
+
+
+
+
+                          VOYAGES AND TRAVELS
+
+
+Having engaged myself, at an early period of life, to go to North
+America, in the quality of an articled clerk, I left Gravesend on the
+10th of April, 1768, on board the “Canada,” captain Smith, bound to
+Quebec and Montreal. We had a pleasant voyage, till we reached the coast
+of America, when the weather proving unfavourable, we were obliged to
+put into Newfoundland, where we stayed fourteen days. Nothing remarkable
+occurred here, except that a party went on shore to hunt, and one of
+them, Mr. Jordan, who was a passenger, bound to Montreal, finding
+himself much fatigued, remained in the woods; the rest returned on board
+in the evening, anxiously expecting their companion; but after four days
+painful solicitude, not being able to obtain any intelligence of him, we
+gave up all hopes of seeing him again; and as the snow was deep on the
+ground, and the wild animals numerous, we supposed him to be either
+frozen to death, or devoured by the beasts. Just as the captain proposed
+setting sail, an Indian came on board, to whom we endeavoured to
+communicate our distress. On this occasion, he seemed to understand us,
+and made signs of his intention to go in search of him; and being
+furnished with some rum by way of encouragement, he got into his canoe
+and paddled {2} ashore. The captain, with great humanity, deferred
+prosecuting the voyage for some time: but the Indian not returning, we
+left Newfoundland, and after a tedious passage of near eleven weeks,
+arrived at Quebec, the capital of Canada.
+
+When the Spaniards (who first discovered this northern clime) sailed
+past Cape Rosiers at the entrance of the River St. Laurence, the
+mountains, now called the Mountains of Nôtre Dame, were covered with
+snow. Such a prospect, in the summer season, gave them a very
+unfavourable opinion of the country, and they were deterred from going
+up the river, supposing the land to be too barren to recompence their
+labours at present, or afford any future advantages; and the same
+impressions induced them to call it Capo di Nada, or Cape Nothing, by
+which name it is described in their charts, and from whence, by
+corruption of language, it has derived its present name of Canada.[15]
+
+The River St. Laurence takes its rise from Lake Nipissin, northeast of
+Lake Superior, about the distance of 2000 miles from Quebec.[16] The
+breadth of it is 90 miles at the entrance, and it is navigable near 500
+miles from the sea.
+
+The Isle of Orleans, which is but a small distance from the city, is a
+beautiful spot of ground, about 20 miles in length, and six in breadth.
+The fertility of the soil makes it a useful and valuable garden,
+insomuch that it supplies the capital with vegetables and grain in great
+abundance. The opposite village of Beauport also charms the eye, and
+very much heightens the scene, which is rich, romantic, and magnificent.
+
+{3} The Fall of Montmorenci particularly attracted my notice, as it is
+perhaps the most pleasing natural cascade in the world; and though its
+height and width are not to be compared in point of awful grandeur with
+the stupendous cataract of Niagara, it is sufficiently wonderful to shew
+the power of the great Architect of the Universe; and its effects are
+more pleasing than the latter; for while it produces wonder and pleasure
+in the highest degree, it does not strike the beholder with such
+tremendous ideas.
+
+As our ship was bound to Montreal, as well as Quebec, and I was under
+the captain’s care and direction, he did not allow me to go on shore at
+the latter place; but in a few days, to my great joy, we arrived safe at
+Montreal, the place of our last destination.
+
+Montreal, formerly called Ville Marie, has nothing remarkable in it at
+present; it was formerly famous for a great fair, which lasted near
+three months, and was resorted to by the Indians, who came from the
+distance of many hundreds of miles, to barter their peltry for English
+goods. It will give pleasure to the reader to be informed, that we
+received here the agreeable intelligence that Mr. Jordan was found in
+the woods, two days after our departure from Newfoundland, though with
+the loss of his feet, occasioned by the severity of the weather: he went
+afterwards in a vessel to Trois Riviéres, where he settled in an iron
+foundry.
+
+Trois Riviéres,[17] is so called from the junction of three currents
+which empty themselves into the River St. Laurence. About a league from
+the town there is an iron foundry, which was erected by private {4}
+persons in the year 1737, and afterwards ceded to the King. At first
+cannon and mortars were cast there, but it is now principally used in
+the manufacture of stoves and kettles. The ore is taken at a small
+distance from the works. A river runs down from the foundry into the
+River St. Laurence, which enables the proprietors to send their
+manufactures round the country in boats upon very moderate terms.
+
+This town, which is half way between Quebec and Montreal, had formerly a
+very considerable trade in peltry, and was the second mart in Canada;
+but in process of time the inhabitants of Montreal contrived to draw
+almost all the fur-trade to themselves; and though the residents in
+Trois Riviéres live by their commerce with the savages, and the
+manufacturing of birch canoes, yet the town has lost that rank and
+consequence which it formerly maintained; nevertheless, the advantage of
+the iron foundry makes them some amends, and they live, upon the whole,
+as happy as any people in Canada. The inhabitants of Trois Riviéres were
+formerly very much incommoded with fleas, which swarmed in great
+quantities, and which, Baron de Lahontan humorously observes, occasioned
+an inconvenient quickness in conversation.
+
+On my arrival at Montreal, I was placed under the care of a very
+respectable merchant to learn the Indian trade, which is the chief
+support of the town. I soon acquired the names of every article of
+commerce in the Iroquois and French languages, and being at once
+prepossessed in favour of the savages, improved daily in their tongue,
+to the satisfaction of my employer, who approving my assiduity, and
+wishing me to be completely qualified in the Mohawk language to enable
+me to traffic with the Indians in his absence, sent me to a village
+called {5} Cahnuaga, or Cocknawaga, situated about nine miles from
+Montreal, on the south side of the River St. Laurence,[18] where I lived
+with a chief whose name was _Assenegethter_, until I was sufficiently
+instructed in the language, and then returned to my master’s store, to
+improve myself in French, which is not only universally spoken in
+Canada, but is absolutely necessary in the commercial intercourse with
+the natives, and without which it would be impossible to enjoy the
+society of the most respectable families, who are in general ignorant of
+the English language.
+
+
+  {6} _A Description of the Village and Inhabitants of_ CAHNUAGA, _or_
+     COCKNAWAGA, _who some years since separated from the_ MOHAWKS.
+
+The Savages of this nation, who are called the praying Indians, from the
+circumstance of their chiefs wearing crucifixes, and going through the
+streets of Montreal with their beads, begging alms, separated long since
+from the Mohawk and River Indians, and for a considerable time after
+their separation, carried on an illicit trade between Albany and
+Montreal. The village contains about two hundred houses, which, though
+they are chiefly built of stone, have a mean and dirty appearance. The
+inhabitants amount to about eight hundred, and (what is contrary to the
+general observation on the population of the Indians) are continually
+increasing. It is considered as the most respectable of all the Indian
+villages, and the people are in a great degree civilized and
+industrious. They sow corn, and do not depend like other nations solely
+upon hunting for support; but at the same time, they are not fond of
+laborious work, conceiving it only suited to those who are less free,
+and retaining so much of their primeval valour and independence as to
+annex the idea of slavery to every domestic employment. Their hunting
+grounds are within the United States, at a considerable distance from
+the village, round Fort George, Ticonderoga, and Crown Point, where they
+kill beaver and deer, but not in such great abundance at present as they
+did formerly, the country being better inhabited, and the wild animals,
+from the present state of population, being obliged to seek a more
+distant {7} and secure retreat. The skins they obtain are generally
+brought down to Montreal, and either sold for money, or bartered for
+goods. It is not improbable, that in a few years there will not be many
+good hunters among them, as they are extravagantly fond of dress, and
+that too of the most expensive kind. Their fondness for this luxury,
+which the profits arising from the lands they let out to the Canadians
+enables them to indulge, contributes to make them more idle; and in
+proportion as their vanity increases, ease and indolence are the more
+eagerly courted and gratified, insomuch that hunting is in danger of
+being totally abandoned. Their religion is Catholic, and they have a
+French priest, or, as the Chippeway Indians term it, “_The Master of
+Life’s Man_,” who instructs them, and performs divine service in the
+Iroquois tongue. Their devotion impressed my mind too powerfully to
+suffer it to pass unnoticed, and induces me to observe that great praise
+is due to their pastors, who by unwearied assiduity, and their own
+exemplary lives and conversation, have converted a savage race of beings
+from Heathenism to Christianity, and by uniformity of conduct, continue
+to preserve both their religion and themselves in the esteem of their
+converts: An example worthy of imitation, and amounting to an
+incontrovertible proof that nature, in her most degenerate state, may be
+reclaimed by those who are sincere in their endeavours, gentle in their
+manners, and consistent in the general tenor of their behaviour. And it
+is to be expected, and certainly most ardently to be wished, that the
+savage temper among them may in time be more effectually subdued, their
+natural impetuosity softened and restrained, and their minds weaned from
+their unhappy attachment to the use of strong liquors; their indulgence
+in which is frequently attended with the most melancholy and fatal
+consequences.
+
+
+          {8} _Of the_ INDIANS _of the Five and Six Nations_.
+
+I shall now give a particular account of the Indians of the Five and Six
+Nations, and the reasons why they are so called, in order to enable the
+reader to form an idea of their consequence in a political point of
+view, as well as their importance on account of the fur-trade; because
+the vicinity of the American territories from Georgia to New England,
+gives the United States a great command and influence from their
+situation, and renders them more to be dreaded than even the French were
+in the zenith of their American power, when it was universally known
+they had such an interest among the savages, as induced them to call the
+French their fathers, and of which so much yet remains, as to prompt
+them to retain a predilection in favour of the traders of the Gallic
+race who are settled among them.
+
+In 1603, when the French settled in Canada, part of the Five Nations
+resided on the island of Montreal, and were at war with the
+Adirondacks (who lived on the Uttawa, or grand river leading to
+Michillimakinac);[19] these, considered the Five Nations as very
+insignificant opponents, and incapable of serious revenge, and they
+were held in as much derision as the Delawares, who were usually
+called old women, or the Shawanees (who lived on the Wabach River),
+who were obliged to wear petticoats for a considerable time, in
+contempt of their want of courage, and as a badge of their
+pusillanimity and degradation. But as no people can bear the
+imputation of cowardice or effeminacy as a {9} national character, the
+chiefs determined to rouse their young men, and stimulate them to
+retrieve, or establish, a reputation; and inspiring them with heroic
+notions, led them to war against the Satanas, or Shaounons, whom they
+subdued with great ease. This success revived their drooping spirits,
+and forgetting how often they had been defeated by the Adirondacks,
+[they] commenced hostilities against them; and availing themselves of
+the mean opinion their enemies entertained of their valour, gained the
+victory in several actions: and at last carried on a successful war
+against them even in their own country, obliging their former
+conquerors to abandon their native land, and seek refuge on the spot
+where Quebec is now situated.
+
+Soon after the French arrived and had settled at Quebec, they formed an
+alliance with the Adirondacks against the Five Nations. The first
+engagement proved decisive in favour of the Adirondacks, owing entirely
+to the use of fire arms having been introduced among them by their new
+allies, which the Indians of the Five Nations had never before seen.
+This alliance, and the consequent defeat was far from subduing or
+disheartening the Five Nations, but rather seemed to inspire them with
+additional ardour, and what they were deficient in military skill and
+suitable weapons, they supplied by stratagem and courage. Although the
+French gained several advantages over them in the course of more than
+fifteen years, they at length were glad to bring the contest to a
+conclusion, by making a peace with them.
+
+This shews that the Savages of the Five Nations are not easily to be
+conquered, and proves the necessity of preserving them in our interest,
+{10} as long as we shall deem it expedient, from policy, to keep
+possession of Canada. This being admitted, it is certain that no method
+will more effectually conduce to that end, than retaining such barriers
+in our hands as will enable us to afford them protection, and supply
+them with arms and ammunition, and other necessaries, in time of danger.
+
+The Indians who lie to the north of Philadelphia, between the provinces
+of Pennsylvania and the Lakes, consist of three distinct leagues, of
+which the Senekas, Mohawks, and Onondagoes, who are called the fathers,
+compose the first; the Oneidoes, Cayugas, Tuscororas, Conoys and
+Nanticokes, which are one tribe, compose the second, and these two
+leagues constitute what is called the Six Nations. The third league is
+formed of the Wanamis, Chihokockis, or Delawares, the Mawhiccons,
+Munseys, and Wapingers, to which may be added the Mingoes. The Cowetas,
+or Creek Indians, are also united in friendship with them.[20]
+
+Mr. Colden says, the nations who are joined together by a league or
+confederacy, like the United Provinces of Holland, are known by the
+names of Mohawks, Oneydoes, Onondagoes, Cayugas, and Senekas; that each
+of these nations is again divided into three tribes or families, who are
+distinguished by the names of the Tortoise, Bear, and Wolf; and that the
+Tuscororas, after the war they had with the people of Carolina, fled to
+the Five Nations, and incorporated with them, so that in fact they now
+consist of six, although they still retain the name of the Five
+Nations.[21] This union is of such long duration as to leave little or
+no traces of its origin.
+
+{11} Baron Lahontan observes, that the Iroquois are in reality but one
+nation, divided into five districts; and which he distinguishes in the
+following manner:—The Tsonontouans, the Goyogans, the Onontagues, the
+Oneyouts, and the Agnies, who were all settled about thirty leagues from
+each other, near the great Lake Frontenac, now called Ontario.
+
+The Mohawks, or Maquas, are the most warlike among the Five Nations, and
+consist of near seven hundred warriors. They are called by the French,
+Agnies, or Annies, and were originally settled on the French or grand
+River, leading to Michillimakinac, from whence they afterwards removed
+to the Mohawk River, near Schenectady, about sixteen miles from Albany,
+in the state of New York. Since the war in 1757 they have separated, and
+part of the nation is settled on the grand river, near Niagara, and the
+rest at the back of the bay of Quenty, or Kenty, about forty-eight miles
+above Cataraqui, the capital of the Loyalist settlements on the River
+St. Laurence.[22]
+
+Cataraqui, or Fort Frontenac, is built near to the place where Lake
+Ontario discharges itself into the River St. Laurence. It was erected by
+Le Comte de Frontenac, governor general of Canada, to stop the
+incursions of the Iroquois, and divert the channel of the commerce in
+peltry, which that people carried on with the inhabitants of New York,
+and which they bartered for with the Savages by merchandize, at a
+cheaper rate than the French could supply them.
+
+This fort was at first built of wood and turf, and surrounded with high
+pickets, but during the mission of Father Hennepin, it was faced {12}
+with stone, by the direction of the Sieur Cavelier de la Salle, and
+enlarged to a circuit of more than seven hundred yards. The bason in
+which it stands is capable of holding a number of vessels of
+considerable burthen. There is a small garrison at present, and a
+commanding officer, to examine all boats which pass either to the new
+settlements or the upper posts.[23]
+
+The Oneidoes, or Oneyouts, the Onondagoes, Cayugas, Senekas, or
+Tsonontouans, and the Tuscororas, who live with the Oneidoes and
+Onondagoes, are settled about thirty leagues distant from each other,
+and none of them exceeding two hundred and fifty miles from the Mohawk
+River. All these nations express peace by the metaphor of a tree, whose
+top they say will reach the sun, and whose branches extend far abroad,
+not only that they may be seen at a great distance, but to afford them
+shelter and repose.
+
+The Five Nations claim all the country south of the River St. Laurence
+to the Ohio, and down the Ohio to the Wabache, which lies to the
+westward of the state of Pennsylvania, near to the borders of Virginia;
+westerly, to the Lakes Ontario and Erie, and the River Miamis, and the
+eastern boundaries of Lake Champlain, and the United States.
+
+The firmness of this league, the great extent of land it claims, the
+number of great warriors it produces, and the undaunted courage and
+skill which distinguish the members of it in their contests both with
+the Savages and European nations, all conspire to prove the good policy
+of an alliance with them; as it is an undoubted fact, that in case of a
+dispute with the Americans, the posts would make but a feeble resistance
+{13} without their exertions; and deprived of the forts, the fur-trade
+would soon be lost to this country.
+
+I shall next consider the situation and utility of these barriers, in a
+commercial point of view, and endeavour to shew the propriety of keeping
+possession of the posts, notwithstanding by the treaty of peace with the
+United States, they were expressly stipulated to be given up; although
+it is not probable indeed that the Americans will be able to fulfil the
+treaty on their part, so as to entitle them to make a reasonable
+demand—I mean such a claim as government must absolutely admit.
+
+The first post I shall notice is Oswegatche, on the River St. Laurence,
+about one hundred and fifty miles above Montreal, at the mouth of the
+Black River, where there are about an hundred Savages, who occasionally
+frequent it, and are called Oswegatche Indians, although they belong to
+the tribes of the Five Nations.[24] To this fort the inhabitants of New
+England may with ease transport goods, to supply the Mohawks, Cahnuagas,
+Connecedagas, St. Regis, and some straggling Messesawger Indians, who
+live near the Détroit,[25] at a smaller expence than they can possibly
+be obtained from the merchants at Quebec or Montreal, but particularly
+Rum, which is now become an essential requisite in every transaction
+with the Savages; for though they used formerly often to complain of the
+introduction of strong water by the traders (as appears by the language
+of their chiefs in council) to the prejudice of their young men, yet
+they have not now the resolution to refrain from the use of it;—on the
+contrary, it is become so familiar, and even necessary to them, that a
+drunken frolic is {14} looked upon as an indispensible requisite in a
+barter, and anticipated with extreme delight.
+
+Carlton Island is higher up the river, and has greater conveniences
+annexed to it than Oswegatche, having an excellent harbour, with a
+strong fortification well garrisoned.[26] It affords excellent
+accommodation for shipping, and may be considered as the naval
+storehouse for supplying Niagara and the other posts. There are vessels
+of considerable bulk continually sailing from thence to Niagara, Oswego,
+&c.—There is also a commodore of the Lakes, whose residence is on the
+island.
+
+Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario, formerly called Lake Frontenac, is a good
+fortification, and capable of containing six hundred men. This post is
+particularly important, as it is the key to the United States, and
+commands the opening to the North, or Hudson’s River, protecting the
+trade with the Indians who live on the banks of the River St. Laurence,
+and the whole extent of the great sheet of water near which it stands,
+reckoned about eighty leagues in length, and in some places from
+twenty-five to thirty broad.[27]
+
+When the English were in possession of the Colonies, Albany commanded
+the trade with the Indians; and it is well known that no place in
+America furnished such a quantity of furs and skins, not even the
+Hudson’s Bay settlements, whose utmost extent of trade is far inferior
+to the produce collected here. These furs and skins were procured from
+Canada, and brought to Fort Oswego by the Indians, who disposed of them
+to the agents sent there by the merchants of Albany. {15} Besides,
+Indian goods may be conveyed from Albany to Fort Oswego at a cheaper
+rate than from Montreal to the new settlements at Cataraqui and the head
+of the Bay of Kenty, and at less risk, because the stream of the Mohawk
+River is not so strong as that of the Cataraqui River, between the Lake
+and Montreal, and there are not so many falls of water.
+
+Fort Niagara is on the same lake, where there is also a good
+garrison.[28] This lake takes its rise from Lake Erie, and after a
+course of fifteen leagues, empties itself into Lake Ontario. About four
+leagues before it enters the lake, it is intercepted by the great fall
+which is mentioned by various authors, who do not agree in opinion
+respecting its height; but from the most authentic accounts, joined to
+my own observations, I am inclined to coincide with the judgment of
+captain Pierie, who made an actual survey, and describes the height to
+be one hundred and forty-six feet, and the width one thousand and forty,
+which proves that the accounts of Father Hennepin and La Salle were
+erroneous, who both agree in calling the perpendicular height six
+hundred feet. The distance from Fort Niagara to Fort Stanwix[29] is
+about two hundred and eighty miles, through the Jenesee country, which I
+travelled with great ease in about eight days. This post therefore is of
+the most essential importance to protect the Indians who are in alliance
+with Great Britain, and to secure the valuable and undivided advantage
+of their trade.
+
+The Détroit is so called from being a strait between Lake Erie, and Lake
+Huron, and commands the trade from the Ohio, Illinois, Mississippi, and
+the Upper Lakes, which post is resorted to by the Uttawas, {16} Hurons,
+Miamis, Ohio, Mississippi, Delaware, and Tuscorora Indians, besides the
+Messesawgas.[30]
+
+These five posts are situated at the back of the three states of New
+England, New York, and Pennsylvania, and at a very small distance from
+the Loyalist settlements.
+
+The last post is Michillimakinac, which is situated between Lake Huron
+and Lake Michigan, upon an isthmus, about one hundred and thirty leagues
+long, and twenty-two wide, and is the last fortress towards the
+northwest. This point of land is on the north of the straits through
+which the Lake of the Ilinois, or Michigan, three hundred leagues in
+circumference, empties into Lake Huron, which is of equal extent. The
+strait is about three leagues long, and one broad, and half a league
+distant from the mouth of the Ilinois.[31]
+
+This is perhaps the most material of all the barriers, and of the
+greatest importance to the commercial interest of this country, as it
+intercepts all the trade of the Indians of the upper country from
+Hudson’s Bay to Lake Superior, and affords protection to various tribes
+of Savages, who constantly resort to it to receive presents from the
+commanding officer, and from whence the traders, who go to the
+northwest, take their departure for the grand portage, or grand carrying
+place, which is nine miles in length, before they enter on the waters
+communicating with the northwest.[32]
+
+Were the English to remain in possession of every part of Canada, except
+the posts, numberless doors would be left open for the Americans {17} to
+smuggle in their goods, and in process of time the illicit trade would
+supersede the necessity of the exportation of British goods from England
+to Canada, and the commercial benefits arising from the consumption of
+our manufactures would be entirely lost.—In that case, Canada would be
+of little service to England in a commercial point of view: How far it
+is worth the expence of retaining, politically considered, is not for me
+to discuss.[33]
+
+
+             {18} _Indian Scouts, and Manner of Scalping._
+
+Having endeavoured to explain the nature and importance of the Five and
+Six Nation Indians, and described the situation of the posts, and the
+probable consequences of complying with the treaty, I shall return to my
+situation at Montreal.
+
+Having stayed with my employer seven years, and not being willing to
+enter into a new agreement, I determined to pursue the bent of my
+inclinations; and being naturally of a roving disposition, which was
+increased by my frequent associations with the Savages, I entered a
+volunteer at the head of a party of Indians, thinking that my country
+might at some future period derive advantage from my more intimate
+knowledge of the country and its language.
+
+My _entrée_ was in 1775, when a party of about thirty of the Americans,
+commanded by the famous Ethan Allen, appeared at Long Point, about two
+miles from Montreal, intending to plunder the town; they were however
+disappointed in their expectations by the good conduct of captain
+Crawford of the twenty-sixth regiment, who with about forty regulars and
+some volunteers sallied out and made the enemy retreat to a barn, where
+an engagement took place, in which major Carden, Mr. Paterson, a
+volunteer, and three privates were killed, and I was wounded in the
+foot; but on the arrival of a field piece, the enemy surrendered.[34]
+
+{19} Being beloved by the Indians, and preferring active service with
+them to any other mode of life, I accompanied lieutenant Peter Johnson
+and lieutenant Walter Butler, with a few Mohawks, to attack the
+Americans at Isle au Noix, whom we defeated, taking a great many
+prisoners. During the engagement we lost two volunteers and three
+privates. In this action I received a wound in the head from the
+butt-end of a musket.[35]
+
+I then joined the eighth regiment of foot, commanded by captain Foster,
+to attack the Americans at the Cedars, whom we also defeated. The
+prisoners were left at Fort St. Vielle, or Prison Island, at the foot of
+the Falls, under a proper guard; and the remains of our small army,
+consisting of about one hundred and fifty men, went down to La Chine to
+engage another body of Americans; but finding them too strongly
+entrenched, we retreated to Point Clair, where we stayed till we
+received intelligence that general Arnold, with four thousand men were
+at Isle au Noix, and that major Gordon was killed in his way to St.
+John’s, about two miles from the fort.[36] On this occasion it may not
+be amiss to observe, that the custom adopted by the Americans, and with
+so much success, of levelling their pieces at the officers, originated
+with the Indians, who are possessed with an idea that the men will
+naturally be thrown into confusion when their leaders are dead. This
+however is not without exceptions: the Mattaugwessawacks, whose country
+lies westward of Lake Superior, hold the persons of officers sacred; and
+Josepsis, one of their tribe, who was taken prisoner, and sold to the
+Penobscot Indians, says that the Savages they were at war with have
+adopted the same method.
+
+{20} I was immediately ordered on a scout, at the head of ten
+Connecedaga or Rondaxe Indians, with captain La Motte, a Canadian
+gentleman,[37] in search of the person who had killed major Gordon, and
+to reconnoitre the woods, in hopes of gaining information of the real
+force of the Americans at Isle au Noix. To avoid suspicion, we were all
+dressed like Savages; and as captain La Motte and myself were well
+acquainted with the Iroquois language, it was impossible to distinguish
+us from the natives. We were out six days and nights, with very little
+provision, living chiefly on the scrapings of the inner bark of trees
+and wild roots, particularly onions, which grow in great abundance, and
+are not disagreeable to the palate. Hunger reconciles us to every thing
+that will support nature, and makes the most indifferent food
+acceptable. From my own woful experience I can assert, that what at any
+other time would have been unpleasant and even nauseous, under the
+pressure of hunger is not only greedily eaten, but relished as a luxury.
+Those who are acquainted with the nature of roving in the woods in time
+of war, know the necessity of travelling light, and particularly on an
+Indian scout, as the Savages seldom take any thing but a small quantity
+of Indian corn and Maple sugar, which, after beating the corn between
+two stones, they mix with water, and on this they subsist. During this
+expedition, as the business was urgent, and the enemy near at hand, we
+depended on adventitious food.
+
+On the last day’s march, returning without being able to obtain any
+intelligence, one of the Indians heard a noise resembling the breaking
+of a stick; the chief of the band sent out a scout, who soon returned
+with a prisoner. The man appeared much frightened, imagining himself in
+the hands of Savages only. Having bound him to a tree, I {21} being the
+only one of the party who understood English, questioned him very
+closely respecting the situation and force of the enemy, and interpreted
+the conversation. When he heard me talk his own language he was
+agreeably surprised, and his fears in some degree giving way to hope, he
+begged me to save him from the fury of the Indians, whose general
+conduct in war had filled his mind with the most dreadful apprehensions.
+I assured him, that if he would faithfully satisfy all my inquiries, his
+life should be spared. He cheerfully complied with the requisition, and
+directed me to a place from whence we might have a clear view of the
+Americans, who were encamped on the opposite shore.
+
+Having left him bound, we proceeded about two miles through swamps, till
+we came in sight of the enemy. The Indians immediately panted for
+action, but captain La Motte thought it prudent to restrain their
+ardour, and ordered them to retreat into the woods, still keeping our
+object in view. Soon after, a boat full of men crossed the river, and
+landed without perceiving us. The Indians instantly kindled a fire, and
+each man filled his blanket with rotten wood and leaves, till it was
+extended to the size of a man; then placing them near the fire, to
+appear like Indians asleep, they retired to a small distance, to give
+the Americans an opportunity of coming up unmolested, not doubting but
+they would immediately fire at the blankets. The manœuvre succeeded to
+our expectation; for the Americans discovering the smoke advanced
+towards the fire, and perceiving the blankets, discharged their muskets.
+The Savages immediately rushed from their ambush, and setting up the
+war-hoop, fell upon the enemy, scalped seven of them, and took five
+prisoners, whom we painted like ourselves. We then returned, released
+the prisoner from the tree, and conducted them all to St. John’s, {22}
+where they were examined by colonel England, who ordered me to take them
+to Sir Guy Carleton without delay.
+
+Having executed this commission to the satisfaction of the commander in
+chief, I remained some time with my old friends, till I received a
+message from Sir Guy Carleton to attend him; when he ordered me to join
+brigadier general Nesbit, with the twenty-ninth and forty-seventh
+regiments; in the latter of which I served as a volunteer a considerable
+time; but finding no vacancy, and having no allowance for my services,
+to enable me to live and appear as I wished, I quitted the regiment to
+enjoy my favourite Indian life; and as I knew their manner of living,
+and could accommodate myself to their diet, I thought I might probably
+continue serviceable to my country in scouting parties, and accordingly
+accompanied a party of Savages to the Lake of the two Mountains, fifteen
+leagues above Montreal, a village belonging to the Connecedagas,
+carrying a scalp as a trophy of my services.[38]
+
+Scalping is a mode of torture peculiar to the Indians. If a blow is
+given with the tomahawk previous to the scalp being taken off, it is
+followed by instant death; but where scalping only is inflicted, it puts
+the person to excruciating pain, though death does not always ensue.
+There are instances of persons of both sexes, now living in America, and
+no doubt in other countries, who, after having been scalped, by wearing
+a plate of silver or tin on the crown of the head, to keep it from cold,
+enjoy a good state of health, and are seldom afflicted with pains.
+
+When an Indian strikes a person on the temple with a tomahawk, the
+victim instantly drops; he then seizes his hair with one hand, {23}
+twisting it very tight together, to separate the skin from the head, and
+placing his knee on the breast, with the other he draws the scalping
+knife from the sheath, and cuts the skin round the forehead, pulling it
+off with his teeth. As he is very dexterous, the operation is generally
+performed in two minutes. The scalp is then extended on three hoops,
+dried in the sun, and rubbed over with vermilion. Some of the Indians in
+time of war, when scalps are well paid for, divide one into five or six
+parts, and carry them to the nearest post, in hopes of receiving a
+reward proportionate to the number.
+
+When the scalp is taken from the head of one of their own people, they
+frequently make the dead body of advantage to them, by dressing it up
+and painting it with vermilion; they then place it against a tree, with
+weapons in its hand, to induce the Indians to suppose it an enemy on the
+watch; and round the body they set spears in the ground, so as scarcely
+to be discernible. The Indians, on seeing the person against the tree,
+and anxious to make him a prisoner, in the eagerness of running fall on
+the points of the spears, and being disabled from proceeding, are easily
+made prisoners.
+
+Before I close this subject I shall relate an anecdote of two Savages of
+different nations, in the time of Sir William Johnson.
+
+A Mohawk, of the name of Scunnionsa, or The Elk, and a Chippeway Indian
+of the name of Cark Cark, or the crow, having met at a council of war
+near Crown Point, in the year 1757, were extolling their own merits, and
+boasting of their superiority in taking scalps. The Mohawk contended
+that he could take a larger scalp than the Chippeway warrior; {24} who
+was very highly offended, and desired that the experiment might be made.
+They parted, each pursuing a different route, after having first agreed
+to meet at a certain place, on a particular day, when a council was to
+be held. At the time appointed they returned, and appeared at the
+council. The Mohawk laid down his scalp, which was the skin of the head
+and neck of a man stuffed with fine moss, and sewed up with deers’
+sinews, and the eyes fastened in. The chiefs expressed their
+approbation, and pronounced him to be a great and brave warrior. The
+Chippeway then rose, and looking earnestly at the Mohawk, desired the
+interpreter to tell him that it was an old woman’s scalp, which is
+considered as a term of great reproach, and called to one of his sons to
+bring forward his scalp; when instantly he exhibited to their view the
+complete skin of a man, stuffed with down feathers, and sewed very close
+with deers’ sinews. The chiefs loaded him with praise, and unanimously
+acknowledged his superiority. The Mohawk warrior, fired with resentment,
+withdrew from the council meditating revenge; and as soon as he saw the
+Chippeway come forth, he followed him, and watching a convenient
+opportunity, dispatched him with his tomahawk, rejoicing that he had,
+even in this dastardly manner, got rid of a victorious rival.
+
+
+ {25} _Some Account of the Character and Disposition of the_ CONNECEDAGA,
+   _or_ RONDAXE INDIANS; _with Remarks on the_ IROQUOIS _and_ CHEROKEE
+                                _Nations_.
+
+The Savages of this nation are of the Chippeway tribe, and speak a
+mixture of the Iroquois and Chippeway tongues: they were driven from the
+upper country at the time of the great Indian war, about the year 1720,
+and settled on the Lake of the two Mountains. There are about two
+hundred inhabitants, who are very industrious, and cultivate the land in
+the manner of the Cahnuagas; they also breed cattle, and live in a
+degree of civilization unknown to most of the Chippeway tribes. There is
+also a town near Lake Erie, in the limits of the United States, which is
+inhabited by about fifteen hundred of this nation, of whom the Reverend
+Mr. Charles Beattie gives a very favourable account.
+
+Since the settlement of the Connecedagas they have intermarried with the
+Cahnuaga, St. Regis, and Mohawk Indians, which is the reason why their
+language is less pure, though some of them speak the original tongue,
+which in my frequent communications with the Chippeways beyond
+Michillimakinac, I found in every respect perfectly understood. It was
+among these Indians that I first acquired the rudiments of a language
+which, from long habit, is become more familiar to me than my own; and I
+hope I shall not be accused of vanity, in asserting that the vocabulary
+and familiar phrases, subjoined to this {26} work, are more copious than
+will be found in any former publication. In spelling them I have been
+particularly careful in using such letters and accents as best express
+the Indian words, according to our pronunciation. To lay down general
+rules for the orthography of a language which has never been reduced to
+a system, I do not pretend: my endeavours may perhaps assist those who
+are better informed in the principles of universal grammar.
+
+The Connecedagas are esteemed brave warriors; and my opinion, founded on
+long experience of their conduct and bravery, coincides with that which
+the English, from report only, entertain of them. No nation of Savages
+were ever more true to the British interest, not even the Mohawks, whose
+fidelity is become almost proverbial. During the continuance of the
+American war, they neglected their families and domestic concerns to
+fight for the English, which the Cahnuagas (though descendants of the
+Mohawks and Munseys, or Mawhiccon Indians, commonly called River
+Indians) did not with so much cheerfulness; perhaps the relationship of
+the latter to the Delawares before their defection, whom the Indians by
+way of derision used to call old women, might occasion this temporary
+reluctance; but if that was the cause, it was but of very short
+duration; for to do them justice, when they took up the tomahawk they
+behaved with great intrepidity, and proved that the blood of the ancient
+Mohawks still ran in their veins. Some have, though I think without much
+candour, imputed their services to the fear of our government, and the
+resentment of the Savages in our interest on the one hand, and the hopes
+of considerable rewards on the other; but as such reflections may be far
+from the truth, it cannot answer any purpose to comment severely on
+their conduct: {27} it is sufficient to know they were our allies, and
+in all probability will continue friendly to the British nation. Great
+praise is due on this account to major Carlton, a brave and experienced
+officer, whom they loved with a Roman friendship; they flew to his
+standard with alacrity, obeyed him with cheerfulness, and never deserted
+him: no instance of friendship or attachment, either ancient or modern,
+could surpass it.
+
+It requires good natural sense, and a thorough knowledge of the
+dispositions of the Indians, to persuade them to place unlimited
+confidence in their European or American leaders; to which must always
+be added, a seeming approbation of their advice, and an endeavour to
+conform to their wishes, never obstinately pursuing a design either
+offensive or defensive, contrary to their opinion. How fatal a different
+line of conduct may prove, the destruction of general Braddock is a
+melancholy instance: by his haughty demeanour, and strict adherence to
+his own plan, in direct opposition to the counsel of experienced chiefs,
+he lost their friendship, and died unlamented, confirming them in an
+opinion they had before often hinted, “that he wanted both skill and
+prudence in war.” Even the great Washington incurred their censure by
+his conduct, and gave occasion to an Indian chief, of the name of
+Thanachrishon, of the Seneka tribes, judging him by their own rules, to
+say, “that he was a good natured man, but had no experience.”
+
+An impartial mind will require but little to be persuaded that the
+Indians are superior to us in the woods: it is their natural element (if
+I may be allowed the expression), and a tree or river, of which their
+{28} recollection never fails, guide them to the secret recesses of a
+deep wood, either for safety, or the purpose of ambush. As they pay
+little attention to the rising or setting sun, it at first surprised me,
+by what method they traveled from place to place, without any material
+aberration; but this they soon explained, by assuring me, that they had
+not the least difficulty in going from one spot to another, being
+governed by the moss on the trees, which always remains on the north
+side, but on the south it wastes and decays: they remark also, that the
+branches are larger, and the leaves more luxuriant on the south than on
+the north side of the tree. The most enlightened part of mankind, I am
+persuaded, cannot be more exact in their mode of judging, nor more
+attentive to the works of nature.
+
+To prove further, if there are any who doubt it, that the Indians
+possess strong natural abilities, and are even capable of receiving
+improvement from the pursuits of learning, I shall relate a story from
+Kalm’s Travels.[39]
+
+“An old American Savage being at an inn at New York, met with a
+gentleman who gave him some liquor, and being rather lively, boasted he
+could read and write English. The gentleman, willing to indulge him in
+displaying his knowledge, begged leave to propose a question, to which
+the old man consented. He was then asked, who was the first circumcised?
+the Indian immediately replied, father Abraham:—and directly asked the
+gentleman, who was the first quaker? He said it was very uncertain, that
+people differed in their sentiments exceedingly. The Indian perceiving
+the gentleman unable to resolve the question, put his fingers into his
+mouth, to express his surprize, and looking {29} stedfastly, told him,
+that Mordecai was the first quaker, for he would not pull off his hat to
+Haman.”
+
+Mr. Adair[40] says, the Cherokees are very apt at giving people
+nicknames. A dull stalking fellow, they call a turkey buzzard; an ill
+tempered man, a wasp; a talkative person, a grasshopper; a hoarse voice,
+they say resembles a bull; and an interpreter whose manners and
+conversation are obscene, they call a smock interpreter.
+
+The disposition of the Indians is naturally proud and self-sufficient:
+they think themselves the wisest of the sons of men, and are extremely
+offended when their advice is rejected. The feats of valour of their
+ancestors, continually repeated and impressed upon their minds, inspire
+them with the most exalted notions of their own prowess and bravery;
+hence arises the firmest reliance on their own courage and power; and
+though but a handful of men, comparatively speaking, they are vain
+enough to think they can overthrow both French and English whenever they
+please. They say, the latter are fools, for they hold their guns half
+man high, and let them snap; but that they themselves take sight, and
+seldom fail of doing execution, which, they add, is the true intention
+of going to war.
+
+These exalted notions of self-consequence are more peculiar to the Five
+Nations, and for which they are more eminently distinguished than other
+tribes of Savages, although none of them are deficient in this respect.
+Such sentiments as these have made the Iroquois dreaded and revered by
+others, for their superior understanding and valour, and likewise has a
+tendency to increase their fame. Although they {30} decrease in numbers
+daily, the thirst of glory will never be extinguished among them, whilst
+there is a breast to nourish it: they will never shrink from danger when
+honour is at stake.
+
+The Iroquois laugh when you talk to them of obedience to kings; for they
+cannot reconcile the idea of submission with the dignity of man. Each
+individual is a sovereign in his own mind; and as he conceives he
+derives his freedom from the great Spirit alone, he cannot be induced to
+acknowledge any other power.
+
+They are extremely jealous, and easily offended, and when they have been
+once induced to suspect, it is very difficult to remove the impression.
+They carry their resentments with them to the grave, and bequeath them
+to the rising generation.
+
+Those who have associated with them, though they may admire their
+heroism in war, their resolution in supporting the most excruciating
+tortures, and the stability of their friendships, cannot but lament the
+dreadful effects of their displeasure, which has no bounds. It is this
+violence of temper, which is generally in the extreme, that makes them
+so difficult to subdue, and so dangerous to encourage; too much
+indulgence they attribute to fear, and too much severity brings on
+resentment.
+
+To remove these strong prejudices (which, however prone human nature may
+be to encourage them, would never prove so prejudicial to society,
+unless continually promoted by the advice and example of the aged), has
+been the constant endeavour of those nations who have been {31} in
+alliance with them, and some attempts have been made to soften their
+manners by the introduction of the Christian religion, whose precepts
+are so wonderfully calculated to destroy every blood-thirsty sentiment,
+and make mankind happier in themselves, and better members of the
+community. In this laudable pursuit our neighbours the French have been
+most successful, at least so far as an alteration in external behaviour
+may be considered as an indication of the amendment of the heart. The
+good conduct of the inhabitants of several Indian villages in Canada
+bears testimony to this observation. Nevertheless, in contradiction to
+this remark, Mr. James Adair observes, that the French Canadians are
+highly censurable for debauching our peaceable Northern Indians with
+their “infernal catechism.”
+
+Though I am not an advocate for creeds inimical to the peace of society,
+I believe the censure is too severe, for however formerly they might
+have been influenced by bigotted priests instilling into their minds
+sentiments unfavourable to the subjects of Great Britain, I am clearly
+of opinion, that they have for many years used their best endeavours to
+inculcate the principles of the Gospel: indeed, it is always to be
+lamented when either politics or religion are made subservient to each
+other: this being properly considered, perhaps the French are not more
+blameable than other nations. We are too apt to involve others in our
+disputes, and religion is too frequently introduced by bigots to assist
+the cause they wish to support.
+
+With regard to those Indians who have been accustomed to the society of
+English traders, and even preachers (sorry am I to observe it), their
+sentiments, manners, and practices are very different. The {32}
+alteration is manifestly for the worse; they have become more
+degenerate, and added to the turbulence of passions unsubdued by reason
+the vices of lying and swearing, which unfortunately they have learned
+from us.
+
+The testimony of Mr. Sargeant, a gentleman of New England, supports this
+assertion; who relates, that in a journey to the Shawanese Indians (the
+allies and dependants of the Six Nations),[41] and some other tribes,
+when he offered to instruct them in the Christian religion, they
+rejected it with disdain; they even reproached Christianity, told him
+the traders would lie, cheat, and debauch their young women, and even
+their wives, when the husbands were from home. They further added, that
+the Senekas had given them their country, but charged them never to
+receive Christianity from the English.
+
+I shall subjoin one more proof to this. Governor Hunter, by order of
+Queen Anne, presented the Indians with cloaths, and other things of
+which they were extremely fond; and addressing them at a council, which
+was held at Albany, told them that their good mother the Queen had not
+only generously provided them with fine cloaths for their bodies, but
+likewise intended to adorn their souls by the preaching of the Gospel,
+and that some ministers should be sent to instruct them. When the
+governor had finished his speech, the oldest chief rose up and said,
+that, in the name of all the Indians, he thanked their good mother the
+Queen for the fine cloaths she had sent them; but that in regard to the
+ministers, they had already some of them, who, instead of preaching the
+Gospel to them, taught them to drink to excess, to cheat and quarrel
+among themselves, and entreated the governor {33} to take from them the
+preachers, and a number of Europeans who came among them; for before
+their arrival, the Indians were honest, sober and innocent people; but
+now most of them were rogues; that they formerly had the fear of God:
+but that now they hardly believed his existence.
+
+To extenuate as much as possible this charge against the English, let it
+be observed, that the vice and immorality complained of, is to be
+attributed in a great measure to the traders, who used to purchase
+convicts, and hire men of infamous character to carry up their goods
+among the Indians, many of whom ran away from their masters to join the
+Savages: the iniquitous conduct of those people essentially injured the
+English in the opinion of the Indians and fixed an odium which will not
+be soon or easily removed.
+
+
+             {34} _Description of the_ INDIAN _Dances, &c._
+
+Having finished this long digression, I shall continue my history from
+the time of going to the village of the Connecedagas, where I stayed
+some months, making several excursions in scouting parties, and
+frequently bringing in prisoners, which did not escape the notice of Sir
+Guy Carleton, who at the next interview approved my conduct, and wished
+me to serve again in his regiment. I told him I was extremely happy I
+had rendered myself useful to my country, and considered myself highly
+honoured by so flattering a mark of his approbation; but that the life
+of a volunteer, though very honourable, would not entitle me to pay, and
+there was not a vacancy in any of the British regiments: he then
+appointed me a midshipman on board the ship Fell, commanded by captain
+Barnsfer, lying in the river St. Laurence, in which service I continued
+till she was ordered for England.
+
+As soon as I quitted the navy, I returned to the Lake of the Two
+Mountains, and continued doing my utmost, in the line of an interpreter,
+and at intervals perfecting myself in the Indian languages, particularly
+in the Chippeway tongue, as I purposed engaging in the service of a
+merchant, to go to the north west the first convenient opportunity. I
+also applied myself sedulously to obtain a complete knowledge of their
+manners and customs, and with that view partook of their amusements, and
+was soon noticed as a good dancer. To this {35} qualification I also
+added the perfect notes of the different war whoops, as naturally as a
+Savage; and by conforming to their ways, and taking pleasure in their
+diversions, I was soon endeared to them, and left them with regret.
+
+The dances among the Indians are many and various, and to each of them
+there is a particular hoop.[42]
+
+   1. The calumet dance.
+
+   2. The war dance.
+
+   3. The chief’s dance.
+
+   4. The set out dance.
+
+   5. The scalp dance.
+
+   6. The dead dance.
+
+   7. The prisoner’s dance.
+
+   8. The return dance.
+
+   9. The spear dance.
+
+  10. The marriage dance.
+
+  11. The sacrifice dance.
+
+All these I was perfect master of, frequently leading the sett. If
+accidentally a stranger came among us, (unless I chose to be noticed) no
+one could distinguish me from the Indians.
+
+Presuming on my appearing exactly like a Savage, I occasionally went
+down in a canoe to Montreal, and frequently passed the posts as an
+Indian. Sometimes I would distinguish myself at a charivari, which is a
+custom that prevails in different parts of Canada, of assembling with
+old pots, kettles, &c. and beating them at the doors of new married
+people; but generally, either when the man is older than the woman, or
+the parties have been twice married: in those cases they beat a
+charivari, hallooing out very vociferously, until the man is obliged to
+obtain their silence by pecuniary contribution, or submit to be {36}
+abused with the vilest language. Charivari, in French, means a paltry
+kind of music, which I suppose is the origin of the custom.
+
+Not content with being a proficient in their sports, I learnt to make a
+canoe, bark a tree for the purpose, and perform the whole business as
+regular as the natives. I also made makissins, or Indian shoes, of deer
+skins, drest and smoked to make the leather soft and pliable, and worked
+with porcupine quills and small beads, to which are sometimes suspended
+hawk bells. Those made by the Mohawks, at the Grand River near Niagara,
+are preferred for their superior workmanship and taste, and are
+sometimes sold so high as four dollars a pair, but in general they may
+be purchased, without ornaments, for one dollar: they are more pleasant
+to wear than English shoes: in summer they are cooler to the feet, and
+in winter, from being made roomy, they will admit a thick sock, to
+prevent the excessive cold from penetrating. The Indians, in their war
+dances, sew hawk bells and small pieces of tin on them to make a
+jingling noise, and at a dance where I was present, these, with the
+addition of a large horse bell, which I gave the chief who led the
+dance, made a noise not much unlike a Dutch concert.
+
+The Savages are esteemed very active and nimble footed, but admitting
+this general opinion to prevail, it is well known the Europeans are more
+swift in running a small distance: their chief merit, I am of opinion,
+consists in their being able to continue a long time in one steady pace,
+which makes them useful in going express through the woods; and as they
+require little sleep, and can subsist on roots and water, which they
+take _en volant_, they do not waste much time in refreshment. {37} They
+are also admirable swimmers, and are not afraid of the strongest
+current. With these qualifications they are certainly a very useful race
+of men; and as long as the English retain any possessions in Canada,
+should be considered as the most valuable acquisition; indeed, as
+indispensibly necessary; and every endeavour should be exerted to retain
+them in our interest.
+
+With regard to bodily strength, they are excelled by many; and even in
+hunting, the Virginians equal them in every part of the chace, though
+all the world allow them the merit of being good marksmen. I remember
+seeing some Americans shooting at a loon, a bird nearly the size of an
+English goose. This bird is remarkable for diving, and generally rises
+some yards from the place where it dips. They fired at the distance of
+one hundred and fifty yards with a rifle, several times without success:
+an Indian standing by, laughed at them, and told them they were old
+women: they desired him to try his skill, which he instantly did: taking
+his gun, and resting it against a tree, he fired, and shot the loon
+through the neck. I confess I never saw a better shot in my life, and
+was highly pleased, as it gratified my pride, in giving the Americans a
+favourable opinion of the Savages, for whom I always entertained a
+predilection.
+
+The loon is a very remarkable bird, from the formation of its feet: but
+having no anatomical knowledge, I cannot describe it technically. They
+are so made, that it can scarcely walk; it is therefore seldom seen on
+land. In calm weather it rises from the water with great difficulty, and
+flies as impelled by the wind, on which it seems to depend. The method
+usually adopted by the Indians to kill these birds, is by fixing {38} a
+large bough at the head of the canoe, to conceal themselves till they
+paddle near the place where they are; when at a convenient distance,
+they fire, though not always with success. In the Chippeway language it
+is called a maunk, which agrees with the French word manquer, to fail;
+it being, from its shyness, very difficult to kill. The skin, which is
+very tough and thick, is dried and made use of as cases to cover their
+guns, to prevent the wet from spoiling them.
+
+Having grown tired of living entirely with the Savages, I made an
+excursion to Montreal, where I met with an offer to go as interpreter to
+the north, which, at first, I did not care to accept; but as the salary
+proposed was handsome, upon mature deliberation, I embraced the
+opportunity of entering into that way of life, from which I fully
+expected profit at least, if not pleasure; but alas! I had often
+abundant reason to repent the pursuing the bent of my inclinations.
+
+On the fourth of May, 1777, I left Montreal, with two large birch
+canoes, called by the French, maître canots, having ten Canadians in
+each, as the number of portages require many hands to transport the
+goods across the landings, which can only be done on men’s shoulders. As
+their voyage is so essentially different from the English manner of
+travelling, I shall relate it particularly.
+
+The canoes are made at Trois Riviéres; they are, in general, eight
+fathoms long, and one and a half wide, covered with the bark of the
+birch tree, and sewed very close with fibrous roots; and of this size
+they will carry four tons weight each. As early in the spring as the ice
+will permit, they are brought up to La Chine, a village nine miles above
+Montreal.
+
+{39} La Chine takes its name from the following story. Le Sieur La
+Salle, who was afterwards murdered by two of his own party, in Canada,
+in the year 1686, was very intent on discovering a shorter road to China
+than was then known, but his project failing by an accident which
+happened to him at this place, he was obliged to postpone his journey to
+the east, which induced the Canadians, by way of derision, to call it La
+Chine, or China; and by that name it has ever since been known.[43]
+
+At this place the Indian goods are put on board very carefully; the dry
+merchandise in bales about eighty pounds weight, the rum, powder, and
+shot, in small kegs. The voyage from Trois Riviéres to La Chine is
+tedious and troublesome, as there is a strong current to combat; and
+without a fair wind, and occasionally a brisk gale to assist or relieve
+the constant use of the paddles, it would be impossible to make any way.
+Where the water is shallow, the canoes must be forced forward with long
+setting poles, while the men wade knee deep, and pull against the
+current with ropes; this is a labour and fatigue beyond what will be
+easily imagined. Custom has however made the Canadians very expert, and
+I must do them the justice to say they encounter these difficulties with
+uncommon chearfulness, though they sometimes exclaim, “C’est la misere,
+mon bourgeois.”[44]
+
+From La Chine to Michillimakinac, there are thirty six portages; the
+distance by land and water is about nine hundred miles: in favourable
+weather the journey is frequently performed in about a month. Great care
+is necessary to steer the canoes up the strong rapids; to labour and
+care must also be added experience to keep them upright, and prevent
+their striking or rubbing against the stones, as they are very slight,
+and {40} easily damaged. Whenever by accident they receive an injury, as
+they frequently do, the hole is stopped with gum, melted with a piece of
+charcoal; the gum by wetting immediately becomes hard, and is capable of
+resisting the impression of the water. When the hole is too large to be
+stopped by gum only, the inner bark of the birch tree, pounded and
+tempered like mortar, is put on the aperture, this is covered by a linen
+rag, and the edges firmly cemented with gum.
+
+We continued our voyage to La Barriére, at the head of the Long Saut, or
+long water fall, a very dangerous current from the extreme rapidity of
+the fall. At the top of this fall there are some traders settled, but
+they are not of any consequence either for the extent of their commerce,
+or the profits arising from the peltry they collect, the Savages in
+those parts being too well acquainted with the value of furs and skins
+to be imposed upon, unless when they are intoxicated, an advantage I
+must confess too frequently taken.
