path: root/74916-0.txt

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 74916 ***





                       UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

                            WAR DEPARTMENT.

                         SIGNAL SERVICE NOTES.

                                No. IX.




                           WEATHER PROVERBS.


                    PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

                 BRIG. AND BVT. MAJ. GEN’L W. B. HAZEN,

                   CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER OF THE ARMY.

                                   BY

                           H. H. C. DUNWOODY,

           1ST LIEUTENANT, 4TH ARTILLERY, A. S. O. AND ASST.


            PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.


                              WASHINGTON:
                      GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
                                 1883.




The study of popular weather prognostics has been considered of such
interest that much attention has been given this subject by European
meteorologists. It is proposed to make the collection as complete as
possible, and, with this in view, it is requested that all popular
weather sayings not found in this collection may be communicated to the
Chief Signal Officer of the Army. It is proper to add that the weather
forecasts of this office are not based upon the proverbs here given, but
wholly upon observations and generalizations accepted by meteorologists.

                                                                W. B. H.




                           TABLE OF CONTENTS.


                                                                   Page.
 Introduction or note to accompany publication by Chief Signal         5
   Officer
 Letter of Lieut. H. H. C. Dunwoody transmitting report                5
 Copy of circular calling for reports of popular weather sayings       7


                                 PART I.

 Popular Weather Prognostics. By the Hon. RALPH ABERCROMBY, F. M.      9
   S., and WILLIAM MARRIOTT, F. M. S.
 Proverbs relating to animals, with note by Dr. C. C. ABBOTT          29
 Proverbs relating to Birds.                                          34
      Clouds                                                          41
      Dew                                                             48
      Fish                                                            49
      Fog                                                             51
      Frost                                                           53
      Insects                                                         55
      Moon                                                            59
      Plants                                                          64
      Rain                                                            68
      Rainbows                                                        70
      Reptiles                                                        72
      Stars                                                           73
      Snow                                                            74
      Sun                                                             76
      Thunder and lightning                                           79
      Trees                                                           82
      Wind                                                            83
      Years, seasons, months, weeks, and days                      88–93
 General prognostics                                                 105


                                PART II.

 1.   Instrumental and other local indications of approaching        129
        storms, compiled from reports made to the Chief Signal
        Officer by observers of the Signal Service, United States
        Army
 2.   Table 1 shows the quadrants from which winds are most likely   141
        to be followed by rain or snow in the several districts of
        the United States
      Table 2, shows the quadrants from which winds are least        143
        likely to be followed by rain or snow, computed from the
        observations of the Signal Service
 3.   District map, showing the boundaries of meteorological         145
        districts used by the Signal Service in preparation of
        weather indications
 List of names and addresses of persons furnishing reports for       145
   this publication




                                  OFFICE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER,
                                      _Washington, D. C., May 11, 1883_.

SIR: I have the honor to submit the following report of the “Popular
weather proverbs, prognostics, &c.,” in use in the United States:

The circular recently issued by you calling upon all observers, both
regular and voluntary, and the general public to coöperate with the
Signal Service in the collection of this information was widely
distributed, and the replies received contain special prognostics in use
in each section of this country. Many of these sayings express, in a
crude form, the meteorological conditions likely to follow, and have
resulted, from the close observation on the part of those whose
interests compelled them to be on the alert, in the study of all signs
which might enable them to determine approaching weather changes.

The increase of aqueous vapor in the atmosphere is indicated by its
effect upon animal and vegetable organization. Animals are observed to
become restless before rain, and many prognostics are based upon the
action of birds, beasts, fish, reptiles, and insects. Plants and trees
also indicate change in the hygrometric condition of the surrounding
atmosphere by the expansion and contraction of their leaves or flowers.
The increase of aqueous vapor is indicated by the expansion or
contraction of various substances, such as wood, whalebone, cat-gut,
sponge, and hair, which, when colder than the air, condenses the
moisture upon them, and this being absorbed increases the temperature,
thus causing expansion or contraction. This action of heat and vapor
upon these various substances has been utilized by meteorologists in the
construction of hygrometers, and a number of the prognostics herewith
express the effect of moisture on the articles named.

I have indicated only a limited number of those prognostics which depend
upon the quantity of vapor in the atmosphere with a view of illustrating
that a portion of these popular weather sayings are based upon true
meteorological conditions, and a thorough knowledge of this class of
prognostics may prove of service to the observer when instruments are
not at hand.

Those popular sayings referring to years, months, weeks, &c., are not
considered of any real value in determining the weather forecasts for
the periods named. They are given that general attention may be directed
to this class of weather forecasts. The ablest meteorologists of to-day,
aided by the most perfect meteorological instruments and the results of
years of accurate instrumental observations, are still unable to give
reliable forecasts of the weather for a longer period than two or three
days, and frequently not longer than twenty-four hours. It is possible
that a more accurate observation of the condition of plants or the
condition and action of animals might lead to some valuable suggestion
in this important field of investigation. At least we may be permitted
to invite a wider field of observation in this branch of the science so
long as those most learned in meteorology are unable to inform the
agriculturist whether the approaching season will be wet or dry, warm or
cold.

