diff options
Diffstat (limited to '75287-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/75287-h.htm | 8360 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 0 -> 1338879 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_006.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4594 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_026.jpg | bin | 0 -> 5087 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_040.jpg | bin | 0 -> 5556 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_047.jpg | bin | 0 -> 7001 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_062.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4774 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_076.jpg | bin | 0 -> 6916 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_089.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4350 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_106.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4611 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_128.jpg | bin | 0 -> 5213 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_146.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4816 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_152.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4940 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/di_191.jpg | bin | 0 -> 5268 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_001.jpg | bin | 0 -> 259023 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_002.jpg | bin | 0 -> 166753 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_003.jpg | bin | 0 -> 171416 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_004.jpg | bin | 0 -> 142662 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_005.jpg | bin | 0 -> 141757 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_006.jpg | bin | 0 -> 161943 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_007.jpg | bin | 0 -> 116775 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_008.jpg | bin | 0 -> 83695 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_009.jpg | bin | 0 -> 107089 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_010.jpg | bin | 0 -> 83304 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_011.jpg | bin | 0 -> 105510 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_012.jpg | bin | 0 -> 150168 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_013.jpg | bin | 0 -> 210861 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_014.jpg | bin | 0 -> 164028 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_015.jpg | bin | 0 -> 179078 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_016.jpg | bin | 0 -> 93041 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_017.jpg | bin | 0 -> 191319 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_018.jpg | bin | 0 -> 194638 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_019.jpg | bin | 0 -> 129338 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_020.jpg | bin | 0 -> 36400 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_021.jpg | bin | 0 -> 95219 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_022.jpg | bin | 0 -> 107168 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_023.jpg | bin | 0 -> 134601 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_024.jpg | bin | 0 -> 122300 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_025.jpg | bin | 0 -> 154880 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_026.jpg | bin | 0 -> 100422 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_027.jpg | bin | 0 -> 159199 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_028.jpg | bin | 0 -> 139688 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_029.jpg | bin | 0 -> 127603 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_030.jpg | bin | 0 -> 144766 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_031.jpg | bin | 0 -> 246685 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_032.jpg | bin | 0 -> 216192 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_033.jpg | bin | 0 -> 186799 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_034.jpg | bin | 0 -> 178351 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_035.jpg | bin | 0 -> 158009 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_036.jpg | bin | 0 -> 199696 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_037.jpg | bin | 0 -> 201986 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_038.jpg | bin | 0 -> 179016 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_039.jpg | bin | 0 -> 214348 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_040.jpg | bin | 0 -> 168243 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_041.jpg | bin | 0 -> 170959 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_042.jpg | bin | 0 -> 208041 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_043.jpg | bin | 0 -> 198919 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_044.jpg | bin | 0 -> 131220 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_045.jpg | bin | 0 -> 165654 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_046.jpg | bin | 0 -> 206564 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_047.jpg | bin | 0 -> 173470 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_048.jpg | bin | 0 -> 30863 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_049.jpg | bin | 0 -> 159355 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_050.jpg | bin | 0 -> 95496 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_051.jpg | bin | 0 -> 162730 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_052.jpg | bin | 0 -> 198431 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_053.jpg | bin | 0 -> 53577 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_054.jpg | bin | 0 -> 231726 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_055.jpg | bin | 0 -> 145834 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_056.jpg | bin | 0 -> 252650 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_057.jpg | bin | 0 -> 208254 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_058.jpg | bin | 0 -> 153467 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_059.jpg | bin | 0 -> 114285 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_060.jpg | bin | 0 -> 169483 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_061.jpg | bin | 0 -> 145670 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_062.jpg | bin | 0 -> 129900 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_063.jpg | bin | 0 -> 194630 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_064.jpg | bin | 0 -> 166840 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_065.jpg | bin | 0 -> 196055 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_066.jpg | bin | 0 -> 136349 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_067.jpg | bin | 0 -> 162665 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_068.jpg | bin | 0 -> 168846 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_069.jpg | bin | 0 -> 120603 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_070.jpg | bin | 0 -> 141283 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_071.jpg | bin | 0 -> 122175 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_072.jpg | bin | 0 -> 147975 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_073.jpg | bin | 0 -> 160193 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_074.jpg | bin | 0 -> 145490 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_075.jpg | bin | 0 -> 167645 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_076.jpg | bin | 0 -> 228851 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_077.jpg | bin | 0 -> 194744 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_078.jpg | bin | 0 -> 253565 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_079.jpg | bin | 0 -> 173852 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_080.jpg | bin | 0 -> 134532 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_081.jpg | bin | 0 -> 236257 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_082.jpg | bin | 0 -> 197604 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_083.jpg | bin | 0 -> 224846 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_084.jpg | bin | 0 -> 175322 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_085.jpg | bin | 0 -> 224035 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_086.jpg | bin | 0 -> 70806 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_087.jpg | bin | 0 -> 179629 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_088.jpg | bin | 0 -> 135615 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_089.jpg | bin | 0 -> 140778 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_090.jpg | bin | 0 -> 141761 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_091.jpg | bin | 0 -> 216083 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_092.jpg | bin | 0 -> 154093 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_093.jpg | bin | 0 -> 210736 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_094.jpg | bin | 0 -> 170398 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_095.jpg | bin | 0 -> 143570 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_096.jpg | bin | 0 -> 170748 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_097.jpg | bin | 0 -> 182692 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_098.jpg | bin | 0 -> 206623 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_099.jpg | bin | 0 -> 209374 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_100.jpg | bin | 0 -> 155237 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_101.jpg | bin | 0 -> 145586 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_102.jpg | bin | 0 -> 157198 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_103.jpg | bin | 0 -> 143332 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_104.jpg | bin | 0 -> 189293 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_105.jpg | bin | 0 -> 102365 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_106.jpg | bin | 0 -> 258582 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_107.jpg | bin | 0 -> 215604 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_108.jpg | bin | 0 -> 240313 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_109.jpg | bin | 0 -> 118621 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_110.jpg | bin | 0 -> 224520 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/i_title.jpg | bin | 0 -> 57639 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 75287-h/images/p_005.jpg | bin | 0 -> 73530 bytes |
126 files changed, 8360 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/75287-h/75287-h.htm b/75287-h/75287-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3917f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/75287-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8360 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> + <head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title>Bird Studies With a Camera | Project Gutenberg</title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + body { margin-left: 8%; margin-right: 10%; } + h1 { text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: xx-large; } + h2 { text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: x-large; } + h3 { text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; } + .pageno { right: 1%; font-size: x-small; background-color: inherit; color: silver; + text-indent: 0em; text-align: right; position: absolute; + border: thin solid silver; padding: .1em .2em; font-style: normal; + font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; } + p { text-indent: 0; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify; } + sup { vertical-align: top; font-size: 0.6em; } + .sc { font-variant: small-caps; } + .large { font-size: large; } + .xlarge { font-size: x-large; } + .small { font-size: small; } + .lg-container-b { text-align: center; } + .x-ebookmaker .lg-container-b { clear: both; } + .lg-container-l { text-align: justify; } + .x-ebookmaker .lg-container-l { clear: both; } + .lg-container-r { text-align: right; } + .x-ebookmaker .lg-container-r { clear: both; } + .linegroup { display: inline-block; text-align: justify; } + .x-ebookmaker .linegroup { display: block; margin-left: 1.5em; } + .linegroup .group { margin: 1em auto; } + .linegroup .line { text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em; } + div.linegroup > :first-child { margin-top: 0; } + .linegroup .in30 { padding-left: 18.0em; } + .linegroup .in8 { padding-left: 7.0em; } + .index li {text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em; } + .index ul {list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0; } + ul.index {list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0; } + .ul_1 li {padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; } + ul.ul_1 {padding-left: 0; margin-left: 2.78%; margin-top: .5em; + margin-bottom: .5em; list-style-type: disc; } + div.footnote > :first-child { margin-top: 1em; } + div.footnote p { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + div.pbb { page-break-before: always; } + hr.pb { border: none; border-bottom: thin solid; margin-bottom: 1em; } + .x-ebookmaker hr.pb { display: none; } + .chapter { clear: both; page-break-before: always; } + .figcenter { clear: both; max-width: 100%; margin: 2em auto; text-align: center; } + .figleft { clear: left; float: left; max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em 1em 1em 0; + text-align: justify; } + .figright { clear: right; float: right; max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em; + text-align: right; } + div.figcenter p { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; } + div.figleft p { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; } + div.figright p { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; } + .x-ebookmaker .figleft { float: left; } + .x-ebookmaker .figright { float: right; } + .figcenter img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } + .figleft img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } + .figright img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } + .id001 { width:50%; } + .id002 { width:40%; } + .id003 { width:80%; } + .id004 { width:33%; } + .id005 { width:25%; } + .x-ebookmaker .id001 { margin-left:25%; width:50%; } + .x-ebookmaker .id002 { margin-left:30%; width:40%; } + .x-ebookmaker .id003 { margin-left:10%; width:80%; } + .x-ebookmaker .id004 { width:33%; } + .x-ebookmaker .id005 { width:25%; } + .ic001 { width:100%; } + .ig001 { width:100%; } + .table0 { margin: auto; margin-top: 2em; } + .table1 { margin: auto; } + .nf-center { text-align: center; } + .nf-center-c0 { text-align: justify; margin: 0.5em 0; } + .nf-center-c1 { text-align: justify; margin: 1em 0; } + img.drop-capi { float: left; margin: 0 0.5em 0 0; position: relative; z-index: 1; } + p.drop-capi_8 { text-indent: 0; margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + p.drop-capi_8:first-letter { color: transparent; visibility: hidden; + margin-left: -.8em; } + .x-ebookmaker img.drop-capi { display: none; visibility: hidden; } + .x-ebookmaker p.drop-capi_8:first-letter { color: inherit; visibility: visible; + margin-left: 0em; } + .c000 { margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + .c001 { margin-top: 4em; } + .c002 { page-break-before: always; margin-top: 4em; } + .c003 { margin-top: 2em; } + .c004 { margin-top: 1em; } + .c005 { margin-top: 4em; font-size: .9em; } + .c006 { page-break-before:auto; margin-top: 4em; } + .c007 { margin-top: 2em; text-indent: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + .c008 { text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + .c009 { vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1em; + padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } + .c010 { vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right; } + .c011 { text-align: center; } + .c012 { vertical-align: top; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; } + .c013 { page-break-before: auto; margin-top: 2em; } + .c014 { margin-top: 1em; text-indent: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + .c015 { text-decoration: none; } + .c016 { vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; padding-right: 1em; } + .c017 { vertical-align: top; text-align: center; padding-right: 1em; } + .c018 { vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; } + .c019 { vertical-align: top; text-align: center; } + .c020 { margin-top: .5em; } + .c021 { margin-left: 8.33%; text-indent: -5.56%; margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + .c022 { margin-left: 8.33%; text-indent: -5.56%; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + .c023 { text-indent: 5.56%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + .c024 { text-indent: 0; margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + .c025 { margin-top: 2em; font-size: .9em; text-indent: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; + } + .c026 { font-size: .9em; text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 0.25em; + margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + div.tnotes { padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;background-color:#E3E4FA; + border:thin solid silver; margin:2em 10% 0 10%; font-family: Georgia, serif; + clear: both; } + .covernote { visibility: hidden; display: none; } + div.tnotes p { text-align: justify; } + .x-ebookmaker .covernote { visibility: visible; display: block; } + .figcenter {font-size: .9em; page-break-inside: avoid; max-width: 100%; } + h1 {line-height: 200%; } + .footnote {font-size: .9em; } + div.footnote p {text-indent: 2em; margin-bottom: .5em; } + .chapter { clear: both; page-break-before: always; } + body {font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: justify; } + table {font-size: .9em; padding: 1.5em .5em 1em; page-break-inside: avoid; + clear: both; } + div.titlepage {text-align: center; page-break-before: always; + page-break-after: always; } + div.titlepage p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 3em; } + .ph1 { text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; font-size: xx-large; + margin: .67em auto; page-break-before: always; } + .ph2 { text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; + page-break-before: always; } + .border {border-style: solid;border-width: medium; padding: 1em; clear: both; } + .x-ebookmaker p.dropcap:first-letter { float: left; } + </style> + </head> + <body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75287 ***</div> + +<div class='tnotes covernote'> + +<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p> + +<p class='c000'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p> + +</div> + +<div class='chapter ph1'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div>BIRD STUDIES WITH A CAMERA</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div id='i_001' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_001.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>1. Gannet (flying over), Murres, Puffins, and Razorbilled Auks.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='titlepage border'> + +<div> + <h1 class='c002'>BIRD STUDIES WITH A CAMERA<br> <span class='large'>WITH INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS ON THE OUTFIT AND METHODS OF THE BIRD PHOTOGRAPHER</span></h1> +</div> +<div class='border'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c003'> + <div><span class='xlarge'><span class='sc'>By</span> FRANK M. CHAPMAN</span></div> + <div class='c004'><span class='small'>ASSISTANT CURATOR OF VERTEBRATE ZOÖLOGY IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, AND AUTHOR OF HANDBOOK OF BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, BIRD-LIFE, ETC.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_title.jpg' alt='[Logo]' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> + <div class='nf-center'> + <div><span class='small'><em>WITH OVER ONE HUNDRED PHOTOGRAPHS FROM NATURE, BY THE AUTHOR</em></span></div> + <div class='c004'>NEW YORK</div> + <div>D. APPLETON AND COMPANY</div> + <div>1900</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Copyright, 1900,</span></span></div> + <div><span class='small'><span class='sc'>By</span> FRANK M. CHAPMAN.</span></div> + <div class='c004'><span class='small'><em>All rights reserved.</em></span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div>THIS BOOK</div> + <div class='c004'>IS DEDICATED TO</div> + <div class='c004'><span class='large'>MY WIFE,</span></div> + <div class='c004'>WHO, BOTH AT HOME AND AFIELD, IS EVER</div> + <div class='c004'>“MY BEST ASSISTANT.”</div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>You have learnt from the Birds and continue to learn,</div> + <div class='line'>Your best benefactors and early instructors.</div> + <div class='line in30'><span class='sc'>Frere’s</span> <em>Aristophanes</em>.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span> + <h2 class='c006'>PREFACE</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>The practice of photographing birds in Nature +is of too recent origin in this country to permit of +its being treated authoritatively. The methods +which may be employed are so numerous, the field +to be covered so limitless, that many years must +elapse before the bird photographer’s outfit will +meet his wants, while the constantly varying details +which surround his subjects almost prohibit duplication +of experience.</p> + +<p class='c008'>But it is these very difficulties which render all +the more imperative the necessity of conference +among workers in this fascinating and important +branch of natural history. The causes of both +success and failure should, through the medium of +books and journals, be made accessible to all, thereby +shortening this experimental stage of the study +of birds with a camera, and hastening the day when +the nature of the outfit and methods shall have been +settled with more or less definiteness.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is as a contribution toward this end, and as a +means of answering the queries of numerous correspondents, +that the following pages, embodying the +results of my own experiences, are offered. It is +sincerely hoped that they may increase the interest +<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>in the study of birds in Nature, and at the same +time furnish a more profitable and delightful outlet +for the hunting instinct than is afforded by the +shotgun or rifle.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A large proportion of the Bird Rock pictures and +several of those from Pelican Island have appeared +in the Century and St. Nicholas respectively, and +are here reproduced by the courtesy of the editors +of those magazines; others have been previously +published in Bird-Lore.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Frank M. Chapman.</span></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-l'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><span class='sc'>American Museum of Natural History,</span></div> + <div class='line in8'><span class='sc'>New York city</span>, <em>March, 1900</em>.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CONTENTS</h2> +</div> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <th class='c009'></th> + <th class='c010'>PAGE</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Introduction</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'>What is bird photography?—The scientific value of bird photography—The charm of bird photography.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><em>THE OUTFIT AND METHODS OF THE BIRD PHOTOGRAPHER</em></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The bird photographer’s outfit</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_6'>6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'>The camera—The lens—The shutter—The tripod—Plates—Blinds—Sundries.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The methods of the bird photographer</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_26'>26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'>Haunts—Seasons—Nests and eggs—Young birds—Adult birds.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><em>BIRD STUDIES WITH A CAMERA</em></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Bird photography begins at home</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Chickadee—a study in black and white</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Least Bittern and some other reed inhabitants</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Two Herons</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_76'>76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Where Swallows roost</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_89'>89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Two days with the Terns</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_106'>106</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Percé and Bonaventure</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_128'>128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Magdalens</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_146'>146</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Bird Rock</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_152'>152</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Life on Pelican Island, with some speculations on the origin of bird migration</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_191'>191</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span> + <h2 class='c006'>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> +</div> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <th class='c012'></th> + <th class='c009'> </th> + <th class='c010'>PAGE</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>1.</td> + <td class='c009'>Gannet, Murres, Puffins, and Razorbilled Auks</td> + <td class='c010'><em><a href='#i_001'>Frontispiece</a></em></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Tailpiece.</em> Young Baltimore Oriole</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> Long-focus camera and telephoto lens</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_6'>6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>2.</td> + <td class='c009'>Lens test No. 1</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_002'>14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>3.</td> + <td class='c009'>Enlargement of the bird in test No. 1</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_003'>15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>4.</td> + <td class='c009'>Lens test No. 2</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_004'>16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>5.</td> + <td class='c009'>Enlargement of bird in test No. 2</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_005'>17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>6.</td> + <td class='c009'>Lens test No. 3</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_006'>18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>7.</td> + <td class='c009'>Enlargement of bird in test No. 3</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_007'>19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> Young Great-crested Flycatcher</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_26'>26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>8.</td> + <td class='c009'>Spring</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_008'>27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>9.</td> + <td class='c009'>Summer</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_009'>27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>10.</td> + <td class='c009'>Autumn</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_010'>28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>11.</td> + <td class='c009'>Winter—four pictures (Nos. 8–11) from the same point of view</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_011'>28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>12.</td> + <td class='c009'>Nest locality of five species</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_012'>29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>13.</td> + <td class='c009'>Nesting site, nest, and young of Marsh Hawk</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_013'>30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>14.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Marsh Hawks and nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_014'>31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>15.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Great-crested Flycatcher</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_015'>32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>16.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Baltimore Orioles and nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_016'>33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>17.</td> + <td class='c009'>Wood Thrush on nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_017'>34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>18.</td> + <td class='c009'>Chestnut-sided Warbler on nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_018'>35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>19.</td> + <td class='c009'>Catbird scolding</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_019'>37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> “Fairview”</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>20.</td> + <td class='c009'>House Sparrows and Junco</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_020'>41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>21.</td> + <td class='c009'>Junco</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_021'>42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>22.</td> + <td class='c009'>Female House Sparrow and nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_022'>43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span>23.</td> + <td class='c009'>Screech Owl</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_023'>44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> Chickadee</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>24.</td> + <td class='c009'>Chickadee on ground</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_024'>49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>25.</td> + <td class='c009'>Chickadee taking piece of bread</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_025'>50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>26.</td> + <td class='c009'>A bird in the hand</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_026'>51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>27.</td> + <td class='c009'>Chickadee at nest hole</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_027'>54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>28.</td> + <td class='c009'>Chickadee at nest hole</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_028'>55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>29.</td> + <td class='c009'>A Chickadee family</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_029'>58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>30.</td> + <td class='c009'>A Chickadee family</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_030'>59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> Red-winged Blackbird</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>31.</td> + <td class='c009'>Least Bittern’s nesting site</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_031'>64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>32.</td> + <td class='c009'>Least Bittern’s nest and eggs</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_032'>66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>33.</td> + <td class='c009'>Least Bittern mimicking surroundings</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_033'>67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>34.</td> + <td class='c009'>Least Bittern mimicking surroundings</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_034'>68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>35.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Red-winged Blackbirds</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_035'>71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>36.</td> + <td class='c009'>Least Bittern eating her eggs</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_036'>73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>37.</td> + <td class='c009'>Least Bittern on nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_037'>74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> Where the Night Herons feed</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_76'>76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>38.</td> + <td class='c009'>Five Night Herons’ nests in swamp maple</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_038'>79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>39.</td> + <td class='c009'>A view in the Heron rookery</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_039'>80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>40.</td> + <td class='c009'>Night Heron feeding</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_040'>81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>41.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Night Herons in nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_041'>82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>42.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Night Herons leaving nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_042'>83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>43.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Night Herons on branches</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_043'>84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>44.</td> + <td class='c009'>Great Blue Heron, nests and young</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_044'>88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> Tree Swallows on wires</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_89'>89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>45.</td> + <td class='c009'>Hackensack marshes in August</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_045'>91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>46.</td> + <td class='c009'>Marsh mallows</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_046'>93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>47.</td> + <td class='c009'>Wild rice</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_047'>94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>48.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tree Swallows on wires</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_048'>97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>49.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tree Swallows in tree</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_049'>100</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>50.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tree Swallows on wire and at pile</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_050'>102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>51.</td> + <td class='c009'>Swallows in the road</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_051'>104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> A corner of Penikese</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_106'>106</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>52.</td> + <td class='c009'>Nesting site, nest, and three eggs of Common Tern</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_052'>110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>53.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tern hovering above nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_053'>111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>54.</td> + <td class='c009'>Nest and eggs of Tern on upland</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_054'>112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span>55.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tern’s nest and eggs in drift <em>débris</em></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_055'>113</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>56.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Tern hiding on rocky beach</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_056'>114</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>57.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Tern hiding in the grass</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_057'>115</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>58.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tern alighting on nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_058'>116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>59.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tern on hillside nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_059'>117</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>60.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tern’s nest and hatching eggs in seaweed</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_060'>118</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>61.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tern about to feed young</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_061'>119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>62.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tern brooding young</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_062'>120</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>63.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tern on beach nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_063'>121</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>64.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tern on beach nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_064'>121</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>65.</td> + <td class='c009'>Tern on upland nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_065'>122</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>66.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Terns about four days old</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_066'>123</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>67.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Tern about a week old</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_067'>124</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>68.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Tern, second plumage appearing</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_068'>124</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>69.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Tern, further advance of second plumage</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_069'>125</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>70.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Tern, stage before flight</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_070'>126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> A Percé codfisher</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_128'>128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>71.</td> + <td class='c009'>Percé Rock from the north</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_071'>131</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>72.</td> + <td class='c009'>Percé Rock from the southeast</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_072'>134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>73.</td> + <td class='c009'>Splitting cod on Percé beach</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_073'>136</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>74.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Savanna Sparrow</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_074'>137</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>75.</td> + <td class='c009'>Gannet cliffs of Bonaventure</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_075'>140</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>76.</td> + <td class='c009'>Cornel or bunchberry</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_076'>142</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>77.</td> + <td class='c009'>A ledge of nesting Gannets</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_077'>144</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> Grosse Isle</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_146'>146</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>78.</td> + <td class='c009'>Nest and eggs of Fox Sparrow</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_078'>148</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>79.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Guillemots</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_079'>150</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> The Bird Rock light</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_152'>152</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>80.</td> + <td class='c009'>Bird Rock from the southwest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_080'>153</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>81.</td> + <td class='c009'>North side of Bird Rock</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_081'>156</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>82.</td> + <td class='c009'>A corner of the Rock</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_082'>160</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>83.</td> + <td class='c009'>The landing at the base of the Rock</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_083'>164</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>84.</td> + <td class='c009'>The landing on top of the Rock</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_084'>165</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>85.</td> + <td class='c009'>Kittiwakes and young on nests</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_085'>168</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>86.</td> + <td class='c009'>The lighthouse, keeper’s dwelling, and other buildings</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_086'>169</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>87.</td> + <td class='c009'>Razorbilled Auks and “Ringed” Murre</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_087'>170</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>88.</td> + <td class='c009'>Puffins</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_088'>172</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span>89.</td> + <td class='c009'>Murre’s egg</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_089'>174</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>90.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Murres and egg</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_090'>175</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>91.</td> + <td class='c009'>Kittiwakes and young on nests</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_091'>176</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>92.</td> + <td class='c009'>Entrance to Puffin’s burrow</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_092'>177</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>93.</td> + <td class='c009'>Puffin’s nest and egg</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_093'>178</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>94.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Puffin on nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_094'>179</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>95.</td> + <td class='c009'>Leach’s Petrel on nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_095'>180</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>96.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Leach’s Petrel with nesting material</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_096'>181</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>97.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Gannet</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_097'>182</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>98.</td> + <td class='c009'>Gannets</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_098'>183</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>99.</td> + <td class='c009'>Gannets on nests</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_099'>186</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>100.</td> + <td class='c009'>Gannet on nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_100'>188</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'> </td> + <td class='c009'><em>Initial.</em> Young Pelicans in nest tree</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_191'>191</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>101.</td> + <td class='c009'>Pelicans on ground nests</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_101'>197</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>102.</td> + <td class='c009'>Interviewing a group of young Pelicans</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_102'>198</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>103.</td> + <td class='c009'>Among the Pelicans</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_103'>199</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>104.</td> + <td class='c009'>Head and pouch of Pelican</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_104'>200</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>105.</td> + <td class='c009'>Pelican’s pouch from above</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_105'>201</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>106.</td> + <td class='c009'>Newly hatched Pelicans and nests</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_106'>206</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>107.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Pelican in tree nest</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_107'>208</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>108.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Pelican, downy stage</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_108'>209</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>109.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Pelican, wing quills appearing</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_109'>211</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>110.</td> + <td class='c009'>Young Pelicans, stage preceding flight</td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#i_110'>212</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='chapter ph1'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div>BIRD STUDIES WITH A CAMERA</div> + <div class='c004'><span class='large'>WITH INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS ON THE OUTFIT AND METHODS OF THE BIRD PHOTOGRAPHER</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> + <h2 class='c006'>INTRODUCTION</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'><em>What is Bird Photography?</em>—Bird photography, +as I would encourage its practice, does not mean +simply photographing birds; it means the use of +the camera as an aid in depicting the life histories +of birds. A picture of the bird itself is, of course, of +the first importance, but any fact in its biography +which the camera can be employed to portray is +within the province of bird photography.</p> + +<p class='c008'><em>The Scientific Value of Bird Photography.</em>—There +are certain matters, such as a bird’s song, its time of +migration, etc., which must be set forth with the +pen; there are others, such as its haunts, nesting +site, nest, eggs, the appearance and development of +its young, where the camera is so far ahead of the +pen in its power of graphic representation that it +is a waste of time to use the former when circumstances +permit the utilization of the latter.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A photograph of a marsh or wood showing the +favorite haunts of a species is worth more than +pages of description. A picture of a bird’s nesting +site conveys a better idea of the situation than +words can possibly give, while in place of such +vague phrases as “nest of coarse grasses, weed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>stalks, rootlets, etc., lined with finer materials,” we +have a faithful delineation of the nest itself. The +shape and pattern of markings of the eggs may also +be well shown with the camera, while the appearance +of the young at birth, their development, and +often the manner in which they are fed, may all be +portrayed by the camera with a realism which convinces +one of the truthfulness of the result.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By the exercise of much patience and ingenuity +we may also photograph the adult bird, showing it +at rest or in motion, brooding its eggs or caring for +its young. Under favorable conditions such pictures +may possess an exactness of detail which +makes them perfect representations of the original, +giving not alone position and expression, but the +arrangement of the feathers, and they then have +scientific value unequaled by the best productions +of the artist’s brush or pencil.</p> + +<p class='c008'>From the nature of the case, perfection in this +branch of bird photography is not always attained; +nevertheless, even pictures which are failures from +a photographic standpoint may be of interest to +the naturalist. They may be lacking in detail and +still give pose, thus furnishing models from which +drawings containing all structural essentials may +be made.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The camera may also supply us with graphic +records of the few large colonies of birds yet existing +in this country, thereby preserving for all time +definite impressions of conditions which are rapidly +becoming things of the past.</p> + +<p class='c008'>What an invaluable addition to the history of +the Great Auk would be a series of photographs +<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>from Funk Island, taken during the period of its +existence there!</p> + +<p class='c008'>Of what surpassing interest would be photographs +of the former flights of Wild Pigeons, which +the younger generations of to-day can with difficulty +believe occurred!</p> + +<p class='c008'><em>The Charm of Bird Photography.</em>—As a onetime +sportsman, who yielded to none in his enjoyment +of the chase, I can affirm that there is a fascination +about the hunting of wild animals with a +camera as far ahead of the pleasure to be derived +from their pursuit with shotgun or rifle as the sport +found in shooting Quail is beyond that of breaking +clay “Pigeons”. Continuing the comparison, from a +sportsman’s standpoint, hunting with a camera is +the highest development of man’s inherent love of +the chase.