+
+From this fall we proceeded to the Lake of the two Mountains, where
+there is a village belonging to the Connecedaga Indians, already
+described. At this place I stayed a day among my old friends, which was
+all the time my engagements would allow, as it is of the most material
+consequence in this branch of trade to be early at the wintering ground.
+
+We proceeded to the Uttawa, or Grand River, coasting all the way till we
+came to Lake Nipissin, from whence the River St. Laurence takes its
+rise. We then entered the French River, leading to Lake Huron, and
+proceeded with very favourable weather to Michillimakinac, where we
+arrived on the 17th of June.[45]
+
+{41} The country every where abounds with wild animals, particularly
+bears, moose and other deer, beavers, beaver eaters, lynx, foxes,
+squirrels, fishers, otters, martins, minx, wood cats, racoons, wolves,
+musquashes, &c.——There are scarce any but savage inhabitants to be
+found, who rove from place to place for subsistance, feeding on the
+animals they kill, except the skunk, or pole cat, which they never eat,
+unless pressed by the most extreme hunger.
+
+Monsieur La Salle relates, that in his voyage on the banks of the
+Mississippi, among the nation of the Oumas, who live on a river of the
+same name, he saw a most extraordinary animal between the wolf and the
+lion; the head and shape resembling the former, and the tail and claws
+like those of the latter: he asserts it would attack all other animals,
+but was never known to hurt a man; that sometimes it would carry its
+prey on its back, and when it had eaten till satisfied, it concealed the
+rest under the leaves, or other cover; that every animal dreaded it to
+such a degree, that they would not touch any part of the prey it had
+left; and that the Indians called it Michibichi, which is an animal of
+the species of the tiger, but smaller and less speckled, and is now
+known to be the panther.
+
+The beaver is a curious animal, but it has been described by so many
+authors, that I shall only observe what I believe they have not yet
+mentioned.—It is seldom seen in the day time: After sun set it leaves
+its habitation, and ventures abroad either to work, or procure food. It
+also takes this opportunity to wash itself. But the most remarkable
+singularity of this animal, is, that it lies with its tail constantly in
+the water, to prevent its getting stiff. The flesh of it is very good,
+either {42} boiled or roasted, but the tail is the best part.[46] While
+I am upon the subject of dainties, I may add, that the snout of the
+moose is also highly esteemed. Not any of the animals in North America
+are to be dreaded, except the grizzled bear, which generally keeps in as
+warm a climate as possible: wherever it comes it makes dreadful havock,
+destroying men, and even frequently whole families.
+
+During the time I stayed at Michillimakinac, a remarkable circumstance
+of bravery and generosity was communicated to me, which may not be
+unentertaining to the reader.
+
+An Indian boy, about fifteen years of age, was standing at some distance
+from the fort, when a Savage fired his gun, and accidentally killed an
+Englishman. As he was advancing, he discovered the boy leaning against a
+tree, and not being of the same nation, he formed the resolution of
+taking him prisoner: having no suspicion of the boy’s intention, he went
+up to him, and took him by the arm; the boy very artfully drew back, and
+shot the Indian through the chin: this so incensed him, that he was
+raising his hand to tomahawk him, when another Indian instantly coming
+up, asked his companion who had wounded him? he replied, the boy,
+adding, that he would immediately take his scalp: the other prevented
+his bloody purpose, and told him he would protect the lad, for he was
+too brave to die. He carried him to the fort, where he was purchased by
+the commanding officer, to prevent the Indian whom he had wounded from
+killing him.
+
+
+   {43} _Description of_ LAKE SUPERIOR, _with the Ceremony of Indian
+                               Adoption_.
+
+Having taken in Indian corn, and hard grease, (the food all traders
+carry to the upper country) and exchanged my large canoes, or maître
+canots, for smaller ones, the latter being more convenient to transport
+across the carrying places, and better calculated to run into small
+creeks, we proceeded to the Falls of St. Mary, (a strait so called)
+which is formed by two branches that separate from each other at the
+furthest point of the lake. Here is a small picketted fort built by the
+Indians, and about ten log houses for the residence of English and
+French traders. The nation of the Sauteurs formerly were settled at the
+foot of the Falls, and the Jesuits had a house near them.[47] At this
+place there is abundance of fine fish, particularly pickerill, trout,
+and white fish of an uncommon size. From this place we continued our
+voyage to Lake Superior, formerly called Lake Tracy, in honour of Mons.
+de Tracy, who was appointed viceroy of America by the French king in
+June, 1665. It is reckoned six hundred leagues in circumference, and on
+it are a great number of large and small islands. At the entrance of
+this lake is a high rock, somewhat in the shape of a man, which the
+Chippeway Indians call “Kitchee Manitoo,” or the Master of Life. Here
+they all stop to make their offerings, which they do by throwing
+tobacco, and other things, into the water: by this they intend to make
+an acknowledgment to the rock, as the representative of the Supreme
+Being, for the blessings they enjoy, cheerfully sacrificing to {44} him
+their ornaments, and those things which they hold most dear.[48] An
+example worthy of imitation, so far as respects the good intention of
+the creature to the Creator, exhibiting an evident proof that man in his
+natural state, without any of the refinements of civilization, is
+sensible of his dependance on an invisible power, however ignorantly, or
+unworthily, he may express his belief. God alone knoweth the heart, and
+will judge every man by the knowledge he hath.
+
+Superstition is a noxious plant, but it hath flourished in every climate
+from the torrid to the frigid zone. If its effects have proved so
+pernicious among civilized nations, as we know they have, is it to be
+wondered that barbarians have suffered by it? The poor untutored Indian
+will not incur a great degree of censure for obeying the dictates of his
+uninformed nature, and following implicitly the custom of his ancestors.
+Revealed religion has not been given to all, and it is a melancholy
+reflection that those who have been enlightened by it, are not so
+superior to the Savages as one should naturally expect to find them.
+
+In this rock there are several cavities near a mile in length, and about
+twenty feet in width, arched at the top. The lake freezes only close to
+the shore, the water being constantly in a swell, and the waves
+frequently mountains high, which is easily accounted for, when we
+consider its immense extent. On a calm day, a little distance from
+shore, sturgeon may be seen in very deep water. The surrounding land is
+high and rocky, and the woods extremely thick. The palm, birch, ash,
+spruce, and cedar, grow large, and in great abundance. The Northwest
+Company, established at Montreal, keep a vessel on {45} the lake to
+transport their goods from Michillimakinac to the grand portage on the
+northwest side, and return with the peltry collected in the inlands.[49]
+
+On the 4th of July we arrived at Pays Plat,[50] on the north east side
+of the Lake, where we unpacked our goods, and made the bales smaller,
+having, by the Indian accounts, one hundred and eighty carrying places
+to the part where I intended to winter. On our landing we discovered at
+some distance a number of Indians, which induced us to accelerate the
+arrangement of the cargo, in case of barter, and be prepared to embark
+when the business was finished. Every thing being properly secured, I
+made up to the Savages, and calculated their number at one hundred and
+fifty: most of them were of the Chippeway tribes; the rest were of the
+nation of the Wasses. They gave me fish, dried meat, and skins, which I
+returned with trifling presents. The chief, whose name was Matchee
+Quewish,[51] held a council, and finding I understood their language,
+proposed to adopt me as a brother warrior. Though I had not undergone
+this ceremony, I was not entirely ignorant of the nature of it, having
+been informed by other traders of the pain they endured in their
+adoption, though they declared they were favoured exceedingly; I
+determined however to submit to it, lest my refusal of the honour
+intended me should be attributed to fear, and so render me unworthy of
+the esteem of those from whom I expected to derive great advantages, and
+with whom I had engaged to continue for a considerable time.
+
+The ceremony of adoption is as follows.——A feast is prepared of dog’s
+flesh boiled in bear’s grease, with huckle berries, of which it is {46}
+expected every one should heartily partake. When the repast is over, the
+war song is sung in the following words.
+
+“Master of Life, view us well; we receive a brother warrior who appears
+to have sense, shews strength in his arm, and does not refuse his body
+to the enemy.”
+
+After the war song, if the person does not discover any signs of fear,
+he is regarded with reverence and esteem; courage, in the opinion of the
+Savages, being considered not only as indispensible, but as the greatest
+recommendation. He is then seated on a beaver robe, and presented with a
+pipe of war to Smoke, which is put round to every warrior, and a wampum
+belt is thrown over his neck.
+
+The calumet, or Indian pipe, which is much larger than that the Indians
+usually smoke, is made of marble, stone, or clay, either red, white, or
+black, according to the custom of the nation, but the red is mostly
+esteemed; the length of the handle is about four feet and a half, and
+made of strong cane, or wood, decorated with feathers of various
+colours, with a number of twists of female hair interwoven in different
+forms; the head is finely polished; two wings are fixed to it, which
+make it in appearance not unlike to Mercury’s wand. This calumet is the
+symbol of peace, and the Savages hold it in such estimation, that a
+violation of any treaty where it has been introduced, would in their
+opinion be attended with the greatest misfortunes.[52]
+
+Wampum is of several colours, but the white and black are chiefly used;
+the former is made of the inside of the conque, or clam shell; {47} the
+latter of the muscle: both are worked in the form of a long bead, and
+perforated in order to their being strung on leather, and made up in
+belts.
+
+These belts are for various purposes: When a council is held, they are
+given out with the speeches, and always proportioned in their size, and
+the number of the rows of wampum which they contain, to the idea the
+Indians entertain of the importance of the meeting; they frequently
+consist of both colours. Those given to Sir William Johnson, of immortal
+Indian memory, were in several rows, black on each side, and white in
+the middle: the white being placed in the centre, was to express peace,
+and that the path between them was fair and open. In the centre of the
+belt was the figure of a diamond, made of white wampum, which the
+Indians call the council fire.
+
+When Sir William Johnson held a treaty with the Savages, he took the
+belt by one end, while the Indian chief held the other: if the chief had
+any thing to say, he moved his finger along the white streak; if Sir
+William had any thing to communicate, he touched the diamond in the
+middle.
+
+These belts are also the records of former transactions, and being
+worked in particular forms, are easily deciphered by the Indians, and
+referred to in every treaty with the white people. When a string or belt
+of wampum is returned, it is a proof that the proposed treaty is not
+accepted, and the negotiation is at an end.
+
+But to return from this digression. When the pipe has gone round, a
+sweating house is prepared with six long poles fixed in the ground, {48}
+and pointed at the top; it is then covered with skins and blankets to
+exclude the air, and the area of the house will contain only three
+persons. The person to be adopted is then stripped naked, and enters the
+hut with two chiefs; two large stones made red hot are brought in, and
+thrown on the ground; water is then brought in a bark dish, and
+sprinkled on the stones with cedar branches, the steam arising from
+which puts the person into a most profuse perspiration, and opens the
+pores to receive the other part of the ceremony.
+
+When the perspiration is at the height, he quits the house, and jumps
+into the water; immediately on coming out a blanket is thrown over him,
+and he is led to the chief’s hut, where he undergoes the following
+operation. Being extended on his back, the chief draws the figure he
+intends to make with a pointed stick, dipped in water in which gunpowder
+has been dissolved; after which, with ten needles dipped in vermilion,
+and fixed in a small wooden frame, he pricks the delineated parts, and
+where the bolder outlines occur, he incises the flesh with a gun flint;
+the vacant spaces, or those not marked with vermilion, are rubbed in
+with gunpowder, which produces the variety of red and blue; the wounds
+are then seared with punk wood, to prevent them from festering.
+
+This operation, which is performed at intervals, lasts two or three
+days. Every morning the parts are washed with cold water, in which is
+infused an herb called Pockqueesegan, which resembles English box, and
+is mixed by the Indians with the tobacco they smoke, to take off the
+strength. During the process, the war songs are sung, accompanied by a
+rattle hung round with hawk bells, called chessaquoy, {49} which is kept
+shaking, to stifle the groans such pains must naturally occasion.[53]
+Upon the ceremony being completed, they give the party a name; that
+which they allotted to me, was _Amik_, or Beaver.
+
+In return for the presents given me by Matchee Quewish, which I had only
+acknowledged by some trinkets, and to shew how much I was pleased with
+the honour they had conferred on me, I resolved to add to my former
+gifts; I accordingly took the chiefs to a spot where I had directed my
+men to place the goods intended for them, and gave them scalping knives,
+tomahawks, vermilion, tobacco, beads, &c. and lastly rum, the _unum
+necessarium_, without which (whatever else had been bestowed on them) I
+should have incurred their serious displeasure. Our canoes being turned
+up, and the goods properly secured, I told the Canadians to keep a
+constant watch, night and day, while we were encamped. This precaution
+is absolutely necessary, as the Indians generally do mischief when they
+are intoxicated. On this occasion our care was of infinite service, for
+with the rum we gave them, they continued in a state of inebriety three
+days and nights, during which frolic they killed four of their own
+party; one of whom was a great chief, and was burnt by his son: having
+been a famous warrior, he was buried with the usual honours peculiar to
+the Savages, viz. a scalping knife, tomahawk, beads, paint, &c. some
+pieces of wood to make a fire, and a bark cup to drink out of in his
+journey to the other country.
+
+On the 21st we embarked, leaving the band extremely well satisfied with
+our conduct, which they acknowledged in the most expressive language;
+but as it was customary to take conductors from one Lake to another, I
+engaged twenty of the Chippeways to accompany me in passing {50} by land
+the Grande Côte de la Roche, which is the rout that all the traders are
+obliged to take, on account of the great cataract, which is reckoned six
+hundred feet in height near the entrance of the Nipegon River. This
+journey is extremely fatiguing to the men, who are obliged to ascend a
+steep hill with considerable burdens, and for this reason it is
+customary to rest two or three days to recruit their strength.
+
+We left la Grande Côte de la Roche in good spirits, and continued our
+voyage to Lake Alemipigon, where we met another band of Savages of the
+same nation. A council was held, and mutual presents exchanged. We
+stayed here ten days, encamped by the side of the Lake; during which
+time a skirmish happened among the Indians, in which three men were
+killed, and two wounded, after a dreadful scene of riot and confusion,
+occasioned by the baneful effects of rum.
+
+Lake Alemipigon, or Nipegon,[54] is about one hundred miles in length,
+and supplies the Savages with great quantities of fish. The land affords
+abundance of wild roots, and the animals are very numerous. The Indians
+who hunt here are in number about three hundred, and are remarkably wild
+and superstitious.
+
+On the first of August we departed with fifteen Indians, not only to
+serve as guides, but to assist us across the portages. We lived on
+animal food and roots, reserving our corn and hard grease for the
+winter. Every evening at sun set we encamped, and got into our canoes at
+break of day. We continued our march to Lac Eturgeon, or Sturgeon Lake,
+but did not stay there a sufficient time to enable me to give a
+particular account of it; I have, however, described it in the narrative
+{51} of my journey to Lake Manontoye, where I encamped for three days on
+account of the badness of the weather.
+
+On the twenty fifth of September we arrived at Lac la Mort, or Dead
+Lake, situate to the northeast of Lake Alemipigon. This Lake is about
+sixty miles in circumference, the land low and swampy, and the water
+very unpleasant to the palate: it has been much frequented by the
+Indians, for, during the time I wintered there, I discovered no less
+than thirty-five different roads, about three feet wide, leading from
+the woods to the Lake side: it abounds with fish, and is frozen over in
+the winter, the ice not breaking away till April. The Indians who resort
+to it are good hunters, but very wild. The Chippeways are not so fond of
+dress as the other Savages, particularly those tribes who live very
+remote from Michillimakinac; this is easily accounted for; as the ice
+remains almost to the last spring month in England, and the winter
+season begins early in the month of October, the intermediate time is
+employed in making and repairing canoes, taking short excursions for
+food, amusing themselves in swimming, and other pastimes peculiar to the
+Savages. The luxury of dress can be little regarded by those whose
+constant necessities require the utmost exertions for their daily
+supply, and who are not provident enough to lay up a store of provisions
+for winter. Indians in general are extremely indolent, from the wildest
+to the most civilized, and value themselves upon being so; conceiving it
+beneath the dignity of a warrior to labour, and that all domestic cares
+and concerns are the province of women alone. This aversion for labour
+does not arise from dread, or dislike of fatigue; on the contrary, no
+people encounter or endure it with more chearfulness, particularly in
+their amusements, which are of various kinds, and many of them {52}
+violent and laborious. They are calculated to make them athletic, and at
+the same time by the profuse perspiration which they occasion, they
+render the joints supple, and enable them to hunt with more facility.
+
+_Playing at ball_, which is a favourite game, is very fatiguing. The
+ball is about the size of a cricket ball, made of deer skin, and stuffed
+with hair; this is driven forwards and backwards with short sticks,
+about two feet long, and broad at the end like a bat, worked like a
+racket, but with larger interstices: by this the ball is impelled, and
+from the elasticity of the racket, which is composed of deers’ sinews,
+is thrown to a great distance: the game is played by two parties, and
+the contest lies in intercepting each other, and striking the ball into
+a goal, at the distance of about four hundred yards, at the extremity of
+which are placed two high poles, about the width of a wicket from each
+other; the victory consists in driving the ball between the poles. The
+Indians play with great good humour, and even when one of them happens,
+in the heat of the game, to strike another with his stick, it is not
+resented. But these accidents are cautiously avoided, as the violence
+with which they strike has been known to break an arm or a leg.[55]
+
+_Athtergain_, or miss none but catch all, is also a favourite amusement
+with them, in which the women frequently take a part. It is played with
+a number of hard beans, black and white, one of which has small spots,
+and is called the king: they are put into a shallow wooden bowl, and
+shaken alternately by each party, who sit on the ground opposite to one
+another; whoever is dexterous enough to make the spotted bean jump out
+of the bowl, receives of the adverse party {53} as many beans as there
+are spots: the rest of the beans do not count for any thing.[56]
+
+The boys are very expert at _trundling a hoop_, particularly the
+Cahnuaga Indians, whom I have frequently seen excel at this amusement.
+The game is played by any number of boys who may accidentally assemble
+together, some driving the hoop, while others with bows and arrows shoot
+at it. At this exercise they are surprisingly expert, and will stop the
+progress of the hoop when going with great velocity, by driving the
+pointed arrow into its edge; this they will do at a considerable
+distance, and on horseback as well as on foot. They will also kill small
+birds at fifty yards distance, and strike a halfpenny off a stick at
+fifteen yards. Spears and tomahawks they manage with equal dexterity.
+
+
+   {54} _Settlement at Lac la Mort, with the Proceedings of a Trading
+                                Party._
+
+The fatigue my Canadians had undergone rendered it necessary to prepare
+for wintering, and induced me to settle at Lac la Mort. The weather was
+also setting in cold, and threatened to be very severe, which was an
+additional motive. Having refreshed ourselves, and secured the canoes, I
+took two Indians to shew me a spot proper for building upon. We fixed
+close to the lake side, where we erected a loghouse, thirty feet long,
+and twenty feet wide, divided into two apartments, into which we
+deposited our goods. The next concern was to conceal our canoes in the
+woods, and to hide the rum under ground, except a small quantity for
+immediate use, knowing by experience the necessity of keeping it from
+the Indians, as our safety so essentially depended on it.
+
+Having arranged every domestic concern, and spread our table in the
+wilderness, we prepared our winter firing, as wood is very difficult to
+bring home in severe weather. At leisure times we hunted, to increase
+our stock of provisions, which would not have been sufficient to support
+our household, and not choosing to risk the uncertainty of the arrival
+of Savages, who sometimes bring animal food to the traders. As the snow
+began to fall very heavy, we were prevented from making {55} long
+excursions, without using snow shoes. For the space of a fortnight we
+hunted with great success, and caught a number of small animals, on
+which we feasted daily; these proved a seasonable relief, and saved the
+corn and grease. We had been settled about three weeks, when a large
+band of Savages arrived; having only eight Canadians with me, I desired
+them to act with the utmost precaution, as our number was comparatively
+small, and in case of a drunken frolic, the property might be pillaged,
+and our lives sacrificed: fortunately for me I had very steady men, who
+were well accustomed to the Northwest Indians. We were mutually pleased
+with each other, as no trader had wintered there before. The great
+chief, whose name was _Kesconeek_, made me a present of skins, dried
+meat, fish, and wild oats; a civility which I returned without delay,
+and in a manner with which he seemed highly gratified. The rest of the
+Savages then came into my house, one by one, which is called Indian
+file, singing war songs, and dancing. All of them, except the chief,
+placed themselves on the ground; he, standing upright with great dignity
+in the centre of the tribe, delivered the following speech.
+
+“_Angaymer Nocey, wa haguamissey kaygo arwayyor kee zargetoone oway
+barthtyage Nishinnorbay nogome cawwickca kitchee Artawway winnin,
+kitchee morgussey cargoneek neennerwind zargetoone artawway neennerwind
+debwoye Nocey barthtyage meekintargan omar appeemeenequy, mackquah,
+amik, warbeshance menoach kegonce._”——
+
+“It is true, Father, I and my young men are happy to see you:—as the
+great Master of Life has sent a trader to take pity on us Savages, we
+shall use our best endeavours to hunt and bring you wherewithal to
+satisfy you in furs, skins, and animal food.”
+
+{56} This speech was in fact intended to induce me to make them further
+presents; I indulged them in their expectations, by giving them two kegs
+of rum of eight gallons each, lowered with a small proportion of water,
+according to the usual custom adopted by all traders, five carrots of
+tobacco, fifty scalping knives, gun-flints, powder, shot, ball, &c. To
+the women I gave beads, trinkets, &c. and to eight chiefs who were in
+the band, each a Northwest gun, a callico shirt, a scalping knife of the
+best sort, and an additional quantity of ammunition. These were received
+with a full yo-hah, or demonstration of joy.
+
+The women, who are on all occasions slaves to their husbands, were
+ordered to make up bark huts, which they completed in about an hour, and
+every thing was got in order for merriment. The rum being taken from my
+house, was carried to their wigwaum, and they began to drink. The frolic
+lasted four days and nights; and notwithstanding all our precaution
+(securing their guns, knives, and tomahawks) two boys were killed, and
+six men wounded by three Indian women; one of the chiefs was also
+murdered, which reduced me to the necessity of giving several articles
+to bury with him, to complete the usual ceremony of their interment.
+These frolics are very prejudicial to all parties, and put the trader to
+a considerable expence, which nevertheless he cannot with safety refuse.
+On the fifth day they were all sober, and expressed great sorrow for
+their conduct, lamenting bitterly the loss of their friends.
+
+On the 26th of October they departed for the hunt, which gave us great
+satisfaction, as we had scarcely rested during their abode with {57} us.
+When they got into their canoes, they sung the dead war
+song.—“_Wabindam, Kitchee Mannitoo, haguarmissey hapitch
+neatissum_:”—or, “Master of Life, view me well, you have given me
+courage to open my veins.”
+
+Having piled the winter’s firing at a convenient distance from the house
+to prevent accidents, we prepared the nets for fishing. The ice was
+three feet thick, and the snow very deep; this we were obliged to clear
+away, before we could cut holes in which to put our nets. For the space
+of two months we had uncommon success, having caught about eighteen
+thousand weight of fish, which we hung up by the tails across sticks to
+freeze, and then laid them up for store. This was to us an important
+acquisition, as fishing in the middle of winter is precarious, and the
+return of the Indians to supply the wants of the traders very uncertain.
+
+In summer the fishers go up the lakes, as well as rivers, and are
+generally most successful at the foot of a deep stream, or the mouth of
+a creek. In the beginning of winter they cut a large opening, and set
+nets. In the depth of winter they make a small hole, in which they
+angle; and sometimes they cut two holes in a right line through the ice,
+and pass a line at the end of a stick from hole to hole, by which they
+haul the net under the ice, frequently with good success. In winter,
+fishing is the daily employ of half the men, though in very severe
+weather it is a fatiguing service.
+
+In the beginning of January, 1778, our provisions run short, having
+nothing left but some spawn of fish, which we beat up with {58} warm
+water and lived upon. The intense severity of the weather would not
+allow us to look after the nets; and although thus distressed for want
+of better food, we were obliged to stay at home, keeping a large fire,
+and lying almost continually on our blankets, which weakened us
+exceedingly. Having remained in this inactive state for some time, and
+hunger pressing hard, I roused myself, and proposed to my men to make
+marten traps, which they went about with the utmost cheerfulness. When
+they had finished a sufficient number, they set them in the woods, at
+the distance of about two miles from the house. While they were employed
+in this service, I was left alone, it being necessary for some one to
+remain, in case of the arrival of Savages. The first day my men were
+successful, and returned with two racoons, three hares, and four
+musquashes; on these we feasted the next day; and though we were not
+satisfied, they proved a seasonable relief, and enabled us to pursue the
+business we were engaged in with greater spirits, fondly expecting more
+prosperous days.
+
+In a little time we were again destitute, and the men became
+disheartened; this induced me to propose a journey to Lake Manontoye,
+where we knew Mr. Shaw,[57] a brother trader, had wintered, to endeavour
+to procure some wild rice, which the Indians told me grew in the swamps
+at that place. The Canadians approved of the plan, and said they hoped
+they should be able to provide for their subsistence till my return.
+Previous to my departure, we were compelled to kill a favourite dog,
+belonging to Joseph Boneau, one of my people, which most sensibly
+affected us, because, independent of the attachment we had towards him,
+he was a very useful animal. The next morning I put on my snow shoes,
+and persuaded an Indian and his wife, who were with {59} me
+occasionally, and had accidentally come in from the hunt with six hares,
+to accompany me, promising them payment in rum at my return: they agreed
+to go, and it was very fortunate they did, as I could not have found the
+way without a guide.
+
+We set off with the six hares, and travelled four days without killing
+any thing; this was a disappointment, but with the little stock we
+carried with us, we subsisted tolerably well. About an hour before
+sunset on the fourth day, we stopped at a small creek, which was too
+deep to be forded, and whilst the Indian was assisting me in making a
+raft to cross over, rather than swim through in such cold weather,
+against a strong current, I looked round, and missed his wife: I was
+rather displeased, as the sun was near setting, and I was anxious to
+gain the opposite shore, to encamp before dark. I asked the Indian where
+she was gone; he smiled, and told me, he supposed into the woods to set
+a collar for a partridge. In about an hour she returned with a newborn
+infant in her arms, and coming up to me, said in Chippeway, “_Oway
+Saggonash Payshik Shomagonish_,” or, “Here, Englishman, is a young
+warrior.” It is said that the Indian women bring forth children with
+very little pain, but I believe it is merely an opinion. It is true they
+are strong and hardy, and will support fatigue to the moment of their
+delivery; but this does not prove they are exempt from the common
+feelings of the sex on such trying occasions. A young woman of the Rat
+Nation has been known to be in labour a day and a night, without a
+groan. The force of example acting upon their pride, will not allow
+these poor creatures to betray a weakness, or express the pain they
+feel, probably lest the husband should think her unworthy of his future
+attention, and despise both mother and child: at any rate, he would tell
+her the infant, {60} if a boy, would never be a warrior; and if a girl,
+would have a dastardly spirit, and of course neither of them be fit for
+a Savage life.
+
+I believe it will not be disputed that the Indian women love their
+children with as much affection as parents in the most civilized states
+can boast; many proofs might be adduced to support this assertion. A
+mother suckles her child till it attains the age of four or five years,
+and sometimes till it is six or seven. From their infant state they
+endeavour to promote an independent spirit; they are never known either
+to beat or scold them, lest the martial disposition which is to adorn
+their future life and character, should be weakened: on all occasions
+they avoid every thing compulsive, that the freedom with which they wish
+them to think and act may not be controuled. If they die, they lament
+their death with unfeigned tears, and even for months after their
+decease will weep at the graves of their departed children. The nation
+of Savages called Biscatonges, or by the French, Pleureurs, are said to
+weep more bitterly at the birth of a child, than at its decease; because
+they look upon death only as a journey from whence he will return, but
+with regard to his birth, they consider it as an entrance into a life of
+perils and misfortunes.[58]
+
+As soon as a child is born, if in summer, the mother goes into the
+water, and immerses the infant; as soon as this is done, it is wrapped
+up in a small blanket, and tied to a flat board, covered with dry moss,
+in the form of the bottom of a coffin, with a hoop over the top, where
+the head lies, to preserve it from injury. In winter it is clad in skins
+as well as blankets. In the heat of summer gauze is thrown over the
+young Savage, to keep off the musquitoes, which are very troublesome
+{61} in the woods. The board, on which the child is placed, is slung to
+the mother’s forehead with a broad worsted belt, and rests against her
+back.
+
+When the French took possession of Canada, the women had neither linen,
+nor swaddling cloaths; all their childbed furniture consisted of a kind
+of trough, filled with dry rotten wood dust, which is as soft as the
+finest down, and well calculated to imbibe the moisture of the infant;
+on this the child was placed, covered with rich furs, and tied down with
+strong leather strings. The dust was changed as often as necessary, till
+the child was weaned.[59]
+
+Among the Indians who are in any degree civilized, the women feed their
+children with pap made of Indian corn and milk, if it can be obtained;
+but in the parts more northern, and remote from Europeans, wild rice and
+oats are substituted, which being cleansed from the husk, and pounded
+between two stones, are boiled in water with maple sugar: this food is
+reckoned very nourishing, and with broth made from the flesh of animals
+and fish, which they are frequently able to procure, cannot fail of
+supporting and strengthening the infant. Among several of the tribes of
+Indians, pap is made of sagavite, from a root they call toquo, of the
+bramble kind; this is washed and dried, afterwards ground, or pounded,
+and made into a paste, which being baked is pleasant to the taste, but
+of a very astringent quality. It is their common bread.
+
+On our arrival at Lac Eturgeon, as the weather was bad, we encamped
+three days, which gave me an opportunity of making some observations
+{62} on this Lake, which I could not do when I passed it in my way to
+Lac la Mort.
+
+This Lake, by the Indian accounts, is about five days journey by water:
+the width in some parts is about thirty miles. There are a number of
+small islands on it which abound with hares, partridges, and wild fowl.
+The Indians who frequent it are the Hawoyzask or Musquash, who speak the
+Chippeway language. They are usually more stationary than the generality
+of the Chippeways; they seldom leave the inlands, and are excellent
+hunters. Mr. Carver, in his chart, points out a village leading to
+Riviére St. Croix, which he says belongs to the roving Chippeways; but I
+believe all the nation, with very few exceptions, may be called rovers
+in the strictest sense of the word.[60]
+
+The first day of our encampment we killed a hare, made fish-hooks of the
+thigh bones, and baited them with the flesh. The lines were made of the
+bark of the willow tree cut into slips, and twisted hard together.
+Success crowned our endeavours, for we not only caught sufficient for
+present use, but enough for the remainder of the journey to Lake
+Manontoye.
+
+The day before our arrival we killed two otters, which I intended as a
+present to Mr. Shaw, not doubting but any animal food would be
+acceptable from the severity of the season, concluding that his
+situation was as bad as our own, except in the article of wild oats.
+When arrived within about six miles of the lake, we met a small party of
+Indians, who alarmed us by an account of a dreadful confusion among
+their tribe, occasioned by the Hudson’s Bay Savages having killed three
+of their {63} band; and they said they believed Mr. Shaw had fallen a
+sacrifice to their fury, as they had heard them consult together to
+plunder the trader. They lamented exceedingly their inability to assist
+him, not being even strong enough to resent their own personal injury;
+however, they promised to accompany me on the way, as near to Mr. Shaw’s
+house as their safety would admit.
+
+Having taken refreshment, we pursued our journey till within two miles
+of the house, when they thought it prudent to leave me, and wishing me
+success, retired into the woods, out of the track, to avoid being seen,
+where they promised to stay till my return. My Indian and his wife did
+not choose to proceed any farther, being also afraid of the Hudson’s Bay
+Savages. I confess my situation was very unpleasant, and I debated in my
+mind what steps to take to attempt the relief of a brother trader, and
+at the same time avoid injury myself. Relying on my usual success in
+suppressing these kind of tumults occasioned by intoxication, and
+conscious that I knew as well as any man the nature of the Indians when
+under its pernicious influence, I did not doubt, however unsuccessful my
+endeavours might prove as to rescuing Mr. Shaw from his perilous
+situation, but that I should certainly be able to effect an escape
+myself in case of an attack; and as one favourable suggestion frequently
+gives birth to another, and establishes by degrees a confidence in the
+mind, I anticipated Mr. Shaw’s delivery to my entire satisfaction.
+Fortified by these flattering hopes, I determined to exert my best and
+speediest endeavours in his behalf, and pursued my journey without
+delay. When I arrived within a quarter of a mile of the scene of
+discord, I heard the war-hoop in a manner very loud and clamorous; and
+though I had been accustomed {64} to such sounds, I was very much
+alarmed, and felt my resolution rather staggered; sensible that the rage
+of drunken Indians, when it has risen to a certain pitch, knows no
+bounds, and of the extreme difficulty of reconciling them to any person
+to whom they had unfortunately taken a dislike. Animated, however, with
+the idea of behaving like a warrior, and recurring to the time when I
+was adopted at Pays Plat, I conceived it unmanly to shrink from danger,
+and pushing through the woods, had soon a full view of the infernal
+spirits, for I could give them no better name.
+
+I lay some minutes in ambush, listening with great attention, till I
+heard one of them cry out in the Chippeway language, “_Haguarmissey
+mornooch gunnisar Cushecance_;” or, “I do not mean to kill the _Cat_;”
+which was a name given to Mr. Shaw by the Indians, from his speaking in
+a feeble voice. This convinced me he was alive, though in imminent
+danger. I made all possible haste up to the house, and found the
+Savages, both men and women, completely drunk. The huts had been knocked
+down, the canoes adrift, and the whole formed the most dreadful scene of
+confusion I had ever beheld. There were also an old Indian and a woman,
+who I afterwards learned was his mother, lying dead upon the snow by the
+lake side. I made several efforts to get into the house, but was
+prevented by the Savages, who kept me back, kissing me, and telling me
+they loved me, but that I must not attempt to relieve the _Cat_. At
+last, with inconceivable difficulty, I persuaded them to attend to me,
+and felt the most extreme satisfaction in having succeeded, at least so
+far, in an attempt which would have been dangerous to any one to have
+undertaken who was not fully master of the language and character of the
+Savages, and {65} at the same time cool and dispassionate enough to hear
+their nonsense with patience and temper.
+
+I then addressed myself to the most sober of the chiefs, and inquired of
+him the cause of the dispute; he told me Mr. Shaw was a _dog_ instead of
+a _cat_, for that he had refused them rum; and that though he and the
+rest of the tribe were happy to see me, because they had heard I always
+had a good heart towards the Savages, I should not go in to assist the
+trader, for they were the masters of the wigwaum, and not he, and that
+they were resolved to have all the rum in his possession before break of
+day.
+
+Mr. Shaw’s house might very properly be styled a fort, being secured by
+high pickets, which made it difficult for the Indians to approach it,
+and he had taken the precaution to fasten the outer gate as well as the
+door. I told the chief it was not my intention to interfere, that I
+passed accidentally in my way to Lac le Rouge, and should only stay to
+refresh myself. This information pleased him exceedingly, as he knew Mr.
+Shaw had only one man in the house, the rest, with the interpreter,
+being out in search of provisions, so that at my departure there would
+not remain force sufficient to obstruct their proceedings. I perceived
+them so fully bent on accomplishing their purpose, that had I betrayed
+the least intention or inclination to relieve the unhappy man, I should
+most probably have been dispatched without much ceremony. The effects of
+the rum they had already drank, had so elevated their spirits, that
+nothing less than the full possession of the whole stock would satisfy
+them; and I am persuaded that if half of them had perished, the rest
+would without hesitation have risked their lives in the attempt. To
+avoid all suspicion, {66} which would probably have been fatal both to
+Mr. Shaw and myself, I left the chief, and watched an opportunity of
+returning undiscovered. Fortunately the Indians had not drank all the
+rum Mr. Shaw had given them, and the chief as soon as I had left him
+went back to his hut to increase his intoxication, and communicate the
+conversation which passed between us, the rest of the band having
+retired soon after the conference began.
+
+Observing the coast clear, I walked unobserved to the fort, and spoke
+loud both in French and English: Mr. Shaw and his man heard me, and
+recollecting my voice, were transported beyond measure. The man, who was
+a Canadian, was most delighted, as his fears were very strong, it being
+the first year he had wintered among the Savages. On my approach, I
+heard him cry out with the greatest vehemence, “_Mon Dieu! que je suis
+content! Nôtre ami est arrivé, autrement nous serions foutu. Je conte
+assurément, que nous serons bientôt libre, mon cher bourgeois._” He
+instantly opened the gate; I entered precipitately, and congratulated
+him on the prospect of counteracting the designs of the Indians, being
+resolved to exert my best endeavours, and to live or die with them. Mr.
+Shaw thanked me for my professions of friendship, and immediately gave
+me a concise account of the disturbance. He said the Hudson’s Bay
+Indians had come to him with very little peltry, and after trading for
+it, he had given them more rum than they had any right to expect; that
+instead of being content with this, they insisted on more; that in a fit
+of intoxication they had killed an Indian and his mother; and had
+attempted to set fire to his house with punk wood, which they shot at it
+lighted, fixed to the points of arrows. Having heard his story, I
+encouraged him to keep up his spirits, and advised {67} him, when the
+Indians returned to execute their purpose, to appear indifferent to
+their menaces.
+
+Whilst we were in deep discourse, I discovered three chiefs at a small
+distance from the house, in very earnest conversation, and was convinced
+they were devising some scheme to effect their design. As they
+approached, I called to them, and desired them to come into the house:
+they immediately advanced, and walked in one by one, with looks of
+treachery, which the earnestness of the business to be executed would
+not allow them to conceal. I talked to them without the least reserve,
+and in apparent good temper: I asked them if they were sober; but before
+they could give me an answer, the rest of the band came to the door, but
+did not enter; the head chief then told me they were very sober, and
+expressed great concern for their conduct, but that now the strong water
+had lost its influence, they saw their folly, and were sure the bad
+spirit had left their hearts.
+
+I told them the Master of Life was angry with them, and that they did
+not deserve success in hunting, for their bad behaviour to the trader,
+who had been a kind father to them, and supplied all their wants. I then
+presented them with some tobacco to smoke in council, which was well
+received, and looking earnestly at the chief, addressed the band to the
+following effect.
+
+“_Keennerwind Ojemar woke, kee wabindan indenendum kee kee noneydone
+Kitchee Mannitoo, ojey candan opin weene aighter ojey petoone nowwetting
+guyack debarchemon kaygait nin oathty hapadgey nee woke keennerwind
+equoy kee janis goyer metach nogome gudderbarchemon_ {68} _hunjyta O,
+nishshishshin artawway winnin kaygait nee zargetoone artawway winnin
+metach kakaygo arwayyor Matchee Mannitoo, guyyack neennerwind oathty
+mornooch kee appay omar neegee_.”
+
+“You chiefs, and others of the tribe whose eyes are open, I hope you
+will give ear to the words of my mouth. The Master of Life has opened my
+brain, and made my breath blow good words. My heart feels for you, your
+wives, and children; and what I now speak proceeds from the root of my
+friend’s sentiments, who owns this house, and who has told me that his
+heart was opened to you on your arrival; but notwithstanding his
+kindness, the bad spirit got possession of you, which made him very
+unhappy, though he hoped the Master of Life would change your
+dispositions, and make you good Indians, as you used to be.” To this
+speech one of the chiefs made answer:
+
+“_Kaygait Amik, kee aighter annaboycassey omar hapadgey; O,
+nishshishshin kee debarchemon nogome neennerwind ojey stootewar
+cockinnor nee doskeennerwaymug kee debwoye neecarnis hapadgey sannegat
+neennerwind ha nishinnorbay kaygwotch annaboycassey ozome Scuttaywabo
+ojey minniquy neennerwind angaymer Amik, shashyyea suggermarsh cockinnor
+nogome mornooch toworch payshik muccuk Scuttaywabo ojey bockettynan
+Cushshecance warbunk keejayp neennerwind ojey boossin;—haw, haw, haw._”
+
+“It is true, Beaver, you have strong sense, it sweetens your words to
+us, and we all understand you. We know, friend, your lips open with
+truth. It is very hard for us Indians, who have not the sense of the
+white people to know when we have had enough of the strong {69} fiery
+water; but we hope the _Cat_ will throw off the film from his heart, as
+ours are clear: we also hope he will open his heart once more, and give
+us a small keg of the strong water, to drink to the health of our
+brother and sister, whom we have sent to the far country, and to-morrow
+at break of day we will depart.”
+
+Mr. Shaw, by my advice, promised to comply with their request, on
+condition of their being true to their engagements, and that they should
+forbear even tasting the rum while they remained on the ground. This
+determination I acquainted them with, and they retired to their huts,
+leaving us in quiet possession of the fort.
+
+The Indians remained quiet all night, which induced me to hope that my
+promise of rum to them, on their departure, had accomplished the desired
+effect: but I flattered myself too much, as the storm was not yet even
+at the height. At break of day they assembled, and asked for the rum,
+which was immediately given them; and they got into their canoes, and
+went off without burying their dead. This being very uncustomary,
+alarmed me, as no people are more particular in paying the greatest
+respect to the remains of the deceased. Suspecting the bad spirit was
+still in them, and that they were only gone a short distance to drink
+the rum, we prepared for an attack, loading twenty eight northwest guns,
+and a brace of pistols, and sat down by the fire expecting their return
+to compleat the design my fortunate arrival had hitherto prevented. In
+about an hour they returned very much intoxicated, singing their dead
+war songs, and every warrior naked, painted black from head to foot: as
+they approached the house in Indian file, each one repeated the
+following words; “_Mornooch toworch gunnesar_ {70} _cushshecance
+neennerwind ojey dependan O wakaygan_:” or, “Nevertheless we do not mean
+to kill the Cat, we only own this fort, and all that is in it.”
+
+Whilst they were singing, we were preparing our guns, and placing them
+so as to be ready for immediate use, if necessary; being determined to
+make a vigorous resistance, although there remained only Mr. Shaw and
+myself, the Canadian having fled to the woods.
+
+I assumed the character of commander in chief, and desired Mr. Shaw to
+obey my orders implicitly, and by no means to fire till I gave the
+signal; well knowing that the death of one of the Savages, even in our
+own defence, would so exasperate the rest that there would not be a
+possibility of escaping their fury. As our situation was truly critical,
+we acted with as much coolness as men devoted to destruction could. A
+fortunate thought came into my head, which I instantly put in practice:
+I went into the store, and rolling a barrel of gunpowder into the outer
+room, knocked out the head. I had scarcely finished it, before the
+Savages arrived, and advancing to the door, armed with spears and
+tomahawks, said to each other, “_keen etam_,” or, “you go first.” We
+stood ready to receive them, and gave them to understand we were not
+afraid of them. One of the band entered the house, and I said to him
+sternly, “_Ha wa neyoe shemagonish equoy kee tertennin marmo?_” or, “Who
+now among you old women is a brave soldier?” and immediately pointing my
+pistol cocked to the barrel of gunpowder, cried out with great emphasis,
+“_Cockinnor marmo neepoo no gome_;” or, “We will all die this day.” On
+hearing these words they ran from the door, crying, “_Kitchee Mannitoo
+ojey petoone Amik O mushkowar haguarmissey yang_:” {71} or, “The Master
+of Life has given the Beaver great strength and courage.” The women fled
+with the utmost precipitation, pushed their canoes into the water, and
+got off as fast as they could: the men, who before were intoxicated,
+became sober, and making as much haste as possible, paddled to an island
+opposite the house. Soon after a canoe came on shore with six women, to
+endeavour to make up the breach; but I refused all reconciliation,
+telling them that they might have known me before; that my name was
+Beaver; that all the Indians knew me to be a warrior; and that my heart
+was not easily melted. The women immediately returned, carrying with
+them the dead, which satisfied me they did not intend to trouble us
+again.
+
+Thus, by an happy presence of mind, we were saved from almost inevitable
+destruction, and probably from ending our lives under the most
+excruciating torture.
+
+It may not be improper to observe the necessity there is for a trader to
+be cool, firm, and, in case of emergency, brave, but not rash or hasty.
+The Indians are just observers of the human mind, and easily discover
+true from affected courage, by that apparent tranquillity which clearly
+distinguishes the former from the latter. It is well known that no
+people in the world put courage to so severe a trial, and watch at the
+executions of their enemies with such savage curiosity, the effects of
+the tortures they inflict; even the women exult in proportion to the
+agony betrayed by the unhappy sufferer; though it frequently happens
+thro’ the same spirit operating on both parties, that the most
+excruciating torments cannot extort a sigh. An example or two from Mr.
+Adair’s History of the American Indians, will shew the firmness of an
+Indian {72} mind, and prove beyond a doubt that such anecdotes are not
+exaggerated. Truth should be the standard of history, and guide the pen
+of every author who values his reputation.
+
+Some years ago the Shawano Indians being obliged to remove from their
+habitations, in their way took a Muskohge warrior, known by the name of
+old _Scrany_, prisoner; they bastinadoed him severely, and condemned him
+to the fiery torture. He underwent a great deal without shewing any
+concern; his countenance and behaviour were as if he suffered not the
+least pain. He told his persecutors with a bold voice, that he was a
+warrior; that he had gained most of his martial reputation at the
+expence of their nation, and was desirous of shewing them, in the act of
+dying, that he was still as much their superior, as when he headed his
+gallant countrymen against them: that although he had fallen into their
+hands, and forfeited the protection of the divine power by some impurity
+or other, when carrying the holy ark of war against his devoted enemies,
+yet he had so much remaining virtue as would enable him to punish
+himself more exquisitely than all their despicable ignorant crowd
+possibly could; and that he would do so, if they gave him liberty by
+untying him, and handing him one of the red hot gun-barrels out of the
+fire. The proposal, and his method of address, appeared so exceedingly
+bold and uncommon, that his request was granted. Then suddenly seizing
+one end of the red hot barrel, and brandishing it from side to side, he
+forced his way through the armed and surprised multitude, leaped down a
+prodigious steep and high bank into a branch of the river, dived through
+it, ran over a small island, and passed the other branch, amidst a
+shower of bullets; and though numbers of his enemies were in close
+pursuit of him, he got into a bramble swamp, {73} through which, though
+naked and in a mangled condition, he reached his own country.
+
+The Shawano Indians also captured a warrior of the Anantoocah nation,
+and put him to the stake, according to their usual cruel solemnities:
+having unconcernedly suffered much torture, he told them, with scorn,
+they did not know how to punish a noted enemy; therefore he was willing
+to teach them, and would confirm the truth of his assertion if they
+allowed him the opportunity. Accordingly he requested of them a pipe and
+some tobacco, which was given him; as soon as he had lighted it, he sat
+down, naked as he was, on the women’s burning torches, that were within
+his circle, and continued smoking his pipe without the least
+discomposure: on this a head warrior leaped up, and said, they saw plain
+enough that he was a warrior, and not afraid of dying, nor should he
+have died, only that he was both spoiled by the fire, and devoted to it
+by their laws; however, though he was a very dangerous enemy, and his
+nation a treacherous people, it should be seen that they paid a regard
+to bravery, even in one who was marked with war streaks at the cost of
+many of the lives of their beloved kindred; and then, by way of favour,
+he with his friendly tomahawk instantly put an end to all his pains.
+Though the merciful but bloody instrument was ready some minutes before
+it gave the blow, yet I was assured, the spectators could not perceive
+the sufferer to change either his posture or his steadiness of
+countenance in the least.
+
+Death, among the Indians, in many situations is rather courted than
+dreaded, and particularly at an advanced period of life, when they {74}
+have not strength or activity to hunt: the father then solicits to
+change his climate, and the son cheerfully acts the part of an
+executioner, putting a period to his parent’s existence.
+
+Among the northern Chippeways, when the father of a family seems
+reluctant to comply with the usual custom, and his life becomes
+burdensome to himself and friends, and his children are obliged to
+maintain him with the labour of their hands, they propose to him the
+alternative, either to be put on shore on some island, with a small
+canoe and paddles, bows and arrows, and a bowl to drink out of, and
+there run the risk of starving; or to suffer death according to the laws
+of the nation, manfully. As there are few instances where the latter is
+not preferred, I shall relate the ceremony practised on such an
+occasion.
+
+A sweating house is prepared in the same form as at the ceremony of
+adoption, and whilst the person is under this preparatory trial, the
+family are rejoicing that the Master of Life has communicated to them
+the knowledge of disposing of the aged and infirm, and sending them to a
+better country, where they will be renovated, and hunt again with all
+the vigour of youth. They then smoke the pipe of peace, and have their
+dog feast: they also sing the grand medicine song, as follows.
+
+“_Wa haguarmissey Kitchee Mannitoo kaygait cockinnor nishinnorbay ojey
+kee candan hapadgey kee zargetoone nishinnorbay mornooch kee tarpenan
+nocey keen aighter, O, dependan nishinnorbay, mornooch towwarch weene
+ojey mishcoot pockcan tunnockay._—The Master of Life gives courage. It
+is true, all Indians know that he loves us, and {75} we now give our
+father to him, that he may find himself young in another country, and be
+able to hunt.”
+
+The songs and dances are renewed, and the eldest son gives his father
+the death-stroke with a tomahawk: they then take the body, which they
+paint in the best manner, and bury it with the war weapons, making a
+bark hut to cover the grave, to prevent the wild animals from disturbing
+it.
+
+Thus do the unenlightened part of mankind assume a privilege of
+depriving each other of life, when it can no longer be supported by the
+labour of their own hands, and think it a duty to put a period to the
+existence of those to whom they are indebted for their own, and employ
+those arms to give the fatal stroke, which, in more civilized countries,
+would have been exerted for their support.
+
+I remained with Mr. Shaw until the return of his men, and took an Indian
+slay, loaded with wild rice and dried meat, and two of his Canadians to
+assist me. In my way I called at the place where I left the Indians who
+communicated to me the first account of the tumult at Mr. Shaw’s but
+they were gone. My Indian and his wife waited for me, and were rejoiced
+to see me again. On my return to Lac la Mort, I found all my men in good
+health and spirits, having been well supplied with provisions by the
+Savages, during my absence, and had increased my stock of peltry by
+barter. Mr. Shaw’s men rested at my house one night, and the next
+morning set off for Manontoye.
+
+
+               {76} _Indian Manner of going to War, &c._
+
+Lake Manontoye, where Mr. Shaw wintered, is not so large as Lac
+Eturgeon: it abounds with excellent fish and wild fowl; and oats, rice,
+and cranberries, grow spontaneously in the swamps. There are very few
+islands on it. There are about three hundred of the Chippeway nation who
+resort to it; they are very wild, and delight in war, which they
+sometimes wage against the Sioux, on the Mississippi; and they are
+frequently absent from their families fifteen months, scarce ever
+returning without a prisoner or a scalp.[61]
+
+It is very strange that the thirst of blood should stimulate the human
+mind to traverse such an amazing extent of country, suffering
+inexpressible hardships, and uncertain of success, to gratify a passion,
+which none but an infernal spirit could suggest; and when success has
+crowned his labours, that he should return with inconceivable
+satisfaction, and relate the transactions of his journey, with the
+greatest exultation, smiling at the relation of agonies which he alone
+occasioned. The most dreadful acts of a maniac cannot exceed such
+cruelty: happy those, who enjoy the benefits of society, whose
+civilization, and whose laws protect them from such detestable outrages.
+
+Previous to their going to war, the head chief calls a council, and each
+chief has a belt of wampum, and a war pipe: the belt to remind {77} them
+of former transactions relative to the nation they intend to commence
+hostilities against, and the pipe to smoke at the council fire. When
+they have determined to make war, they send the belts and pipes to their
+enemies; and if a similar compliment is returned, they instantly prepare
+for blood, with the most steady and determined resolution.
+
+The novel of Emily Montague affords a striking example of this strong
+propensity for blood, which I shall relate in the author’s own words.
+
+“A Jesuit missionary told me a story on this subject, which one cannot
+hear without horror. An Indian woman with whom he lived on his mission,
+was feeding her children, when her husband brought in an English
+prisoner; she immediately cut off his arm, and gave her children the
+streaming blood to drink. The Jesuit remonstrated on the cruelty of the
+action; on which, looking sternly at him—I would have them warriors,
+said she, and therefore feed them with the food of men.”