I have included in this report the interesting paper on Popular Weather
Prognostics by the Hon. Ralph Abercromby, F. M. S., and William
Marriott, F. M. S., which was read before the Meteorological Society of
London December 20, 1882. This paper is of special value when considered
in connection with the popular weather sayings given in this report, as
the relation existing between many of these prognostics and the
attending meteorological conditions as determined from instrumental
observations is clearly shown.

Under head of General Prognostics will be found a paper of special
interest by Mr. Cushing, giving weather prognostics in use among the
Zuñi Indians of New Mexico.

Part 2 contains the local indications of weather changes as determined
by Signal Service observers at several stations of the Signal Service.
Also table showing the wet and dry winds of each district for each month
of the year, with a district map showing the geographical boundaries of
the districts used in the preparation of weather indications of the
Signal Service.

             I am very respectfully, your obedient servant,
                           H. H. C. DUNWOODY,
     _First Lieutenant, Fourth Artillery, A. S. O. and Assistant_.

                  The CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER, U. S. A.,
                          _Washington, D. C._




       _CIRCULAR CALLING FOR REPORTS OF POPULAR WEATHER SAYINGS._


                                              WAR DEPARTMENT,
                              OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER,
                                          _Washington City_, —— —, 188–.

DEAR SIR: It is the purpose of this office to make a collection of the
popular weather proverbs and prognostics used throughout the country and
by all classes and races of people, including Indians, negroes, and all
foreigners. In order to facilitate this work the accompanying questions
have been prepared and distributed. If you will kindly lend your
assistance in this work I shall be greatly obliged, and if the reports
are numerous enough to warrant their printing you shall be furnished
with a copy of the paper.

Please write the answers to the questions on the lines provided for that
purpose, _and number the answers to correspond with the numbers of the
questions answered_. Please add such other information bearing on the
subject as you may have. When possible please give the origin and
history of the saying or proverb.

Yours, very respectfully,
                                                        W. B. HAZEN,
                        _Brig. & Bvt. Maj. Gen’l, Chief Signal Officer,
                           U. S. A._

1. Proverbs relating to the sun.

2. Proverbs relating to the moon. (New moon, change of moon, halo around
the moon, influence of moon on agricultural operations, change of moon
on days of week, &c.)

3. Proverbs relating to stars and meteors.

4. Proverbs relating to rainbows.

5. Proverbs relating to mist and fog.

6. Proverbs relating to dew.

7. Proverbs relating to clouds.

8. Proverbs relating to frost.

9. Proverbs relating to snow.

10. Proverbs relating to rain. (Morning, midnight, rain from particular
quarter, rain during squalls.)

11. Proverbs relating to thunder and lightning. (First thunder in the
year, thunder from the west, north, east, south; lightning west, north,
northwest, south, southwest, and east.)

12. Proverbs relating to winds. (Day, night, morning, evening; wind and
rain, wind preceding fair weather, cold winds, direction of winds, north
wind, northeast wind, northwest wind, south wind, east wind, west winds,
wet wind, veering winds, backing winds.)

13. Prognostics from the actions of animals. (Bats, oxen, cats, dogs,
goats, hares, rabbits, horses, mice, moles, pigs, rats, sheep, weasels,
wolves, frogs.)

14. Prognostics from birds. (Blackbirds, cranes, cuckoos, ducks,
finches, fowls, chickens, geese, guinea fowl, gulls, kingfishers, kites,
larks, migratory birds, owls, peacocks, pigeons, quails, robins, rooks,
snipe, sparrows, swallows, swans, thrushes, wild geese, woodpeckers,
wrens.)

15. Prognostics from fish. (Carp, dolphin, pike, porpoise, trout, shad,
herring, mackerel, cod, blue-fish, lobsters, crabs.)

16. Prognostics from reptiles. (Frogs, glow-worms, leeches, snails,
snakes, toads, worms.)

17. Prognostics from insects. (Ants, bees, beetles, crickets, flies,
gnats, lady-birds, spiders, wasps.)

18. Prognostics from trees, plants, &c. (Brambles, brooms, chickweed,
clover, colts-foot, dandelions, ferns, fir-cones, hawthorne, marigolds,
mushrooms, oak, onions, pear, apple, roses, sea-weed, sensitive-plants,
thistles, walnuts, wood-sorrel, chaff, leaves, &c.)

19. Prognostics of the weather drawn from various objects. (Chairs,
tables cracked before rain, &c., coals burning brightly, corns, ditches,
doors, dust, lamps, rheumatism, salt, seed, sign-boards, smoke, soup,
sound, strings, toothache, walls.)

20. Proverbs relating to days of the week. (Weather and agricultural
rules.)

21. Proverbs relating to each month of the year. (January, February,
March, &c.)

22. Proverbs relating to the seasons of the year. (Spring, autumn, &c.)

23. Proverbs of weather relating to the year.

24. Proverbs of weather and popular sayings relating thereto, not
included in the answers to the above questions.




                                PART I.


                      POPULAR WEATHER PROGNOSTICS.

  By the Hon. RALPH ABERCROMBY, F. M. S., and WILLIAM MARRIOTT, F. M.
    S., reprinted from the “Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological
    Society,” published in London.