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The killing of a bird with a gun seems little +short of murder after one has attempted to capture +its image with a lens. The demands on the +skill and patience of the bird photographer are endless, +and his pleasure is intensified in proportion +to the nature of the difficulties to be overcome, and +in the event of success it is perpetuated by the infinitely +more satisfactory results obtained. He does +not rejoice over a bag of mutilated flesh and feathers, +but in the possession of a trophy—an eloquent +token of his prowess as a hunter, a talisman which +holds the power of revivifying the circumstances +attending its acquisition.</p> + +<p class='c008'>What mental vision of falling birds can be as +potent as the actual picture of living birds in their +homes? And how immeasurably one’s memories are +<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>brightened by the fact that this is not a picture of +what has been but of what is!</p> + +<p class='c008'>The camera thus opens the door to a field of sport +previously closed to those who love birds too much +to find pleasure in killing them; to whom Bob-White’s +ringing whistle does not give rise to murderous +speculations as to the number in his family, +but to an echo of the season’s joy which his note +voices. They therefore have a new incentive to take +them out of doors; for however much we love Nature +for Nature’s sake, there are few of us whose +pleasure in an outing is not intensified by securing +some definite, lasting result.</p> + +<p class='c008'>We are not all poets and seers, finding sufficient +reward for a hard day’s tramp in a sunset glow or +the song of a bird. Enjoy these things as we may, +who would not like to perpetuate the one or the +other in some tangible form?</p> + +<p class='c008'>And here we have one of the reasons for the collecting +of birds and eggs long after the collector’s +needs are satisfied. He goes on duplicating and +reduplicating merely to appease the almost universal +desire to possess any admired although useless +object. Once let him appreciate, however, the pleasure +of hunting with a camera, the greater skill required, +and the infinitely greater value of the results +to be obtained, and he will have no further use for +gun, climbing irons, and egg drill.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Furthermore, the camera hunter possesses the advantage +over the so-called true sportsman, in that all +is game that falls to his gun; there is not a bird too +small or too tame to be unworthy of his attention; +nor are there seasonal restrictions to be observed, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>nor temptations to break game laws, but every day +in the year he is free to go afield, and at all times +he may find something to claim his attention.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Finally, there is to be added to the special charm +of bird photography the general charm attending +the use of the camera. Thousands of people are +finding pleasure in the comparatively prosaic employment +of photographing houses, bridges, and +other patiently immovable objects wholly at the +camerist’s mercy. Imagine, then, the far greater +enjoyment of successes not only of real value in +themselves, but undeniable tributes to one’s skill +both as photographer and hunter.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Nor should this introduction be closed without +due acknowledgment to the educational value of +photography, to its power to widen the scope of our +vision, and to increase our appreciation of the beautiful. +There is a magic in the lens, the ground glass, +and the dark-cloth which transform the commonest +object into a thing of rarest interest.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/p_005.jpg' alt='[Bird]' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE OUTFIT AND METHODS OF THE BIRD PHOTOGRAPHER</h2> +</div> +<h3 class='c013'>THE BIRD PHOTOGRAPHER’S OUTFIT</h3> + +<div class='c014'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_006.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +The beginner must not suppose that +good bird photographs can be +made only with expensive apparatus. +Under favorable conditions +there is no great difference in the +results secured with the ordinary +camera and lens of any reputable +maker and those of the highest class. My own +work has for the greater part been done with an +outfit costing about thirty dollars; and although +the best lens is, of course, to be desired it is not a +necessity, and cost therefore is no more an obstacle +to the hunting of birds with a camera than it is +to their pursuit with a gun.</p> + +<p class='c008'><em>The Camera.</em>—Individual taste will doubtless +govern the size of the camera chosen, but most naturalists +and sportsmen consider the camera carrying a +plate four by five inches as the one best adapted to +their wants, and with this decision I heartily agree. +The advantages of size, weight, and economy, both +as regards the camera, its holders, and plates, are all +in favor of the 4 × 5, while as far as the bird photographer +is concerned, it is not often that he has +need of anything larger. The image of a bird will +rarely be without adequate setting in a space four +<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>by five inches, which will also be found to be large +enough for the portrayal of nests and eggs.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 4 × 5 also reduces proportionately in making +lantern slides, and if the picture is made the long +way of the plate—that is, higher than broad—it can +be easily adapted for illustrative purposes in duodecimo +or octavo books. When a larger picture is +desired it can readily be made by enlargement, an +increase in size of three diameters, or six times the +area, being possible from a sharp negative without +undue loss of definition.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For use from a tripod any one of the several excellent +long-focus cameras now on the market will +be found to answer every requirement. If it is proposed +to employ a telephoto lens, care should be +taken to select the camera combining greatest bellows +length with rigidity. A reversible back increases +the size somewhat but adds to the length of +bellows, and will be found serviceable in the many +awkward situations in which the bird photographer +is often placed by the nature of his subjects.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Kearton brothers have an “adjustable miniature” +on the top of their camera, which they state +“is used as a sort of view finder when making studies +of flying birds. When fixed in position and its +focus has been set exactly like its working companion +beneath it, both are racked out in the same +ratio by the screw dominating the larger apparatus.”<a id='rA'></a><a href='#fA' class='c015'><sup>[A]</sup></a> +The purposes of this attachment, however, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>will, it seems probable, be better served by the reflecting +camera described below, while as a finder +alone its place may be taken by the “iconoscope” +and other of the prism finders, the brilliant image +cast by which is such a striking and satisfactory +improvement on the hazy outlines given by the +average so-called “finder.”</p> + +<div class='footnote' id='fA'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#rA'>A</a>. From Wild Life at Home, how to Study and Photograph It, +by R. Kearton, illustrated by C. Kearton; a work of the utmost +interest to the animal photographer, who should also read With +Nature and a Camera, by the same authors (Cassell & Co.).</p> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>For use as a hand-box only two kinds of camera +are available, for it must be borne in mind that +the set-focus or short-focus, wide angle “snap-shot” +cameras, so popular among the button-pressing fraternity, +are not adapted to the wants of the bird +photographer, who must therefore avail himself of +either a twin-lens or a reflecting camera.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Twin-lens cameras are manufactured by several +well-known firms, but the trade size is of too short +focus to be desirable. In this type of camera two +lenses of equal foci are employed. They are set one +above the other in bellows, which move as one. The +lower lens makes the picture, the upper projects a +duplicate of the image cast by the lower lens to a +mirror set at an angle of forty-five degrees to the +plane of the plate, whence it is reflected upward to +a ground glass, which is protected by a hood, on top +of the camera.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To focus perfectly the lenses should be “matched” +or “paired”—in short, interchangeable—thereby +greatly increasing the cost of the camera, which is +also rendered objectionable by its large size.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The reflecting camera possesses all the advantages +of the twin-lens, but requires only one lens, +and when in use is not materially larger than the +ordinary 4 × 5 long-focus box.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>The reflecting camera now in my possession was +designed and made by John Rowley, of the American +Museum of Natural History, and was fully described +and illustrated by him in Bird-Lore for +April, 1900. It resembles the upper half of the twin-lens +camera in that a mirror, set at an angle of +forty-five degrees to the plate, is interposed between +the latter and the lens, and reflects its image to a +ground glass on top of the camera. This mirror, +however, is movable, and the desired object appearing +in focus on the ground glass, a lever is pressed +downward which raises the mirror to the top of the +box, where it automatically releases a focal-plane +shutter (see beyond, under The Shutter) directly in +front of the plate, when the image-bearing rays, before +intercepted and reflected by the mirror, are +registered on the plate, from which the slide had +previously been drawn.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When the focal-plane or curtain shutter has been +set and the slide drawn from the plate holder, this +camera is like a cocked gun, which may be fired the +moment it is sighted; or, in other words, the exposure +may be made the instant focus is secured. +With this camera one may take advantage of any +offering opportunity to secure a picture of a bird +or beast when afield, and this fact, by increasing +the possibilities of an outing, adds greatly to its +pleasure.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mr. Rowley has so designed this camera that it +may be used from a tripod as well as in the hands; +but when the tripod camera is to be left, perhaps +for hours, hidden near some bird’s nest, I prefer to +employ the long-focus for this purpose, and retain +<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>the reflecting camera for possible use on the birds +that so often approach closely when one is in hiding. +The advantages possessed by this camera are so apparent +that it doubtless will soon be placed on the +market.</p> + +<p class='c008'><em>The Lens.</em>—Professional photographers differ so +widely in their opinions of the relative qualities of +the various makes of lenses now on the market, that +I approach this subject with diffidence, and, without +presuming to offer advice, present the results of my +experience both as to lenses and the requirements of +the bird photographer. In regard to the latter phase +of the much-discussed question of “What lens shall +I use?” I may speak with more confidence. For +nests with eggs or young birds—subjects which may +be approached closely—a six- to eight-inch-focus lens +forms a large enough image, and at the same time +gives depth of focus and sharpness of definition +without the use of the smaller diaphragms. In photographing +birds, however, it is generally difficult +to get within “shooting” distance, and at least a +fourteen- to sixteen-inch lens is needed in order to +secure an image of sufficient size. Depth of focus +is here, in my opinion, not desirable, and the focal +point—the bird—is brought out more clearly by the +fusion of all the objects back of it into a uniform +background.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When a bird, either young or old, is the subject, +great speed may be required, and sometimes under +light conditions which severely test the qualities of +the lens. To fully meet these demands of distance +and time two lenses would be needed; but, aside +from the increased cost and the inconvenience of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>using two lenses, the great size and weight of a +long-focus lens are drawbacks. These objections are +largely overcome by the use of the symmetrical +lenses placed in most of the long-focus boxes, or, if +expense be not considered, by a “convertible” lens.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For several years I have used a “Victor” lens, +sold with the “Premo” long-focus camera. The +combined focus of the front and back lenses is seven +and a half inches, of either of the lenses alone, fifteen +inches. The single lens therefore, the distance +being the same, gives an image double the size of +that cast by the two lenses together.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This lens has been thoroughly tested, and many +of the pictures given in this book were made with it. +When the conditions are favorable and the subject +not extremely difficult it yields satisfactory results.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The “convertible” lenses of various makers are +also separable, and where the rear and front lenses +are of different foci three focal lengths are obtainable. +These lenses are of the highest grade, and +consequently expensive. In a bright light, or where +great speed is not required, they do not seem to be +as superior to the trade lens as the much higher +price would lead one to expect. But in dull days, or +in the shadow, or where extremely rapid exposures +are necessary, their superior qualities become evident. +My experience with these convertible lenses +has been limited to the Zeiss Anastigmat, Series +VII <em>a</em>, of which I am now using a No. 10 with a +combined focus of eight inches, the front and rear +lenses both having a focal length of fourteen inches. +This combination is preferred to one in which the +component lenses are of different foci, because of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>greater speed of the two when combined, and furthermore, +because, being of the same focus, they +could, if occasion arose, be used in a twin-lens box. +The speed of the combination is registered at F. 6.3; +that of the single lenses at 12.5. With the former +the most rapid exposures can be made successfully, +while the latter are sufficiently fast to permit of +ordinary instantaneous work. This lens is stated +to cover a 5 × 8½ plate, and when in use on a 4 × 5 +camera gives a high degree of illumination and perfect +definition.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The telephoto lens may be employed in certain +kinds of bird photography with not unsatisfactory +results. Its disadvantages are lack of speed, an exposure +of at least one half a second to a second being +required at F. 8 in bright sunlight, the necessity +of extreme care in focusing, and of absolute rigidity +of the camera at the time of making the exposure. +In short, the telephotographer needs more time, +both before and after pressing his bulb, than the +bird photographer is often accorded. However, with +such subjects as nests high in trees or on cliffs, +Herons and other shore-inhabiting birds, Ducks on +the water or Hawks perched in leafless trees, the +telephoto will be found serviceable.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Negatives are frequently secured in which the +figure of the bird, while small, is sharp, when, by +enlargement, a desirable picture can be made of +what in the original was too small to be easily distinguishable. +An increase in size of two diameters +is possible from any fairly sharp negative, but if the +object be in perfect focus an increase of four diameters +may be made.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>These enlargements may be made with an enlarging +camera or with the aid of a Nehring enlarging +lens, which is placed between the front and back +lenses of the view lens, when, with the ordinary +long-focus camera, a magnification of about four +diameters may be obtained, the image being thrown +on to a piece of bromide paper in the plate holder.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Through enlargement many apparently worthless +negatives become of value, and in some instances +pictures can be made from different parts of +the same negative. From the sportsman-photographer’s +standpoint there is, however, one objection +to the use of a magnifying lens. It gives deceptive +results, and those who are not familiar with its +powers are apt to accord the photographer undue +praise for his apparent skill in successfully approaching +some bird or beast which may have been +far out of range. A not wholly unrelated kind of +enlargement is sometimes applied to the contents of +creels and game bags!</p> + +<p class='c008'>But the animal photographer is so heavily handicapped +that in this case the end assuredly justifies +the means. As a matter of information, however, it +seems eminently desirable to accompany all enlarged +pictures by a statement of the extent of their magnification, +and throughout this book this plan is followed. +Consequently, when there is no mention of +enlargement, it may be accepted as a fact that the +print from which the reproduction was made was +obtained from the negative by contact.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In illustration of these suggestions in regard to +the proper lenses for bird photography, a series of +pictures is presented which shows the results to be +<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>obtained under the same conditions with different +lenses.</p> + +<div id='i_002' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_002.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>2. Lens Test No. 1. Mounted Flicker on fence post, distance fifty feet. Eight-inch focus, Zeiss Convertible, No. 10, Series VII <em>a</em> lens; diaphragm F. 8, ¹⁄₂₅ second; Cramer “Crown” plate. Photographed at noon, in sunlight, November 30, 1899.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div id='i_003' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span> +<img src='images/i_003.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>3. The bird in Test No. 1 enlarged about three diameters.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Placing a mounted Flicker (<em>Colaptes auratus</em>) on +a fence post, and setting up my tripod at a measured +distance of fifty feet, a series of test exposures was +made, of which three are presented as follows: First,<sup>2</sup> +eight-inch lens (Zeiss Convertible Series VII <em>a</em>, No. +10), stop F. 8, time ¹⁄₂₅ second; second,<sup>4</sup> fourteen-inch +front lens of the combination, stop F. 16 (equivalent +to F. 4 of the eight-inch); third,<sup>6</sup> telephoto attachment +with eight-inch lens, twenty-one-inch bellows, +stop F. 8 of the eight-inch, time one second. Commenting +on the results of these tests it may first be +mentioned that in the “Unicum” shutter employed +exposures of a so-called “¹⁄₁₀₀” and “¹⁄₂₅” seconds gave +exactly the same results both with the combined +eight-inch lens and the front fourteen-inch lens; the +actual time, however, was doubtless not far from ¹⁄₂₅ +of a second. The negatives, therefore, show, in the +first place, that the long-focus lens is capable of +doing fairly rapid work. Continuing our comparison, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>we observe that the eight-inch gives a fairly +wide field, excellent depth of focus, but a very small +image of the bird, for which alone the picture has +been made. With the fourteen-inch we decrease the +extent of the field nearly one half and almost double +the size of the object pictured. This, however, has +been done at the loss of depth of focus, not even the +first of the line of posts running directly into the +background being sharply defined, while with the +eight-inch all are in focus.</p> + +<div id='i_004' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_004.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>4. Lens Test No. 2. Same subject, distance, plate, and date as Test No. 1. Front lens (fourteen-inch focus) of Zeiss Convertible, No. 10; diaphragm F. 16; ¹⁄₂₅ second.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div id='i_005' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span> +<img src='images/i_005.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>5. The bird in Test No. 2 enlarged about three diameters.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The telephoto gives an enlargement of about six +diameters of the image thrown by eight-inch lens, +and three diameters increase of that of the fourteen-inch +lens. It practically restricts the picture to the +immediate surroundings of the bird, and is without +focal depth.</p> + +<div id='i_006' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span> +<img src='images/i_006.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>6. Lens Test No. 3. Same subject, distance, plate, and date as Tests Nos. 2 and 3. Eight-inch Zeiss Convertible, Series VII <em>a</em>, No. 10, with telephoto attachment; diaphragm F. 8; twenty-one-inch bellows; one second (½ second was later found to be full time).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Having now made three good negatives in the +field, we may, by enlargement, improve on the image +of the bird obtained. The possibilities in this direction +are clearly shown by the three enlargements +accompanying the contact prints from their respective +negatives. In each instance the enlargement is +about three diameters, and the telephoto negative +of course furnishes the most satisfactory picture. +When the difficulties of telephotography are considered, +however, and the ¹⁄₂₅-second exposure of the +fourteen-inch lens, which permits of hand work, is +compared with the one second of the telephoto, we +believe that for general work in photographing +<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>birds a lens having a focal length of at least fourteen +inches will be found the most satisfactory. +It should be added that, in order to make them +wholly comparable, the three contact prints as well +as the enlargements were made on enameled bromide +paper.</p> + +<div id='i_007' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_007.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>7. The bird in Test No. 3 enlarged about three diameters.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><em>The Shutter.</em>—For fairly rapid, slow, and time +exposures, a lens shutter, such as is sold with trade +cameras, will be found suitable. Simplicity and +noiselessness are the chief requirements in this kind +of a shutter. The “Iris Diaphragm” shutter is noiseless +<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>when used for slow exposures of two or three +seconds, a matter of much importance in making +time pictures of sitting birds, who are apt to turn +their head if they hear the click of the shutter. This +shutter, however, does not respond quickly in slow +exposures and is very heavy, a disadvantage in telephotography.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The “Unicum” shutter is lighter, responds quickly, +has a lever to which a thread may be attached +for making exposures from a distance, can be easily +diaphragmed from the rear, but is not wholly noiseless. +There are also other shutters, each possessing +good points of its own, and the selection of any one of +them for use in medium rapid, slow, or time work +can be left to the photographer, who should, however, +remember that the time scales on these shutters +represent degrees of difference and not exact measurements +of time, and that there is great variation +in the exposures of different shutters of the same +make when similarly adjusted. Thus the “one fifth +of a second” of one shutter may be equivalent to +the “one second” of another. The scale on most of +these shutters calls for a speed not exceeding a ¹⁄₁₀₀ +part of a second, but this is far too slow an exposure +to successfully photograph a flying bird at short +range where a speed of at least ¹⁄₅₀₀ of a second is +required.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For very rapid work the choice is limited to one +kind of shutter—that is, the focal-plane, which in +effect is a curtain with an adjustable slit which is +placed directly in front of the plate. Great speed +with this shutter is in part secured by increasing +the tension of the spring, which acts as its motive +<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>power, but more particularly by decreasing the +width of the slit. Assuming, therefore, that it +takes one second for the slit to pass from top to bottom +of a plate four inches high, and that the slit is +one inch in width, it follows that each portion of +the plate is exposed to the light for a quarter of a +second. Decreasing the width of the slit one half, +proportionally reduces the time of the exposure, +and by this means, in connection with an increase in +the speed with which the curtain is moved, an exposure +of ¹⁄₁₀₀₀ of a second is possible.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In addition to possessing the advantage of great +speed, this shutter also passes a higher percentage of +light than a lens shutter even when the actual time +of the so-called exposure is the same. This is due +to the fact that the lens opening is in no way affected, +it being the same throughout the exposure. +With a lens shutter, on the contrary, the full value +of the opening is given for only a fractional part of +the exposure, the parts of the shutter more or less +filling the opening during the rest of the time. +With a focal-plane shutter, therefore, one may do +rapid work under conditions where a lens shutter +could not be successfully employed; time exposures, +however, can not be made with the focal-plane +shutter, and for all-around work the camera +should be fitted with both a lens and a focal-plane +shutter.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The reflecting camera, as before stated, is fitted +with a focal-plane shutter, and, as described, it is +released by pressing the lever, which raises the mirror. +Lens shutters, however, are released by a +pneumatic bulb, or in some cases by a thread or +<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>string. When the exposure is to be made from a +distance as much as one hundred feet of tubing may +be employed. With any length of over twenty-five +feet an extra large bulb is required. The ordinary +tubing sold by photographers will not be found so +well adapted to long-distance work as a less elastic +kind, which does not so readily yield to pressure and +transmits a larger portion of the force applied when +squeezing the bulb.</p> + +<p class='c008'><em>The Tripod.</em>—A stout two-length tripod is to be +preferred to one of the slender multifolding type, in +which stability is sacrificed to weight and size. The +legs, except the inner sides of the upper section into +which the lower section slides, and brass work should +be painted bark color in order to make them as inconspicuous +as possible. For use in the water a +metal tripod will prove more serviceable than one +of wood.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A very useful substitute for a tripod is the +“Graphic” ball-and-socket clamp designed more +especially for bicycle camerists. With it a camera +can easily be attached to the limb of a tree, rung of +a ladder, or, by screwing a block on to the head of +the tripod, it may be employed in connection with +the tripod—in fact its applicability will be evident +to every one using it.</p> + +<p class='c008'><em>Plates.</em>—Among the many excellent brands of +plates now offered to photographers there is really +very little difference. However, it is advisable to +select the one you think the most rapid and use it +to the exclusion of all others. Under certain circumstances—in +photographing Robins, for instance—isochromatic +plates will be found desirable, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>where a strong head light can not be avoided nonhalation +plates may be employed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>So much industry, skill, and patience are generally +required of the bird photographer before he +makes an exposure that he should guard against all +chances of failure from the photographic side. It is +therefore advisable to thoroughly test plates which +it is probable may be exposed on a very difficult +subject. Under no circumstances should the plate +holders be needlessly exposed to the light, and when +the camera is to be left for an indefinite period with +the slide drawn from the holder and plate ready to +expose, it should be carefully wrapped in the dark-cloth.</p> + +<p class='c008'><em>Blinds.</em>—As the sportsman constructs blinds in +which he may conceal himself from his prey, so the +bird photographer may employ various means of +hiding from his subjects. The Keartons recommend +an artificial tree trunk for use in wooded places and +an artificial rubbish heap for open fields. The former +may be made of light duck, painted to resemble +bark, and placed over a frame.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The frame of the Keartons’ is of bamboo, but I +find white pine answers very well, the main things +to be considered being lightness and portability. +The frame should therefore be collapsible in order +that it may be easily packed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Keartons’ field blind or “rubbish heap” consists +of an umbrella, to each of the ribs of which +strips of bamboo four feet in length are tied. This +is then covered with light brown holland and wisps +of straw tied over it in such a way as to “virtually +thatch the whole structure.” Doubtless cornstalks +<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>properly arranged would make an excellent field +blind.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is difficult to carry one of these blinds in +addition to a camera, etc., without assistance, and +I fear that the inconvenience attending their use +will restrict them to the few enthusiasts who count +neither time, labor, nor cost in attaining a desired +end.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For my own part, I prefer, when possible, to conceal +my camera and make the exposure from a distance +rather than to weight myself with a portable +blind and to endure the discomforts of being confined +within it.</p> + +<p class='c008'><em>Sundries.</em>—The bird photographer will find that +he requires numerous articles not usually to be found +in the regulation photographic outfit, as, for example, +climbers for ascending trees and stout cords for +hauling the camera up after him; a dark-cloth, green +in color, to aid in disguising the camera, and a mirror. +The latter should be of plate glass, and measure +at least twelve by ten inches. A good plan is to +buy a piece of glass of desired size and frame it simply +in white pine. It may then be attached to a +limb, a stick driven in the ground, or other convenient +object, by means of the ball-and-socket clamp +mentioned under Tripods, which may be screwed into +the back or the outer border of the frame. Such a +mirror will reflect sunlight many yards to shaded +nests, where, in photographing old or young birds, a +quick exposure is necessary. A vest-pocket mirror, +for use in reflecting the reading of the diaphragms +or time on the shutter, will permit one to make the +desired changes from the rear, and thus prove helpful +<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>when conditions do not permit one to work in +front of the camera.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A device which might be arranged on the principle +of a trap, the trigger to be sprung and exposure +made when the bait is taken, would doubtless capture +some interesting pictures. An apparatus connected +with an automatically fired flash-light, has +been employed by Mr. G. A. Shiras, of Pittsburg, in +photographing deer at night, with phenomenal success. +The connection with the camera shutter was +so made that the deer, in walking, touched a cord +which exploded the flash-light, and, at the same moment, +made the exposure. The light weight of most +birds, however, requires a much more delicate apparatus, +while an even greater difficulty is found in +the movement caused by the release of the trigger, +which startles the bird just as the exposure is +made.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus far in my experiments I have been unable +to overcome these objections, but I trust some other +bird photographer will be more successful.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Those who are ambitious in the direction of cliff +photography I would refer to the Keartons’ admirable +treatise on the subject in their Wild Life at +Home, for a description of the paraphernalia needed +and the manner in which it should be used. My +own experience in this line is limited, and I confess +to the utter absence of a desire to increase it!</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE METHODS OF THE BIRD PHOTOGRAPHER</h2> +</div> + +<div class='c007'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_026.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +Claiming no special knowledge of +the technique of pure photography, +I would refer the beginner to +any of the several excellent books +designed to explain the rudiments +of optical and chemical photography, +and to instruct in regard to +the matters of exposing, developing, printing, etc. +Only such suggestions are given here, therefore, as +relate directly to the manner in which birds, their +nests, eggs, and haunts may be photographed.</p> + +<p class='c008'><em>Haunts.</em>—Photographs of the characteristic +haunts of birds should show not alone general topography, +but should also be made with special reference +to the bird’s feeding habits, which, more than +anything else, govern the nature of the locality +selected. Thus, a photograph of the home of the +Woodcock would have added value if, in the immediate +foreground, the “borings” made by this bird +in probing the earth for food were evident; or a +marsh scene, in which wild rice was conspicuous, +would tell something of both the haunts and the +food habits of the Reedbird and Red-winged Blackbird +in August and September. In a similar way, +pictures of wild cherry and dogwood trees, of bayberries +and red cedar, which show both fruit and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>surroundings, are of interest in connection with the +biographies of many birds.</p> + +<div id='i_008' class='figright id004'> +<img src='images/i_008.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>8. Spring.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div id='i_009' class='figleft id004'> +<img src='images/i_009.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>9. Summer.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><em>Seasons.</em>—The camera permits us to make so exact +a record of the rise and fall of the year, as it is +registered by vegetation, +that we can actually +compare existing +conditions with those +which prevailed at any +previous time. Compare, +for example, the +series of four pictures<sup><a href='#i_008'>8</a>–<a href='#i_011'>11</a></sup> +here presented, +all made from the same +point of view, in order +to appreciate how graphically seasonal changes may +be shown by the camera. In this instance, photography +is of more service to the botanist than to the +ornithologist; but every student of migration knows +how closely related are +the appearance of certain +birds and flowers, +and will readily +appreciate, therefore, +the value of a series +of photographs of several +different subjects, +taken at short intervals, +and showing the +changes in vegetation due to the approach of summer +or winter. In connection with such related +phenomena as temperature, rainfall, and weather, +these pictures form as accurate a record of the seasons +<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>as it is possible to make, and if data of this +kind could be brought together from many selected +localities, we should have an admirable basis for the +intelligent study of certain phases of bird migration.</p> + +<div id='i_010' class='figright id004'> +<img src='images/i_010.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>10. Autumn.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><em>Nests and Eggs</em>.—The +photographing of +nests is one of the simpler +forms of bird photography, +but in many +instances success is +achieved only through +the exercise of much +patience and ingenuity.</p> + +<div id='i_011' class='figleft id004'> +<img src='images/i_011.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>11. Winter.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>It should constantly +be borne in mind, in photographing nests, that what +is desired is not so much a picture of the nest alone +as one which shows it in relation to its environment—in +short, a picture of the nesting site is of more +value than one of the +nest only. It is advisable, +however, to make +at least three pictures, +two<sup><a href='#i_012'>12</a>, <a href='#i_013'>13</a></sup> of which shall +show the nature of the +locality chosen, the +other<sup><a href='#i_014'>14</a></sup> the character +of the nest and its immediate +surroundings. +When the nest is not +above five feet from the ground, little difficulty will +be experienced in securing the desired picture. +When on the ground it will sometimes be found +helpful to put what naturally would be the rear +<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>leg of the tripod forward, <em>between</em> the other two, +when it will serve as a brace from in front, and permit +the camera to be tilted well downward without +danger of its falling.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Nests at an elevation of seven or eight feet, in +saplings, may be photographed by lengthening the +tripod with short legs, each supplied with two staples +or collars into which the ends of the tripod may +be slipped; or a ladder or light scaffolding will +sometimes be found necessary.</p> + +<div id='i_012' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_012.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>12. To show nest locality of: 1, Tree Swallow; 2, American Bittern; 3, Song Sparrow; 4, Maryland Yellow-throat; 5, Marsh Hawk, of which nesting site, nest, and young are shown in the two following pictures, Nos. 13 and 14. Meridian, N. Y., June 8, 1898.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>For photographing nests in trees the “Graphic” +ball-and-socket clamp is of great assistance. With +it the camera may be attached to a limb, or, if the +limb is too large, a block may be nailed to it, thus +<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>furnishing a grip to which the clamp may be fastened.</p> + +<div id='i_013' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_013.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>13. Nesting site, nest, and young of Marsh Hawk.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Nests should be photographed from the side, but +eggs should be photographed from above in order +to show their position in the nest as they were arranged +by the incubating bird. The nest should +<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>therefore never be tipped, nor should the eggs be +touched, lest the value of the subject be destroyed. +The markings of most birds’ eggs are already well +known, but if photographs of them are desired they +can be made from the thousands of eggshells with +which ill-directed effort has stocked the cabinets of +misguided oölogists.</p> + +<div id='i_014' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_014.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>14. Young Marsh Hawks and nest.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>It is not advisable to make photographs of nests +in the sunlight, a diffused light giving greater detail. +A screen of some thin white material should +therefore be used as a shade when photographing +nests exposed to the direct rays of the sun. This, +however, will not be found necessary if the picture +be made within two or three hours after sunrise, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>when the light is soft and the foliage comparatively +motionless, permitting the use of a small diaphragm +and a long exposure.</p> + +<div id='i_015' class='figleft id004'> +<img src='images/i_015.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>15. Young Great-crested Flycatcher.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><em>Young Birds.</em>—The ease with which photographs +of young birds may often be secured, the fact that +with the camera their appearance and development +may be more satisfactorily recorded than in any +other way, makes their study by the photographer +of exceeding importance. Photographs of young +birds should of +course be accompanied +by notes on +food, calls, special +actions, etc., which +the camera can not +well portray.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The young bird +is a worthy subject +from the moment +it leaves the shell +until, as far as +flight is concerned, +it deserves to be +ranked with its elders. When possible, series of +pictures should be made showing the rate of growth +of the same brood from the period of hatching to +the date when the nest is deserted. Circumstances +do not, however, often permit of the forming of +these ideal series, and we must therefore photograph +the young bird as we find him, either before or +after<sup><a href='#i_015'>15</a></sup> he has made his initial flight, or as he is +preparing for it.<sup><a href='#i_016'>16</a></sup></p> + +<p class='c008'>The suggestions made under the head of Birds’ +<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>Nests and Eggs will apply in a general way to photographing +young in the nest; but even when at +rest in other respects, the rapid respiration of nestlings +requires a quick exposure to insure sharpness +of outline, and, when in the shadow, sufficient illumination +can be secured only with the aid of a +reflector.</p> + +<div id='i_016' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_016.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>16. Young Baltimore Orioles and nest.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><em>Adult Birds.</em>—It is in photographing birds in the +full possession of the powers of maturity that the +bird photographer’s skill and patience are put to +the most severe tests. It might be said that, from +a strictly ornithological point of view, the results +obtained do not in many instances justify the time +expended. Success, however, in this field, as in many +others, is not to be measured by the attainment of a +certain end, but often by the experience gained in +what, to one having only the ultimate object in +view, may seem to have been fruitless effort.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>In matching one’s ability as a hunter against the +timidity and cunning of a bird, relations are established +between the photographer and his subject +which of necessity result in their becoming intimately +associated.</p> + +<div id='i_017' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_017.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>17. Wood Thrush on nest.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Doubtless we shall never know just what birds +think of the peculiar antics in which the camera +enthusiast sometimes indulges, but certain it is that +an attempt to photograph some of the most familiar +and presumably best-known birds will open the +photographer’s eyes to facts in their life histories +of which he was previously in utter ignorance.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>As a known and fixed point to which the bird +may be expected to return, the nest offers the best +opportunity to the bird photographer, and photographs +of adult birds on or at their nests are more +common than those taken under other conditions.<sup><a href='#i_017'>17</a>, <a href='#i_018'>18</a></sup></p> + +<div id='i_018' class='figright id004'> +<img src='images/i_018.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>18. Chestnut-sided Warbler on nest.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Birds vary greatly in their attitude toward a +camera which has been erected near their homes; +some species paying +little attention to it, +and, after a short +time, coming and going +as though it had +always been there, +while others are suspicious +of any object +which changes the +appearance of their +surroundings.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With the latter +special precautions +are necessary, and +unusual care should +be taken in working about their nests lest they be +made to desert it. The long-focus lens is here of +great service, for it enables one to secure a sufficiently +large image from a distance of ten or twelve +feet. Even then it will often be necessary to conceal +or disguise the camera by covering it with the +green dark-cloth, vines, and leaves. A rubber tube +or thread of requisite length is then attached and +the exposure is made from a distance.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A dummy camera, composed of a box or log +wrapped in a green cloth and placed on a tripod +<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>made from saplings, may sometimes be erected to +advantage several days before one expects to attempt +to photograph the bird, who in the meantime becomes +accustomed to it and quickly returns to the +nest after the real camera has been substituted.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The artificial tree trunk would doubtless be of +assistance in some kinds of bird-at-the-nest photography, +especially when one desired to secure pictures +of the old bird feeding its young, and was obliged +therefore to make the exposure at just the proper +moment. In most instances, however, there is sufficient +undergrowth in the immediate vicinity to +afford concealment, from which with the aid of a +glass one may take note of events.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With the reflecting camera one may stalk birds +on foot or with a boat, or “squeak” them into range +by kissing the back of the hand vigorously, a sound +which, during the nesting season especially, arouses +much curiosity or anxiety in the bird’s mind.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The decoys, blinds, batteries, sneak boxes, etc., of +the sportsman are also at the disposal of the hunter +with a camera, though I must admit that my one +outing to photograph bay birds over decoys resulted +in an empty bag. It was in the spring, however, +when the bay birds surviving had experienced two +shooting seasons and were exceedingly wild. In the +fall, with birds born the preceding summer, one +might be more successful.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Birds may be sometimes brought within range +of the camera by baiting them with food, and, after +they have learned to expect it, placing the camera +in suitable position. This may be most easily +done when there is snow on the ground, at which +<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>time hunger makes most birds less suspicious of +danger.</p> + +<div id='i_019' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_019.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>19. Catbird scolding.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>From a considerable experience which, through +poor equipment, has not yielded adequate return, I am +convinced that one may secure excellent pictures of +many birds by decoying them with either a mounted +or living Owl; doubtless the latter would be preferable, +though I have never tried it. With a poorly +mounted Screech Owl, however, I have had some +excellent opportunities to photograph. My plan is +to select some spot where birds are numerous, preferably +near the home of a Catbird,<sup><a href='#i_019'>19</a></sup> place the Owl in +a conspicuous position, and erect near it a “scolding +perch,” from which the protesting bird may conveniently +<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>vituperate the poor unoffending little +bunch of feathers with its staring yellow eyes. The +camera is then focused on the scolding perch and +the photographer retires into the undergrowth, and, +bulb in hand, waits for some bird to take the desired +stand.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A Catbird’s domain is chosen for the reason that +this species is the alarmist of whatever neighborhood +it may inhabit, and once its attention has been +attracted to the Owl by “squeaking” or uttering +the alarm notes of other birds, the photographer +may subside and let the Catbird do the rest.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The bird’s rage is remarkable, its fear painful. +Should the Owl be near to the Catbird’s nest it will +utter notes in a tone of voice I have never heard +it use on other occasions. It loses all fear of the +camera, and from the scolding perch screams at the +Owl with a vehemence which threatens to crack its +throat. One is glad to remove the offending cause.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Other birds in the vicinity are of course attracted, +and hasten to learn the meaning of the +uproar. Often a bit of undergrowth, of which the +Catbird was apparently the only feathered tenant, +will be found to possess a large bird population. It +is interesting to observe the difference in the actions +of various birds as they learn the reason of the disturbance. +On the whole, each species displays its +characteristic disposition in a somewhat accentuated +manner. The Blue-winged Warblers flit to and fro +for a few moments and then are gone; the Chestnut-sided +Warbler is quite anxious; the Maryland Yellow-throat +somewhat annoyed; the Ovenbird decidedly +concerned; the Towhee bustles about, but +<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>seems to pay no especial attention to the Owl; the +Wood Thrush utters its sharp <em>pit-pit</em>, but is content +to let well enough alone if its own nest be not +threatened; and the Yellow-throated, Red-eyed, and +White-eyed Vireos, particularly the latter, add their +complaining notes to the chorus of protests. Not +one, however, approaches the Catbird in the force +of its remarks, nor does the bird cease to outcry so +long as the Owl is visible.