+
+When I was at Cataraqui, the capital of the Loyalist settlements in
+Canada, a party of Mohawks and Messesawgers accidentally met, and having
+bartered their skins and peltry with the traders, sat themselves down to
+drink the rum their merchandize had produced. As the liquor began to
+operate, their imaginations suggested to them that they were of
+different nations, and as the Mohawks always claimed a superiority,
+intoxication made them proud: at last a dispute arose, and a Messesawger
+Indian was killed, and his heart taken out, which the {78} Mohawks
+intended to have broiled, but they were prevented by a gentleman who
+accidentally passed by their hut, and prevailed upon them to give it up.
+
+It seems to be the constant attention both of the male and female part
+of the Indians to instil ideas of heroism into the minds of the rising
+generation, and these impressions they carry far beyond the line of
+reason or of justice. Is it then surprising that every action of their
+lives should tend to satisfy their thirst for revenging offences
+committed against them, and that these sentiments should operate so
+powerfully in directing their future conduct? There is, nevertheless,
+one exception to these observations—their conduct to traders, who are
+obliged on some occasions, when intoxication runs high, to beat them
+very soundly;—to their credit, in these instances, I must confess I
+never knew them to resent this severity when sober. The only remark they
+have made has been—“Friend, you beat me very severely last night—but I
+do not mind, I suppose I deserved it—it was the liquor made me offend.”
+Or if they betray any dissatisfaction, one glass of rum will reconcile
+all differences. With regard to severity when they are perfectly sober,
+I am convinced it would be highly dangerous, and should be cautiously
+avoided.
+
+But although they often express these blood-thirsty sentiments, and too
+frequently put them in execution, yet there are occasions when they
+exercise both temper and reason.
+
+When I was at Pimistiscotyan Landing, on Lake Ontario, I had a large
+dog, to protect myself and property; an Indian came in rather {79} in
+liquor to ask for rum, and probably might strike the animal; the dog
+instantly seized him by the calf of the leg, and wounded him dreadfully.
+He returned to his hut, and made no complaint till the next morning,
+when he desired to speak with me: I went to him, and he told me how the
+dog had used him, saying, he hoped I would give him a pair of leggons,
+to supply those which the dog had torn; but that with regard to his leg,
+he did not trouble himself much about that, as he knew it would soon be
+well. I immediately granted his request, and added a bottle of rum, with
+which he seemed well pleased, and I heard no more of it.
+
+But to return to the subject of going to war. The women and children
+sometimes go forward in their canoes singing the war songs, and encamp
+every evening at sunset, having a great dislike to travelling in the
+dark. Forty-eight young warriors are placed, in four divisions, to keep
+guard at night, armed with guns, bows and arrows, and some scotté
+wigwas, or fire bark, to light in case of sudden surprise.
+
+This bark is taken from the birch tree, and being properly dried, is
+used by the Indians to light them to spear fish: it is fixed on a stick
+about seven feet long, and either put at the head of the canoe, or
+carried by the person who attends upon the man that spears, and whose
+business it is also to steer the canoe.
+
+At day break the Indians depart, and pursue their journey regardless of
+the weather, till they arrive in the enemy’s country, when the utmost
+precaution is adopted that it is possible for human invention to
+suggest.
+
+{80} When war is made against the Mississippi Indians, they endeavour to
+kill the men and women, and bring away the children to dispose of to the
+traders, who send them down to Montreal for servants. The boys are not
+so much to be depended upon as the girls, being more stubborn, and
+naturally disdaining the idea of slavery; they are also full of pride
+and resentment, and will not hesitate to kill their masters in order to
+gratify their revenge for a supposed injury. The girls are more docile,
+and assimilate much sooner with the manners of civilization. Being
+unaccustomed to domestic life, they are at first sick and unhealthy; but
+the change soon becomes familiar to them, and they then prefer it to the
+uncultivated manner of living in which they were brought up.[62]
+
+A few days after my return to Lac la Mort, a band of Savages arrived
+from the Red Lake, called by the Indians, _Misqui Sakiegan_, and some
+from Lake Shabeechevan, or the Weed Lake, about five days march beyond
+Lake Manontoye. Red Lake is so called on account of a remarkable
+circumstance which happened to two famous warriors of the Chippeway
+nation, who were hunting by the lake side, and as they were looking out
+for game, perceived at some distance an enormous beast, that appeared
+much larger than any animal they had ever seen; his pace was slow and
+heavy, and he kept constantly by the water side. They followed him as
+close as they thought prudent, determined at all hazards to use their
+best endeavours to kill him. As they approached, they had a clearer
+view, and discovered that his body was covered with something like moss;
+this increased their surprise, and after consulting together, they
+continued advancing towards the beast, and fired large shot, without
+appearing to make any impression. They {81} fired again with as little
+effect as before; then retreated some distance, sat down and sung their
+war songs, addressing themselves to the Master of Life, and desiring his
+assistance to enable them to conquer it, as they believed it to be the
+_Matchee Mannitoo_, or bad spirit, in the shape of this monster. They
+then got up and pursued him, both firing at the same time: the shot
+proved successful, and caused the animal to turn round, which induced
+them to keep up their fire till the beast jumped into the water, and
+they lost sight of him. From the circumstance of his blood dyeing the
+water red, this lake has ever since been called the Red Lake.
+
+Fish is caught here in great abundance, and wild rice grows in very
+great plenty in the swamps. The country likewise abounds with all sorts
+of animals for hunting. There are several rivers and falls of water on
+the northwest part. The Indians are very fond of fishing and hunting
+here during the winter season, as they are generally very successful
+even in the most severe weather. From Red Lake to Lake le Sel, or Salt
+Lake, by the Indian accounts, there are fourteen short portages, and
+twenty-two creeks. Lake le Sel is very small, and the water shallow and
+muddy. It does not exceed three miles in length. There are few fish
+except eels, cat fish, and pike; but it abounds with musquashes and wild
+fowl. From this lake to Lake Caribou, or Rein deer Lake, is eight days
+march across five creeks and three portages.
+
+Lake Caribou, or, in the Indian language, _Ateeque_, is about thirty
+miles long, with several small islands, resembling the Mille Isles, in
+the River St. Laurence, above Montreal. The water is deep and clear,
+{82} and the bottom hard. It abounds with large trout, white fish,
+pickerill, pike, and sturgeon. It is surrounded by a chain of high
+mountains. Some years ago a French trader settled here, but of late it
+has been deserted. The Indians reckon it ten days march to Lake
+Schabeechevan, across thirteen portages, and as many creeks; but as I
+wintered here the following year, though I went to it by a different
+track, I shall not describe it till I give an account of the occurrences
+of that time. From Lake Schabeechevan to Lake Arbitibis are three small
+lakes, eight creeks, and five portages. Lake Arbitibis is very large,
+and the surrounding land rocky and mountainous. This Lake furnishes the
+Indians with fish and wild fowl. The aquatic race abound in this part of
+the world, doubtless so appointed for the support of the numerous tribes
+of Savages, who are obliged to resort to the lakes for food. At the
+northern extremity of this Lake is a large fall of water, which flows
+from a river whose current is rapid for about twenty miles. On this
+river there are also dangerous rapids; the land upon its banks is low,
+and the beach sandy. From Lake Arbitibis to Crow’s Nest Lake, called by
+the Indians, _Cark Cark Sakiegan_, is a short distance. The utmost
+circumference of Crow’s Nest Lake scarcely exceeds two leagues, and is
+only remarkable for a small island in the middle, with about forty high
+palm trees, where the crows build their nests, which is called _Cark
+Cark Minnesey_. The fish in this Lake are very indifferent, being mostly
+of the sword-fish kind, which the Indians seldom eat. From this Lake is
+a long portage, and about half way a high mountain. At the end of the
+carrying place is a river called _Cark Cark Seepi_, or Crows’ River,
+which runs with a strong current for about thirty miles, from
+_Neeshshemaince Sakiegan_, or the Lake of the Two Sisters; so called
+from the meeting of two currents, which form one grand discharge into
+{83} the lake. The Hudson’s Bay Indians hunt here with great success. At
+the end is a carrying place about a quarter of a mile long, that leads
+to a remarkably narrow river, which runs with a strong current for about
+fifty leagues: the land on each side being very high, makes the
+navigation dark. The Indians in going up this river travel as light as
+possible, to enable them to combat the strong current. The Hudson’s Bay
+Company are supplied with a considerable quantity of peltry from this
+river.
+
+As the description of this country, hitherto so little explored, is a
+principal part of what I intended in this publication, I have described
+it either from my own knowledge, or the most authentic information I was
+able to procure from the Savages. In this respect I have followed
+Carver, who on his arrival at the grand portage, met a large party of
+Killistinoe and Assinipoil Indians, from whom he received accounts of
+several lakes and rivers, which he describes agreeable to the
+information he obtained.
+
+It is necessary to observe, that though the Indians are very expert in
+delineating countries upon bark, with wood coal mixed with bears’
+grease, and which even the women do with great precision, the length of
+a day’s march is very uncertain, and consequently cannot afford any
+geographical information. This remark, I trust, will be found to want no
+farther proof than the consideration that their drafts consist
+principally of lakes and rivers, as they seldom travel much by land; and
+when their track over land is described, it is perhaps only a short
+portage which they cross, in order again to pursue their journey on
+their favourite element. But as few persons will probably read this
+account {84} with a view of going into this country, the description I
+have been able to give will be sufficient for the generality of my
+readers. I lament exceedingly my inability to make this work more
+perfect, but trust that it will be found highly useful to those whose
+avocations may induce them to have recourse to it for information and
+guidance in commercial pursuits. If an Indian goes with the stream, or
+against it, from sunrise to sunset, it is called a day’s march. This
+uncertainty makes it very difficult for any one who travels as a trader
+to ascertain any thing more than the Indian distance from one lake to
+another. As Mr. Carver, in his map, says that the branches which run
+from Riviére St. Louis, at the end of West Bay, in Lake Superior, are
+but little known, I can with equal propriety observe that those from
+Lake Alemipigon, or Nipegon, both east and west, are very difficult to
+describe geographically. The known candour of my countrymen, will, I am
+persuaded, pardon any errors of this sort, as I can assure them I have
+exerted my best endeavours to render the description of places, with
+respect to distances and situation, as clear as possible, which the
+chart I hope will more fully explain.[63]
+
+
+    {85} _Further Transactions with the Indians; their Superstition,
+                             Jealousy, &c._
+
+Having given an account of the different lakes, rivers, &c. from Lac la
+Mort, I shall continue the narrative from my return from Lake Manontoye,
+where I relieved Mr. Shaw.
+
+A few days after, another band of Savages arrived with skins, furs, and
+some provisions; they stayed with me two days, making merry with what
+rum I could spare them, without doing any mischief, and departed at last
+very peaceably. On the twenty-third of February another band came in,
+consisting of about eighty, men, women, and children, who brought dried
+meats, oats, bears’ grease, and eight packs of beaver, which I
+purchased, giving them rum, as usual, with which they got intoxicated.
+In this frolic one woman was killed, and a boy terribly burnt. On the
+third day they departed, well pleased with their reception, leaving us
+plenty of provisions. The weather being more moderate, I sent my men to
+the lake to look after the nets, which had been under the ice a
+considerable time, the severity of the season not having allowed us to
+examine them for near a month, when, to our great mortification they
+were found almost rotten, and not a single fish; but as one of the
+Canadians could make nets as well as myself, we repaired the damage; and
+caught plenty of fish to support us till April.
+
+The severity of the season was sensibly felt by Mr. James Clark,
+belonging to the same company, who had five men starved at Lake Savan,
+{86} a bad lake for fish, about three hundred and fifty miles from my
+wintering ground;[64] the Indians being obliged to hunt so far back in
+the woods that they could not give him any assistance; and from the
+concurrent accounts of the traders in the northwest, as well as from the
+Savages who resorted to my house, it was the hardest winter they ever
+remembered.
+
+About this time a large band of Chippeways arrived, traded with me for
+their hunt, and finished their frolic in a peaceable manner. While this
+band was with me, a curious circumstance occurred, which I shall relate.
+
+One part of the religious superstition of the Savages, consists in each
+of them having his _totam_, or favorite spirit, which he believes
+watches over him. This _totam_ they conceive assumes the shape of some
+beast or other, and therefore they never kill, hunt, or eat the animal
+whose form they think this _totam_ bears.
+
+The evening previous to the departure of the band, one of them, whose
+_totam_ was a bear, dreamed that if he would go to a piece of swampy
+ground, at the foot of a high mountain, about five days march from my
+wigwaum, he would see a large herd of elks, moose, and other animals;
+but that he must be accompanied by at least ten good hunters. When he
+awoke he acquainted the band with his dream, and desired them to go with
+him: they all refused, saying it was out of their way, and that their
+hunting grounds were nearer. The Indian having a superstitious reverence
+for his dream (which ignorance, and the prevalence of example among the
+Savages, carries to a great height), thinking himself {87} obliged to do
+so, as his companions had refused to go with him, went alone, and coming
+near the spot, saw the animals he dreamed of; he instantly fired, and
+killed a bear. Shocked at the transaction, and dreading the displeasure
+of the Master of Life, whom he conceived he had highly offended, he fell
+down, and lay senseless for some time: recovering from his state of
+insensibility, he got up, and was making the best of his way to my
+house, when he was met in the road by another large bear, who pulled him
+down, and scratched his face. The Indian relating this event at his
+return, added, in the simplicity of his nature, that the bear asked him
+what could induce him to kill his _totam_; to which he replied, that he
+did not know he was among the animals when he fired at the herd; that he
+was very sorry for the misfortune, and hoped he would have pity on him:
+that the bear suffered him to depart, told him to be more cautious in
+future, and acquaint all the Indians with the circumstance, that their
+_totams_ might be safe, and the Master of Life not angry with them. As
+he entered my house, he looked at me very earnestly, and pronounced
+these words; “_Amik, hunjey ta Kitchee Annascartissey nin, O Totam,
+cawwicka nee wee geossay sannegat debwoye_:”—or, “Beaver, my faith is
+lost, my _totam_ is angry, I shall never be able to hunt any more.”
+
+This idea of destiny, or, if I may be allowed the phrase,
+“_totamism_,”[65] however strange, is not confined to the Savages; many
+instances might be adduced from history, to prove how strong these
+impressions have been on minds above the vulgar and unlearned. To
+instance one, in the history of the private life of Louis the XV.
+translated by Justamond, among some particulars of the life of the
+famous Samuel Bernard, the Jew banker, of the court of France, he says,
+that he was superstitious {88} as the people of his nation are, and had
+a black hen, to which he thought his destiny was attached; he had the
+greatest care taken of her, and the loss of this fowl was, in fact, the
+period of his own existence, in January, 1739.
+
+Dreams are particularly attended to by the Indians, and sometimes they
+make an artful use of the veneration that is paid to them, by which they
+carry a point they have in view: I shall relate an instance for the
+satisfaction of the reader.
+
+Sir William Johnson, sitting in council with a party of Mohawks, the
+head chief told him, he had dreamed last night, that he had given him a
+fine laced coat, and he believed it was the same he then wore; Sir
+William smiled, and asked the chief if he really dreamed it; the Indian
+immediately answered in the affirmative: Well then, says Sir William,
+you must have it; and instantly pulled it off, and desiring the chief to
+strip himself, put on him the fine coat. The Indian was highly
+delighted, and when the council broke up, departed in great good humour,
+crying out, _who-ah!_ which is an expression of great satisfaction among
+them.
+
+The next council which was held, Sir William told the chief that he was
+not accustomed to dream, but that since he met him at the council, he
+had dreamed a very surprising dream; the Indian wished to know it; Sir
+William, with some hesitation, told him he had dreamed that he had given
+him a tract of land on the Mohawk River to build a house on, and make a
+settlement, extending about nine miles in length along the banks: the
+chief smiled, and looking very cheerfully at Sir William, {89} told him,
+if he really dreamed it he should have it; but that he would never dream
+again with him, for he had only got a laced coat, whereas Sir William
+was now entitled to a large bed, on which his ancestors had frequently
+slept. Sir William took possession of the land by virtue of an Indian
+deed signed by the chiefs, and gave them some rum to finish the
+business.[66] It is now a considerable estate, but since the war the
+Americans have deprived him of it, with all the buildings, &c. which are
+very valuable. It lies on the opposite shore to the German Flats, but
+the land is by no means equal in goodness with the soil there. Perhaps
+no part of America produces land better calculated for cultivation than
+the German Flats.
+
+During the American war, the best Loyalist troops were collected from
+the Mohawk River, and it was agreed on all hands that for steadiness,
+bravery and allegiance, they were not to be excelled. Government has
+done its utmost to reward many of them for their services, by giving
+them land in Canada and Nova Scotia; and to those whom poverty obliged
+to solicit them, implements of husbandry. They are now in a very
+flourishing state, and there is no doubt but they will prove valuable
+friends and supporters of Great Britain on any future emergency.
+
+During the severe weather, I had a narrow escape from a contrivance of
+the Indian who was occasionally with me, and whom I employed in hunting,
+and making marten traps: this was occasioned by jealousy, on account of
+his wife, who was a pretty young _Squaw_, of the Rat nation, and whom he
+suspected of infidelity.
+
+{90} Being short of provisions, and having only one faithful Canadian in
+the house, except the Indian and his wife, I desired him to make a
+number of marten traps, and set them in two different roads, called a
+fork. Having finished about two hundred, and set them in the woods,
+baited with fish heads, which these animals are very fond of, he
+returned, and I gave him some rum for his trouble. Every day, for a
+considerable time, he went regularly to examine them, and when
+successful, was always rewarded to his satisfaction. Having been
+unfortunate several days, I charged him with doing other business,
+instead of examining the traps, to which he made no reply. I
+communicated my suspicions to my man, and desired him to watch the
+Savage. The next day the Canadian discovered him in the woods dressing
+some partridges:[67] when he returned home in the evening he asked for
+rum, which I refused, telling him he did not deserve any. This answer
+displeased him; and looking earnestly at me, he replied, that I did not
+use him well; for though he had been unsuccessful with his traps, his
+trouble was the same; and that he generally found them out of order,
+which obliged him to set them right, and employed him the whole day.
+This excuse did not make any alteration in my conduct, and I told him
+the weather was too bad to get at any rum. He then began to imagine that
+I suspected him, and knew of his laziness, and immediately opened his
+mind, telling me very frankly that he was jealous of me; and that his
+reason for not going to examine the marten traps, was to prevent any
+communication between me and his wife, which, had he been far distant
+from home, might have been easily effected; and for this reason he kept
+near the house to watch her, knowing that she was fond of me; but that
+if I would give him some rum, to drive away the bad spirit from his
+heart, he would endeavour to forget the injury I had done him.
+
+{91} Judging it prudent to remove his suspicions, I gave him two gallons
+of rum, a carrot of tobacco, a shirt, a pair of leggons, a scalping
+knife, &c. and several articles to his wife. Having received the
+presents, he called her to drink with him, and thank the trader with a
+cheerful heart for his great kindness. When they were a little merry he
+began to sing, and I heard him repeat these words: “_Mornooch Amik kee
+zargetoone mentimoyamish_;” or, “I do not care though the Beaver loves
+my wife.” This did not please me, as I knew his jealousy would increase
+in proportion to the quantity of liquor he drank. However, I used the
+utmost precaution, securing his weapons to prevent his doing me any
+injury. His wife hearing him repeat the words so frequently, began to be
+angry, and pulled his hair and scratched his face. I thought this a
+favourable opportunity to express my dislike, and told him he was a fool
+to be jealous; that I gave him the rum to drive away the bad spirit, but
+it had a contrary effect; that I never wanted any thing of his wife but
+to make or mend snow shoes, and always paid her for her trouble. Yes,
+cries the wife, he is a fool, Beaver, and I will beat him; which she
+instantly did, and cut his head with a glass bottle. I then interfered,
+and parted them.
+
+The moment I was gone, he began the old song, and continued singing till
+he was sober; when getting up, he came to me and said, “Beaver, I have
+seen the bad spirit in my dream, who told me that the trader had robbed
+me.” Irritated at the expression, I told him his lips never spoke truth,
+and that he had no sense; and thinking it right to suppress this humour,
+beat him very severely. When he had recovered his reason, he said to me,
+“Beaver, you have sense, though you have spotted my carcase.” I then
+remonstrated with him on the great {92} folly of being jealous; but he
+was sullen, and made no reply. He then called his wife, but she being
+asleep did not hear him; he called a second time, and asked for his gun,
+tomahawk, and scalping knife; but not receiving any answer, he was very
+angry, and said to me, “Beaver, I will throw away my body;” to which I
+did not think it prudent to make any reply. He then laid himself down on
+the ground, and called his wife a third time. She came to him, and
+observing displeasure in his countenance, told him not to be angry with
+the Beaver, for he was a great warrior, and always opened his heart to
+them. He ordered her to bring him a bark bowl full of water, and set it
+down carefully between the Beaver’s legs. Whilst she was gone for the
+water, he said to me, “Come here, Beaver, and I will shew you that I
+have nothing sweet on my lips, but will speak the truth.” The wife
+returned and placed the bowl of water as her husband directed; when it
+had stood some time he said, “Beaver, put your finger in the water, and
+let it remain till I tell you to take it out.” I obeyed him with the
+utmost cheerfulness, and in a few minutes, by his desire, withdrew it.
+He then said, “Beaver, you know that a husband is so called because he
+is the master of weakness, and for that reason he should protect his
+wife; and at the same time, you, as a trader, should not injure me: but
+that I may not accuse you unjustly, I will try you by my own thoughts.
+Beaver, look at my wife, and look at the water, and tell me where you
+put your finger; if you cannot tell, you have certainly robbed me.” I
+then put in my finger again, and pointed out the place. “No;” said he,
+looking earnestly at me and his wife, “as you cannot be certain that it
+is the exact place where you first put in your finger, neither can I be
+certain that you have robbed me; though I as much believe it, as you do
+that the place you pointed out was the exact spot.” I {93} confessed
+myself surprised at his disbelief; but not willing to incense him, I
+told him I was sorry he should imagine me capable of such wickedness as
+to be guilty of injuring him, for my mind was as calm as the water in an
+undisturbed state; and after giving him a few presents, sent them away,
+injoining him to use his wife well, as she was perfectly innocent. As
+they departed, he said to me smiling, “Beaver, you must get somebody
+else to look after your marten traps.”
+
+Adultery among the northern Savages is generally punished in a summary
+way by the husband, who either beats his wife very severely, or bites
+off her nose. It is extremely dangerous for a trader to be suspected,
+for when the husband is intoxicated, his jealousy rises into madness;
+and revenge, whether the party suspected be innocent or guilty, is
+continually to be expected. When the mind of an Indian is once affected,
+his passion increases in proportion to the quantity of rum which he
+drinks, though he has the art to conceal it when he is sober. It is the
+baneful effects of rum which puts every jealous thought in motion, and
+then it knows no bounds, till intoxication completely overpowers him, or
+returning sobriety restores his lost reason.
+
+Early in the month of April, I received a letter from Monsieur Jaques
+Santeron at Lake Schabeechevan, in the same employ as myself, to inform
+me that he was tired of being a servant, and thinking his labours not
+sufficiently rewarded, had determined to make a grand _coup_, having a
+number of fine packs which he purposed selling to the Hudson’s Bay
+Company: that he should leave his wintering ground next morning with
+four birch canoes, and would write further particulars on bark, which he
+should nail against one of the crooked trees at the foot of {94} the
+Grand Rapid, in case I should be disposed to come that way, and
+concluded with great _gaieté de cœur_, wishing me and all my friends
+very well.
+
+I was greatly surprised on receiving this unpleasant intelligence, and
+particularly as I had never heard of his integrity being impeached in
+the smallest degree; and I was disappointed, as I expected him to pass
+my wintering ground on his return to Pays Plat.
+
+Conceiving it my duty to exert my best endeavours to prevent the loss of
+so much property to my employers, I engaged _Kesconeek_ the chief, and
+twenty Savages, under promise of being satisfied for their trouble, to
+conduct me to the crooked trees. We went off with the utmost expedition,
+and in a few days arrived at the spot, where I saw the piece of bark, as
+he described, and the following words written with charcoal, “_Adieu,
+mon cher ami, je prends mon départ avec courage, et j’attends une bonne
+vente pour ma pelleterie. De bon cœur je vous souhaite la prosperité;
+faites mes complimens à tous mes amis—au revoir mon cher companion._”
+
+Having perused it, and explained it to the chief; he said he was a bad
+spirit, and that as he had been gone six days before our arrival, it
+would be impossible to overtake him, as he could not be far from the
+entrance of the North River, leading to Hudson’s Bay, and if I pursued
+him, I should not get back in time to trade with the Indians for their
+great hunt. We therefore returned, after a fruitless expedition,
+extremely mortified at the disappointment, as I was very sensible he
+would never return to Canada, to make satisfaction to his employers.
+
+{95} Soon after my return the grand band came in with all their winter’s
+hunt, which they call _Kitchee Artawway_. They consisted of about thirty
+families, of twenty in each. He who has most wives is considered the
+best hunter, being obliged to provide for their maintenance by his own
+industry. The Indians laugh at the Europeans for having only one wife,
+and that for life, as they conceive the good spirit formed them to be
+happy, and not to continue together unless their tempers and
+dispositions were congenial.
+
+Having bartered for their skins and furs, they asked for rum; I told
+them I had only one small keg left, which I would give them at their
+departure, which satisfied them: and when they were ready to embark, I
+ordered a Canadian to put it into the chief’s canoe.
+
+Having disposed of all my merchandise except a few articles, and a small
+quantity of rum, to barter with any Indians I might happen to meet with
+in my return to Pays Plat, we baled up our peltry, and on the 23d of May
+left Lac la Mort, with four small birch canoes richly laden with the
+skins of beavers, otters, martens, minx, loup serviers, beaver eaters,
+foxes, bears, &c.[68]
+
+Before I proceed to relate the particulars of my voyage, I shall mention
+the Indian manner of killing the white bear and the buffalo. The large
+white bear, commonly called the grisly bear,[69] is a very dangerous
+animal; when the Indians hunt it they generally go six or eight in a
+band; the instant they see one, they endeavour to surround it, by
+forming a large circle: if it is on the march they fire at it;—but it is
+most frequently discovered in the winter season sucking its paws; in
+{96} that case they approach nearer, and form a double row for the
+animal to run between. One of the party is then sent out, who fires at
+the bear and generally wounds it: this rouzes it to pursue the Indian,
+who runs between the ranks, and the rest of the band fire and soon
+dispatch it.
+
+The buffalo I need not describe; it is well known to be a remarkably
+strong animal; the Indians say its head is bullet proof, and therefore
+they always fire at the body, endeavouring to hit the heart. When they
+are in pursuit of this animal they make up small huts of snow in
+different places, for near a mile in length on each side of the road; in
+each of these huts an Indian stands with a bow and arrow, to shoot at it
+as it passes, preferring that mode to powder and ball, as it does not
+alarm the rest of the herd. The snow prevents the buffalo from smelling
+the Indians, though their scent is very strong and quick. The instant
+the animal drops they tomahawk it.
+
+On the 2d of July we arrived at Portage Plain, so called on account of
+its being a barren rock, near a mile long, joining to Lake Alemipigon:
+it was sunset when we encamped. Besides the sixteen Canadians, our party
+was increased considerably by about twenty of the Sturgeon and Nipegon
+Indians, who accompanied us according to the usual custom of following
+the trader to assist at the carrying places. The day previous to our
+departure some traders overtook us, and encamped also. They informed us
+of a band of Indians who were enemies to the Nipegons being near at
+hand, and desired me to acquaint the Savages with it. Before their
+arrival the Sturgeon Indians left us, and the other band would fain have
+quitted the ground; but upon telling them I wanted {97} their assistance
+on my journey, they agreed to stay, though I thought very reluctantly.
+
+We soon discovered several canoes, and in about half an hour the Indians
+landed. They were of the nation of the Wasses, and always at war with
+our Savages.[70] Being a select people, they seldom associate with other
+tribes, and are continually on the hunt, only making their appearance in
+spring and autumn. We received them very cordially, and after the usual
+forms of salutation, made mutual presents to each other: they told me
+they had heard of me by some Indians at Lac la Mort, and were desirous
+of seeing me before my return to Michillimakinac, or in their language
+_Tecodondoraghie_.
+
+I soon perceived the uneasiness of my Indians, and was careful to keep
+them at some distance from each other; but all my precaution was
+ineffectual, and before my departure a most dreadful catastrophe was the
+consequence of their mutual hatred.
+
+Our Indians having made up huts, began to sing their medicine songs to
+induce the Wasses to partake of a feast which they said they intended to
+make, with a view of preventing any dispute with them; but knowing that
+the Nipegons had no provisions but what I found them, I suspected their
+intentions were not so pacific as they pretended: this induced me to ask
+a boy belonging to the band, why they pretended to make a feast, without
+having any provision to do it; he replied, that the Wasses had made them
+a present of dried meat, and with this and some huckle berries they had
+saved, they intended to make their visitants merry. This answer
+confirmed my suspicions, as no feast is {98} ever made, where friendship
+is intended, without inviting the trader; and as no notice was sent me,
+I dreaded the evil consequence of their meeting.
+
+Deliberating with myself on the unpleasant prospect, and considering how
+to act to prevent mischief, I was interrupted in my meditations by a
+Savage (_Ayarbee_, or the big man), who came to give me intelligence of
+an intended plan to destroy the Nipegon Indians, and which was
+communicated to him by an old woman who belonged to the band of Wasses.
+
+In about an hour the Nipegon huts were in order to receive their
+intended guests, who were encamped in a hollow, surrounded with cedar
+trees and bushes, close to the lake side. The Nipegons being determined
+to counteract the designs of their deceitful visitors, and punish their
+intended perfidy, made holes in the bark of their huts, in which they
+placed their guns, loaded with swan shot. Each man taking his station;
+the Wasses, to the number of eighteen, ascended the hill, and were
+coming prepared to partake of the feast, with knives and wooden bowls,
+intending to overpower the Nipegons on a given signal; but they were
+fatally disappointed, for when they got within thirty yards of the
+Nipegon huts, they were fired at, and all the band, except a girl about
+fourteen years of age, killed on the spot; she was dangerously wounded,
+but advanced with a gun, which she snatched from an Indian who was
+preparing to dispatch her, and shot _Ayarbee_ through the head, and was
+herself soon after tomahawked and scalped by a Nipegon boy about the
+same age, who at such an early period of life displayed all that
+ferocity which marks the most determined chief.
+
+{99} Thus was treachery rewarded: and though in my heart I could not but
+approve of the conduct of the Nipegon Indians, I was afraid of trusting
+to them, and had resolved on taking my leave of them, when the chief
+came up and informed me, he was very sorry that his band could not
+accompany me any farther, for being afraid of the resentment of the
+nation of the Wasses, when they came to hear of the transaction,
+notwithstanding they had done it in their own defence, they had
+determined to depart; and soon after pushed off their canoes, and left
+me, a circumstance which pleased me exceedingly. The next day a party of
+Indians met us, to whom I related the disaster. They were very much
+shocked, and said the Nipegon Savages might repent their rash conduct,
+though at the same time they acknowledged them right in guarding against
+the designs of the Wasses. They asked me if I had got their packs, as
+they assured me they had made a good hunt, and had rich peltry. This
+information vexed me exceedingly, as I should certainly have increased
+my cargo had not the affair happened, and likewise have given more
+satisfaction to my employers, though I had already a large quantity of
+goods, and had every reason to be pleased with my success. The Nipegons
+made up fourteen bales of dried meat, which they took with them; but the
+furs and skins were hidden in the woods, and never afterwards found that
+I heard of.
+
+We continued our journey to Lac Eturgeon, where soon after our landing,
+we killed a great many wild fowl, and caught plenty of fish. Here we met
+about fifty of the Hawoyzask or Rat Nation Indians,[71] with whom I made
+a small barter, chiefly with rum, having disposed of all my Indian
+goods.
+
+{100} Our journey was retarded for some time in order to gratify my
+curiosity. A young Indian girl fell sick, and the chief desired me to
+stay to see the wonderful effects of their medicines, as she was very
+bad, and without immediate assistance, he said, must soon change her
+climate. The physician who attended her said, that the _Matchee
+Mannitoo_, or bad spirit, had put the bear’s claws into her, and his
+medicines would remove them. A hut was prepared, and the girl stripped
+to her _matcheecoaty_ or under petticoat; she was then painted with
+vermilion, and daubed over with soot and bears’ grease, and profusely
+sweated, which soon relieved her pain. During the operation, the
+physician addressed himself to the Master of Life, begging his
+assistance, and thanking him for giving knowledge to restore health:
+then giving her a decoction of roots, he made a perfect cure. I could
+not help admiring his skill and manner of proceeding, though I
+attributed her recovery solely to the plentiful perspiration she
+underwent.[72]
+
+Previous to our departure, one of their women was delivered of a fine
+boy, and I was highly delighted with the mother’s tenderness, as the
+infant sucked the milk, which in their language is called
+_tootooshonarbo_, or the sap of the human breast, an expression which
+struck me forcibly. The husband was also very attentive, and performed
+the part of an affectionate parent, which induced me to give him some
+rum to cheer his heart, and drink my health. He seemed pleased with the
+present, and addressing himself to the Great Spirit, thanked him for the
+safe delivery of his _mentimoye_:—then looking very earnestly at me,
+told me how much he was indebted to me for the comfort that I had
+afforded him, and that he was sure that I was a brave warrior, for my
+generosity to him and his wife, when they so much wanted assistance.
+When the young {101} warrior cried, he observed, that he wished to be
+grateful to me for my attention to his parents, and that it was only the
+echo of his breath, (meaning his voice) to praise the goodness of the
+_Saggonash_, or Englishman. As I got into my canoe, he said, “Beaver, be
+strong, you will always have a public road among the Nipegon Indians,
+therefore return as soon as you can; in the mean time, I shall take care
+to acquaint all the Indians with your goodness, and I hope when we see
+you again, we shall have had a good hunt, and be able to give you furs
+and skins to repay your kindness.” I told him I always loved the
+Indians, that I was adopted by the Chippeways, and considered myself as
+one of their tribe; that I would return as soon as possible with plenty
+of goods for their families; that my heart was melted by his regard for
+me, and giving him and his wife each a parting glass of the strong
+water, took my leave, and pursued my journey.
+
+We arrived at Pays Plat on the 10th of August, where I met some brother
+traders, who had been in different parts of the inlands, particularly
+the Northwest. Here we waited for fresh goods from our employers, and
+enjoyed ourselves with the remains of our different provisions, which we
+threw into a common stock, and made ourselves merry with the scanty
+pittance, recounting our several adventures: but none of them had
+suffered the difficulties I had experienced, except Mr. Shaw, whom I
+happily relieved at Lake Manontoye; the rest of the traders having
+wintered very remote from me, by the way of the Grand Portage.
+
+Soon after our arrival, our employers sent their agents with a fresh
+assortment of merchandize and provisions, which rejoiced us exceedingly,
+{102} having been a considerable time without corn or grease, and absent
+from Michillimakinac about fourteen months. I delivered my cargo of
+furs, consisting of about one hundred and forty packs, in good
+condition,[73] and loaded the canoes with the fresh goods; then taking
+leave of my companions, prepared for my departure for the Inlands, to
+winter another year among the Nipegon Savages. But before I begin to
+relate my second adventure, I cannot forbear making some observations on
+the hardships attending an Indian life, particularly as an interpreter
+and trader.
+
+My salary was about one hundred and fifty pounds per annum, which I
+certainly deserved, considering the knowledge I had of the Chippeway
+language.
+
+I was sent into the Inlands with only corn and hard grease, without any
+other provisions I could rely on; for as to fish and other animal food,
+the former in a great measure depends on the season, the latter on the
+arrival of Savages; and though in general I was successful in aquatic
+pursuits, and received frequent supplies from the Indians, it was a
+precarious mode of subsistence, and at Lac la Mort I suffered great
+hardships.
+
+I had sixteen men, and an Indian and his wife occasionally with me, to
+feed and govern, and on the continuance of their health my existence in
+a great measure depended. As it was my constant duty to be in the way,
+in case of the arrival of Savages, being the only one who could talk
+their language, I had few opportunities of hunting, neither could I go
+far abroad to examine whether the Canadians did their duty or not: I
+{103} was therefore always full of anxiety, and rejoiced when the spring
+returned to set me free.
+
+The constant attention necessary in taking care of the goods to prevent
+depredations, the continual fears and apprehensions of being plundered
+by a set of intoxicated beings; always liable to insults, without daring
+to resent them; and when I had bartered all my merchandize, and made a
+successful trip—feeling a painful solicitude till the fruits of my
+labours were safely delivered to my employers. Upon the whole, perhaps
+no situation can be more distressing, and it has often filled my mind
+with surprise when I reflected on the engagement I entered into, which
+consumed the prime of my days in a traffic, the dangers and fatigues of
+which scarce any salary could compensate. I believe nothing but the
+flattering idea of thinking myself superior to others as an interpreter,
+prompted me to continue in a station so fatiguing to support, and so
+difficult to execute; and I cannot but conclude with this
+observation:—That however censurable a man may be for indulging even
+this degree of pride, the liberal mind will easily pardon the
+presumption, as they know he alone is the sufferer; and as self-opinion
+governs the pursuits of mankind, the individual who is most influenced
+by it, must stand or fall by the consequences.
+
+
+                           SECOND EXPEDITION
+
+  {104} _Proceed to winter again among the Nipegon Indians;—Design of an
+    Indian to plunder us;—unfortunate Accident happens to an Indian
+    Chief;—narrowly escape being assassinated by an Indian Straggler;
+    Murder of Joseph la Forme, a Trader._
+
+On the 15th of August I left Pays Plat, with four birch canoes, and the
+same men who wintered with me at Lac la Mort, and arrived at Riviére la
+Pique, which runs into Lake Superior: this river is very crooked for
+about seven miles, and extremely deep; it abounds with fish,
+particularly pike, from which it takes its name.[74] On our landing, we
+found a large band of Chippeways, and some of the Rat nation, who
+immediately prepared a feast for us of dried meat, fish, &c. Among them
+was an Indian named _Ogashy_, or the horse; he was reckoned, even by his
+own tribe, a bad Indian, which put me on my guard during my encampment
+there. I traded for their skins and furs, and gave them some rum, with
+which they had a frolic, which lasted for three days and nights; on this
+occasion five men were killed, and one woman dreadfully burnt. When the
+fumes of the liquor had evaporated, they began, as usual, to reflect on
+the folly of their conduct, and all except _Ogashy_ expressed great
+concern; he seemed rather to be pleased at the mischief which had
+happened, and before my departure, I was informed that he intended to
+destroy me, and plunder the property. To frustrate his villainous
+intention, I kept him in good humour, and made {105} him sleep in my
+hut, a compliment he seemed highly pleased with, and which I believe for
+the time diverted him from his purpose; and though by no means fond of
+his company, I judged it most prudent to have my enemy in sight. In the
+morning I gave him a glass of rum, and promised him a two-gallon keg to
+carry off the ground, which, as the Indians express themselves, drove
+the bad spirit from his heart. When my men had prepared every thing for
+embarkation, I gave the chief of the band the liquor, and a single
+bottle of rum more than I promised to _Ogashy_, unknown to the rest, in
+which I had infused a considerable quantity of laudanum. Unsuspicious of
+what I had done, he put the bottle to his mouth, and shaking me by the
+hand, said to me, “_Kee talinimanco negee_,” or, “your health, friend,”
+and immediately took a hearty draught which soon stupified and lulled
+him into a profound sleep, in which, I was afterwards informed, he
+remained twelve hours, depriving him of the power of doing harm, and
+that soon after, an Indian who had an antipathy against him, and only
+sought an opportunity of gratifying his resentment, tomahawked him. His
+eldest son burnt him, and fixed his bones on a high pole, as he was the
+head chief of the tribe.
+
+We proceeded on our voyage, and arrived at a short carrying place,
+called Portage la Rame, where we encamped for nine days, being wind
+bound; here we found a number of Indians in the same situation.
+
+As soon as Lake Superior was passable with safety, we continued our
+journey through strong and dangerous rapids, which kept us continually
+in the water, and very sensibly affected our limbs; on these occasions,
+{106} where great exertion is necessary, all distinction is laid aside,
+and it is _tel maitre, tel valet_, the bourgeois must work as hard as
+the engagés, to encourage them to do their duty with more alacrity, and
+avoid all cause of complaint.
+
+The wind proving favourable, we proceeded to Cranberry Lake, so called
+from the great quantity of cranberries growing in the swamps. We stopped
+here two days to refresh ourselves after the great fatigue we had
+undergone in struggling against the rapids. Being sufficiently
+recovered, and having nothing to detain us, we proceeded to a short
+carrying place called _La grande Côte de la Roche_, near the entrance of
+the Nipegon River, which is a high ridge of rocks that must be passed to
+avoid the great cataract which I mentioned in my former voyage. At this
+time we had very little animal food, but fortunately killed three large
+bears in the middle of the portage, which supported us several days,
+besides which, we reserved some of the meat we had smoked and dried to
+carry with us.[75]
+
+From _La grande Côte de la Roche_ we proceeded to _Lac le Nid au
+Corbeau_, or Crow’s Nest Lake, which is about two hundred miles in
+circumference, and supplied by a number of small rivers; there are also
+several islands on it which furnish the Indians with great plenty of
+wild fowl: bears are also found here in abundance, and a surprising
+number of beaver dams, running in a crooked direction about ten miles.
+The Chippeways hunt here, and find a great deal of game.
+
+The reader will observe that in the first voyage I gave an account of
+another Crow’s Nest Lake, which is very small, with an island in the
+{107} middle with high palm trees: in such an extent of country it is
+not surprising that there should be two places of the same name.[76]
+
+During our stay a band of Indians arrived from Lake Arbitibis, who
+probably were dissatisfied with the trader they dealt with, and intended
+to go to Michillimakinac, but finding that I understood their language,
+they bartered with me, and made me a present of meat and fish. An
+accident happened here which had nearly proved fatal, and which was of
+infinite service to me ever after, by putting me more on my guard in all
+transactions with the Savages.
+
+Some of the chiefs being desirous of seeing my Northwest guns, I was
+obliged to open a case for their inspection; this I did unwillingly, as
+the weather was fine, and I was extremely anxious to get to the
+wintering ground before a heavy fall of snow: having shewn them the
+guns, they loaded four, and laid them down by the cases, intending to
+try them; during the time they were thus employed I was busy in
+arranging the goods that had been displaced in getting at them; but as
+soon as I was at leisure, I took up one of the guns in a careless
+manner, not knowing it was charged, and snapped the lock, which most
+unfortunately shot off the ear of one of the chiefs, and I also received
+some injury by the powder flying in my face, and almost depriving me of
+sight. The discharge was so instantaneous, and appeared so premeditated
+that the chief reproached me in very severe terms for the injury I had
+done him, and threatened revenge; however, I soon convinced him it was
+an accident, and giving him some presents, he consoled himself for the
+loss of his ear, which was very large and handsome, and without a single
+break, which made it very valuable in his estimation. It was fortunate
+{108} I did not kill him, as in all probability we should have been
+sacrificed to the resentment of the band.
+
+The Indians pride themselves in having large ears, and extended as wide
+as possible, which renders them liable to be pulled off. It is very
+common in drunken frolics to lose them; but when they are only torn,
+they cut them smooth with a knife, and sew the parts together with a
+needle and deers’ sinews, and after sweating in a stove, resume their
+usual cheerfulness.
+
+The next day we took our leave, and pursued our journey to _Shecarke
+Sakiegan_, or the Skunk’s Lake, which runs with a strong current. In the
+fall it abounds with geese and ducks: here we hunted one day, and with
+good success. The next morning at break of day we embarked, and had
+favourable weather till we arrived at Lake Schabeechevan, or the Weed
+Lake. This lake is about one hundred and eighty miles in circumference,
+and full of small islands; it abounds with fish, and the swamps are full
+of wild rice and cranberries; it is about six days march from Lac la
+Mort.
+
+This lake was an unfortunate situation to my employers last year, when
+one of their servants, Jaques Santeron, went off with a valuable cargo.
+On my arrival, I looked out for the house he had erected, but could not
+discern the least trace of it; probably he was so elated that he made a
+_feu de joye_ on the prospect of being his own master. At the extremity
+of this lake is a fall of water, which runs from a river of the same
+name, and has a direct communication with the waters leading from Fort
+Albany, within the boundaries of the Hudson’s Bay territories: {109} it
+is about thirty days march across nineteen portages and creeks, besides
+fourteen rapids, which are a great hindrance to the journey. The Indians
+run down the strong currents without the least fear, and seldom meet
+with any accident, performing the voyage in one third part of the time
+they take in ascending, and without any damage to their canoes, which in
+going against the stream are frequently rendered useless, and they are
+obliged to make new ones, before they can pursue their voyage; but it is
+a most convenient circumstance that they are no where at a loss for
+birch bark, and being also very expert, they will make a canoe in three
+days sufficiently large to carry three people with necessaries for their
+support, and room to stow their furs and skins.[77] On this lake there
+are about one hundred and fifty good hunters, who make a great many
+packs of beaver, &c. and this was one inducement for settling here,
+which was increased by the prospect of a plentiful supply of fish, rice,
+and cranberries, which are winter comforts of too great consequence to
+be slighted.
+
+Having secured the canoes, and refreshed my men with good soup, I left
+them in charge of the goods, and took two Indians to shew me a
+convenient place to build a house, which having fixed on, a building was
+erected, fifty feet long, and twenty feet wide, divided into two
+separate apartments, one for merchandise, and the other for common use.
+The rum being concealed in the woods, and every thing properly arranged,
+we put the fishing tackle in order; and as the lakes began to freeze
+very fast, I divided my men into two parties, one half to be employed in
+fishing, the remainder (except one man whom I always kept in the house)
+in providing fuel for winter. In about three weeks a sufficient quantity
+of wood was piled near the house, and the wood {110} cutters joined the
+fishing party: they proved very successful, so that our minds were more
+at ease than in the preceding year, not having the dread of famine.
+
+In about ten days a numerous band of Indians arrived with their fall
+hunt, none of whom I had ever seen, not having wintered so far inland
+before. They seemed well pleased to find a trader settled among them,
+and particularly as I spoke the language; but when I informed them that
+I was a brother warrior, and shewed the marks of adoption in my flesh,
+they were highly delighted. The women were immediately ordered to make
+up huts, and prepare a feast; whilst this was doing the Indians came
+into my house, one by one, and seating themselves on the floor, began to
+smoke, and looked very cheerful. When I had given them tobacco and other
+Indian goods, the old chief, whose name was _Mattoyash_, or the Earth,
+took me round the neck, and kissed my cheek, then addressed me in the
+following words.
+
+“_Meegwoitch kitchee mannitoo, kaygait kee zargetoone an Nishinnorbay
+nogome, shashyyar payshik artawway winnin tercushenan, cawween kitchee
+morgussey, an Nishinnorbay nogome cawwickar indenendum. Kaygait kitchee
+mushkowway geosay haguarmissey waybenan matchee oathty nee zargetoone
+Saggonash artawway; winnin kaygait hapadgey kitchee morgussey an
+Nishinnorbay; kaygwotch annaboycassey neennerwind mornooch towwarch nee
+zargey debwoye kee appay omar, cuppar bebone nepewar appiminiqui
+omar._”—“I thank the Master of Life for loving us Indians, and sending
+us this day an English trader, who will open his heart to me and my
+young men. Take courage, young men, suffer not your hearts to be bound
+{111} up, and throw away the bad spirit from you: we all love the
+English traders, for we have heard of their pity to Savages; we believe
+that they have an open heart, that their veins run clear like the sun.
+It is true we Indians have but little sense when drunk, but we hope you
+will not think of this, and if you will stay with us, we will hunt with
+spirit for you.”
+
+When he had finished his speech they all got up, and taking me by the
+right hand, conducted me to their hut; immediately on entering, one of
+the warriors placed me on a large beaver robe which was prepared for me,
+and put a wampum belt round my neck, singing all the time to the Master
+of Life, while myself and the chief were eating. When the feast was
+over, I took two of the Indians to my house, and gave them two kegs of
+rum, and ten carrots of tobacco, with other articles, for which they
+gave me all their peltry. They then began to frolic, which continued
+three days and nights: the only accident which happened was to a little
+child, whose back was broke by the mother. When they had rested a day
+after intoxication, I supplied them with plenty of ammunition for their
+winter’s hunt, and they departed perfectly satisfied with their
+reception. I cannot help relating the method I was obliged to adopt to
+quiet an old Indian woman, who was more troublesome than the rest, and
+continually importuned me for liquor.
+
+I infused forty drops of the tincture of cantharides, and the same
+quantity of laudanum, into a glass of rum, and when she came to me
+soliciting very earnestly for the strong water, I gave her the dose
+which was prepared for her: she drank it without hesitation, and being
+already much intoxicated, it made her stagger. But this did not satisfy
+her, and {112} she still asked for more; I then repeated the dose, which
+she also drank, and then fell on the floor. I ordered my Canadian to
+carry her out of the house, and lay her carefully near her own wigwaum,
+where she remained twelve hours in a deep sleep, to my entire
+satisfaction. I have always found laudanum extremely useful; in general
+it may be considered an essential article in the commerce with the
+Indians, as it proves the only method of overcoming their intoxicated
+senses, and making the life of a trader more tolerable, by putting a
+stop to their impertinence.
+
+On the 19th of November a band of about forty Indians came in with a few
+skins and a great quantity of dried meat, with some bears’ grease, which
+I purchased for a little rum, and advised them to carry it along with
+them off the ground; they complied with my wishes and embarked perfectly
+sober.
+
+It was always my custom to endeavour to persuade them to take away the
+rum, though I seldom succeeded. The fatigue of watching them when the
+liquor begins to operate is inconceivable, besides the risk of our lives
+and property.
+
+After their departure I was left for near a month with only one man, the
+rest being employed in fishing and watching the marten traps: in both
+pursuits they were successful, but particularly in the former, having
+brought home near eight thousand, trout, pike, pickerill, and white
+fish, which we hung up as usual to freeze. When the severe weather sets
+in every man has his allowance served out twice a day, and this rule is
+constantly adhered to even though the stock be very considerable.
+
+{113} In the beginning of December a new married couple arrived, and
+having given them a little rum, they got very merry; and perceiving the
+woman was in great good humour, I desired her to sing a love-song, which
+she consented to with cheerfulness.
+
+THE SONG
+
+
+  “_Debwoye, nee zargay ween aighter, payshik oathty, seizeebockquoit
+  shenargussey me tarbiscoach nepeech cassawicka nepoo, moszack
+  pemartus, seizeebockquoit meteek._”
+
+
+“It is true I love him only whose heart is like the sweet sap that runs
+from the sugar-tree, and is brother to the aspin leaf, that always lives
+and shivers.”
+
+I thanked her for her song, and giving the husband a bottle of
+_scuttaywabo_,[78] left them together to enjoy their hearts’ delight;
+and as there was not sufficient to intoxicate them, I was not afraid of
+a jealous fit. I always bore in mind the circumstance at Lac la Mort,
+and my fortunate escape. In the morning they departed, paying me well
+for my presents with some beaver, bear, and otter skins.
+
+A few days after an Indian arrived, with his two wives and three
+children; they immediately came into my house, and sat down by the fire.
+I thought I discovered deceit in his countenance, and watched him very
+narrowly. I asked him what success he had met with in his hunt? He told
+me he believed the Master of Life was angry with him, for he had fired
+at several animals, and expended all his ammunition, without doing
+execution. This was a figurative mode of expression, {114} and convinced
+me that he was lazy, and could not get credit for what he wanted: he
+added, that his family had been without provisions some days, and hoped
+I would cheer their hearts, and be a friend to them. I then ordered a
+large kettle to be put on the fire, and boiled some fish, which they ate
+of very heartily, particularly the women and children.
+
+I questioned him concerning his hunting grounds: he told me he was from
+Hudson’s Bay, and had come so far, hearing some traders were settled at
+Skunk’s Lake, and as he knew there were plenty of animals, he expected
+to get a great many skins. This I was convinced was false, and I
+immediately considered him as a straggler, or he certainly would not
+have travelled so far, unless he had done something to displease the
+servants at the Company’s forts, and could not obtain credit. Looking at
+me very earnestly, he asked me to trust him a gun, blanket, and
+ammunition; but I refused him: this displeased him; and going out of the
+house, one of them called him, the other followed him out, and said
+something to him in a low tone of voice: this appeared to me like a
+confederacy, and put me on my guard. In a few minutes he returned, and
+renewed his solicitations; saying, “Are you afraid to trust me forty
+skins? I will pay you in the spring.”—I told him I never gave credit to
+any but good hunters, and I was sure he was an idle straggler, who lived
+without industry, and advised him to return to his own tribe, and
+solicit their assistance who knew him better than I did. So severe a
+check to his application (and which I was afterwards sorry for) seemed
+to rouze the bad spirit in his heart, and he left me under the influence
+of the _Matchee Mannitoo_, and went down to his canoe, seeming to be in
+deep discourse with his wives.