The attempt to foretell the weather is not of recent date; the ancients
carefully studied the sky and clouds, and endeavored to predict the kind
of weather that was likely to ensue; and a number of the popular
prognostics of the weather of his time are recorded by Aristotle in his
work _on meteors_. In later times our forefathers studied the weather,
and as they had no instruments to guide them they observed natural
objects and noticed the appearances of the sky and clouds, and also the
movements of animals, birds, plants, &c. Shepherds and sailors
especially being exposed to all kinds of weather, would naturally be on
the lookout for any signs of a coming change, and after a time would
begin to associate certain appearances with certain kinds of weather. A
good deal of weather wisdom of the above character has been thrown into
proverbs, trite sayings, and popular verse; and we propose in the
present paper to examine and explain some of these by the aid of the
most recent discoveries of meteorological science. A great advance has
been made in meteorology during the last twenty years, owing to the
introduction of daily synoptic charts of the distribution of atmospheric
pressure, temperature, wind, rain, &c. From these it is evident that
there is a distinct relation existing between the distribution of
pressure and the direction and force of the wind, and the temperature
and weather generally. A glance at a number of the charts shows that
there is nearly always present either an area of low pressure, called a
cyclone, usually having an approximately circular form, and, as a rule,
moving in an easterly or northeasterly direction; or an area of high
pressure, called an anticyclone, also nearly circular in form, but
almost stationary in position. The wind in all cases also blows in a
direction nearly parallel with the isobars, having the region of lowest
pressure on the left hand. This has given rise to the simple law
propounded by Dr. Buy’s Ballot, for the northern hemisphere, viz: “Stand
with your back to the wind, and the barometer will be lower on your left
hand than on your right.” In cyclones the wind circulates in the
opposite way to which the hands of a watch move, but exhibits usually a
little in-draught; while in anticyclones the wind circulates in the same
way as the hands of a watch, but exhibits usually a little outward
motion. The intensity of the wind in all cases depends upon the
closeness of the isobars; for the closer the isobars the greater is the
difference in pressure in a given distance, and consequently the
stronger the wind. Nearly all of our weather is of the cyclonic or
anticyclonic type, and is entirely dependent upon the form and
distribution of the isobars. It is, therefore, by the aid of isobaric
charts that we shall attempt to explain popular prognostics, and to
associate them with certain kinds of weather. The method of research
actually adopted has been for many years past to take notes of any good
observation of any prognostic and put them in a portfolio, with the
nearest synoptic chart available, or preferably with the nearest, both
before and after. When a sufficient number had been collected they were
analyzed, and the remarkable result has been arrived at that the greater
number of prognostics are simply descriptive of the weather and
appearance of the sky, in the different portions of the various shapes
of isobars seen on synoptic charts, and that they indicate foul or fair
weather just as they precede the shifting areas of rain or blue sky
which are mapped out by the isobaric lines. These charts not only show
the success of the prognostics, but also explain wherein they sometimes
fail, by tracing the changes of each particular condition of the
weather. Hitherto the only prognostics which have been accounted for
have been those due to excessive damp, but by means of isobaric charts
many others can be readily explained. It must not be supposed that the
modern methods diminish the value of prognostics, for even in
forecasting weather from synoptic charts they are of great value, and
are always exceedingly useful to solitary observers who have only a
single barometer to depend upon besides these prognostics, as, for
instance, on board ship.

We hope that the present paper will create an interest on the part of
many in this subject, and show that it is within their power to assist
in advancing the science of meteorology, so that it may not remain any
longer in the unsatisfactory state set forth in the following old
Bedfordshire lines:

               “Well, Duncombe, how will be the weather?”
               “Sir, it looks cloudy altogether,
               And coming across our Houghton Green,
               I stopped and talked with old Frank Beane.
               While we stood there, sir, old Jan Swain
               Went by and said he knowed ’twould rain;
               The next that came was Master Hunt,
               And he declared he knew it wouldn’t.
               And then I met with Farmer Blow,
               He plainly said he didn’t know,
               So, sir, when doctors disagree,
               Who’s to decide it, you or me?”


                          CYCLONE PROGNOSTICS.

We shall first take a typical well formed cyclone. In the accompanying
diagram (Fig. 1) the broad features of the relation of cloud and rain to
a cyclone centre are shown, the full line indicating the path of the
depression, and the dotted line at right angles to it is the trough or
locus of the lowest reading of the barometer.

[Illustration: FIG. 1.—WEATHER IN A CYCLONE, NOVEMBER 14, 1875.]

In the extreme front of the depression there is a blue sky, then, as the
barometer begins to fall, and sometimes even before that takes place, a
bank of cirro-stratus, preceded by a halo-bearing sky, makes its
appearance, which gradually becomes lower and denser, and forms an
overcast, dirty sky. In the whole front of the depression the
temperature rises, and the atmosphere feels muggy and close. In the
right-hand front the clouds assume the cumulo-stratus type, with driving
rain later on. In the left-hand front the air is cooler, but still
oppressive, with an easterly wind and overcast sky, succeeded by
drizzling rain or ill-defined showers. When the trough of the depression
has passed the barometer begins to rise, the wind changes and becomes
squally, with showers of rain; the air grows cooler, and the clouds
break and ultimately clear away.

Now, with regard to the prognostics with reference to Fig. 2, where the
characteristic weather in the different portions of a depression are
given in a diagrammatic form, it will be seen that the first indication
of a coming change is the appearance of a halo round the sun or moon in
the cirro-stratus clouds. Hence,


                  When round the moon there is a brugh,
                  The weather will be cold and rough.