</p> + +<p class='c007'>It is felt that in the foregoing suggestions the +methods which may be employed by the bird photographer +are very inadequately described, but, as +was remarked in the preface of this volume, the constantly +varying circumstances attending his work +practically prohibit duplication of experience.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In truth, herein lies the great charm of animal +photography. We have not to follow certain formulæ, +but each subject presents its own individual +requirements, making the demands on the naturalist’s +skill and patience limitless and success proportionately +valuable.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BIRD STUDIES WITH A CAMERA</h2> +</div> +<h3 class='c013'>BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY BEGINS AT HOME</h3> + +<div class='c014'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_040.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +The influence exerted by the camera +in creating new values for the +bird student is perhaps nowhere +more evident than in the immediate +vicinity of one’s home. +Even the view from our windows +possesses fresh significance as we +speculate on the probability of securing a desirable +picture from this or that point of vantage, while +birds to which long familiarity has partially +dimmed our vision now become possible subjects +for our camera, and we find ourselves observing +their movements with an alertness before unknown.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In my own case, I have learned almost to tolerate +the House Sparrows, with which I have been at war +as long as memory serves me, for the pleasure found +in attempting to outwit these shrewd, independent, +impudent rats among birds; and, on closer acquaintance, +they prove such interesting subjects for study +that, if their vocal ability equaled their intelligence, +they might be as generally liked as they are hated. +So much for the magic of a sweet voice. As it is, +they possess a greater variety of notes than they are +generally credited with, and their conversational +powers undoubtedly exceed those of many accomplished +<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>singers. In addition to the insistent, reiterated +<em>chissick, chissick</em>, which constitutes the song of +the male, one soon learns to recognize calls of warning, +alarm, flight, battle, and the soft whistle which +the bird utters when it approaches its nest—the only +musical note in its vocabulary.</p> + +<div id='i_020' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_020.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>20. House Sparrows and Junco.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Quick to notice the slightest deviation from normal +conditions, House Sparrows are difficult birds +to photograph. They seem to be constantly on the +watch for some sign of danger, and an unusual arrangement +of blind or shade at once arouses their +suspicions. After a heavy fall of snow, however, +hunger dulls the edge of their fears, and by scattering +food near a suitable window the birds may be +decoyed within photographing distance.<sup><a href='#i_020'>20</a></sup> It will be +found necessary, even then, to conceal the camera, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>which they evidently distinguish from familiar +pieces of furniture and regard with alarm.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This, too, is the best time to secure pictures of +Juncos,<sup><a href='#i_021'>21</a></sup> Chickadees, Nuthatches, Downy Woodpeckers, +Blue Jays, and less common winter birds. The +four last named are rarely or never seen about my +home in winter. Doubtless the abundant and surrounding +woodlands afford them a more congenial +haunt, from which they are not to be enticed by suet, +bones, or grain; or, more likely still, the custom of +putting out food for birds is so unusual in the region +about New York city that they have not yet learned +to expect it. It is a most pleasing surprise to the +resident of this section to observe the numbers and +familiarity of winter birds in the environs of Boston, +where a feast seems spread for them in nearly every +dooryard.</p> + +<div id='i_021' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_021.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>21. Junco. × 3.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div id='i_022' class='figright id004'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span> +<img src='images/i_022.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>22. Female House Sparrow and nest. × 3.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>To return to the Sparrow. The bird’s nest also +provides a focal point for the camera, but, as elsewhere, +the greatest +precautions must be +taken, and I have +succeeded in securing +a picture only +when some advantageously +situated +window afforded a +natural blind. One +of the pictures thus +obtained shows a +nest in the ornamental +part of a +gutter, with the female +looking from +an adjoining opening.<sup><a href='#i_022'>22</a></sup> +This gutter +seems especially designed +to furnish +lodgings for Sparrows, +and no argument +that I have +thus far advanced has convinced them that it was +not erected for their use. During the early part +of their occupancy, a rap on their roof promptly +brought them out to perch in the branches of the +neighboring trees, where their chattering protest was +soon interrupted by a gunshot; but the survivors +quickly learned the meaning of the roof tap, and now, +without a moment’s pause, they dive downward from +their doorway and fly out of range at topmost speed.</p> + +<div id='i_023' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span> +<img src='images/i_023.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>23. Screech Owl. × 3.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>More welcome tenants than the House Sparrows +are a pair of Screech Owls, who for years have +reared their broods in a dovecotelike gable, where +they are beyond the reach of nest robbers of all +kinds. During the winter they apparently are absent, +nor indeed are they seen until June, when, each +evening at sundown, one of the pair, probably the +male, takes his post at the entrance to its home and +gives utterance to the crooning refrain which sometimes +follows the so-called tremulous “screech.” +But the latter I never hear at this season. In spite +of the poor light prevailing at this hour, the bird’s +stillness has tempted repeated trials to secure its +picture, and the most successful, made with a fourteen-inch +<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>lens and an exposure of fifteen seconds, is +here shown.<sup><a href='#i_023'>23</a></sup> Telephotos have thus far been underexposed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As a means of making the exposure as soon as +possible after the Owl appeared, I have on a number +of occasions placed my camera in position, focused +and otherwise made ready some minutes +before he was expected, and I recall with amusement +the incredulity of a friend whose surprise at seeing +me point my camera skyward without ostensible +purpose was in no way lessened when I told him +that I had an appointment with an Owl, who was to +take his stand shortly in the hole toward which the +camera was directed; and fortunately the bird was +on time!</p> + +<p class='c008'>From the perch, some forty feet aloft, the grave +little creature surveys the scene below with an expression +of combined wisdom and thoughtfulness +which makes a laugh seem wanton foolishness. At +the border of dusk and dark he flies out to feed, +often descending to the ground and remaining there +for some moments while catching insects. Occasionally +he takes his prey from the tree trunks, perhaps +a cicada struggling from its shell, and on several +occasions I have thought he captured food on +the wing. Sometimes the supper hunt leads him to +the edge of the croquet lawn, where from the earth +or the back of a garden bench he becomes an interested +spectator of the last game. When the young +appear, later in the month, the evergreens seem alive +with Owls, who flit about and utter querulous little +calls difficult of description. Toward the end of +July, doubtless after the molt is completed, presumably +<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>the adults—for never more than two are heard—begin +to sing; and this habit of post-nuptial singing +seems not to be confined to the Screech Owl, for +about this time the deep-toned, resounding notes of +the Barred Owl come up from the woods. Throughout +August and September the wailing whistle, +which is ever welcome for its spirit of wildness, is +heard nightly, and as the plaintive notes tremble on +the hushed air we invariably say, “Hark, there’s +the Owl!”</p> + +<p class='c008'>My experience as bird photographer about home, +I must admit, has consisted chiefly in a series of encouraging +failures which have borne no tangible +results. Let us hope, however, that the few pictures +here presented will prove as suggestive to the reader +as they are to their maker, who, although he offers +such inadequate proof in support of his belief, is far +too well convinced of the possibilities of home photography +to go afield without saying at least a word +in its behalf.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE CHICKADEE<br> <span class='large'><em>A Study in Black and White</em></span></h2> +</div> + +<div class='c007'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_047.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +Very early in my experience as a +hunter I became acquainted with a +small black-and-white bird, who +not only announced himself with +unmistakable distinctness, but did +so at such close range that one +could form a very clear idea of his +appearance; and thus because of his notes and trustfulness +I learned to know the Chickadee by name +years before I was aware that the woods were +tenanted by dozens of other more common but less +fearless birds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With regret for the universality of the instinct, +I found that to see was to desire. I had felt exactly +the same longing in regard to other birds, and had +thrown many a stone in a fruitless effort to get possession +of the half-mysterious wild creatures which +always eluded me; but the Chickadee came within +range of my bean-shooter and soon paid the penalty +of misplaced confidence. The little ball of flesh and +fluffy feathers was perfectly useless, so after a day +or two, the length of time depending on the temperature, +it was thrown away.</p> + +<p class='c008'>My curiosity concerning the Chickadee being +satisfied, and the bird’s tameness making it too easy +<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>a mark even for a bean-shooter, I entered on a new +phase of Chickadee relations. Strangely enough, +the killing of the bird seemed, from my point of +view, to constitute an introduction to a creature +which before I had known only imperfectly, and +my acquaintance with the Chickadee may be said +to have begun when I picked up the first bird that +fell before my aim. However the Chickadee may +have regarded my somewhat questionable manner +of gaining his friendship, he has since given unmistakable +evidences of his approval of my treatment +of his kind. He always replies to my greeting, often +coming many yards in answer to my call, and on a +number of occasions he has honored me above most +men by alighting on my hand.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When, in more recent years, the gun which succeeded +the bean-shooter was in turn replaced by a +camera, I found that the Chickadee’s tameness made +him a mark for my later as he had been for my +earlier efforts in bird hunting. Now, however, I +believe I may speak for him as well as for myself, +and say that the results obtained are more satisfactory +to us both. It was in Central Park, New York +city, in February, 1899, that I went on one of my +first Chickadee hunts with a camera. Incidentally +the locality gave emphasis to the advantages of the +camera over any other weapon. Imagine the surprise +of the park police had I ventured on their precincts +with a gun on my shoulder! But with a camera +I could snap away at pleasure without any one’s +being the wiser—many of my “snaps,” I confess +being attended by exactly this result. At this time, +through the efforts of an enthusiastic and patient +<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>bird lover, who had improved on the bird-catching +legend by using nuts instead of “salt” and by substituting +bill for “tail,” three Chickadees in the +Ramble had become so remarkably tame that they +would often flutter before one’s face and plainly +give expression to their desire for food, which they +took from one’s hand without the slightest evidence +of fear. Sometimes they even remained to pick the +nut from a shell while perched on one’s finger, anon +casting questioning glances at their host; but more +often they preferred a perch where they could give +their entire attention to the nut which was held +between their feet, and pecked at after the manner +of Blue Jays.</p> + +<div id='i_024' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_024.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>24. Chickadee on ground.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In spite of the ease with which one could approach +these Chickadees, they made difficult marks +for the camera. I was armed with a “Henry Clay” +5 × 7 and a twin-lens camera of the same size, but +<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>so active were the little creatures that not one of +many exposures proved to be perfectly focused. +Finally I tried decoying the birds to a bone or bit +of bread in the bushes, but somehow they did not +succeed in discovering these baits until they were +placed on the ground.<sup><a href='#i_024'>24</a>, <a href='#i_025'>25</a></sup> Then they responded so +quickly that often the bread had disappeared while +my head was concealed by the dark-cloth, and frequently, +while focusing, the birds would alight on +the tripod of the camera. I was forced, therefore, +to focus on a stone, and, when ready to make +the exposure, lay a bit of bread on or near the +focal point, the two pictures given being thus obtained.</p> + +<div id='i_025' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_025.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>25. Chickadee taking piece of bread.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Various experiences with these unusually tame +birds finally led to what at first thought would have +been considered the wholly unreasonable ambition +of photographing one of them in my hand. The +camera was therefore erected at a suitable point and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>focused on the trunk of a tree, the shutter set, and +slide drawn.</p> + +<div id='i_026' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_026.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>26. A bird in the hand.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Now to get the bird. None was in the immediate +vicinity, but a whistle soon brought a response +from some neighboring tree tops, and going beneath +them I shortly had called the bird down to a nut in +my palm, and with him on my finger started to walk +the eighty or more feet to the camera. This, however, +was asking too much, and the bird abandoned +his moving perch for a bordering row of evergreens, +from which one or two more trials brought him +within a short distance of the desired spot, and resting +my arm against the tree trunk and with the +other hand on the trigger of the shutter I called +again the two plaintive notes. The bird’s faith was +still strong. Almost immediately he took the desired +<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>position, when a <em>click</em> announced the realization +of a bird photographer’s wildest dream.</p> + +<p class='c007'>Fortunate is the bird photographer who discovers +an advantageously situated Chickadee’s nest. +Dr. Robert’s charming description in Bird-Lore of +his experience with a family of Chickadees stimulated +my desire to make a camera study of this species. +The first nest found, however, was claimed by +a band of roving boys, who in pure wantonness +pushed down the stub from which a few days later +the young would have issued.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A second time I was more fortunate. It was on +the morning of May 29, 1899, at Englewood, N. J., +that in going through a young second growth I +chanced to see a Chickadee, who in arranging her +much-worn plumage gave unmistakable evidence of +having recently left her nest. At once I looked +about for a partly decayed white birch, a tree especially +suited to the Chickadee’s powers and needs. +The bark remains tough and leathery long after the +interior is crumbling, and having penetrated the +outer shell the Chickadee finds no difficulty in excavating +a chamber within.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A few moments’ search revealed a stub so typical +as to match exactly the image I held in my mind’s +eye, with an opening about four feet from the +ground. The interior was too gloomy to enable one +to determine its contents, but, returning in half an +hour, I tapped the stub lightly, when, as though I +had released the spring of a Jack-in-a-box, a Chickadee +popped out of the opening and into a neighboring +tree. I wished her good morning, assured her that +<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>my intentions were of the best, and promised to +return and secure her portrait at the first opportunity.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Four days later I set up my camera before the +door to the Chickadee’s dwelling, and, without attempting +to conceal it, attached thread to the shutter +and retreated in the undergrowth to a distance of +about twenty-five feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After having had most discouraging experiences +with several birds, who had evidently regarded the +camera as a monster of destruction, and had refused +to return to their nests as long as the evil eye of the +lens was on them, it was consoling to find a bird +who had some degree of confidence in human nature +as represented by photographic apparatus.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is true that the female—and throughout this +description I assume that the bird with much-worn +plumage was of this sex—promptly left the stub at +my approach; but when I retired to the undergrowth +there was no tiresome wait of hours while the bird, +flitting from bush to bush, chirped suspiciously, but +almost immediately she returned to her home.<sup><a href='#i_027'>27</a></sup> The +camera was examined, but clearly not considered +dangerous, its tripod sometimes serving as a step to +the nest entrance. The click of the shutter, however, +when an exposure was made as the bird was +about to enter its dwelling, caused some alarm, and +she flew back to a neighboring tree, and for some +time hopped restlessly from limb to limb.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The male, who had previously kept in the background, +now approached, and, as if to soothe his +troubled mate, thoughtfully gave her a caterpillar. +She welcomed him with a gentle, tremulous fluttering +<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>of the wings—a motion similar to that made by +young birds when begging for food. He, however, +made what appeared to be precisely the same movements +when she perched beside him.</p> + +<div id='i_027' class='figleft id004'> +<img src='images/i_027.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>27. Chickadee at nest hole.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>It was not long +before the female became +so accustomed +to the snap of the +shutter that in order +to prevent her from +entering the nest I +was forced to rush +out from my hiding +place; but at last, +apparently becoming +desperate, she succeeded +in returning +to her eggs in spite +of my best efforts to +prevent her.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There now ensued +a very interesting +change in the bird’s +action. It will be +remembered that at +first she had left the +nest on hearing me +approach, while a +light tap brought her through the opening with +startling promptness. But now, evidently realizing +that a return to her duties of incubation could +be made only at great risk, she determined under no +conditions to leave her eggs. In vain I rapped at +<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>her door and shook her dwelling to its foundations; +no bird appeared, and not believing it possible that +under the circumstances she would remain within +the stub, I felt that she must have left without my +knowledge, and therefore +retired to await +her reappearance.</p> + +<div id='i_028' class='figright id004'> +<img src='images/i_028.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>28. Chickadee at nest hole.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>At the end of several +minutes the male, +with food in his bill, +advanced cautiously, +and clinging to the +rim of the nest opening, +hung there a moment +and departed +minus the food. This +was surprising. Could +there be young in the +nest? or was the bird, +in imitation of the +Hornbill, feeding his +imprisoned mate? I +rapped again, and this +time, perhaps taken +unawares, the female +answered my question +by appearing.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On June 3d a family arrived in the Chickadee +villa, and both birds were found actively engaged in +administering to its wants.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As a return for the inconvenience to which they +had been subjected, a perch was erected by way of a +step at their door. The female was appreciative and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>at once availed herself of this means of entering her +home.<sup><a href='#i_028'>28</a></sup> The male, however, as before, was more +wary. He had braved the camera to bring food to +his mate, but his offspring had apparently not so +strong a claim upon him. He would fly off in search +of food and shortly return with a caterpillar, then +perch quietly for several minutes a few yards from +the nest, when, repelled by the camera and attracted +by the food in his bill, he yielded to temptation, devoured +the caterpillar, vigorously wiped his bill, at +once started to forage for more food, and returned +with it only to repeat his previous performance.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Occasionally he uttered a low whistle, addressed +presumably to the female, and at times a <em>chickadee-dee-dee</em>, +which I interpreted as a protest to me, and +both notes were also uttered by the female.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The latter took so kindly to the doorstep that it +was determined to give her a door, and to this end a +leaf was pinned over the entrance to her home in +such a manner that it swung to and fro, like the +latch to a keyhole. This clearly did not meet with +her approval, and at first she seemed puzzled to account +for the apparent disappearance of the nest +opening. But in less than a minute she solved the +mystery, pushed the leaf to one side, and disappeared +within.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Returning to the nest on June 12th, nothing was +to be seen of either parent, and I feared that they or +their offspring had fallen victims to the countless +dangers which beset nesting birds and their young. +Looking about for some clew to their fate, I found +on the ground, near the nest stub, the worn tail-feathers +of the female bird. The molting season had not +<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>yet arrived, nor would she have shed all these feathers +at the same moment. There could therefore be +only one interpretation of their presence. Some foe—probably +a Sharp-shinned or Cooper’s Hawk, since +the predaceous mammals for the most part hunt at +night, when the Chickadee would be snugly sleeping +in her nest—had made a dash and grasped her +by the tail, which she had sacrificed in escaping. A +moment later the theory was supported by the appearance +of a subdued-looking Chickadee, <em>sans</em> tail, +and I congratulated her on her fortunate exchange +of life for a member which of late had not been very +decorative, and of which, in any event, Nature would +have soon deprived her.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The young proved to be nearly ready to fly, and, +carefully removing the front of their log cabin, a +sight was disclosed such as mortal probably never +beheld before and Chickadee but rarely.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Six black-and-white heads were raised and six +yellow-lined mouths opened in expressive appeal for +food. But this was not all; there was another layer +of Chickadees below—how many it was impossible +to say without disentangling a wad of birds so compact +that the outlines of no one bird could be distinguished. +A piazza, as it were, was built at the +Chickadees’ threshold in the shape of a perch of +proper size, and beneath, as a life net, was spread a +piece of mosquito bar. Then I proceeded to individualize +the ball of feathers; one, two, three, to +seven were counted without undue surprise, but +when an eighth and ninth were added, I marveled +at the energy which had supplied so many mouths +with food, and at the same time wondered how many +<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>caterpillars had been devoured by this one family of +birds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Not less remarkable than the number of young—and +no book that I have consulted records so large +a brood—was their condition. Not only did they all +appear lusty, but they seemed to be about equally +developed, the slight difference in strength and size +which existed being easily attributable to a difference +in age, some interval doubtless having elapsed +between the hatching of the first and last egg.</p> + +<div id='i_029' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_029.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>29. A Chickadee family.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>This fact would have been of interest had the +birds inhabited an open nest, or a nest large enough +for them all to have had an equal opportunity to +receive food; but where only two thirds of their +number could be seen from above at once, and where +a very little neglect would have resulted fatally, it +seems remarkable that one or more, failing to receive +his share of food, had not been weakened in consequence +<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>and crushed to death by more fortunate +members of the brood. Nor was their physical condition +the only surprising thing about the members +of this Chickadee family: each individual was as +clean as though he had been reared in a nest alone, +and an examination of the nest showed that it would +have been passed as perfect by the most scrupulous +sanitary inspector. It was composed of firmly padded +rabbit’s fur, and, except for the sheaths worn +off the growing feathers of the young birds, was +absolutely clean. Later, I observed that the excreta +of the young were inclosed in membranous sacs, +which enabled the parents to readily remove them +from the nest.</p> + +<div id='i_030' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_030.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>30. A Chickadee family.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The last bird having been placed in the net, I attempted +to pose them in a row on the perch before +their door. The task reminded me of almost forgotten +<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>efforts at building card houses, which, when +nearly completed, would be brought to ruin by an +ill-placed card. How many times each Chickadee +tumbled or fluttered from his perch I can not say. +The soft, elastic net, spread beneath them, preserved +them from injury, and bird after bird was returned +to his place so little worse for his fall that he was +quite ready to try it again. Finally, eight birds +were induced to take the positions assigned them; +then, in assisting the ninth to his allotted place, the +balance of a bird on either side would be disturbed, +and down into the net they would go.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These difficulties, however, could be overcome, +but not so the failure of the light at the critical time, +making it necessary to expose with a wide open lens +at the loss of a depth of focus.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The picture presented, therefore, does not do the +subject justice. Nor can it tell of the pleasure with +which each fledgeling for the first time stretched its +wings and legs to their full extent, and preened its +plumage with before unknown freedom.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At the same time they uttered a satisfied little +<em>dee-dee-dee</em>, in quaint imitation of their elders. +When I whistled their well-known <em>phe-be</em> note, they +were at once on the alert, and evidently expected to +be fed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The birds were within two or three days of leaving +the nest, and, the sitting over, the problem came +of returning the flock to a cavity barely two inches +in diameter, the bottom of which was almost filled +by one bird.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I at once confess a failure to restore anything +like the condition in which they were found, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>when the front of their dwelling was replaced, +Chickadees were overflowing at the door. If their +healthfulness had not belied the thought, I should +have supposed it impossible for them to exist in such +close quarters.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A few days later their home was deserted, and, +as no other Chickadees were known to nest in the +vicinity, I imagine them to compose a troop of birds +which is sometimes found in the neighborhood.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE LEAST BITTERN AND SOME OTHER REED INHABITANTS</h2> +</div> + +<div class='c007'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_062.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +My experience with the Least Bittern +leaves the eerie little creature a +half-solved mystery, and I think of +it less as a bird than as a survivor +of a former geological period, when +birds still showed traits of their +not distant reptilian ancestors.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Bittern’s home is in fresh-water, cat-tail +marshes, and he wanders at will through the thickly +set forest of reeds without of necessity putting foot +to the water below or flapping wing in the air above. +His peculiar mode of progression constitutes one of +his chief characteristics. The reeds in which he +lives generally grow in several feet of water, far too +deep, therefore, to permit of his wading; while his +secretive disposition makes him averse to appearing +in the open, except after nightfall. It is impossible +to fly through the cat-tails, and so the bird walks +and even runs through them, stepping from stem to +stem with surprising agility. I had heard of this +habit, but the description conveyed as little idea of +the bird’s appearance as it is feared this one will, +and when for the first time a Least Bittern was seen +striding off through the reeds about three feet above +the water, the performance was so entirely unlike +<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>anything I had ever seen a bird do before, I marveled +that his acrobatic powers had not made him +famous.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The feathered gymnast’s slender body—or perhaps +one should say neck, for the bird is chiefly +neck and head—seemed to be mounted on long stilts, +with the aid of which he waded rapidly through the +water, his head shooting in and out at each stride.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Least Bittern’s notes appear to be less known +than his habits. Nuttall, that exceptionally keen-eared +bird student, was familiar with them, but +most writers have restricted themselves to the statement +that, when flushed, the bird utters a low <em>qua</em>, +while some have even said he was voiceless.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I should not be in the least surprised to learn that +this uncanny inhabitant of the reeds had a call fully +as remarkable as the vocal performance of his large +relative, the American Bittern, but thus far in my +slight acquaintance with him he has been heard +to utter only four notes: A soft, low <em>coo</em>, slowly +repeated five or six times, and which is probably +the love song of the male; an explosive alarm +note, <em>quoh</em>; a hissing <em>hah</em>, with which the bird +threatens a disturber of its nest; and a low <em>tut-tut-tut</em>, +apparently a protest against the same kind of +intrusion.</p> + +<div id='i_031' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span> +<img src='images/i_031.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>31. Least Bittern’s nesting site, showing reeds bent over nest. One of four eggs can be seen.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>It was the markedly dovelike <em>coo</em> which first introduced +me to this species. With William Brewster +I was at the Fresh Pond marshes, listening for +the repetition of some strange calls which had excited +the curiosity of Cambridge ornithologists, and +which proved to belong to a Florida Gallinule,<a id='rB'></a><a href='#fB' class='c015'><sup>[B]</sup></a> +when we heard the soft notes of a Least Bittern, +who soon rose from the marsh near by. A few days +later the Bittern was found in full song—if the <em>coo</em> +be its song—in the marshes of Presque Isle in Erie +<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>Bay; but it must be confessed that a desire to secure +specimens of this, to me, strange bird left no opportunity +to study its habits, and the species was not +again observed until June, 1898, in the northern +part of Cayuga County, New York. Here, under +the guidance of an observing local ornithologist, +Mr. E. G. Tabor, an encounter was had with a Least +Bittern which made a unique page in my experience +as a bird student.</p> + +<div class='footnote' id='fB'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#rB'>B</a>. See Brewster, Auk, vol. viii, 1891, p. 1.</p> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>It was on the border of Otter Lake, where the +Least Bitterns nest in small numbers in low bushes, +or a mass of drift, or more often in the fringe of cat-tails. +The trail of a boat through the reeds and +empty nests, which before had held from three to +five eggs, marked the ill-directed work of the boy +oölogists whose misspent zeal has resulted in such +a vast accumulation of eggshells and such an absence +of information about the birds that laid them. +A visit to a more distant part of the lake, where +even thus early in the year the cat-tails were five +feet above water of over half that depth, saved the +day, as far as Least Bitterns were concerned. Paddling +close to the reeds, a practiced eye could distinguish +the site of a Bittern’s nest, when the nest +itself was invisible, by the bowed tips of the reeds +which the bird invariably bends over it.<sup><a href='#i_031'>31</a></sup> The object +of this habit is perhaps to aid in concealing the eggs +from an enemy passing overhead—a Crow, for example—an +attack by boat evidently not being taken +into consideration.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Certainly our appearance was in the nature +of a surprise to a pair of birds who had just +completed their platformlike nest and were apparently +<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>discussing future steps in their domestic +affairs.</p> + +<div id='i_032' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_032.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>32. Least Bittern’s nest; reeds parted to show eggs.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>As we approached, the female, who even before +the eggs are laid seems to have the home love more +strongly developed than the male, bravely stuck to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>her post, while the male marched off through the +reeds in the manner which has been described as so +remarkable. When he paused, with either foot +grasping reeds several inches apart or clung to a +single stalk with +both feet, he resembled +a gigantic, +tailless Marsh +Wren.</p> + +<div id='i_033' class='figright id004'> +<img src='images/i_033.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>33. Least Bittern on nest mimicking its surroundings.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The actions of +the female were interesting +in the +extreme. Her first +move was an attempt +at concealment +through protective +mimicry—a +rare device among +birds. Stretching +her neck to the +utmost, she pointed +her bill to the zenith, +the brownish +marks on the feathers +of the throat became +lines which, +separated by the +white spaces between +them, might easily have passed for dried +reeds, and the bird’s statuelike pose, when almost +within reach, evinced her belief in her own invisibility.<sup><a href='#i_033'>33</a>, <a href='#i_034'>34</a></sup></p> + +<p class='c008'>The pose recalled Hudson’s experience with a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>wounded Least Bittern (<em>Ardetta involucris</em>, a near +relative of our bird) in the marshes of La Plata, +where a bird at his feet, in the same position as the +one before me, was discovered only after careful +search, and which, to the naturalist’s amazement, +slowly revolved as he walked around it, with the +presumable object +of keeping its protectively +colored +breast turned +toward him.</p> + +<div id='i_034' class='figleft id004'> +<img src='images/i_034.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>34. Least Bittern on nest mimicking its surroundings.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>My bird, however, +was among +fresh reeds, and +while one can not +doubt the effectiveness +of its attitude +and color, +when seen among +dead reeds or +grasses, neither +were of value +among its green +surroundings.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With the light +on the wrong side and the reeds swaying violently +in the wind, we essayed to picture the bird, and the +best of several attempts made under these adverse +conditions are here given.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Covering my hand with my cap I held it toward +her, when, convinced that her little trick had failed, +she adopted new tactics, and struck at me with force +and rapidity, which made me thankful that my hand +<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>was protected. Her bright yellow eyes glared with +the intensity of a snake’s, and her reptilelike appearance +was increased by the length and slenderness of +her head and neck. Her courage was admirable; +she not only displayed no fear, but was actually +aggressive, and with a hissing <em>hah</em> struck viciously +at my hand each time it was placed near the nest. +As I quickly retreated on each occasion, and at +length made no further move toward her, she decided +to withdraw, perhaps to join her cautious mate, +who from the reeds had been uttering a warning <em>tut-tut-tut</em> +at intervals. Very slowly and watchfully she +left the nest, and when she had advanced a few feet +through the reeds I again ventured to touch her +platform home, putting my hand, however, under +it; but the motion instantly attracted her attention, +and, darting back to her post, she was on guard in a +moment. Then I left her, retiring from the field +fairly vanquished in my first hand-to-bill encounter +with a wild bird. I hope she laid a full complement +of five eggs and from them reared five birds worthy +representatives of their mother.</p> + +<p class='c007'>A desire to renew my acquaintance with—or perhaps +I should say advances toward—this unbirdlike +feathered biped, and to meet it under conditions +more favorable for the camera hunter, brought me +the following year (June 17, 1899), to the Montezuma +marshes at the head of Cayuga Lake. Here are +endless forests of cat-tails in which dwell not only +Bitterns, Long-billed Marsh Wrens, and Red-winged +Blackbirds, but also numbers of Pied-billed Grebes +and Florida Gallinules.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>There is a mystery about a marsh akin to that +which impresses one in a primeval forest. The possibilities +of both seem limitless. One hears so much +and sees so little. Birds calling from a distance of +only a few yards may remain long unidentified. A +rustling in the reeds arouses vague expectations.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The notes of marsh-inhabiting birds are in keeping +with the character of their haunts. They are +distinctly wild and strange, and often thrilling. The +Rails, for example, all have singular, loud, startling +calls. The American Bittern is a famous marsh +songster, but although several of his common names +are based on his calls, it is only recently that he has +actually been seen uttering them. The Gallinule resembles +the hen in the character, volume, and variety +of its notes, and to it and not the Clapper Rail +should be given the name “Marsh Hen.” Indeed, +its European relative, from which it can scarcely +be distinguished, is known as the Moor Hen or +Water Hen.</p> + +<p class='c008'>But of all this marsh music none to my ear is +more singular than the call of the Pied-billed +Grebe. It is mentioned in few books, and has won +the bird no such fame as the Loon’s maniacal laughter +has brought him, though as a vocalist the Grebe +fairly rivals his large cousin. Like most bird calls +it is indescribable, but perhaps sufficient idea of its +character may be given to lead to its identification +when heard. It is very loud and sonorous, with a +cuckoolike quality, and may be written <em>cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-uh, +cow-uh, cow-uh, +cow-uh</em>. These notes vary in number, and are sometimes +followed by prolonged wailing <em>cows</em> or <em>ohs</em> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>almost human in their expressiveness of pain, fear, +and anguish.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This is the love song of the male, and when he +has won a mate she joins him in singing, uttering, +as he calls, a rapid <em>cuk-cuk-cuk</em>, followed by a slower +<em>ugh, ugh, ugh, ugh</em>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Gallinules were cackling in the reeds, where +a nest with three hatching eggs was found, but not a +bird was seen. Red-winged Blackbirds were chattering +with excitement as they guided the first wing +strokes of their young, who perched on the reeds +begged eloquently for food rather than for lessons +in flying.<sup><a href='#i_035'>35</a></sup></p> + +<div id='i_035' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_035.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>35. Young Red-winged Blackbirds.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In a small island of cat-tails a pair of Grebes was +calling, and after the most careful stalking my companion +saw the female respond to the voice of her +mate.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>It was in this island—if a patch of cat-tails growing +in three feet of water can be called an island—that +we found the first two of numerous Least Bitterns’ +nests, and here our camera studies were made. +These nests were typical in form and site; one contained +five and the other four<sup><a href='#i_032'>32</a></sup> eggs, from which +the birds had apparently departed as we pushed our +boat toward them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Less than twenty minutes later we again passed +these nests and found, to our surprise, that in one +all four, and in the other two eggs had been punctured, +as if by an awl. Here was a mystery which +my companion, who was examining the second nest +while I was studying the first, quickly solved by +seeing a Long-billed Marsh Wren actually make an +attack on the remaining three eggs, and a little +later a bird of the same species—perhaps the same +individual, since the Bitterns’ nests were not more +than twenty yards apart—visited the first nest +to complete its work on the five already ruined +eggs.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Our attempt to photograph the energetic little +marauder failed, nor did we succeed in learning the +real cause of its remarkable destructiveness. However, +the fact that in one nest alone it drove its +needlelike bill into all five eggs without pausing to +feast on their contents, would imply that it was not +prompted by hunger, and, much against our will, we +were forced to attribute the bird’s actions to pure +viciousness; though, it is true, there may have been +another side to the story, in which the Bittern was +the culprit.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The owners of the four eggs did not return while +<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>we were present, and the following day we found +their nest empty—a mute protest against fate.</p> + +<div id='i_036' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_036.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>36. Least Bittern eating her eggs.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The female of the second nest discovered, in which +only two of the five eggs had been injured, proved to +be a bird of character.</p> + +<div id='i_037' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span> +<img src='images/i_037.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>37. Least Bittern on nest.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>While we waited in our boats at a distance of +fifteen feet, and with cameras erected on tripods +at a third of the distance, she came walking through +the reeds uttering occasionally an explosive <em>quoh!</em> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>After circling about us several times she climbed +to her nest, and at once proceeded to investigate the +condition of its contents. Soon she gave evidence of +the possession of both a philosophic and economic +disposition, not to mention other housewifely qualities, +notably cleanliness. Philosophy she exhibited +by making the best of things as she found them; +economy by carefully eating<sup><a href='#i_036'>36</a></sup> the two broken eggs, +which a more thoughtless bird would have deserted +or quickly discarded; and cleanliness by carefully +dropping over the edge of the nest the shells remaining +from her peculiar feast, and following them by +bits of nest lining which had been soiled by portions +of the egg. This task accomplished to her satisfaction, +she gave further evidence of the possession of +a well-ordered mind by descending to the water, +washing her bill, drinking, and then returning to +her remaining three eggs, on which she settled +herself<sup><a href='#i_037'>37</a></sup> as complacently as though she had met +with no loss, and there we left her in well-deserved +privacy.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span> + <h2 class='c006'>TWO HERONS</h2> +</div> + +<div class='c007'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_076.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +In this age of death and destruction +to all living creatures, which, because +of their size or edible qualities, +the so-called sportsman is +proud to exhibit as evidence of his +skill afield, it is remarkable that +there should exist within twenty +odd miles of New York’s City Hall +a colony of Herons which would do credit to the +most remote swamp of Florida.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Three factors have combined to render this rookery +possible: first, its isolation; second, the habits +of its occupants; and third, the protection which is +afforded it by the owner of the land on which it is +situated. Of these, the first is by far the most important, +and I may be pardoned, therefore, if I do +not betray the birds’ secret; for, much as I desire to +encourage American industries, I must on this occasion +withhold information of undoubted value to +the feather trade.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The birds’ habits contribute toward their preservation, +because they are largely nocturnal, “Night” +being the specific name applied by the text-books to +this particular kind of Heron; but to those who +know him in nature, he is generally spoken of as +“Quawk,” this being an excellent rendering of his +common call.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>The Night Heron or Quawk belongs among the +birds for whom the setting sun marks the beginning +of a new day—a fact which protects him from man +and permits his existence in numbers where others +of his family are rarely seen. Doubtless many of +the residents of Heronville know their feathered +neighbors only as a voice from the night, which +comes to them when the birds, in passing over, utter +their loud and startling call.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Finally, to the protecting influences of a love for +seclusion and darkness must be added the unusual +position assumed by the proprietor of the land, who +will not permit any one to kill the birds, and, +stranger still, does not kill them himself!</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus it happens that any day in May or June, +the months during which the Herons are at home, +one may leave the crowded streets of New York and +within an hour or so enter an equally crowded but +quite different kind of town.</p> + +<p class='c008'>If after leaving the train you secure the same +guide it was my good fortune to have, your way will +lead over shaded roads, pleasant fields, and quiet +woodland paths, and, if the sun is well up in the +trees, you may enter the outskirts of the rookery +and be wholly unaware, unless you approach from +the leeward, that between two and three thousand +Herons are within a few hundred yards of you.