+
+{115} My man observing them, watched them very narrowly, and saw the
+Indian endeavouring to file off the end of his gun, to make it
+convenient to conceal under his blanket; having shortened and loaded it,
+he returned with it hid under his dress. This transaction being a
+convincing proof of his diabolical intention, I directed my man to stand
+on one side of the door, and I took my post on the other, waiting his
+entrance into the house. Just as he passed the threshold, I knocked him
+down with a billet of wood, and taking his short gun from him, beat him
+so much that we were obliged to carry him down to his canoe, where his
+family were waiting for him, and ordered them all off the ground,
+threatening that in case of refusal his canoe should be instantly broken
+to pieces, and his family turned adrift. The squaws and children
+appeared very much distressed, and with great reluctance obeyed my
+orders. Thus I got rid of an unprincipled set; and, as will soon appear,
+escaped a danger which was certainly intended to involve me and my men
+in utter ruin.
+
+A few days after their departure, an Indian arrived and informed me that
+Mr. Joseph la Forme, a brother trader who was settled at Lac le Sel, was
+killed by a Savage, and described his person. I had no doubt but he was
+the same man who attempted to destroy me. I communicated every
+circumstance of his conduct, and the revenge I took on the occasion. The
+Indian congratulated me on my happy escape, as he was known to be a bad
+man by all the tribe, having killed his brother and one of his wives
+last fall, which was the reason that the band he belonged to would not
+suffer him to stay among them. As I was anxious to know the particulars,
+I desired him to relate them. He told me that he was informed by a
+Savage whom he accidentally met, and {116} to whom the murderer had
+revealed the particulars, that the Indian being disappointed in his
+design against me, pursued his journey with the bad spirit in his heart,
+and arrived at Joseph La Forme’s house, which he entered, and asked for
+rum and tobacco, which was given him; but observing he had not any thing
+to trade with, La Forme was suspicious of him: whilst he was smoking he
+asked for credit, but was refused, and told that he was not only a bad
+hunter, but that he had a heart of lead. This imprudent reproach
+incensed him, and observing no one in the house but the trader, (the men
+being fishing) he watched a convenient opportunity, and when La Forme
+stooped to light his pipe, shot him through the head, plundered the
+house of a few things, and went off.
+
+On this information I dispatched six Indians, with a trusty Canadian, to
+endeavour to secure the property, in which they fortunately succeeded,
+and brought away all the peltry, merchandise, &c. and the deceased
+trader’s men, whom I engaged in my service. About six weeks after, one
+of the tribe whom he had formerly offended, and who had heard of this
+recent act of villainy, after repeated reproaches for his baseness,
+tomahawked him, cut off his head, and brought it to my house to shew my
+Indians.
+
+The unhappy fate of Joseph La Forme affords a melancholy example of the
+precarious situation of all Indian traders; and furnishes a useful
+lesson of instruction to those who may in future be engaged in commerce
+with the Savages—that it is frequently more prudent to conceal
+resentment than to gratify it.
+
+
+           {117} _We are reduced to great Hardships for want of
+ Provisions;—relieved by the fortunate Arrival of some Indians.—Narrative
+ of a most shocking Transaction perpetrated by one Janvier, belonging to
+  a Mr. Fulton, a Trader—Mr. Fulton takes Means to induce a Confession,
+    and punishes him accordingly.—Visit from a Trader belonging to the
+  Hudson’s Bay Company—some Observations concerning that Trade, and the
+             Conduct of the Company towards their Servants._
+
+The latter end of January, 1779, a band of the Rat Nation arrived,
+belonging to _Shekarkistergoan_, or the Skunk’s-head Lake, which is
+between Lake Nipegon and Lake Manontoye. They brought me provisions and
+furs, which I bartered for; giving them rum, as usual, of which they
+drank freely without doing any mischief. After their departure we were
+short of provisions, having a larger household to provide for, by taking
+La Forme’s men into my service. We were reduced to a few fish and some
+wild rice, or _menomon_ (which are kept in _muccucks_, or bark boxes),
+to support myself and seventeen men; the allowance to each being only a
+handful of rice and a small fish, about 2lb. weight, which is boiled
+together and makes pleasant soup. I have often been surprised that
+fish-broth is not more generally used, as it is certainly very
+palatable; but I am not sufficiently informed in medical knowledge to
+speak either of its wholesomeness or nutritive qualities. Sturgeon broth
+is delicious, and leaves a pleasing taste on the tongue; but as it
+rather increases the appetite for food, {118} as I have experienced, it
+should not be taken but when there is plenty of meat to be got. This
+fish is very common in Albany, and is sold at 1d. per lb. York currency.
+The flesh is called Albany beef.
+
+The frost continuing very severe, and no appearance of Indians to supply
+our wants, we were obliged to take off the hair from the bear skins, and
+roast the hide, which tastes like pork. This, with some _tripe de roche_
+boiled, was all our nourishment.[79]
+
+_Tripe de roche_, or _hawercoon_, is a weed that grows to the rocks, of
+a spongy nature, and very unwholesome, causing violent pains in the
+bowels, and frequently occasions a flux. I am informed the traders in
+the Northwest, have often experienced this disorder; and some of them,
+in very severe weather, have been compelled to eat it for fourteen days
+successively, which weakened them exceedingly. When the disorder does
+not terminate in a flux, it occasions a violent vomiting, and sometimes
+spitting of blood, with acute spasms in the bowels.
+
+After suffering great hardships, I advised my men to make marten traps,
+and set them in the woods as they did last winter at Lac la Mort, which
+supplied us occasionally, but very short of our real wants. At last a
+band of Indians arrived with ten slay load of meat and furs, which
+relieved us, and gave us fresh spirits. My men discovered them at a
+distance, and, though much enfeebled by severe hunger, put on their snow
+shoes to meet them.
+
+It is surprising what efforts nature makes to support distress, and how
+cheerfully she struggles when the prospect of relief is near at {119}
+hand; every painful recollection of past sufferings quickly vanishes,
+and new life seems to breathe through every vein. Those who live in
+constant luxury, and are ignorant of the meaning of the bread of
+carefulness, are strangers to the joy arising from an unexpected supply,
+and sitting down to a table in the wilderness. Hunger needs not the
+borrowed aid of sauce; and, in the language of Pope, “To enjoy, is to
+obey.”—How delightful is such obedience!
+
+The Indians seeing our distress by our looks, which were very meagre,
+gave us all their provisions, consisting of bear, racoon, and moose. The
+kettle was soon put on the fire, and we made a comfortable repast, with
+cheerful hearts; the Indians during the time enjoying the happiness of
+relieving our wants.
+
+Notwithstanding the cruelty of Savages, they possess virtues which do
+honour to human nature, and exhibit instances of generosity and kindness
+which the most philanthropic soul cannot exceed. They are ignorant of
+those mean sordid sentiments which disgrace many more enlightened, and
+more wealthy; and from the knowledge I have of their disposition, I am
+sure they would blush at the parsimonious conduct of those whom
+Providence hath blessed with affluence.
+
+After the repast, the chief (not willing to disturb us before) asked for
+some tobacco, and having smoked some time, said he had bad news to tell
+me, which some Indians had informed him of, concerning Mr. Fulton, then
+at _Shekarkistergoan_, and which he was sorry to relate, as it affected
+him exceedingly. I desired him to finish his pipe, and drink a glass of
+rum before he began the story; and at the same {120} time mentioned my
+surprise at not hearing of any remarkable circumstance, having traded
+with a band of the Rat nation within a few days, who came from that
+Lake. He told me he had met the band, and related the affair to them,
+who were much astonished; but as Mr. Fulton’s men were not returned from
+fishing when they left the place, the transaction was not known till
+after their departure.
+
+Mr. Fulton being obliged to divide his men into two parties, which is
+called the _cawway_, or casting lots, which party shall hunt and fish,
+and which shall stay with the master, did so accordingly. The fishing
+party consisted of Charles Janvier, François St. Ange, and Lewis
+Dufresne, all natives of Canada, who, being provided with axes,
+ice-cutters, and fishing materials, set off, and at the expiration of
+eight days arrived at a convenient place, where they built a hut, in
+which they lived for some time tolerably well; but fish failing them,
+and having no success in hunting, they were almost starved. In this
+situation, said the chief, the bad spirit had entered into the heart of
+Janvier, and he being the strongest man, supported hunger better than
+his companions, by which he was enabled soon after to effect a
+diabolical purpose he had formed, of killing the first Indian who should
+come in his way, and which he had declared he would do. In the height of
+their distress Janvier perceived a Savage at some distance, with a load
+at his back, and instantly returning to the hut, told his poor
+dispirited partners of their approaching relief. They instantly got up,
+though very weak, and came out of the hut as fast as their feeble limbs
+would allow them. The Indian arrived, took off his load, which was only
+two otters, and two hares, and gave them to Janvier, who received them
+with great satisfaction; and when he had skinned them, boiled {121} them
+in the kettle without cleansing them, so extreme was their hunger. This
+seasonable relief was soon devoured, and from the eagerness with which
+Janvier eat, and the satisfaction which appeared in his countenance when
+he looked at the Savage, the men were in hopes he had forgot the rash
+determination he had formed, and flattered themselves his mind was not
+so depraved as to entertain a thought of doing an injury to the man
+whose timely assistance had saved their lives. The next morning the
+Indian told them he was sorry he could not assist them further, having
+no ammunition, but that he was going to Mr. Fulton for a supply.
+
+Janvier’s heart being inexorable even to the kindness he had received,
+desired the Savage to assist him in placing a large log of wood on the
+fire, as his companions were unable to do it. The Indian cheerfully
+complied, and stooping to take it up, Janvier knocked him down with an
+axe and dragged him to the door of the hut, cut him up, and with the
+most unfeeling barbarity put as much of the flesh of his deliverer into
+the kettle as he thought sufficient for a meal. When it was dressed, he
+compelled François St. Ange, and Louis Dufresne, to partake of it, and
+obliged them to kiss the cross which hung at his breast, and swear by
+all the saints never to reveal the transaction; threatening, at the same
+time, that if they did they should share the same fate. Intimidated by
+his threats, and the certainty that he would fulfil them, they solemnly
+promised perfect compliance with his injunctions. Having overcome their
+first aversion, which extreme hunger had occasioned, they ate
+immoderately of the horrid meal, and soon after fell sick, with violent
+reachings. During their indisposition they complained to each other
+softly, that it was eating the Indian’s flesh {122} which had occasioned
+their sickness: Janvier overhearing them, called them fools and rascals,
+and asked them if they were afraid the Savage would come to life again;
+and with an insolent sneer desired them to tell him which they thought
+the best part of a man? The poor fellows only replied they were very
+sick and could not tell the cause. In a few days (having no other
+provision) the Indian was eaten up, and Janvier determined to have human
+flesh if no other could be obtained. To this end he sought an
+opportunity to quarrel with St. Ange—Dufresne not daring to interfere in
+the dispute. Janvier willing, however, to appear as plausible in the
+eyes of Dufresne as possible, widened the breach very artfully, till
+pretending he was no longer able to contain his anger, asked Dufresne if
+he did not think St. Ange deserved the Indian’s fate, for daring to say
+he would reveal the circumstance he had so solemnly sworn to conceal.
+Dufresne dreading the consequences of differing with him in sentiment,
+said he thought St. Ange was to blame; upon which reply, Janvier
+immediately struck him with an axe, and killed him: he then cut him up,
+and boiled a part, of which he obliged Dufresne to partake, he not
+daring to shew any reluctance. Fortunately for Dufresne the weather
+became more moderate, and having caught plenty of fish, they proposed to
+return to their master. Janvier, intoxicated with ideas of his
+superiority, obliged Dufresne to drag him in an Indian slay to Mr.
+Fulton’s house—a cruel imposition upon him, and a dreadful service to a
+weak emaciated man! but knowing he was unable to resist, he made a
+virtue of necessity, and obeyed the tyrant with seeming cheerfulness. On
+the journey he was frequently reminded of his oath, and the fatal
+consequences that would attend him if he should ever divulge the secret,
+which Janvier assured him would produce instant death.
+
+{123} Mr. Fulton was much rejoiced at their return, being in want of his
+men, as the Indians were daily coming in with their winter hunt. Soon
+after their arrival he made enquiry after St. Ange—but no answer was
+given. He then addressed Janvier directly upon the subject, who said he
+was gone on the hunt with a chief of the name of _Onnemay_, or the
+Sturgeon, whom Mr. Fulton knew, and that he would soon return. One of
+the Canadians contradicted him by saying that could not be true, as
+_Onnemay_ left Mr. Fulton’s house the day before their return. Janvier
+then said he might be mistaken in the chief’s name, as he was not well
+acquainted with the Indian language, and Dufresne, for fear of a
+discovery at that time, changed the conversation in hopes of pleasing
+Janvier.
+
+Several days elapsed, and St. Ange not returning, Janvier was again
+questioned, who told them as before, and appealed to Dufresne for the
+truth of his assertions, which he was obliged to confirm.
+
+Mr. Fulton not being perfectly satisfied, examined them apart; from
+Janvier he could not get any information, but Dufresne hesitated, and at
+last said he had sworn not to reveal—but that St. Ange would never
+return.—Mr. Fulton endeavoured to convince him that the breach of an
+oath, so imposed, was no crime; and in the end he convinced the Canadian
+that it was so far from being obligatory in the sight of God, that it
+would be a sin of the most heinous nature in him to conceal the truth;
+artfully adding, as an additional argument to induce him to reveal the
+transaction, that if he had no doubt he was himself perfectly innocent,
+he could not have any honest motive for secrecy, and that he had no
+occasion to dread the resentment of Janvier, as he would engage to {124}
+protect him from all hazard by the discovery. Thus persuaded and
+encouraged, Dufresne disclosed the whole affair, but requested Mr.
+Fulton’s secrecy, which he promised until the conversation should be
+renewed, when it was agreed that he should relate every particular in
+Janvier’s presence. Janvier was repeatedly urged by the rest of the men
+to give them some information respecting the absence of St. Ange, but he
+remained obstinately silent: some of them went so far as to accuse him
+in pretty plain terms of knowing too much about him, but he treated
+their insinuations with indifference.
+
+Mr. Fulton having disposed of all his goods, prepared to leave his
+wintering ground, and every thing being properly arranged they departed.
+The first night after their departure Mr. Fulton loaded a brace of
+pistols, and having previously acquainted his men with the discovery
+Dufresne had made, and the punishment he intended for the villain, came
+out of his tent and stood by the fire round which the Canadians were
+seated. The conversation about St. Ange being purposely renewed, Mr.
+Fulton remarked it was cruel to leave him in the woods with the Indians,
+and blamed Janvier particularly, as he was the foreman of the party, and
+therefore the more responsible. Janvier nettled at the repetition of the
+subject, (for guilt is soon angry) replied that St. Ange was able to
+take care of himself, and that he had not any controul over him.
+Dufresne was then censured; upon which, agreeably to the plan settled
+with Mr. Fulton, he divulged the whole transaction, and gave a full
+account of every particular of Janvier’s conduct. Janvier attempted to
+take instant revenge for the aspersion, as he called it, and denied the
+charge with the most hardened effrontery and solemn asseverations. Mr.
+Fulton then thought it a proper time {125} to interfere; and to cover
+him if possible with confusion, asked him “which was the best part of a
+man?” Janvier replied, with ready insolence, that those who had eaten
+human flesh could easily tell: but being repeatedly urged, and at length
+thrown off his guard, he replied in great wrath, the feet. The party
+encouraged by this confession, pressed the charge, till at last he
+confessed the facts he was accused of, and declared that in a similar
+situation he would kill his brother.
+
+Mr. Fulton could no longer suppress his resentment, and going up to
+Janvier, told him he was an abandoned villain, first for killing a
+harmless Indian who had generously relieved his wants, and afterwards
+eating him like a cannibal; that not content with these atrocious acts,
+he had encreased his guilt by another deliberate murder on a defenceless
+man, his companion, his fellow-labourer, and friend; that he was a
+disgrace to human nature, and ought not to be suffered to live a moment
+longer; and without allowing him time to reply, shot him through the
+head. The men were ordered to bury him, and in the morning Mr. Fulton
+continued his journey to _Michillimakinac_, where on his arrival he
+surrendered himself to the commanding officer, who on a close
+examination of the men, honourably acquitted him; but recommended him
+not to venture again into those parts, where the Indian was killed, lest
+the Savages should hear of the transaction, and resent the death of one
+of their tribe, whereby the innocent might suffer for the acts of the
+guilty.[80]
+
+In the month of February I had a visit from a trader, dressed in a
+smoked leather shirt; who was accompanied by three Indians, and had been
+absent five days from Fort Albany.[81] He said he was induced to come
+{126} from a motive of curiosity to see me, not having heard of any
+person wintering so far inland before, except the servants belonging to
+the Hudson’s Bay Company. At that time I had very little provisions, and
+eight men to maintain, besides Mr. Joseph La Forme’s Canadians; our
+chief food was _tripe de roche_; on his arrival the kettle was on the
+fire with the leaves: he asked what food I had; I ordered some to be
+taken out of the pot, and put into a bark dish, which he tasted, but
+could not swallow. I informed him that it had been a principal part of
+our diet for many days, and in the best of times we had nothing but wild
+animal food, and seldom any flour, as the quantity of Indian corn we
+were able to bring along with us from Pays Plat was not sufficient to
+last the winter. When I had given him a description of my mode of
+living, which he confessed was very different from the comforts he
+enjoyed, I took him into my store, and shewed him the packs of beaver I
+had collected: this increased his surprise, as he could not conceive how
+it was possible to transport a sufficient quantity of goods to barter
+for the value I seemed to be in possession of. He asked me to return
+with him, and promised to supply me with provisions; but I told him I
+was engaged in an employ, and had supported the same disagreeable
+situation the preceding winter at Lac la Mort; and as I could not expect
+to pass my life among the Indians with so much ease as in England, my
+duty obliged me to remain till the season was over, when I should return
+and endeavour to make myself some amends for the hardships I had
+endured, by giving a good account of the merchandise intrusted to my
+care, and receiving a reward for my labours. In the morning he took his
+leave, wishing me the speedy arrival of some Indians who might be able
+to relieve me from such pressing necessity by supplying me with plenty
+of more nourishing and palatable food.
+
+{127} This civility from one of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s servants
+leads me to make some few observations in vindication of that
+respectable body, whose character has been so severely, and I think so
+unjustly, censured.
+
+Mr. Joseph Robson, one of the company’s servants, who resided in their
+factory six years as surveyor and supervisor of the buildings, in a work
+published by him some years since,[82] animadverts in very strong terms
+on the mode in which the governors of forts exert what he calls their
+uncontroulable authority, and asserts that their extreme tyranny is a
+perpetual source of personal disgust. He also says, that “the overplus
+trade is big with iniquity, and no less inconsistent with the company’s
+true interest, than it is injurious to the natives, who by means of it
+are become more and more alienated, and are either discouraged from
+hunting at all, or induced to carry all their furs to the French.” It
+may be necessary here to observe, that the overplus trade arises from
+the peltry which the company’s servants obtain in barter with the
+natives beyond the ratio stipulated by the company, and which belongs to
+themselves.
+
+This is a heavy charge, and, if true, a very proper cause of complaint;
+but it should seem there is not sufficient ground for the accusation,
+for Mr. Robson afterwards says that this overplus trade is of little
+advantage to them, for “that part of it, they always add to the
+company’s stock, for the sake of enhancing the merit of their services,
+and apply the remainder to their own use, which is often expended in
+bribes to skreen their faults, and continue them in their command.” What
+a strange degree of folly, as well as of guilt! that the governors are
+so {128} weak and so wicked as to commit enormities only to make a
+temporary advantage, and are obliged to distribute the wages of iniquity
+in order to skreen themselves from its consequences among the company,
+and their confederates in vice; whereas by a contrary conduct they would
+be equally rich, more respected, and also feel an inward satisfaction of
+mind from the consciousness of having discharged their trust with
+integrity; ideas too absurd to be admitted. With regard to the company,
+it cannot be supposed they are ignorant of this “overplus trade,” or the
+means by which their servants obtain the advantages arising from it; if
+they are not, and no impartial person will suppose they are, they not
+only allow but approve of the conduct of their governors, from a
+conviction of its being beneficial to the interests of the company; a
+proper reward for the labours of their servants, or from some other
+motive, which because it is adopted by men so respectable, and so much
+above reproach, must be allowed to be wise and prudent.
+
+In the next place, I believe it will be very difficult to prove that the
+conduct of the governors has “alienated the natives from the company’s
+interest, and discouraged them from hunting.” The former is at present
+by no means clear, as I am credibly informed the New Northwest
+Company,[83] whose trade extends to the boundaries of the settlements of
+the Hudson’s Bay Company, find very little encouragement from the
+Indians; if therefore the natives were disgusted, they would embrace the
+first opportunity of shewing their dislike, by carrying their peltry to
+the new traders; nothing can be more natural than to expect that this
+would be the consequence; but as they have not done so, the inference is
+fair that they are not disgusted.
+
+{129} Another observation is, “that the cruel and oppressive behaviour
+of the governors and captains towards the inferior servants, not only
+deters useful people from engaging in the company’s service (a
+circumstance they should attend to for their own interest), but
+furnishes one pretext for the bad character that is given of the
+company.”
+
+Though in the particular department in which I have been many years
+engaged as an Indian interpreter and trader, I have had few
+opportunities of a personal and intimate acquaintance with many of the
+company’s servants (having been in a commerce in direct opposition to
+their interest), yet I can speak with confidence in regard to some of
+them whom I have conversed with; that in every point of view I believe
+them to be useful servants, and well skilled in the language of the
+natives.—So far in answer to the assertion “that useful people are
+deterred from entering into the service.” And by way of refuting the
+charge of “cruelty and oppression,” I need only add, what none I think
+will deny, that they have been so well satisfied with the conduct of
+their superiors, that many of them have continued in the service more
+than twenty years.
+
+I believe, upon the whole, it will appear that the conduct of the
+governors at home and abroad, is perfectly consistent with the true
+interests of the company, and that any other mode of behaviour would
+tend to anarchy and confusion; and I must declare for my own part that I
+never heard of that personal disgust which Mr. Robson so much complains
+of, but have rather found an anxious solicitude to be employed in their
+service.
+
+{130} Mr. Carver, in his history of North America, observes, “that on
+the waters which fall into Lake Winnepeek, the neighbouring nations take
+a great many furs, some of them they carry to the Hudson’s Bay Company’s
+factories, situated at the entrance of the Bourbon River, but this they
+do with reluctance on several accounts; for some of the _Assinipoils_
+and _Killistinoe_ Indians,[84] who usually traded with the company’s
+servants, told him that if they could be sure of a constant supply of
+goods from _Michillimakinac_, they would not trade any where else; that
+they shewed him some cloth, and other articles purchased at Hudson’s
+Bay, with which they were much dissatisfied, thinking they had been
+greatly imposed on in the barter.”
+
+To this Mr. Carver adds, “that allowing their accounts true, he could
+not help joining in their opinion; but afterwards he admits that this
+dissatisfaction might probably proceed, in a great measure, from the
+intrigues of the Canadian traders; and that the method they took to
+withdraw the Indians from their attachment to the Hudson’s Bay Company,
+and to engage their good opinion in behalf of their new employers, was
+by depreciating, on all occasions, the company’s goods, and magnifying
+the advantages that would arise to them from trafficking entirely with
+the Canadian traders: in this they too well succeeded; and from this,
+doubtless, did the dissatisfaction which the _Assinipoils_ and
+_Killistinoes_ proceed.” But, says he, further, “another reason
+augmented it, the length of the journey to the Hudson’s Bay Factories,
+which they informed him took up three months during the summer heats to
+go and return, and from the smallness of their canoes they could not
+carry more than one third of the beaver they {131} killed, so that it is
+not to be wondered at that the Indians should wish to have traders come
+to reside among them.” As Mr. Carver did not travel in the interior
+parts as a trader, he could not have any interested commercial motives;
+on that account he is certainly entitled to credit as an impartial
+observer: the public will judge of his remarks, and how far they tend to
+censure, or approve, the conduct of the Hudson’s Bay Company.
+
+I am induced to indulge this digression in consequence of a new
+publication on the present state of Hudson’s Bay by Mr. Umfreville.[85]
+
+It has unfortunately happened that the company’s enemies have been
+frequently of their own household, persons in whom they placed
+confidence and to whom they entrusted the mysteries of their commerce.
+Differences will naturally arise, and doubtless have arisen between the
+governors and their servants, in which case no man is, or ought to be,
+obliged to stay in a service that is disagreeable to him; but then it is
+certainly sufficient to leave the employ, and highly improper to
+endeavour to prejudice the interest he once thought and felt it his duty
+to promote; and I am of opinion that not a single transaction, or
+circumstance, should be revealed that has not an immediate reference to
+the cause of the disagreement, or is necessary to support or vindicate a
+reputation. The present governors are men of great probity, and probably
+may not condescend to take notice of these heavy charges against them;
+but as the most exalted virtue may be injured by groundless assertions,
+I trust the public will not be displeased with any endeavours, however
+feeble, to vindicate the character of so respectable a body. As I do not
+intend to enter on the subject more fully, I shall only entreat the
+reader, if {132} he wishes further satisfaction on this head, to peruse
+the publication of Mr. Robson, who was one of the company’s servants,
+and who, Mr. Umfreville acknowledges to be a true and impartial writer.
+From his account the reader will judge of the propriety of Mr.
+Umfreville’s censures on the conduct of the governors of the Hudson’s
+Bay Company. A more copious examination of Mr. Umfreville’s publication
+would exceed the limits I have prescribed to myself; and I cannot but
+think that those who peruse it will readily perceive how much injustice
+he has done to the governors and the company.
+
+
+ {133} _Arrival of more Indians.—Rum gets short; adopt the usual Mode to
+   encrease the Stock, which enables us to conclude our Traffic for the
+      Season.—Take leave of the Indians, and proceed on our Journey
+  homewards.—Account of an Indian Courtship.—Servile State of the Women
+ after Marriage.—Observations on the Confidence which the Indians put in
+            the Master of Life,—&c.—Arrive safe at Pays Plat._
+
+Soon after the departure of the trader, a large band, consisting of
+about 100, came in; my stock of rum was very small, which was a
+misfortune, as rum is too important in treaties with the Indians to be
+easily dispensed with. On their arrival they wished to drink, but I
+continued to barter for all their furs before I gave them any rum:
+having finished the business, they grew clamorous, when I gave them as
+much rum as I could spare, upon receipt of which they embarked in
+tolerable good humour.
+
+In the month of April the last band came in, and I was extremely
+perplexed how to act, having a very small portion of rum, and no
+prospect of encreasing my stock; I was therefore obliged to dilute it so
+as to make it about one-fifth part weaker than usual, which made twenty
+gallons of very passable Indian rum. Having supplied them {134} with
+wearing apparel, &c. and received their peltry, I gave them a taste of
+the _scuttaywabo_, and just before my embarkation made the following
+speech:
+
+“_Haguarmissey cockinnor an Nishinnorbay kee wabindan cawwickcar nin
+serpargussey nee zargetoone, keennerwind kaygo kee cushkendum webatch
+neennerwind tercushenan nepewar annacotchigon nin ojey petoone. Wa
+haguarmissey cockinnor meenwendesay bazam Ebeckcheck megoyyack debwoye
+neegee kaygo arwayyor matchee oathty, kee cannawendan cockinnor,
+mokoman, baskeyzegan goyer becka, kee minniquy kaygo arwayyor
+annascartissey woke, mornooch kee permartissyan cockinnor an
+Nishinnorbay nogome debwoye negee nepewar artawway winnin ojey
+zargetoone an Nishinnorbay, keshpin suggermarch wennewar metach nin ojey
+debarchemon kitchee ojemaw awassa woity kitchee wakaygan Michillimakinac
+metach kaygoshish ween ojey bockettywaun keennerwind._
+
+“Now, my friends, take courage, I have always shewn you a good heart,
+and you all know I am full of pity for you, your wives, and children;
+therefore do not be uneasy, or think the time long I shall be absent
+from you. I hope the Master of Life will give me courage and strength to
+return to you, and bring you goods. Now, as you know I have no sugar on
+my lips, nor any spear at my tongue, and that my ears are not stopt, nor
+my heart bound up, I hope you will deliver up your knives, guns, and
+tomahawks, and have no bad heart before you begin to drink, so that on
+my return I may find you all well. I shall speak with {135} courage to
+the great English chief, at _Michillimakinac_, and he will open his
+heart to you.”
+
+Having finished my speech, the weapons were collected and delivered to
+me. I then gave them a considerable quantity of rum, after which I
+returned their knives, &c. to convince them of the good opinion I
+entertained of them, and that I had no doubt but they would attend to
+the advice I had given them. I then got into my canoe, and waving my
+hand, was saluted by a discharge of 200 guns, which I returned by one
+volley, and pursued my journey in good spirits, heartily pleased at
+leaving my winter quarters.
+
+We continued our voyage without meeting with any occurrence worth
+relating till we arrived at the Skunk’s River, where I had unfortunately
+shot off a chief’s ear, as I have before related. Here I met with the
+new married couple, and some of the same band to whom I was so much
+obliged in the preceding December for singing the love-songs; and being
+desirous of obtaining a perfect knowledge of their manners and customs,
+I made many inquiries, and among other knowledge gained information of
+the Chippeway form of courtship, which I presume will be acceptable to
+those who have as much curiosity as myself.[86]
+
+
+                            INDIAN COURTSHIP
+
+When an Indian wishes to take a wife, and sees one to his mind, he
+applies to the father of the girl, and asks his consent in the following
+words:
+
+{136} “_Nocey, cunner kee darmissey kee darniss nee zargayyar kakaygo O
+waterwarwardoossin cawween peccan weettey gammat ottertassey memarjis
+mee mor._”
+
+“Father, I love your daughter, will you give her to me, that the small
+roots of her heart may entangle with mine, so that the strongest wind
+that blows shall never separate them.”
+
+If the father approves, an interview is appointed, for which the lover
+prepares by a perspiration; he then comes into her presence, sits down
+on the ground, and smokes his pipe: during the time of smoking, he keeps
+throwing small pieces of wood, of about an inch in length at her one by
+one to the number of one hundred. As many as she can catch in a bark
+bowl, so many presents her lover must make to her father, which he
+considers as payment for his daughter. The young warrior then gives a
+feast, to which he invites all the family—when the feast is done, they
+dance and sing their war songs.—The merriment being over, and mutual
+presents exchanged between the lover and her relations, the father
+covers them with a beaver robe, and gives them likewise a new gun and a
+birch canoe, with which the ceremony ends.
+
+When the French became masters of Canada, the ceremony of marriage
+between the Savages was very fantastical.
+
+When a lover wished his mistress to be informed of his affection, he
+procured an interview with her, which was always at night, and in {137}
+the presence of some of her friends; this was conducted in the following
+manner:
+
+He entered the _wigwam_, the door of which was commonly a skin, and went
+up to the hearth on which some hot coals were burning; he then lighted a
+stick of wood, and approaching his mistress, pulled her _three_ times by
+the nose, to awaken her; this was done with decency, and being the
+custom, the squaw did not feel alarmed at the liberty. This ceremony,
+ridiculous as it may appear, was continued occasionally for _two_
+months, both parties behaving during the time in all other respects,
+with the greatest circumspection.
+
+The moment she becomes a wife, she loses her liberty, and is an
+obsequious slave to her husband, who never loses sight of his
+prerogative. Wherever he goes she must follow, and durst not venture to
+incense him by a refusal, knowing that if she neglects him, extreme
+punishment, if not death, ensues. The chief liberty he allows her is to
+dance and sing in his company, and is seldom known to take any more
+notice of her than of the most indifferent person: while she is obliged
+to perform the drudgery of life, which custom or insensibility enables
+her to do with the utmost cheerfulness.
+
+A circumstance of this kind I recollect reading which happened at Beaver
+Creek, about twenty-five miles from Fort Pitt. An Indian woman observing
+some white men to carry fire-wood on their shoulders, took up her
+hatchet, and brought them in a short time a great burden on her back;
+and throwing it down by the fire, said, she not only pitied {138} them,
+but thought it was a great scandal to see men doing that which was
+properly the work of women.
+
+The men consider women as of no other use but to produce them children,
+and to perform the drudgeries of life; as to the offspring, he prefers
+the sons to the daughter, because he expects they will all prove
+warriors. The daughters they do not value for the same reason that they
+subjugate their wives, deeming them worthy only to wait on warriors and
+do those things which would disgrace the male sex.
+
+We pursued our journey to Lac le Nid au Corbeau, where we killed some
+wild geese and ducks, which at this season of the year have a fishy
+taste. Here we rested two days to enable us to pursue the remainder of
+our voyage with greater vigour. The third morning, at daybreak, we
+embarked, and arrived at La grande Côte de la Roche, where we were
+fortunate enough to kill two bears, which eat remarkably fine, and
+having some leisure time to spare in the cookery, we enjoyed them with
+as high a relish as in better situations we had done more luxuriant
+meals.
+
+We proceeded to Cranberry Lake, where we caught some fish, and picked as
+many cranberries as we could conveniently carry; from thence we
+continued our route to Portage la Rame, where we were again wind-bound
+for some days; but during our stay we had not a single visitor to
+disturb us. At length the wind proving favourable, we proceeded to
+Riviére la Pique; on my arrival I was immediately struck with the
+remembrance of the escape I had from Payshik Ogashey {139} last year;
+but my mind was almost as instantly relieved by the recollection of his
+being killed, and no longer a terror to traders.
+
+This was one among many instances in which I found that when the heart
+is oppressed with unpleasant recollections, or forebodings, the Author
+of our Being conveys relief to the mind very unexpectedly. This sudden
+transition we are too apt to impute to our own wisdom, and to attribute
+the escape from dangers we have experienced, or the hopes of deliverance
+which we form, entirely to our own sagacity and foresight. The Indians,
+on the contrary, think more properly; they say it is the Master of Life
+from whom we derive that presence of mind which has extricated or
+procured us relief. To the Master of Life the Indian addresses himself
+even for his daily support.—To him he imputes his victories and his
+success; and when subdued, and fastened to the stake, he thanks him for
+giving him courage to open his veins.—It is this confidence which
+enables him to bear the severest tortures with composure, and in the
+height of anguish, to defy the utmost malice of his enemies.
+
+Notwithstanding the Chippeways, as well as the greater part of the
+Indian nations, of North America, think so justly, it is to be lamented
+that it is not universally so. The _Mattaugwessawauks_, it is said, do
+not worship a Supreme Being, and that when success attends them in war,
+they attribute the merit of the victory to their own valour and skill.
+But notwithstanding their disbelief of a Master of Life, in some
+respects, they are not less superstitious than other Savages, for they
+think that certain places are haunted by evil spirits, whose power they
+dread, and impressed with these ideas cautiously avoid them. Another
+proof {140} of their superstition is, if one of their people is killed
+by accident, they preserve a hand or a foot, which they salt, and dry,
+and keep as a charm to avert calamities; by which it appears, that
+although they do not acknowledge a dependance on a good spirit, they
+entertain fears and apprehensions of a bad one; which induces one to
+hope that such a deviation from the common belief of mankind may never
+be confirmed, as it would stamp human nature with an odium too horrid to
+think of. But to conclude this digression—we continued our voyage to
+Pays Plat, where we stayed some days in the society of traders, who had
+also wintered in the inlands, and others who arrived with goods to
+supply those who were engaged to return; but as my time was expired, I
+returned to _Michillimakinac_. After waiting on the commanding officer,
+and giving an account of my stewardship to my employers, I retired to
+Chippeway Point, a spot of ground out of the Fort, where I lived with an
+Indian family, who occasionally made me _mackissins_, and other parts of
+Indian dress.[87]
+
+
+                            THIRD EXPEDITION
+
+  {141} _Remain some Time at Chippeway Point.—Account of a whimsical
+    Circumstance, whereby I had nearly incurred the Displeasure of the
+    Commanding Officer.—Narrative of the fortunate Escape of a Mr.
+    Ramsay, a Trader.—Undertake to escort a Quantity of Merchandise from
+    the Mississippi to Michillimakinac, which I perform with
+    Success.—Return to Montreal; from thence to Quebec, where I engage
+    with a new Employer._
+
+During the time I remained at Chippeway Point, I had frequent offers
+from the officers to sleep at their quarters within the fort; but being
+accustomed to lie in the woods, I generally preferred that situation. A
+circumstance happened soon after my arrival, which I shall relate.
+
+In consequence of Indian treachery in the year 1764, (when the Savages,
+commanded by _Pontiac_ the chief, under the pretence of a game at ball,
+formed a plan to destroy the inhabitants, and take possession of the
+fort, and in which they unfortunately succeeded, to the extreme
+mortification of the English), there was a standing order that no Indian
+should be permitted to enter the fort with fire arms; nor any squaw, or
+Indian woman, allowed to sleep within the walls of the garrison on any
+pretence whatever; and for the better security of the inhabitants, when
+a council is held with the chiefs, double sentries are always
+placed.[88]
+
+{142} Having a strong desire to introduce a great chief’s daughter and
+her sister, (notwithstanding the governor’s orders) I communicated my
+intentions to an officer, and desired his assistance to complete the
+plan. He very politely told me that he could not appear to countenance
+my scheme, but would give me every possible assistance consistent with
+his station. I assured him that they were a great chief’s daughters, and
+that I would be answerable for their conduct.
+
+With his consent I applied to two soldiers, and asked them if they could
+spare time to roll a large hogshead of bottled porter from Chippeway
+Point to the Fort; they told me whenever it suited me they would be
+ready to assist. Having purchased the hogshead, and got it rolled down
+the hill whilst the officers were at dinner, I told the squaws of my
+plan, and having knocked out the head and bung, and bored several holes
+to admit as much air as possible, desired them to get in, which with
+some difficulty I persuaded them to do. I then replaced the head, and
+ran immediately to the soldiers to acquaint them that the porter was
+ready, and desired their assistance without delay, as I was afraid some
+of the bottles were broken, and it would be proper to examine them as
+soon as possible.
+
+The soldiers immediately returned with me, and applying their shoulders
+to the cask, rolled it up the hill with great labour and fatigue,
+continually observing that it was very heavy. Just as they arrived at
+the gate, the commanding officer and the commissary were coming through,
+and seeing the hogshead, asked the soldiers what they had got there?
+they replied it was bottled porter for a trader, who had desired them to
+roll it from the Point. As a vessel had just then arrived from the
+Détroit, {143} the commanding officer was so satisfied with the account
+the soldiers gave, that he observed it was very fortunate, for they now
+should have plenty of good beer to drink. The soldiers had scarcely
+rolled another turn, when unluckily one of them kicked his foot against
+a stone, who with the extreme pain he suffered, fell down. The other,
+not being able to sustain the whole weight, let go his hold, and the
+hogshead rolled down the hill with great velocity. Just as it came to
+the bottom the head fell out, and the squaws exhibited the deception.
+Unfortunately the commanding officer was near at hand when the accident
+happened, and though it was a manifest breach of his orders, he could
+not help smiling at the conceit; and looking at the imprisoned females,
+said to them, “pretty bottled porter indeed!” The squaws were so
+confused that they ran with the utmost precipitation into the woods, and
+did not make their appearance for several days.
+
+On the commanding officer’s return to the fort, enquiry was made for me,
+and I was under the necessity of obeying his summons, although I confess
+my situation was very unpleasant. As soon as I came into his presence,
+assuming a look of displeasure, he asked me how I could dare to disobey
+the orders of the garrison, which I knew were issued to prevent the most
+serious consequences; that I was more culpable than another person,
+knowing the nature and disposition of the Indian women, and the
+impropriety and danger of confiding in them, adding that for the sake of
+example, and to prevent others from acting so inprudently, he believed
+he should send me down to Montreal in irons.
+
+Alarmed at my situation, I made the best apology in my power, and
+assured him I was extremely sorry for my conduct, but hoped he would
+{144} pardon it. This acknowledgment of the offence induced him to
+forgive me, and as he said he considered it a frolic of youth, he would
+pass it over, but cautioned me against playing such tricks again. I felt
+myself extremely obliged by his lenity, and promised to conduct myself
+with more propriety in future, which promise I faithfully kept: for
+though the experiment to admit the squaws would not have been attended
+with any bad consequences, I did not chuse again to risk the commanding
+officer’s displeasure.
+
+On the 11th of August, the traders arrived from the _Mississippi_, and
+brought an account of an extraordinary escape which a Mr. Ramsay and his
+brother had from a tribe of the nation of the Poes, in their way to St.
+Joseph.
+
+The Poes are a very wild savage people, have an aversion to Englishmen,
+and generally give them as much trouble as possible in passing or
+repassing the Fort of St. Joseph’s, where some French traders are
+settled by their permission.[89]
+
+It seems the Canadians were invited by the Savages to land, and Mr.
+Ramsay supposing they had some furs to dispose of, ordered his men to go
+on shore; when standing up in his canoe just before his debarkation,
+three of the warriors waded through the water neck-high, dragged him out
+of his canoe, and carried him on shore. Mr. Ramsay’s men immediately
+landed, and were preparing to follow their master, but observing eleven
+Indians near at hand, and perceiving the bad intention of the chiefs,
+got again into their canoes, leaving the one in which Mr. Ramsay and his
+son were, on the beach, and paddled to an adjacent {145} island, waiting
+the event of a circumstance which threatened death to their masters.
+
+Mr. Ramsay being tied to the stump of a tree, and his son narrowly
+watched, the Indians rummaged the canoe, and brought up as much rum as
+they thought they could drink; they then began to sing their war songs;
+and making a large fire near the stump to which Mr. Ramsay was tied,
+they sat down on the ground, and began to insult him, telling him he was
+an old woman, and obliged his brother to join in the derision.
+
+The usual mode of execution among the Savages, is as follows:
+
+When a warrior is taken, he is brought into a hut, and tied with small
+cords made of the bark of trees, about the size of a cod-line: he is
+then fastened to a stump, and a small rattle put into his hand, called
+_chessaquoy_, which he shakes while he sings the dead war song:
+
+“_Wabindan payshik shemagonish kitchee mannitoo; nee wee waybenan nee
+yoe Matchee Mannitoo._”
+
+“Master of Life, view me well as a warrior; I have thrown away my body
+against the bad spirit.”
+
+When the song is finished, the prisoner is untied, and made to run the
+gauntlet through two ranks of women, who are provided with small sticks
+to beat him. After this punishment a dog-feast is prepared with bear’s
+grease and huckleberries, of which he is obliged to eat. He {146} is
+then brought again to the stake, when wood is placed round him. He now
+sings his war song, and the women set fire to the pile, the prisoner
+singing as it burns. The bones are then collected and fixed to the
+war-standard, which is a high pole painted with vermillion.
+
+It is said that the nation of the _Followens_, or Wild Oats,[90] kill
+their wives and children before they go to battle, that in case of a
+defeat the enemy shall not have any prisoners of their nation.
+
+The Poes, beginning to feel the effects of the rum, examined the cords,
+which were made of the bark of the willow tree, and ordered some wood to
+be put round the stump, to be ready when they should find themselves
+disposed to burn him. Soon after they untied him, and brought him to the
+war-kettle to make his death-feast; which consisted of dog, tyger-cat,
+and bear’s grease, mixed with wild oats, of which he was compelled to
+eat. Mr. Ramsay, knowing the nature of Indians, complied with seeming
+cheerfulness, and said he was satisfied. He was taken back to the
+intended place of execution, and tied again to the stump, from which,
+with great composure, he desired permission to make his speech before he
+changed his climate, which being granted, he immediately spoke to them
+to the following effect:
+
+“It is true the Master of Life has sent me here to those Indians whose
+hearts are full of poisoned blood, and as they mean me to change my
+climate, I shall go with courage to a better trading ground, where I
+shall find good Indians. They have always known me to have had pity on
+them, their wives, and children, since I have been a trader, and to have
+opened my heart to them on all occasions; but now the {147} bad spirit
+has joined his heart with theirs, to make me change my climate, which I
+am glad of, for I am better known in the country I am going to, and by
+greater warriors than ever these were. I now look on all the chiefs as
+old women; and as I am the _Peshshekey_ (or buffalo), I shall drink my
+last with them, and carry the news to the warriors in the other
+climate.”
+
+Having attentively heard his speech, they prepared for his death; which
+he perceiving, immediately told his brother not to be disheartened, as
+he had hopes of overcoming their fury, and desired him to ply them with
+rum, and keep their kettles constantly filled. His brother followed the
+instructions he gave him, and distributed the rum among them very
+plentifully. When Mr. Ramsay discovered that they were sufficiently
+intoxicated to be incapable of doing mischief, he desired his brother to
+cut his cords; and being released, assisted in pouring rum down their
+throats till they were quite insensible. Fired with resentment at their
+intended barbarity, he and his brother cut all their throats, loaded his
+canoe with the articles they had taken out, and paddled from shore as
+fast as they could. The men hailed him at some distance, and were
+rejoiced to see him safe; and after arranging their cargo, pursued their
+journey into the Indian country, by a different course.
+
+I was informed Mr. Ramsay returned afterwards to _Michillimakinac_,
+where he was congratulated by the commanding officer on his fortunate
+escape; but he never thought it prudent to go that route again.
+
+About this time the Indian traders formed a company of militia, which I
+joined with the rank of adjutant and lieutenant, under Captain {148}
+John Macnamara. In the month of June 1780, news was brought from the
+_Mississippi_, that the Indian traders had deposited their furs at _La
+Prairie des Chiens_, or Dogs’ Field, (where there is a town of
+considerable note, built after the Indian manner) under the care of
+Mons. Longlad, the king’s interpreter;[91] and that the Americans were
+in great force at the _Illinois_, a town inhabited by different nations,
+at the back of the Kentuckey State, under the Spanish government, who
+have a fort on the opposite shore, commanded by an officer and about
+twelve men, to prevent illicit trade.[92]
+
+The commanding officer at _Michillimakinac_[93] asked me to accompany a
+party of Indians and Canadians to the _Mississippi_, which I consented
+to with the utmost cheerfulness. We left the post with thirty-six
+Southern Indians, of the _Ottigaumies_ and _Sioux_ nations, and
+twenty[94] Canadians, in nine large birch canoes, laden with Indian
+presents. After a march of three days I was taken ill, which I
+attributed to hard living in the Nipegon Country; considering, however,
+the urgency of the business, and that there was not any one of the party
+capable of acting as interpreter, I struggled with my indisposition;
+apprehending, also, that if I could not pursue the journey, I should be
+exposed to great inconveniences; and therefore I encreased my
+endeavours, determined to risk my life at all hazards.
+
+The fourth day we encamped at Lac les Puans, so called, I apprehend,
+from the Indians who reside on the banks being naturally filthy[95]—here
+we got plenty of deer and bears, Indian corn, melons and other fruit.
+The Southern Indians have more villages, and are better civilized than
+the Northern, the climate being warm, and nature more prolific, which
+{149} enables them to raise the fruits of the earth without much labour.
+Their houses are covered with birch bark, and decorated with bows and
+arrows, and weapons of war. Their beds are bark and matts made of
+rushes.
+
+We pursued our voyage to _Ouisconsin_, a fine River, with a strong
+current for about sixty leagues, which our canoes ran down in a day and
+a half; and upon which we saw an immense quantity of ducks, geese, and
+other fowl. On this river we were obliged to unload our canoes, in order
+to transport our goods across the portage, about two miles in length. We
+encamped on the banks, and intended setting off at break of day, but one
+of the Indians was bitten by a rattlesnake, which Mr. Adair calls the
+bright inhabitant of the woods, and which had fourteen rattles.
+
+Mr. Beatty relates that as he was preaching to the Indians and others,
+at a small house near Juniata River, a rattlesnake crept into the room,
+but was happily discovered and killed; and before the people could well
+recover themselves, a snake of another kind was discovered among the
+assembly, which was also killed without any other detriment than
+disturbing the congregation, which surprised him very much, as it was a
+matter of astonishment how these reptiles could crawl into the house
+without being offended by some one, and which also excites them to bite.
+
+The Indians say that when a woman is in labour, holding the tail of a
+rattlesnake in her hand, and shaking the rattles, assists her delivery.
+It is always observable that the Indians take out the bag which contains
+{150} the poison of this venomous reptile, and carry it alive in their
+medicine box when they go to war.
+
+This unfortunate accident retarded our journey till the unhappy sufferer
+relieved himself by cutting out the wounded part from the calf of his
+leg, and applying salt and gunpowder, and binding it up with the leaves
+of the red willow tree; he was soon able to proceed, bearing the pain
+with that fortitude for which the Savages are so eminently
+distinguished.
+
+At the close of the next day we encamped near the river, and it rained
+very hard: the Indians made some bark huts. One of them walking some
+distance in the woods, discovered a small loghouse, in which he found a
+white man, with his arms cut off, lying on his back. We conjectured he
+had been settled at the spot, and killed by a bad Indian, which must
+have happened very recently, as he was not putrid. Before our departure
+we buried him.
+
+The next day we arrived at the Forks of the Mississippi, where were two
+hundred Indians of the nation of the Renards, or Foxes, on horseback,
+armed with spears, bows and arrows. They did not seem pleased with our
+appearance, which _Warbishar_, the chief of our band, told me.[96] Just
+before we landed they dismounted, and surveyed us. The Sioux asked me if
+I was afraid; I told them I had seen a greater number of Savages before,
+and more wild than any of the Southern Indians. _Warbishar_ gave orders
+to strike ashore. As soon as we landed, the Renards took our Indians by
+the hand, and invited them into their camp. In the space of an hour they
+prepared a feast, which consisted of five {151} Indian dogs, bear,
+beaver, deer, mountain cat, and racoon, boiled in bear’s grease, and
+mixed with huckleberries. After the repast, the Indians danced and sung.
+A council was then held, when the chief of the Renards addressed
+_Warbishar_ to this effect.
+
+“Brothers, we are happy to see you; we have no bad heart against you;
+although we are not the same nation by language, our hearts are the
+same: we are all Indians, and are happy to hear our great Father has
+pity on us, and sends us wherewithal to cover us, and enable us to
+hunt.”
+
+To which _Warbishar_ made answer.—“It is true, my children, our great
+Father has sent me this way to take the skins and furs that are in the
+Dog’s Field, under captain Longlad’s charge, least the Great Knives
+(meaning the Americans)[97] should plunder them. I am come with the
+white man (meaning me) to give you wherewithal to cover you, and
+ammunition to hunt.”
+
+When the speech was finished, we immediately distributed the presents,
+got our canoes into the water, and left the Renards in the most friendly
+manner.
+
+After seven days journey we arrived at _La Prairie des Chiens_,[98]
+where we found the merchants’ peltry, in packs, in a loghouse guarded by
+captain Longlad and some Indians, who were rejoiced to see us. After
+resting some time, we took out about three hundred packs of the best
+skins, and filled the canoes. Sixty more which remained, we burnt, to
+prevent the enemy from taking them, having ourselves no {152} room to
+stow any more, and proceeded on our journey back to Michillimakinac.
+About five days after our departure, we were informed that the Americans
+came to attack us, but to their extreme mortification we were out of
+their reach. Seventeen days after leaving _La Prairie des Chiens_, we
+arrived at _Lac les Puans_, where we found a party of Indians encamped.
+The next day we embarked, and arrived at Michillimakinac, after an
+absence of eighty days. Soon after my return, I waited on the commanding
+officer, expecting payment for my services; but was referred for
+satisfaction to the Indian traders, from whom I never received any
+compensation.
+
+By this means I was left destitute even of the necessaries of life; but
+I did not remain long in this uncomfortable situation, for I soon found
+protection and support among the Indians; but as their assistance would
+not afford the means to appear in civil society, I was under the
+necessity of soliciting friendship from the merchants, to enable me to
+return to Montreal, which I fortunately obtained. I left Michillimakinac
+in the beginning of September, and arrived at Montreal on the 27th of
+the same month.