  The moon with a circle brings water in her beak.

  Halos predict a storm (rain and wind or snow and wind) at no great
  distance, and the open side of the halo tells the quarter from which
  it may be expected.

  Mock suns predict a more or less certain change of weather.


[Illustration: FIG. 2.—CYCLONE PROGNOSTICS.]

With regard to the open side of the halo indicating the quarter from
which the storm may be expected, it does not appear that this can be
much used as a prognostic. It, however, most probably originated in the
fact that halos are often seen in the southwest or west, when the sun or
moon is rather low, the lower portion of the halo being cut off by
clouds banking up in that direction, and that our storms generally come
from those quarters. As a specimen of the value of prognostics we give
some details of halos. When rain does not fall within thirty-six hours,
any subsequent rain probably belongs to a new depression.

During the six years ending June, 1882, one hundred and fifty-five solar
halos and sixty-one lunar halos were observed in the neighborhood of
London, and they occurred with the following winds:

     ───────────────────────┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬──────
                            │ N.│NE.│ E.│SE.│ S.│SW.│ W.│NW.│Total.
     ───────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼──────
     Solar halos            │  9│  7│ 17│  8│ 22│ 28│ 59│  5│   155
     Lunar halos            │  4│  3│  8│  3│  8│ 11│ 21│  3│    61
                            │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │
        WITH SOLAR HALOS.   │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │
                            │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │
     Rain fell on same day  │  3│  1│ 10│  4│ 15│ 12│ 36│  0│    81
     Rain fell on first day │  1│  2│  1│  2│  2│ 10│ 12│  1│    31
     Rain fell on second day│  0│  0│  1│  0│  2│  1│  4│  2│    10
     Rain fell on third day │  3│  1│  0│  0│  0│  1│  1│  1│     7
     No rain                │  2│  3│  5│  2│  3│  4│  6│  1│    26
                            │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │
        WITH LUNAR HALOS.   │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │
                            │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │
     Rain fell on first day │  1│  1│  3│  3│  3│  9│ 13│  1│    34
     Rain fell on second day│  0│  1│  0│  0│  1│  1│  3│  0│     6
     Rain fell on third day │  1│  1│  2│  0│  3│  1│  0│  1│     9
     Rain fell on fourth day│  0│  0│  0│  0│  0│  0│  3│  1│     4
     No rain                │  2│  0│  3│  0│  1│  0│  2│  0│     8
     ───────────────────────┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴──────

After the halo comes the pale or watery sun and moon.


  When the sun appears of a light, pale color or goes down in a bank of
  clouds, it indicates the approach or continuance of bad weather.

                    If the sun goes pale to bed,
                    ’Twill rain to-morrow, it is said.

  A red sun has water in his eye.

  When the moon has a white look or when her outline is not very clear,
  rain or snow is looked for.


From the extreme damp in this part of the depression, while the sky
generally is pretty clear, cloud forms round and “caps” the tops of
hills, a circumstance that has given rise to numerous local sayings:

                  When the clouds are upon the hills,
                  They’ll come down by the mills.

                  When Cheviot ye see put on his cap,
                  Of rain ye’ll have a wee bit drap.

                  If Riving Pike do wear a hood,
                  Be sure the day will ne’er be good.

                  When Bredon Hill puts on his hat
                  Ye man of the vale beware of that.

From the same excessive damp the following may be explained:


  When the walls are more than usually damp rain is expected.

  Doors and windows are hard to shut in damp weather.

  The sailor notes the tightening of the cordage on his ship as a sign
  of coming rain.

  A lump of hemp acts as a good hygrometer, and prognosticates rain when
  it is damp.

  When walls built of stones which have been quarried below high water
  mark become damp, wet weather is at hand.


Also, owing to excessive moisture, clouds appear soft and lowering, and
reflect the glare of iron-works and the lights of large towns:


  The glare of the distant Ayrshire iron-works being seen at night from
  Cumbræ or Rothsay, rain is expected next day.

  In Kinkardine of Monteith (Perthshire) and in all that district the
  reflections from the clouds of the furnaces of the Devon and Carrow
  works (to the east) foretell rain next day.


Also:


  When the flames of candles flare and snap or burn with an unsteady or
  dim light, rain, and frequently wind also, are found to follow.


This is especially applicable to oil-lamps or tallow candles.

As the depression approaches and the atmosphere becomes gloomy, close,
and muggy, some people are troubled with rheumatic pains and neuralgia,
old wounds, and corns are painful, animals and birds are restless, and
drains and ditches give out an offensive smell:


  When rheumatic people complain of more than ordinary pains in the
  joints, it will rain.

  If corns, wounds, and sores itch or ache more than usual, rain is to
  fall shortly.

            A coming storm your shooting corns presage,
            And aches will throb, your hollow tooth will rage.

  When animals seek sheltered places instead of spreading over their
  usual range, an unfavorable change is probable.

                     Hark! I hear the asses bray,
                     We shall have some rain to-day.

  If oxen turn up their nostrils and sniff the air, or if they lick
  their fore feet, or lie on their right side, it will rain.

  Goats leave the high grounds and seek shelter before a storm.

  Hogs crying and running unquietly up and down with hay or litter in
  their mouths, foreshow a storm to be near at hand.