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One may gain a far better idea of Heron life, +however, by visiting the rookery while the foliage +is still glistening with dew. Then, from a distance, +a chorus of croaks may be heard from the young +birds as they receive what, in effect, is their supper. +Old birds are still returning from fishing trips, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>the froglike monotone of the young is broken by +the sudden <em>quawks</em> of their parents.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The rookery is in a low part of the woods which +evidently is flooded early in the year, a fact which +may have influenced the Herons in their selection +of the locality as a nesting site. At the time of +our visit the swamp maples, in which the nests are +placed, were densely undergrown with ferns, and +as we approached the whitened vegetation, which +clearly marked the limits of the rookery, a number +of Herons with squawks of alarm left the vicinity +of their nests, and soon the rookery was in an uproar. +The common <em>quawk</em> note was often heard, +but many of the calls were distinctly galline in +character and conveyed the impression that we had +invaded a henroost.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The trees in which the nests were placed are very +tall and slender, mere poles some of them, with a +single nest where the branches fork; while those +more heavily limbed had four, five,<sup><a href='#i_038'>38</a></sup> and even six of +the platforms of sticks, which with Herons serve as +nests, but in only a single instance was one nest +placed directly below another. A conservative count +yielded a total of five hundred and twenty-five nests, +all within a circle about one hundred yards in diameter, +nearly every suitable tree holding one or more, +the lowest being about thirty feet from the ground, +the highest at least eighty feet above it.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While the limy deposits and partially digested +fish dropped by the birds seemed not to affect the +growth of the lower vegetation, it had a marked +influence on certain of the swamp maples, the development +of the trees which held a number of nests +<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>being so retarded that, although it was June 13th, +they were as yet only in blossom.<sup><a href='#i_038'>38</a></sup> The comparative +absence of foliage permitted one to have a far +better view of what was going on above than if +the trees had been thickly leaved, and on entering +the rookery our attention was at once attracted by +the nearly grown Herons, who, old enough to leave +the nest, had climbed out on the adjoining limbs. +There, silhouetted against the sky, they crouched in +family groups of two, three, and four.<sup><a href='#i_039'>39</a></sup></p> + +<div id='i_038' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_038.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>38. Five Herons’ nests in swamp maple, at an average height of seventy feet. The upper right-hand nest with young shown in Nos. 41 and 42.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div id='i_039' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span> +<img src='images/i_039.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>39. A view in the Heron rookery, looking upward from the ground to nests and young, about eighty feet above.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Other broods, inhabitants of more thickly leaved +trees, made known their presence above by disgorging +a half-digested eel, which dropped with a thud +at our feet and occasionally nearer, suggesting the +advisability of carrying an umbrella. The vegetation +beneath the well-populated trees was as white +as though it had been liberally daubed with whitewash, +and the ground was strewn with blue-green +eggshells neatly broken in two across the middle; +fish, principally eels, in various stages of digestion +<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>and decay; and the bodies of young birds who had +met with an untimely death by falling from above. +It was not altogether a savory place!</p> + +<div id='i_040' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_040.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>40. Black-crowned Night Herons feeding. Telephoto, × 2 at a distance of about one hundred and fifty feet.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Seating ourselves at the base of an unoccupied +tree, we had not long to wait before the normal life +of the rookery was resumed. The young, who while +we were observed had been silent, now began to +utter a singular, froglike <em>kik-kik-kik</em> in chorus, and +the old birds one by one returned. When food was +brought an increased outcry was heard from the +expectant youngsters about to be fed. At intervals +a resounding <em>thump</em> announced the fall of some too +eager bird, but, in the cases which we investigated, +the Heron, if fairly well grown, seemed to be little +the worse for his tumble of from fifty to seventy feet, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>and with lowered head ran through the undergrowth +with surprising quickness. With those which were +younger, however, the mortality had evidently been +great, and, seeing the dozens of dead birds on the +ground beneath the nest trees from which they had +fallen, one questioned whether this habit of nesting +high in trees had not, for protective reasons, been +recently acquired by a species the young of which +would seem much more at home nearer the ground.</p> + +<div id='i_041' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_041.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>41. Young Night Herons in nest. Same as No. 42.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>It was with a delightful sense of companionship +with the birds that I observed them going and coming, +feeding their young, or resting after the night’s +<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>labors, wholly undisturbed by my presence. Almost +I seemed to be a guest of the rookery, and I longed +for power to interpret the notes and actions of the +birds so abundant about me.</p> + +<div id='i_042' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_042.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>42. Young Night Herons leaving nest. Nesting tree shown in No. 38.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>So I should like to have passed the day with +them, becoming for the time being a Heron myself; +but the desire to picture the birds was stronger than +the wish to be a Heron, and the situation was considered +from the standpoint of the bird photographer.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The rookery proved to be a difficult subject. No +single view would convey an adequate idea of its +appearance, and I therefore selected representative +tree tops and photographed their nests and young +birds. A visit to a neighboring pond resulted in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>securing, with the aid of a telephoto, a picture<sup><a href='#i_040'>40</a></sup> of +two adult birds feeding well out of gunshot, and +with the assistance of climbers I reached the upper +branches of a tree some seventy feet in height containing +five nests whose contents ranged from eggs +to nearly grown young. With the ball-and-socket +clamp the camera was +fastened to favoring +limbs, and after three +hours’ work several +satisfactory pictures of +young in the nest and +on the adjoining branches +were secured.<sup><a href='#i_041'>41</a>–<a href='#i_043'>43</a></sup> Although +well able to defend +themselves, the +young assumed no such +threatening attitudes as +the American Bittern +strikes when alarmed, +from which perhaps we +may argue that they are +happily ignorant of the +dangers which beset +their ground-nesting relative.</p> + +<div id='i_043' class='figleft id004'> +<img src='images/i_043.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>43. Young Night Herons on branches near nest, seventy feet from the ground.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>As the sun crept upward +and the last fishers +returned, the calls of both old and young birds were +heard less and less often, and by ten o’clock night +had fallen on the rookery and the birds were all +resting quietly. Four o’clock in the afternoon was +evidently early morning, and at this hour the birds +<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>first began to leave the rookery for their fishing +grounds. Some went toward the north, others to +the south, east or west; each bird no doubt having +clearly in mind some favorite shore, perhaps a dozen +miles away, where he before had had good luck +a-fishing; and of all the varied phases of rookery life +the thought of this regular nightly expedition of +hundreds of winged fishers, is to me the most attractive.</p> + +<p class='c007'>Our largest Heron as well as our largest bird is +the Great Blue. “Crane” he is popularly called; +but, aside from other differences, the bird’s habit of +folding its neck back on its shoulders, when on the +wing, will distinguish it from true Cranes, who fly +with neck extended to the utmost.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Great Blue Heron is not edible, but its size +makes it a desirable prize to most gunners and it is +considered an especially fit mark for a rifle. The +temptation is strong to condemn as an outlaw the +man who kills one of these noble birds for what he +terms sport, or perhaps for the purpose of what he +would call having it “set up.” He, however, is acting +according to his light, which is quite as bright +as that which shines for most of his neighbors. The +Heron is exceedingly wild, and its capture is eloquent +evidence of the hunter’s prowess, while his +desire to have its stuffed skin adorn his home is, +from his point of view, positively commendable. +That the bird is infinitely more valuable alive than +dead, that its presence adds an element to the landscape +more pleasing to some than could be imparted +by any work of man, and that in depriving others +<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>of the privilege of observing its singularly stately +grace of pose and motion he is selfish beyond expression, +does not even vaguely occur to this so-called +“sportsman,” who belongs in the class to whom a +majestic cliff is a quarry, a noble tree, lumber. Until +he has been educated to properly value the beauties +of Nature, or at least realize the rights of others in +them, he must be restrained by law, to the force of +which even he is not blind.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Only the Great Blue Heron’s extreme wariness +and habit of frequenting shores and marshes where +it can command an extended view of its surroundings +has preserved it from extinction; but when +nesting it is compelled to visit woodlands where its +human enemies have better opportunities to approach +it, and its only chance for safety during the +breeding season is to select a retreat remote from +the home of man. For this reason Great Blue Heron +rookeries are exceedingly uncommon in more settled +parts of the bird’s range, and north of Florida I +have seen their nests in only one locality.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was the week after my visit to the Night +Herons that, in northern Cayuga County, New +York, I was led by a local ornithologist through one +of the heaviest pieces of timber I have ever seen +north of a primeval tropical forest, in search of a +Great Blue Heron rookery which he knew to exist, +and only my confidence in his woodsmanship gave +me courage to follow him over fallen trees and +through the season’s dense undergrowth, from which +our passage raised such a host of mosquitoes that +every step was a battle. If the vicious little insects +had lived only to protect the Herons, they could not +<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>have disputed our progress more valiantly, and on +reaching the birds’ stronghold, where the comparative +absence of undergrowth deprived our winged +foes of shelter, I congratulated myself on what, for +the moment, seemed to be no insignificant feat.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The eleven nests which my guide had seen on a +previous occasion were found occupying their former +positions, at least one hundred feet from the +ground in dead trees, one of which held five of the +eleven. During the many years which the birds +have nested in the place their number has not +varied, and one wonders what becomes of the from +thirty to forty young who doubtless each year leave +the parental trees. No other Herons of this species +are known to nest in the vicinity, and it is not probable +that the progeny of each year would seek a +nesting site in some far distant rookery; consequently, +as an alternative explanation, we can only +suppose that the yearly product of the rookery balances +its losses by death.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The young birds were now nearly half grown, +but, unlike the Night Herons, they did not venture +outside their nests, from which they uttered harsh +croaks in evident supplication to their parents for +food. The sight of the trees in which the nests +were placed effectually controlled whatever ambitions +I had entertained toward camera studies at +short range, and I contented myself by making telephotos +from the ground, in one of which an adult +bird and two nests, each with a young bird appearing +above its edge, may be seen.<sup><a href='#i_044'>44</a></sup></p> + +<p class='c008'>Time was lacking in which to observe these birds, +and the value of my visit to their retreat is not to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>be expressed in words. The wildness of their home +seemed in perfect accord with their nature, and their +apparent safety from intrusion brought a sense of +satisfaction which colors my memory of the whole +experience.</p> + +<div id='i_044' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_044.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>44. Looking upward from ground to nests and young and adult bird of Great Blue Heron at a height of over one hundred feet. Telephoto.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span> + <h2 class='c006'>WHERE SWALLOWS ROOST</h2> +</div> + +<div class='c007'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_089.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +Contributing little to the material +wealth of the nation, the +Hackensack marshes of northern +New Jersey are usually regarded +as “waste land.” By the +farmer they are termed “salt +medders,” and their waving +grasses are of value to him only as “bedding” for +cattle. In winter the muskrat hunter reaps a harvest +of pelts there. The down of the “cat-tails” is +gathered for cushion stuffing, and the bladed leaves +for chair bottoms. To the gunner they are the +resort of Ducks, Snipe, Rail, and Reedbirds, which +each year visit them in decreasing numbers; while +to the thousands who daily pass them on the encircling +railroads they are barren and uninteresting. +But if beauty is a sufficient cause for being, then +these marshes may claim a right to existence.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In preglacial times this region was probably forested, +but now the forest is buried beneath the drift +of the glacier which deposited fragments of Palisade +and Orange Mountain trap rock on Staten Island. +During the depression of the land which occurred as +the ice gradually receded, the waters of the sea +doubtless passed up here and the meadow was a +larger “Newark Bay.” Then commenced their slow +filling up by the silt brought down by the Hackensack +River. The river has preserved a right of +way, but the bay has given place to a sea of reeds +and grasses.</p> + +<div id='i_045' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span> +<img src='images/i_045.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>45. Hackensack marshes in August.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>On a bright August morning I mount a spur of +trap rock which reaches out from the western base +of the Palisades, and from this elevation have an +uninterrupted view over the meadows. The cool, invigorating +air foretells the approach of autumn; it +is brilliantly clear. The Orange hills stand out +with the distinctness of Western mountains. The +sun is at my back, and the light shows the meadows +to the best advantage. At this distance I get the +effect of only the masses of color; tracts of yellowish +green meadow grass tinged with copper, and in +places thickly sprinkled with the white flowers of +the water hemlock and water parsnip; streaks of +light green wild rice, and sharply defined areas of +dark green cat-tail flags. The grass grows on the +drier land, the wild rice in the small sloughs and +creeks which are bordered by the flags. In the +spring the wind blows the pollen from the cat-tail +blossoms, and a shifting greenish vapor floats over +the marsh; in the autumn a heavy westerly wind +raises the seed-bearing down high in the air, carries +it over the Palisades, across the Hudson, and it descends +like a fall of fleecy snow on wondering New +York.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The marsh is a vast arena inclosed by the Palisades +and Passaic hills; it is a great plain, with blue +stretches of the winding river appearing here and +there, and the haystacks are the huts of aborigines. +I half close my eyes, and it is a copper-yellow sea. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>The grasses roll in undulating waves, capped by a +white crest of parsnip and hemlock blossoms; the +dark irregular patches of flags are the shadows of +clouds, the light streaks of wild rice are shoals, a +hovering Marsh Hawk is a Gull. A stately white-winged +schooner<sup><a href='#i_045'>45</a></sup> comes up the river; her hull is +hidden by the meadow grasses; she is sailing through +the sea of my fancy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This is an impressionist’s view of the meadows. +Now let us leave our rocky lookout and examine +them more in detail. The meadow we are leaving is +a meadow of all summer; the one we are approaching +is a meadow clad in all the glory of its August +flowers. One might think Nature was holding a +flower show here, so gorgeous is the display. The +railway track at the edge of the marsh is apparently +an endless aisle bordered by a rich exhibit of flowers. +Clusters of thoroughwort and purple loose-strife +grow so abundantly they give color to the foreground, +through which wild sunflowers make streaks +of gold. There are solid beds of purple asters on +the drier land, and delicate snow-white saggitarias +in the sloughs. Jewel flowers sparkle through the +flags, and convolvulus hangs from the reeds, its own +foliage scarce showing, or, growing with the fragrant +climbing hempweed, it forms banks of dense +vegetation. The scarlet lobelia darts upward like a +tongue of flame, startling in its intense brilliancy. +There are burnet, vervain, gerardia, and running +groundnut. But it is the marsh<sup><a href='#i_046'>46</a></sup> mallow which, +more than any other flower, gives beauty to the +meadow. It grows here with wasteful luxuriance, +and the dark masses of flags serve as a frame for +<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>this floral picture. Out in the marsh it grows in +equal profusion; the meadow is hung with small +pink lanterns, as if for a <em>fête</em>. A single flower of +the marsh mallow commands the attention of the +most unobservant, and when growing in abundance +it excites enthusiastic admiration.</p> + +<div id='i_046' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_046.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>46. Marsh mallows.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Nor is the animal life of the marsh less interesting +than its flora. Meadow mice nest beneath the +haycocks. Were it not for the minks and Hawks +which prey on them, they might become a scourge +throughout the surrounding country. Muskrats are +<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>living in peaceful security in their snug summer +homes, hollowed from the banks of the streams. +They are the true villagers here, and pass the winter +in icy huts, like Eskimos. Out in the grasses +Short-eared Owls are hiding. Their day begins +when the sun disappears behind the Orange hills; +then one may hear +the “quawk” of +the Night Heron. +Red-winged Blackbirds +nest here, and +in the autumn they +gather in great +flocks and feed on +the wild rice.</p> + +<div id='i_047' class='figleft id004'> +<img src='images/i_047.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>47. Wild rice.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Long-billed +Marsh Wrens—small, +nervous, excitable +bits of +feathered life—are +abundant in the +flags, and to them +they attach their +large woven nests. +Except for a harsh, +scolding note they +are silent now, but +earlier in the year +the marsh is musical +with their rippling +songs. The fervor of the love season overcomes +their fondness for the dark recesses of the +flags, and, singing, they rise into the air as if driven +<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>upward by the mine of melody which explodes within +them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Swamp Sparrows are common, and their clear +trill is one of the few August songs. Bobolinks, +traveling in disguise and under the assumed name +of “Reedbird,” pause here to feed on the ripening +wild rice.<sup><a href='#i_047'>47</a></sup> Some of them have not yet completed +their change of costume and appear in a spotted suit +of black and yellow. Occasionally one hears a suppressed +burst of the “mad music” of June, but their +common note is a metallic <em>chink</em>. At night this +note is heard from high in the air, as the birds continue +their journey to the cultivated rice fields of +South Carolina and Georgia, there to remain until +September or October, when they leave for their +winter home south of the Amazon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Sora Rails, beloved of sportsmen and epicures, +are also attracted to the marshes by the wild +rice. On their arrival in early August they are indeed +“as thin as a rail,” but an abundance of food +soon rounds their bodies into comparative plumpness. +The 1st of September is a black day in their +calendar. Then they are outlawed, a price is set on +their bodies, and at high tide each day during this +sad month one sees numerous puffs of smoke arise +from the tall grasses and dull reports come booming +over the marsh with fateful frequency.</p> + +<p class='c008'>But the characteristic birds of the marshes at this +season are Swallows. They outnumber many times +all the rest of the marsh birds together—in fact, are +present in such myriads that their gatherings are +one of the most interesting and impressive phenomena +of the bird life of this region.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>Five species are represented. Named in the order +of their abundance they are the Tree, Bank, +Barn, Eave, and Rough-winged Swallows. The last +are comparatively rare, while the Tree Swallows are +so in excess of all the species named that the following +remarks relate largely to them alone.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Although Tree or White-breasted Swallows nest +locally throughout North America, from the tableland +of Mexico to Labrador and Alaska, there are +but few instances of their breeding in the lower +Hudson River valley, where they appear only as +migrants or transient visitants. They arrive from +the south early in April, and their northward migration +is not concluded until about June 1st. During +June they are rarely seen, but between the 1st and +the 5th of July they begin their journey to their +winter homes—a movement which inaugurates the +fall migration.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This stage of their journey takes them only to +certain marshes, which become stations on their line +of travel where countless numbers of their kind, +impelled by the flocking impulse, gather to roost +in the reeds. Their numbers increase steadily +through July and August, the maximum of abundance +being reached about September 1st; then they +gradually become less numerous, and by October 10th +comparatively few remain, though if the weather be +favorable, they may be observed daily until late in +the month.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Throughout this period—from July to October—the +marsh is used only as a dormitory, the reeds evidently +offering suitable perches to these weak-footed +birds, who in the morning radiate throughout the surrounding +<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>country and in the evening return to the +marsh to sleep. In the evening they fly low, and +the altitude and time of their flight make them conspicuous. +In the morning they fly high, as though +bound to some distant feeding ground, and at so +early an hour that they usually escape observation. +The evening flight, therefore, is generally considered +as truly migratory, when, in fact, the same birds +doubtless pass over a given locality night after +night, perhaps for weeks, in returning to their +roosts in the marshes.</p> + +<div id='i_048' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_048.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>48. “Bird notes”—Tree Swallows.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>These evening flights begin about two hours and +a half before sunset, when the birds, after resting +during the late forenoon and early afternoon, usually +on some telegraph wire,<sup><a href='#i_048'>48</a></sup> begin to wheel and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>circle over the fields in pursuit of their evening +meal, when one might imagine they were resident +birds, but observation will show that the general +trend of their movement is toward the roost.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This continues for an hour to an hour and a half, +a cloudy evening hastening their actions, when their +flight becomes more direct. Few birds pause to feed, +but hurry on to the roosting places, and as the light +fades the last birds rush through the gloom with +arrowy speed and directness. The birds pass in +straggling flocks, and periods of abundance are succeeded +by intervals of scarcity, as though the individuals +which had been associated during the day +were journeying home together.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus the Swallow’s evening flight may be observed +throughout the region surrounding the +marshes; even in New York city they may be seen +feeding above the houses, and after sunset flocks of +swift-flying birds are often confused by the telegraph +wires, which, however, their dexterity of wing +permits them to pass without serious harm.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the marshes the first birds are seen about two +hours before sunset. Many follow the course of the +river, and if one be at its border splash after splash +is heard as the birds dip lightly into the water, followed +by soft fluffs as arising from the stream they +shake their plumage. Soon the air is filled with +Swallows, all streaming toward the roost with increasing +swiftness.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Many birds, however, as though waiting for some +tardy comrades, rest by the way, perching on telegraph +wires should they cross the marsh, or when +these are wanting, on the tips of the reeds. They +<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>invariably face the wind, and when it is from the +west the last rays of the sun striking their white +breasts make them appear like snowy flowers crowning +the reeds. Suddenly, with a rush, they whirl +onward to the roost.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus far the exact location of this roost has defied +my search. I have, however, roughly defined +the bounds of that section of the marsh in which it +is placed by observation stands at which the Swallows +flew north and south respectively, and somewhere +between the two I still hope to discover the +Swallows’ sleeping haunts.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following description of their departure +from the marshes in the morning is abstracted from +my journal, under date of August 15, 1886: “A cool, +clear morning, with a light northwesterly wind. I +reached the marshes shortly before five o’clock, +when they appeared to be deserted, not a Swallow +being in sight. At two minutes of five the first +birds were observed, then flock after flock they +came until at five the air was filled with hurrying +forms, flying at varying altitudes toward the +north.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Suddenly, from the meadows near me there +arose a vast cloud of Swallows, doubtless birds +which had come from farther south in the marsh +before my arrival. Steadily they mounted upward, +until having attained a height where with a strong +glass they appeared faint dots against the sky, they +slowly winged their way northward.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“All the time the meadows were alive with birds +feeding in every direction; gradually they passed to +the north, when another huge flock arose from the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>marsh, and after gaining an immense height disappeared, +this time toward the east.</p> + +<div id='i_049' class='figleft id004'> +<img src='images/i_049.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>49. Tree Swallows in tree.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>“As the sun rose over the Palisades few birds +were on the wing, but great flocks were perched in +the reeds on the banks of the creek, and as in my +canoe I drifted slowly +up to them, they seemed +unmindful of my presence, +when, as though at +a signal, they arose as +one bird, and after hovering +lightly overhead +returned to the reeds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The tide was low, +and along the shore several +Sora Rail were feeding, +and, as carried by +the tide I floated noiselessly +by, they paused in +their search for food, and +with tails upraised regarded +me with evident +astonishment. A mink +approached the shores of +a small inflowing stream, +hesitated, then plunged +in, crossed, and disappeared +in the tall grasses on the opposite side. The +air was vocal with the calls of Red-winged Blackbirds, +the <em>chink</em> of Bobolinks, and the rattle of +Swamp Sparrows.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“On a reed-grown point below was another great +army of Swallows. With surprising regularity a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>detachment left it every fifteen minutes; thus, birds +left at 6, 6.15, 6.30, and 6.45, when the reeds were +deserted. The departing birds did not arise alone, +but the entire flock arose at once, then divided into +two flocks, one of which flew northward while the +other returned to the reeds. Many of the departing +birds alighted on the reeds farther up the creek; +their numbers constantly received additions from +the ranks of passing birds, and thus new flocks were +formed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“At eight o’clock the last Swallows had left the +reeds in my vicinity, but birds were constantly passing +toward the north, and this straggling flight continued +until nine o’clock, when again the marshes +appeared deserted.”</p> + +<p class='c007'>Subsequent observations have been made largely +from a road crossing the marsh, the telegraph and +electric-light wires which border it being the resting +place of vast numbers of Swallows, both at night +and in the morning. Particularly do they throng +the wires near the creek, which flows north and +south through the marsh, and which, it is interesting +to observe, forms a natural highway for the +Swallows as they go to and from their roosts.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the sides of this road are several small maple +trees, to which the Swallows often resort in such +numbers that their foliage trembles as though in a +strong breeze, it not being the birds’ object to perch +in the trees, but to flutter among the dew-laden +leaves, and apparently bathe in the moisture they +contain, while between the baths they rest on the +smaller terminal twigs, when they are very difficult +to observe.<sup><a href='#i_049'>49</a></sup> This habit does not appear to have +been previously recorded, and I am by no means +certain that the explanation offered is the true +one.</p> + +<div id='i_050' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span> +<img src='images/i_050.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>50. Tree Swallows on wire and nest hunting about pile.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>Frequently one or more flocks, varying in size +from eight or ten to several hundred birds, may be +seen in the road, where I at first supposed they were +“dusting,” but soon noticed that most of the birds +after alighting in the road were motionless. They +did not move about as though searching for food, +but occasionally the actions of a pair enabled one +apparently to determine the sex of each individual, +and more often a bird would pick up a bit of dried +grass and fly up into the air with it. Sometimes it +was carried fifty yards or more and then dropped; +at others, the birds would carry it to the telegraph +wires above, and drop it after perching a moment. +Without exception, all the birds seen to alight in the +road were in the dull, immature plumage of birds of +the year, and in their actions, as Mr. William Brewster +has remarked (The Auk, 1898, p. 194), they evidently +gave a premature exhibition of the procreative +and nest-building instincts.<sup><a href='#i_051'>51</a></sup></p> + +<p class='c008'>Additional evidence of the possession of inherited +knowledge was apparently given by many Tree +Swallows, who were frequently seen hovering about +a pile standing in the creek.<sup><a href='#i_050'>50</a></sup> At first it was supposed +that these birds were feeding on insects which +had alighted on the pile; but the number of birds—often +a dozen or more—seen fluttering about it, and +the persistency with which they remained there, +forced the conclusion that in a wholly unreasoning +way they were looking for a nesting site.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>Swallows are not known to migrate by night, +and, so far as I am aware, no single Swallow has +ever been found among the thousands of night-flying +birds which have perished by striking lighthouses. +The Swallows, therefore, when migrating +probably leave the marsh during the day, but in +what manner who can say?</p> + +<div id='i_051' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_051.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>51. Immature Tree Swallows gathering nesting material.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Several times when crossing the marshes on the +cars I have observed gatherings of Swallows which +made the immense flocks observed daily in August +<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>and September seem little more than a family of +birds. They appeared in the distance like a vast +swarm of gnats; it was as though all the Swallows +in the marsh had collected in one great storm of +birds. The significance of this movement I have +never had the fortune to determine, but it seems +highly probable that it is connected with the inauguration +of an actual migration toward the birds’ +winter quarters.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span> + <h2 class='c006'>TWO DAYS WITH THE TERNS</h2> +</div> + +<div class='c007'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_106.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +Terns are useless for food, and can +not therefore be classed as “game +birds.” So far as we know they +are of no special economic value. +Consequently, when one protests +against their practical annihilation +for millinery purposes, he is +not infrequently answered: “Well, what good are +they?” The question exposes so absolute a failure +to appreciate the bird’s exquisite beauty and unexcelled +grace—such a discouraging materialism—that +one realizes the hopelessness of replying.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I confess I find it impossible to describe satisfactorily +just what the presence of Terns along our +coast means to me. It is not alone their perfection +of color, form, and movement which appeals to one, +but also the sense of companionship they bring; and +doubtless this feeling is emphasized by the impressive +loneliness of the sea, which makes anything +alive doubly welcome. And so the coming of a +single one of these beautiful creatures changes the +character of the bay or shore. With unfailing +pleasure one watches its marvelously easy flight, its +startling darts for its food of small fish, and when +it disappears the scene loses a grateful element of +life.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>A milliner’s hunter or fisherman, however, might +have made a very different reply to the unimaginative +individual who asked the value of Terns. The +former would have told him that they were worth +about ten cents each for hat trimmings; the latter +would have said that their eggs made excellent +omelets; and each has done his best—the one to +lay all Terns on the altar of Fashion, the other +to see that none of their eggs escaped the frying +pan.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the meantime a number of bird lovers have +taken up the battle for the Terns in their few remaining +strongholds, and the brief history of Tern +destruction and protection is full of suggestive incidents.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was about twenty years ago that Terns first +found favor in woman’s eyes, and during the few +succeeding years hundreds of thousands of these +birds were killed on the Atlantic coast for milliners. +Cobb’s Island, on the coast of Virginia, is credited +with having supplied forty thousand in a single +season, and, as one of the killers recently confessed +to me that he knew of fourteen hundred being killed +in a day, the story is doubtless true. Their delicate +white and pearl-gray feathers were, of course, badly +blood-stained; but good and bad, the skins were +washed and then thrown into a barrel of plaster, +which was rolled up and down the beach until the +moisture was absorbed from their plumage. A +Long Island taxidermist used a patent churn for +this purpose.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The destruction at other favorable points was +proportionately great, and in two or three years one +<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>looked in vain for the Terns which had previously so +enlivened our shores.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The protection afforded by an insular existence +was now given a practical and striking illustration. +The Terns which nested on the mainland or nearlying +sand bars were soon extirpated, but on certain +less accessible, uninhabited islets, they still survived.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus all that were left of countless numbers of +these birds which once inhabited the shores of Long +Island were to be found on the Great Gull Island, +while Muskeget and Penikese, off the Massachusetts +coast, contained the only large colonies of Terns +from Long Island to Maine. The existence of the +Gull Island colony being threatened by collectors, +the influence of several bird lovers secured the appointment +of the keeper of the lighthouse on the +neighboring islet, Little Gull, as a special game +warden to enforce the previously useless laws supposed +to protect the Terns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The result was both encouraging and instructive. +In two years it is estimated that the colony increased +from two thousand to four thousand, and it was hoped +that it might prove a nucleus from which the adjoining +shores would eventually be restocked with +Terns. But the Government at Washington selected +Great Gull Island as a desirable point for fortifications, +and before even this suggestion of war the +poor Terns disappeared. For one season the laborers +employed by the Government feasted on Terns’ +eggs; then the gradual occupancy of the eighteen +acres composing the islet forced the birds to seek +homes elsewhere.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>Hence it follows that if one would see Terns in +numbers on the middle Atlantic coast to-day, he +must journey to two small islets off Massachusetts, +which thus far have afforded them a refuge. Interesting +it is to recall that on Martha’s Vineyard, lying +between the two, are found the only living representatives +of the Heath Hen, or Eastern Prairie +Hen, which was once locally abundant in certain +parts of the Eastern and Middle States.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In 1889 I visited the Terns of Great Gull Island, +and a desire to be again surrounded by these birds, +and perhaps secure photographs of them and their +way of living, brought me on July 16, 1899, to +Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts, <em>en route</em> to whichever +Tern headquarters it might prove most convenient +to reach.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Quite unexpectedly there proved to be a small +colony of Common and Roseate Terns on three islets, +known as the Weepeckets, standing in Buzzard’s +Bay, near the entrance to Wood’s Holl. In all, there +were probably between three and four hundred +birds, of which by far the greater number appeared +to be domiciled on the largest of the three islands. +This contains from ten to twelve acres of sand, +grown with beach grass, scrub sumach, bayberries, +and a few stunted pines about two feet in +height.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On this apparently uninviting bit of land I passed +two delightful days alone with the Terns. The accompanying +photographs tell far more of the birds +than pen can well express, but they convey no suggestion +of the pleasure I experienced in again finding +myself among them.</p> + +<div id='i_052' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span> +<img src='images/i_052.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>52. Nesting site, nest, and three eggs of Common Tern. A nearer view of nest with sitting bird is shown in Nos. 63 and 64.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The birds were nesting on the upland, on the +sloping grass bank, on the northwest side of the island, +and on the rocky beach<sup><a href='#i_052'>52</a></sup> at its base. In the two +first-named locations most of the nests were lined +with grasses, but occasionally they consisted of only +a slight, bared depression in the earth; while the +eggs along the beach were, as a rule, deposited on +wisps or piles of driftweed. There were perhaps six +or eight Roseate Terns, the others were apparently +<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>all Common Terns, but as I am unfamiliar with the +very similar Arctic Tern, it is possible that this +species may have been present.</p> + +<div id='i_053' class='figright id004'> +<img src='images/i_053.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>53. Tern hovering above nest.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>A Tern colony is in some respects a unit. The +alarm of one bird is shared by all, and before the +boat’s keel grated on +the sandy beach of the +largest Weepecket, the +snowy-breasted birds, +which in a group were +resting there, had taken +flight, and with their +singular call told all the +other Terns on the island +of my invasion. +At once the birds gathered +and, hanging in a +flock overhead, protested +most vigorously +against my intrusion with their purring, vibrant +<em>te-a-r-r-r</em>. This cry never ceases so long as one +remains near their home; it rings in the ears for +days afterward, and one need only to recall it to +form a clear mental picture of a sky full of hovering +Terns. Occasionally this monotone was punctuated +by a loud, reedy <em>cack</em> as a Roseate Tern +dashed by, or as some half-distracted bird, whose +nest was doubtless near, screaming, dived close to +my head with a sudden, startling swish. It seemed +almost as though the bird would pierce me with its +sharply pointed bill; and if it could have managed +to go through the rim of my hat without damage to +either of us, I should have been very glad to have +<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>sacrificed that article of apparel to such an exhibition +of bravery.</p> + +<div id='i_054' class='figleft id004'> +<img src='images/i_054.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>54. Nest and eggs of Tern on upland.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>As I advanced I began to discover nests. Some +were on the upland, snugly placed in the grass or +near a large stone,<sup><a href='#i_054'>54</a></sup> and with pretty surroundings of +yarrow, sumach, or bending grasses; others were on +the little shelves of the steep westerly bank of the +islet; and others still on bits of seaweed among the +pebbles and rocks which here formed the beach.<sup><a href='#i_055'>55</a></sup> +No attempt was made +to take advantage of +the concealment offered +by the groups +of bowlders scattered +along the beach, and +beneath which the +birds might have hidden +effectively, it being +presumably their +object to select a +site from which they +could readily detect +any cause for alarm. +As a rule, their nests +contained one or two +eggs, only a single nest being seen with three.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Although by this time birds of the year should +have been on the wing, few young of any age were +seen—a condition which was doubtless explained by +the fact that the birds, thus far, had been too much +occupied furnishing the members of boating parties +with souvenirs of their day’s outing, to give attention +to their own household affairs.</p> + +<div id='i_055' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span> +<img src='images/i_055.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>55. Tern’s nest and eggs in drift <em>débris</em>.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>However, the few young that were seen gave +a most interesting exhibition of their instinctive +appreciation of the value of both their protective +colors and the power of their legs. As long as they +believed themselves unobserved they trusted in the +former; but the moment they became convinced that +a further attempt at concealment was useless, they +transferred their faith to their pedal extremities, on +which they pattered off as far and as fast as their +strength permitted. This observation was verified +later on Penikese,<sup><a href='#i_057'>57</a></sup> where young were numerous, and +the habit was well shown by the young bird figured.<sup><a href='#i_056'>56</a></sup> +He was discovered squatting among the rocks, where +he remained, practically at my feet, while I set up +my tripod and deliberately made his picture—during +which operation so inconspicuous was he that I invariably +had to hunt for him each time I removed +my eyes from the exact spot in which he was crouching. +Wishing now to show him to better advantage, +he was picked up and placed on a wisp of driftweed. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>At once his manner changed. My touch had +broken the spell; what could be felt could be seen, +and, whereas before he had been as motionless as the +pebbles about him,<sup><a href='#i_057'>57</a></sup> his one object now was to get +out of sight as speedily as possible. Consequently, +time after time, the moment I took my hand from +him he was off, and it was only by squeezing the +bulb the moment he was released that I succeeded +finally in securing his picture on the seaweed.</p> + +<div id='i_056' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_056.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>56. Young Tern hiding on rocky beach.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Young Terns, apparently, spend at least two +days in the nest, during which time they are brooded +by the parents; then they wander about within a +limited space seeking the shade of a stone or bit +of driftwood, always of course under the parental +care. At Penikese, young of the year were seen on +<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>the wing, and the series of pictures shown represents +the stages of growth from the egg to the age at +which the bird takes flight.</p> + +<div id='i_057' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_057.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>57. Young Tern hiding in the grass.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Both the nature of the bird’s haunts and the +manner in which the members of a colony spread an +alarm make it practically impossible to surprise a +Tern upon its nest. But by lying prone upon the +ground one attracts far less attention than when +standing. The hovering flock of birds gradually +disperses, and those which are incubating soon return +to the vicinity of their nests, hanging over +them and dropping nearer and nearer,<sup><a href='#i_053'>53</a></sup> until at the +end of fifteen or twenty minutes they swoop down +beside them, raise their wings high over their backs, +then fold them gently and settle upon their eggs.<sup><a href='#i_058'>58</a></sup></p> + +<p class='c008'>On a second visit to the island a bit of old sail +was brought, which I drew over me when lying on +the ground—a plan resulting in my practical disappearance, +as far as the Terns were concerned.</p> + +<div id='i_058' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span> +<img src='images/i_058.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>58. Tern alighting on nest. Same nest as Nos. 60–62.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Obviously the only manner in which photographs +of the Terns on their nests could be secured was to +conceal one’s camera near the nest and retire, with a +tube or thread, to a distance of a hundred feet or +more. A nest was therefore selected about halfway +up the bank on the westerly side of the island, the +camera staked to the ground with long iron pins, +and completely covered with the dried seaweed +abundant on the beach below. I then attached a +black linen thread to the shutter and retired about +one hundred feet to the top of the bank. Almost as +soon as I lay down the tumult overhead ceased, the +birds scattered, and the rasping <em>te-a-r-r-r</em> note of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>alarm was replaced by a variety of calls, showing +these birds to be possessed of an unexpectedly extended +vocabulary. One call was a chirp not unlike +the White-throated Sparrow’s, a second might be +written <em>tue, tue, tue</em>, and was uttered when one bird +was in pursuit of another.