+
+I embraced the first opportunity to call on my old master, expecting to
+find him in good health, but alas! he had paid the debt of nature, and
+was succeeded by his nephew, who had been cotemporary clerk with me. He
+permitted me to lodge at his house for a fortnight, but a few days after
+my abode with him, my situation being different from what I had
+experienced during the life of my old master, I asked him to fit me out
+with an assortment of goods for the Indian trade, and promised to remit
+him payment in furs. He told me I was welcome to any {153} goods he had
+in his store that would suit me, but on examining the stock, all the
+merchandise proper for the Savages was disposed of, and nothing left
+that would answer any profitable purpose.
+
+I then left his house, returning him thanks for his civility; and having
+procured pecuniary assistance from a friend, took lodgings in the town,
+where I stayed some time. I then went to Quebec, where a gentleman
+accidentally hearing that I was out of employ, and knowing that I could
+speak the Indian languages, sent for me and engaged me in his service,
+to go among the Indians at Lake Temiscaming,[99] or any other situation
+I might think most eligible for commerce.
+
+  {154} _Leave Quebec—Description of the Loretto Indians; some Remarks
+    relative to an Assertion, that the American Indians have no
+    Beards.—Mistake the Mercury Packet of Quebec for an American
+    Privateer.—Proceed on our Journey, and arrive at our Winter
+    Residence.—Description of several Sorts of Snakes.—Meet with great
+    Success, and soon complete our Traffic.—Return to Quebec._
+
+Being furnished with a proper assortment of merchandise, I left Quebec,
+and proceeded to Tadousac,[100] which is at the end of the Saguenay
+River, near the River St. Laurence. About nine miles from Quebec there
+is a village inhabited by the Loretto Indians, who are properly of the
+nation of the Hurons.[101] They embraced Christianity, through the means
+of the Jesuits, and follow the Catholic religion. The women have
+remarkable good voices, and sing hymns in their own language most
+charmingly. They cultivate the ground, and bring the produce to market;
+and in their manners they are the most innocent and harmless of all the
+Savages in North America. Their houses are decent, and built after the
+Canadian fashion; they are an exception to the generality of Indians,
+seldom drinking any spirituous liquors; they are for the most part tall,
+robust people, and well shaped; have short black hair, which is shaved
+off the forehead from ear to ear, and wear neither caps nor hats. With
+regard to their beards, though they are scarcely visible, they have them
+in common with all the tribes of Savages; but having an aversion to
+excrescences, they carefully pluck {155} out every hair from the upper
+jaw and chin with brass wire, which they twist together in the form of
+pincers; and it is well known that all traders carry out that article of
+commerce for this express purpose.
+
+Baron de la Hontan seems to have been much mistaken when, in speaking of
+the Savages, he says that they have no beards. Lord Kaims was also in
+the same error, when he asserted there is not a single hair on an
+Indian’s body, excepting the eyelashes, eyebrows, and hair of the head,
+and that there is no appearance of a beard.
+
+This observation Mr. James Adair remarks is utterly void of foundation,
+as can be attested by all who have had any communication with them; and
+major Robert Rogers,[102] who certainly knew the Indians as well as any
+man, says that they _totally destroy_ their beards; which proves beyond
+a doubt that they are not naturally _imbarbes_.
+
+I have been led into these observations from the perusal of Lord Kaims’s
+Sketches of the History of Man,[103] who not only insists that the
+Indians have no beards, but builds on the hypothesis to prove a local
+creation.
+
+Tadousac is on the sea side, north of the River St. Laurence, and
+inhabited by a few Indians called mountaineers, who live chiefly on
+fish;[104] and one trader, clerk to the gentleman in whose service I was
+engaged.
+
+There is a French clergyman and a church for the Indians, who are all
+Catholics. At this village I remained a fortnight, during which {156}
+time the American privateers were continually cruizing about. One
+morning there was a great fog, but we could just discern at a small
+distance a vessel: this alarmed the priest and the Indians. My brother
+Englishman (the trader who was settled here) joined with me in
+soliciting the Indians to stand their ground, which the priest strongly
+opposed, though paid by the British government. This incensed me, and I
+insisted on taking some of his flock with me to reconnoitre, and
+endeavour to discover what vessel she was, though I had strong
+suspicions she was an American privateer. We went towards the shore, but
+could not discover the number of guns she mounted; we returned to our
+camp, and all the Indians at my request accompanied me to attack her. We
+embarked in canoes, dressed alike, and as we approached perceived she
+lay at anchor, and was a vessel of inconsiderable force, mounting only
+eight small swivels. I immediately went on one side of her, and directed
+the Indians to the other, to inclose her as much as we could. Having
+reached the vessel, I took hold of a rope and went on board; the captain
+was alarmed, and his fears were increased when he saw himself surrounded
+with canoes, filled with Savages armed with guns and tomahawks; however,
+he advanced towards me, and clapping me on the shoulder, asked what I
+wanted? I was too politic to make any reply at that time. He then asked
+me, if I would have some biscuit? I replied, _caween_, or no. He shook
+his head, as much as to say, I wish I could know what you want. The
+Indians then came on board, and the captain having only seven men; and
+our number being upwards of forty, well armed, did not know how to act,
+but, probably willing to please me, ordered his men to get some biscuit
+and rum. Whilst the sailors were gone, I perceived she was an English
+vessel, and then asked the captain in English to whom she belonged; he
+was very agreeably surprised, {157} told me his name was Allcrow, and
+that he commanded the Mercury Packet of Quebec. This information gave me
+occasion to rejoice we did not take rough means; and when I communicated
+the intelligence to the Indians they were highly pleased, and shook
+hands with the captain.
+
+The captain then accompanied us to shore in our canoes, and we landed at
+our encampment. We afterwards went to the priest’s house, where we
+dined. Mr. Martin, the priest, and myself were invited on board the next
+day, when we had an excellent repast, with plenty of wine and other
+liquors. Unfortunately we drank too freely, and returning in the
+evening, the priest began to be very angry with me for encouraging the
+Savages; this reprehension, with his former conduct, incensed me
+exceedingly, and in the heat of passion I threw him overboard, but by
+the assistance of the sailors he was saved. On our landing, our contest
+led us to blows, but we were soon parted. When we were recovered from
+intoxication, we shook hands, and afterwards remained good friends.
+
+The next day the Indians were seized with an epidemic fever, which
+deprived them of the use of their limbs, and occasioned a delirium. The
+disorder attacked me very severely, but by the friendly assistance of
+Mr. Martin, who had a medicine chest, in about three weeks I recovered.
+
+The winter now advancing very rapidly, and the unavoidable delay at this
+post, obliged me to proceed on my journey on snow shoes, carrying all my
+goods on Indian slays, through the woods, and over {158} high mountains.
+
+We travelled twenty-one days, on a deep snow, about one hundred leagues
+through the Saguenay country, which was very fatiguing, till we arrived
+at a place called Checootimy;[105] about half way up the river on which
+it stands the salt water ebbs and flows. Only a few Indians reside here,
+and one Indian trader, with whom I wintered, and hunted, killing a great
+many animals. Early in the spring I took my leave of him, and being
+furnished with canoes, pursued my journey to St. John’s Lake; from
+thence to Panebacash River, to Lake Shaboomoochoine, which lies
+northeast of Lake Arbitibis about the distance of seven days Indian
+march.[106]
+
+Near the Falls of Panebacash River I landed, and ascended a high
+mountain, to survey a large cave, about two hundred yards deep, and
+three yards wide at the mouth. Here I picked up a piece of ore, about
+three inches square; the exterior crust was black and very thin, and
+when broke, appeared yellow. I brought it to Quebec, but by some
+accident lost it, which I lamented exceedingly, as some of my friends to
+whom I shewed it were of opinion that it was very valuable.
+
+This journey was farther inland, by near eighty leagues, than any trader
+had ever been, the only settlement in that part of Canada being at St.
+Peter’s Lake, where a French house was formerly established, and where
+an English trader, who was employed by the merchants in whose service I
+was engaged, resided.
+
+I arrived at Lake Shaboomoochoine on the 26th of May, 1781, where I
+intended only to stay a few days; but some Indians arrived who assured
+me that it would answer my purpose to winter, and promised {159} to
+supply me with fish, furs, and skins. This induced me to remain here;
+and I built a house suitable for my business, and kept two Indians with
+their wives to hunt for me.
+
+On the 29th we set our nets, and in about four hours caught abundance of
+large trout, pike, maskenonjey, pickerill, and white fish, and as the
+country abounded with wild fowl, we were never without two courses at
+table, with roots for garden stuff.
+
+On the 17th of June a band of Indians arrived, who were agreeably
+surprised to see a trader at a place where no one had settled before,
+and they were particularly delighted when they heard me speak their own
+language.
+
+During my residence here I saw a great many snakes; and one day in
+particular as I was walking in the woods, I discovered one of those
+reptiles in the grass; the instant I perceived it, I cut a long stick
+and dropt it gently on the snake’s head; it immediately moved, and I
+could hear the rattles very distinctly. Whilst I was surveying the
+brightness of its colours, which were inexpressibly beautiful, it was
+coiling itself round like a rope to dart at me; this warned me of my
+danger, and I took the taper end of the stick, and let the heavy end
+fall on its head; the weight of the blow stunned it, and seizing this
+opportunity, I struck it again, which killed it. I measured it, and
+judged the length to be at least five feet and an half, and the thickest
+part about four inches in circumference, with nine rattles on the tail,
+which agreeable to the general observation, made his age nine years; but
+I believe this is not an established fact, as it is uncertain at what
+time the rattle begins to appear.
+
+{160} The flesh of this reptile is delicious, and I have frequently
+eaten of it with great goût. I have seen the Indians poison it with the
+juice of tobacco.
+
+Whilst I am on the subject, though not quite connected with it, I shall
+make some observations on the turkey and black water snake.
+
+The turkey snake is longer than the rattle snake, with stripes on the
+back, and a spear at the end of its tail like an anchor, and a double
+row of teeth in each jaw. It takes its name from its voice, which
+resembles the note of a wild turkey. In the Mississippi it feeds on wild
+rice, which grows among long grass, bearing its head frequently erect,
+and makes a noise like a turkey to decoy it; as the bird approaches, the
+snake darts its tail into it, and makes it an easy prey.
+
+The black water snake is used by the Indians when they go to war; they
+pull out the teeth, tie the head and tail together, and fasten it round
+their bodies, which soon kills it. They take it off every night, and put
+it on every morning.
+
+In travelling from Toniata Creek, on the River St. Laurence to
+Pimetiscotyan Landing, on Lake Ontario, I saw one of these snakes
+swimming with a flat fish in its mouth, which I had the good fortune to
+shoot, and released the prisoner from the jaws of death.[107]
+
+I kept a flag constantly flying at my little fort, which the Indians
+paid respect to by a salute from their guns. The band who were at this
+time with me held a council, and made me a present of two very large
+{161} beaver robes, and several valuable skins, with plenty of
+provisions, for which I supplied them with tobacco, rum, trinkets, and
+ammunition. Two days after they left me, and desired me to wait their
+return, which I promised, provided they would bring me furs and skins to
+load the canoes, and they should be repaid with Indian goods. As I
+depended on their punctuality, I remained perfectly satisfied.
+
+I was then left with two white men, and two Indians and their wives. We
+passed our time in hunting and fishing; and as there were a great many
+small islands near us, we made frequent trips to shoot wild fowl, which
+enabled us to keep a good table. On one of the islands we discovered two
+Indian huts, but from their appearance no person had visited them for a
+length of time. About half a mile from the place we saw a high pole,
+daubed over with vermilion paint; on the top were placed three human
+skulls, and the bones hung round: the Indians supposed it had been
+erected many years. About an hour before sun set we returned to our
+wigwam. The next morning, in the absence of the Indians, the Canadians
+assisted me in mixing the rum, and assorting the goods, to be prepared
+against the arrival of the Savages, and to fill up the time, which hung
+heavy on our hands.
+
+On the 24th of June, a band of Indians arrived from Lake Arbitibis, who
+brought a considerable quantity of excellent furs and skins, with dried
+meat, which I bartered for. When the bargain was made, I gave them some
+rum, as usual upon such occasions, which, after their long march, highly
+delighted them. They drank very plentifully, as I had exceeded the
+common donation, but their cargo deserved it; and I always found it my
+interest to be generous to them upon a barter.
+
+{162} On their departure, taking an Indian for my guide, I made a visit
+to a brother trader, one hundred and fifty miles from my settlement. I
+stayed with him about a fortnight, and was on the point of returning,
+when two Indians came to inform me, by the desire of my Canadians, that
+a band of Savages waited for me. In about five days we returned, and I
+bartered for all their furs.
+
+On the 16th of July, about fifty Savages came with their spring hunt,
+which I also bartered for, though the peltry was very inferior to what
+is collected in winter; but as I was determined to make as good a season
+as possible, I was eager to avail myself of every opportunity to
+increase my stock.
+
+The latter end of the month, the band who had promised to return came
+in, and fulfilled their promise, bringing a large quantity of furs,
+which, with the stock I had collected during their absence, was as much
+as my canoes would hold. They also brought intelligence that the
+Hudson’s Bay Company had been pillaged of their furs by the French.[108]
+
+Early in the month of August I made up my packs, and embarked for
+Quebec, where I arrived in about six weeks, to the great joy of my
+employers, who, from my long absence, were very uneasy; however, the
+cargo fully satisfied them, and convinced them of my industry and
+integrity in their service. Being persuaded I had undergone great
+fatigue, they made me a handsome present above my salary, and I quitted
+their service, and the Indian life, with a resolution to endeavour to
+procure an employ less hazardous, and where I could partake {163} of the
+pleasures of society with less fatigue both of body and mind.
+
+I remained some time at Quebec, and intended to pass my winter there,
+but my money being nearly exhausted, and my mind not reconciled to
+another Indian voyage, I returned to Montreal, where I found friends to
+supply my wants till the spring following.
+
+  {164} _Visit Fort George.—Remarkable Instance of Courage in a Mohawk
+    Indian.—Return to England.—Enter into a new Engagement, and return
+    to Canada, with Merchandise for the Indian Commerce._
+
+In May I took a trip to Fort George, situated on a lake of the same
+name, called by the French, _Saint Sacrement_, where I stayed with some
+of the Mohawks, who were encamped there.[109] In the beginning of the
+French and Indian war in 1757, there was a remarkable instance of
+resolution and cool deliberate courage in one of these Savages,
+occasioned by a sentence being passed upon a soldier to receive five
+hundred lashes for intoxication.
+
+An Indian known by the name of _Silver Heels_, from his superior
+agility, as well as his admirable finesse in the art of war, and who had
+killed more of the enemy than any one of the tribes in alliance with
+Great Britain, accidentally came into the fort just before the soldier
+was to receive his punishment, and expressed his displeasure that a man
+should be so shamefully disgraced. He went up to the commanding officer,
+and asked him what crime the soldier had committed: the officer not
+chusing to be questioned, ordered one of his men to send Silver Heels
+away, and to inform him that the company of Indians was not agreeable on
+such occasions; _Wa! wa!_ or, Oh! oh! replied the Savage, but what is
+the warrior tied up for? For getting drunk, answered {165} the
+soldier:—Is that all? said Silver Heels, then provide another set of
+halberts, and tie up your chief, for he gets drunk twice a day. Having
+said so, he instantly left the fort, telling the soldier he should
+quickly return, to endeavour to prevent the punishment being inflicted.
+Soon after the delinquent was tied up, and the drummers in waiting to
+obey orders, Silver Heels returned; and going up to the officer, with a
+tomahawk and scalping knife, said to him, Father, are you a warrior, or
+do you only think yourself so? If you are brave, you will not suffer
+your men to strike this soldier whilst I am in this fort. Let me advise
+you not to spill the good English blood which to-morrow may be wanted to
+oppose an enemy.—The officer, turning upon his heel, answered with an
+indignant look, that the soldier had transgressed, and must be
+flogged.—Well! replied Silver Heels, then flog him, and we shall soon
+see whether you are as brave a warrior as an Indian.
+
+About two days after the officer was riding some distance from the fort,
+and Silver Heels was lying flat on his stomach, according to his usual
+custom when he watched to surprize an enemy. The officer passed without
+perceiving him, when he instantly sprung up, and laying hold of the
+horse’s bridle, told the officer to dismount and fight him. The officer
+judging it improper to risk his life against a Savage, refused to
+dismount, and endeavoured to spur his horse. Silver Heels perceiving his
+intention, tomahawked the horse, who fell down suddenly, and the officer
+rolled on the ground without being hurt. Now, says Silver Heels, we are
+on equal terms, and, as you have a brace of pistols and a sword, you
+cannot have any objection to fight me. The officer still refusing,
+Silver Heels told him, that he thought himself a warrior when he ordered
+one of his white slaves to be flogged for a {166} breach of martial law,
+but that he had now forgot the character he then assumed, or he
+certainly would have fought him: and looking very sternly, added, that
+he had a great mind to make him change his climate; but as that mode of
+proceeding would not answer his purpose, and sufficiently expose him
+among his brother warriors, he might walk home as soon as he pleased;
+and that to-morrow morning he would come to the fort with the horse’s
+scalp, and relate the circumstance. The officer was rejoiced to escape
+so well, though he was obliged to walk a distance of three miles.
+
+The next morning Silver Heels arrived, and asked to see the officer, but
+was denied admission into his presence. Some of his brother officers
+came out, and enquired his business; he related to them the circumstance
+between the officer and himself, and exhibited the trophy; adding, that
+to-morrow he intended going to war, and should make a point of taking an
+old woman prisoner, whom he should send to take the command of the fort,
+as the great chief was only fit to fight with his dog, or cat, when he
+was eating, lest they should have more than him. Then asking for some
+rum (which was given him), he left the fort to fulfil his promise, but
+was soon after killed in an engagement, fighting manfully at the head of
+a party of Mohawks, near the Bloody Pond, joining to Lord Loudon’s road,
+in the way to Albany.
+
+Just before the frost set in, I returned to Montreal, and visited my old
+Cahnuaga friends, where I amused myself in the Indian way, as I always
+preferred their society to the Canadians; notwithstanding, I
+occasionally mixed in more civilized amusements, and as I danced
+tolerably well, my company was generally sought after.
+
+{167} The Canadians are particularly fond of dancing, from the
+_seigneur_ to the _habitant_; and though the meaner sort of people do
+not excel in it, there is a peculiar ease, and careless indifference,
+which, though it appears too rustic, is far from being disagreeable. The
+beverage on these occasions is sour Spanish red wine, called black
+strap; and this, homely as it would be thought in more refined
+assemblies, is there considered as a very handsome manner of treating
+their friends.
+
+The winter being passed, I determined to go to Quebec, and endeavour to
+get a passage to England, not having any prospect of a permanent
+settlement in Canada. On my arrival I put up at a tavern, and lived as
+moderately as possible, from necessity more than inclination; for every
+one knows that Indian traders, like sailors, are seldom sufficiently
+prudent to save much money. Fortunately for me, I met with an old
+school-fellow at Quebec, a captain of a ship, whom I had not seen for
+sixteen years. To him I communicated my distressed situation, and by him
+was generously relieved. In addition to this act of kindness, he
+promised me a free passage to England on board his vessel, which offer I
+accepted with pleasure and gratitude.
+
+Having fixed the time of his departure, I took the post, and went to
+Montreal to settle my affairs: I then returned to Quebec, from whence we
+sailed the 11th day of October, 1783, and put into Newfoundland. When we
+came in sight of harbour, several of us requested permission to take the
+long boat, and row on shore, which was granted; but it being a dead
+calm, we made very little way. We had not left the ship more than a
+league, when a southwest wind sprang up, and retarded us considerably.
+In the evening the wind abated, and with hard rowing {168} we reached
+the shore about midnight, both fatigued and hungry. Early in the morning
+the ship came into harbour, and had suffered some damage by beating
+about in the night, which induced the captain to dispose of the cargo.
+On the 9th of November we left Newfoundland, on board another vessel:
+our passage was favourable, without any remarkable occurrence, and we
+arrived in London the 30th of the same month.
+
+My native city, upon my arrival, appeared like a new world to me, having
+been absent from England fifteen years; and it was with difficulty I
+found any of my old friends, the greatest part of them in such a length
+of time being dead.
+
+In February, 1784, I entered into an engagement with a relation to
+return to Canada; and being furnished with a cargo, left London on the
+15th of April following. On the 20th we got under weigh, and put into
+Portsmouth, to take in wines. After a bad and tedious passage of eleven
+weeks, we arrived safe at Quebec, from whence my goods were sent to
+Montreal in small craft. Unfortunately the season was too far advanced
+to suffer me to attempt going to Michillimakinac, and wintering in the
+inlands, as I had no prospect of providing suitable canoes; nor were my
+goods properly assorted, and there was not time sufficient to arrange
+them, so as to make the intended voyage. This induced me to consult a
+friend upon the occasion, who advised me to dispose of my goods at
+public vendue, which I did, at very great loss, so that I could only
+remit my friend in London a very small sum in part of payment. In this
+adventure nothing succeeded to my wishes, for by my credulity, and being
+willing to retrieve, if possible, the loss I had sustained, I soon {169}
+increased my difficulties, so that in a few months after my arrival, all
+my schemes failing, I was left totally destitute.
+
+In February, 1785, I quitted Montreal, and walked from La Prairie to St.
+John’s,[110] where I accidentally found a friend who supplied me with
+money to go to New York. I proceeded to Stony Point, where I stayed two
+days with some loyalist officers, some of whom accompanied me to Crown
+Point, where we also stayed three days.[111] We then parted company, and
+I hired a slay, which carried me safely to New York, where I took a
+lodging, and lived as moderately as I could.
+
+During my residence there, I met a Loretto Savage, called Indian John,
+who had been in the American service all the war, and who waited to
+receive a reward for his fidelity, as the Congress were then sitting. He
+told me he had been at war for them nine years, had killed a great many
+of their enemies, and had only received a gun, two blankets, three
+pieces of Indian gartering, and one hundred dollars in paper money,
+which he could not make use of; and as I understood his language he
+desired me to render him service by interpreting for him to the
+governor. I desired him to call at my lodgings, and in the mean time I
+wrote down the circumstances he had related to me, that I might be
+prepared, in case I was sent for at a short notice.
+
+A few days after he explained to me more fully the nature of his claim,
+and how he had been trifled with by Congress. I asked him his reasons
+for engaging in the American service; he told me that at the
+commencement of the war, the Big Knives (meaning the Americans), had
+advised him to turn his heart from the English, and promised to supply
+all his {170} wants; and, as an additional inducement, that they would
+pay a better price for a scalp than had been usually given, and at the
+close of the war he should have land and stock sufficient to maintain
+himself and family: but he was now convinced they only meant to serve
+themselves, as he had frequently applied for a performance of their
+promises without success; and that he was determined to get satisfaction
+some way or other.
+
+I told him I was not sorry for his disappointments; that he was a bad
+Indian for deserting his good father, who lived on the other side the
+great water, and who was universally beloved by all who knew him,
+particularly by the Loretto nation; and as the subjects of this great
+and good father lived near his village, and gave every proof of their
+love and friendship to his nation, which he could not be ignorant of, I
+was surprized that he should suffer his heart to be moved by the
+changeable winds, and was sorry to add, that I believed he was the only
+Loretto Indian with two minds, and therefore I was unwilling to say any
+thing in his behalf before Congress.
+
+These remarks on his conduct seemed to affect him, and he replied, that
+he hoped, notwithstanding he had deserted the cause of his great father,
+he should find me his friend to attend him when his affair should be
+taken under consideration by Congress, as he had not any one in New York
+who could serve him so essentially. I told him, that in spite of my just
+displeasure, his situation had melted my heart, and I would not refuse
+his request.
+
+In about four days he came to acquaint me that Congress were then
+sitting, and he believed they would pay his demand if I would go {171}
+with him, and interpret to the governor; but having taken an active part
+against the Americans during the war, I would willingly have been
+excused. On his urging my promise to him, I could not resist, and
+immediately accompanied him to the council, where Governor Franklin was
+president, who asked me if I knew Indian John; I told him, only by
+seeing him at New York, and that I came at his particular request to
+speak in his behalf. He desired me to assure the Indian that he might
+depend on having his demand satisfied in a few days, and to make his
+mind easy: this I communicated to him, with which he seemed perfectly
+satisfied.
+
+Soon after he was sent for, and he received an order on a merchant for
+one hundred dollars, which being presented for payment, was not
+honoured: this incensed John, and he desired me to tell the merchant,
+that the Congress and their agents were all thieves. The merchant
+excused himself by saying that the treasury was very poor, and could not
+immediately satisfy every demand.
+
+The next day John went again to the governor, and having acquainted him
+with the refusal of the draft, received an order on another merchant,
+which was duly honoured.[112] John’s heart was quite elated, and in less
+than ten days he had disposed of all the money, like a true Indian,
+principally in drink.
+
+My interference in favour of the Indian made me well known, and procured
+me an introduction to a respectable mercantile house, from which I got
+credit for the Indian trade. Having arranged my cargo, I proceeded in a
+vessel to Albany, where I arrived on the 18th of June. {172} At this
+place I unloaded my goods, and got them conveyed in a waggon to
+Schenectady, where I purchased two boats. On the 6th of July I proceeded
+up the Mohawk River, to the German Flats, where I stayed three days;
+during which time a band of Oneida Indians came and solicited me to
+winter at their village, which was about ten days march from Fort
+Stanwix. I complied with their request, and set off with twenty-eight
+horses to carry my baggage, being obliged to travel through the woods,
+and sold my boats to satisfy those from whom I hired the horses. I
+arrived safe at the village with all my goods, but finding the plan was
+not likely to turn out advantageous, after a residence with them three
+weeks, I bartered for the few skins they had, and having re-purchased my
+boats, I left my Indian friends, proceeding immediately to the Jenesee
+Lake, where I arrived on the 14th of September.
+
+Having landed and secured my goods, I ordered my men to prepare a house.
+The chiefs, on hearing of my arrival, assembled, and came up to me,
+accompanied by their young men, expecting presents, which I was obliged
+to make; and I asked permission to stay on their ground. Some consented,
+and others disapproved; at the last, after consulting each other, they
+told me I might go on with the building. The men immediately proceeded
+with cheerfulness and dispatch, in hopes of finishing the business
+before their return; but how transitory are all human events! whilst the
+men were at work, some Indians came in great haste to desire my
+attendance at the council fire, which was at a small distance from my
+intended place of residence. I obeyed the summons, and sat down by the
+chiefs, when one of them rose up, and addressed me to the following
+effect.
+
+{173} “You are the Sugar, for so you are called in our tongue, but you
+must not have too much sweetness on your lips. All the Oneida Indians
+say they have heard that you are only come under a pretence to get our
+lands from us; but this must not be, my young warriors will not suffer
+any Englishman to settle here. You are like the great chief, General
+Johnson, who asked for a spot of ground, or large bed, to lie on; and
+when Hendrick, the chief of the Mohawks, had granted his request, he got
+possession of a great quantity of our hunting grounds; and we have
+reason to think that you intend to dream us out of our natural
+rights.[113] We loved Sir William, and therefore consented to all his
+requests; but you are a stranger, and must not take these liberties:
+therefore, my advice is, that you depart to-morrow at break of day, or
+you will be plundered by the young warriors, and it will not be in our
+power to redress you.”
+
+As I have mentioned a council, I shall describe the form of a house
+erected for that purpose near Fort Pitt.
+
+The building is long, with two fires in it at a proper distance from
+each other, without any chimney or partition: the entry into the house
+is by two doors, one at each end: over the door the figure of a turtle
+was drawn, which is the ensign of the particular tribe: on each doorpost
+was cut out the face of an old man, an emblem of that gravity and wisdom
+that every senator ought to be possessed of. On each side, the whole
+length of the house within, is a platform, or bed, five feet wide,
+raised above the floor one foot and a half, made of broad pieces of wood
+split, which serves equally for a bed to sleep on, and a place to sit
+down. It is covered with a handsome mat made of rushes, and at the upper
+end of the building the king, or great chief sat.
+
+{174} To return from this digression,—We baled up our goods, and
+proceeded to Fort Oswego, which I attempted to pass, but was prevented
+by a centinel, who informed me that no batteau with goods could pass
+without the commanding officer’s permission. I told him I was not an
+American, and would wait on him to know if he had issued such orders. I
+travelled in my Indian dress, and left my men at the landing, about a
+mile and a half from the garrison. I paid my respects to him, and
+acquainted him with my situation: he told me he should be very happy to
+oblige me, but that it was impossible to pass the fort without proper
+credentials; and as I had them not, he desired me to return to the
+United States, to prevent my goods being seized. Notwithstanding this
+friendly advice, I was determined to run the risk, and, to my extreme
+mortification, they all were seized by the customhouse officers, by them
+deposited in the king’s warehouse, and afterwards condemned.
+
+In this distressed situation, and very ill in health, I went down in a
+king’s boat to Cataraqui, where I arrived on the 8th of November, and
+took up my abode at Mr. Howell’s tavern. My indisposition increasing, I
+was obliged to keep to my blankets, and had only one faithful squaw to
+attend me. In this miserable state I lay some time, expecting every hour
+to change my climate, though determined to use every endeavour to effect
+a recovery. At this interesting period my correspondent arrived from
+England, and notwithstanding the losses he had sustained by my
+imprudence, performed the part of a good Samaritan, pouring oil and wine
+into my wounds; and finding my disorder required medical assistance,
+desired a surgeon to attend me, and I was soon sufficiently recovered to
+pursue my journey to La Chine, where I remained some months in preparing
+the goods which he brought from England {175} for a Northwest journey
+among the Indians, intending to go next spring to Michillimakinac; _mais
+la mauvaise fortune qui nous poursuivit toûjours_, frustrated all our
+schemes, and obliged us to leave La Chine on the 26th of May, 1786, from
+whence we proceeded in a large Schenectady boat[114] to Oswegatche,
+where we stopped a few hours, and landed at a place called Toniata
+Creek, where I determined to apply for five hundred acres of land as a
+loyalist settler;[115] which being granted me by government, I
+immediately felled timber to build a house for the accommodation of
+Indians, in hopes of deriving considerable advantages by barter.
+
+In a few days the Indians came to trade with us, which gave us
+encouragement, and at the same time flattered us with the pleasing ideas
+of succeeding in commerce: but some affairs requiring my friend’s
+attendance at Montreal, trade suffered a temporary suspense, and at his
+return he told me that we must leave our quarters, for he was
+apprehensive of a seizure for an English debt.
+
+In this cruel dilemma, flight was our only security, and we embarked all
+our goods on board a large batteau, and proceeded to Pimitiscotyan
+landing upon Lake Ontario, where we entered a creek, and found
+accommodation at a trader’s house. The next morning we prepared a house
+for trade, and for some days went on successfully; but our happiness was
+of short duration, for an officer pursued us, and took possession of all
+the effects he could find, even to the tent which sheltered us from the
+weather, and carried them down to Montreal, where they were sold for
+less than one fourth part of their original cost and charges.—Thus
+circumstanced, without any property to trade with, we came down {176} to
+the Bay of Kenty, and resided there ten months among the loyalist
+settlers, whose hospitality tended to soften the rigour of distress, and
+alleviate my sorrows. Early in spring, 1786, we crossed over to Carlton
+Island, and from thence to Fort Oswego, intending to go into the United
+States by that post; but not having any pass, we were not allowed to
+pursue our journey. In this mortifying situation I advised my friend to
+adopt another plan, and procured a conveyance to Salmon Creek, about
+twenty miles from the Fort. Here we rested one day, and with five pounds
+of pork, and two loaves of bread, we set off on foot, escorted by a
+squaw, expecting to reach Fort Stanwix in about four days; but the old
+path was entirely obliterated, and we were obliged to return in the
+evening to the creek, disappointed in the attempt. Unwilling to make
+another effort, we agreed to return to Fort Oswego, and though the
+distance was not more than twenty miles, we were six days before we
+reached the garrison.
+
+In this expedition my friend suffered great hardships, not being
+accustomed to sleep in the woods; and having also a knapsack with about
+thirty pounds weight to carry, grieved him exceedingly: the shortness of
+provisions increased the distress, for it cannot be supposed that five
+pounds of pork, and two loaves of bread, would last three persons any
+length of time.
+
+Previous to our journey’s end, we were twelve hours without any
+sustenance, except wild onions; but fortunately we found on the sand
+about one hundred and forty birds eggs, which we boiled, and eagerly
+devoured, notwithstanding the greatest part had young birds in them,
+with small down on their bodies.
+
+{177} On our arrival at the fort, the commanding officer rallied us on
+our attempt; and taking my friend aside, advised him either to return to
+Montreal, or go up to Niagara, as he was sure he was not equal to the
+fatigue of an Indian life. He followed the officer’s advice, and left me
+at the fort, which I soon afterwards quitted, and went down to Montreal;
+from thence I got a conveyance to Quebec; and being greatly distressed,
+applied to Lord Dorchester for relief, who generously directed his aid
+de camp to accompany me to Lieut. General Hope,[116] and strongly
+recommended me to his notice, to be employed in an Indian capacity.
+Being in some measure relieved, and supplied with a few dollars and
+other necessaries, I was sent up to Cataraqui.
+
+I left Quebec, and arrived at Montreal on the 14th of July: the next day
+I pursued my journey on foot, but seeing two Indians of my acquaintance
+in a canoe, and having some money in my pocket to buy rum, I hired them
+to convey me to Cataraqui, and in our way we killed plenty of game.
+
+On the 19th of August I delivered my credentials to the proper officer,
+but he could not render me any service; however, he recommended me, by
+letter, to his friend at Carlton Island, where Sir John Johnson[117] was
+waiting for a vessel to convey him to Niagara, to hold a council with
+the Indians: fortunately I procured an interview with him, and
+communicating to him my situation, he ordered me to be in readiness to
+assist as interpreter at his return. On the 18th of September, Sir John
+Johnson met us at the head of the bay of Kenty; the instant the Indians
+heard of his arrival, they saluted him with a discharge of small arms,
+and having received some rum, they danced and sung all night {178} their
+war songs; one of them I particularly noticed, which was to the
+following effect:—
+
+“At last our good father is arrived, he has broken the small branches,
+and cleared his way to meet us. He has given us presents in abundance,
+and only demands this large bed (meaning a considerable tract of land
+which was described on a map).”
+
+At twelve o’clock the next day a council was held, and Sir John laid his
+map before them, desiring a tract of land from Toronto to Lake Huron.
+This the Indians agreed to grant him, and the deed of gift being shewn
+them, it was signed by the chiefs’ affixing the emblem, or figure of
+their respective totams, as their signatures.
+
+Sir John Johnson then left them, and embarked for Cataraqui, the capital
+of the loyalist settlements.
+
+Previous to his departure, I made him more fully acquainted with my
+distressed situation and procured from him a temporary supply, which
+enabled me to go down to the third Township in the Bay of Kenty,[118]
+where I stayed with my loyalist friends till the spring of 1787; during
+which time I had frequent opportunities of making observations on the
+flourishing state of the new settlements.
+
+The settlements of loyalists in Canada, bid fair to be a valuable
+acquisition to Great Britain; and in case of a war with the United
+States, will be able to furnish not only some thousands of veteran
+troops, but a rising generation of a hardy race of men, whose principles
+during {179} the last war stimulated them to every exertion, even at the
+expence of their property, families, and friends, in support of the
+cause they so warmly espoused. There was, however, when I resided in the
+country, one cause of complaint, which, though it may not immediately
+affect the welfare and prosperity of the present inhabitants, or prevent
+an encrease of population, in proportion to the unlocated lands, is big
+with impending danger, and which, for the satisfaction of the public, I
+shall endeavour to explain.
+
+All the land from Point au Baudet (the beginning of the loyalist
+settlements on the River St. Laurence), to the head of the bay of Kenty,
+which at this period I am informed, contains at least ten thousand
+souls, is said to be liable to the old feudal system of the French
+seigneuries; the lords of which claim title to receive some rent, or
+exercise some paramount right, which, though it may be at present very
+insignificant, and which perhaps may never be insisted on, renders every
+man dependent on the lord of the manor, and, in process of time, as land
+becomes more valuable, the raising these rents, or the exercise of these
+rights, may occasion frequent disputes: I think therefore, with
+submission to our government, that as many hundreds of Americans are now
+settled there, and doubtless many more may occasionally migrate from the
+United States, either from being disgusted with the polity of the
+country, or from an idea of reaping greater benefits as subjects of
+Great Britain, it behoves us to remove every obstacle of subserviency,
+and either by purchase, or any other mode Administration shall think fit
+to adopt, render all the lands in Canada, granted to loyalist subjects,
+or others who have, or may voluntarily take the oaths of allegiance, as
+free as those in Nova Scotia.[119]
+
+{180} Men who have been engaged in their country’s cause from the best
+of principles, should have every possible indulgence; and in proportion
+as they have been deprived of comforts by the desolation of war, they
+should be recompensed without any partial restrictions, and the
+remainder of their days rendered as happy as the government they live
+under can make them.
+
+The population of these new settlements, and their parallel situation
+with Fort Oswegatche, Carleton Island, Oswego, and Niagara, evince,
+perhaps, more forcibly than ever, the propriety of retaining these
+barriers in our possession, which, in the former part of this work, I
+have fully explained; and as the third Township alone (which is nine
+miles square) contained, in the year 1787, about seventeen hundred
+inhabitants, it is difficult to say what number of valuable subjects
+that country may hereafter produce; certain it is, that it is capable of
+supporting multitudes, as the land is in general fertile, and on an
+average produces about thirty bushels of wheat per acre, even in the
+imperfect manner in which it is cleared, leaving all the stumps about
+three feet high, and from five to ten trees on an acre. This mode of
+clearing is in fact absolutely necessary, because new cultivated lands
+in hot climates require shelter, to prevent the scorching heat of the
+sun, which, in its full power, would burn up the seed. It has also been
+found expedient in stony ground to let the stones remain, as they retain
+a moisture favorable to vegetation.
+
+In the month of May I left the new settlements, and went down to
+Montreal, and from thence to Quebec, where I waited on Lord Dorchester,
+but could not gain admittance. I was afterwards informed {181} that his
+lordship was indisposed. I then went to Lieut General Hope’s, but he had
+embarked for England.
+
+So many mortifying disappointments affected me very sensibly, but as
+discouragements generally encreased my exertions, I was more assiduous
+in my endeavours to live, and whilst I was contriving schemes for future
+support, I received a supply from a friend: so seasonable a relief
+braced up all my nerves, and I felt a pleasure that can scarce be
+conceived by any but such as have experienced hardships and difficulties
+similar to mine.
+
+My heart being cheered, and every gloomy thought dispersed, I determined
+to leave the country whilst I had money in my pocket. Having found
+another friend to sign a pass, I went on board a ship then lying in the
+River St. Laurence, on the 25th of October, and arrived in London the
+beginning of December following, rejoiced at again setting foot on my
+native shore.
+
+Having finished the historical part of my work, I have only to solicit
+the candid indulgence of the public for any literary errors I may have
+been guilty of; and with great respect to convey to them an humble hope
+that the Voyages and Travels, together with the Vocabulary subjoined,
+may not be found totally unworthy their attention.
+
+
+
+
+                               VOCABULARY
+
+
+              _English_                         _Esquimeaux_
+ Arrow                               Kátso
+ Bow                                 Petíksick
+ Boat                                Kágak
+ Dog                                 Mické, or Tímitok
+ Eye                                 Killick, or Shik
+ Egg                                 Manneguk
+ Ear                                 Tehiu
+ Four (number)                       Missílagat
+ Foot                                Itikak
+ Hair                                Nutshad
+ Heaven                              Taktuck, or Nabugákshe
+ Head                                Níakock
+ Knife                               Shavié
+ Moon                                Tákock
+ Oar                                 Pácotick
+ One (number)                        Kombuc
+ Sun                                 Shíkonac, or Sakáknuc
+ Two (number)                        Tigal
+ Three (number)                      Ké
+ Rain                                Kíllaluck
+ Tooth                               Ukak
+ Water                               Sillakákto
+
+  N. B. _Esquimeau, in the singular Number, means an Eater of raw
+     Flesh._
+
+           {184} _English_                       _Iroquois_
+ One                                 Uskat
+ Two                                 Tekkeny
+ Three                               Aghsey
+ Four                                Kayeery
+ Five                                Wisk
+ Six                                 Yàyak
+ Seven                               Tsyàdak
+ Eight                               Sadégo
+ Nine                                Tyoughtow
+
+ Ten                                 Oyéry
+ Eleven                              Oyéry uskat yawàrey
+ Twelve                              Oyéry tekkeny yawàrey
+ Thirteen                            Oyéry aghsey yawàrey
+ Fourteen                            Oyéry kayeery yawàrey
+ Fifteen                             Oyéry wisk yawàrey
+ Sixteen                             Oyéry yàyak yawàrey
+
+ Seventeen                           Oyéry tsyàdak yawàrey
+
+ Eighteen                            Oyéry sadégo yawàrey
+ Nineteen                            Oyéry tyoughtow yawàrey
+
+ Twenty                              Towwaghsey
+ Twenty one                          Towwaghsey uskat yawàrey
+ Twenty two                          Towwaghsey tekkeny yawàrey
+ Twenty three                        Towwaghsey aghsey yawàrey
+ Twenty four                         Towwaghsey kayeery yawàrey
+ Twenty five                         Towwaghsey wisk yawàrey
+
+          {185} _Algonkin_                       _Chippeway_
+ Payjik                              Payshik
+ Ninch                               Neesh
+ Nissoo                              Neesswoy
+ Neoo                                Neon
+ Naran                               Narnan
+ Ningootwassoo                       Negutwosswoy
+ Ninchowassoo                        Neeshswosswoy
+ Nissowassoo                         Swosswoy
+ Shongassoo                          Shangosswoy
+
+ Metassoo                            Metosswoy
+ Metassoo ashy payjik                Metosswoy asshea payshik
+ Metassoo ashy ninch                 Metosswoy asshea neesh
+ Metassoo ashy nissoo                Metosswoy asshea neesswoy
+ Metassoo ashy neoo                  Metosswoy asshea neon
+ Metassoo ashy naran                 Metosswoy asshea narnan
+ Metassoo ashy ningootwassoo         Metosswoy asshea negutwosswoy
+ Metassoo ashy ninchowassoo          Metosswoy asshea neeshswosswoy
+ Metassoo ashy nissowassoo           Metosswoy asshea swosswoy
+ Metassoo ashy shongassoo            Metosswoy asshea shangosswoy
+
+ Ninchtànà                           Neesh tanner
+ Ninchtànà ashy payjik               Neesh tanner asshea payshik
+ Ninchtànà ashy ninch                Neesh tanner asshea neesh
+
+ Ninchtànà ashy nissoo               Neesh tanner asshea neesswoy
+ Ninchtànà ashy neoo                 Neesh tanner asshea neon
+
+ Ninchtànà ashy naran                Neesh tanner asshea narnan
+
+           {186} _English_                       _Iroquois_
+ Twenty six                          Towwaghsey yàyak yawàrey
+
+ Twenty seven                        Towwaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey
+ Twenty eight                        Towwaghsey sadégo yawàrey
+ Twenty nine                         Towwaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey
+
+ Thirty                              Aghsey newaghsey
+ Thirty one                          Aghsey newaghsey uskat yawàrey
+ Thirty two                          Aghsey newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey
+ Thirty three                        Aghsey newaghsey aghsey yawàrey
+ Thirty four                         Aghsey newaghsey kayeery yawàrey
+ Thirty five                         Aghsey newaghsey wisk yawàrey
+ Thirty six                          Aghsey newaghsey yàyak yawàrey
+ Thirty seven                        Aghsey newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey
+ Thirty eight                        Aghsey newaghsey sadégo yawàrey
+ Thirty nine                         Aghsey newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey
+
+ Forty                               Kayeery newaghsey
+ Forty one                           Kayeery newaghsey uskat yawàrey
+
+          {187} _Algonkin_                       _Chippeway_
+ Ninchtànà ashy ningootwassoo        Neesh tanner asshea negutwosswoy
+ Ninchtànà ashy ninchowassoo         Neesh tanner asshea neeshswosswoy
+ Ninchtànà ashy nissowassoo          Neesh tanner asshea swosswoy
+ Ninchtànà ashy shongassoo           Neesh tanner asshea shangosswoy
+
+ Nisso metànà                        Neess semmettenner
+ Nissoo metànà ashy payjik           Neess semmettenner asshea payshik
+ Nissoo metànà ashy ninch            Neess semmettenner asshea neesh
+ Nissoo metànà ashy nissoo           Neess semmettenner asshea neesswoy
+ Nissoo metànà ashy neoo             Neess semmettenner asshea neon
+ Nissoo metànà ashy naran            Neess semmettenner asshea narnan
+ Nissoo metànà ashy ningootwassoo    Neess semmettenner asshea
+                                       negutwosswoy
+ Nissoo metànà ashy ninchowassoo     Neess semmettenner asshea
+                                       neeshswosswoy
+ Nissoo metànà ashy nissowassoo      Neess semmettenner asshea swosswoy
+ Nissoo metànà ashy shongassoo       Neess semmettenner asshea
+                                       shangosswoy
+
+ Neoo metànà                         Neon mettenner
+ Neoo metànà ashy payjik             Neon mettenner asshea payshik
+
+
+              _English_                          _Iroquois_
+
+ Forty two                           Kayeery newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey
+ Forty three                         Kayeery newaghsey aghsey yawàrey
+ Forty four                          Kayeery newaghsey kayeery yawàrey
+ Forty five                          Kayeery newaghsey wisk yawàrey
+ Forty six                           Kayeery newaghsey yàyak yawàrey
+ {188}
+ Forty seven                         Kayeery newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey
+ Forty eight                         Kayeery newaghsey sadégo yawàrey
+ Forty nine                          Kayeery newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey
+
+ Fifty                               Wisk newaghsey
+ Fifty one                           Wisk newaghsey uskat yawàrey
+ Fifty two                           Wisk newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey
+ Fifty three                         Wisk newaghsey aghsey yawàrey
+ Fifty four                          Wisk newaghsey kayeery yawàrey
+ Fifty five                          Wisk newaghsey wisk yawàrey
+ Fifty six                           Wisk newaghsey yàyak yawàrey
+
+
+             _Algonkin_                          _Chippeway_
+
+ Neoo metànà ashy ninch              Neon mettenner asshea neesh
+ Neoo metànà ashy nissoo             Neon mettenner asshea neesswoy
+ Neoo metànà ashy neoo               Neon mettenner asshea neon
+ Neoo metànà ashy naran              Neon mettenner asshea narnan
+ Neoo metànà ashy ningootwassoo      Neon mettenner asshea negutwosswoy
+ {189}
+ Neoo metànà ashy ninchowassoo       Neon mettenner asshea neeshswosswoy
+ Neoo metànà ashy nissowassoo        Neon mettenner asshea swosswoy
+ Neoo metànà ashy shongassoo         Neon mettenner asshea shangosswoy
+
+ Naran metànà                        Nar mettenner
+ Naran metànà ashy payjik            Nar mettenner asshea payshik
+ Naran metànà ashy ninch             Nar mettenner asshea neesh
+ Naran metànà ashy nissoo            Nar mettenner asshea neesswoy
+ Naran metànà ashy neoo              Nar mettenner asshea neon
+ Naran metànà ashy naran             Nar mettenner asshea narnan
+ Naran metànà ashy ningootwassoo     Nar mettenner asshea negutwosswoy
+
+
+              _English_                          _Iroquois_
+
+ Fifty seven                         Wisk newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey
+ Fifty eight                         Wisk newaghsey sadégo yawàrey
+ Fifty nine                          Wisk newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey
+
+ Sixty                               Yàyak newaghsey
+ Sixty one                           Yàyak newaghsey uskat yawàrey
+ Sixty two                           Yàyak newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey
+ Sixty three                         Yàyak newaghsey aghsey yawàrey
+ Sixty four                          Yàyak newaghsey kayeery yawàrey
+ Sixty five                          Yàyak newaghsey wisk yawàrey
+ {190}
+ Sixty six                           Yàyak newaghsey yàyak yawàrey
+ Sixty seven                         Yàyak newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey
+ Sixty eight                         Yàyak newaghsey sadégo yawàrey
+ Sixty nine                          Yàyak newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey
+
+ Seventy                             Tsyàdak newaghsey
+ Seventy one                         Tsyàdak newaghsey uskat yawàrey
+
+
+             _Algonkin_                          _Chippeway_
+
+ Naran metànà ashy ninchowassoo      Nar mettenner asshea neeshswosswoy
+ Naran metànà ashy nissowassoo       Nar mettenner asshea swosswoy
+ Naran metànà ashy shongassoo        Nar mettenner asshea shangosswoy
+
+ Ningootwassoo metànà                Negutwoss semmettenner
+ Ningootwassoo metànà ashy payjik    Negutwoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       payshik
+ Ningootwassoo metànà ashy ninch     Negutwoss semmettenner asshea neesh
+ Ningootwassoo metànà ashy nissoo    Negutwoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       neesswoy
+ Ningootwassoo metànà ashy neoo      Negutwoss semmettenner asshea neon
+ Ningootwassoo metànà ashy naran     Negutwoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       narnan
+ {191}
+ Ningootwassoo metànà ashy           Negutwoss semmettenner asshea
+   ningootwassoo                       negutwosswoy
+ Ningootwassoo metànà ashy           Negutwoss semmettenner asshea
+   ninchowassoo                        neeshswosswoy
+ Ningootwassoo metànà ashy           Negutwoss semmettenner asshea
+   nissowassoo                         swosswoy
+ Ningootwassoo metànà ashy           Negutwoss semmettenner asshea
+   shongassoo                          shangosswoy
+
+ Ninchowassoo metànà                 Neeshswoss semmettenner
+ Ninchowassoo metànà ashy payjik     Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       payshik
+
+
+              _English_                          _Iroquois_
+
+ Seventy two                         Tsyàdak newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey
+ Seventy three                       Tsyàdak newaghsey aghsey yawàrey
+ Seventy four                        Tsyàdak newaghsey kayeery yawàrey
+ Seventy five                        Tsyàdak newag[h]sey wisk yawàrey
+ Seventy six                         Tsyàdak newaghsey yàyak yawàrey
+ Seventy seven                       Tsyàdak newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey
+ Seventy eight                       Tsyàdak newaghsey sadégo yawàrey
+ Seventy nine                        Tsyàdak newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey
+
+ {192}
+ Eighty                              Sadégo newaghsey
+ Eighty one                          Sadégo newaghsey uskat yawàrey
+ Eighty two                          Sadégo newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey
+ Eighty three                        Sadégo newaghsey aghsey yawàrey
+ Eighty four                         Sadégo newaghsey kayeery yawàrey
+ Eighty five                         Sadégo newaghsey wisk yawàrey
+ Eighty six                          Sadégo newaghsey yàyak yawàrey
+
+
+             _Algonkin_                          _Chippeway_
+
+ Ninchowassoo metànà ashy ninch      Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       neesh
+ Ninchowassoo metànà ashy nissoo     Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       neesswoy
+ Ninchowassoo metànà ashy neoo       Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea neon
+ Ninchowassoo metànà ashy naran      Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       narnan
+ Ninchowassoo metànà ashy            Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea
+   ningootwassoo                       negutwosswoy
+ Ninchowassoo metànà ashy            Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea
+   ninchowassoo                        neeshswosswoy
+ Ninchowassoo metànà ashy            Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea
+   nissowassoo                         swosswoy
+ Ninchowassoo metànà ashy shongassoo Neeshswoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       shangosswoy
+
+ {193}
+ Nissowassoo metànà                  Swoss semmettenner
+ Nissowassoo metànà ashy payjik      Swoss semmettenner asshea payshik
+ Nissowassoo metànà ashy ninch       Swoss semmettenner asshea  neesh
+ Nissowassoo metànà ashy nissoo      Swoss semmettenner asshea neesswoy
+ Nissowassoo metànà ashy neoo        Swoss semmettenner as[s]hea neon
+ Nissowassoo metànà ashy naran       Swoss semmettenner asshea narnan
+ Nissowassoo metànà ashy             Swoss semmettenner asshea
+   ningootwassoo                       negatwosswoy
+
+
+              _English_                          _Iroquois_
+
+ Eighty seven                        Sadégo newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey
+ Eighty eight                        Sadégo newaghsey sadégo yawàrey
+ Eighty nine                         Sadégo newaghsey tyoughtow yawàrey
+
+ Ninety                              Tyoughtow newaghsey
+ Ninety one                          Tyoughtow newaghsey uskat yawàrey
+ Ninety two                          Tyoughtow newaghsey tekkeny yawàrey
+ Ninety three                        Tyoughtow newaghsey aghsey yawàrey
+ Ninety four                         Tyoughtow newaghsey kayeery yawàrey
+ Ninety five                         Tyoughtow newaghsey wisk yawàrey
+ Ninety six                          Tyoughtow newaghsey yàyak yawàrey
+ {194}
+ Ninety seven                        Tyoughtow newaghsey tsyàdak yawàrey
+ Ninety eight                        Tyoughtow newaghsey sadégo yawàrey
+ Ninety nine                         Tyoughtow newaghsey tyoughtow
+                                       yawàrey
+
+ One hundred                         Uskat towaneyow
+ Two hundred                         Tekkeny towaneyow
+ Three hundred                       Aghsey towaneyow
+ Four hundred                        Kayeery towaneyow
+
+
+             _Algonkin_                          _Chippeway_
+
+ Nissowassoo metànà ashy             Swoss semmettenner asshea
+   ninchowassoo                        neeshswosswoy
+ Nissowassoo metànà ashy nissowassoo Swoss semmettenner asshea swosswoy
+ Nissowassoo metànà ashy shongassoo  Swoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       shangosswoy
+
+ Shongassoo metànà                   Shangoss semmettenner
+ Shongassoo metànà ashy payjik       Shangoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       payshik
+ Shongassoo metànà ashy ninch        Shangoss semmettenner asshea neesh
+ Shongassoo metànà ashy nissoo       Shangoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       neesswoy
+ Shongassoo metànà ashy neoo         Shangoss semmettenner asshea neon
+ Shongassoo metànà ashy naran        Shangoss semmettenner asshea narnan
+ Shongassoo metànà ashy              Shangoss semmettenner asshea
+   ningootwassoo                       negutwosswoy
+ {195}
+ Shongassoo metànà ashy ninchowassoo Shangoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       neeshswosswoy
+ Shongassoo metànà ashy nissowassoo  Shangoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       swosswoy
+ Shongassoo metànà ashy shongassoo   Shangoss semmettenner asshea
+                                       shangosswoy
+
+ Metassoo metànà                     Negut wauk
+ Metassoo ninchtànà metànà           Neesh wauk
+ Metassoo nissoo metànà              Neesswoy wauk
+ Metassoo neoo metànà                Neon wauk
+
+
+              _English_                          _Iroquois_
+
+ Five hundred                        Wisk towaneyow
+ Six hundred                         Yàyak towaneyow
+
+ Seven hundred                       Tsyàdak towaneyow
+
+ Eight hundred                       Sadégo towaneyow
+
+ Nine hundred                        Tyoughtow towaneyow
+
+ One thousand                        Oyéry towaneyow
+
+
+             _Algonkin_                          _Chippeway_
+
+ Metassoo naran metànà               Nar wauk
+ Metassoo ningootwassoo metànà       Negutwoss wauk
+ Metassoo ninchowasso metànà         Neeshswoss wauk
+ Metassoo nissowassoo metànà         Swoss wauk
+ Metassoo shongassoo metànà          Shangoss wauk
+ Metassoo metassoo metànà            Metosswoy kitchee wauk
+
+
+                            A TABLE OF WORDS
+
+  {196} _Shewing, in a variety of Instances, the Difference as well as
+    Analogy between the Algonkin and Chippeway Languages, with the
+    English Explanation._
+
+        _English_              _Algonkin_              _Chippeway_
+
+ To abandon, or forsake  Packiton                Packitan
+ To arrive at a place    Takouchin               Takooshin
+ To assist               Mawinewah               Mawinewah
+ To alter, or change     Miscoush                Mishcoot
+ To amuse, or play       Packeguay               Athtergain
+
+ To beat, or bruise      Packité                 Packettywaun
+ To believe              Tilerimah, or tikerimah Indenendum gwoyack
+ To be willing           Wisch                   Cannar, or cunner
+
+ To call                 Tychintkaw              Nandootum
+ To carry                Petou, or peta          Keemarjemet
+
+ To dance                Nemeh                   Nemeh
+ To do, or make          Toshiton                Ojeytoon, or Tojeytoon
+ {197}
+ To dwell, or stay       Tapia                   Appay
+ To drink                Minikwah                Minniquah
+
+ To eat                  Wissin                  Wissinnin
+
+ To freeze               Kissim                  Mushcowwartin
+ To fall                 Ponkisin                Ponkissin
+ To find                 Nantounewaw             Warbermeco
+
+ To go by water          Pimmiscaw               Pamiskian, or pemiskar
+
+ To go by land           Teja                    Papamôtay
+ To give                 Millaw                  Darmissey
+ To govern               Tibarimaw               Tibarimaw
+
+ To have                 Tindala                 Arwayyor
+ To hunt                 Keoussey                Geosay
+ To hate                 Shinguerimaw            Nesharquish
+
+ To keep                 Ganawerimaw             Gannewainnemar
+ To kill                 Nesa                    Gunnesar
+ To know                 Kekerindan              Keecannawendan
+
+ To love, or love        Sakiar                  Zargay, or zargeytoon
+
+ To lose                 Packilague              Winnetoon
+ To laugh                Kapy                    Pawpy
+ To lie down             Weepemaw                Neperhan
+
+ To meet                 Nantoonewar             Neewatch
+ {198}
+ To marry                Weewin                  Tuckunnumkewish
+ To make water           Minsy                   Meesesay
+ To make fire, & cook    Pootawee                Pooterway chebockwoy
+
+ To pay                  Tipaham                 Guddyparhan
+ To please               Mirowerrindan           Mirrowerrindan
+ To perspire             Matootoo                Matootoo
+
+ To run                  Pitcheba                Squamich
+ To row                  Pimisca                 Pemishkar
+
+ To sit down             Mantippy                Mantetappy
+ To seek                 Nantawerima             Warcharch
+ To sing                 Sheshin                 Najemoon
+ To steal                Kemootin                Keemôtyan
+ To sleep                Nepa                    Nepan
+ To smoke a pipe         Saggasoy                Suggersoy
+ To speak                Galoola                 Debarchim, or
+                                                   debarchemon
+ To see                  Wabemo                  Wabemat, or wabemor
+
+ To take                 Takoonan                Tarpenan
+ To think                Tilelindan              Indenendum, or indenind
+
+ To tell                 Teta                    Gudjey
+ To throw away, or       Webenan                 Waybenan
+   repudiate
+ {199}
+ To understand           Nistotawa               Neesstootewar
+
+ To vex                  Iskatissey              Annascartissey, or
+                                                   nishcartissey
+ To walk, or go          Pemousse                Pamôsay
+ To win                  Packitan                Warmatt
+
+ Axe                     Ajackwet                Ajackquoit
+ Above, or high          Spimink                 Ishpemeg
+ After, or afterwards    Mipidach                Ningoot
+ And                     Gaye, or mipigaye       Ashea
+ Another                 Coutak                  Ningootch
+ Again, or yet           Menawatch               Meenewatch
+ All                     Kakina                  Cockinnor
+ Always, wherever        Kakeli                  Cargoneek, or memarmo
+
+ Breech clout            Kepokitty kousah        Oncean
+ Beard                   Mischiton               Opeewyesky
+ Barrel                  Ayoentagun              Owentagun
+ Ball, or large shot     Alwin                   Kitchee anwin
+ Bottle                  Sheshegouay             Môtay
+ Beaver                  Amik                    Amik
+ Beaver skin             Appiminiquy             Appiminiquy
+ Body                    Yao                     Yoe
+ {200}
+ Blankets                Wabiwyan                Waperwoyan
+ Breech                  Miskousah               Peckqueen dorsow
+ Bear                    Mackquah                Mackquah
+ Bear cub                Makons                  Mackconce, or
+                                                   Mackquaconce
+ Bread, or flour         Paboushikan             Pockquoisigan
+ Broth, or soup          Wabou                   Shoanarboop
+ Bag                     Maskimout               Muchcomat
+ Blood                   Miskoo                  Misquy
+ Bark bowl, or cup       Oulagan                 Onagun
+ Belly                   Mishemout               Ishquamach
+ Brother                 Necanish                Shemayn
+ Bowels                  Olakick                 Onuggesh
+ Birds, or fowl          Pilé                    Pinneyshis
+ Because                 Mewinch                 Mewinch
+ Black                   Negao                   Mackcutty
+ Big                     Mentitoo                Menditoo
+
+ Coats                   Capotewian              Piskawagan
+ Canoe                   Cheeman                 Cheeman
+ Companion, or friend    Neechee                 Neejee, or Neecarnis
+ Captain, or chief       Okemaw                  Okemaw, or Ojemaw
+ Captain, or head        Kitchee okemaw          Kitchee Okemaw
+   warrior                 semauganish
+ Child, or children      Bobeloshin              Queebesince
+ Courage                 Taquamissi              Taguamissy, or
+                                                   Haguamissy
+ {201}
+ Covetous                Sasakissy               Sazargesay
+ Cold                    Kekatch                 Geessennar
+
+ Duck, wild              Sheeship                Sheeshib
+ Dust                    Pingway                 Pingo
+ Deer                    Awaskesh                Awaskesh
+ Dog                     Alim                    Anim
+ Dog, puppy              Alimons                 Animonce
+ Day, or days            Okonogat                Ogunnegat
+ Dart                    Sheshikwee              Aysquish
+ Dish                    Mackoan                 Mackoan
+ Dead                    Neepoo                  Neepoo
+ Devil, or Bad Spirit    Matchee Mannitoo        Matchee Mannitoo
+ Dance of Savages        Sheshequoy              Shessaquoy
+ Drunk                   Ousquibby               Squibby, or Osquibby
+ Done, it is done, or    Sheyar                  Shyyar
+   past
+
+ Elk                     Mons                    Moouse
+ Eye                     Ouskinshik              Wiskinky
+ English                 Outsakamink dachereni   Saggonash
+ Equal                   Tabiscooch              Tabiscoach
+ Each                    Paypayjik               Papayjit
+ Enough                  Mimilic                 Mee, or mimilic
+
+ Fire steel              Scoutykan               Squittycan, or
+                                                   Scotaycan
+ Fire                    Scoute                  Scotay or squitty
+ {202}
+ Fort                    Wackaygan               Wakaygan
+ French                  Mittigoush              Waymistergoash
+ Fish                    Kickons                 Kegonce
+ Fish, white             Attikamek               Artikkameg
+ Fox                     Outagamy                Assinbo
+ Flesh of animals        Weass                   Weass
+ Fork or prong stick     Nassawokwot             Cawmeek meteek
+ Father                  Nooskay                 Nocey
+ Fat, or he is fat       Pimete                  Pimmethy
+ Female, or woman        Ickwer                  Equoy
+ Full                    Mooshquenay             Mooshquenay
+ Free, generous          Walatissy               Ajackquoy
+ Formerly                Peraweego               Maywisher
+ Far off                 Watso                   Awassa, or Awassa woyta
+
+ Girl                    Ickwessens              Equoysince
+ Gun                     Paskeysegan             Baskeyzegan
+ Grass                   Myask                   Nepish, or mejask
+ Grapes                  Shoamin                 Minneshish
+ God, or Great Spirit    Kitchee Mannitoo        Kitchee Mannitoo
+ Gunpowder               Pingo Mackate           Mackcutty, or Pingo
+                                                   Mackcutty
+ Good                    Quelatch                Nishshishshin
+
+ House, or hut           Wikiwam                 Wigwaum
+ Hair, human             Lissy                   Lissy
+ {203}
+ Hair, of beasts         Pewall                  Opeeway
+ Heaven, or the other    Spiminkaquin            Pockcan worrockey, or
+   world                                           pockan tunnockey
+ Hare                    Wapoos                  Wapoos
+ Husband, or master of   Napema                  Nabaim
+   weakness
+ Head                    Ousteooan               Eshtergoan
+ Heart                   Mishewah                Oathty
+ Half                    Nabal                   Arbittar
+ Handsome                Sasayga                 Sasayga
+ Home, or dwelling       Entayank                Ashemich
+ Hot                     Akeeshattay             Geeshartay
+ Hungry                  Packatay                Bocketty
+ Here                    Akonda, or akomanda     Ashemich
+ How                     Tany                    Tawny
+ How much, or how many?  Tantasou, or            Tawnymilik?