  When birds of long flight—rooks, swallows, or others—hang about home
  and fly up and down, or low, rain or wind may be expected.


This tumbling of rooks is amongst the best known signs of rain in places
where those birds are found.


                  When the peacock loudly bawls,
                  Soon we’ll have both rain and squalls.

  If toads come out of their holes in great numbers, rain will soon
  fall.

  If glow-worms shine much, it will rain.

  When gnats bite keenly, and when flies keep near the ground, we look
  for wind and rain.

  When spider webs are seen floating about in the air, farmers regard it
  as a sign of coming rain.

  When many bees enter the hive and none leave it, rain is near.


Also, from cloud and gloom, plants shut up their petals early:


  The _Convolvulus arvensis_ (small bind-weed), _Anagallis arvensis_
  (scarlet pimpernel), and _Calendula pluvialis_ shut up their flowers
  before approaching rain. (The _pimpernel_ has been called the poor
  man’s weather-glass.)


Dr. Jenner’s well-known lines are very good, as they contain references
to most of the natural prognostics. (See page 110, General Prognostics.)

It will be seen, however, later on, that the sayings about the rainbow,
distant hills, and whirling dust, though good prognostics, do not belong
to a depression.

As the depression centre approaches still nearer, rain sets in and
continues till the barometer turns to rise. The passage of the trough is
often associated with a squall or heavy shower, commonly known as “a
clearing shower.” Immediately the air becomes cooler and loses the
former muggy sensation, and soon small patches of blue sky appear.


  When as much blue sky is seen as will make a Dutchman a jacket (or a
  sailor breeches) the weather may be expected to clear up.

  A small cloudless place in the northeast horizon is regarded both by
  seamen and landsmen as a certain precursor of fine weather or a
  clearing up.


The steady rain breaks up into showers or cold squalls, which are
followed by hard detached cumulus or strato-cumulus till the sky becomes
blue again:


  When after a shower, the cirro-strati open up at the zenith, leaving
  broken or ragged edges pointing upwards, and settle down gloomily and
  compactly on the horizon, wind will follow, and will last for some
  time.


This is a description of a clearing up before the windy portion of a
depression has passed.

In the south of the depression near the outskirts, windy cirrus and
“mare’s tails” are observed, which indicate wind rather than rain, as
they are south of the rainy portion.


  The cloud called goat’s hair or the gray mare’s tails forebodes wind.

                 If clouds look as if scratched by a hen
                 Get ready to reef your topsails then.

                 Mackerel sky and mare’s tails,
                 Make lofty ships carry low sails.


The shift of the wind is different in the right-hand portion of the
depression to what it is in the left-hand portion. In the former, on its
first approach, the wind backs to south and falls very light to an
almost ominous calm. The first puffs or “paws” of wind give rise to a
noise in tree tops without much wind, and little eddies of dust, or to a
whistling of the wind indoors, which are all well-known signs of rain.
Then, as the depression passes along, the wind gradually veers to
southwest and west, with increasing strength. Hence,

                  When the wind veers against the sun,
                  Trust it not, for back ’twill run.

                  When the wind is in the south
                  It is in the rain’s mouth.

In the left-hand side of the depression the wind will back right round
from south through east to north and northwest. In the rear of the
depression on the left-hand side the wind blows from the northeast and
then north, when the clouds begin to break and the weather to clear.
When the depression has nearly passed away the wind in the rear draws
round to the northwest, and gradually abates, and the weather becomes
fine. Hence the saying:


  Do business with men when the wind is in the northwest.


This bringing the finest weather is said to improve men’s tempers, as
opposed to the neuralgic and rheumatic sensations felt in front of a
depression.


                    WEDGE-SHAPED ISOBAR PROGNOSTICS.

Though the bulk of British weather is made up of cyclones and
anticyclones, there are two other distributions of pressure marked out
by wedge-shaped isobars and straight isobars respectively, which have
never before been described, but which are associated with many
well-known sayings. The chief interest in these prognostics consists in
the contrasts which they present to cyclone prognostics, as in many
cases they are associated with fine or dry weather, as opposed to the
damp of an approaching depression. We shall first describe the
prognostics which characterize the wedge-shaped area of high pressure
that is frequently formed between a retreating and an advancing
depression, as it is by far the most common.

All these prognostics owe their value to the fact that as the new
depression comes on, rain may be expected. By reference to Fig. 3 it
will be seen that in the rear of the retreating depression the weather
is beautifully fine, of the sort of which we should say that it was “too
fine to last,” or, if it lasted a whole day, we should call it a “pet
day.”

[Illustration: FIG. 3.—WEDGE-SHARPED ISOBARS.]


  An unseasonably fine day in spring is called a pet day in Scotland.
  The fate of pets they say awaits it, and they look for bad weather on
  the morrow.


During the day the sun is burning hot:


  When the sun burns more than usual, rain may be expected.


During the night white frost is formed, owing to calm radiation:


  A white frost never lasts more than three days; a long frost is a
  black frost.

  Frost suddenly following heavy rain seldom lasts long.


As the day advances after a white frost, the air becomes dull from the
influence of the on-coming depression; whence the saying—


  When the frost gets into the air it will rain.


During the very fine weather, on the east side of a wedge-shaped area
there is often great visibility with a cloudless sky:


  The further the sight the nearer the rain.