</p> + +<div id='i_059' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_059.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>59. Tern on hillside nest.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The seaweed not only concealed the camera perfectly, +but was so abundant near the bird’s nest that +the appearance of a fresh mound apparently did not +even excite the bird’s curiosity, and within twenty +minutes it had returned to its eggs. It happened, +however, that the nature of the site chosen induced +the bird to face the water, and as the camera was +above, and consequently behind it, the view presented +did not show it to advantage, but after several +unsuccessful trials the attempt to secure a more +flattering view was abandoned.<sup><a href='#i_059'>59</a></sup></p> + +<p class='c008'>A bird was now chosen who was incubating two +eggs placed in a depression in a little mound of seaweed +on the beach. On this occasion the camera was +<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>placed on a driftwood box, weighted with stones, +and completely covered with seaweed. These eggs +were hatching, and the bird soon returned to them; +but before it had come back, another bird in darting +by had flown into the thread, springing the shutter, +and making the picture<sup><a href='#i_060'>60</a></sup> of the nest and eggs here +given quite as effectively as many a similarly inexperienced +photographer could have done.</p> + +<div id='i_060' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_060.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>60. Tern’s nest and hatching eggs in seaweed.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The day but one following—July 20th—these eggshells +had disappeared, and the nest was occupied +by two young birds with just enough strength to +crawl toward the parent bird when it appeared with +food.<sup><a href='#i_061'>61</a></sup> And when their appetites were appeased the +parent bird took her place on the nest and brooded +them with the care of an anxious hen.<sup><a href='#i_062'>62</a></sup></p> + +<p class='c008'>A few yards from this new family were two +young who could not have been over four days old, +but who had left the nest for the shade of a piece of +driftwood. Here they were fed by two birds—doubtless +both parents—whom they seemed to recognize +among the other Terns hovering above them. They +<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>were apparently fed on small fish, which the parent +bird placed in their open mouths while standing just +within reaching distance. None of the several pictures +of these birds were wholly successful, but in +all of them the old birds seem to be much more +graceful in form than the parent of the newly +hatched young in the seaweed.</p> + +<div id='i_061' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_061.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>61. Tern about to feed young. Same nest as No. 60.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>A less experienced Tern had placed its nest of a +few bits of seaweed among the pebbles, almost +within reach of the waves. This bird was singularly +restless, turning its head from side to side +so constantly that its picture was secured only by +pulling the long thread the moment after the bird +moved.<sup><a href='#i_063'>63</a>, <a href='#i_064'>64</a></sup> Like all the birds photographed on the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>nest, it showed no alarm at the click of the shutter +as the exposure was made. This surprised me not +a little. The camera was usually about three feet +from the bird, the exposure was necessarily rapid +(¹⁄₂₅ second and stop 8), the snap of the old-style +“Henry Clay,” used on the first day, or even of the +less loud Iris diaphragm, could be plainly heard at +a distance of several yards, and its failure to startle +these nervous, easily frightened birds makes one +suspect that their hearing is deficient.</p> + +<div id='i_062' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_062.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>62. Tern brooding young. Same nest as No. <a href='#i_060'>60</a>.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The nests of the Terns that chose the upland for +a home were often picturesquely surrounded by +stunted sumach or blooming yarrow, but the birds +here were far less easy to photograph because of +the difficulty of thoroughly concealing one’s camera. +The owner of an especially pleasing nesting site kept +me beneath my bit of sail for somewhat over two +hours, while she—if it was she—hung in the air just +<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>over her eggs, on which I momentarily expected +to see her settle.<sup><a href='#i_065'>65</a></sup></p> + +<div id='i_063' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_063.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>63. Tern on nest. Site shown in No. 52.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div id='i_064' class='figright id004'> +<img src='images/i_064.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>64. Tern on nest. Site shown in No. 52.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In the meantime the tide had arisen and floated +my boat, which was carried by the wind across to +Naushon, and I might +have passed the night +with the Terns, had +not the Fish Commissioner’s +launch taken +me off in the afternoon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It would not have +been an unwelcome experience. +There was +an abundance of dry +seaweed for a couch—a +nest, I had almost +said—and some cavernlike +openings beneath +the piles of great bowlders +had a very snug and cozy look, which probably +would have disappeared shortly after sunset.</p> + +<div id='i_065' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span> +<img src='images/i_065.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>65. Tern on upland nest.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Two days later I went to Penikese, and my dominant +thought on recalling the experience is an intense +desire to repeat it. Penikese, or at least its +northern part, is an island of Terns. On the rocky +beach, from which the sides of the bank lead to the +rolling upland above, whichever way I looked was +a Tern’s nest with its two, or, rarely, three eggs. +Less frequently young Terns were seen, varying in +age from those just emerging from the shell to +others almost ready to fly, while overhead was a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>countless multitude of hovering, darting Terns, +whose voices united in one continuous, grating +<em>te-a-r-r-r</em> made the air tremble. There was an occasional +vibrant cack from a Roseate, but not more +than a dozen birds of this species were heard. Asked +to estimate the number of birds present I should +have said ten thousand, though I should not have +been surprised to learn that there were twenty thousand. +However, Mr. George H. Mackay, of Nantucket, +who may be regarded as a Tern specialist, +placed the number of Terns on Penikese, in 1896, at +“six or seven thousand,” and with the assistance of +Mr. R. H. Howe, Jr., counted 1,416 nests containing +2,055 eggs (Auk, xiv, 1897, p. 283).</p> + +<div id='i_066' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_066.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>66. Young Terns; first stage, about four days old.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>A small flock of sheep shared this part of the +island with the Terns, and their presence accounted +for the short grass which made the upland resemble +a closely cut lawn, and permitted one readily to see +<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>the Tern’s eggs when several yards distant. For +the same reason the birds could be seen even more +plainly, and my most pleasing memory of Penikese +is the greensward dotted with the white forms of +breeding birds, who had returned to their nests after +I had partially concealed myself behind a bowlder.</p> + +<div id='i_067' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_067.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>67. Young Tern, about a week old.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div id='i_068' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_068.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>68. Young Tern; third stage, second plumage appearing.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>In or near the nests many dead young birds were +seen. The cause of their death was not evident, +unless it may be attributed to the unguarded footsteps +of the grazing sheep. If this be true, the +parent birds seemed in no way to resent the sheep’s +carelessness, but accepted their presence without +protest; one bird even exhibited a sign of good +fellowship by perching on a sheep’s back, and the +length of time it remained there showed that it was +by no means an unwelcome visitor.</p> + +<div id='i_069' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_069.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>69. Young Tern, fourth stage.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>My time on Penikese was too short to more than +show what an admirable opportunity is here offered +the ornithologist who desires to make a close study +of the home life and social relations of Terns. The +<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>present owners of the island, the Messrs. Homer, of +New Bedford, take a greatly to be commended interest +in the welfare of their feathered tenants, and, +through posters and the agency of their representative +on the island, aim to afford the birds a much-needed +protection.</p> + +<p class='c008'>What an enviable possession! What a privilege +to be able to give a refuge to so large a proportion +of the remaining survivors of these persecuted +birds!</p> + +<div id='i_070' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_070.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>70. Young Tern, stage before flight.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>With no desire to underrate the services to the +Commonwealth of these gentlemen, I still could wish +the Terns more stable protectors. Not the State, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>whose record as a Tern protector does not invite our +confidence, but a society of bird lovers—the Nuttall +Club of Cambridge, or the Audubon Society of Massachusetts. +Would it not be a fitting act for one of +these organizations to ask from woman, the Tern’s +chief enemy, contributions to a fund for the purchase +of an asylum for her victims. Can no one so +plead the Terns’ cause that many a feather-bedecked +woman will be glad to send her conscience money +to aid in securing their protection?</p> + +<p class='c008'>But in addition to being a home of the birds, +Penikese has other claims upon Nature lovers. +Here Agassiz, through the medium of his summer +school, brought his pupils into direct contact with +Nature, and the scene of his labors is fraught with +associations to every one familiar with the inspiring +history of his life. Let us keep this island sacred to +his memory and the Terns.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE BIRD ROCKS OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE</h2> +</div> + +<h3 class='c013'>PERCÉ AND BONAVENTURE</h3> + +<div class='c014'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_128.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +The naturalist realizes with the utmost +sadness that the encroachments +of civilization are rapidly +changing the conditions of animal +life on this small sphere of ours, +and that soon he may find Nature +primeval only in its more remote +or inaccessible parts.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Forest life vanishes with the demand for timber, +which sends the axeman in advance of the agriculturist. +The tillable plains, prairies, and bottom +lands are transformed by the plow. The sandy +beaches suffer with an eruption of summer hotels +and cottages, and within the confines of civilization +only such useless portions of the earth’s surface as +the arid deserts and barren mountain tops, marshy +wastes and rocky or far-distant islets, have been unaltered +by man.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is especially to the preserving influences of +island life that we owe the continued survival of +many animals which have greatly decreased or become +exterminated on the mainland, as has been +remarked of the Terns and Heath Hen—two illustrations +<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>among hundreds that might be given. Certain +animals, therefore, are not only more abundant +on islands, but, if their home be not shared by man, +they exhibit a tameness surprising to one who has +known only the timid, man-fearing creatures of the +mainland.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On several uninhabited West Indian islets the +sailors of Columbus killed Pigeons and other birds +with sticks, or caught them in their hands. Darwin +writes of the “extreme tameness” of the birds +of the Galapagos, and tells of pushing a Hawk off +its perch with the muzzle of his gun. Moseley, on +Inaccessible and Kerguelen Islands, had similar experiences.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Albatrosses of the Laysan Islands show far +less fear of man than do barnyard fowls—in short, +if it were necessary, hundreds of instances might be +cited to show that distrust of man is an acquired +and not a natural trait of animals.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having these facts in mind, therefore, I bethought +me of some island or islands which were +neither at the antipodes nor either pole, and where +birds were not only abundant, but in such happy +ignorance of man that no difficulty would be experienced +in securing their photographs. These would +not only have a present interest and value, but would +also form permanent records of conditions already +threatened by the destructive tendencies of the age.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After carefully considering all the more easily +reached islets of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, my +choice fell on certain of the bird rocks of the Gulf +of St. Lawrence. The name bird rock is used in +both a general and a special sense. In the former it +<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>may be applied to many of the rocky islets of the +gulf, in the latter it relates exclusively to <em>the</em> Bird +Rocks at the northeastern end of the Magdalen +group.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Percé Rock, Bonaventure Island, the Magdalens, +and the Bird Rocks themselves seemed to offer the +best opportunities to the bird photographer, and, +accompanied by my best assistant, I departed for the +first named on July 2, 1898.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Percé Rock<sup><a href='#i_071'>71</a></sup> (so named because its base has been +pierced by the action of the waves) lies about three +hundred feet off the land at the town of Percé, on +the west side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A semiweekly steamer from Dalhousie, near the +head of Bay of Chaleur, furnishes the regular means +of communication with Percé, and the town at once +possesses a distinction over any place on the line of +a railway. For, aside from every other reason, there +is a pervasiveness about the smoke of a railway +locomotive which contaminates the atmosphere and +robs local influences of half their potency. Doubtless +there are persons who would be glad to change +the aroma of Percé’s fishyards for the stifling air of +a railway tunnel, but give me the pungent odor of +Percé’s drying cod unadulterated.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Even the steamer does not touch Percé, and we +were landed by a boat in a sea just rough enough to +make the experience interesting. At the pier no +hotel agent greeted us, for Percé possesses neither +hotel nor boarding house, and summer resorters are +almost unknown. This was a delightful discovery. +We had come in search of an isolated colony of +birds, and we found also an isolated colony of man—quaint +fisher folk whose <em>patois</em> French had a +gratefully foreign sound.</p> + +<div id='i_071' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span> +<img src='images/i_071.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>71. Percé Rock from the north.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>Lodgings were secured at the home of a retired +fisherman, and immediately we sallied forth to pay +tribute to the Rock from the nearest point on the +mainland. Its size and precipitousness were both +surprising and impressive. Seen from the land it +seemed like the hull of some great ship which had +gone ashore here in the age of the Titans. Nearly +three hundred feet high at the bow, with a beam of +about one hundred, and a length over all of twelve +hundred feet, it was not likely to be boarded by the +most nimble seaman.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Doubtless an expert climber, properly equipped +with ropes and assistants, might reach the summit; +but as the last man to make the attempt, some fifty +years ago, lost his life, the town authorities have imposed +a fine of five pounds on any one who shall be +found guilty of scaling or trying to scale the Rock, +and the law, incidentally, protects the birds as well +as man.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The top of the Rock is occupied by a colony of +probably between two and three thousand Herring +Gulls and Double-crested Cormorants. The guidebooks +array these birds in picturesque cohorts which +make the Cormorants’ part of the Rock black, the +Gulls’ white; and they further state that should a +black bird chance to trespass on the Gulls’ territory, +he is immediately surrounded by a consuming white +cloud, and <em>vice versa</em>. But be it said to the disgrace +of man and the credit of birds, that the Cormorants +and Gulls nest side by side apparently on terms of +the greatest amity.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>At this point it should be stated that my photographic +outfit consisted of an ancient but useful +4 × 5 “Waterbury Detective,” containing a wide +angle, short-focus lens, and designed for general +handwork; a 4 × 5 long-focus “Premo” with a 6½-inch +trade lens and Unicum shutter, for use from a +tripod or in photographing nests, landscapes, etc., +and a 5 × 7 twin lens with a 10-inch lens and Prosch +shutter, a camera made especially for animal photography, +but which was undesirably bulky.</p> + +<p class='c008'>None of these was of service in photographing +the inhabitants of Percé Rock from the land, nor +could a telephoto be used to advantage, the Rock +being so much higher than the adjoining mainland. +From a boat near the base of the southeast side of +the Rock a better opportunity is afforded for photographing +its summit, and the best of several attempts +made at this point is here presented.<sup><a href='#i_072'>72</a></sup> Examined +under a glass it conveys some idea of the +number of birds occupying the top of the Rock; and +while one regrets that the camera does so little justice +to the subject, one can not but rejoice that here, +at least, is one place to which probably for all time +birds may return each year and rear their young in +perfect security.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In crevices in the face of the Rock numbers of +Guillemots nest, and directly above the pierced +opening dwell a colony of about thirty Kittiwakes, +who have apparently taken up their residence in the +Rock within comparatively recent years, since none +were here in 1881 when Mr. William Brewster visited +Percé.</p> + +<div id='i_072' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span> +<img src='images/i_072.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>72. Percé Rock from southeast end. The Cormorants and Gulls may be dimly seen on the summit of the Rock.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>Wherever one be about Percé, in the town or +out, the Rock is the prominent feature of the coast +line. It dominates its surroundings as a snowcapped +mountain rules its dependent ranges. To +the bird lover it possesses a double fascination, and +one is constantly attracted by the ceaseless cries +of the throng of hovering birds, who in some indescribable +way seem to invest their home with a sense +of the charm, the freedom, the wildness of a sea-bird’s +life. It is a true <em>bird</em> rock; man has no part +in it.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At sunset this bond between the Rock and its +inhabitants seemed especially strong and real. +Through a notch in the western hills the last rays +of the sun fell squarely upon the Rock, illuminating +it and the ever-present soaring Gulls after the land +and the sea were in shadow. Slowly the light left +the Rock, until it, too, was of the same gray-blue as +its surroundings; then, like the beams from a searchlight, +it struck the circling mass of Gulls, making +them seem a flurry of snowflakes descending into +the gloom below.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The pilgrim to Percé Rock will find that the +object of his journey not only exceeds in grandeur +his brightest imagination of it, but he will be further +rewarded by discovering Percé itself and the +country round about to be of exceptional interest +and beauty. It was the season of codfishing, and +every morning a fleet of a hundred or more stanch +little boats, each with two men, put out into the bay +for a day’s fishing. Their return, late in the afternoon, +was an eventful part of the day. Then the +beach was the center of attraction as boat after boat +came in, the men depositing their catch on the sands, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>then setting up their tables and “splitting” the cod +with surprising dexterity.<sup><a href='#i_073'>73</a></sup></p> + +<div id='i_073' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_073.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>73. Splitting cod on Percé beach. Percé Rock in the distance.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>This industry resulted in a singular habit among +the Herring Gulls, which, when first seen, I was at a +loss to explain. In a cultivated hillside bordering +the town a flock of about fifty Gulls was observed +eagerly devouring some food, which was apparently +abundant. “Grasshoppers,” I thought, but on investigation +the grasshoppers proved to be entrails, +heads, vertebræ, etc., of codfish, which had been +strewn over the fields as fertilizer. The Gulls took +wing at my approach, and perched in long rows on +the fences; a curious sight, of which I tried, but +failed, to secure a picture.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was through these fields, and along the crests +of the red sandstone cliffs northwest of the town, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>that my walks oftenest led me. A few Herring +Gulls nested on the ledges, and Mr. Kearton might +have succeeded in securing the photographs of them. +But I freely confess to an absence of both taste and +talent as a cliffman, and was quite content, under +the circumstances, to view the +birds from above. They, however, +had no scruples about +approaching me, and uttering +a threatening <em>ka-ka-ka</em>, which +suggested the voice of a gigantic +katydid, circled about my +head or, with an alarming +<em>swish</em>, swooped down so near +me that I invariably was surprised +into “ducking.” Here +also were croaking Ravens, who +seemed by no means shy, and +on nearly every fence post was +a Savanna Sparrow, by all odds +the most abundant land bird +observed.</p> + +<div id='i_074' class='figright id005'> +<img src='images/i_074.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>74. Young Savanna Sparrow.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Turning from the cliffs, one +soon reached the spruce and +balsam forests, with their twittering +Juncos, sweet-voiced +White-throated Sparrows, Pine +Finches, and numerous Warblers, +and following the gently +ascending lanes and pathways leading through the +fragrant woods, arrived at the shrine-crowned summit +of Mount St. Anne, twelve hundred feet above +the gulf.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>It is a superb view of boundless sea and forest +which greets one from this vantage point—a striking +combination of the charms of land and water. +To the south, the Bay Chaleur with its broken coast +line; to the west, a grand panorama of mountain +and valley, all densely wooded—the home of bear, +and deer, and caribou; to the north, a foreground +of red cliffs and blue water, and, in the distance, +Gaspé; to the east, the apparently limitless gulf and, +seemingly beneath one, Bonaventure Island, Percé, +and the Rock.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was a view to remember; one, I trust, I may +be privileged to behold again. I longed for time to +explore the surrounding woods, but Bonaventure +with its Gannets wielded a stronger fascination, and +two days after our arrival we chartered a cod boat, +with its crew, for the voyage to the Gannet rookeries +on the eastern side of Bonaventure, distant about +four miles.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The evident great strength of our craft in proportion +to its size made it seem like a stunted vessel, +and her captain and the crew, of one man, seemed +built on the same lines. During the winter they +were lumbermen in the region north of Ottawa, in +the summer codfishers. It is doubtful if they could +have selected occupations requiring greater endurance. +They seemed as tough as rawhide, and as +rough as pirates.</p> + +<p class='c008'>My good assistant they invariably spoke of as +“the woman,” but both proved true men at heart, +and as solicitous for our welfare as though their own +lives of exposure had not trained them to laugh at +hardship.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>I may seem to give undue attention to the boatmen +of a day; but there are days and days in our +lives, and with neither my companion nor myself +will time dim the memory of the day off Bonaventure.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There had been a heavy blow from the east the +night before, the tide was ebbing, and ere we had +passed the Rock, and while still under the lee of +Bonaventure, our boat began to toss in a very disquieting +manner. As we rounded the southwest end +of Bonaventure we were more exposed to the action +of the waves, but my physical balance was sustained +by the anticipation of seeing “two, tree million of +bird,” which the men declared would soon be visible +on the cliffs.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The farther we advanced the less shelter had we +from the land, and finally, passing the northwest +end of the island, we were at the mercy of the full +force of a long rolling sea, which made it impossible +to stand, or even sit, without clinging to one’s surroundings. +At this point, I believe, the promise of +the most wonderful sight in the bird world would not +have induced me to continue on our course another +minute; but fortunately no promise was required, +the sight itself existed, and under its inspiration I +battled with weak nature for the next half hour +with a courage born of enthusiasm and a desire to +picture the wonders of the scene before me.</p> + +<div id='i_075' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span> +<img src='images/i_075.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>75. The Gannet cliffs of Bonaventure.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>On the ledges of the red sandstone cliffs, which +rose sheer three hundred feet above the waves at +their base, was row after row of snow-white Gannets +on their nests.<sup><a href='#i_075'>75</a></sup> Their number was incredible, +and as we coasted slowly onward, the red walls above +us were streaked with white as far as one could see +in either direction, and the hoarse cries of the birds +rose in chorus above the sound of the beating waves. +It was a wild picture, which the majesty of the cliffs +and the grandeur of the sea rendered exceedingly +impressive.</p> + +<p class='c008'>How I longed for the internal composure of my +boatmen! One moment I bowed to the waves, the +next propped myself against the mast and, held by +the captain, attempted to use the twin-lens camera. +Water, cliff, and sky danced across the ground glass +in bewildering succession, as, like a wing-shot, I +squeezed my pneumatic bulb and snapped at the +jumping sky line.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One or two exposures were followed by collapse, +and in time by partial recuperation, which permitted +fresh efforts. In the picture presented the cliff is +well shown, but the birds are not so numerous as in +others less successful photographically. And during +this time how fared my assistant? Charity forbids +a reply. I will only say that, in response to a +hail from a passing fisherman, our captain shouted, +“<em><span lang="fr">Son malade!</span></em>”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The supply of 5 × 7 plates exhausted, we came +about, and sailing before the wind quickly reached +the leeward side of the island, where, under the reviving +influence of calmer water, we determined to +revisit the Gannets, this time, however, by land.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Disembarking at the fishing village, which is +situated on the west side of Bonaventure, we were +soon in the spruce and balsam forests, which occupy +all but the borders of the island, here about a mile +and a half in width. The change from the turmoil +<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>and vastness of the sea to the quiet and seclusion +of the forest made the previous hour’s experience +seem distant and unreal. The wind which had +roared through our rigging now breathed peacefully +through the tree tops; the heaving, frothy sea was +replaced by stable earth, wondrously carpeted with +snow-white cornel and dainty twin-flowers;<sup><a href='#i_076'>76</a></sup> instead +of the harsh cries of the Gannets, we heard the Ave +Maria of the White-throated Sparrow. Rarely have +the woods seemed so beautiful. Approaching the +eastern cliffs, the trees became dwarfed and singularly +malformed by the winds. Finally they disappeared +altogether, and were succeeded by fields blue +with iris. Never have I seen this plant so abundant. +There were acres of flowers reaching to the very +edge of the cliffs, where, with only a change in the +tint, the blue of the iris faded into the blue of +the sea.</p> + +<div id='i_076' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_076.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>76. Cornel or bunchberry.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>We were now nearing the Gannets; desiring to +secure a picture of a fully occupied ledge, I urged +due caution, and advanced quietly to the edge of +the cliff. The point was well chosen—almost directly +beneath us, and about halfway down to the +sea, there being a broad, rocky shelf so thickly +dotted with nesting Gannets that every bird in the +group was within reach of his immediately surrounding +fellows.<sup><a href='#i_077'>77</a></sup> It was an astonishing picture +of bird life, but only a fragment of what we had +beheld from the sea. Under the circumstances, +however, this fragment brought more satisfaction +than had been before received from the entire Gannet +colony.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 4 × 5 “Premo” was now erected, care being +taken to make no move which would alarm the +birds, and several exposures were made at leisure. +Then changing the lens to an old “Henry Clay,” +and attaching several elastics to the shutter, I prepared +to make a flight picture of the birds as, at the +report of my gun, they left their nests. All ready, +I took firm hold of the bulb and gave the word to +the captain to fire.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The result may fairly be called a failure. As far +as we could determine, the birds gave no evidence +of hearing the shot or the others which followed, and +our best efforts did not succeed in making a single +Gannet leave its nest. Like Darwin’s Hawk and +Moseley’s Penguins, these birds seemed happily +ignorant of man and his ways. One could doubtless +descend to their ledge without causing them to +leave it.</p> + +<div id='i_077' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span> +<img src='images/i_077.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>77. A ledge of nesting Gannets. About four hundred birds are shown in this picture.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>It is conceivable that the wearing of Gannets’ +heads, or feet, or wings may some day become fashionable, +but unless the demand be urgent and the +price sufficient to tempt men to risk their lives, the +Gannets will long continue to nest on the cliffs of +Bonaventure.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE MAGDALENS</h2> +</div> + +<div class='c007'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_146.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +From Percé to the Magdalens by sea +is about a hundred and twenty +miles, but lacking a proper vessel +we were forced to return to Dalhousie +and there take the International +Railroad to Pictou, where +a weekly steamer leaves for Prince +Edward Island and the “Madalenes,” as the natives +call them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The journey is possessed of both present and +historic interest, and the hospitality for which the +residents of Pictou are noted assures one of a pleasant +stay in their picturesque little town. Here I +met a veteran ornithologist—James McKinlay—who, +although over threescore and ten and isolated from +others of kindred tastes, still possesses the enthusiasm +of the genuine naturalist. His collection, the greater +part of which he has presented to the Pictou Academy, +contains, among other birds, a Brown Pelican, +a Corncrake, and a Chuck-will’s-widow—all shot in +the vicinity.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Magdalen steamer is neither a yacht nor an +ocean greyhound, but answers very well for the +short voyage of a hundred and fifty miles across +the gulf. Pictou was left at noon, and the following +morning we awakened to find the steamer at anchor +<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>off an island with red sandstone cliffs, and green +fields rising gently into hills clad with stunted +spruce forests. This was at the southern end of the +long sand bar which joins these so-called islands; and +our destination, Grand Entry, near the northern end +of the chain, was reached late in the afternoon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At this point we embarked in a small sailboat, +and in a driving rainstorm flew before the wind +across a bay two miles in width, and up an arm a +mile or so in length, to the settlement of Grosse Isle, +on the island of the same name. The tide was out; +Black-backed Gulls were feeding on the flats, and +Gannets fishing in the deeper water; Guillemots rose +before the boat; a seal showed itself for a moment +and disappeared—moving figures in a picture which +impressed itself very vividly on my memory. A +landing was made with difficulty, and a walk of +nearly a mile through the scrubby spruces brought +us to the home of the fisher folk, who had agreed to +take us in.</p> + +<p class='c008'>If Percé is isolated, Grosse Isle is in another +sphere. Even the weekly steamer which plies between +Pictou and the Magdalens from May to November +comes no nearer than Grand Entry, and its +arrival seemed a rather vague incident, made real +only by the appearance of mail.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The lobster season had just closed, the “pots” +were piled in heaps on the beaches, and mackerel +fishing was now the presumable industry of the male +population of Grosse Isle. But few fish were running, +and each day boat after boat of glum-looking +men came in from the sea with often only a few cod +to show for their labor. This, however, was midsummer, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>and the Grosse Isle “season” was in full swing. +There was a school picnic one day; on another, service +was held in the little white church on the hillside; +but, as I considered the deathlike quiet which, +as a rule, reigned in the village, I wondered what +life must be there in winter. Then the entire Magdalen +group is frozen in a sea of ice, which renders +communication with the mainland (except by cable, +generally out of +repair) impossible. +When the +ice breaks in the +spring, seals appear +and furnish +a hazardous occupation +to those +who are venturesome +enough to +go in pursuit of +them—a form of +sport which I imagine +is eagerly +welcomed after +the lethargy of +winter. With us +the Magdalens +were only a stepping-stone +to +Bird Rock, but +while preparing for the continuation of our journey +to that point we took some note of our surroundings.</p> + +<div id='i_078' class='figleft id004'> +<img src='images/i_078.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>78. Nest and eggs of Fox Sparrow.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The Magdalens have an interesting avifauna, but +<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>it was now the latter half of July and the song season +of most species was over. Fox Sparrows, however, +were still singing, and their clear, ringing +whistle came from the spruces all about. The fogs, +so characteristic of the region, seemed in no way to +dampen their spirits, and when the gray mists closed +in thick about us their notes rang out as cheerily as +though the sun shone from a blue sky.</p> + +<p class='c008'>My short excursions, however, were largely made +along the beaches in search of some sea waif, and +for the shore birds that would soon migrate through +these islands in large numbers, or to the cliffs where +the Guillemots were nesting. The latter were comparative +strangers to me, and I had not become +accustomed to the plump, black, white-winged, little +birds that sat so lightly on the water. They nest in +scattered pairs, in crevices, in the face of the cliffs, +where my guide, Mr. Shelbourne, a resident collector, +was particularly apt at discovering them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Grosse Isle is not beyond the range of the nestrobbing +small boy, and only the few Guillemots that +had contrived to escape him now had young. They +were feeding them on sand eels, and with bills full +of their shining prey made frequent visits to their +nests. The young varied in development from those +as yet covered only with the scanty natal down to +others half grown and with the black and white +second plumage appearing beneath. They were active +enough to test the temper of the most patient +bird photographer, and the accompanying picture +was secured only after many trials.<sup><a href='#i_079'>79</a></sup></p> + +<div id='i_079' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span> +<img src='images/i_079.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>79. Young Guillemots.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In the meantime we were endeavoring to make +some arrangements for our voyage to the Rock, +which on clear days could be seen from the tops of +the higher hills—a hazy dot in the sea. Imagination +peopled the view with Cartier, Audubon, and his +successors, and I could scarcely believe that the +scene of the wonders they had described was actually +on my horizon. But, although only twenty +miles away, Bird Rock now seemed more distant +than before we had taken the first step of our journey. +This in a measure is due to the uncertainty of +gulf weather, the strong tides, the sudden and severe +<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>squalls, the prevalence of fogs, and the surprising +rapidity with which the latter change a sunlit horizon +to closely crowding gray walls—all of which +make navigation in these waters more than usually +dangerous. Furthermore, it is to be remembered +that Bird Rock is not a port in which one could seek +safety from a storm, but a spot to be approached +only in the calmest weather. One might therefore +start for the Rock under the most favorable conditions, +be caught in a squall and, as a result, find one’s +self at sea with the recently desired haven changed +to an element of danger.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With the Rock glimmering in the sunlight and +apparently almost within reach, it was not easy to +believe tales of disaster which had befallen those +who in small boats had attempted to reach it, and I +was more impressed with its inaccessibility by the +fact that only one of the many fishermen with whom +I talked, had ever landed on this inhospitable resort +of sea birds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This man proved a friend in need—one Captain +Hubbard Taker, of the thirty-ton schooner Sea Gem. +I commend him to every visitor to the Magdalens +as a man and a sailor. It was when the difficulties +of reaching the Rock by small boat appeared insurmountable +that Captain Taker returned from a fishing +trip to the Labrador coast. He proved to be +one of those rare but exceedingly satisfactory individuals +with whom anything is possible, or at least +who believes it is until the contrary is shown. Could +he take us to Bird Rock? “Why, of course; and +whenever you are ready.” So without delay we +boarded the Sea Gem.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BIRD ROCK</h2> +</div> + +<div class='c007'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_152.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +If as a result of a conference between +the birds and the Audubon +Society a home were to be selected +which should prove a secure retreat +for certain of the feathered +kind, I imagine that Bird Rock, +in its primal condition, would +have admirably filled the requirements set forth by +both conferees.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With precipitous, rocky walls weathered into +innumerable ledges, shelves, and crevices—all fit +nesting sites—one might think of it as a colossal +lodging house for the countless sea-bird tenants who +find here not only a suitable place for the reproduction +of their young, but in the surrounding waters +an abundant and unfailing supply of food. Add +to these conditions the Rock’s isolation and inaccessibility, +its shoreless outline, and the difficulty +with which it may be ascended, and we have indeed +an ideal refuge for sea fowl, one in which, unless +they were subjected to special persecution, they +might have continued to exist for centuries, had not +the transforming influences of civilization reached +even to this isle of the sea.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Bird Rock is about fifty miles northwest of Cape +Breton, the nearest mainland, and twelve east of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>Bryon Island, its next neighbor in the Magdalen +group, to which it belongs. It is three hundred and +fifty yards long, from fifty to one hundred and forty +yards wide, and rises abruptly from the sea to a +height of from eighty to one hundred and forty feet. +Its outline, the nature of its base, sides, and summit +are well indicated by the accompanying pictures.</p> + +<div id='i_080' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_080.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>80. Bird Rock from the southwest; distant about one half a mile.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Three quarters of a mile northeast of Bird Rock, +or Great Bird, as it is more specifically called, lies +Little Bird, a red sandstone rock which at high tide, +or from a distance, appears as two. The shallow +water between Great and Little Birds suggests the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>possibility of a past connection and the probability +that in some future geological age the waves will +have completed their work of destruction, when both +islands will have disappeared.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The history of these bird-inhabited islands is +interesting, and gives us some information of the +changes which man has wrought in their bird life. +It begins with the account given by Jacques Cartier +of his voyage to Canada in 1534. Of the Bird Rocks +he wrote: “We came to three islands, two of which +are as steep and upright as any wall, so that it was +not possible to climb them, and between them is a little +rock. These islands were as full of birds as any +meadow is of grass, which there do make their nests, +and in the greatest of them there was a great and +infinite number of those that we called Margaulx, +that are white and bigger than any geese, which +were severed in one part. In the other were only +Godetz, but toward the shore there were of those +Godetz and great Apponatz, like to those of that +island that we above have mentioned. We went +down to the lowest part of the least island, where +we killed above a thousand of those Godetz and +Apponatz. We put into our boats as many as we +pleased, for in less than one hour we might have +filled thirty such boats of them. We named them +the islands of the Margaulx.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Concerning this quotation Mr. F. A. Lucas remarks +(The Auk, v, 1888, page 129): “While this +description, as well as the sentences which immediately +precede it, contains some statements that +apparently are at variance with existing facts, there +is nevertheless good reason to believe that Cartier +<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>here refers to the Bird Rocks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. +The birds called Margaulx, which bite even +as dogs, were Gannets, whose descendants, in spite +of centuries of persecution, are to be found to-day +nesting where their ancestors did before them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“That Cartier’s description does not accord with +their present appearance is not to be wondered at. +The material of which they are composed is of a +soft, decomposing, red sandstone that succumbs so +easily to the incessant attacks of the sea that Dr. +Bryant’s description of them in 1860 does not hold +good to-day. If, then, the Bird Rocks have undergone +visible changes in twenty-five years, it is easy +to imagine how great alterations the islets may have +undergone during three and a quarter centuries.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Examination of the narratives left by other early +voyagers in this region would yield further information +concerning the Rocks and the destruction +of its inhabitants; but passing to records of greater +ornithological value, we find that Audubon, whose +energy in exploration no ornithologist has ever surpassed, +was the first naturalist beholding Bird Rock +to leave us a description of its wonders. It was +during his cruise to Labrador in the schooner Ripley +that he wrote in his journal, under date of June +14, 1833, the following graphic account of the day’s +experiences:</p> + +<div id='i_081' class='figcenter id002'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span> +<img src='images/i_081.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>81. North side of the Rock, west of the crane.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>“About ten a speck rose on the horizon, which +I was told was the Rock. We sailed well, the breeze +increased fast, and we neared this object apace. At +eleven I could distinguish its top plainly from the +deck, and thought it covered with snow to the depth +of several feet; this appearance existed on every +portion of the flat, projecting shelves. Godwin +said, with the coolness of a man who had visited this +Rock for ten successive seasons, that what we saw +was not snow, but Gannets. I rubbed my eyes, took +my spyglass, and in an instant the strangest picture +stood before me. They were birds we saw—a mass +of birds of such a size as I never before cast my +eyes on. The whole of my party stood astounded +and amazed, and all came to the conclusion that +such a sight was of itself sufficient to invite any one +to come across the gulf to view it at this season. +The nearer we approached the greater our surprise +at the enormous number of these birds, all calmly +seated on their eggs or newly hatched brood, their +heads all turned to windward and toward us. The +air above for a hundred yards, and for some distance +around the whole Rock, was filled with Gannets +on the wing, which, from our position, made it +appear as if a heavy fall of snow was directly above +us.” (Audubon and his Journals, i, p. 360.)</p> + +<p class='c008'>From his pilot, Godwin, Audubon secured some +information concerning the Gannets that then +nested on the top of the Rock. He writes: “The +whole surface is perfectly covered with nests, placed +about two feet apart, in such regular order that you +may look through the lines as you would look +through those of a planted patch of sweet potatoes +or cabbages. The fishermen who kill these birds to +get their flesh for codfish bait ascend in parties of +six or eight, armed with clubs; sometimes, indeed, +the party comprises the crews of several vessels. +As they reach the top, the birds, alarmed, rise +with a noise like thunder, and fly off in such a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>hurried, fearful confusion as to throw each other +down, often falling on each other until there is a +bank of them many feet high. The men strike +them down and kill them until fatigued or satisfied. +Five hundred and forty have been thus murdered +in one hour by six men. The birds are skinned +with little care, and the flesh cut off in chunks; it +will keep fresh about a fortnight. So great is the +destruction of these birds annually that their flesh +supplies the bait for upward of forty fishing boats +which lie close to Bryon Island, each summer.