+                           taxnimilik?
+
+ Indian corn             Metamin                 Medarmin
+ Iron                    Pewaby                  Pewabick
+ Island                  Minis                   Minnesey
+ Indians                 Ishinawbah              Nishinnorbay
+ Immediately             Webatch                 Webatch
+ Idle, or lazy           Kittimy                 Kittim
+
+ Knife                   Mockoman                Mokoman
+ Knife, crooked          Coutagan                Wakeckuman
+ {204}
+ Kettle, or pot          Akikkons                Akeek
+
+ Land                    Oustikan                Onjee
+ Looking glasses         Wabemo                  Warbemoon
+ Lake                    Kitchee Gammink         Sakiegan
+ Letter                  Marseynaygan            Marseynaygan
+ Leggons, or stockings   Metass                  Mittasse
+ Light (clear)           Vendao                  Meesharquoit
+ Long since              Shashayay               Sharshyyar
+ Little, small, few      Wabeloosheins           Pongay, or hagushenonce
+
+ Man                     Alisinape               Ninnee
+ Moon, or night light    Debikat Ikisy           Geezus
+ Mistress, or wife       Neremoossin             Mentimoye
+ Merchandise             Alokatchigan            Huncushigon, or
+                                                   Annacotchigon
+ Medicine                Maskikik                Maskikkee
+ Male                    Nape                    Ayarbey
+ Male deer, or stag      Mecheway                Ayarbey awaskesh
+ Much                    Nebela                  Nepewar, or gwotch
+
+ Needle to sew with      Shabounekan             Shaboonegun
+ Nose                    Yatch                   Yotch
+ News                    Taypatchimoo, kan       Mergummegat
+ Night                   Debbikat                Debbikat
+ Near, or nigh           Pechoowetch             Payshew
+ {205}
+ Now                     Nongom                  Nogome
+ Never                   Kawicka                 Cawwickca, or
+                                                   cassawickca
+ No                      Ka                      Cawween, or ka
+ Nothing                 Kakaygoo                Kakaygo
+ Not yet                 Kamasshy                Kamarchy
+
+ Otter                   Nekeek                  Nekeek
+ Old, he was old         Kewesheins              Keewaency
+
+ Portage, or carrying    Cappatagan              Onuggemeg
+   place
+ People, or nation       Irenee                  Nondajewot
+ Paddle, or small oar    Apway                   Abboy
+ Pike (a fish)           Kenonjay                Kenonjay
+ Peninsula               Minnissin               Minnissin
+ Peace                   Pekah                   Meecho
+ Partridge               Pilesiwee               Peenay
+ Pipe                    Poygan                  Opoygan
+
+ Quick                   Welibik                 Annacook
+
+ Ring, for the finger    Debelincheebeson        Zenzeebisson
+ Rice, wild              Malomin                 Menomon
+ Road                    Meekan                  Meekan
+ Rum, or brandy          Scoutiwaboy             Squittywabo, or
+                                                   scotaywabo
+ {206}
+ Rain                    Kemewan                 Kimmeevan
+ River                   Sepim                   Seepee
+ Roots of trees          Oustikwees              Watappy
+ Robe of peltry          Ockola                  Woygan, or oakonus
+ Red                     Misquy                  Misquoy, or misquitty
+
+ Shirt                   Papakewean              Parbockerwoyan
+ Spoon                   Mickwan                 Tamickquoin
+ Sword, or great knife   Semagan                 Kitchee mokoman
+ Sense, to have sense    Nebwacka                Annaboycassey
+ Star                    Alan                    Annunk
+ Sturgeon                Lamek                   Onnemay
+ Sea, or unbounded lake  Agankitchee gammink     Kitchee gammink
+ Stone                   Assin                   Assin
+ Spirit                  Mannitoo                Mannitoo
+ Sun, or great light     Keesis                  Geesessey
+ Shoes (Indian)          Mackisin                Maukissin
+ Ship, or great canoe    Kitchee cheeman         Kitchee Naberquoin
+ Soldier, or warrior     Semaganis               Shemagonish
+ Smoke, or fire fog      Pentakoe                Keenarbittay
+ Summer, or spring       Merockamink             Menokemeg
+ Sick                    Outineous               Aquoisee
+ Sad                     Talissimy               Cushkendummerman
+ Strong                  Mashkawa                Mushcowar
+ {207}
+ Teeth                   Tebit                   Weebit
+ To-morrow               Wabank                  Warbunk
+ Tomahawk                Agackwetons             Warcockquoite
+ Tongue, human           Ooton                   Ooton
+ Tobacco                 Sayma                   Assaymer
+ Tobacco pouch           Kaspetagun              Kispetawgun
+ Trees                   Meteek                  Meteek
+ There                   Mandadiby               Woity, or awoity
+ Too much                Ozam                    Ozome
+ Too little              Ozame mangis            Ozome pangay
+ Thank you               Meegwatch               Meegwotch
+ Truly                   Keket                   Kaygait
+ That                    Manda                   Maunder
+ Together                Mamawee                 Marmo
+
+ Vermillion              Oulamar                 Ozonnemon
+ Village                 Oudenank                Narpoon
+
+ Water                   Nepee                   Nippee
+ Winter                  Pepoon                  Bebone
+ Wolf                    Mahingan                Mahingan
+ Wine, or blood red      Shoemin aboo            Mishquoy shoanarboop
+   broth
+ Wind                    Loutin                  Noetting
+ Woods                   Nopemenk                Menopemeg
+ War                     Nontobâly               Mecartay
+ Weary, or tired         Takoosy                 Nowwendayshon
+ {208}
+ Why                     Tanientien              Cannatoo
+ Where                   Ta                      Aunday
+ Where is he? or where   Tanepy appy             Tannepy Appay
+   does he dwell?
+ What is that? what? or  Waneweenay?             Wàygonin?
+   what now?
+ Who is that?            Waneweenay mabo?        Hawaneeyau?
+ Whence                  Tannepy                 Tannepy
+ White                   Waby                    Warbishcar
+
+ Yellow                  Wazzo                   Jônia
+ Yes                     Mi, or Minkooty         Angaymer, or Nangaymer
+
+ Yesterday               Pitchylago              Pitchynargo
+
+
+     {209} _English_            _Mohegan_              _Shawanee_
+
+ A bear                  Mquoh                   Mauquah
+ A beaver                Amisque                 Amaquah
+ Eye                     Hkeesque                Skesacoo
+ Ear                     Towohque                Towacah
+ Fetch                   Pautoh                  Peatoloo
+ My grandfather          Nemoghhome              Nemasompethau
+ My grandmother          Nohhum                  Nocumthau
+ My grandchild           Naughees                Noosthethau
+ He goes                 Pumissoo                Pomthalo
+ A girl                  Peesquausoo             Sqauthauthau
+ House                   Weekumuhm               Weecuah
+ He (that man)           Uwoh                    Welah
+ His head                Weensis                 Weenseh
+ His heart               Utoh                    Otaheh
+ Hair                    Weghaukun               Welathoh
+ Her husband             Waughecheh              Wasecheh
+ His teeth               Wepeeton                Wepeetalee
+ I thank you             Wneeweh                 Neauweh
+ My uncle                Nsees                   Neeseethau
+ I                       Neah                    Nelah
+ Thou                    Keah                    Kelah
+ We                      Neaunuh                 Nelauweh
+ Ye                      Keauwuh                 Kelauweh
+ Water                   Nbey                    Nippee
+ Elder sister            Nmees                   Nemeethau
+ River                   Sepoo                   Thepee
+
+           {210} _English_                        _Mohegan_
+ Bear                                Mquoh
+ Beaver                              Amisque
+ Dead, he is dead                    Nboo, or Neepoo
+ Devil, or Bad Spirit                Mtandou
+ Dress the kettle, (make a fire)     Pootouwah
+ Eyes                                Ukeesquan
+ Fire                                Stauw
+ Give it him                         Meenuh
+ How                                 Tuneh
+ House                               Weekumuhm
+ Go, or walk                         Pumisseh
+ Marry                               Weeween
+ River                               Sepoo
+ Shoes                               Mkissin
+ The sun                             Keesogh
+ Sit down                            Mattipeh
+ Water                               Nbey
+ Where                               Tehah
+ Winter                              Hpoon
+ Wood                                Metooque
+
+ N. B. The e final is not sounded except in monosyllables.
+
+
+           {211}_Algonkin_                       _Chippeway_
+
+ Mackquah                            Mackquah
+ Amik                                Amik
+ Nepoo                               Neepoo
+ Matchee Mannitoo                    Matchee Mannitoo
+
+ Poutwah                             Pooterway Chebockwoy
+ Ouskinshik                          Wiskinky
+ Scoute                              Scotay or Squitty
+ Millaw                              Darmissey
+ Tany                                Tawny
+ Wikiwam                             Wigwaum
+ Pemousse                            Pamosây
+ Wewin                               Tuckunnumkewish
+ Sepim                               Seepee
+ Mackisin                            Maukissin
+ Keesis                              Geessessey
+ Mantippy                            Mantetappy
+ Nepee                               Nippee
+ Ta                                  Aunday
+ Pepoon                              Bebone
+ Meteek                              Meteek
+
+           {212}_English_                        _Iroquois_
+ Above                               Aynegun
+ Absent                              Yáckta ohárlogh
+ Abuse, to                           Henryotaxa
+ Accept, to                          Iáyner
+ Account, to                         Sastáyricey
+ Accuse, to                          Cúttergun
+ Add to                              Cayéntuck
+ Admire, to                          Sannagatcácktone
+ Advice                              Sattayéntack
+ Adultery                            Sáchequar
+ Afraid                              Sáquoy
+ Afternoon                           Nowwátone
+ Again                               Ségo
+ Agree, to                           Curywyyárley
+ Alike                               Sadáyyouth
+ All                                 Aguágo
+ Ally                                Lanóha
+ Alone                               Yáckta oya
+ Always                              Chetko
+ Amuse, to                           Susqueeselon
+ Another                             Oya
+ Answer, to                          Sattróly
+ And                                 Noke
+ A, an, or the                       Ne, ne
+
+ Bread                               Kanádaro
+ Black                               Agohoonsay
+ {213}
+ Dear                                Carnolelow
+
+ English                             Cherrihunságat
+
+ Father                              Luggoney
+
+ Gunpowder                           Ogánra
+ Give me                             Cassar
+
+ How much, or how many               Toneego
+
+ Jacob                               Yárwek
+
+ King, or great chief                Sachem
+
+ Money                               Wisstar
+ Montreal                            Chocktyhargo
+
+ Or                                  Neteas
+
+ Partridge                           Oquesses
+ Peter                               Gwider
+ Plenty                              Cúshcowait
+ Perhaps                             Togatt
+
+ Rose (a flower)                     Easel
+ Rum                                 Skarat
+ {214}
+ Shot                                Onáya
+ Sugar                               Chekayter
+ Silver works                        Wisstar noolone
+
+ Thank you                           Yaown
+ There is                            Honerer
+
+ Understand, to                      Cockharonckar
+
+ Wise                                Satoákha
+ Wind                                Yowwetty
+ Win, to                             Rowwennéhoo
+ Willing                             Senooncy
+ Wild                                Yáckta satoákha
+ Wife                                Sannatella
+ White                               Carárger
+ War                                 Satterleyhone
+ Who                                 Unghka
+ Was                                 Ne
+ Water                               Oghnéga
+ Wine, or blood red soup             Onéahháradáschhoúhtserákeri
+ Who was                             Ungka ne
+ What was                            Oghnihayadòtea
+ Where                               Caha
+
+ Virgin                              Hanághgwáyenden
+ {215}
+ Young                               Agúntelo
+ You                                 Ecee
+ Yesterday                           Tyoúcktárlow
+ Yes                                 Etho
+ Yellow                              Ajeenegwar
+ Year                                Atoori
+ Your health                         Honoroquennyee
+
+
+          {216} _Names of Furs and Skins in English and French_
+
+
+              _English_                           _French_
+
+ Fat winter beaver                   Castor gras d´hiver
+ Fat summer beaver                   Castor gras d´été
+ Dry winter beaver                   Castor secs d´hiver
+ Dry summer beaver                   Castor secs d´été
+ Old winter beaver                   Castor vieux d´hiver
+ Old summer beaver                   Castor vieux d´été
+ Raw stag skins                      Cerfs verts
+ Prepared stag skins                 Cerfs passés
+ Rein deer skins                     Caribous
+ Raw hind skins                      Biches vertes
+ Prepared hind skins                 Biches passées
+ Mush rats                           Rats musques
+ Prepared roebuck skins              Chevreuils passés
+ Unprepared roebuck skins            Chevreuils verts
+ Tanned roebuck skins                Chevreuils tanés
+ Southern, or Virginia foxes         Renards du sud ou Virginie
+ White, from Tadousac, foxes         Renards blancs de Tadousac
+ Wolves                              Loups de bois
+ Beaver eaters                       Carcajous
+ Martens                             Martres
+ Squirrels, black                    Ecureuils, noirs
+ Squirrels, grey                     Ecureuils, argentés
+ {217}
+ Fishers                             Peccans
+ Bears                               Ours
+ Bears, Cub                          Oursons
+ Otters                              Loutres
+ Cats                                Chats
+ Lynx                                Loups cerviers
+ Foxes, red                          Renards, rouges
+ Foxes, cross                        Renards croisés
+ Foxes, black                        Renards noirs
+ Foxes, grey                         Renards argentés
+ Minks                               Visons, ou Fourtreaux
+ North Case Cat                      Pichoux du nord
+ South Case Cat                      Pichoux du sud
+
+
+                     {218} _Parts of the Human Body_
+
+
+              _English_                          _Chippeway_
+
+ Ankle                               Warwích
+ Arm                                 Aník
+ Arm, broken                         Késconeek
+ Back                                Oníckquick
+ Beard                               Opeewyésky
+ Belly                               Is´quamach
+ Blood                               Misqúy
+ Body                                Yoe
+ Bones                               Oakcan
+ Bowels                              Onúggesh
+ Brain                               Opin
+ Breath                              Nowwetting, or nowwettywich
+ Breech                              Peckqueen dorsow
+ Breast                              Wheyóe
+ Cheeks                              Warbím
+ Chin                                Utchwar
+ Eye                                 Wiskínky
+ Eye that squints                    Annooch
+ Ear                                 Nóndawar
+ {219}
+ Eyelid                              Péwyar
+ Eyebrow                             Gwátso
+ Face                                Meechaw
+ Fundament                           Meedséywort
+ Fingers                             Argátso
+ Foot, or feet                       Ozett
+ Gall                                Marchéw
+ Hand                                Armóche
+ Heart                               Oathty
+ Hair                                Lissy
+ Head                                Eshtergóan
+ Hips                                Tarbatch
+ Head, bald                          Wematishtergóan
+ Knee                                Puttwar
+ Lips                                Meemoáche
+ Lungs                               Seegwa
+ Leg                                 Ocárt
+ Liver                               Quinch
+ Mouth                               Meessey
+ Nails of fingers and toes           Narb
+ Neck                                Shemmor
+ {220}
+ Nostrils                            Pecktópe
+ Nose                                Yotch
+ Navel                               Pinneck
+ Ribs                                Ashíngo
+ Skull                               Eshteroáthcan
+ Sinews                              Atteese
+ Skin                                Pokkikkin
+ Teeth                               Weebitt
+ Thighs                              Oquarme
+ Thumbs                              Mitchea
+ Throat                              Squissow
+ Toes                                Tarwárchewort
+ Tongue                              Ooton
+ Veins                               Weebórso, or neatissum
+ Wrist                               Annánk
+
+
+                      {221} _Names of Animals, &c._
+
+ Animal between a dog and a wolf     Wabátch
+ Ants, and all small insects         Mannetónce
+
+ Buck, or male deer                  Ayarbéy awashkésh
+ Beaver robe                         Amik woygán, or amik oakónus
+ Bear                                Mackquáh
+ Bear, cub                           Mackquacónce or mackónce
+ Beaver                              Amik
+ Beaver skin                         Appiminiquy
+ Beaver eater                        Quickwahay
+ Birds, all small                    Pennyshance
+ Buffalo                             Péshshekey
+
+ Cat, wild                           Peshshéw
+ Cat, tame                           Cúshecance
+ Crow                                Cark cark
+ Carp                                Narmáybin
+ Crane                               Kitchee cárbo
+
+ Duck, wild                          Sheshíb
+ Dog                                 Anim
+ {222}
+ Dog, puppy                          Animónce
+ Deer                                Awashkésh
+
+ Elk                                 Moouse
+ Eggs                                Wark
+ Eagle                               Meegeezes
+
+ Flesh of animals                    Weass
+ Fur of animals                      Oyan
+ Feathers of birds                   Pequim
+ Fox                                 Assínbo
+ Frog                                Muckkikkée
+ Fish                                Kegónce
+ Fisher                              Ochíck
+ Fowl, or birds                      Pénnyshis
+ Fish, white                         Artíkkameg
+
+ Goose, wild                         Neecárk
+
+ Hog                                 Coocóoche
+ Hair of animals                     Opeeway
+ Hide of animals                     Weeyan
+ Hare                                Wapóos
+ Horse                               Ogashy
+
+ Loon                                Maunk
+
+ Marten                              Warbeshánce
+ {223}
+ Mink                                Shángwoitch
+ Musquash, or mush rat               Háwoyzask
+
+ Otter                               Nekeek
+
+ Partridge                           Peenay
+ Pickeril                            Ogánce
+ Peltry, or robe made of fur         Woygan
+ Pike                                Keenonjey
+ Plover                              Guéveshew
+
+ Racoon                              Asseeban
+
+ Skunk, or pole cat                  Sheecark
+ Sturgeon                            Onnemay
+ Snakes                              Keenaypíckneeshey
+ Skin of animals                     Nink
+ Squirrel                            Opickquoy
+ Swan                                Kitchee meework
+
+ Tongue of animals                   Sawwétch
+ Tail of animals                     Warmeech
+ Turkey                              Weenecobbo
+ Trout                               Narmáyguiss
+
+ Wing of birds                       Gwimbítch
+ Wolf                                Mawhíngon
+
+
+                           {224} _Merchandise_
+
+ Arm bands                           Kitchee wáybesun
+ Axe                                 Ajáckquoit
+
+ Ball, or large shot                 Kitchee ánwin
+ Brass wire                          Pewarbickcónce
+ Beads                               Mannetoo menánce
+ Broaches                            Paunéa
+ Breech clout                        Oncean
+ Blanket                             Waperwóyan
+
+ Comb                                Penárquan
+ Coat                                Piskawágan
+ Canoe awl                           Meecóose
+
+ Fire steel                          Squíttycan
+ Finger ring                         Zenzéebisson
+
+ Gun flint                           Powwabickcóon
+ Gum                                 Pickkéw
+ Gun                                 Baskéyzegan
+ {225}
+ Gartering                           Arcoquóshergan
+ Gunpowder, or black dust            Mackcutty, or mackcutty pingo
+ Gun worms                           Teakíagun
+
+ Hair plates                         Saggobánwan
+ Hawk bells                          Pewarbeneech
+ Horn                                Pendycutty
+ Hats                                Oweoathcoan
+
+ Kettle, or pot                      Akeek
+ Knife, or knives                    Mókoman
+ Knife, crooked                      Wakéckuman
+
+ Lines for a net                     Shenowantágan
+ Leggons, or stockings               Mittasse
+ Looking glasses                     Warbermoone
+
+ Needles                             Shaboonegun
+ Net for fishing                     Assubbub
+
+ Ribbons, or silk                    Sénnebar
+ Rum, or brandy                      Scótaywábo, or Squittaywábo
+
+ Spear                               Eshcan
+ Shot                                Sheesheebanwín
+ Stroud, blue                        Mannetoo woygán
+ {226}
+ Stroud, red                         Míshwoygán
+ Shirt                               Parbóckerwoyán
+
+ Tomahawk                            Warcóckquoite, or Warcóckquoite
+                                       Opoygan
+ Tobacco                             Assáymer
+ Thread                              Assúb
+
+ Vermilion                           Ozonnemon
+
+ Wristbands                          Annán
+
+ Army, or number of people assembled Barthtiárje
+   together
+ Adultery                            Keemótegun
+ Air                                 Shaquoit
+ Ashes                               Pamótay wáybegun
+ Arch (part of a circle)             Nondárgay
+ Aunt                                Ergúshemin
+ Absent                              Cáwween áppay
+ All                                 Cockinnór
+ Abuse, to abuse                     Mecártay
+ All together                        Cockinnór marmó
+ Alive                               Pemártus
+ Ashamed, to be ashamed              Newemo
+ Any                                 Apáckcan, or han
+ Alike, or equal                     Tabiscoach
+ Again, or yet                       Méenewatch
+ Alone, at, or only                  Aighter or unter
+ Always, or wherever                 Cargonéek, or memármo
+ After, or afterwards                Ningoot
+ And                                 Ashea
+ {228}
+ A and The                           Páyshik
+ Another                             Ningootch
+ Alone, or I myself                  Nin aighter
+ Above, or high                      I´shpemeg
+ Also, too                           Guyyea
+
+ Book, letter, paper                 Marseynáygan
+ Bread, or flour                     Pockquoísigan
+ Broth, or soup                      Shoanárboop
+ Branches of a tree                  Meetecónce
+ Brother                             Shemayn
+ Bark of a tree                      Wigwass
+ Bark, fire bark                     Scótay wigwass
+ Boy                                 Oskenáygay
+ Battle                              Shamishcart
+ Bag                                 Múshcomat
+ Barrel                              Owentágun
+ Bridge                              Warmeek
+ Basket, or hand bowl                Wapátch
+ Bed                                 Péshshemo
+ Bottle                              Môtay
+ Bay, or road for vessels            Assénjey
+ Box of wood, or bark, or run keg    Meteek múshcomat, or muccuck
+ Blue                                Talónjay
+ Bald                                Parmín
+ Bad, or wicked                      Matchee
+ {229}
+ Bitter                              Matooch
+ Bright, or light                    Meeshárquoit
+ Barren, not bearing fruit           Matchee wáybegun
+ Big, or great                       Menditoo
+ Black                               Mackcútty
+ Blind                               Warbermenéech
+ Broad                               Hamatchey
+ Bottom                              Haundwatchey
+ Busy                                U´ngwoitch
+ Because                             Mewinch
+ But                                 Moszáck
+ By and by                           Panimár
+ Below                               Opármey
+ Beyond, or far of                   Awassa, or awassa woy´ta
+ Before                              Awáshshemon
+ Behind                              Ningôochum
+ Between                             Icktum guichum
+ Besides                             Metách, or menoche
+
+ Canoe                               Cheeman
+ Country                             Tunnockáy
+ Chief, or captain                   Ojémaw, or O´kemaw
+ Cup, or bark bowl                   Onágun
+ Cloud, or grand cover               Kenárbo
+ Cable, or big rope                  Kitchee assubbub
+ Copper, iron, or brass              Pewárbick
+ Crowd                               Nepewárnoondájewort
+ {230}
+ Cabin, hut, or house                Wigwaum
+ Current of water                    Sedgwin
+ Companion, or friend                Neejee, or Neecarnis
+ Courage                             Haguámissey or Taguámissey
+ Child, or children                  Queebesince
+ Corn, Indian                        Medármin
+ Covetous, or greedy                 Sazárgesay
+ Calm                                Annywattin
+ Cunning                             Matchee weebézesay
+ Coarse (not fine)                   Matchee arpeech
+ Cold                                Geessennar
+ Come here                           Ondass
+ Can it, is it, was it               Nar
+ Carrying place, or portage          Onúggemeg
+
+ Devil, or Bad Spirit                Matchee Mannitoo
+ Daughter                            Indongway, or Darniss
+ Dust, or powder                     Pingo
+ Day, fine                           Meeno geesshegat
+ Day, bad                            Matchee geesshegat
+ Day, or days                        Ogúnnegat
+ Day, dawn of                        Thurénsera
+ Dart                                Aysquish
+ Dew                                 Misquoitch
+ Debt, or trust                      Marsennahatch, or Marsennáygan
+ Door, shut the door                 Squendum
+ Dish                                Mackcóan
+ {231}
+ Down (on the ground)                Doutch
+ Dear, or too much                   Ozóme
+ Done, gone, or past                 Shyyár, or shárshyyar
+ Dark                                Onárgushey
+ Drunk                               Squibby, or Osquibby
+ Dressed, or ripe                    Keejetty
+ Drowsy, (I am drowsy)               Nepârhar
+ Dry, or thirsty                     Sparchtay
+ Deaf                                Chartch
+ Dead                                Nepoo
+ Deep                                Anneycheewoatch
+
+ Edge                                Gatsotes
+ Enemy, or bad heart                 Matchee Oathty
+ English                             Saggonash
+ Earth                               Mattoyash
+ Easy                                Meenwéndesay
+ Enough                              Mee
+ Empty                               Cawween mooshkenay
+ Equal, or alike                     Tabiscoach
+ Each                                Papay´jit
+
+ Flour, or bread                     Pockquoísigan
+ Fat, oil, or grease                 Pimmethy
+ Food                                Mejimmim
+ Fever                               Mishquoishártay
+ Fear, to fear, he is afraid         Keezáycus
+ {232}
+ Fruit                               Pinneesh
+ Feast                               Wisseneet
+ Friend, or companion                Neejee, or Necárnis
+ Fool, he is a fool                  Keepártesee
+ Flood of water                      Chingwim
+ Family                              Nepewoajánis
+ Father                              Nócey
+ French, or builders of vessels      Waymístergoash
+ Fathom (a measure)                  Euníck
+ Female, or woman                    E´quoy
+ Fork, or prong stick                Cáwmeek meeteek
+ Fire                                Scótay, or squitty
+ Flint stone                         Pewarmickcoon
+ Fort, or tower                      Wakáygon
+ Fond, I am fond                     Nezárgea
+ Free, or generous                   Ajáckquoy
+ Fine (not coarse)                   Arpeech
+ Few                                 Memárjis
+ Fresh (not stale)                   Meecheeweass
+ Full                                Mooshquenay
+ Formerly, long time ago             Maywísher
+
+ Grease, fat, or oil                 Pimmethy
+ Grapes                              Minnishish
+ Girl                                E´quoysince
+ God, or Great Spirit                Kitchee Mannitoo
+ Gold, or fine yellow metal          Kitchee jónia
+ {233}
+ Great, good                         Kitchee, or nishshishshín
+ Green                               Achíb
+ Great, or big                       Menditoo
+ Globe, the earth                    Warbegún
+ Gone, past, or done                 Shyyar, or sharshyyar
+
+ Harbour                             Pejárcan
+ Health                              Pemártus
+ Herb, or grass                      Nepísh, or mejásk
+ Hell, or place of bad spirits       Kitchee squíttyung
+ Half, or part                       Arbittár
+ Home, or dwelling                   A´shemich
+ Hill                                Anneech
+ Husband, or master of weakness      Nabaim
+ Hole                                March
+ Huckleberries                       Shóamin
+ Hard, cruel; it is hard or cruel    Sánnegat
+ Handsome                            Sasay´ga
+ Heavy                               Pestérquan
+ Hot, or warm                        Geeshártay
+ Hungry, thin, lean                  Bócketty
+ He, him, she, or her                Ween
+ Here                                Omár, or owáy
+ How, or how do you do?              Waygush, or way way
+ How many, or how much               Tawnimilik
+ Here and there                      Pay payshik
+ {234}
+ Have, had                           Arthty
+ High, or above                      I´shpemeg
+
+ Island                              Min´nesey
+ Ice                                 Mequárme
+ Indians                             Nishinnorbay
+ Journey, to go a journey            Marchián
+ Justice, or truth                   Gwoyack
+ Idle, or lazy                       Kíttim
+ Jealous                             Pejármoach
+ I, me, or my                        Nin, nee, or nee, nee
+ I, myself, or alone                 Nin aighter
+ If                                  Késhpin
+ Indeed                              Hapádgey
+ Immediately, or very soon           Weebátch
+ In                                  Pendeek
+ It is true, or right, or very well  Kaygait, kay, or meegwoyack
+
+ I have                              Kaygo
+ I have not                          Ka, kaygo
+ Is it, was it, can it               Nar
+
+ Knot of wood                        Mushqueewórmeteek
+ King, or great chief                Gósenan
+
+ Lake                                Sakíegan
+ Lightning, or quick fire            Squitty annacook
+ {235}
+ Loss, to lose                       Winnetoon
+ Leaves                              Nepeech
+ Life                                Noochimmoin
+ Love, to love                       Zárgay, or zargeytoon
+ Land                                Onjee
+ Lean, hungry, or thin               Bócketty
+ Little, small                       Pongay
+ Light (not heavy)                   Cáwween pestérquan
+ Light, or bright                    Meeshárquoit
+ Lazy, or idle                       Kíttim
+ Last                                Ingwitch, or awass
+ Long                                Keenónje
+ Lame                                Armooch
+ Low                                 Appywick
+ Long since                          Sharshyyar
+ Lately, or now                      Nogóme
+ Lewd, or unwise                     Cáwween annobóycassey
+
+ Male                                Ayarbéy
+ Middle                              Amáng
+ Music                               Agummeweech
+ Merchandize                         Huncúshigon, or annacótchigon
+ Milk, or the sap of the breast      Tootooshonárbo
+ Medicine                            Maskikkee
+ Mistress, or wife                   Mentimóyey
+ My wife, or mistress                Mentimóyamish
+ Mouth                               Warbun
+ {236}
+ Moon                                Geezus
+ Mat made of rushes                  Woyzáskquish
+ Mother                              Ningay
+ Man                                 Ninnee
+ Montreal (a town in Canada)         Monyny´yank
+ Morning                             Keejay´p
+ Mountain                            Espeo´ckay
+ Mud                                 Onjeech
+ Many                                Márnay
+ Much, or a great deal               Népewar, or gwotch
+ Mine, belonging to me               Weechópe
+ Make haste                          Weebittán, or ha weebittán
+ Me, my, or I                        Nin, nee, or nee, nee
+
+ News, or intelligence               Mergummegat
+ Name                                Shenecazeau
+ Night                               Debbikat
+ Nest, bird´s nest                   Wesshepátchta
+ Noise                               Tonbíngesay
+ Nothing, no, or not                 Cáwween, or Ka
+ New, or strange                     Nobeetch, or pockcan
+ Narrow                              Agússin
+ Near, or nigh                       Payshéw
+ Not yet                             Kámarchey
+ Now, or lately                      Nogóme
+ Never                               Cáwwickcá, or cássawickcá
+ {237}
+ Oil, fat, or grease; or to be fat   Pímmethy
+ Old, he is old                      Keewáency
+ Out, or without                     Accochink
+ Of                                  An
+ Oh! oh!                             Taw! waw!
+ Only, at, or alone                  Aighter, or unter
+ Our, us, or we                      Neennerwind
+ One, the, a, or an                  Páyshik
+
+ Pity, or sorrow                     Cushkéndum
+ Part, or half                       Arbittár
+ Pain                                Daggow´wemeech
+ Plenty                              Cúshcowait
+ Paint                               Zawnúm
+ Peace                               Meecho
+ Pipe                                Opóygan
+ Portage, or carrying place          Onúggemeg
+ Peninsula                           Minnesin
+ Poison, or the taste of the bad     Matchee pattso
+   swelling
+ Paddle, or small oar                A´bboy
+ Priest, or Master of Life´s man     Kitchee Mannitoo Ninnee
+ Pack, or bundle of skins            Meekintárgan
+ Present, or gift                    Achímmey
+ Pledge                              Assinjégo
+ Price, what price, how many, or how Andersoy
+   much
+ {238}
+ Pleasure                            Armeetso
+ People, or nation                   Nondájewot
+ Permission                          Gar
+ Patient                             Ardátch
+ Proof                               Chárno
+ Poor                                Kitchee Mórgussey
+ Proud                               Ish´pemeech
+ Pregnant                            Mooshkey
+ Past, gone, done                    Shyyár, or sháshyyár
+ Perhaps                             Cánnebatch
+ Plural                              Woke
+
+ Quiet, all is quiet                 Súggermarsh
+ Quick                               Annacook
+
+ Rock weed, or tripe derôche         Haw´wercoon
+ Rice, Indian                        Menómon
+ River                               Seepee
+ Robe made of peltry                 Woygán, or oakónus
+ Road                                Meekan
+ Raft of wood                        Nepewameteek
+ Rain                                Kimmeewan
+ Rocks                               Essíngo
+ Rushes                              Woyzásk
+ Roots of trees                      Watáppy
+ Roots, a figurative expression for  Waterwawaddoossin
+   the affections of the heart which
+   entwine about each other
+ {239}
+ Rapid, or strong current of water   Pówwetink
+ Ready                               Guy´oxim
+ Rotten                              Dadge
+ Round                               Omích
+ Red                                 Misquitty, or mísquy
+ Rough                               Guachootch
+ Raw, or unripe                      Kakeejetty
+ Ripe, or dressed                    Keejetty
+
+ Stone                               Assín
+ Soup, or broth                      Shoanárboop
+ Sense, or understanding             Annabóycassey
+ Sap of the breast, or milk          Tootooshomarbo
+ Star                                Annúnk
+ Shame                               Acheek
+ Stranger                            Péwithay
+ Shade                               Angwoitch
+ Shell                               Atch
+ Sky                                 Esh´pea
+ Sleep                               Nepán
+ Sugar, or sweet                     Seezeebóckquoit, or seezequar
+ Salt                                Sheotágan
+ Soldier, warrior, or brave man      Shemágonish
+ Sister                              Shemay´nce
+ Strong, or strength                 Múshkowar
+ Summer, or spring                   Menókemeg
+ Stumps of trees                     Mátwort
+ {240}
+ Storm                               Matchee geeshegar
+ Slay, an Indian carriage            Tarbinnáck
+ Spoon                               Támmickquoin
+ Son                                 Jánis
+ Sand                                Dárjey
+ Ship, or great canoe                Kitchee náberquoin
+ Shoes (Indian)                      Maukissin
+ Sword, or great knife               Kitchee mókoman
+ Sea, or great unbounded lake        Kitchee gammink
+ Smoke, or fire fog                  Keenárbittay
+ Sail of a ship                      Kitchee náberquoin parbóckerwoyan
+ Snow                                Going
+ Sun, or great light                 Geessessey
+ Soft                                Charbeech
+ Sad                                 Cushkendummerman
+ Sorrow, or pity                     Cushkendum
+ Savage, or wild                     Matcheewa
+ Small, or little                    Hagúshenonce, or pongay
+ Sharp                               Weemátch
+ Smooth                              Narnín
+ Sour                                Nebítch
+ Sudden                              I´shmick
+ Slow                                Kíttermish
+ Surprising                          Towwácktowar
+ Short                               Dáckquoy
+ Strange, or new                     Nobeetch, or pockan
+ {241}
+ Such                                Shenárgussey
+ Sick                                Aquoisee
+ She, her, he, or him                Ween
+
+ Tower or fort                       Wakaygon
+ Truth, or justice                   Gwoyack
+ Trade                               Artawway
+ Trader                              Artawway winnin
+ Thunder                             Tarbishár
+ Tobacco pouch                       Kispetawgan
+ Thief; he is a thief                Keemôtay
+ Trees, or wood                      Meteek
+ Thoughts                            Waybissay, or waybeezezay
+ Thing, or things                    Kaygoshish
+ To-morrow                           Warbunk
+ Tame                                Jimmenin
+ Thin, hungry, or lean               Bocketty
+ True; to be true                    Deb´woy
+ This, or that                       Mor, or morndar
+ They, them, or ye                   Weenewar
+ There, at that place                Woity, or awoity
+ The, a, an, or one                  Páyshik
+ To                                  Ojey
+ Thou, or you                        Keen, kee, or kee kee
+ Too little                          Ozóme pongay
+ Too, or also                        Guyyea
+ Too much                            Ozóme
+ {242}
+ Together                            Marmo
+ Thank you                           Meegwoitch
+
+ Urine                               Meessay
+ Valley                              Amarcheep
+ Virgin                              Quéwescence
+ Voice, or the echo of the breath    Tarpoach
+ Village                             Narpoon
+ Unripe, or raw                      Kakeejetty
+ Unwise, or lewd                     Cáwween annaboycassey
+ Unlucky, or unfortunate             Basqueenewar
+ Unjust, or wrong                    Cáwween gwoyack
+ Under                               Otárpeet
+ Unto                                Un´towarch
+ Upon                                Ish´carmooch
+ Very well, or it is true, or right  Meegwoyyack, kay, or kaygait
+ Very soon, or immediately           Weebatch
+ Us, we, our, all of us              Neennerwind
+
+ Wife, or mistress                   Mentimoy´ey
+ Water                               Nippee
+ Wind                                Noetting
+ Wound                               Aquish
+ War, to go to war, to fight, or     Mecártay
+   quarrel
+ Woods                               Menópemeg
+ Wine, or blood red broth            Misquoyshoanarboop
+ {243}
+ Whore, or bad woman                 Matchee móyamee
+ Winter, or year                     Bebóne
+ Well of water                       Sagoyb
+ Word                                Cáza
+ Wing                                Gwimbitch
+ Witness, you are a witness          Ken´dersay
+ World, the other world              Pockcan worroc´kay, or pockcan
+                                       tunnoc´kay
+ Wide                                Packquoím
+ Weary, or tired                     Nowwenday´shon
+ Wild, or savage                     Matcheewa
+ Warm, or hot                        Geeshar´tay
+ Wet                                 Neepeeweenoon
+ Willing, to be willing              Can´nar, or cun´ner
+ White                               Warbishcár
+ Weak                                Cáwween mush´kowar
+ Wild                                Carnaboycus
+ We, us, or our                      Neennerwind
+ Who, or who is that?                Way´nin
+ What, or what now?                  Hawwaneeyaw, tar´nin, tar´neyau, or
+                                       way´gonin
+ Where                               Aúnday
+ When, or whence                     Tan´nepy
+ Why                                 Cannatoo
+ Wherever, or always                 Cargoneek, or memar´mo
+ Was it, is it, can it               Nar
+ {244}
+ Young (offspring)                   Wiskon´kissey
+ Yesterday                           Pitchynar´go
+ Young man, or men                   Doskeennerway´mug
+ Ye, they, or them                   Weennewar
+ Ye, your                            Kéennerwind
+ Yes                                 Angay´mer, or Nan´gaymer
+ Yellow                              Jonia
+ Yet, or again                       Meenewatch
+
+ To amuse, or play                   Athtergain
+ To account                          Metashwárbermy
+ To approve; I approve               Mornooch nezar´gay
+ To assist                           Mawwinnewah
+ To alter, or change                 Mishcoot
+ To affront                          Nishcar´teyan
+ To answer, or attend to             Noneydone
+ To ask, I ask                       Nindooton, or nindootimond
+ To ascend                           Negádeja
+ To abandon, or forsake              Pack´itan
+ To arrive at a place                Takooshin
+ To arrive by land                   Keekeepejar´can
+ To arrive by water                  Sharshyyar´ new´ebens
+ To avoid                            Yaquoy
+ To attack                           Jimmim
+
+ To be vexed; I am vexed             Nischcárteseyyan
+ {245}
+ To believe                          Indenéndum gwoyack
+ To bawl                             Tonbíngus
+ To be told                          Ecárto
+ To begin                            Ethetum war´march
+ To bend                             Marchím
+ To be willing                       Can´nar, or cun´ner
+ To betray all                       Matchee arpeech chickwar´woke
+ To beat, or bruise                  Packettywaum
+ To bring, or fetch                  Nartín, or Petoon
+ To bind, or tie                     Tackan´nin
+ To break, or tear                   Bowwískar
+ To bite                             Quoyjím
+ To build                            Gowweájetoon
+ To barter                           Gudgymárdat
+ To boil                             Zepeeooch
+ To borrow                           Carmatch´ey
+ To burn                             Squitty árbach
+ To beg (you beg)                    Keenandóton
+ To bathe                            Nepewoy´awat
+ To be unconcerned, or indifferent   Mornooch towwárch
+   about a thing
+
+ To cut                              Kiskejune
+ To call                             Nandootum
+ To choose                           Tucku´nnin
+ To cure                             Zársquoy
+ {246}
+ To catch                            Keeásquin
+ To clean                            Warbermeech
+ To chew                             Wis´semeg
+ To come on                          Ondash´in
+ To carry                            Keemárjemet
+ To close                            Dusquin
+ To converse                         Debárchim, or debárchemon
+ To conquer                          Ninnowátchim
+
+ To dance                            Neméh
+ To drown                            Nepewooch
+ To divide                           Arbitórch
+ To dig                              Achím
+ To dwell, or stay                   Appay
+ To defend                           Mushkáwesay
+ To dream                            Charmeech
+ To drop                             Char´quoy
+ To depart                           Gamar´char
+ To drink                            Mínniquah
+ To dip                              Marchtooch
+
+ To elect                            Keetárpeech
+ To embark                           Boossin
+ To experience                       Candan
+ To expect                           Indenéndumsee
+ To eat                              Wíssinnin
+ {247}
+ To freeze                           Mushcow´wartin
+ To find                             Warbermecó
+ To fast                             Bockettyneech
+ To fish                             Bockettywaun
+ To feel                             Tarpín, or peach
+ To fall                             Pónkissin
+ To float                            Arnooch
+ To follow                           Weegewach´in
+ To forget; I forgot                 Newinnemeecoossay
+ To foretell; I foretell             Newárbemoach
+ To fetch, or bring                  Nartín, or petoon
+ To fly                              Zeewítch
+
+ To grow                             Ameechet
+ To grind                            Ojít
+ To give                             Dármissey
+ To go, I will go                    Es´zar, or Gúddeszar
+ To go by water                      Pamískian, or pemískar
+ To go by land                       Papamôtay
+ To get up, or rise                  Goníshcar
+ To govern                           Tibárimaw
+
+ To hide                             Cannawéndan
+ To hold                             Jingwím
+ To hate                             Neshárquish
+ To hear                             Stootewar, or nondágaitch
+ To hurt                             Naw´wameetch
+ {248}
+ To hang                             Peechúganub
+ To hunt                             Géosay
+ To hit                              Mátwoit
+ To have                             Arwayyor
+
+ To interpret                        Kitchee ungwoitch undárjewort
+
+ To jump                             Abooch
+ To join, I join                     Neewo
+
+ To keep                             Gannewaínnemar
+ To kill                             Gúnnesar
+ To know, you know                   Keecannawéndan
+ To kick                             Achíp
+
+ To lend                             Mishcow´womeech
+ To love; love                       Zárgay, or zárgeytoon
+ To long to see, or wish             Badásh
+ To lose; loss                       Wínnetoon
+ To lift                             Es´termeech
+ To learn                            E´shpermeech
+ To lead                             Acheech
+ To lie down                         Neparhan
+ To lie, a falsity                   Cáwween deb´woy
+ To laugh                            Pawpy´
+
+ To meet                             Neewatch
+ To make fire and cook               Pooterway chebóckwoy
+ {249}
+ To make, or do                      Ojeytoon, or tojeytoon
+ To measure                          Apín
+ To melt                             Acheemeech
+ To mend                             Packquoy mowachin
+ To mix                              Packquoítso
+ To marry                            Tuckunnu´mkewish
+ To make water                       Meesesay
+
+ To neglect                          Wínnemawatch
+
+ To own                              Guddypen´dan, or dépendan
+ To open                             Pameech, or hapitch
+
+ To place, or put                    Acktone, or neech
+ To pull                             Ajárme
+ To pay                              Guddypa´rhan
+ To please                           Mirrowerrindan
+ To push                             Meetso
+ To pass                             Pisquitch
+ To pierce                           Chagworm
+ To pinch                            Chímmeney
+ To promise                          Nebebeewoy
+ To perspire                         Matootoo
+
+ To return                           Tercus´henan, or guabeecheway
+ To raise                            Ishpin
+ To receive                          Ajímmoach
+ {250}
+ To row                              Pemíshkar
+ To rejoice                          Papyan
+ To run                              Squamích
+ To read                             Daguoítso
+ To revolt                           Etummecártey
+ To ride                             Annyscoop
+ To release                          Pejárkemet
+ To rise or get up                   Goníshcar
+ To repudiate, to throw away         Waybenán
+
+ To shake                            Písquemeetch
+ To stand up                         Pásserquoin
+ To sail                             Pemíshcarmooch
+ To spit                             Warmar´ch
+ To seek                             Warchar´ch
+ To stand                            Andátch
+ To seize                            Ajímmenin
+ To stab                             Batcheypehone
+ To split                            Chippauk
+ To shew                             Serpárgussey
+ To shut                             Cupperharne
+ To sing                             Nájemoon
+ To sink                             Nondágat
+ To satisfy                          Neminwaíndesee
+ To sit down, or sit you down        Mantetáppy
+ To send                             Marchetoon
+ To smoke a pipe                     Suggersoy
+ {251}
+ To swim                             Squabeech
+ To see                              Wabemát, or wabemór
+ To speak                            Debárchim, or debárchemon
+ To smell                            Iaquítch
+ To say; what did you say? when      Ickeetóyan
+   spoke angrily
+ To stink; you stink, or your        Keeméchawich
+   sentiments are offensive
+ To strike                           Keebárcham
+ To steal                            Keemótyan
+ To sleep                            Nepán
+
+ To tie, or bind                     Tackannin
+ To touch                            Chewwar
+ To tell                             Gudjey
+ To think                            In´denind, or indenéndum
+ To throw away; to repudiate         Waybenán
+ To take                             Tarpenán
+
+ To understand                       Neesstootewar
+ To view, or examine well my mind    Wabindán
+ To vex                              Annascar´tissey, or níshcar´tissey
+
+ To win                              Warmatt
+ To watch                            Warbennís, or warbennét
+ To wash                             Zaquébenan
+ {252}
+ To work                             Tojeytoon, or gúsketoon
+ To want                             Guy´yossey
+ To weep                             Marmy´
+ To walk, or go                      Pamósay
+ To weigh                            Quois´ciquen
+ To wish, or long to see             Badásh
+
+
+          {253} _Chippeway_                       _English_
+
+ Abboy                               Paddle, or small oar
+ Ajack´quoit                         Axe
+ Annaboy´cassey                      Sense, or understanding
+ Aník                                Arm
+ Appimíniquy                         Beaver skin
+ Ayarbéy awashkésh                   Buck, or male deer
+ Amík                                Beaver
+ Assénjey                            Bay, (harbour for canoes)
+ Aním                                Dog
+ Animónce                            Dog, puppy
+ Aysquish                            Dart
+ Awashkésh                           Deer
+ Annooch                             Eye that squints
+ Argátso                             Fingers
+ Assínbo                             Fox
+ Artik´kameg                         White fish
+ Arcoquosh´ergan                     Gartering
+ Armoche                             Hand
+ Arbittár                            Half, or part
+ Anneech                             Hill
+ A´shemich                           Home, or dwelling
+ Akeek                               Kettle, or pot
+ {254}
+ Ayarbéy                             Male
+ Annacótchigon, or huncúshigon       Merchandise
+ Amáng                               Middle
+ Agúmmeweech                         Music
+ Assúbúb                             Net for fishing
+ Assúb                               Thread
+ Achimmey                            Present, or gift
+ Assinjégo                           Pledge
+ An´dersoy, or tawnymilik            Price; what price? how many? how
+                                       much?