  When the Isle of Wight is seen from Brighton or Worthing, rain may be
  expected.

  When to the people about Arbrouth the Bell-Rock light is particularly
  brilliant, rain is expected.

  About Cape Wrath and along that part of the coast when the Orkney
  Islands are distinctly seen, a storm or a continuation of bad weather
  is prognosticated.

  When from Ardersier and the adjoining parish on the southeast side of
  the Moray Firth the distant Ross-shire hills are distinctly seen in
  the morning rain is expected that day.

  To the people in Eaglesham, in Renfrewshire, when the Kilpatrick hills
  appear near a change to wet is looked for; but when they appear
  remote, dry weather will continue.

  If the old moon embraces the new moon, stormy weather is foreboded.


Great confidence is placed in this old prognostic:

                    I saw the new moon late yestreen
                      Wi’ the old moon in her arm,
                    And if we gang to sea, master,
                      I fear we’ll come to harm.

The reason of “visibility” is uncertain; the old idea that it is due to
excess of vapor is certainly erroneous. The dry and wet bulb hygrometer
always indicates a considerable amount of dryness when it is remarked,
and Mr. Cruickshank has shown by long observation at Aberdeen that
visibility is greatest at the driest season of the year.

At the extreme northwest edge of a depression there is often unusual
“refraction,” a well-known sign of rain. This seems to be due to the
cold air in the rear of a depression being much below the temperature of
the sea. If so, it is a sign of rain, for the reason that one depression
is usually followed soon by another, which also explains the saying—


  A norwester is not long in debt to a souwester.


Refraction and visibility combined also explain the following curious
local prognostic:


  When Ailsa Craig is distinctly seen, and seems near at hand, the
  people of Cumbræ look for change. When the weather is going to be
  finer it lies flat; but when rain is coming it assumes the form of a
  mushroom.


Ailsa Craig is an isolated rock standing in the Firth of Clyde, about
thirty miles from Cumbræ. It has a conical top, with precipitous sides,
so that in ordinary weather only the top is seen lying flat on the
horizon; but sometimes in the rear of a depression it appears lifted by
refraction, and the light encroaches at the edges, as is often seen with
projecting promontories, giving the whole a fanciful resemblance to a
mushroom. The prognostic is mistrusted by the inhabitants during frost,
and we have proved it by our own observation. On the west side of the
wedge-shaped area, as the new depression comes on, the blue sky
gradually assumes a dirty appearance, accompanied by a halo, and gathers
into cloud, and later on rain begins to fall; while in the southern
portion the rain is often preceded by strips of cirrus, either lying in
the direction of the wind, or sometimes at right angles to it:


  Cirrus at right angles to the wind is a sign of rain.


                      STRAIGHT ISOBAR PROGNOSTICS.

Now we come to the consideration of some very interesting rain
prognostics associated with straight isobars. While those in a
depression are preceded by an almost ominous calm, and a dirty, murky
sky, these are associated with a hard sky and blustery wind, of which it
would be ordinarily remarked “that the wind keeps down the rain,” or
“that when the wind falls it will rain.” While also the prognostics
which precede cyclone rain hold good for the reason that they are seen
in front of the rainy portion, those associated with straight isobars
hold good because, though there is little rain actually with them, the
area which they cover to-day will probably be covered by a depression
to-morrow—the conditions being favorable for the passage of depressions.

On turning to Fig. 4 it will be seen that while the pressure is high to
the south, it is generally low to the north, without any definite
cyclonic system, and that the isobars run straight nearly east and west.

[Illustration: FIG. 4.—STRAIGHT ISOBAR PROGNOSTICS.]

Near the high pressure the sky is blue, then as we approach the low
pressure feathery cirrus, or some form of windy sky, makes its
appearance, while a blustery wind whirls the dust, or blows the soot
down; and animals turn their tails to the wind to avoid its force on
their faces:


  When chimneys smoke and soot falls, bad weather is at hand. The
  whistling of the wind heard within doors denotes rain.

  When sheep, cattle, or horses turn their backs to the wind, it is a
  sign of rain.


Getting still nearer the low pressure, the sky is found to be gathering
into hard stratus, at first with chinks between its masses, through
which divergent rays stream down under the sun, which is spoken of as
“the sun drawing water.” Sometimes, especially in winter, these rays are
lurid, and are referred to in the following prognostic:


  Along the north shore of the Solway, from Dumfries to Gretna, a lurid
  appearance in the eastern or southeastern horizon, called from its
  direction “a Carlisle sky,” is thought a sure sign of coming rain.
  They describe it as lurid and yet yellowish, and the common saying is:

                         The Carle sky
                         Keeps not the head dry.


At the same time there is often great “visibility” with a hard overcast
sky, and moderately dry air, in which the stratus seems to play the part
of a sunshade, for as soon as the sun comes out the clearness of distant
objects diminishes. This visibility must not be confounded with the
visibility already described with a cloudless sky, which occurs with
wedge-shaped isobars. Simultaneously we often find “audibility.”


  If the noise of a steamer or railway train is heard at a great
  distance, rain is predicted.


This distinctness of distant sounds must be carefully distinguished from
sounds which are not usually heard, being brought up by the wind coming
from a rainy quarter. For instance, the whistle of a railway train to
the south of a house will not be usually heard with the normal southwest
wind of this country; but when the wind backs in front of a depression
to the south, then it will be heard, and although this will be a good
prognostic, still it is not true audibility.