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>This slaughter was evidently attended by some +danger, for not only did the sitting birds bite viciously, +but old fishermen in the Magdalens state +that if the invader of the Gannets’ domain on the +summit of the Rock should have happened to be +caught in a rush of stampeded birds, he could with +difficulty have avoided being carried off the edge of +the cliff.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In concluding his description of the Rock, Audubon +says: “No man who has not seen what we have +this day can form the least idea of the impression +the sight made on our minds.” One need not be a +naturalist, therefore, to realize the depth of his disappointment +when the pilot told him that the wind +was too high to permit them to land on the Rock. +However, they did not leave without at least making +an attempt. A boat was launched, manned by +the pilot, two sailors, Audubon’s son John, and Tom +Lincoln, for whom Lincoln’s Finch, discovered subsequently +in Labrador, was named; but after an +hour’s absence they returned without having made +a landing, and the increasing force of the wind compelled +<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>them to continue their voyage to the northward.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Apparently the first naturalist to set foot on +Bird Rock was Dr. Henry Bryant, of Boston, who +landed there June 23, 1860. This was before the +days of the lighthouse, and Dr. Bryant reached the +top of the Rock only after a climb which he characterizes +as both “difficult and dangerous.” In addition +to the Gannets, which he found resting on the +ledges on the face of the Rock, he found these birds +nesting over the entire northerly half of the summit, +and after measuring the surface occupied by +them, he estimated that this one colony alone contained +no less than one hundred thousand birds, +while the number living on the sides of the Rock +and Little Bird he placed at fifty thousand.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The position of the Rock, at the gateway to +Canadian ports, makes it particularly dangerous to +vessels plying in these waters, and in 1869 a lighthouse +was erected on its summit. While constructing +the light keeper’s dwelling and storehouses, the +Government built two cranes—one on the northerly, +the other on the southerly side of the Rock—for +use in hoisting supplies. There are also now three +other places where by means of ladders and ropes +one may ascend. The top of the Rock was thus +made more accessible, and the birds were consequently +less protected from the attacks of fishermen. +It is said, also, that the light keepers did not +appreciate the companionship of the Gannets, and +made special efforts to drive the birds from the +nesting site which they so long had held undisturbed.</p> + +<div id='i_082' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span> +<img src='images/i_082.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>82. A corner of the Rock.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Hence, when Mr. C. J. Maynard visited the Rock +in 1872, he found that the colony of Gannets on its +summit contained only five thousand birds, which, +nine years later, Mr. William Brewster reports had +decreased to fifty pairs. Mr. Brewster also noted a +fresh cause for the destruction of the eggs of the +birds nesting on the sides of the Rock, in the shape +of a cannon which had been introduced shortly before +his visit. He writes: “At each discharge the +frightened Murres fly from the Rock in clouds, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>nearly every sitting bird taking its egg into the air +between its thighs and dropping it after flying a +few yards. This was repeatedly observed during our +visit, and more than once a perfect shower of eggs +fell into the water about our boat.” While the +birds have become comparatively accustomed to the +report of the guncotton bomb, which has succeeded +the cannon, large numbers still leave the Rock each +time a bomb is exploded, so that it continues to be a +means of destroying not only eggs but young birds, +which are carried off the narrow ledges by the precipitous +flight of their parents.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Since that date (1881) Cory, Lucas, Palmer, Bishop, +and doubtless others, have visited Bird Rock, +but with the entire disappearance of the Gannets +from its summit no attempt has been made to estimate +the further decrease in the number of its +feathered inhabitants.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In spite of the great diminution which this outline +of its history shows to have occurred in Bird +Rock’s population, the casual observer of to-day +will believe with difficulty that it could ever have +been more densely inhabited. It is still one of the +ornithological wonders of our Atlantic coast, and, +comparatively speaking, as well worth visiting as in +the time of Audubon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Writing now in the light of experience, I anticipate +a return to Bird Rock with even more enthusiasm +than I felt when after the discouraging uncertainties +of delay we boarded the Sea Gem on the afternoon +of July 23d, and with a fair wind set sail for Bryon, +where we were to anchor for the night.</p> + +<p class='c008'>What a stanch, powerful vessel the little schooner +<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>seemed when compared with the fishing boats in +which we had at first prepared to make the voyage! +Investigation below, however, did not seem to offer +prospects of undisturbed repose, and reaching Bryon +late in the afternoon we decided to go ashore and +apply to the island’s owner for a night’s lodging. +Bryon Island, with its several thousand acres of +stunted spruce and balsam forests, its rolling pasture +lands and grazing cows and sheep, its precipitous +red sandstone cliffs rising to a height of two hundred +feet from the sea and furnishing a home for a few +Murres and Puffins, is the property of one man, who +purchased it from the Government for a nominal +sum. A lobster cannery furnishes employment for +twoscore or more itinerant fishermen and laborers, +who after the lobstering season ends in July remain +for the mackerel fishing. When they have departed +the population of Bryon is reduced to about half a +dozen families, over whom the owner reigns supreme.</p> + +<p class='c008'>We landed at the cannery and wended our way +over a path through the stunted forests, which at +the end of a mile or more led us to the monarch’s +home—a small frame house adjoining large barns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The ruler of Bryon proved to be absent in the +Magdalens, but his wife made us both welcome and +comfortable. We recall with pleasure the night +passed beneath her roof, and the magnificent view +of the setting sun from Bryon’s red cliffs.</p> + +<p class='c008'>We awoke in the clouds, gulf clouds, which so +often in swift-spreading banks envelop both sea +and land in this region. It was ten o’clock before +the sun could force its way through them, and when +<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>we returned to the Sea Gem we found the captain +impatient at our tardiness. We explained that of +course we did not suppose that he would care to +start in so dense a fog, but he laughed at us. “Fog!” +What had fog to do with sailing when the wind was +favorable? Later he gave us an exhibition of seamanship +in a fog which deeply engraved the name +of Captain Taker on our memories.</p> + +<p class='c008'>However, the wind still held from the right quarter +not only for the run to the Rock, but for a +landing on its one bit of beach, and we quickly +hoisted sail for this last stage of a long journey.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For two hours we watched the Rock grow slowly +larger, then its outlines more rapidly assumed individuality, +the lighthouse and other buildings on its +summit took definite form, its rocky ledges were +seen to be lined with rows of white Gannets, and +Bird Rock became for us a reality. The storm of +circling birds which Audubon described is not to +be seen to-day, but enough are left to quickly exhaust +our stock of adjectives.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A British flag was displayed from the tall staff +near the lighthouse. If it had been marked with +stars and bars it would have looked less like a signal +set as a greeting from the island’s keeper to his +unknown guests.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A figure on the rock now vigorously motioned us +toward its only landing place, and heaving to the +schooner we dropped a dory overboard and sent +Captain Taker ashore as our emissary to treat with +the representative of the Canadian Government, and +explain to him that through the courtesy of his +chief, the Hon. J. U. Gregory, we were empowered +<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>to invade the territory under his control. At the +end of half an hour a large dory, manned by two +oarsmen, appeared from behind the Rock and headed +for the schooner. In the stern was Captain Taker, +in the bow a stranger whose face was eloquent with +an unspoken welcome. This was Keeper Captain +Peter Bourque. If we had been at the head of the +Lighthouse Board itself, he could not have received +us more cordially. What a hunger he had for news! +Nearly two months had elapsed since he had heard +from the world—months rich with the history of the +defeat of Cervera and surrender of Santiago.</p> + +<div id='i_083' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_083.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>83. The landing at the base of the Rock, showing crate.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div id='i_084' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span> +<img src='images/i_084.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>84. The landing on top of the Rock, showing crane. The Kittiwakes at the bottom of the picture are shown in No. 85.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Our outfit was speedily placed in the dory, and +with the Rock and its birds now looming high above +us, we pulled for the bit of rock-fringed beach which +constitutes the only available landing place. It was +already evident that the island offered endless opportunities +to the bird photographer, and as each +<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>stroke of the oars brought us nearer I felt a sense +of exultation, such perhaps as a miner experiences +when he discovers that his claim promises an assured +fortune. The boat was beached with a rush, +and landing at the base of the cliff,<sup><a href='#i_083'>83</a></sup> which rose like +a wall somewhat over one hundred feet above us +one could realize the danger attending an attempt +to land here in anything but the calmest weather. +We were now introduced to the car or basket in +which we were to make actually the final stage of +our journey. It seemed a frail, cratelike affair of +light strips of wood, and measured about two and a +half feet square and three feet high. After our +cameras, plates, gun, ammunition, etc., had been +snugly stowed, we obeyed the direction to enter the +crate and take seats on bits of board placed across +opposite corners. The end of the long, dangling +rope was attached, in response to Captain Bourque’s +roaring “Hoist away!” a faint reply came from the +tiny figure which in a sickening way had been leaning +over the edge of the rock above, watching our +proceedings, and a moment later the rope tightened, +strained, and we were clear of the ground and slowly +rising. A long experience in elevators had made me +anticipate this part of the Bird Rock journey without +concern, but the instant after the ascent began I +discovered that we were not only going up but +around as well, and the twisting motion was so +novel, so unlike anything to which I had previously +been accustomed, that I confess to a feeling of surprise, +to say the least. The sudden jars, as the rope +in winding slipped off the preceding coil and dropped +suddenly, perhaps an inch, gave us a sufficiently +<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>clear idea of the feelings which would attend the +beginning of a fall, and it was with a decided sense +of having had a narrow escape that, on being hoisted +slightly above the level of the summit of the Rock, +we saw the arm of the crane<sup><a href='#i_084'>84</a></sup> pulled inward, bringing +the crate over the land, to which we were gently +lowered.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The twenty years which have elapsed since +Cory visited the Rock have reduced the time required +for the ascent from twenty-seven to six +minutes. The world moves, therefore, even at Bird +Rock.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To a naturalist this slow passage through the +air, about six feet from ledge after ledge, crevice +above crevice, filled with Kittiwakes,<sup><a href='#i_085'>85</a></sup> Murres, and +Razorbills, with great white banks of snowy Gannets +on either side, possesses an almost stupefying +fascination. The birds were so abundant and +showed such entire lack of fear, I seemed to have +reached, if not the heart, at least one of the most +important centers of the bird world.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Alighting from the crate, we were greeted by +Mr. Bourque’s two assistants and his daughter, a +girl of sixteen, who, with a third assistant, now +absent on leave, completed the population of the +island. There should be added, however, one cow—an +important member of the Rock colony, who had +reached her elevated position in life by means of the +same apparatus with which we had just gratefully +parted company. Numerous buildings,<sup><a href='#i_086'>86</a></sup> which we +had barely noticed from the sea, were found to form +a miniature village on the grassy, nearly level summit +of the Rock, giving to the scene an atmosphere +of comfort and homeliness which strongly emphasized +one’s sense of isolation.</p> + +<div id='i_085' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span> +<img src='images/i_085.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>85. Kittiwakes and young on nests. From the crate.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div id='i_086' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span> +<img src='images/i_086.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>86. The lighthouse, keeper’s dwelling, and other buildings.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The favorable light prevailing at the time of our +arrival was far too valuable to be used for anything +but photography. No sooner, therefore, was our +luggage removed from the crate than, without waiting +to inspect our quarters, I made ready the cameras +and plate-holders. The latter, numbering +twenty-one, furnished forty-two glass plates. I +wished for twice that number before the day ended. +Going to the western end of the Rock, now brightly +illumined by the afternoon sun, I found that the +jutting, shaly ledges permitted one to descend easily, +and in a moment I was in the midst of groups<sup>1</sup> +of Puffins, Razorbills, Brünnich’s and Common +Murres, who apparently regarded me with as much +surprise and interest as I did them, and exhibited +<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>an astonishing confidence in mankind. In fact, I +was at times vigorously scolded by some Murre +parent, who waddled toward me, bobbing her head, +and uttering a series of protesting <em>murres</em> in a tone +so like that of a bass-voiced man, I half expected a +larger biped to appear.</p> + +<div id='i_087' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_087.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>87. Razorbilled Auks and “Ringed” Murre. × 3.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The Razorbills were fully as tame, sometimes +leaving their crevices in the cliff and, with a hoarse +croak, almost flying in my face, while the Puffins +exhibited a spirit of combined indifference and independence, +which plainly said, “This Rock is ours.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>I sat down on a convenient ledge, and as the +birds gathered about me in rows and groups on the +border of the cliff, its ledges and projections, I +seemed almost to be on speaking terms with them. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>So unusual and pleasing was this experience of having +birds admit me at once to the inner circles of +their society that I felt as though I had indeed been +initiated into their ranks; and my enjoyment of the +strange scene was heightened tenfold by the knowledge +that I could satisfactorily record it. So I prepared +the twin-lens—a camera exactly adapted to my +present needs—and at a distance of twenty feet or +thereabouts loaded and fired as many times as I +pleased, with the birds none the wiser, and offering +me each moment some new picture differing in composition +from the last. Here was a triumph for the +bird photographer. Who so nearly could have done +justice to the subject? The taxidermist? One shot +would have broken the spell? The artist? Whose +pencil could compete with the lens in the convincing +realism of its impression?</p> + +<p class='c008'>But as yet I had seen only a fragment of the +Rock. Climbing, therefore, from ledge to ledge, I +reached a corner where an abrupt turn exposed a +great expanse of perpendicular wall so inaccessible +to man that it had become a favorite nesting site for +the birds.<sup><a href='#i_082'>82</a></sup> Here were gathered Gannets, Murres, +Razorbills, and Kittiwakes, distributed singly or in +rows, according to the nature of the shelves or ledges +on which they were nesting, the Gannets taking the +widest, the Murres and Kittiwakes the narrowest +ledges, while the Razorbills sought the more sheltered +crevices.</p> + +<p class='c008'>What noise and seeming confusion were here! +A never-ceasing chorus in which the loud, grating +<em>gor-r-r-rok, gor-r-rrok</em> of the Gannets predominated, +while the singularly human call of the Murres and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>the hoarse note of the Razorbills formed an accompaniment. +Occasionally the Kittiwakes found cause +for excitement, and hundreds of birds swooped downward +from their nests and circled about, calling their +rapidly uttered, distinctly enunciated <em>kít-ti-wake, kít-ti-wake</em>.</p> + +<div id='i_088' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_088.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>88. Puffins. × 2.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In addition to the great number of birds resting +or nesting on the Rock, an endless procession of Gannets, +Puffins, and Razorbills were flying around, but +never over it. Unconsciously one expected a pause +in this whirling throng, but although its numbers +fluctuated, birds were always passing. The exposure +of my last plate recalled me to a sense of other +duties, and when I had returned to the little group +<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>of buildings with their inhabitants, I seemed to have +been in another sphere.</p> + +<p class='c008'>My object in visiting Bird Rock was not only to +secure pictures of its bird life, but a certain number +of birds for the American Museum of Natural History, +where it is proposed to represent a portion of +the Rock with its tenants. During my absence in +the world of birds my good assistant had turned one +of the supply houses into a laboratory, and was +already at work preparing specimens with which +the active Shelbourne and attentive keepers had +plentifully supplied her.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A gun was necessary only in securing Gannets +and Kittiwakes, the Murres and Razorbills being +caught in a dip-net by the keepers; one of whom, +having a rope about his waist which was held by his +associate, advanced to the edge of the cliff or “cape,” +as it is termed locally, and looked cautiously over in +quest of the birds resting on the ledges immediately +below. Having learned their position the net was +thrust quickly downward, and the birds, in attempting +to escape, often flew directly into it and became +entangled in its meshes. Puffins were captured on +their nests in crevices in the face of the Rock or in +the holes they had burrowed in the earth on the +top. The latter were sometimes shared with Leach’s +Petrel, who also occupied small burrows of their +own.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The schooner had dropped anchor near the Rock, +but the wind increasing in strength, Captain Taker +set sail for the lee of Bryon, and at midnight, when +we concluded our day’s work, there was a promise of +a stormy morrow, which daylight fulfilled. The +<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>wind drove the waves to the rock-set base of our +islet with terrific force, making landing or departure +out of the question. We had come just in time. +The light prohibited successful photography, and +the day was devoted to collecting and preserving +specimens and exploring the Rock.</p> + +<div id='i_089' class='figleft id004'> +<img src='images/i_089.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>89. Murre’s egg.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>We had arrived in the height of the nesting season, +all of the seven species breeding on the Rock +having eggs and young in various stages of development. +It was evident, however, that the number of +eggs and young was small as compared with the +number of adults, a condition which was explained +by Captain Bourque’s statement, that he thought +about five thousand eggs had been taken from the +Rock by fishermen that year. These were the eggs +of Murres and Razorbills, +the former being +the most abundant +birds on the Rock. +Both the Common +and Brünnich’s Murre +were present, but I am +unable to say which +was the more numerous. +There were also a +few of the singular, so-called +“Ringed” Murres,<sup><a href='#i_087'>87</a></sup> +a bird whose +standing is in doubt, +some ornithologists regarding it as a distinct species, +others as an individual variety.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Both species of Murre laid their single peculiarly +marked eggs on the bare shelves or ledges in the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>most exposed situations;<sup><a href='#i_089'>89</a></sup> and seeing them now for +the first time in Nature, I was quite willing to accept +the theory which has been advanced to account for +their markedly toplike or pearlike shape. A round +or elliptical egg, laid in the situations often chosen +by the Murres, +would, when +moved by the +wind or incubating +bird, readily +roll from its precarious +position, +but the pointed +egg of the Murre +when disturbed +describes a circle +about its own end. +Thus, like a diplomat, +it seemingly +yields to superior +force while +retaining its original +position. The +eggs vary in color from greenish blue to buff, and +are strikingly scrawled and blotched with shades +of chocolate. No two are alike, a fact which it is +supposed may aid the parent Murre in distinguishing +her own egg among the dozens with which it +may be placed.</p> + +<div id='i_090' class='figright id004'> +<img src='images/i_090.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>90. Young Murres and egg.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The few eggs seen were doubtless laid by birds +which had been robbed earlier in the season, but +young were found in every stage, from the newly +hatched downy chick,<sup><a href='#i_090'>90</a></sup> who sat on his narrow ledge +<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>vigorously screeching for food, to others half grown +and with the natal down almost entirely replaced by +the first winter plumage. The parents were still in +attendance on the oldest birds, and no young were +seen in the water.</p> + +<div id='i_091' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_091.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>91. Kittiwakes and young on nest. From the crate. × 2. An enlarged detail of No. 85.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Razorbills, perhaps because the Rock contained +comparatively few of the sheltered nooks they require +for nesting sites, were less abundant than +Murres. Their downy young were much lighter in +color than the young of the Murres, and their high +squealing whistle could easily be distinguished from +the screech of the young Murres. Of two specimens +which had nearly completed the acquisition of their +winter plumage, one had the white line from the eye +to the bill so characteristic of the adult fully developed, +while in the other it was wholly wanting—a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>variability in marking which suggests that the +white stripe of the Ringed Murre is a similar individual +peculiarity.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Next to the Murres the Kittiwakes are probably +the most numerous birds on the Rock. Doubtless +for the reason that they select the less accessible +ledges where their eggs can not be so readily taken, +their young were more advanced than those of any +other of the birds breeding here. Their nests, rather +bulky structures of seaweed, which often projected +well over the edge of the ledge on which they were +built, contained only young with their parents, one +or two birds constituting a brood.<sup><a href='#i_091'>91</a></sup></p> + +<div id='i_092' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_092.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>92. Entrance to Puffin’s burrow.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Kittiwakes were never observed perching on the +upper ledges or rim of the Rock in the situations +commonly selected by Murres, Razorbills, and Puffins. +The last-named species, in fact, was never seen +resting far from the top of the Rock, and its nests +were placed in burrows excavated on the summit of +the Rock, at the west end. Occasionally advantage +<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>was taken of an opening beneath a ledge, but generally +the bird excavated a hole,<sup><a href='#i_092'>92</a></sup> about four inches +in diameter and three or four feet in length, at the +end of which we found the nest of grasses and feathers, +with its single elliptical white egg<sup><a href='#i_093'>93</a></sup> and sitting +bird, or a sooty, down-covered nestling.<sup><a href='#i_094'>94</a></sup></p> + +<div id='i_093' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_093.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>93. Puffin’s nest and egg at the end of excavated burrow.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Woe to the unsuspecting person who thrusts his +hand into the jaw, one might say, of an incubating +Puffin. Nature has not only provided the bird with +an uncommonly powerful and efficient pair of mandibles, +but also with a disposition which prompts it +to use them to the best advantage. Never have I +seen anything in the shape of a bird so diabolically +vicious as a Puffin. An individual which we captured +alive and attempted to study in our workroom, +proved altogether too fierce a creature to have +<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>about, and its hoarse voice—half grunt, half groan—added +to its unattractiveness.</p> + +<div id='i_094' class='figright id004'> +<img src='images/i_094.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>94. Young Puffin on nest at the end of burrow.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In Nature, however, their trim appearance was +very pleasing; <em>Paroquets</em>, the French-Canadians call +them, and one has only to see the bird in life to appreciate +the applicability of the name. It is not +alone their looks but also their actions which suggest +the Parrot. Unlike the Murres and Razorbills, they +do not rest on the whole foot, but stand quite erect +on the toes alone, and +run about with the +characteristic pattering +steps of Parrots. When +the wind blew fresh +from the sea they often +faced it, hovering a +foot or two above the +rocks on outstretched, +motionless wings, and +retaining for several +seconds this perfect balance +between gravity +and air pressure.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is quite possible +that I may have wholly +misjudged the Puffin’s +character, and that +when unmolested their +nature is peaceable in +extreme. At any rate, +they seem to be not only on excellent terms with +their own kind, but with the very distantly related +Leach’s Petrels, with which they sometimes +<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>shared their underground homes, one bird’s nest +being at the end of the burrow, the other about half +way to the entrance. The Petrels also occupied +burrows of their own, which, judging from the +actions of the birds found in them, they had excavated +by the aid of their toes.<sup><a href='#i_095'>95</a></sup></p> + +<div id='i_095' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_095.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>95. Leach’s Petrel on nest at end of excavated burrow.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The Petrel’s nests were composed of fine grasses +and a few feathers, and one nest contained two bits +of white birch bark, the presence of which raised +the question as to whether these gleaners of the sea +do not gather suitable nesting material when they +find it floating on the surface of the water. Two of +the eight or ten Petrels’ nests examined contained a +single white egg; one egg constituting a full set +with this species, as with all the other rock-nesting +birds, except the Kittiwake. The remaining nests +<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>were each occupied by a newly hatched young bird—a +gray ball of down, so unlike anything in feathers +I had ever seen that, if it had not been for their +tiny, young chickenlike +<em>peep</em>, I +should have been +inclined to pass it +by as a wad of gray +cotton.<sup><a href='#i_096'>96</a></sup> Never +more than one of +the parent birds, +either the male or +female, was found +on the nest, nor was +a single Petrel seen +about the Rock +during the day.</p> + +<div id='i_096' class='figright id004'> +<img src='images/i_096.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>96. Young Leach’s Petrel removed from burrow with nesting material.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The Puffins and Petrels are now the only birds +nesting on the summit of the Rock, not a single descendant +of the one hundred thousand Gannets which, +according to Bryant, occupied the top of the Rock +in 1860 now being found there. To-day this species +nests only on the less accessible border ledges on +the face of the Rock, where they are grouped in +colonies. Most of them were incubating, but several +were brooding their young, which ranged in +size from the naked, black-skinned, newly hatched +chick to those that had acquired the white, swan’s-downlike +first plumage.<sup><a href='#i_097'>97</a></sup></p> + +<p class='c008'>With the exception of two white, black-spotted +birds, all the Gannets seen, both on Bird Rock and +Bonaventure, were in the adult white plumage, and +if, as has been stated, this plumage is not gained +<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>until the bird is two years old, the question arises, +What becomes of the immature birds during the +nesting season?</p> + +<div id='i_097' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_097.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>97. Young Gannet.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>An estimate of the number of individuals representing +the seven species just mentioned as nesting +on the Rock, is perhaps not warranted by my brief +experience, nor should I attempt to give one, did not +my photographs permit me to count with a fair degree +of accuracy the number of birds in view on that +part of the Rock shown in these pictures. Time +was lacking to make, from a boat, a series of photographs +of the Rock which would include all its +bird-inhabited portions, and the appended estimates +are based on the results of a count of the birds in +photographs of about one half the occupied area. +Murres, Razorbills, and Puffins can not be distinguished +<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>in these pictures and are therefore grouped +under one head, it being calculated that about from +fifteen hundred to two thousand individuals of these +species make the Rock their home. Of this number +probably not more than one hundred are Puffins, +while the Common and Brünnich’s Murres (<em>Uria +troile et U. lomvia</em>) outnumber the Razorbills at +least four to one.</p> + +<div id='i_098' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_098.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>98. Gannets. × 3. An enlarged detail of No. 99.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The Kittiwake population of the Rock probably +numbers between six hundred and eight hundred +birds; of Gannets, there are perhaps left only fifteen +hundred of the more than one hundred thousand +<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>birds which Dr. Bryant writes of as living on the +top of the Rock alone; and of Petrels, not more than +fifty.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When on the Rock I should have said that it +was tenanted by at least ten thousand birds, and I +was not a little surprised to find that the evidence +furnished by my photographic records gave a total +of about four thousand birds. However, the sight +of four thousand birds domiciled in one small islet +is sufficiently impressive to increase the pulse beat +of the most phlegmatic traveler; and even if this +estimate be too large, the Rock’s merits as a bird +resort are too substantial to be affected by any +decrease in it which truth demands.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To return to an account of the day’s doings, the +light, as has been said, was unfavorable for photography, +and the time was devoted to collecting and +preparing specimens and making a hurried survey +of the bird rookeries on the Rock, with results +briefly set forth above; but late in the afternoon +the sun gave indications of its whereabouts behind +the clouds, and I immediately substituted the camera +for the scalpel, and had Keeper Bourque lower +me in the crate in order that I might secure photographs +of the birds observed on our ascent.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Neither the stability of the crate nor its constant +turning were conditions which a photographer +would choose, and, without the twin-lens it would +have been impossible to secure pictures of the Kittiwakes<sup><a href='#i_085'>85</a></sup> +and Murres, who in a surprised but unalarmed +manner regarded me from their nests on +the Rock, in some instances at a distance of not +more than six feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>At ten o’clock at night I visited the west end of +the Rock to see and hear the Petrels that nest there. +The casual visitor to Bird Rock would be quite +unaware of the presence of these birds; indeed, one +might live there for years without knowing that +Petrels made it their home. As far as the Rock is +concerned, the birds are strictly nocturnal; but as +usually only one bird—either male or female—is +found on the nest, it is supposed that its mate is at +sea feeding. If this supposition be true, I am at a +loss to account for the entire absence of the birds +during the daytime. Why should they not return +to their nests before nightfall? And if, as stated, +the sea bird takes the place of the nest bird, does +the latter always feed at night and the former by +day, or do they sometimes change about, thus making +the same individual both nocturnal and diurnal +in habit?</p> + +<p class='c008'>However this may be, I had no sooner reached +the part of the Rock tenanted by the Petrels than I +was given the most surprising evidence of their +activity during the night. From the ground at my +feet and on every side there issued the uncanny +little song—if I may so call it—of birds doubtless +sitting at the mouths of their burrows. It was not +like the cry of a sea bird, but a distinctly enunciated +call of eight notes, possessing a character wholly its +own, and not to be compared to the notes of any +bird I have ever heard, though at the time it +impressed me as having a certain crowing quality. +Such a call might be uttered by elves or brownies. +Occasionally I saw a blur of wings as a bird passed +between me and the lighthouse.</p> + +<div id='i_099' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span> +<img src='images/i_099.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>99. Gannets on nests.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Later, the fog, which had been scudding over us +in wisps and ribbons, closed in, and through the +medium of a guncotton bomb the Rock gave notice +of its presence to the mariners who might be in the +surrounding waters. Captain Taker heard the dull, +booming voice as with disappointing promptness he +<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>came to take us from the Rock, and early in the +morning we heard his fog horn from the gray bank +below telling where the Sea Gem, as yet unseen, was +anchored.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the hope of better weather I deferred photographing +the Gannets, the only accessible colony of +which was on the north side of the Rock; but forced +now to make the best of the existing conditions, +I took the twin-lens, fastened one end of a rope +about my waist, and gave the other end to Captain +Bourque, in order that, unhampered by thought of +fall, I might creep along the slippery ledges where +the birds nested.<sup><a href='#i_099'>99</a></sup></p> + +<p class='c008'>The fog had lifted, but the day was gloomy, and +only the white plumage of the birds and a wide-open +lens yielded successful photographs.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was my first visit to the big white birds, who, +in spite of persecution, have as yet acquired but little +fear of man, and as with hoarse croaks and a dashing +of wings they pitched onto the narrow ledges +near me, their size and boldness, in connection with +my somewhat insecure footing, aroused in me a feeling +which I had not experienced when surrounded +by the smaller Murres, Auks, and Puffins. The +main nesting ledge was out of reach below, but +small groups of birds were nearer, and these I photographed +at a distance of about ten feet.<sup><a href='#i_100'>100</a></sup></p> + +<p class='c008'>These Gannets are magnificent birds, and when +on the wing exhibit a combination of power and +grace excelled by no other bird I have seen. They +are most impressive when diving, as with half-closed +wings, like great spearheads, they descend from a +height of about forty feet with a force and speed +that takes them wholly out of sight, and splashes the +water ten feet or more into the air. Cory graphically +compares the sight of a distant flock of Gannets +diving at a school of fish, to a continuous stream of +beans poured from a pail.</p> + +<div id='i_100' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span> +<img src='images/i_100.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>100. Gannet on nest. Two nests in foreground.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>Captain Bourque tells me that Gannets are no +longer used for bait by the codfishers; but when one +realizes that only two colonies of these grand birds, +comprising a few thousand individuals, are all that +are left of the species in this hemisphere, one could +wish for these survivors something more than negative +protection.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the afternoon the weather gave promise of +clearing, and entering the crate we were swung out +over the edge of the Rock on the first stage of our +homeward journey. The collections and outfit were +placed aboard the schooner, while in a dory we +attempted to visit Little Bird; but before we had +rowed a quarter of a mile the fog crept back, Great +Bird slowly disappeared from view and became only +a periodic boom in the gray wall, and we returned +to the schooner without delay.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The sail to Bryon, where we passed the night, apparently +demonstrated Captain Taker’s possession of +the sense of direction. In spite of a head wind, +violent squalls, and a strong tide, he made his way +through the fog with perfect assurance and dropped +anchor at a particular lobster buoy, visible less than +fifty yards from the schooner, but which in effect he +appeared to have seen before we left the Rock. It +was a remarkable bit of seamanship.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In Bird Rock the Canadian Government possesses +an object of surpassing interest, one which, south of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>Greenland, is unique in eastern North America. It +is the obvious duty of the proper authorities to preserve +it, and the ease with which this can be done +makes further neglect inexcusable. The appointment +of the light keeper as a game warden is the +only step required to make Bird Rock a safe retreat +for sea fowl, until, in some future geologic age, it +shall have yielded to the relentless attack of the +waters.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span> + <h2 class='c006'>LIFE ON PELICAN ISLAND, WITH SOME SPECULATIONS ON THE ORIGIN OF BIRD MIGRATION</h2> +</div> + +<div class='c007'> + <img class='drop-capi' src='images/di_191.jpg' width='100' alt=''> +</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> +The study of isolated colonies of +birds, particularly of those situated +on islands, throws much light +on several as yet little-understood +problems of bird migration.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With mainland birds of general +distribution—the Robin, for example—the +individual is, except when nesting, lost in +the species, and unless the bird be peculiarly +marked who can say whether the Robins which +nest with us one year are the same as those of +the preceding season—where our summer Robins +winter, or our winter Robins summer? and who can +tell whether the first Robins to come in the spring +are our summer resident birds, or early migrants +<em>en route</em> to more northern nesting grounds?</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the case of certain island-inhabiting birds, +however, some of these questions may be answered +with a fair degree of certainty. Thus Ipswich Sparrows +are known to nest only on Sable Island, off the +Nova Scotia coast, and we are warranted in believing +that the same birds, fate permitting, return to +their sandy home year after year. Gannets (<em>Sula +bassana</em>) nest in the western hemisphere only on +three islets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and it is +<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>probable that the surviving individuals return each +year to their former breeding grounds. The Terns +of Muskeget and Penikese, forming the only two +large colonies of these birds remaining on the Atlantic +coast, return to their island retreats every +spring; and actuated by this same love of home, the +Brown Pelicans of the Indian River region of eastern +Florida annually repair to a certain small island +for the purpose of rearing their young. Many similar +cases might be cited in confirmation of the belief—supported +also by isolated observations on the +mainland—that birds nest in the same locality +throughout their lives, and, on occasion, may even +occupy their previous season’s nest.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As regards the manner in which these island-inhabiting +birds arrive at the nesting grounds, as +far as our recorded information goes, it seems that +without relation to latitude they appear each spring +with remarkable regularity, not straggling back a +few at a time, but sending on an advance guard, +which usually remains only a short time and is followed, +a few days later, by apparently the entire +colony.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus, Mackay writes of the Terns of Penikese: +“In 1893 the Terns arrived on May 10th, in the night, +an advance guard of several hundred being noted +early the following morning at daylight; these all +left before noon of the 11th, and on the morning of +the 12th, before daylight, immense numbers had +again arrived.... In 1896 the Terns commenced to +arrive during the night of May 9th; they were in +evidence at daylight on the 10th, and continued to +arrive all day, and on the morning of the 11th the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>usual colony had taken possession of the island.” +(Auk, xiv, 1897, p. 284.)</p> + +<p class='c008'>The migration of the island-nesting Terns in the +tropics is apparently no less regular. Scott states +that the Noddy arrived in the Tortugas “on April +20th in large numbers, but remained only two days; +after inspecting their breeding grounds, all departed +to return about a week later in greatly increased +numbers, when breeding was almost at once commenced.” +(Auk, vii, 1890, p. 306.)</p> + +<p class='c008'>These insular colonies, however, not only throw +much light on certain existing phases of bird migration, +but they also furnish us with a clew to the +origin of migration itself. This is especially true of +those species whose lives are passed in the tropics +or subtropics, and which we are accustomed to class +as nonmigratory or as “permanent residents,” but +which are as regularly migratory, in the real meaning +of the word, as if they summered within the +arctic circle and wintered south of the equator.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Their movements are apparently in no way influenced +by climate nor, at this season, are they +governed by the food supply, but prompted solely +by the annually recurring physiological change +which fits both sexes for reproduction, they repair +to a certain islet, perhaps in the heart of their range, +with the one object of finding a suitable nesting site +in which their eggs may be laid and young reared in +safety; and this object accomplished, they desert the +locality, where they may be unknown until the following +spring.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Divested, therefore, of the complications which +ensue when in studying the migration of birds the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>questions of food and climate must be considered, +we have here the problem reduced to its simplest +terms; and in the desire for seclusion during the +breeding season which induces birds to conceal their +nests, if possible perhaps near by, but if necessary +after a journey of varying length undertaken especially +for the purpose, we have a good and sufficient +cause for the origin of bird migration.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An attempt to explain the present manifestation +of the migratory movement involves a study of the +climatic changes to which our globe has been subjected. +No doubt many birds controlled by “heredity +of habit” make semiannual journeys which +at one time were necessary, but under existing circumstances +are no longer required. Why, for example, +should the Bobolink winter south of the +Amazon, while its ally, the Red-winged Blackbird +(<em>Agelaius phœniceus</em>), does not leave the eastern +United States? I have, however, no intention of +writing an essay on bird migration, and these +thoughts are presented merely as preliminary to a +study of the life of Pelican Island, of a visit to +which they are in part the outcome.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Pelican Island is situated midway between the +northern and southern extremities of Indian River, +near the eastern shore of a key which here makes +the river about three miles wide. It is triangular +in shape and contains about three acres of ground, +on which grow a few black mangroves, a cabbage +palm or two, and great patches of grass; but at +least one fourth of its surface is bare ground.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On one of the islands of the near-by Narrows a +few pairs of Brown Pelicans are said to have nested, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>but, with this exception, Pelican Island doubtless +forms the nesting ground of all the Pelicans of Indian +River.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The question why the birds should select this +particular island in preference to the scores of +others which, to the human eye, appear to be +equally well suited to their needs, is a difficult one +to answer. Perhaps no true selection is shown by +the existing birds, which, as with many other island-inhabiting +species, may be the survivors of a once +more widely distributed species, who have been preserved +by the protection afforded by their island +home. Such a colony might owe its beginning to a +pair of birds who were the true selectors of the site +of the future colony. The preserving influences of +the situation were potent from the beginning. The +first brood reached maturity without mishap, and +in response to the instinct which prompts a bird to +return to the region of its birth, they, with successive +generations, came back and eventually established +the prevailing conditions.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The attachment of these Pelicans for their home +affords a remarkable illustration of the power of +habit. Ever since the Indian River region has been +subject to annual invasion by tourists, among whom +the man with the gun is conspicuous both by numbers +and actions, the inhabitants of Pelican Island +have been wantonly and, on occasions, brutally persecuted. +Scarcely a day passes during February +and March that one or more boat loads of tourists, +perhaps from the mainland or a passing yacht, do +not land on Pelican Island and thoughtlessly cause +the death of many young birds by driving them +<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>from the vicinity of their nests; or, by frightening +the brooding birds, they expose the newly hatched +and naked nestlings to the roasting rays of the sun. +The harm caused by these visitors, however, is not +to be compared to that wrought by so-called +“sportsmen,” who, in defiance of every law of manhood, +have gone to Pelican Island and killed thousands +of the birds simply because they afforded a +ready mark for their guns. They had not even the +excuse of a demand upon their skill, and must +indeed have been very near the level of the brute +to have found pleasure in killing birds which the +merest novice with a gun would find it difficult to +miss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Perhaps even worse than this exhibition of pure +savagery are the raids of the self-styled “oölogists,” +who, in the name of science—save the mark!