+ Armeetso                            Pleasure
+ Ashin´go                            Ribs
+ Asseeban                            Racoon
+ Amik woygán, or amik oakónus        Beaver robe
+ Aquísh                              Wound
+ Attees                              Sinews
+ Annúnk                              Star
+ Assín                               Stone
+ Acheek                              Shame
+ Angwoitch                           Shade
+ Atch                                Shell
+ Artawway                            Trade
+ Artawway winnin                     Trader
+ Assay´mer                           Tobacco
+ Amarcheep                           Valley
+ Annánk                              Wrist
+ Annán                               Wristbands
+ {255}
+ Annywattin                          Calm
+ Anneycheewoatch                     Deep
+ Achíb                               Green
+ Armooch                             Lame
+ Ajack´quoy                          Free, or generous
+ Appywick                            Low
+ Agússin                             Narrow
+ Ardátch                             Patient
+ Arpeech                             Fine, not coarse
+ Annacook                            Quick
+ Ac´quoisee                          Sick
+ Apackhan, or han                    Any
+ Awoíty, or woíty                    There; at a place
+ Aighter, or unter                   Only, at, alone
+ Aúnday                              Where
+ Angáymer, or nángaymer              Yes
+ Awashemon                           Before
+ An                                  Of
+ Awa´ss, or ingwitch                 Last
+ Awa´ssa, or awa´ssa woy´ta          Beyond, or far off
+ Accochink                           Out, or without
+ Arthty                              Have, had
+ Ashea                               And
+ Athtergain                          To amuse, or play
+ Arbitórch                           To divide
+ Arwayyor                            To have
+ Achím                               To dig
+ An´yscoop                           To ride
+ {256}
+ Appay                               To dwell, or stay
+ Amooch                              To float
+ Acheech                             To lead
+ Ameechet                            To grow
+ Achíp                               To kick
+ Abooch                              To jump
+ Apín                                To measure
+ Ajárme                              To pull
+ Ajímmoach                           To receive
+ Ajímmenin                           To seize
+ Andátch                             To stand
+ Ac´ktone, or neech                  To place, or put
+ Annascar´tissey, or níshcartissey   To vex
+ Acheemeech                          To melt
+
+ Baskey´zegan                        Gun
+ Bebo´ne                             Winter, or year
+ Barthtiar´je                        Army, or number of people assembled
+                                       together
+ Bócketty                            Hungry, thin, lean
+ Basqueenewar                        Unlucky, or unfortunate
+ Bowwis´kar                          To break, or tear
+ Bóckettyneech                       To fast
+ Batcheypehone                       To stab
+ Badásh                              To long to see, or wish
+ Bóckettywaun                        To fish
+ Boossin                             To embark
+ {257}
+ Cushkéndum                          Sorrow, or pity
+ Cheeman                             Canoe
+ Cúshecance                          Tame cat
+ Cark cark                           Crow
+ Chingwím                            Flood of water
+ Cáwmeek meteek                      Fork, or prong stick
+ Coocooshe                           Hog
+ Cúshcowait                          Plenty
+ Cáwween, or ka                      Nothing, no, not
+ Cáza                                Word
+ Cáwween áppay                       Absent
+ Cockinnór                           All
+ Cockinnór marmó                     All together
+ Chartch                             Deaf
+ Cáwween mooshkenay                  Empty
+ Cwween pestérquan                   Light (not heavy)
+ Cáwween annaboy´cassey              Lewd, or unwise
+ Charbeech                           Soft
+ Cushkendúmmerman                    Sad
+ Cáwween gwoyack                     Unjust, or wrong
+ Cáwween mush´kowar                  Weak
+ Carnayboy´cus                       Wild
+ Cargoneek, or memármo               Always, wherever
+ Cáwwická, or cássawickcá            Never
+ Cannatoo                            Why
+ Can´nebatch                         Perhaps
+ Chárno                              Proof
+ {258}
+ Can´ner, or cun´ner                 Willing, to be willing
+ Candan                              To experience
+ Charmeech                           To dream
+ Char´quoy                           To drop
+ Cannawéndan                         To hide
+ Cáwween deb´woy                     To lie (a falsity)
+ Chagworm                            To pierce
+ Chímmeney                           To pinch
+ Chíppauk                            To split
+ Cupperharne                         To shut
+ Chewwar                             To touch
+ Carmátchey                          To borrow
+
+ Deb´bikat                           Night
+ Doskeennerway´mug                   Young man, or men
+ Daggow´wemeech                      Pain
+ Dar´jey                             Sand
+ Dar´niss, or indong´way             Daughter
+ Dadge                               Rotten
+ Dáckquoy                            Short
+ Doutch                              Down, on the ground
+ Deb´woy                             True, to be true
+ Dus´quin                            To close
+ Debar´chim, or debar´chemon         To converse
+ Daguoit´so                          To read
+ Depen´dan, or gúddypendan           To own
+ Dar´missey                          To give
+ {259}
+ Euníck                              Fathom (a measure)
+ Ergush´shemin                       Aunt
+ E´quoy                              Woman, or female
+ E´quoysince                         Girl
+ Eshtergóan                          Head
+ Espeoc´kay                          Mountain
+ Essíngo                             Rocks
+ Eshteroath´can                      Skull
+ E´shcan                             Spears
+ Esh´pea                             Sky
+ Es´zar, or gúddeszar                To go; I will go
+ Ethetum war´march                   To begin
+ Es´termeech                         To lift
+ Esh´permeech                        To learn
+ Etummecar´tey                       To revolt
+ Ecar´to                             To be told
+
+ Gósenan                             King, or great chief
+ Gwat´so                             Eyebrow
+ Gatsoates                           Edge
+ Gwoyack                             Justice, or truth
+ Geezus                              Moon
+ Guéveshew                           Plover
+ Going                               Snow
+ Geessessey                          Sun, or great light
+ Gwimbítch                           Wing, of birds
+ Geessennar                          Cold
+ {260}
+ Geeshar´tay                         Hot, or warm; to make hot or warm
+ Guy´oxim                            Ready
+ Guachootch                          Rough
+ Gar                                 Permission
+ Guyyea                              Also, too
+ Gwotch, or népewar                  Much, or a great deal
+ Gudggymárdat                        To barter
+ Guabeecheway, or tercúshenan        To return
+ Gowweájetoon                        To build
+ Gamar´char                          To depart
+ Guy´yossey                          To want
+ Géosay                              To hunt
+ Gannewain´nemar                     To keep
+ Gun´nesar                           To kill
+ Guddypar´han                        To pay
+ Guddypen´dan, or dépendan           To own
+ Gudjey                              To tell
+ Gonish´kar                          To rise, or get up
+ Gúsketoon, or tójeytoon             To work
+ Gúddeszar, or Es´zar                To go, I will go
+
+ Huncush´igon, or annacotch´igon     Merchandise
+ Hagua´missey, or táguámissey        Courage
+ Háwoyzask                           Musquash, or musk rat
+ Haw´wercoon                         Tripe de rôche, or rock weed
+ Hamátchey                           Broad
+ {261}
+ Haundwátchey                        Bottom
+ Hagúshenonce                        Small
+ Hawwaneeyaw, tarnin, tarneyau, or   What, or what now?
+   way´gonin
+ Han, or apackcan                    Any
+ Hapadjey                            Indeed
+ Hapitch, or pameech                 To open
+ Ha weebittan, or weebittan          Make haste
+
+ Indong´way, or dar´niss             Daughter
+ Jánis                               Son
+ Jónia                               Yellow
+ Ish´pemeg                           High, or above
+ Ingwítch, or awáss                  Last
+ Ish´pemeech                         Proud
+ I´shmick                            Sudden
+ Jimmenin                            Tame
+ Is´quamach                          Belly
+ Icktum guichum                      Between
+ I´shcarmooch                        Upon
+ In´denind, or indenen´dum           To think
+ Indenen´dumsee                      To expect
+ Jímmim                              To attack
+ Jingwím                             To hold
+ Ishpin                              To raise
+ Jaquítch                            To smell
+ Indenen´dum gwoyack                 To believe a thing true
+ {262}
+ Ickkeetoyan                         To say; what did you say? when
+                                       spoken angrily
+
+ Kes´coneek                          Broken arm
+ Keemótegun                          Adultery
+ Kitchee anwin                       Ball, or large shot
+ Kitchee carbo                       Crane (a bird)
+ Keenar´bo                           Cloud, or grand cover
+ Kitchee assubbub                    Cable, or big rope
+ Keegónce                            Fish
+ Keepartesee                         Fool; he is a fool
+ Kitchee mannitoo                    God, or Great Spirit
+ Kitchee jónia                       Gold, or fine yellow metal
+ Kitchee squittyung                  Hell, or place of bad spirits
+ Keejayp                             Morning
+ Keenonjey                           Pike, a fish
+ Kitchee mannitoo ninnee             Priest, or Master of Life´s man
+ Kimmeewan                           Rain
+ Keenaypick´neeshey                  Snakes
+ Kitchee meework                     Swan
+ Kitchee mókoman                     Sword, or great knife
+ Kitchee gammink                     Sea, or great unbounded lake
+ Keenárbittay                        Smoke, or fire fog
+ Kitchee náberquoin parbock´erwoyan  Sail of a ship
+ Kitchee náberquoin                  Ship, or great canoe
+ Keemôtay                            Thief; he is a thief
+ Kispetaw´gan                        Tobacco pouch
+ Keezay´cus                          Fear; to fear; he is afraid
+ Ken´dersay                          Witness; you are a witness
+ Kitchee, or nishshishshin           Great, or good
+ Kitchee way´besun                   Armbands
+ Kittim                              Idle, or lazy
+ Keenónge                            Long
+ Keewáency                           Old, he is old
+ Kitchee mor´gussey                  Poor
+ Kakeejetty                          Raw, or unripe
+ Keejetty                            Ripe, or dressed
+ Kíttermish                          Slow
+ Keen, kee, or kee kee               Thou, or you
+ Ka, or ca´wween                     No, not; nothing
+ Késhpin                             If
+ Kaygoshish                          Thing, or things
+ Kaygait, kay, or meegwoyack         It is true, or truly
+ Kamar´chey                          Not yet
+ Keennerwind                         Ye, your
+ Kaygo                               I have
+ Kakaygo                             I have not
+ Keenandóton                         To beg; you beg
+ Keeas´quin                          To catch
+ Keekeepejar´can                     To arrive by land
+ Kískejune                           To cut
+ Keemar´jemet                        To carry
+ Keetar´peech                        To elect
+ {264}
+ Kitchee ungwoitch, undar´jewort     To interpret
+ Keemótyan                           To steal
+ Keemeechawich                       To stink; you stink, or your
+                                       sentiments are offensive
+ Keebar´cham                         To strike
+ Keecannawen´dan                     To know; you know
+
+ Lissy                               Human hair
+
+ Mejásk, or nepísh                   Herb, or grass
+ Marchián                            Journey; to go a journey
+ Mushqueewor´meteek                  Knot of wood
+ Mannetónce                          Ants, and all small insects
+ Misquy´                             Blood
+ Mannetoo menan´ce                   Beads
+ Mackquáh                            Bear
+ Mackquacon´ce, or mackon´ce         Cub bear
+ Meetecónse                          Branches of a tree
+ Marseynay´gan                       Book, letter, or paper
+ Meteek múshcomat, or muccuck        Box of wood, or bark, or rum keg
+ Môtay                               Bottle
+ Múshcomat                           Bag
+ Meecoose                            Canoe awls
+ Medar´min                           Indian corn
+ Menómon                             Indian rice
+ Matchee Mannitoo                    Devil, or bad spirit
+ Misquoitch                          Dew
+ {265}
+ Mackcóan                            Dish
+ Meekintar´gan                       Pack, or bundle of skins
+ Marsennahatch, or marsennay´gan     Debt, or trust
+ Meeno geesshegat                    Fine day
+ Matchee geeshegat                   Bad day
+ Moouse                              Elk
+ Meegeezes                           Eagle
+ Matchee oathty                      Enemy, or bad heart
+ Mattoyash                           Earth
+ Meechaw                             Face
+ Meedséywort                         Fundament
+ Muckkikee                           Frog
+ Mejimmim                            Food
+ Mishquoishártay                     Fever
+ Marchew´                            Gall
+ Min´nishish                         Grapes
+ March                               Hole
+ Min´nesey                           Island
+ Min´nesin                           Peninsula
+ Meequorm                            Ice
+ Mókoman                             Knife, or knives
+ Meemoche                            Lips
+ Mittasse                            Leggons, or stockings
+ Maunk                               Loon, (a bird)
+ Maskikkee                           Medicine
+ Mentimoy´ey                         Wife, or mistress
+ Mentimoy´amish                      My wife, or mistress
+ {266}
+ Meesey                              Mouth
+ Mergummegat                         News
+ Mackcutty, or mackcutty pingo       Gunpowder, or black dust
+ Meecho                              Peace
+ Matchee pattso                      Poison, or the taste of the bad
+                                       swelling
+ Meekan                              Road
+ Mannetoo woygan´                    Blue stroud
+ Mishwoygan´                         Red stroud
+ Menókemeg                           Summer, or spring
+ Mat´wort                            Stumps of trees
+ Múshkowar                           Strength, or strong
+ Matchee geesshegar                  Storm
+ Monyny´yank                         Montreal, a town in Canada
+ Maukissin                           Indian shoes
+ Meteek                              Trees, or wood
+ Mitchea                             Thumbs
+ Meessay                             Urine
+ Mawhin´gon                          Wolf
+ Mecar´tay                           War; to go to war; to fight, or
+                                       quarrel
+ Menópemeg                           Woods
+ Misquoyshoanar´boop                 Wine, or blood red broth
+ Matchee móyamee                     Whore, or bad woman
+ Matchee                             Bad, or wicked
+ Matooch                             Bitter
+ Matchee way´begun                   Barren, or not bearing fruit
+ {267}
+ Menditoo                            Big, or great
+ Matchee arpeech                     Coarse, not fine
+ Matchee weebeezesay                 Cunning
+ Meenwen´desay                       Easy
+ Mee                                 Enough
+ Meermárjis                          Few
+ Meecheweass                         Fresh, not stale
+ Mooshquenay                         Full
+ Mackcutty                           Black
+ Meeshar´quoit                       Light, or bright
+ Marnay                              Many
+ Mooshkey                            Pregnant
+ Misquy, or misquitty                Red
+ Matcheewa                           Savage, or wild
+ Marmo                               Together
+ Maunder, or mor                     This, or that
+ Metách, or menoch                   Besides
+ Mewinch                             Because
+ Meenewatch                          Again, or yet
+ Memar´mo, or cargoneek              Always, wherever
+ Maywísher                           Long time ago, formerly, or is it
+                                       long since?
+ Moszack                             But
+ Meegwoyack, kay, or kaygait         It is true, or right, or very well
+ Meewgotch                           Thank you
+ Mishcoot                            To alter, or change
+ Marchetoon                          To send
+ {268}
+ Mantetappy                          To sit down, or sit you down
+ Meetso                              To push
+ Mirrowerrindan                      To please
+ Metashwar´bermy                     To account
+ Mornooch nezar´gay                  To approve; I approve
+ Mawwinnewah                         To assist
+ Marchím                             To bend
+ Matchee arpeech chickwar            To betray
+ Matchee arpeech chickwar´woke       To betray a number of people
+ Marmy´                              To weep
+ Mornooch towwárch                   To be unconcerned, or indifferent
+                                       about a thing
+ Mushkáwesay                         To defend
+ Mat´woit                            To hit
+ Min´niquah                          To drink
+ Mishcow´womeech                     To lend
+ Marchtooch                          To dip
+ Mushcow´wartin                      To freeze
+ Matootoo                            To perspire
+
+ Nondar´gay                          Arch, part of a circle
+ Nowettywich, or nowwetting          Breath
+ Narmay´bin                          Carp, a fish
+ Nepewarnoondájewort                 Crowd
+ Non´dawar                           Ear
+ Neejee, or neecarnis                Friend, or companion
+ Nepewoajánis                        Family
+ Nócey                               Father
+ {269}
+ Nepísh, or mejásk                   Herb, or grass
+ Nabaim´                             Husband, or master of weakness
+ Nishinnorbay                        Indians
+ Noochimmoin                         Life
+ Nin´gay                             Mother
+ Ninnee                              Man
+ Narb                                Nails of fingers and toes
+ Neecárk                             Wild goose
+ Nepeech                             Leaves
+ Nekeek                              Otter
+ Neatissum, or weebor´so             Veins of the body
+ Nondájewot                          People, or nation
+ Nepewámeteek                        Raft of wood
+ Nink                                Skin of animals
+ Nepan´                              Sleep
+ Narmay´guiss                        Trout
+ Narpoon                             Village
+ Nippee                              Water
+ Noetting                            Wind
+ Newemo                              Ashamed; to be ashamed
+ Ningootch                           Another
+ Nezar´gea                           Fond, I am fond
+ Nepewár, or gwotch                  Much, or a great deal
+ Nishshishshin´, or kitchee          Good, or great
+ Nobeetch, or pockcan                New, or strange
+ Narnín                              Smooth
+ Nebítch                             Sour
+ {270}
+ Nepeeweenoon                        Wet
+ Nowwenday´shon                      Weary, or tired
+ Neepoo                              Dead
+ Nepárhar                            Drowsy; I am drowsy
+ Nin, nee, or nee nee                I, me, my
+ Nin aighter                         I myself, or alone
+ Neennerwind                         We, us, or our; all of us
+ Nangay´mer, or angay´mer            Yes
+ Nogom                               Now, or lately
+ Ningoot                             Afterwards, or after
+ Ningoochum                          Behind
+ Ningootch                           Another
+ Nar                                 Is it, was it, can it
+ Nishcar´teyan                       To affront
+ Neeshar´quish                       To hate
+ Nishcarteseyan                      To be vexed; I am vexed
+ Nishcartissay, or annascartissey    To vex
+ Nóneydone                           To answer, or attend to
+ Nindooton, or nindootimond          To ask; I ask
+ Negádeja                            To ascend
+ Nepewoy´awat                        To bathe
+ Neesstootewar                       To understand
+ Ninnowatchim                        To conquer
+ Neméh                               To dance
+ Nepewooch                           To drown
+ Nartín, or petoon                   To fetch, or bring
+ Naw´wameetch                        To hurt
+ {271}
+ Neewo                               To join
+ Neparhan                            To lie down
+ Newinnemecoossay                    To forget; I forget
+ Newárbemoach                        To foretell; I foretell
+ Nondágaitch, or stootewar           To hear
+ Neewatch                            To meet
+ Neech, or acktone                   To put, or place
+ Nebebeewoy                          To promise
+ Nájemoon                            To sing
+ Nondágat                            To sink
+ Neminwain´desee                     To satisfy
+ Nepa´n                              To sleep
+ Nandootum                           To call
+
+ Onágun                              Bark bowl, or cup
+ Oakónus, or amik woygan´            Beaver robe
+ Opeewyesky                          Beard
+ Onick´quick                         Back
+ Oakcan                              Bones
+ Opin                                Brain
+ Oncean                              Breech clout
+ Oskenay´gay                         Boy
+ Owentágun                           Barrel
+ Ojémaw, or O´kemaw                  Chief
+ Ogunnegat                           Day, or days
+ Ozett                               Foot, or feet
+ Oyan                                Fur of animals
+ {272}
+ Ochick´                             Fisher, an animal
+ Onuggesh                            Bowels
+ Oathty                              Heart
+ Opeeway                             Hair of animals
+ Oweoathcoan                         Hats
+ Onúggemeg                           Portage, or carrying place
+ Ogashy                              Horse
+ Ocárt                               Leg
+ Onjee                               Land
+ Onjeech                             Mud
+ Opoy´gan                            Pipe
+ Ogánce                              Pickerill, a fish
+ Onnemay                             Sturgeon, a fish
+ Opickquoy                           Squirrel
+ Oquarme                             Thighs
+ Outon                               Tongue
+ Ozonnemon                           Vermillion
+ Ozóme                               Too much, or dear
+ Ozóme pongay                        Too little
+ Onar´gushey                         Dark
+ Omích                               Round
+ Opar´mey                            Below
+ Omár, or owáy                       Here
+ Otárpeet                            Under
+ Ojey                                To
+ Ondass                              Come here
+ Osquibby, or squibby                Drunk
+ {273}
+ Ojit                                To grind
+ Ojeytoon, or ogúbbetoon             To make, or do
+ Ondashin´                           To come on
+
+ Pennyshance                         All small birds
+ Pamótay way´begun                   Ashes
+ Peckqueen dorsow                    Breech
+ Pewarbickcónce                      Brass wire
+ Paunéa                              Broaches
+ Peshshekey                          Buffalo
+ Pesh´shemo                          Bed
+ Penar´quan                          Combs
+ Piskawágan                          Coats
+ Peshshew                            Wood cat
+ Pewar´bick                          Copper, iron, or brass
+ Pingo                               Dust, or powder
+ Pewyar                              Eyelid
+ Pennyshis                           Fowl, or birds
+ Pockquoísigan                       Flour, or bread
+ Pinneesh                            Fruit
+ Pequim                              Feathers of birds
+ Pewarmickcoon                       Flint stone
+ Powwabickcoon                       Gun flints
+ Pickkew                             Gum
+ Powwetink                           Rapid or strong current of water
+ Péwithay                            Stranger
+ Pewarbeneech                        Hawk bells
+ Peja´rcan                           Harbour
+ Pemartus                            Health
+ Pendycutty                          Horn
+ Puttwar                             Knee
+ Pecktópe                            Nostrills
+ Pinneck                             Navel
+ Pimmethy                            Oil, fat, or grease; or to be fat
+ Peenay                              Partridge
+ Pockkikkin                          Skin (human)
+ Parbock´erwoyan´                    Shirts
+ Pockcan worrockay, or pockcan       The other world, or country
+   tunnockay
+ Pitchynar´go                        Yesterday
+ Pester´quan                         Heavy
+ Parmín                              Bald
+ Pejar´moach                         Jealous
+ Pongay, or hagush´enonce            Little, small
+ Páyshik                             One, the, a, or an
+ Pockcan, or nobeetch                Strange, or new
+ Packquoim                           Wide
+ Payshéw                             Near, or nigh
+ Papay´jit                           Each
+ Panímár                             By and by
+ Pendeek                             In
+ Pay, páyshik                        Here, and there
+ Pack´itan                           To abandon, or forsake
+ Peach, or tarpín                    To feel
+ {275}
+ Pon´kissin                          To fall
+ Pamískian, or pemískar              To go by water
+ Papamôtay                           To go by land
+ Peechúganub                         To hang
+ Packettywaun                        To beat
+ Pawpy´                              To laugh
+ Packquoy mowachin                   To mend
+ Packquoítso                         To mix
+ Petoon, or nartín                   To fetch, or bring
+ Pameech, or hapítch                 To open
+ Pisquitch                           To pass
+ Pemíshkar                           To row
+ Papyan                              To rejoice
+ Pejar´kemet                         To release
+ Pas´serquoin                        To stand up
+ Pemíshcarmooch                      To sail
+ Pis quemeetch                       To shake
+ Pamósay                             To walk
+ Pooterway chebock´woy               To make a fire and cook
+
+ Quickwahay                          Beaver eater
+ Queebesince                         Child, or children
+ Quinch                              Liver
+ Quéwescence                         Virgin
+ Quoyjím                             To bite
+ Quois´ciquen                        To weigh
+ {276}
+ Shaquoit                            Air
+ Shemayn                             Brother
+ Shoanar´boop                        Broth, or soup
+ Shemay´nce                          Sister
+ Shamíshcart                         Battle
+ Sedgwin                             Current of water
+ Squendum                            Door; shut the door
+ Sheshíb                             Wild duck
+ Saggonash                           English
+ Squittycan                          Fire steels
+ Squitty, or scotay                  Fire
+ Scotay wigwass                      Fire bark
+ Saggoban´wan                        Hair plates
+ Shóamin                             Huckleberries
+ Seegwa                              Lungs
+ Squitty annacook                    Lightning, or quick fire
+ Sakíegan                            Lake
+ Shenowantágan                       Lines for a net
+ Shan´gwoitch                        Mink
+ Shem´mor                            Neck
+ Shaboonegun                         Needles
+ Shenecázeau                         Name
+ Sen´nebar                           Ribbands, or silk
+ Scótaywa´bo, or squittywa´bo        Rum, or brandy
+ Seepee                              River
+ Sheesheebanwín                      Shot
+ Sheecark                            Skunk, or pole cat
+ {277}
+ Seezeebockquoit, or seezequar       Sugar, or sweet
+ Sagoyb                              Well of water
+ Sheotágan                           Salt
+ Shemágonish                         Soldier, warrior, or brave man
+ Squissow                            Throat
+ Sawwétch                            Tongue of animals
+ Sazárgesay                          Greedy, or covetous
+ Sannegat                            Hard, cruel; it is hard, or cruel
+ Sasay´ga                            Handsome
+ Shenargussey                        Such
+ Sug´germarsh                        Quiet; all is quiet
+ Shyyár, or shar´shyyár              Past, or gone, or done
+ Squibby, or Osquibby                Drunk
+ Sparchtay                           Thirsty, or dry
+ Sharshyar´ newebens                 To arrive by water
+ Squittyar´bach                      To burn
+ Sug´gersoy                          To smoke a pipe
+ Squabeech                           To swim
+ Serpar´gussey                       To shew
+ Stootewar, or nondágaitch           To hear
+ Squamích                            To run
+ Sharshyyár                          Long since
+
+ Taguámissey, or haguámissey         Courage
+ Tonbin´gesay                        Noise
+ Tunnoc´kay                          Country
+ Teakíagun                           Gun worms
+ {278}
+ Tarbátch                            Hips
+ Tootooshonarbo                      Milk, or sap of the breast
+ Tam´mikquoin                        Spoon
+ Tarbinnáck                          Indian slay
+ Tarbishár                           Thunder
+ Talon´jay                           Blue
+ Tarwar´chewort                      Toes
+ Thurensera                          Dawn of day
+ Tarpoach                            Voice, or the echo of the breath
+ Tabiscoach                          Equal, or alike
+ Towwacktowar                        Surprising
+ Tannepy                             When, or whence
+ Tar´nin, tar´neyau, way´go nin, or  What, or what now?
+   hawwaneeyaw
+ Tawnimilik, or andersoy             How many, what price, how much?
+ Taw! waw!                           Oh! oh!
+ Tarpenán                            To take
+ Takooshin                           To arrive at a place
+ Tackannin                           To bind, or tie
+ Tuckunnin                           To choose
+ Tibárimaw                           To govern
+ Tuckunnum´kewish                    To marry
+ Tonbin´gus                          To bawl
+ Tercush´enan, or guabeecheway       To return
+ Tarpin, or peach                    To feel
+ Tójeytoon, or gúsketoon             To work
+
+ Utchwar                             Chin
+ {279}
+ Un´gwoitch                          Busy
+ Unter, or aighter                   Only, at, or alone
+ Untowarch                           Unto
+
+ Way´bissay, or waybeezesay          Thoughts
+ Warbunk                             To-morrow
+ Warwích                             Ankle
+ Warcockquoit, or warcockquoit       Tomahawk
+   opoygan
+ Wabatch                             An animal between a dog and a wolf
+ Wheeyóe                             Breast
+ Waperwoyan´                         Blankets
+ Wapátch                             Basket, or hand bowl
+ Warmeek                             Bridge
+ Wigwass                             Bark of a tree
+ Warbim´                             Cheeks
+ Wiskin´ky                           Eyes
+ Wark                                Eggs
+ Warbegum´                           Globe, the earth
+ Weass                               Flesh of animals
+ Wisseneet                           Feast
+ Waymístergoash                      French, or builders of vessels
+ Wakay´gon                           Fort, or tower
+ Wematishtergóan                     Bald head
+ Woygán, or oakónus                  Robe made of peltry
+ Wapoos                              Hare
+ {280}
+ Weeyan                              Hide of animals
+ Wigwaum                             House, cabin, or hut
+ Wakeck´uman                         Crooked knife
+ Warbermoon                          Looking glasses
+ Winnetoon                           Loss
+ Warbun´                             Month
+ Woyzáskquish                        Rush mat
+ Warbeshan´ce                        Marten, an animal
+ Wesshepátchta                       Bird´s nest
+ Woyzásk                             Rushes
+ Watappy                             Roots of trees
+ Warmeech                            Tail of animals
+ Weenecobbo                          Turkey
+ Weebitt                             Teeth
+ Weebor´so, or neatissum             Veins
+ Wiscon´kissey                       Young, offspring
+ Warbermeneech                       Blind
+ Weematch                            Sharp
+ Warbishcár                          White
+ Waterwawadoossin                    Roots; a figurative expression for
+                                       the affections of the heart,
+                                       which entwine about each other
+ Ween                                He, him, she or her
+ Weennewar                           Ye, they, or them
+ Way´nin                             Who, or who is that?
+ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ Way´gonin, hawwaneeyaw }            What, or what now?
+ —— tar´nin             }                             „
+ —— Tar´neyau           }                             „
+ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ {281}
+ Waygush, or way way                 How, or how do you do?
+ Woity, or awoity                    There, at that place
+ Weebátch                            Immediately, or very soon
+ Weechópe                            Mine, belonging to me
+ Woke                                Plural number
+ Weebittan´, or ha, weebittan´       Make haste
+ Warbermeech                         To clean
+ Wíssemeg                            To chew
+ Wissinnin                           To eat
+ Weegewach´in                        To follow
+ Warbermecó                          To find
+ Wínnemawatch                        To neglect
+ Warmarch                            To spit
+ Wabindán                            To view, or examine well my mind
+ Wabemát, or wabemór                 To see
+ Warcharch                           To seek
+ Warmatt                             To win
+ Warbennís, or warbennét             To watch
+ Waybenán                            To throw away, to repudiate
+
+ Yoe                                 Body
+ Yotch                               Nose
+ Yaquoy                              To avoid
+
+ Zenzeebisson                        Finger rings
+ Zárgay, or zargéytoon               Love; to love
+ {282}
+ Zawnum´                             Paint; to paint
+ Zeepeeooch                          To boil
+ Zar´squoy                           To cure
+ Zeewitc´h                           To fly
+ Zayquébenan                         To wash
+
+
+
+
+                            FAMILIAR PHRASES
+                                 IN THE
+                    ENGLISH AND CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGES
+
+
+ {284}        _English_
+
+ How do you do, friend?
+ In good health, I thank you.
+ What news?
+ I have none.
+ Have you had a good hunt this winter?
+ Yes, a very good hunt.
+ What lake did you hunt at last winter?
+ At the Skunk Lake.
+ What is there at that lake?
+ Beaver, but not much.
+ How long were you there?
+ Only one month.
+ They say there are no fish in that lake;
+ That is hard.
+ There has been a great deal of snow lately;
+ We have all found it hard this winter.
+ Did you see any strange Indians on the way?
+ Yes, I met five going to Lake Sturgeon.
+
+ Had they any thing with them?
+ No, I did not see any thing but slays.
+ I long to see spring, that we may go a fishing.
+ What lake will you fish at?
+ The Red Lake.
+   {286}
+ Our canoes are broken;
+ We must make new in the spring.
+ There is great quantity of birch bark at the Red Lake;
+ Yes, but the trees are small.
+
+
+
+ {285}                 _Chippeway_
+
+ Way, way, nee neejee?
+ Meegwotch nóbum pemártus.
+ Ta´rnin mergúmmegat?
+ Caw´ween a´rwayyor.
+ Níshshishshín géosay nógone bebóme?
+ Anga´ymer, O, níshshishshín.
+ Hawwaneeyaw sakíegan kee géosay awa´ss bebóne?
+ Sheecark Sakíegan.
+ Way´gonin woíty ha sakíegan?
+ Amík, cawween gwotch.
+ Maywísher kee appay?
+ Páyshik geezus aíghter.
+ Eca´rto ca´wween ka´ygo keegónce woity sakíegan;
+ Sannegat.
+ Nepewár going nogóme;
+ Cockinnór marmó ojey candan sannegat nogóme bebóne.
+ Póckcan níshinnorbay kee warbema´t nar?
+ Anga´ymer, na´rnan nee warbemór onnemay sakíegan ojey eszar.
+ Ka´ygoshish arthty wéenewar nar?
+ Ca´wween, nin ojey warberma´t a´rwayyor tarbinna´ck.
+ Ba´dash menókemeg bóckettywaun neennerwind.
+ Ta´rneyau sakíegan keen bóckettywaun?
+ Misquíttyyang sakíegan.
+   {287}
+ Cóckinnor neennerwind, O, chema´n ojey bowwískar;
+ Póckcan in gar ojeytoon menókemeg.
+ Nepewár wigwass woity Misquíttyyang Sakíegan;
+ Anga´ymer, hagúshenonce meteek.
+
+
+
+ _English_
+
+ How many fathom long will you make your canoe?
+ Perhaps three fathom.
+ There are many rapids at the Red Lake;
+ Are they hard rapids?
+ Here and there.
+ How long are you going up them?
+ Fifteen days.
+ That is long.
+ Bring me some tobacco;
+ Here is some for you.
+ This is English;
+ Yes, it is.
+ Sit down.
+ I want to smoke a pipe.
+ I am tired.
+ I will lie down.
+ I will get up.
+ I want to eat.
+ I want to drink.
+ We will make fire and cook our kettle;
+ It is ready;
+ Let us eat;
+ It is very good.
+   {288}
+ I will go.
+ Are you going, friend?
+ Yes, but I shall return soon.
+ Have you any good guns?
+ Yes.
+ Let us see them?
+ This is broke.
+ Here is another;
+
+
+
+ _Chippeway_
+
+ Ta´wnimilík eu níck kee ojeytóon chema´n?
+ Ca´nnebatch neesswoy euník.
+ Nepewár powwetink Misquíttyyang Sakíegan;
+ Sannegat nar powwetink?
+ Pay, pa´yshik.
+ Maywísher nar shy´yar cockinnór?
+ Metósswoy ogúnnegat asshea na´rnan.
+ Débwoy maywísher.
+ Assa´ymer petoon;
+ Oway.
+ Maúnder Sa´ggonash;
+ Anga´ymer dédwoy.
+ Manteta´ppy.
+ Nee, wee, súggersoy.
+ Nowwenda´yshon nin.
+ Nepa´rhan, nin.
+ Goyey nin goníshcar.
+ Nee, nee, wissínnin.
+ Nee, nee, mínniquah.
+ Pooterway chebóckwoy neennerwind;
+ Shashy´yar keejetty;
+ Haw wíssinnin;
+ Húnjeyta O, níshshishshin.
+   {289}
+ Nin gamárcha.
+ Shashy´yar kee bóossin nar négee?
+ Angáymer, pánimar tercúshin nin.
+ O, níshshishshin baskéyzegan árthty nar?
+ Angáymer.
+ Gar warbemór?
+ Maunder bowwískar.
+ Oway póckcan páyshik;
+
+
+
+ _English_
+
+ This, I think, is a good one.
+ I want a paddle;
+ Here is one for you.
+ Thank you, friend.
+ Where is your wife?
+ She is dead.
+ Is it long since?
+ Last winter.
+ Have you any children alive?
+ Only one boy.
+ Can he hunt?
+ Not yet.
+ Where is your brother?
+ I saw him last winter at the Skunk´s Lake;
+ He was killed there by an Indian when he was drunk.
+ He was a bad Indian, and they should have killed him too;
+ An Indian just now told me he is killed.
+
+ That´s right.
+   {290}
+ Was he old?
+ No.
+ He had three packs of beaver skins, and ten bags of dried meat, besides
+    fish, when he was killed:
+
+ Oh! that was hard.
+ Who is that coming?
+ A strange Indian:
+ I will go and see him.
+ Are you come from far, friend?
+ No, a little way from hence.
+
+
+
+ _Chippeway_
+
+ Maúnder páyshik O, níshshishshin indenéndum.
+ Ab´boy nee gúyyossay;
+ Oway páyshik.
+ Meegwotch, neecárnis.
+ Aúnday keen O, mentimóyey?
+ Sharshy´yar nepoo.
+ Maywísher nar?
+ Pa´yshik bebóne shy´yar.
+ Ar´thty O, jánis nogóme pemártus?
+ Páyshik oskenáygay áighter:
+ Géosay ween nar?
+ Kamarchy.
+ Aúnday chemayn?
+ Nee warbemór awáss bebóne woity Sheecark Sakíegan;
+ Páyshik níshinnorbay ojey gúnnissar ween osquíbby.
+ Ween O, mátchee níshinnórbay, meégwoyack O, gúnniesar ween gúyyea;
+ Shashy´yar ojey gúnnesar, ween nogóme me ecárto níshinnorbay;
+ Meegwoyack.
+   {291}
+ Keewáency nar?
+ Cáwween.
+ Ween arthty neésswoy meekintárgan appimíniquy metósswoy múshcomat wéass
+    spárchtay metách keegónce gúyyea:
+ Taw! waw! sannegat.
+ Hawwaneeyaw tercúshin?
+ Póckan Níshinno´rbay:
+ Nin eszar gar warbem´or
+ Awássa nar kee tercúshin, neegee?
+ Cáwween, páyshew omar.
+
+
+
+ _English_
+
+ What have you brought?
+ A small pack of beaver.
+ What will you want?
+ Blankets.
+ I have none but small for your children.
+
+ What is your trader´s name at the Red Lake?
+
+ The Good Heart.
+ Has he many goods there?
+ Five large canoes full.
+ Have you any bears´ grease?
+ One box only.
+ I will trade with you for it;
+ Very well, friend.
+ How many beaver skins did you give for that blanket?
+
+ Eleven.
+ I want to buy such;
+   {292}
+ You will get such at the English trader´s.
+ How many beaver skins will you take for this?
+ Twenty:
+ Take them, friend.
+ Will you trade for those otter skins?
+ No, not now; I must pay my credit to the Good Heart.
+
+ What did you take from him?
+ Some small things.
+ Fetch me some water.
+ Make haste.
+ Do you hear me?
+
+
+
+ _Chippeway_
+
+ Wa´ygonin kee ogúbbetoon?
+ Hagúshenonce meekinta´rgan appimíniquy.
+ Wa´ygonin kee gúyyossay?
+ Wa´perwoyan.
+ Ca´wween kaygo wa´rpewoyan hagúshenonce kee janis shena´rgussey.
+ Ta´rnin sheneca´zeau keennerwind arta´wwaywinnin Misquíttyyang Sakíegan?
+ Níshshishshin oa´thty.
+ Nepewar huncúshigon a´rthty nar?
+ Na´rnan kítchee cheeman mo´oshquenay.
+ Mackqua´h pímmethy a´rthty nar?
+ Pa´yshik muccuck a´ighter.
+ Nee wee arta´wway;
+ Meégwoyack, négee.
+ An´dersoy appimíniquy kee, kee, arta´wway, wa´per woyan?
+ Meto´sswoy asshea pa´yshik.
+ Nee wee arta´wway shenargussey;
+   {293}
+ Sa´ggonash a´rthty shena´rgussey.
+ An´dersoy appimíniquy keetarpena´n mor?
+ Neesh tanner:
+ Tarpena´n neeca´rnis.
+ Cúnner kee wee arta´wway maúnder nekeék woygan?
+ Cáwween, nogóme; nee wee gudderpa´rhan nee marseyna´ygan níshshishshin
+    o´athty.
+ Wa´ygonin kee tarpena´n?
+ Póngay ka´ygoshish.
+ Nippee nartin.
+ Ha, webitta´n.
+ Cunner kee sto´otewar?
+
+
+
+ _English_
+
+ I hear you.
+ Come here;
+ I am coming.
+ What kind of a hunt had the _Fox_ last winter?
+ The winter was bad indeed.
+ What did he hunt for?
+ Bear.
+ I wish this was spring, and all the Indians would come and trade their
+    winter´s hunt;
+ They will come soon:
+ I think they will have a great many packs.
+ What will you ask to take me by water from Montreal to Michillimakinac?
+ One large keg of rum, one gun, one blanket, one kettle, and one knife;
+    that is all I want:
+
+   {294}
+ That is too much, as you will eat and drink the same as us, and will not
+    work, but only shew the way.
+
+ Will you go directly?
+ No, I shall stay till to-morrow, and then embark.
+ I left my wife and children at a place four days march from hence.
+ I want to see them.
+ To-morrow, at the dawn of day, we will embark.
+ Take courage; farewell, friend.
+ Very well, I will be true to my word.
+ All is quiet.
+ I will go to bed.
+ Get up, friend.
+ I am lazy.
+
+
+
+ _Chippeway_
+
+ Kee, kee, no´neydone.
+ Onda´ss;
+ Nin tercúshin.
+ Ta´rnin shena´rgussey géosay _Assinbo_ awa´ss bebo´ne?
+ Hapadgey maítchee bebo´ne.
+ Wa´ygonin ween géosay?
+ Mackqua´h.
+ Ba´dash meno´kemeg ha cockinno´r marmo níshinnorbay tercúshin ojey
+    arta´wway awass bebo´ne O, wo´ygan;
+ Weeba´tch tercushin weénnewar:
+ Nepewar meekinta´rgan indenéndum weénnewar.
+ Wa´ygonin kee nindootymond monyny´yank woíty Michillima´kinac
+    pamis´kian?
+ Pa´yshik kitchee muckcúck scotaywa´bo, pa´yshik baskéyzegan, payshik
+    wa´perwoyan, pa´yshik akeek, pa´yshik mo´koman; me cockinno´r:
+   {295}
+ Ozo´me kee tabisco´ach wíssinnin neénnerwind mínniquy ca´wween a´rwayyor
+    kee gúsketoon meekan mee áighter unter wabindan´.
+ Weebatch gúddeszar keen?
+ Ca´wween, omar ojey appay; warbunk boossin.
+ Mee woity ojey appay, mentimóyamish, ja´nis woke, guyyea neon ogúnnegat.
+ Nee, nee, warbema´t weennewar.
+ Warbunk thurensera boossin.
+ Hagua´rmissey, way, way, negee.
+ Meegwoyack, nee gar débwoy.
+ Súggermarch.
+ Péshshemo nin gama´rchar.
+ Goníshcar, neegee.
+ Kittim nin.
+
+
+
+ _English_
+
+ I am sick.
+ I am vexed.
+ I am cold.
+ I am hot.
+ I am hungry.
+ I am dry.
+ I am well.
+ I love you.
+ Your health, friend.
+ I do not understand you.
+
+
+
+ _Chippeway_
+
+ Acquoisee nin.
+ Nishcar’teseyan.
+ Geessénnar nin.
+ Geesha’rtay nin.
+ Bócketty nin.
+ Spa’rchtay nin.
+ Pema’rtissey nin.
+ Neeza’rgay keen.
+ Kee talleneman’co, or, keetan’nemecó neejee.
+ Cawween nee stoticee.
+
+
+                                THE END
+
+-----
+
+Footnote 1:
+
+  Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_ (Quebec, 1890), ii,
+  pp. 139, 140.
+
+Footnote 2:
+
+  Alexander Henry, _Travels and Adventures in Canada_ (Bain’s ed.,
+  Boston, 1901), p. 233.
+
+Footnote 3:
+
+  For the wages of voyageurs, see Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,”
+  Wisconsin Historical Society _Proceedings_, 1889.
+
+Footnote 4:
+
+  See _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, ix, pp. 290, 291.
+
+Footnote 5:
+
+  The chronology of Long’s later years in Canada is confusing. On page
+  175 of his book, he gives the date of 1786, and after describing ten
+  months’ occupations says on the next page, “the spring of 1786.” That
+  this should be 1787, is proved by the fact that when he applied to
+  General Hope for assistance the next year, the latter had gone to
+  England. As Hope’s departure occurred in June, 1788, Long’s mistake of
+  a year in his dates is thus manifest.
+
+Footnote 6:
+
+  The following are those to whom he definitely refers: Lahontan,
+  Hennepin, La Salle, Colden, Adair, Carver, Jonathan Edwards, Kalm,
+  Beatty, Rev. John Sargent, Robson, Umfreville, Kames, Robert Rogers,
+  Pope’s poems, a novel by Lady Emily Montague, and Justamond’s Life of
+  Louis XV.
+
+Footnote 7:
+
+  Field, _Essay toward an Indian Bibliography_ (New York, 1873).
+
+Footnote 8:
+
+  Long’s book is of slight topographic value to the historical student,
+  because of the apparently uninhabitable nature of the countries
+  through which he passed; they are nearly as undeveloped now as they
+  were then.
+
+Footnote 9:
+
+  For list of partners, see _Canadian Archives_, 1888, p. 61.
+
+Footnote 10:
+
+  Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society from 1778 until his
+  death in 1820, was the patron of discoverers, having himself voyaged
+  around the world with Captain Cook (1768–71). He was especially
+  interested in Northwest exploration, and the customs and habits of
+  primitive people, and to him Alexander Henry dedicated his _Travels
+  and Adventures in Canada_.—ED.
+
+Footnote 11:
+
+  The Treaty of Paris, drawn up between the envoys of the United States
+  and those of Great Britain (1783), was called “Oswald’s Treaty,”
+  because Richard Oswald was chief negotiator for the British ministry.