  When people of Monzie (Perthshire) hear the sound of the waterfalls of
  Shaggie, or the roar of the distant Turret clearly and loudly, a storm
  is expected; but if the sound seems to recede from the ear till it is
  lost in the distance, and if the weather be thick a change to fair may
  be looked for speedily.

  In Fortingall (Perthshire) if, in calm weather, the sound of the
  rapids on the Lyon is distinctly heard, and if the sound descends with
  the stream, rainy weather is at hand; but if the sound goes up the
  stream and dies away in the distance, it is an omen of continued dry
  weather, or a clearing up if previously thick.


The course of Turret and Lyon is from west to east.

True “audibility” is best described by the saying:

                A good hearing day is a sign of wet.
                Much sound in the air is a sign of rain.

This last exactly conveys the kind of sound referred to. The reason why
audibility is produced is unknown, but the old idea that it is due to
excessive moisture in the air is certainly erroneous; in several
instances we have observed that the upper current of the wind appeared
to be moving much faster than the lower, and perhaps that may have
something to do with it. When the gradients are very steep, a little
rain sometimes falls with straight isobars, generally in light showers,
with a hard sky.

Though as a matter of convenience we have described the sequence of
weather as we proceed from high to the low pressure, it must be clearly
understood that it does not represent the sequence of weather to a
single observer, but rather what the weather will be simultaneously in
different parts of the country; for instance, that if there are cirrus
clouds in London there may perhaps be a lurid sky in Edinburgh. The
prognostic value of all is due to the fact that a depression will soon
form which will probably extend over the whole country.


                        ANTICYCLONE PROGNOSTICS.

Having spoken of cyclones, we shall now direct our attention to
anticyclones. In the daily weather charts we sometimes see but two or
three isobars, and these are a considerable distance apart, and extend
over a large area. The pressure is highest in the centre, and gradually
diminishes outwards. The air is calm and cold in the central area, but
on the outskirts the wind blows in the direction of the hands of a
watch. These are the special features of an anticyclone. The weather in
an anticyclone is almost the opposite of that in a depression; that in
the latter being wet and unsettled, while that in the former is usually
settled and fine, with more or less haze in the air. Another great
difference is that while depressions are generally rapid in their
movements, anticyclones are nearly stationary; and it is for this reason
that they are associated with “settled” fine weather. In the area of
high pressure the characteristic features are largely modified by what
is termed “radiation” weather, as determined by diurnal and seasonal
variations; and as the pressure is nearly stationary, these diurnal and
seasonal variations are the chief features of anticyclonic weather.

We shall now give the prognostics due to the variations in some detail,
Fig. 5. The sky being generally clear and the air calm, the temperature
is high in the day and low at night. In summer brilliant sun shine
prevails during the day, and at night there is heavy dew, and in
low-lying places mist.


  Heavy dews in hot weather indicate a continuance of fair weather, and
  no dew after a hot day foretells rain.

  If mist rises in low ground and soon vanish, expect fair weather.

  Thin, white, fleecy, broken mists, slowly ascending the sides of a
  mountain whose top is uncovered, predicts a fair day.

                    When the mist creeps up the hill,
                    Fisher out and try your skill.

  When in the morning the dew is heavy and remains long on the grass,
  when the fog in the valleys is slowly dissipated and lingers on the
  hill-side, when the clouds seem to be taking a higher place, and when
  a few loose cirro-strati float gently along, serene weather may
  confidently be expected for the greater part of that day.


[Illustration: FIG. 5.—ANTICYCLONE PROGNOSTICS.]

These all refer to night radiation, mist being dispersed by the sun’s
rays. Fine, light, genial weather raises the spirits and exerts an
enlivening influence not only on human beings but also on animals,
birds, insects, &c. Hence the saying:


  If larks fly high and sing long, expect fine weather.

  When sea birds fly out early and far to seaward, moderate winds and
  fair weather may be expected.

  If rooks go far abroad it will be fine.

  Cranes soaring aloft and quietly in the air foreshow fair weather.

  If kites fly high, fine weather is at hand.

               Wild geese, wild geese, ganging out to sea,
               Good weather it will be.

  When owls whoop much at night, expect fair weather.

  Bats, or flying mice, coming out of their holes quickly after sunset
  and sporting in the open air premonstrates fair and calm weather.

  Chickweed expands its leaves boldly and fully when fine weather is to
  follow.


In winter frost is generally prevalent in the central area of an
anticyclone, accompanied frequently by fog, which is most dense in the
neighborhood of large towns. This is all due to the radiation of calm
weather.


  White mist in winter indicates frost.

  In the evenings of autumn and spring vapor arising from a river is
  regarded as a sure indication of coming frost.


This comes from the air being colder than the water.


  When fires burn faster than usual, and with a blue flame, frosty
  weather may be expected.


This is caused by reduced temperature of the outer air making a better
draught in the chimney.


  In winter when the sound of the breakers on shore is unusually
  distinct, frost is indicated.


These last two prognostics are explained by the fact that the atmosphere
is very dense and still in an anticyclone.

In those places where fog does not form the sky will often be clear at
night, whence—


                               Clear moon,
                               Frost soon.