—have +journeyed to Pelican Island with the express purpose +of taking every egg they could lay their insatiable +fingers upon, afterward to boast, in some +journal devoted to reporting similar crimes, of the +hundreds they had collected in so many hours.</p> + +<p class='c008'>So persistently have the Pelicans been molested +that at times they have been foiled to desert their +beloved island; but they have exhibited their attachment +for it by establishing themselves on the +nearest available islet, and on the first opportunity +have returned to their native land.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was in March, 1898, that my best assistant and +I boarded the little sloop which was to take us to +Pelican Island. Fortunately the birds were now in +possession of their ancestral domain, and, as we +approached, files of Pelicans were seen returning +<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>from fishing expeditions, platoons were resting on +the sandy points, some were bathing, others sailing +in broad circles high overhead. Soon we could hear +the sound of many voices—a medley of strange cries +in an unknown tongue. Arriving and departing on +wings, the inhabitants of Pelican Island have little +need of deep water harbors, and we were obliged to +anchor our sloop about a hundred yards from the +island and go ashore in a small boat.</p> + +<div id='i_101' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_101.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>101. Pelicans on ground nests.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>No traveler ever entered the gates of a foreign +city with greater expectancy than I felt as I stepped +from my boat on the muddy edge of this City of +the Pelicans. The old birds, without a word of protest, +deserted their homes, leaving their eggs and +young at my mercy. But the young were as abusive +and threatening as their parents were silent and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>unresisting. Some were on the ground, others in +the bushy mangroves, some were coming from the +egg, others were learning to fly; but one and all—in +a chorus of croaks, barks, and screams, which +rings in my ears whenever I think of the experience—united +in demanding that I leave the town. If I +approached too near, their cries were doubled in +violence and accompanied by vicious lunges with +their bills, which were snapped together with a +pistol-like report.<sup><a href='#i_102'>102</a></sup> As I walked from tree to tree, +examining the noisy young birds that were climbing +about the branches, I seemed to be passing from +cage to cage in a zoölogical garden; and as I entered +that part of the island where the nests were +on the ground,<sup><a href='#i_101'>101</a></sup> every bird that could walk left +its home, and soon I was driving a great flock of +young Pelicans, all screaming at the tops of their +voices.</p> + +<div id='i_102' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_102.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>102. Interviewing a group of young Pelicans.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div id='i_103' class='figcenter id003'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span> +<img src='images/i_103.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>103. Among the Pelicans.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The old birds, in the meantime, were resting on +the water. They might have been unpleasant foes, +but in their stately, dignified way they accepted the +situation, and waited in silence for us to retire. +Then they at once returned to their nests, and in a +short time comparative quiet was restored on the +island.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This is a sketch of life in the Pelicans’ metropolis +as one sees it during a brief visit, and all the +accounts of the island I have seen were based on +just such an experience. Consequently, I shall +relate here what was learned of the Pelicans and +their home during four days passed with them.</p> + +<div id='i_104' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span> +<img src='images/i_104.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>104. Head and pouch of Brown Pelican. From a fresh specimen.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>During no hour of the twenty-four did silence +reign on Pelican Island; if I went on deck at midnight, +the notes of some complaining or pugnacious +young Pelicans, who in their sleep had +come into too close quarters, were sure to be +heard. But the Pelicans’ day began at early dawn, +when I could distinguish the diagonal files of +from two to a dozen birds solemnly and silently +starting out for the fishing grounds. One might +think that, like a boat’s crew, their strokes were +controlled by a coxswain, as in perfect unison +they all flapped their broad wings for about ten +<span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>beats, and then spread them and sailed for as many +seconds.</p> + +<div id='i_105' class='figright id004'> +<img src='images/i_105.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>105. Same as No. 104, seen from above, to show extent to which sides of the lower bill are spread.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Generally they headed for the ocean, there to +follow the line of the beach, sometimes high in the +air, at others low over the curling surf, as their +progress was aided or retarded by the wind. How +far they went I can not say, but at a point ten miles +north of Pelican Island +many have been seen still +winging their way to the +northward, doubtless to +some point where fish +were abundant. Not +once during the four +days passed off Pelican +Island did I see a Pelican +fishing over the surrounding +waters. It was +not because they were +lacking in fish, for they +contained a plentiful supply +of food; and I could +explain the unexpected +abstinence of the birds +only on the supposition +that the fish in the immediate +vicinity of the +nesting ground were left +for the early efforts of the +young birds before they were strong enough of wing +to accompany their parents to distant fishing grounds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Brown Pelicans fish at a height of from twenty +to thirty feet above the water, not hovering, but +<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>flying slowly about, and without a moment’s pause +plunging on their prey with a force which would +produce serious results if the bird’s breast were not +well padded with cellular tissue between the skin +and the flesh.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I observed that when the young birds struck at +me the movement was accompanied by a widening +or bowing out of the sides of the lower mandible, +and it is doubtless the same muscular effort which +turns the pouch of the diving Pelican into a scoop +net, as it were, with an elliptical ring.<sup><a href='#i_105'>105</a></sup></p> + +<p class='c008'>By sunrise most of the fishers appeared to have +departed, and at this time, whether because of the +absence of so many of the adults or because it was +their breakfast hour, a swarm of Fish Crows came +from the mainland, apparently from both sides of +the river, seeking what they might devour in the +way of eggs or young Pelicans, and departing after +several hours’ feasting.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About eight o’clock the fishers began to appear, +coming, as they went, in dignified lines, which broke +up as they reached the island, each bird going to its +young. Then the outcry began, and the ensuing two +hours were the noisiest of the day.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Pelicans are so well able to supply the wants of +their families that, unlike smaller birds who bring +to their ever-hungry broods only a mouthful at a +time, they are not forced to feed their young at short +intervals throughout the day, but the morning meal +concluded, they do not again have to provide for +their nestlings until afternoon. Immediately after +breakfast, therefore, the parent birds went out +into the bay to bathe, and the flapping of their +<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>wings as they dashed the water over themselves +could be heard at a great distance. The bath +concluded, the birds gathered in rows on the sand +bars jutting out from the island, to vigorously +preen their feathers, and doze in the sun; and then, +at irregular intervals, bird after bird, prompted apparently +purely by a love of exercise, or tempted +by a possible resulting exhilaration, mounted +slowly into the air until they had attained a great +height, when, spreading their wings, they sailed +majestically about on broad circles for hours at +a time. I was at first inclined to connect this +habit with the season of courtship, but observing +several birds of the year, who had but recently +learned to fly, join their elders, I came to the conclusion +that the habit had no sexual significance, +and was indulged in solely because the birds enjoyed +it.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the afternoon the fishing parties again started +out, and after the resulting catch had been delivered +to the clamoring young, the Pelican’s day’s work +was concluded, and he betook himself to his favorite +roost for the night. At dark a few Cormorants +returned to the branches of a dead tree, a single +Frigate, after carefully and repeatedly reconnoitering +the situation, decided to take lodgings on a +neighboring stub, and a Pelican Island day was +ended.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Whether, as in the case of the Terns and Gannets +previously mentioned, the Pelicans all return to +their island on a certain day I can not say. Probably, +however, the short duration of their migratory +journey, and the fact that they come from both the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>north and the south, prevents them from joining +many other birds <em>en route</em>. However, apparently +most of the birds are warned at nearly the same +time by a physiological change that the season has +come for them to return to their nesting grounds. +This is evidently in January, since in March a large +number of the young on the island were found +almost ready to fly, while some, as has been said, +were already on the wing. There was, it is true, a +great variation in the development of the young +found, and indeed the birds were still laying, but I +believe that the parents of these later broods had +been robbed of their eggs by tourists.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A careful count yielded a total of 845 nests, +which had evidently been built during the season, +but only 251 of them were occupied. Most of the +vacant nests were on the ground, and had been +deserted by their tenants, who were now running +about the island.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 251 occupied nests contained eggs or young, +as follows:</p> + +<table class='table1'> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>55</td> + <td class='c016'>nests</td> + <td class='c017'>with</td> + <td class='c012'>1</td> + <td class='c017'>egg</td> + <td class='c018'>each;</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>63</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>2</td> + <td class='c017'>eggs</td> + <td class='c019'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>23</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>3</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c019'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>63</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>1</td> + <td class='c017'>young</td> + <td class='c018'>each;</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>46</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>2</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c019'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c012'>1</td> + <td class='c016'>nest</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>3</td> + <td class='c017'>„</td> + <td class='c019'>„</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>Incubation was found to be well advanced in +eggs which were alone in their nest, showing either +that one egg sometimes composes the set, or that the +other eggs of the set had been destroyed. The fact +that one nest was found with three young while +twenty-three were found each containing three eggs, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>would indicate a high mortality among the young +birds; and, indeed, no less than 94 dead young were +counted. Most of these, however, were birds which +were old enough to leave the nest, and death was +doubtless due to the thoughtlessness of tourist visitors, +who chase the young about until they fall +from exhaustion, or are driven too far to find their +way home.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Estimating the number of young birds which +had left the 594 deserted nests at 891—which would +be an average of one and a half birds to the nest—and +adding two parent birds to each nest, we have +2,581 birds on wing and on foot. But this number is +to be increased by the 152 young that were still in +their nests, making the probable total population of +Pelican Island 2,736. This calculation, however, +does not take into account the eggs, from which +almost hourly came new inhabitants of the island; +and it is with these eggs, or rather with the nest in +which they are placed, that we may begin a brief +outline of the young Pelican’s development.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Pelican, although a low type of bird, is +altricial, the young, unlike the offspring of Gulls, +Ducks, or Snipe, being hatched in a helpless condition. +The nest, therefore, is not only an incubator +where with heat from the parent bird the eggs are +hatched, but it is a cradle for the young. Consequently, +Pelicans’ nests are unusually complicated +structures as compared with the dwellings of other +birds equally low in the evolutionary scale.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There was a very interesting and constant relation +between the character of the nest and its site, +ground nests being composed largely or entirely of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>long grasses, while those nests which were placed in +the trees were made of sticks and were lined with +grasses, the nest proper being erected on a platform +of larger sticks laid from crotch to crotch in the +bushes in such a manner as to form a broad, firm +foundation, though, structurally, it was not a part +of the nest, which could be lifted without removing +the platform.</p> + +<div id='i_106' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_106.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>106. Newly hatched Pelicans. Ground nest.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The difference between the nests of straw<sup><a href='#i_106'>106</a></sup> and +those of sticks<sup><a href='#i_107'>107</a></sup> were so marked that it seems probable +their makers regularly selected sites on the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>ground or in the trees respectively. Or, assuming +that the same individuals might build a stick nest +in the bushes one year and a straw nest on the +ground the next, we have an unusual variation in +the character of the nest of the same species. In +the case of the Fish Hawks of Plumb Island the +birds evinced an appreciation of the protection +afforded them by the owner of the island by often +placing their nests on the ground. Photographs +of these nests, however, made by Dr. C. S. Allen, +show that the birds employed as much material +when nesting on the ground as when nesting in +trees, the eggs on the ground being surrounded by +a useless mass of large sticks. Certain of the +birds, therefore, in response to new conditions, had +chosen new nesting sites, but had not as yet made +corresponding changes in the character of their +nests.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When the nest is completed, as we have seen, +from one to three eggs are laid. The period of incubation +is probably about four weeks, and a careful +listener may detect the presence of a hatching egg +by the choking bark which the young Pelican begins +to utter as soon as he has made an opening in the +shell which holds him. When he has finally freed +himself and appears in the world, he is about as +unattractive a bit of bird life as can well be conceived.<sup><a href='#i_106'>106</a></sup> +His dark, purple skin is perfectly naked, +he is blind, and when he is deprived of shade provided +by the brooding parent, he twists restlessly +about in the nest, uttering the same choking bark +with which he first greeted the light.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Even at this early age he displays one of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>strong characteristics of the immature Pelican—a +pugnacious disposition. Almost before his eyes are +open he bites at his nest mates for apparently no +other reason than that they come within reach of +his bill. Soon his eyes open and within a few days +a wonderful change begins to take place in his +appearance.<sup><a href='#i_107'>107</a></sup> Little bunches of white down sprout +all over his body, and, growing rapidly, transform +the ugly, purple-black nestling into a snowy creature +clad in softest down.</p> + +<div id='i_107' class='figcenter id003'> +<img src='images/i_107.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>107. Young Pelican in tree nest, showing first appearance of white down.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>At the same time he has been growing much +stronger; he is able to sit up,<sup><a href='#i_108'>108</a></sup> his fighting abilities +have greatly increased, and his voice, after passing +through a rasping <em>k-r-r-r-ing</em> stage, has become a +high, piercing cry very closely resembling the scream +of a child in extreme pain. Young Pelicans uttering +this call chiefly made up the chorus one could +<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>hear all day and at intervals during the night on +Pelican Island.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Pelicans of the same nest never seem to recover +from the mutual enmity with which they begin life. +Quarreling is the normal condition of affairs among +the children of a Pelican family, and as they always +scream loudest when fighting, one cause for the continuous +uproar is evident. Another is the question +of food, and just at this point I may pause a moment +to describe the manner in which the young Pelicans +are fed.</p> + +<div id='i_108' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_108.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>108. Young Pelican, downy stage.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>So far as I know, Pelicans live wholly on fish, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>and the difference between the fare of a young Pelican +and that of its parent is in the size of its finny +food. I have seen fish twelve inches long in the +throat of an old Pelican, while the pouch of a very +young bird contained several fishes less than an +inch in length.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is plain to be seen, therefore, that when an old +Pelican goes fishing for his family he must keep +constantly in mind the size of his offspring and +bring home little fish for little birds, larger fish for +larger ones.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Immediately after the parent returns from its +fishing expedition, the young cluster about it and +the outcry begins. But the old one takes it very +patiently, sitting quite still until ready to open its +creel, as it were. Then he takes a stand if possible +a little above the young, drops his lower bill with its +pouch, when at once the young thrust in their heads +to secure their morning’s catch. On one occasion I +saw three half-grown Pelicans with their heads and +necks entirely out of sight in the parent’s pouch, +and all were prodding about so vigorously that one +would have thought it would be damaged past +mending.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having been fed, one might suppose that for a +time peace would reign in the Pelican household; +but, after emptying their parent’s pouch, the young +immediately begin to squabble over the contents of +their own. Here is real cause for war, and they +grasp each other by the bill and twist and turn like +athletes in a test of strength, seldom, however, with +serious results.</p> + +<div id='i_109' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span> +<img src='images/i_109.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>109. Young Pelican, wing quills appearing.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Returning to our sketch of the young Pelican’s +growth: shortly after the acquisition of the white +down, the wing feathers begin to grow. As yet +the sprouting feathers are useless, but with them +come strength and courage to leave the nest and to +clamber about in search of the foes who perhaps +have been mocking him for days, from their nest on +an adjoining limb. In spite of his broadly webbed +toes, he manages to climb about in the bushes with +more or less ease;<sup><a href='#i_109'>109</a></sup> but in this climbing he is +greatly aided by his bill. Indeed, if it were not +for the safety hook made by the bill, head, and +neck, many a young Pelican would have a premature +<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>tumble. As it is, this hook is often the only +thing that saves him if he chances to lose his footing; +catching by the bill and neck he hangs for a +moment, and then, like a gymnast, hauls himself up +by the aid of his toes.</p> + +<div id='i_110' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_110.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>110. Young Pelicans, stage preceding flight.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>If the young Pelican’s home is on the ground, at +this age he waddles about playing by himself or +fighting all comers. He dabbles in the shallow +water, filling his pouch with mud and water, bits of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>sticks, shells, and weeds; then dropping the point of +his bill downward so that the mud and water ooze +out, he carefully examines the remainder, piece by +piece, as if to see whether it is palatable. Even +when alone he sometimes loses his temper. I saw +one evidently much annoyed by the appearance of a +displaced feather in his wing, and in a vain effort to +catch it he whirled about like a kitten chasing its +own tail.</p> + +<p class='c008'>But the fast-growing wing plumes soon seem to +be a source of inspiration, rather than of annoyance. +The young Pelicans feel a new and strange power +coming to them, and they stand in the nest and aimlessly +wave their now nearly grown wings, until +some day an impulse prompts them to spring into +the air.<sup><a href='#i_110'>110</a></sup> The immediate result is a humiliating +tumble, for Pelicans, unlike smaller birds, must +learn to fly. Once on the ground he has a safer +place to practice, and with a hop, skip, and a flap, +he makes brave efforts to mount skyward. Finally +he succeeds, and the awkward nestling becomes a +creature of power and grace, sailing away on broad +pinions to join its elders.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With this wonderful gift of flight comes a complete +change in the Pelican’s character and behavior. +From a noisy, quarrelsome fledgeling, whose days +were passed in screaming and squabbling, he is +transformed into a dignified, patriarchal-like bird +so absolutely voiceless that I have never heard a +wild Pelican utter a sound, nor do I know of any +one who has; while in disposition he has become so +peaceful that under the strongest provocation he +shows no desire to protest.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>Just what has influenced him—who can say? It +is one of Nature’s mysteries. But let us hope that +the same charm may be exerted on every noisy, +quarrelsome creature.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span> + <h2 class='c006'>INDEX</h2> +</div> + +<ul class='index c003'> + <li class='c020'>Audubon, J. J., <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Auk, Razorbilled, on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>; + <ul> + <li> + <ul> + <li>tameness of, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>;</li> + <li>nesting of, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>;</li> + <li>young of, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>The, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c003'>Bayberries, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Bird-Lore, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Bird photography, definition of, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>; + <ul> + <li>scientific value of, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>;</li> + <li>charm of, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>;</li> + <li>outfit for, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>;</li> + <li>methods of, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Birds, adult, photographing, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>. + <ul> + <li>Young, photographing, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>; + <ul> + <li>return of, to nesting ground, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Bittern, American, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>. + <ul> + <li>Least, haunts of, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>; + <ul> + <li>mode of progression of, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>;</li> + <li>notes of, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>;</li> + <li>nest of, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>;</li> + <li>protective mimicry of, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>;</li> + <li>courage of, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>;</li> + <li>eggs of, destroyed by Marsh Wren, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>;</li> + <li>intelligence of, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>;</li> + <li>eating eggs, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Blackbird, Red-winged, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Blinds, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Bobolink, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Bonaventure Island, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Bourque, Captain Peter, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Brewster, William, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Bryant, Dr. Henry, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Bryon Island, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Bulb, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Canadian Government, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Cartier, Jacques, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Cape Breton, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Catbird, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Cat-tails, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Camera, uses of, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>–4; + <ul> + <li> + <ul> + <li>kinds of, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Hand, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>; + <ul> + <li>Kearton’s, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>;</li> + <li>long-focus, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>;</li> + <li>reflecting, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>;</li> + <li>twin-lens, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>;</li> + <li>snap-shot, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>;</li> + <li>dummy, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>;</li> + <li>triumph of, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Cameras used in Gulf of St. Lawrence, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Cannon, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Chickadee, tameness of, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>; + <ul> + <li>in Central Park, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>;</li> + <li>photographing, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>;</li> + <li>alighting on hand, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>;</li> + <li>nesting of, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>;</li> + <li>habits of, when nesting, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–55;</li> + <li>young of, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–61.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Chuck-will’s-widow, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Civilization, effects of, on wild life, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Clamp, ball-and-socket, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Cliff photography, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Climbers, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Codfishing, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Cormorants, Double-crested, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Corncrake, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Cornel, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Crane, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Crow, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Dalhousie, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Dark-cloth, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Deer, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Dogwood, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'><span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>Enlargements, photographic, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Finch, Pine, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Finders, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Flash-light, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Flicker, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Food, photographing, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Galapagos, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Gallinule, Florida, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>–71.</li> + <li class='c020'>Gannets, on Bonaventure, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>–145; + <ul> + <li>destruction of, by Cartier, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>;</li> + <li>described by Audubon, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>;</li> + <li>killed for bait, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>;</li> + <li>number of, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>;</li> + <li>decrease of, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>;</li> + <li>on Bird Bock, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>–183;</li> + <li>photographing, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>;</li> + <li>fearlessness of, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>;</li> + <li>manner of feeding, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Grand Entry, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Grebe, Pied-billed, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Gregory, J. U., <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Grosse Isle, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Guillemots, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Gulf of St. Lawrence, Bird Rocks of, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Gull, Black-backed, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>. + <ul> + <li>Herring, on Percé Rock, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>; + <ul> + <li>feeding in fields, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>;</li> + <li>nesting on cliffs, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>;</li> + <li>note of, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c003'>Hackensack marshes, value of, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>; + <ul> + <li>beauty of, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>;</li> + <li>geological history of, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>;</li> + <li>flowers of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>;</li> + <li>animal life of, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Haunts, photographing, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Hawk, Marsh, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–31, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Hen, Heath, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>. + <ul> + <li>Moor, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li> + <li>Water, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Heron, Great Blue, killing of, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>; + <ul> + <li> + <ul> + <li>wildness of, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>;</li> + <li>rookeries of, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>;</li> + <li>nests of, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Night, rookery of, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>; + <ul> + <li>call of, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>;</li> + <li>protection of, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>;</li> + <li>nests of, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>;</li> + <li>food of, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>;</li> + <li>limy deposits of, killing vegetation, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>;</li> + <li>young of, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>;</li> + <li>death of young of, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>;</li> + <li>feeding by parents, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>;</li> + <li>fall from nest, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Home photography, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Howe, R. II, Jr., <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Iconoscope, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Inaccessible Island, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Iris, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Islands, preserving influences of, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Jay, Blue, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Junco, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Kearton brothers, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Kerguelen Island, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Kittiwake, on Percé Rock, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>; + <ul> + <li>calling, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>;</li> + <li>on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>;</li> + <li>nests and young of, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>;</li> + <li>number of, on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c003'>Lantern slides, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Laysan Island, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Lens, the, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>. + <ul> + <li>Tests, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>–19.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Little Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Loon, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Lucas, F. A., <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Mackay, George II, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Magdalen Islands, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Marsh Birds, notes of, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>. + <ul> + <li>Mallow, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li> + <li>Mystery of, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Maryland Yellow-throat, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Massachusetts: + <ul> + <li>Boston, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>;</li> + <li>Cambridge, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>;</li> + <li>Martha’s Vineyard, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>;</li> + <li>Muskeget, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>;</li> + <li>Penikese, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>–127;</li> + <li>Weepeckets, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>;</li> + <li>Wood’s Holl, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Maynard, C. J., <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>McKinlay, James, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Migration, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>; + <ul> + <li>speculations on origin of, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>–195.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Mirror, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Mount St. Anne, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>Murre, Brünnich’s, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>; + <ul> + <li> + <ul> + <li>number of, on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Common, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>; + <ul> + <li>number of, on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Ringed, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</li> + <li>Eggs and young of, destroyed, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>; + <ul> + <li>on Bryon, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>;</li> + <li>on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>;</li> + <li>tameness of, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>;</li> + <li>eggs of, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>;</li> + <li>young of, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>;</li> + <li>number of, on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c003'>Nests and Eggs, photographing, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>New Jersey: + <ul> + <li>Englewood, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>;</li> + <li>Hackensack Marshes, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>New York: + <ul> + <li>Central Park, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>;</li> + <li>Cayuga County, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>;</li> + <li>Great Gull Island, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>;</li> + <li>Long Island, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Nuthatch, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Oölogists, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Owl, use of, in photographing birds, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>. + <ul> + <li>Barred, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</li> + <li>Screech, photographing, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>; + <ul> + <li>calls of, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>;</li> + <li>food of, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>;</li> + <li>manner of feeding of, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>;</li> + <li>young of, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Short-eared, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c003'>Pelican, Brown, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>; + <ul> + <li> + <ul> + <li>returning to Pelican Island, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>;</li> + <li>persecution of, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>;</li> + <li>daily habits of, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>–199, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>;</li> + <li>pugnacity and calls of young of, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>;</li> + <li>flight of, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>;</li> + <li>manner of fishing of, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>;</li> + <li>pouch of, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>;</li> + <li>number of, on Pelican Island, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>;</li> + <li>nesting of, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>–207;</li> + <li>development and habits of young of, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>–213;</li> + <li>feeding of, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>;</li> + <li>voicelessness of adult of, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Island, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>–214.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Pennsylvania: Presque Isle, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Percé, isolation of, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>; + <ul> + <li> + <ul> + <li>charm of, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Rock, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>; + <ul> + <li>size of, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>;</li> + <li>birds of, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Petrel, Leach’s, on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>; + <ul> + <li>nesting of, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>;</li> + <li>young of, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>;</li> + <li>call of, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>;</li> + <li>habits of, at night, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Pictou, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Plates, photographic, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Puffins, on Bryon, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>; + <ul> + <li>on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>;</li> + <li>nesting, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>;</li> + <li>ferocity of, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>;</li> + <li>appearance of, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>;</li> + <li>number of, on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c003'>Raven, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Rail, Clapper, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>. + <ul> + <li>Sora, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Razorbills, on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>; + <ul> + <li>tameness of, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>;</li> + <li>nesting of, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>;</li> + <li>young of, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>;</li> + <li>number of, on Bird Rock, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Red Cedar, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Reedbird, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Robin, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Rowley, John, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Sable Island, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Screen for nest photography, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Seasons, photographing, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Shelbourne, W. E., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Shiras, G. A., <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Shutter, curtain, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>; + <ul> + <li>focal-plane, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>;</li> + <li>iris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>;</li> + <li>unicum, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Snow, photographing after, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Sparrow, Fox, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>. + <ul> + <li>House, photographing, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>; + <ul> + <li>notes of, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>;</li> + <li>intelligence of, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Ipswich, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</li> + <li>Savanna, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li> + <li>Swamp, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.</li> + <li>White-throated, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Swallow, Bank, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>. + <ul> + <li>Barn, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</li> + <li>Eave, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</li> + <li>Rough-winged, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</li> + <li>Tree, nesting site of, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>; + <ul> + <li>range of, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>;</li> + <li>in Hackensack marshes, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>;</li> + <li>roosting habits of, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>;</li> + <li>evening and morning flights of, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>–101;</li> + <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>bathing in trees, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>;</li> + <li>exhibiting procreative and nesting habits prematurely, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>;</li> + <li>migration of, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c003'>Tabor, E. G., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Taker, Captain Hubbard, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Telephoto, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Tern, Arctic, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>. + <ul> + <li>Common, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>; + <ul> + <li>nesting of, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>;</li> + <li>action of colony of, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>;</li> + <li>notes of, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>;</li> + <li>bravery of, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>;</li> + <li>young of, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>–114, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>;</li> + <li>returning to nest, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>;</li> + <li>photographing, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>;</li> + <li>hearing of, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>;</li> + <li>on sheep, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Roseate, on Weepeckets, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>; + <ul> + <li>note of, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>;</li> + <li>on Penikese, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Terns, uses of, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>; + <ul> + <li>grace and beauty of, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>;</li> + <li>destruction of, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>;</li> + <li>on islands, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>;</li> + <li>protection of, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Thrush, Wood, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Towhee, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Tree trunk, artificial, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Tripod, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Tubing, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Twin-flower, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Vireo, Red-eyed, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>. + <ul> + <li>White-eyed, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</li> + <li>Yellow-throated, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Virginia: Cobb’s Island, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Warbler, Blue-winged, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>. + <ul> + <li>Chestnut-sided, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c020'>Wild cherry, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Wild rice, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Winter, feeding birds in, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Woodcock, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Woodpecker, Downy, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</li> + <li class='c020'>Wren, Long-billed Marsh, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c003'> + <div>THE END</div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='pbb'> + <hr class='pb c004'> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='xlarge'>By FRANK M. CHAPMAN.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c021'><strong>Bird Studies with a Camera. With Introductory Chapters +on the Outfit and Methods of the Bird Photographer.</strong> +By <span class='sc'>Frank M. Chapman</span>, Assistant Curator of Vertebrate +Zoölogy in the American Museum of Natural History; +Author of “Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America” +and “Bird-Life.” Illustrated with over 100 Photographs +from Nature by the Author. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Bird students and photographers will find that this book possesses for +them a unique interest and value. It contains fascinating accounts of +the habits of some of our common birds and descriptions of the largest +bird colonies existing in eastern North America; while its author’s phenomenal +success in photographing birds in Nature not only lends to the +illustrations the charm of realism, but makes the book a record of +surprising achievements with the camera. The book is practical as well +as descriptive, and in the opening chapters the questions of camera, +lens, plates, blinds, decoys, and other pertinent matters are fully discussed, +making the work an admirable guide for the camera hunter.</p> + +<p class='c022'><strong>Bird-Life. A Guide to the Study of our Common Birds.</strong> +With 75 full-page Plates and numerous Text Drawings +by Ernest Seton-Thompson. <span class='sc'>Library Edition</span>, 12mo, +cloth, $1.75; <span class='sc'>Teachers’ Edition</span>, same as Library Edition, +but containing an Appendix, with new matter designed +for the use of teachers, and including lists of birds +for each month of the year, 12mo, cloth, $2.00. Edition +with 75 Colored Lithographic Plates, 8vo, cloth, $5.00.</p> + +<p class='c008'>TEACHERS’ MANUAL. To accompany Portfolios of <span class='sc'>Colored +Plates</span> of “Bird-Life.” Contains the same text as the Teachers’ Edition +of “Bird-Life,” but is without the 75 uncolored plates. Sold only with +the Portfolios, as follows: <em>Portfolio No. I.