+  The Northwest posts were not surrendered _de facto_, until after Jay’s
+  Treaty in 1794.—ED.
+
+Footnote 12:
+
+  Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce, Baron de Lahontan, was a French officer
+  who served in Canada, in 1683–93. While commanding a small fort on
+  Detroit River, he started on a journey to the Western country. Going
+  by way of Mackinac, he ascended the Mississippi from the mouth of the
+  Wisconsin, and explored part of Minnesota. In 1703 he published an
+  account of his travels, which was largely fabulous, although of some
+  value. The work had, however, great vogue in the eighteenth century,
+  was translated into several languages, and much studied. He also
+  published a French-Algonquian dictionary, to which Long here
+  refers.—ED.
+
+Footnote 13:
+
+  Rev. Jonathan Edwards was much interested in Indian missions; and
+  having been brought up among the Stockbridges, published (1788)
+  _Observations on the Language of the Mukhekaneew Indians_. In a
+  republication with notes by John Pickering, in the _Massachusetts
+  Historical Collections_, 2nd series, x, pp. 81 ff., the added Chippewa
+  vocabulary is that of Long.—ED.
+
+Footnote 14:
+
+  Jonathan Carver, one of the earliest American explorers of the
+  Northwest, was born in 1732, and served in the French and Indian War,
+  barely escaping from the massacre of Fort William Henry. In 1766, he
+  went to Mackinac, and thence through Wisconsin and Minnesota, and
+  later explored Lake Superior. His _Travels_ were first published in
+  London in 1778, and two years later he died there in destitute
+  circumstances. For further details see _Wisconsin Historical
+  Collections_, vi, pp. 220–237. Carver gives an account of Indian
+  manners and customs; chapter 17, devoted to language, includes a
+  Chippewa vocabulary.—ED.
+
+Footnote 15:
+
+  Long is here following the authority of Father Hennepin, who gives
+  this origin of the name “Canada” in his _New Discovery_ (London,
+  1698). The real origin of the word is disputed, some deriving it from
+  an Iroquois term meaning “village;” others from Indian terms
+  signifying “at the mouth of the river;” still others, from a term for
+  “lakes,” _i. e._, a country full of lakes.—ED.
+
+Footnote 16:
+
+  The author assumes that Lake Huron is the source of the St. Lawrence,
+  and that Lake Nipissing, which empties into Georgian Bay through the
+  French River, is the source of Lake Huron.—ED.
+
+Footnote 17:
+
+  Trois Rivières, at the mouth of St. Maurice River, where it empties
+  into the St. Lawrence by three channels separated by islands, was
+  ceded (1634) to the Jesuits, who built a fort here. See Sulte, “La
+  Rivière des Trois Rivières,” in Royal Society of Canada _Proceedings_,
+  1901, sec. i, pp. 97–116.—ED.
+
+Footnote 18:
+
+  A Jesuit mission entitled St. François Xavier was founded for Iroquois
+  converts in 1669. Later it was removed to this village (near
+  Montreal), which was named for an Indian town in the Mohawk Valley,
+  also the seat of a Jesuit mission. The usual orthography is
+  Caughnawaga.—ED.
+
+Footnote 19:
+
+  Long uses as his historical authority the work of Cadwallader Colden
+  (whom he later cites directly), _History of the Five Indian Nations_
+  (New York, 1727). Colden appears to have taken much of his material
+  from Bacqueville de la Potherie’s _Histoire de l’Amérique
+  Septentrionale_ (Paris, 1722). But Long does not blindly follow
+  Colden, and adds other material.—ED.
+
+Footnote 20:
+
+  The Conoys and Nanticokes were fragments of Indian tribes which had
+  removed from the South—driven forth by the pressure of English
+  population—and with the consent of the Six Nations had settled on the
+  upper waters of the Susquehanna.
+
+  In the third league the author probably intends to include the
+  so-called “Ohio Indians”—the Miamis (Wanamis), Delawares, Mohicans,
+  Munseys (a sub-tribe of the Delawares), the Wapingers (unidentified),
+  and the Mingoes—who were all subordinate to the Six Nations. The
+  Creeks were a powerful confederacy in Alabama, of which Coweta was the
+  principal war-town on the Chattahoochee River.—ED.
+
+Footnote 21:
+
+  The Tuscaroras joined the Five Nations between 1712 and 1715. See
+  _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 321, for a letter from the
+  governor of New France, mentioning this fact.—ED.
+
+Footnote 22:
+
+  After the Revolutionary War, nearly thirty thousand Loyalists left the
+  United States to settle in the Canadian provinces. Of these, about ten
+  thousand went from the back settlements by way of Lake Ontario, and
+  founded Upper Canada. General Haldimand was largely instrumental in
+  this movement, and 1784 was the year of its culmination. The Mohawks,
+  also, under the leadership of Brant, removed about the same time to
+  the two reservations mentioned by Long. Descendants of this tribe
+  still live in these two localities, although most of the land has been
+  alienated.—ED.
+
+Footnote 23:
+
+  This is a good résumé of the history of Fort Frontenac, which was
+  built in 1673, abandoned during the Iroquois War in 1689, but restored
+  in 1695. La Salle was for several years proprietor of the fort, the
+  revenues from which passed afterwards to the royal treasury. In 1758,
+  Fort Frontenac was captured and destroyed by a British expedition,
+  after which it fell into disuse, until the Loyalists re-garrisoned it
+  about 1784.—ED.
+
+Footnote 24:
+
+  This was the site of Father Picquet’s mission and fortified post, La
+  Présentation. This Sulpitian missionary came to Canada in 1734, and
+  after several years’ service in the colonies founded this
+  establishment in 1749, where the city of Ogdensburg, New York, now
+  stands. He was successful in attracting the Iroquois thither, and had
+  in his settlement nearly three thousand Indians, who espoused the
+  French cause in the French and Indian War. In 1760, Picquet retired to
+  New Orleans, and thence to France. The English, on taking possession,
+  changed the name of the post to Fort Oswegatchie. It was garrisoned
+  and maintained until after Jay’s Treaty in 1794.
+
+  In 1792, the site had been purchased by Ogden, and the settlement of
+  the modern city was begun four years later.—ED.
+
+Footnote 25:
+
+  The Mississagua Indians were first met by the French on the north
+  shore of Lake Huron, and formed part of the Sault Ste. Marie mission
+  (1670–73). Later, they removed to the lower Michigan peninsula, and
+  some settled at Detroit. They now have a reservation in Eastern
+  Ontario, and number about eight hundred.
+
+  The other Indians mentioned are those of the Jesuit mission villages.
+  See _Jesuit Relations_ (Thwaites’s ed., Cleveland, 1896–1901),
+  index.—ED.
+
+Footnote 26:
+
+  Haldimand fortified Carleton Island at the mouth of Lake Ontario, by
+  sending thither (1778) three companies of the 47th regiment to erect a
+  post.—ED.
+
+Footnote 27:
+
+  The mouth of the Oswego River was early noted as an important station
+  in relation to the Iroquois country and the fur-trade. Champlain
+  passed here in 1615, and Frontenac in 1692. In 1721, Governor Burnet
+  of New York secured permission from the Iroquois to erect a trading
+  post at this spot, and despite the protests of the French built a fort
+  in 1726–27. This post of Choueguen (so called by the French) was
+  especially obnoxious to the French fur-traders; all the more so, when
+  (1743) Sir William Johnson built his trading post beneath its walls.
+  Montcalm organized an expedition, and captured it in 1756; but was
+  compelled to retreat when Forbes penetrated Pennsylvania. It was also
+  the rendezvous for the successful British attack on Fort Frontenac in
+  1758. After the fall of New France, the British garrisoned and
+  repaired the fort, and it was from here that St. Leger started on his
+  expedition up the Mohawk Valley in 1777. It was headquarters for the
+  Indian and Tory scalping parties—Butler, Brant, and Johnson started
+  thence on their raids. It was in British hands at the close of the
+  Revolution, and not delivered to the Americans until 1796. Traces of
+  the British fort were to be seen in 1839.—ED.
+
+Footnote 28:
+
+  Fort Niagara, one of the chain of posts established by the French, and
+  later maintained by the British to protect Canada, has had a long and
+  interesting history. Hennepin and La Salle were there in 1679, when a
+  small blockhouse was constructed, which was later burned by the
+  Senecas. Denonville erected a fort here in 1687, which was abandoned
+  September 15, 1688. No permanent establishment was made on the spot
+  until 1726, when Governor Beauharnais ordered a fort built to
+  counteract that of the English at Oswego. This was garrisoned and
+  maintained by the French, until Sir William Johnson captured it in
+  1759. At Niagara, in 1764, Johnson met the Indian nations in a general
+  treaty of peace. During the Revolution, the post was steadily
+  maintained by the British, and proved an important base of supplies
+  for the Western forts. After the Revolution, it remained in British
+  hands until 1796. In the War of 1812–15, it was captured by the
+  British, and restored to the Americans at the close of the conflict.
+  For further details see Severance, _Old Trails on the Niagara
+  Frontier_ (Buffalo, 1899).—ED.
+
+Footnote 29:
+
+  Fort Stanwix was built by the British at the head of navigation on the
+  Mohawk River (where the city of Rome, New York, now stands), in 1758,
+  at a cost of $266,000. Here was held the treaty of 1768, by which a
+  general purchase of Indian lands was made, and the Iroquois boundaries
+  settled. Early in the Revolution it fell into American hands, and was
+  re-christened Fort Schuyler, which withstood the siege of St. Leger
+  and his Indian braves in 1777. It is claimed that the present national
+  flag, as adopted by Congress in 1777, was first raised over the
+  battlements of Fort Schuyler. After the Revolution, the fort was
+  rebuilt, and reverted to its original name. Here were held important
+  treaties with the Iroquois in 1784 and 1788, in the latter of which
+  much land in the Mohawk Valley was ceded to the whites. The settlement
+  about the fort was made in 1785, by Connecticut emigrants.—ED.
+
+Footnote 30:
+
+  For history of Detroit see vol. i of the present series, p. 55, note
+  18.—ED.
+
+Footnote 31:
+
+  For the history of Mackinac, see “Story of Mackinac,” in Thwaites’s
+  _How George Rogers Clark won the Northwest, and Other Essays in
+  Western History_ (Chicago, 1903). By the “isthmus” the author means
+  the Upper Peninsula of Michigan; the “point of land” must signify the
+  island of Mackinac. The “mouth of the Illinois” is the outlet of Lake
+  Michigan.—ED.
+
+Footnote 32:
+
+  Grand Portage was the route by the Pigeon River (the present boundary
+  between Minnesota and Ontario) to the lakes and streams of the
+  Northwest. The term was first applied to the carrying place, nine
+  miles long, and later to a landing place somewhat south of the mouth
+  of the river. This route was first explored by La Vérendrye in
+  1731—(see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvii, for a map of this
+  region drawn by an Indian for La Vérendrye). It became the established
+  fur-trade route to the Northwest, and a place of great importance as a
+  rendezvous for voyageurs. For a description of the route and the
+  traders gathered here in the latter part of the eighteenth century,
+  see Mackenzie, _Voyages through North America_ (London, 1801).—ED.
+
+Footnote 33:
+
+  For the British determination to retain the Northern and Western
+  posts, and arguments in regard to their legal right, see “Calendar of
+  Haldimand Papers,” _Canadian Archives_, 1885–89, also McLaughlin,
+  “Western Posts and the British Debts,” in American Historical
+  Association _Report_, 1894.—ED.
+
+Footnote 34:
+
+  This action took place September 24, 1775, and was the occasion of the
+  capture and imprisonment of Ethan Allen. For his own narrative of this
+  event, see Hall, _Ethan Allen_ (New York, 1892), pp. 110–119.—ED.
+
+Footnote 35:
+
+  General Richard Montgomery, the commander of the American forces at
+  Isle aux Noix—an island in Richelieu River about ten miles from the
+  head of Lake Champlain—wrote September 12, 1775, concerning the
+  skirmish here mentioned: “I went down the river the other day with
+  800 or 900 men, in order to cut off the communication between St.
+  Johns and Montreal. The detachment marched off from the boats at
+  night, and in less than half an hour, returned in the utmost
+  confusion.”—_Biographical notes concerning General Richard
+  Montgomery_ (Poughkeepsie, 1876), p. 11.
+
+  Lieutenant Walter Butler was a New York Tory, son of Colonel John
+  Butler, who led the Indians to the Wyoming Valley massacre. Walter
+  Butler was with St. Leger in 1777, and was captured soon after the
+  siege of Fort Schuyler. Escaping from prison at Albany, he led the
+  Iroquois to the Cherry Valley massacre (1778). He seems to have been
+  despised for his cruelty, even by his own associates. Brant said he
+  was “more savage than the savages themselves.” He was killed and
+  scalped at Butler’s Ford, in the retreat from Johnstown in 1781, by an
+  Oneida, who called out as he fell, “Cherry Valley!”—ED.
+
+Footnote 36:
+
+  Long was a member of the party of forty regulars detached from the 8th
+  regiment under command of Captain Foster, with a large body of Indian
+  auxiliaries led by Brant, which descended upon the American detachment
+  at the Cedars, forty-three miles above Montreal, and captured the
+  whole number (April 19, 1776). For further details of this, and the
+  following movements, see Jones, _Campaign for the Conquest of Canada_
+  (Philadelphia, 1882), pp. 54–65.
+
+  Major Gordon, who had recently been made brigadier-general, was shot
+  from ambuscade, July 24, 1776, while returning to his headquarters
+  well within British lines. His fellow officers were exceedingly
+  indignant over it, and Washington appeared to deprecate the matter;
+  although General Gates promoted the American officer involved. See
+  Sparks, _Life and Writings of Washington_ (Boston, 1855), iv, pp.
+  56–59.—ED.
+
+Footnote 37:
+
+  This was probably Captain Guillaume Lamothe, who during this period
+  led so many Indian scalping parties from Detroit while Hamilton
+  commanded at that place. Lamothe accompanied Hamilton on the latter’s
+  expedition to Vincennes, and was captured there by George Rogers Clark
+  (February, 1779). After the surprise of Vincennes he was sent in irons
+  to Virginia, and kept in close confinement. In April, 1780, he
+  accepted a parole, and returned to Canada.—ED.
+
+Footnote 38:
+
+  The Lake of Two Mountains is an enlargement of the Ottawa River, near
+  its mouth, above Montreal. On this lake is situated the Sulpitian
+  mission town of Oka. This is a union of two early missions—one,
+  founded about 1677 on Montreal Island for Iroquois converts, weakened
+  during the Iroquois War, and removed in 1704 to the Sault au Récollet,
+  being finally located on the Lake of Two Mountains about 1720; the
+  second, or Algonkin mission, was first called La Présentation and
+  situated on Montreal Island near Lachine; the site was abandoned in
+  1685, and the remnants of the mission Indians gathered at Bout de
+  l’Isle (the other end of the same island), where the mission was
+  called St. Louis. Again removed (1706–07) to the Isle aux Tourtres, it
+  was permanently located on the Lake of Two Mountains between 1721 and
+  1726. There are still about four hundred Indians located on the
+  reserve at the lake. See Canadian Department of Indian Affairs
+  _Report_, 1901, p. 49. The account given by Long in the following
+  pages, of the Chippewa division of this mission, is the best
+  known—their intermarriage with the Indians of the other mission
+  villages at Caughnawaga and St. Regis, their cultivation of the soil,
+  and their semi-civilized habits.—ED.
+
+Footnote 39:
+
+  Peter Kalm, Swedish naturalist and botanist, was sent to America to
+  study its flora, and travelled extensively between 1748 and 1751. The
+  English edition of his travels was published in London in 1772.—ED.
+
+Footnote 40:
+
+  James Adair, a trader among the Cherokee and Chickasaw Indians,
+  1735–75. He published a _History of the American Indians_ (London,
+  1775), which attempts to prove their relationship to the Jews. It
+  contains, notwithstanding, much valuable information, particularly in
+  regard to the Southern tribes.—ED.
+
+Footnote 41:
+
+  This was Rev. John Sargent, missionary to the Stockbridge Indians, in
+  Western Massachusetts.—ED.
+
+Footnote 42:
+
+  On the subject of Indian dances see _Jesuit Relations_, index. Also
+  Grant, in Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_, ii, pp.
+  335–337.—ED.
+
+Footnote 43:
+
+  This origin of the name La Chine is generally accepted by historians.
+  See Girouard, _Lake St. Louis and La Salle_ (Montreal, 1893), pp. 32,
+  33.—ED.
+
+Footnote 44:
+
+  The “bourgeois” was the chief trader, to whom the voyageurs were bound
+  by engagements for service. The term was also often applied to the
+  trader’s agent or clerk, when the latter was in command of the
+  expedition. See Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical
+  Society _Proceedings_, 1889, pp. 77–82.—ED.
+
+Footnote 45:
+
+  For a description of the trade route by way of Ottawa River, Lake
+  Nipissing, Georgian Bay, and Lake Huron to Mackinac, see H. H.
+  Bancroft, _History of the Northwest Coast_ (San Francisco, 1886), i,
+  pp. 561–564. Also, for a personal narrative, see that of Captain
+  Thomas G. Anderson, in _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, ix, pp.
+  138–143.—ED.
+
+Footnote 46:
+
+  On the habits and uses of the beaver (_castor Canadensis_), see
+  Martin, _Castorologia_ (Montreal and London, 1892).—ED.
+
+Footnote 47:
+
+  The normal food of those who wintered in the woods was Indian corn and
+  tallow. See Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” pp. 78, 79.
+
+  The Falls of St. Mary, or Sault Ste. Marie, were visited by traders as
+  early as 1616. The _Jesuit Relation_ of 1640 gives a partial
+  description of this place. Radisson and Groseilliers were here between
+  1658 and 1660; and here (1669) a Jesuit mission was established by
+  Allouez and Dablon. After 1689, the mission and trading post were
+  abandoned in favor of Mackinac; but Sault Ste. Marie continued to be a
+  station on the Northwestern fur-trade route; and in 1750 the land
+  thereabout was granted to De Repentigny on condition that he erect a
+  fort at that place. After the English occupation, a French Canadian,
+  J. B. Cadot, had a trading post here, which was probably the one
+  mentioned by Long. Later, the North West Company occupied the spot;
+  but in 1814 its post was burned by a detachment of American troops,
+  commanded by Major Holmes, who afterwards fell at the unsuccessful
+  attack on Mackinac. The first military post and Indian agency of the
+  United States at Sault Ste. Marie was established in 1822.
+
+  The Saulteurs were a Chippewa tribe, so called by the French from
+  having been first encountered at the Sault. The name afterwards was
+  employed to designate all the Chippewa nation. A pretty Indian legend
+  of the origin of these falls, is found in _Jesuit Relations_, liv, p.
+  201.—ED.
+
+Footnote 48:
+
+  On the offering of tobacco to “Manitous,” see _Jesuits Relation_, x,
+  p. 324. See, also, caption “Manitou,” in index thereto.—ED.
+
+Footnote 49:
+
+  Probably the “Athabasca,” one of the first schooners of the North West
+  Company on Lake Superior. See Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, p. 149. The
+  French had a sailing vessel on Lake Superior as early as 1735. See
+  _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvii.—ED.
+
+Footnote 50:
+
+  Pays Plat was the fur-trade station near the Nipigon River, about one
+  hundred miles east of Grand Portage. It was situated on one of the
+  islands of Nipigon Bay, and so named because of the low land and shoal
+  water in the vicinity. See Bigsby, _Shoe and Canoe_ (London, 1850), p.
+  223.—ED.
+
+Footnote 51:
+
+  For a history of the Chippewa Indians, see _Minnesota Historical
+  Collections_, v.
+
+  This noted chief, Matchekewis, was the captor of Mackinac during
+  Pontiac’s War. For a sketch of him, see _Wisconsin Historical
+  Collections_, vii, pp. 188–194.—ED.
+
+Footnote 52:
+
+  For a description of Indian pipes and smoking habits, see U. S.
+  National Museum _Report_, 1897, pp. 351 ff. The material for the red
+  calumets is called “catlinite,” from George Catlin, who described it
+  in 1836. It is found in the pipestone quarries of Pipestone County, in
+  Southwestern Minnesota. See _Jesuit Relations_, lix, p. 310.—ED.
+
+Footnote 53:
+
+  For a description of the rattle called “sysyquoy,” see _Wisconsin
+  Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 367; and Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, p.
+  333.—ED.
+
+Footnote 54:
+
+  The Nipigon River is the largest and most northerly tributary of Lake
+  Superior, and the outlet for Lake Nipigon. Its region, until the
+  building of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, was almost as wild and
+  unknown as when visited by the French explorers in the seventeenth
+  century. Perrot mentions this river and lake in his _Mémoire_ (1658);
+  and Duluth (1684) wrote to De la Barre of the “fort which I have
+  constructed near the River à la Maune, at the bottom [the north end of
+  Lake Alemipigon,” as a barrier to the English trade from Hudson Bay.
+  In 1687, Duluth’s brother traded with fifteen hundred Indians in the
+  Lake Nipigon region. The furs from this district were especially rich
+  and valuable, and the trading post on the lake appears to have been
+  maintained throughout the French occupation. La Vérendrye was
+  commandant here in 1728, when he became fired by the reports of the
+  savage Ochagach, with zeal for Western exploration. See _Northern and
+  Western Boundaries of Ontario_ (Toronto, 1878), pp. 68–80.
+
+  In 1757, Bougainville describes this post as follows: “Les Népigons, a
+  post established to the north of Lake Superior; the commandant is its
+  farmer and pays for that privilege about 4,000 francs; it includes the
+  Lake à la Carpe.... The post produces generally every year from eighty
+  to one hundred bundles of fur.” After the British occupation the
+  productiveness of the region declined. Duncan Cameron says that when
+  he first went to this country (1785), the whole district produced but
+  fifty-six packs of fur, although it had no opposition from Hudson Bay,
+  and part of the Lake Winnipeg department was included in the Nipigon
+  district. See Cameron, “The Nipigon Country,” in Masson, _Bourgeois_,
+  ii, pp. 231–300. The North West Company considered this to be its
+  territory, but later the Hudson’s Bay Company built a post at Red
+  Rock, near the mouth of the river—now a station on the Canadian
+  Pacific Railway. The Hudson’s Bay Company still maintains a wintering
+  post, known as Poplar Lodge, on the east shore of Lake Nipigon. See
+  Canadian Bureau of Mines _Report_, 1901, p. 212. The Nipigon River is
+  now noted as a fisherman’s paradise. For a description of the route
+  from the mouth of the river to the lake, see Canadian Geological
+  Survey _Report_, 1867–69, p. 336.—ED.
+
+Footnote 55:
+
+  This is the game of lacrosse, a modification of which has become the
+  Canadian national game. For an historical account of this game, see
+  _Jesuit Relations_, x, pp. 326–328; Henry’s _Travels_ (Bain’s ed.), p.
+  77; Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, pp. 337, 338.—ED.
+
+Footnote 56:
+
+  For a similar game with slight modifications, see Masson, _Bourgeois_,
+  ii, p. 340.—ED.
+
+Footnote 57:
+
+  Mr. Shaw was an independent trader, father of Angus Shaw, partner and
+  agent of the North West Company.—ED.
+
+Footnote 58:
+
+  This is a citation from the _New Discovery_ of Hennepin, who gives the
+  first account of the tribe, apparently a branch of the Sioux, whose
+  custom of weeping he so fully describes in connection with his
+  captivity among the Issati Indians.—ED.
+
+Footnote 59:
+
+  The early cradles of the Chippewa Indians are described in more detail
+  by Grant, “The Sauteux Indians,” in Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, pp. 322,
+  323.—ED.
+
+Footnote 60:
+
+  This is true not only of the St. Croix River (Wisconsin) Chippewas,
+  but of nearly all the tribe up to the present time. The “woods Indian”
+  north of Lake Superior is usually a Chippewa (Ojibwa), and a large
+  portion of those under the care of the Canadian government are still
+  hunters. The Canadian Department of Indian Affairs, in its _Report_
+  for 1900, represents the modern Ojibwa as little changed, except from
+  general inability to obtain liquor as freely as in the olden days of
+  the fur-trade.—ED.
+
+Footnote 61:
+
+  For the hereditary enmity between the Chippewas and the Sioux, and the
+  particularly fierce encounters of this period, see Warren, “History of
+  the Ojibways,” in _Minnesota Historical Collections_, v, pp. 72, 95,
+  222–241.—ED.
+
+Footnote 62:
+
+  Indian slavery among the French was first practiced in the Illinois
+  country, and (1709) was authorized by edict for Canada. Slavery was
+  abolished for Upper Canada in 1793; and by 1800 had ceased in Lower
+  Canada. See Lafontaine, “L’ésclavage en Canada,” Montreal Historical
+  Society _Proceedings_, 1858; Canadian Institute _Transactions_,
+  1889–90 (Toronto, 1891); and _Proceedings_, 1897, p. 19.—ED.
+
+Footnote 63:
+
+  In the language of James Bain, Jr., librarian of the Toronto Public
+  Library, “Long is the most indefinite of travellers, and English names
+  of lakes and rivers unstable.” It seems an almost hopeless task to
+  localize several of his geographical names by the aid of modern maps.
+  As a matter of fact this part of Northwestern Ontario from Lake
+  Nipigon to Lake Abittibi is still almost _terra incognita_. For the
+  best current maps and descriptions, see Canadian Department of the
+  Interior _Report_, 1890, part v; also Ontario Bureau of Mines
+  _Report_, 1900.—ED.
+
+Footnote 64:
+
+  Lake Savanne lies northwest of Lake Nipigon, on a tributary of the
+  Albany River. A brief account of a voyage thither is given by Duncan
+  Cameron, in Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, p. 271. Cameron also says that
+  four out of eight traders starved there in one year (_ibid._, p.
+  242).—ED.
+
+Footnote 65:
+
+  Long was the first to apply the word “totamism” to that system of
+  beliefs and family relationships, now recognized as the basis of
+  primitive society. The theory of clan relationships, as expressed by
+  totems, was first developed by M’Lennan in a series of articles
+  published in the _Fortnightly Review_, 1869–71. On the general theory,
+  see Lang, _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_ (London, 1887), i, pp. 58–81.
+  On the totemism of the American Indian there is a large literature.
+  The following are useful: Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the United
+  States_ (Philadelphia, 1851–57); Brinton, _Myths of New World_
+  (Philadelphia, 3d ed., 1896).—ED.
+
+Footnote 66:
+
+  This was the grant made to Sir William Johnson in 1760, of sixty-six
+  thousand acres, now within Little Falls Township on the Mohawk River.
+  The grant was confirmed by the crown in 1769, and Johnson Hall, a
+  large portion of which is still standing, was built thereupon. See
+  vol. i of this series, p. 88, note 48.—ED.
+
+Footnote 67:
+
+  Henry says, “In North America there is no _partridge_; but the name is
+  given to more than one species of grouse.” This was probably the
+  _Canace_ or _Dendragapus Canadensis_, black or spotted grouse.—ED.
+
+Footnote 68:
+
+  The loup-cervier is the Canadian lynx; the beaver eater, the wolverine
+  (_gulo luscus_), or “carcajou.” For a description of the latter, see
+  Martin, _Castorologia_, pp. 147–151.—ED.
+
+Footnote 69:
+
+  The grizzly bear (_ursus ferox_), was first adequately identified and
+  described by Lewis and Clark. See Thwaites’s ed. of _Original Journals
+  of Lewis and Clark_ (New York, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1904).—ED.
+
+Footnote 70:
+
+  Dobbs, _Account of the Countries adjoining Hudson’s Bay_ (London,
+  1744), gives a map of these regions “as described by Joseph La France,
+  a French Canadese Indian, who Traveled thro those Countries and Lakes
+  for 3 years from 1739 to 1742,” on which he places “Ouassi Indians”
+  between the Michipicoten and Nipigon rivers on the north shore of Lake
+  Superior. He also says (p. 32), “There are two Indian Nations upon
+  this North Coast, the Epinette ... and the Ouassi, both tribes of the
+  Sauteurs.” The tribe designated by this term seems to have disappeared
+  in the nineteenth century.—ED.
+
+Footnote 71:
+
+  The Rat Indians are those of Rat Portage, on the Lake of the Woods,
+  apparently a branch of the Chippewas. Their name is taken from the
+  muskrat (_ondatra zibethicus_). See Coues, _Henry-Thompson Journals_
+  (New York, 1897), i, p. 26.—ED.
+
+Footnote 72:
+
+  On Indian medicine-men and their skill as physicians, see Brinton,
+  _Myths of the New World_, pp. 304–328; and _Jesuit Relations_, index,
+  caption “Medicine-men.” See also Hoffman, “The Midewinin of the
+  Ojibwa,” United States Bureau of Ethnology _Report_, 1885–86.—ED.
+
+Footnote 73:
+
+  According to Count Andrani of Milan, who was at Grand Portage in 1791,
+  each pack was valued at £40 sterling, making the total value of Long’s
+  first season nearly $28,000. On the expenses of such an outfit, see
+  _Canadian Archives_, 1888, p. 69.—ED.
+
+Footnote 74:
+
+  This is not the river now known as Pic River, which is east of Pays
+  Plat, but one of the shorter streams between this and Nipigon River,
+  probably the one now called Gravel River.—ED.
+
+Footnote 75:
+
+  For the difficulties of this passage from Pays Plat to Nipigon, see
+  the account of the building of this section of the Canadian Pacific
+  Railroad, in Ingersoll, _Canadian Guide-Book_ (New York, 1892), ii,
+  pp. 29, 30.—ED.
+
+Footnote 76:
+
+  For this lake, see Cameron, “Nipigon Country,” Masson, _Bourgeois_,
+  ii, pp. 242, 244.—ED.
+
+Footnote 77:
+
+  For a brief description of the process of making a birch bark canoe,
+  see McKinney, _Tour of the Lakes_ (Baltimore, 1827), p. 319.—ED.
+
+Footnote 78:
+
+  Scuttaywabo is rum or brandy. See Long’s Chippewa vocabulary, at the
+  end of the present volume.—ED.
+
+Footnote 79:
+
+  Tripe de roche is a lichen, which Henry calls _waac_ in Chippewa. See
+  Henry, _Travels_ (Bain ed.), pp. 214, 215.—ED.
+
+Footnote 80:
+
+  On the subject of justice in the forest, as exercised by the British
+  companies, see Bancroft, _Northwest Coast_, i, pp. 538–542.—ED.
+
+Footnote 81:
+
+  Fort Albany was built by the Hudson’s Bay Company in the seventeenth
+  century. It was in a sheltered inlet, forty yards from the borders of
+  James Bay on the south side of Albany River. In 1686 it was attacked
+  and captured by Troyes’s expedition; and Iberville re-christened the
+  post, Fort Ste. Anne. It remained in French hands until 1693, when
+  retaken by the English, who never again lost it, although besieged by
+  the French in 1704. The later fort was built on Factory Island, in the
+  mouth of the river, about two and one-half miles from the old fort on
+  the mainland.—ED.
+
+Footnote 82:
+
+  Joseph Robson went out to Hudson Bay in 1733, as a stone-mason, and
+  was employed in the construction of Fort Churchill. He appears to have
+  had disagreements with the governor, and returned to England in 1736.
+  In 1744, he was again sent out as surveyor and superintendent of
+  buildings at York factory, and explored the Nelson River. Returning to
+  England in 1747, he testified on behalf of the Company in 1749, before
+  the House of Commons committee; but some years later published a work,
+  _An Account of Six Years’ Residence in Hudson’s Bay_ (London, 1752),
+  in which he animadverts against the treatment of servants and Indians
+  by the Company’s governors. Long attempts to controvert him in this
+  paragraph; but on p. 170 he uses his testimony in favor of the
+  management of the Company.—ED.
+
+Footnote 83:
+
+  For the history of the formation of the North West Company, see
+  preface, _ante_, p. 16.—ED.
+
+Footnote 84:
+
+  The Cristinaux (Kiristinou, Killistinoe) Indians, now known as Crees,
+  are Algonquian tribes who have always been associated with the
+  Assiniboins (Assinipoils), a Siouan tribe derived early from the
+  Yankton Dakotas. Their habitat has been the wilderness between Lake
+  Superior and Hudson Bay, and the land to the west as far as the
+  Assiniboin and Saskatchewan rivers. They were well known to the early
+  French explorers (see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi), and
+  were the chief Indians with whom the Hudson’s Bay Company traded. They
+  still number over twelve thousand. See Henry, _Travels_ (Bain ed.), p.
+  249.—ED.
+
+Footnote 85:
+
+  This was the work of Edward Umfreville, _Present State of Hudson’s
+  Bay_ (London, 1790), written with a view of opposing the continuance
+  of the Company’s charter, and exposing the practices of the officers.
+  Umfreville had been in the service of the Company from 1771 to
+  1782.—ED.
+
+Footnote 86:
+
+  On this subject of courtship and marriage, see also Grant, “Sauteux
+  Indians,” in Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, pp. 319–321.—ED.
+
+Footnote 87:
+
+  The British fort at Mackinac was still upon the south shore of the
+  strait, where Mackinaw City now stands; but the governor, Patrick
+  Sinclair, had already begun the erection of a new fort on the island,
+  to which the establishment moved in the spring of 1781. See “Story of
+  Mackinac,” in Thwaites’s _How George Rogers Clark won the
+  Northwest_.—ED.
+
+Footnote 88:
+
+  For a contemporary account of this well-known incident, see Henry,
+  _Travels_, chaps. 8, 9, and 10.—ED.
+
+Footnote 89:
+
+  The “Poes” were the Potawatomi Indians (called Poux by the French).
+  For their history and that of Fort St. Joseph, see vol. i of this
+  series, pp. 115, 117.—ED.
+
+Footnote 90:
+
+  The Menominee Indians were called Folles-Avoines by the French, a name
+  by which the latter designated both the grain (_zizania aquatica_),
+  and this tribe of Indians whom they first found using it. They are
+  Algonquian in language, and were originally encountered by Nicolet
+  (1634) on the shores of Green Bay. This remained their habitat until
+  they were removed to their present reservation in Shawano County,
+  Wisconsin. For history of this tribe, see _Wisconsin Historical
+  Collections_ (especially vols. xvi and xvii); Hoffman, “Menomini
+  Indians,” U. S. Bureau of Ethnology _Report_, 1892–93; Jenks, “Wild
+  Rice Gatherers of the Upper Lakes,” _ibid._, 1897–98.
+
+  No mention of such a barbarous custom as this is made by other
+  writers. Long may have been misinformed.—ED.
+
+Footnote 91:
+
+  On the cause of this action of the Indian traders, alarmed at the
+  reprisals being made by Spanish and Americans for the unsuccessful
+  attack on St. Louis by the British party from Mackinac, see _Wisconsin
+  Historical Collections_, vii, p. 176, _note_.
+
+  For biography of Charles Langlade, first Wisconsin settler, see
+  Tassé’s “Memoir,” _ibid._, pp. 123–185.—ED.
+
+Footnote 92:
+
+  This is a somewhat confused reference to George Rogers Clark’s
+  occupation of the Illinois country, and alliance with the Spaniards
+  who controlled Louisiana. The fort here mentioned is St. Louis, for
+  whose early history see vol. iii of this series, André Michaux’s
+  _Journal_, note 138. Spaniards were incensed at the British traders’
+  methods in Upper Louisiana during this period.—ED.
+
+Footnote 93:
+
+  The commandant at Mackinac was Patrick Sinclair, for whose biography
+  see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xi, p. 141, _note_. For
+  documents dealing with the Revolution in this region, see _ibid._, xi,
+  pp. 97–212; and xii, pp. 49–55.—ED.
+
+Footnote 94:
+
+  The Outagamies, or Fox Indians (French, Renards), were first
+  encountered by the French on Fox River, Wisconsin. A proud and warlike
+  nation, they refused to yield to the French yoke. The long series of
+  wars waged by them with the French was a great source of weakness to
+  the colony of Canada, and prepared the way for its downfall. For the
+  documents on these wars, see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi
+  and xvii. Driven from their habitat in Eastern Wisconsin, about 1740,
+  the Foxes joined with their kindred, the Sauks, and settled on the
+  Mississippi, siding alternately with the British and Americans during
+  the wars of the Revolution and of 1812–15. One band of the Sauks
+  participated in the Black Hawk War (1832). At present the combined
+  population of the Sauks and Foxes is about four hundred, located on a
+  reservation in Iowa.
+
+  The Sioux were the Minnesota branch of this nation, under their chief
+  Wabasha, _q. v._, _post_, note 87.—ED.
+
+Footnote 95:
+
+  Lac les Puans (Stinking Lake) was a name used by the French for Green
+  Bay. The origin of this term was long supposed to be either in the
+  ill-smelling shores or the filthy character of the native Puants (_i.
+  e._, Winnebagoes). In _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 360,
+  however, an early writer testifies to the cleanliness of the Puants.
+
+  It appears that the original Algonquian name for these people, who are
+  an offshoot from the Sioux, was Ouinepeg, a word which has come down
+  to us in two forms—Winnipeg and Winnebago. The meaning of _Ouinepeg_
+  was, “men of (or from) the fetid (or bad-smelling) water.” It is
+  probable that these people may at one time have lived near a sulphur
+  spring or on the shore of a salt lake. The earliest French inferred
+  that the allusion was to the ocean; hence Nicolet’s appearance among
+  the Winnebagoes on Green Bay (1634) attired as a mandarin, under the
+  apprehension that these “Men of the Sea”—as they were called in some
+  of the earlier French accounts—were Chinamen. Herein we have an
+  illustration of the tenacity of the old theory that America was but an
+  outlying portion of Asia. La Salle’s post at La Chine, near Montreal,
+  which was so nicknamed because some thought it to be on the road to
+  China, is another case in point. When the “Men of the Sea” were
+  discovered to be ordinary Indians, their Algonquian appellation
+  _Ouinepeg_ was translated by the French into a less complimentary
+  term, “Puants” (Stinkards). Given the name, the reputation of
+  uncleanliness soon followed. The _Jesuit Relations_ frequently
+  mentioned the matter; but by the time of the missionaries the old term
+  of “Men of the Sea” appears to have been forgotten. See _Wisconsin
+  Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 3, _note_, for citations; also
+  Thwaites, _Stories of the Badger State_ (New York, 1900), p. 30, for
+  brief recital of the case—ED.
+
+Footnote 96:
+
+  The Foxes had been largely won to the American interest by the efforts
+  of Godefroy Linctot, Sr., their trader at Prairie du Chien, and the
+  emissaries of George Rogers Clark from the Illinois country.
+
+  Wabasha was a famous Sioux chief, first mentioned by the French
+  commandant in 1740. Being devoted to the British side, he was
+  dignified with the title of “general,” and was received with honors of
+  war at Mackinac. He also visited Quebec several times, and was
+  decorated by the British officials. His village was near the present
+  site of Winona, Minnesota. A son of the same name participated in the
+  War of 1812–15. The French called both these chiefs, “La Feuille.”—ED.
+
+Footnote 97:
+
+  On the origin of this term for Americans (Great Knives, Long Knives,
+  or Big Knives, indifferently) see Thwaites, _Daniel Boone_ (New York,
+  1902), p. 111, _note_.—ED.
+
+Footnote 98:
+
+  This must mean seven days’ journey either from Mackinac or Green Bay,
+  for Prairie du Chien is situated at the confluence of the Wisconsin
+  with the Mississippi. On the early settlement of Prairie du Chien,
+  which was named for a chief of the Fox tribe called “Chien,” see
+  _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, ix, pp. 282–302.—ED.
+
+Footnote 99:
+
+  Lake Temiscaming lies near the source of the Ottawa River, on the
+  boundary between Quebec and Ontario. The savages near here were
+  wandering tribes of rude Algonkins, who traded indifferently with
+  Canada or Hudson Bay.—ED.
+
+Footnote 100:
+
+  Tadoussac, at the entrance of the Saguenay River, is one of the oldest
+  trading stations on the St. Lawrence, having been founded before
+  Quebec. It was the site of an early Jesuit mission begun before 1642.
+  A church built for the mission (1747–50), is still standing.—ED.
+
+Footnote 101:
+
+  The mission colony of the Hurons at Lorette was established by the
+  Jesuits on their seigniory in 1673. There is still a settlement of
+  these Indians near this place.—ED.
+
+Footnote 102:
+
+  For biographical sketch of Robert Rogers, see vol. i, Croghan’s
+  _Journals_, note 61. Long here refers to his work, _Concise Account of
+  North America_ (London, 1765).—ED.
+
+Footnote 103:
+
+  Henry Home, Lord Kames, a famous Scotch jurist, published _Sketches of
+  History of Man_ (Edinburgh, 1774).—ED.
+
+Footnote 104:
+
+  The Montagnais Indians—so called from their habitat, the mountainous
+  country north and east of Quebec—were an Algonquian tribe, much in
+  contact with the French colonists. They still roam through their
+  ancient territory, hunting and fishing, and acting as guides to
+  scientific and sporting parties. They have a reservation on Lake St.
+  John.—ED.
+
+Footnote 105:
+
+  Chicoutimi, at the head of navigation of Saguenay River, was early
+  settled, a mission church being built there in 1726. It has but
+  recently become a place of importance, being not only the chief
+  trading station for the entire Saguenay region, where settlement has
+  commenced to be permanent, but the seat of large salmon fisheries and
+  of extensive wood-pulp mills; small ocean vessels are now laden with
+  pulp at Chicoutimi docks, carrying the product to English, French, and
+  American ports.—ED.
+
+Footnote 106:
+
+  After leaving Lake St. John, Long followed its sources westward, and
+  portaged over the Height of Land into the present Northeast
+  Territory—a region now nearly as unknown and unexplored as it was
+  then. Modern maps are not helpful regarding Long’s route.—ED.
+
+Footnote 107:
+
+  The true rattlesnake (_crotatus horridus_) is not found in Canada. The
+  one here alluded to is the _caudisona tergemina_. The age is not
+  indicated by the number of the rattles. The black water snake was
+  probably the _tropidonatus sipedon_, which feeds on fish, and is an
+  expert swimmer, although not a true water snake. The “turkey snake”
+  cannot be identified.—ED.
+
+Footnote 108:
+
+  This was the expedition of La Pérouse, who in the summer of 1782
+  captured Fort Prince of Wales and York factory. See Wilson, _The Great
+  Company_ (Toronto, 1899), pp. 320–326.—ED.
+
+Footnote 109:
+
+  Lake George was originally named Lac du St. Sacrement, by the Jesuit
+  missionary and martyr Isaac Jogues, who was there in 1646. On his
+  expedition of 1755, Sir William Johnson changed the name in honor of
+  his king. Lakes George and Champlain were of strategic importance in
+  all the French wars, and that of the Revolution. Fort George was a
+  small post on an eminence a half mile southeast of Fort William Henry,
+  built in 1759 after the destruction of the latter. Abandoned
+  temporarily during Burgoyne’s invasion, the garrison were surprised
+  and captured by Carleton (October, 1780), and the fortification
+  destroyed. New York State has appropriated the land around the ruins
+  of this fort for Fort George Battle Park.—ED.
+
+Footnote 110:
+
+  For a description of the road from St. Johns on the Richelieu River,
+  at the outlet of Lake Champlain—where the French built a fort in
+  1748—to La Prairie on the St. Lawrence, see Kalm, _Travels in North
+  America_ (London, 2nd ed., 1772), ii, pp. 219–223.—ED.
+
+Footnote 111:
+
+  Crown Point, called by the French Pointe au Chevalure (scalp point),
+  was fortified by the latter nation in 1731, as their advanced post
+  (Fort St. Frédéric) on the northern frontier. During the French and
+  Indian War it was twice attacked by the English; but the French
+  retained possession until Amherst’s expedition (1759), when Fort St.
+  Frédéric was abandoned and destroyed. Amherst began here extensive
+  fortifications, the ruins of which still exist. Crown Point was
+  captured by the Americans in 1775, and restored to the British in
+  1776. After 1780 it was dismantled and fell into decay, so that Long
+  could have found but deserted quarters at this place.—ED.
+
+Footnote 112:
+
+  This incident indicates the low state of the credit of the United
+  States. Congress passed the act for the relief of this Indian, April
+  8, 1785, as follows: “On report of a committee, consisting of Mr.
+  Howell, Mr. Long, and Mr. Holton, to whom was referred a petition of
+  John Vincent, an Indian of the Huron tribe, _Resolved_, That in
+  consideration of the faithful services of John Vincent, an Indian of
+  the Huron tribe, in the course of the late war, he be allowed and paid
+  by the commissioners of the treasury, the sum 100 dollars.—_Journals
+  of Congress_ (Philadelphia, 1801), x, p. 82.—ED.
+
+Footnote 113:
+
+  Hendrick was the well-known Mohawk chief, born about 1680, whose
+  friendship for the English and especially for Sir William Johnson kept
+  his tribe firm in the English alliance during the French wars.
+  Hendrick lived at Canajoharie in the Mohawk Valley. At the Albany
+  Conference (1754), he was one of the most prominent negotiators; but
+  was killed in the battle of Lake George the following year.—ED.
+
+Footnote 114:
+
+  Schenectady boats were long, narrow, flat-bottoms, propelled by small
+  and ungainly sails, or by iron-shod poles. They were so named from
+  being first built at Schenectady, and were much used in the shallow
+  water navigation of Western New York and the Upper St. Lawrence.—ED.
+
+Footnote 115:
+
+  The Canadian government was at this period granting large areas of
+  land north of the St. Lawrence, and of Lake Ontario, to the Loyalists
+  of the United States, who were removing thither. Two hundred acres
+  were given to each settler; and higher amounts, according to rank, to
+  those who had served in the British army. See Canniff, _History of the
+  Settlement of Upper Canada_ (Toronto, 1869).—ED.
+
+Footnote 116:
+
+  Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester, served with Amherst at Louisburg, in
+  1758. The next year he was wounded at the siege of Quebec. In 1766 he
+  was made governor of Quebec, and was governor of Canada, 1767–70. In
+  1775, he was again made governor of Quebec, and defended Canada
+  against the American forces until relieved by Haldimand in 1778. In
+  1782, he succeeded Clinton as commander in chief of the forces in
+  America, and having evacuated New York in 1783, returned with the
+  troops to England. He was created Baron Dorchester in 1786, and
+  appointed governor general of Canada, whither he arrived in October,
+  serving as the ruler of this province until 1796, when he retired to
+  England, where he died in 1808.
+
+  Henry Hope, lieutenant colonel of the 44th regiment, came to America
+  in 1776, and served throughout the war. In November, 1785, he was made
+  lieutenant-governor of Canada, and served as acting governor until the
+  arrival of Dorchester, under whom he continued as lieutenant-governor
+  until his death at Quebec, April 13, 1789.—ED.
+
+Footnote 117:
+
+  Sir John Johnson was the son and heir of Sir William Johnson, the New
+  York Indian agent. Born in the Mohawk Valley in 1742, he received part
+  of his education in England, and was knighted there in 1765. He
+  succeeded to his father’s position and estates in 1774; and on the
+  outbreak of the Revolution escaped to Canada, where he was made
+  colonel in the British army. His services during the war, leading
+  Iroquois against the border settlements in the Mohawk and Cherry
+  Valley, are well known. His estates were confiscated by the State of
+  New York, and he retired to Canada, where he was made superintendent
+  general of Indian affairs in British North America. His death occurred
+  at Montreal in 1830.—ED.
+
+Footnote 118:
+
+  In the surveys made in 1783–84, preliminary to the Loyalists’
+  settlement, ten townships were set off in Quinté Bay, which were long
+  known by their respective numbers. The third township was that now
+  called Fredericksburgh, and was chiefly settled by Johnson’s disbanded
+  soldiers.—ED.
+
+Footnote 119:
+
+  On the land system of Canada, see Canniff, _History of Settlement of
+  Upper Canada_; and Kingsford, _History of Canada_ (London and Toronto,
+  1894), vii, pp. 300–313. The feudal tenure was not abolished in Quebec
+  until 1854; but the Act of 1791, separating Upper from Lower Canada,
+  decreed a modern system for the Loyalist settlements.—ED.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                               Important
+                        Historical Publications
+                                   OF
+                      The Arthur H. Clark Company
+
+
+        Full descriptive circulars will be mailed on application
+
+
+
+
+  “The bare title hardly conveys an idea of the interesting lore
+  embraced in this admirably carried out study of the roads and their
+  part in the development of the country.”—_Boston Globe._
+
+
+                    The Historic Highways of America
+
+                        by ARCHER BUTLER HULBERT
+
+
+  A series of monographs on the History of America as portrayed in the
+   evolution of its highways of War, Commerce, and Social Expansion.
+
+Comprising the following volumes:
+
+           I— Paths of the Mound-Building Indians and Great Game
+                Animals.
+
+          II— Indian Thoroughfares.
+
+         III— Washington’s Road: The First Chapter of the Old French
+                War.
+
+          IV— Braddock’s Road.
+
+           V— The Old Glade (Forbes’s) Road.
+
+          VI— Boone’s Wilderness Road.
+
+         VII— Portage Paths: The Keys of the Continent
+
+        VIII— Military Roads of the Mississippi Basin.
+
+          IX— Waterways of Westward Expansion.
+
+           X— The Cumberland Road.
+
+     XI, XII— Pioneer Roads of America, two volumes.
+
+   XIII, XIV— The Great American Canals, two volumes.
+
+          XV— The Future of Road-Making in America.
+
+         XVI— Index.
+
+Sixteen volumes, crown 8vo, cloth, uncut, gilt tops. A LIMITED EDITION
+only printed direct from type, and the type distributed. Each volume
+handsomely printed in large type on Dickinson’s hand-made paper, and
+illustrated with maps, plates, and facsimiles.
+
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+
+PRICE, volumes 1 and 2, $2.00 net each; volumes 3 to 16, $2.50 net each.
+
+FIFTY SETS PRINTED ON LARGE PAPER, each numbered and _signed by the
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+$5.00 net per volume.
+
+
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+  and put in good form the results of his labors.”—Professor WILLIAM M.
+  SLOANE, _Princeton University_.
+
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+  very ably and enthusiastically. History is too frequently a mere
+  collection of dry bones, but here we have a book which, when once
+  begun, will be read eagerly to the end, so vividly does the author
+  bring scenes and personages before us.”—_Current Literature._
+
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+  entertaining series. The charm of the style is evident.”—_American
+  Historical Review._
+
+  “His style is effective ... an invaluable contribution to the makings
+  of American History.”—_New York Evening Post._
+
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+  literature.”—_The Dial._
+
+
+
+
+  “The most important project ever undertaken in the line of Philippine
+  history in any language, above all the English.”—_New York Evening
+  Post._
+
+
+                         _The_ Philippine Islands
+                                1493–1898
+
+ Being the history of the Philippines from their discovery to the present
+                                   time
+
+
+Explorations by early Navigators, descriptions of the Islands and their
+Peoples, their History, and records of the Catholic Missions, as related
+in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political,
+economic, commercial, and religious conditions of those Islands from
+their earliest relations with European Nations to the end of the
+nineteenth century.
+
+_Translated, and edited and annotated by_ E. H. BLAIR _and_ J. A.
+ROBERTSON, _with introduction and additional notes by_ E. G. BOURNE.
+
+With Analytical Index and Illustrations. Limited edition, 55 volumes,
+large 8vo, cloth, uncut, gilt top. Price $4.00 net per volume.
+
+
+  “The work is second in importance only to the original documents; to
+  the student it is even of greater value, since it places before him
+  translations of these historical data which would otherwise be totally
+  inaccessible, and without which no work on the Philippines could be
+  definitive.”—_American Anthropologist._
+
+  “At the present time few subjects are discussed so widely and so
+  ignorantly as matters relating to the Philippines.”—_Chicago
+  Chronicle._
+
+  “In addition to its value as accurate history, the work is full of
+  interest and of suggestions of thrilling mediæval romance and
+  adventure among strange scenes and wild people.”—_Philadelphia
+  Telegraph._
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
+
+
+ Page           Changed from                      Changed to
+
+   70 added the perfect notes of the   added the perfect notes of the
+      different war hoops, as          different war whoops, as
+
+  206 cargo. On the 9th of November we cargo. On the 9th of November we
+      felt Newfoundland,               left Newfoundland,
+
+ ● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+ ● Placed footnotes all at the end of the last chapter.
+ ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
+ ● Enclosed blackletter font in =equals=.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75593 ***