</em> Permanent Residents and +Winter Visitants. 32 plates. <em>Portfolio No. II.</em> March and April +Migrants. 24 plates. <em>Portfolio No. III.</em> May Migrants, Types of +Birds’ Eggs, and 9 half-tone plates showing Types of Birds’ Nests. +34 Plates. Price of Portfolios, each, $1.25; with the <span class='sc'>Manual</span>, $2.00; +the three Portfolios, with the <span class='sc'>Manual</span>, $4.00.</p> + +<p class='c022'><strong>Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America.</strong> +With Keys to the Species, Descriptions of their Plumages, +Nests, etc., and their Distribution and Migrations. +With over 200 Illustrations. 12mo. <span class='sc'>Library Edition</span>, +$3.00; <span class='sc'>Pocket Edition</span>, flexible covers, $3.50.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='xlarge'>D. APPLETON AND COMPANY’S PUBLICATIONS.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c021'><cite>FAMILIAR LIFE IN FIELD AND FOREST.</cite> +By <span class='sc'>F. Schuyler Mathews</span>. Uniform with “Familiar Flowers,” +“Familiar Trees,” and “Familiar Features of the Roadside.” +With many Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The great popularity of Mr. F. Schuyler Mathews’s charmingly illustrated +books upon flowers, trees, and roadside life insures a cordial reception for +his forthcoming book, which describes the animals, reptiles, insects, and +birds commonly met with in the country. His book will be found a most +convenient and interesting guide to an acquaintance with common wild +creatures.</p> + +<p class='c022'><cite>FAMILIAR FEATURES OF THE ROADSIDE.</cite> +By <span class='sc'>F. Schuyler Mathews</span>, author of “Familiar Flowers of +Field and Garden,” “Familiar Trees and their Leaves,” etc. +With 130 Illustrations by the Author. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Which one of us, whether afoot, awheel, on horseback, or in comfortable carriage, +has not whiled away the time by glancing about? How many of us, however, have +taken in the details of what charms us? We see the flowering fields and budding woods, +listen to the notes of birds and frogs, the hum of some big bumblebee, but how much do +we know of what we sense? These questions, these doubts have occurred to all of us, +and it is to answer them that Mr. Mathews sets forth. It is to his credit that he succeeds +so well. He puts before us in chronological order the flowers, birds, and beasts +we meet on our highway and byway travels, tells us how to recognize them, what they +are really like, and gives us at once charming drawings in words and lines, for Mr. +Mathews is his own illustrator.”—<cite>Boston Journal.</cite></p> + +<p class='c022'><cite>FAMILIAR TREES AND THEIR LEAVES.</cite> +By <span class='sc'>F. Schuyler Mathews</span>, author of “Familiar Flowers of +Field and Garden,” “The Beautiful Flower Garden,” etc. +Illustrated with over 200 Drawings from Nature by the Author, +and giving the botanical names and habitat of each tree +and recording the precise character and coloring of its leafage. +12mo. Cloth, $1.75.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“It is not often that we find a book which deserves such unreserved commendation. +It is commendable for several reasons: it is a book that has been needed for a +long time, it is written in a popular and attractive style, it is accurately and profusely +illustrated, and it is by an authority on the subject of which it treats.”—<cite>Public Opinion.</cite></p> + +<p class='c022'><cite>FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND +GARDEN.</cite> By <span class='sc'>F. Schuyler Mathews</span>. Illustrated with +200 Drawings by the Author. 12mo. Library Edition, cloth, +$1.75; Pocket Edition, flexible morocco, $2.25.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“A book of much value and interest, admirably arranged for the student and the +lover of flowers.... The text is full of compact information, well selected and interestingly +presented.... It seems to us to be a most attractive handbook of its kind.”—<cite>New +York Sun.</cite></p> + +<p class='c022'><cite>THE ART OF TAXIDERMY.</cite> By <span class='sc'>John Rowley</span>, +Chief of the Department of Taxidermy in the American +Museum of Natural History. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mr. Rowley has introduced new features into the art which have not been described +in print before, and his book represents the latest advances in taxidermy as an art and +as a science. He takes a hunting party to the Canadian woods in his opening chapter, +and gives a series of vivid pictures of actual field work. This is followed by a series of +careful explanations of the proper treatment of animals, large and small, of birds, and +heads. The many lovers of outdoor sport who are interested as amateurs in the various +phases of taxidermy will find their requirements fully met, while to professional taxidermists +this important and comprehensive work will be indispensable. It is elaborately +illustrated.</p> + +<p class='c022'><cite>INSECT LIFE.</cite> By <span class='sc'>John Henry Comstock</span>, Professor +of Entomology in Cornell University. With Illustrations +by Anna Botsford Comstock, member of the Society of +American Wood Engravers. 12mo. Library Edition, cloth, +$2.50; Teachers’ and Students’ Edition, $1.50.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Any one who will go through the work with fidelity will be rewarded by a +knowledge of insect life which will be of pleasure and benefit to him at all seasons, and +will give an increased charm to the days or weeks spent each summer outside of the +great cities. It is the best book of its class which has yet appeared.”—<cite>New York +Mail and Express.</cite></p> + +<p class='c008'>“The arrangement of the lessons and experiments and the advice on collection and +manipulation are only some of the very admirable features of a work that must take +first place in the class to which it belongs.”—<cite>Philadelphia Press.</cite></p> + +<p class='c008'>“The volume is admirably written, and the simple and lucid style is a constant delight.... +It is sure to serve an excellent purpose in the direction of popular culture, +and the love of natural science which it will develop in youthful minds can hardly fail +to bear rich fruit.”—<cite>Boston Beacon.</cite></p> + +<p class='c022'><cite>OUTLINES OF THE EARTH’S HISTORY.</cite> +By Prof. <span class='sc'>N. S. Shaler</span>, of Harvard University. Illustrated. +12mo. Cloth, $1.75.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Any one who reads the preliminary chapters will not stop until he has read the +entire book. The subject is certainly one of supreme interest, and it would be hard to +find any one more competent to write about it than Professor Shaler.”—<cite>New York +Herald.</cite></p> + +<p class='c008'>“Professor Shaler fortunately possesses a popular style, and what he writes on a +scientific topic is entertaining as well as instructive. This book is illustrated with a +number of splendid full-page cuts, which admirably illuminate the work.”—<cite>Boston +Globe.</cite></p> + +<p class='c008'>“Professor Shaler, of Harvard, in the well-worded text and the handsome illustrations, +presents an interesting and instructive volume to the students of physiography. +It is a simple study of the earth’s history, revealing Nature’s processes and its continuous +and increasing, unceasing energies. It is well calculated to arouse an interest in +geological study, as it furnishes the key to unlock some of the great mysteries the student +meets in this broad field of science.... He explains many curious phenomena. +The work is very free from technicalities, and is so plainly told as to be easily understood +by every intellectual reader.”—<cite>Chicago Inter-Ocean.</cite></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='xlarge'>APPLETONS’ HOME-READING BOOKS.</span></div> + <div class='c003'>Edited by W. T. HARRIS, A. M., LL. D., U. S. Commissioner of Education.</div> + <div class='c003'>CLASSED IN FOUR DIVISIONS, AS FOLLOWS:</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>The First</span> comprises natural history, including popular treatises on plants and animals, +and also descriptions of geographical localities, all of which pertain to the study +of geography in the common schools. Descriptive astronomy, and anything that relates +to organic Nature, comes under this head.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>The Second</span> includes whatever relates to natural philosophy, statics, dynamics, +properties of matter, and chemistry, organic and inorganic.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>The Third</span> covers history, biography, ethnology, ethics, civics, and all that relates +to the lives of individuals or of nations.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>The Fourth</span>, works of general literature that portray human nature in the form +of feelings, emotions, and the various expressions of art and music.</p> + +<table class='table1'> + <tr> + <th class='c009'></th> + <th class='c010'><em>Net.</em></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Story of the Birds. <span class='sc'>J. N. Baskett</span></td> + <td class='c010'>$0.65</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Story of the Fishes. <span class='sc'>J. N. Baskett</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Plant World. <span class='sc'>Frank Vincent</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Animal World. <span class='sc'>Frank Vincent</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Insect World. <span class='sc'>C. M. Weed</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Story of Oliver Twist. <span class='sc'>Ella B. Kirk</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Story of Rob Roy. <span class='sc'>Edith T. Harris</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>In Brook and Bayou. <span class='sc'>Clara Kern Bayliss</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>Curious Homes and their Tenants. <span class='sc'>James Carter Beard</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.65</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>Crusoe’s Island. <span class='sc'>F. A. Ober</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.65</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>Uncle Sam’s Secrets. <span class='sc'>O. P. Austin</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Hall of Shells. Mrs. <span class='sc'>A. S. Hardy</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>Nature Study Readers. <span class='sc'>J. W. Troeger.</span></td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>  Harold’s First Discoveries. Book I</td> + <td class='c010'>.25</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>  Harold’s Rambles. Book II</td> + <td class='c010'>.40</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>  Harold’s Quests. Book III</td> + <td class='c010'>.50</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>  Harold’s Explorations. Book IV</td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>  Harold’s Discussions. Book V</td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>Uncle Robert’s Geography. <span class='sc'>Francis W. Parker</span> and <span class='sc'>Nellie L. Helm</span>.   Playtime and Seedtime. Book I</td> + <td class='c010'>.32</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>  On the Farm. Book II</td> + <td class='c010'>.42</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>  Uncle Robert’s Visit. Book III</td> + <td class='c010'>.50</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>  Rivers and Winds. Book IV</td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>  Mountain, Plain, and Desert. Book V</td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>  Our Own Continent. Book VI</td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>News from the Birds. <span class='sc'>Leander S. Keyser</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>Historic Boston and its Neighborhood. <span class='sc'>Edward Everett Hale</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.50</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Earth and Sky. <span class='sc'>Edward S. Holden</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.28</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Family of the Sun. <span class='sc'>Edward S. Holden</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.50</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>Stories of the Great Astronomers. <span class='sc'>Edward S. Holden</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>About the Weather. <span class='sc'>Mark W. Harrington</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.65</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>Stories from the Arabian Nights. <span class='sc'>Adam Singleton</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.65</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>Our Country’s Flag and the Flags of Foreign Countries. <span class='sc'>Edward S. Holden</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.80</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>Our Navy in Time of War. <span class='sc'>Franklin Matthews</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Chronicles of Sir John Froissart. <span class='sc'>Adam Singleton</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.65</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>The Storied West Indies. <span class='sc'>F. A. Ober</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>Uncle Sam’s Soldiers. <span class='sc'>O. P. Austin</span></td> + <td class='c010'>.75</td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><em>Others in preparation.</em></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='xlarge'>THE LIBRARY OF USEFUL STORIES.</span></div> + <div class='c004'>Illustrated. 16mo. Cloth, 40 cents per volume.</div> + <div class='c003'><em>NOW READY.</em></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-b'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of the Alphabet.</strong> By <span class='sc'>Edward Clodd</span>.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of Eclipses.</strong> By <span class='sc'>G. F. Chambers</span>.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of the Living Machine.</strong> By <span class='sc'>H. W. Conn</span>.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of the British Race.</strong> By <span class='sc'>John Munro</span>, C. E.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of Geographical Discovery.</strong> By <span class='sc'>Joseph Jacobs</span>.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of the Cotton Plant.</strong> By <span class='sc'>F. Wilkinson</span>, F.G.S.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of the Mind.</strong> By Prof. <span class='sc'>J. Mark Baldwin</span>.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of Photography.</strong> By <span class='sc'>Alfred T. Story</span>.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of Life in the Seas.</strong> By <span class='sc'>Sidney J. Hickson</span>.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of Germ Life.</strong> By Prof. <span class='sc'>H. W. Conn</span>.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of the Earth’s Atmosphere.</strong> By <span class='sc'>Douglas Archibald</span>.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of Extinct Civilizations of the East.</strong> By <span class='sc'>Robert Anderson</span>, M. A., F. A. S.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of Electricity.</strong> By <span class='sc'>John Munro</span>, C. E.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of a Piece of Coal.</strong> By <span class='sc'>E. A. Martin</span>, F.G.S.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of the Solar System.</strong> By <span class='sc'>C. F. Chambers</span>, F. R. A. S.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of the Earth.</strong> By <span class='sc'>H. G. Seeley</span>, F.R.S.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of the Plants.</strong> By <span class='sc'>Grant Allen</span>.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of “Primitive” Man.</strong> By <span class='sc'>Edward Clodd</span>.</div> + <div class='line'><strong>The Story of the Stars.</strong> By <span class='sc'>G. F. Chambers</span>, F. R. A. S.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> + <div class='nf-center'> + <div>OTHERS IN PREPARATION.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='xlarge'>THE CONCISE KNOWLEDGE LIBRARY</span></div> + <div class='c003'>Each, small 8vo, half leather, $2.00.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c023'><strong>The History of the World</strong>,</p> + +<p class='c000'>From the Earliest Historical Time to the Year 1898. By +<span class='sc'>Edgar Sanderson</span>, M. A., author of “A History of the British +Empire,” etc.</p> + +<p class='c023'><strong>The Historical Reference-Book.</strong></p> + +<p class='c000'>Comprising a Chronological Table of Universal History, a +Chronological Dictionary of Universal History, and a Biographical +Dictionary. With Geographical Notes. For the use of +Students, Teachers, and Readers. By <span class='sc'>Louis Heilprin</span>. Fifth +edition, revised to 1898.</p> + +<p class='c023'><strong>Natural History.</strong></p> + +<p class='c000'>By <span class='sc'>R. Lydekker</span>, B. A.; <span class='sc'>W. F. Kirby</span>, F. L. S.; <span class='sc'>B. B. Woodward</span>, +F. L. S.; <span class='sc'>R. Kirkpatrick</span>; <span class='sc'>R. I. Pocock</span>; <span class='sc'>R. Bowdler +Sharpe</span>, LL. D.; <span class='sc'>W. Garstang</span>, M. A.; <span class='sc'>F. A. Bather</span>, M. A., +and <span class='sc'>H. M. Bernard</span>, M. A. Nearly 800 pages, and 500 +Illustrations drawn especially for this work.</p> + +<p class='c023'><strong>Astronomy.</strong></p> + +<p class='c000'>Fully illustrated. By <span class='sc'>Agnes M. Clerke</span>, <span class='sc'>A. Fowler</span>, F. R. A. S., +Demonstrator of Astronomical Physics of the Royal College of +Science, and <span class='sc'>J. Ellard Gore</span>, F. R. A. S.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='xlarge'>ALASKA AND THE KLONDIKE.</span></div> + <div class='c003'>BY ANGELO HEILPRIN.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c024'><cite>A Journey to the New Eldorado.</cite> With Hints to the Traveler +and Observations on the Physical History and Geology of the +Gold Regions, the Condition of and Methods of Working the +Klondike Placers, and the Laws Governing and Regulating Mining +in the Northwest Territory of Canada. By <span class='sc'>Angelo Heilprin</span>, +Professor of Geology at the Academy of Natural Sciences +of Philadelphia, Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society of London, +Past-President of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia, +etc. Fully illustrated from Photographs and with a new Map of +the Gold Regions. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.</p> + +<p class='c025'>“Will take and retain immediate rank as a contribution of essential value +not only to the literature of travel, but to that of American commercial and +political development.... Should be in the hands of every person interested +either in fact or in prospect in Alaska and the Klondike.”—<cite>Brooklyn Standard-Union.</cite></p> + +<p class='c026'>“For the first time the new gold fields of the North have been dealt with +by a scientific man capable of weighing evidence.”—<cite>Chicago Evening Post.</cite></p> + +<p class='c026'>“Presents for the first time a plain, straightforward story of what he saw, +how he saw it, the men and things he met, what the hardships were and how +he overcame them. The book is fully illustrated. It is replete with valuable +hints and instruction, and students of the gold problem in Alaska ought to appreciate +it. The entire subject has been developed with extreme care and great +thoroughness.”—<cite>Boston Globe.</cite></p> + +<p class='c026'>“It is among the practical books, everywhere bearing evidence of its reliability. +The story of the journey is told with enough of personal incidents and +accidents of travel to make every page interesting to the general reader, and it +will be found of practical value to those intending to make the hard journey.”—<cite>Chicago +Inter-Ocean.</cite></p> + +<p class='c026'>“Mr. Heilprin observed Dawson with the eyes of a student of great scientific +attainments, who had little in common with the crowd of elemental and +uncouth men gathered there, or with their life; and he noted many things +which they themselves probably accepted as matters of course, besides writing +an important scientific treatise.”—<cite>Boston Herald.</cite></p> + +<p class='c026'>“It is noticeably fair-minded in its presentation of facts—the work of a +clear-minded and well-trained observer.”—<cite>New York Outlook.</cite></p> + +<p class='c026'>“The first adequate presentation of the Klondike gold problem made by a +geologist.”—<cite>New York Mail and Express.</cite></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c003'> + <div>D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='pbb'> + <hr class='pb c004'> +</div> +<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'> + +<div class='chapter ph2'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + + <ul class='ul_1 c003'> + <li>Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. + </li> + </ul> + +</div> + +<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker-drop'> + + <ul class='ul_1'> + <li>In the HTML version of this e-book, you can click on the [Listen] link to hear an mp3 + audio file of the music. Click on the [MusicXML] link to download the notation in + MusicXML format. The music files are the music transcriber’s interpretation of the + printed notation and are placed in the public domain. + </li> + </ul> + +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75287 ***</div> + </body> + <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e (with regex) on 2025-02-03 23:27:20 GMT --> +</html> + diff --git a/75287-h/images/cover.jpg b/75287-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a323eb --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_006.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_006.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0744535 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_006.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_026.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_026.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c99b48 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_026.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_040.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_040.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3433209 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_040.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_047.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_047.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..30aeb30 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_047.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_062.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_062.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f96181 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_062.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_076.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_076.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ace264 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_076.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_089.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_089.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ebf1469 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_089.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_106.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_106.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d65bc1e --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_106.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_128.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_128.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d6af25 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_128.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_146.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_146.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4d1bf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_146.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_152.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_152.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f1969c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_152.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/di_191.jpg b/75287-h/images/di_191.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0415242 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/di_191.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_001.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_001.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f399c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_001.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_002.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_002.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd71189 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_002.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_003.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_003.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f44c55 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_003.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_004.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_004.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..93fb083 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_004.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_005.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_005.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e79ed2b --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_005.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_006.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_006.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfa2867 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_006.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_007.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_007.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..68a900a --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_007.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_008.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_008.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d45b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_008.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_009.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_009.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f12c47b --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_009.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_010.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_010.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2f2015 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_010.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_011.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_011.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c52ab19 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_011.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_012.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_012.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a83a00 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_012.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_013.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_013.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6100bb --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_013.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_014.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_014.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9fe501a --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_014.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_015.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_015.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cebba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_015.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_016.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_016.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a498b83 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_016.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_017.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_017.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3182d65 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_017.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_018.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_018.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c35dd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_018.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_019.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_019.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ab6d77 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_019.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_020.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_020.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d15dc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_020.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_021.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_021.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d8da77 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_021.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_022.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_022.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d494a73 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_022.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_023.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_023.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a01474 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_023.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_024.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_024.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..605f60e --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_024.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_025.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_025.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b0106 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_025.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_026.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_026.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..949322e --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_026.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_027.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_027.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f47e0e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_027.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_028.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_028.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9826b4e --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_028.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_029.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_029.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ab540d --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_029.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_030.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_030.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c905f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_030.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_031.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_031.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4c9a92 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_031.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_032.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_032.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa9acce --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_032.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_033.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_033.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..934e3c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_033.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_034.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_034.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4813084 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_034.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_035.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_035.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d26cd9d --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_035.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_036.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_036.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..05e2945 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_036.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_037.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_037.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4c4bc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_037.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_038.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_038.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..673b41d --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_038.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_039.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_039.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..748baec --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_039.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_040.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_040.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0eb10f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_040.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_041.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_041.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3ffa9a --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_041.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_042.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_042.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..26deb79 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_042.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_043.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_043.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..148b544 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_043.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_044.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_044.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0bb0bc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_044.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_045.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_045.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a358ad0 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_045.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_046.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_046.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3b51bf --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_046.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_047.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_047.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1656b8d --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_047.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_048.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_048.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..72f6092 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_048.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_049.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_049.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ddb71d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_049.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_050.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_050.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..74de4c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_050.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_051.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_051.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..aebb049 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_051.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_052.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_052.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9bdd68 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_052.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_053.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_053.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d201ec2 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_053.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_054.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_054.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..89abe6a --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_054.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_055.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_055.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..28cd81a --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_055.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_056.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_056.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..61e7375 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_056.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_057.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_057.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6babf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_057.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_058.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_058.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d71e4fc --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_058.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_059.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_059.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7bfb203 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_059.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_060.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_060.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e00dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_060.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_061.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_061.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9d205a --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_061.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_062.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_062.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bed81c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_062.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_063.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_063.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..efb3c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_063.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_064.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_064.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d61ba00 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_064.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_065.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_065.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac8ee0b --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_065.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_066.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_066.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..90a6aaa --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_066.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_067.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_067.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d8ea35 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_067.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_068.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_068.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..498d6d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_068.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_069.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_069.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f1da358 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_069.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_070.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_070.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5b9f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_070.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_071.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_071.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a83037 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_071.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_072.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_072.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff884da --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_072.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_073.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_073.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..693cc61 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_073.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_074.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_074.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b478d6e --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_074.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_075.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_075.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a13fff --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_075.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_076.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_076.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5917421 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_076.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_077.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_077.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..65045bb --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_077.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_078.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_078.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1402647 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_078.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_079.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_079.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c804659 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_079.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_080.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_080.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c77cf60 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_080.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_081.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_081.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c1ff78b --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_081.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_082.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_082.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9ff5c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_082.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_083.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_083.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f74386b --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_083.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_084.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_084.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..898db25 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_084.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_085.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_085.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..301d056 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_085.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_086.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_086.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f1c5e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_086.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_087.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_087.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ff4917 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_087.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_088.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_088.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a245c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_088.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_089.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_089.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd31d97 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_089.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_090.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_090.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0cb869 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_090.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_091.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_091.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa2d226 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_091.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_092.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_092.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1feb1bb --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_092.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_093.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_093.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b992972 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_093.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_094.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_094.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..539f22b --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_094.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_095.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_095.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..07c38aa --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_095.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_096.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_096.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a3af5b --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_096.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_097.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_097.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b418f70 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_097.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_098.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_098.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9814bb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_098.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_099.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_099.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..06cacd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_099.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_100.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_100.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fbc4a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_100.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_101.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_101.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..efa59b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_101.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_102.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_102.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..39a4cd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_102.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_103.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_103.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7384cfd --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_103.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_104.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_104.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd7097f --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_104.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_105.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_105.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a948fa --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_105.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_106.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_106.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..00338fd --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_106.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_107.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_107.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a038b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_107.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_108.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_108.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..be96b65 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_108.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_109.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_109.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..edec966 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_109.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_110.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_110.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..be26b4b --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_110.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/i_title.jpg b/75287-h/images/i_title.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c16c9f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/i_title.jpg diff --git a/75287-h/images/p_005.jpg b/75287-h/images/p_005.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3533041 --- /dev/null +++ b/75287-h/images/p_005.jpg |