  In winter when the moon’s horns are sharp and well defined, frost is
  expected.


The wind in an anticyclone system blows in the direction of motion of
the hands of a watch, but slightly outwards, and as the anticyclone is
nearly always stationary, the wind blows from the same quarter for
several days together.


  When the wind turns from northeast to east and continues two days
  without rain, and does not turn south the third day, nor rain the
  third day, it is likely to continue northeast for eight or nine days,
  all fair, and then come to the south again.

            If the wind is northeast three days without rain,
            Eight days will pass before south wind again.


The wind is usually very light in force.


  It is said to be a sign of continued good weather when the wind so
  changes during the day as to follow the sun.

  If wind follows sun’s course, expect fair weather.


This “veering with the sun,” as it is called, is the ordinary diurnal
variation of the wind, which in this country is very obvious with the
shallow gradients of an anticyclone. At sea-side places in summer very
often “the wind is in by day and out by night,” which is the equivalent
of the land and sea breezes of the tropics. Like two preceding
prognostics, it is only in anticyclones that local currents of air,
probably due to unequal heating of sea and land, can override the
general circulation of the atmosphere in this country.

Sometimes in winter, on the southern side of the anticyclone, bitter
east winds, with a black-looking sky, will prevail for several days
together, when it may be truly said:

                  When the wind is in the east
                  ’Tis neither good for man nor beast.

Sometimes also the sky in this region will be covered with a uniform
stratus cloud, which is not of any great thickness, and when breaks
occur, the sun is seen to be shining brightly above.

On the northeast side of the anticyclone in summer, light, cumulus
clouds frequently form in the morning, gradually increase till after the
maximum temperature has passed, and then decrease and disappear towards
evening.


               If woollen fleeces spread the heavenly way,
               Be sure no rain disturbs the summer day.

  When the cumulus clouds are smaller at sunset than they were at noon,
  expect fair weather.

  Clouds small and round like a dapple gray with a north wind, fair
  weather for two or three days.


The cirrus cloud is usually seen on the outskirts of an anticyclone, if
in the front it gradually disappears, but if in the rear it is a sign
that there will be a change in the weather, hence:


  If cirrus clouds dissolve and appear to vanish, it is an indication of
  fine weather.

  If cirrus clouds form in fine weather with a falling barometer, it is
  almost sure to rain.

  When, after a clear frost, long streaks of cirrus are seen with their
  ends bending towards each other as they recede from the zenith, and
  when they point to the northeast, a thaw and a southwest wind may be
  expected.


Both these latter prognostics refer to a depression coming in and
“breaking up the weather” and the anticyclone.


                              CONCLUSION.

We have endeavored in this paper to deal with such prognostics as can be
readily classified, but besides these there are many more, what may be
termed unclassified prognostics. Our object has been to show the
relation between certain prognostics and certain forms of isobars, and
by this means to assign them their proper value. It cannot be doubted
that if careful attention were given to the observation of the aspect of
the sky, the different forms of cloud and local signs, these would
prove, even in conjunction with a single barometer reading, of great
assistance in predicting the weather. Of course those persons who live
in the neighborhood of large towns labor under a great disadvantage, as
the sky has nearly always a dirty appearance, and is frequently obscured
by smoke. For this reason London is about the worst place to reside in
for studying the weather.

We have only been able to give the rudiments of the new method of
considering prognostics, for the method is capable of great extension,
and we hope that we may succeed in interesting some of the Fellows
sufficiently to induce them to observe prognostics in conjunction with
the daily weather charts.

In conclusion, we would venture to express our opinion that the
observation of local signs of weather ought to form a most important
element in all arrangements for telegraphic reporting for the purpose of
forecasts, and that the duty should be impressed upon the observers of
reporting at once important changes in the local and general signs of
the weather. Great attention should also be paid to the observation of
the forms and motion of clouds, and as considerable lack of knowledge
prevails, even on the part of good observers, regarding the different
forms and modifications of clouds, we are glad to see that the
meteorological office has already commenced systematic observations of
cirrus clouds. Telegraphic observers should be specially instructed in
cloud observations and prognostics by some one thoroughly well versed in
the subject, so that there may be strict uniformity among all the
observers, but we admit that the proposal presents serious difficulties
in the way of realization.

Theoretically, when the isobars are well defined we ought to be able to
write down the prognostics which might be visible, but practically we
cannot do so. Besides, there are sometimes cases of isobars which have
no well-defined shape, but with which thunder-storms or heavy showers
often occur. These, as is well known, do not affect the barometer, but
are abundantly forewarned by the commonest prognostics, and as the
rainfall is usually heavy in them the failure of the forecast which
omits to notice them is very conspicuous.

The scope of this paper precludes us from entering into the complicated
question of the non-cyclonic rainfalls in this country. It will be
enough to state that the prognostics which precede them are rather those
associated with broken weather, such as bright sunrises or heavy clouds
banking up without the barometer falling, than the muggy, dirty weather
of a cyclone front. The warning they give is also much shorter, rarely
more than three or four hours, if so long.


The result of this paper may be summarized as follows:

The authors explain over one hundred prognostics by showing that they
make their appearance in definite positions relative to the areas of
high and low atmospheric pressure shown in synoptic charts. The method
adopted not only explains many that have not hitherto been accounted
for, but enables the failure as well as the success of any prognostic to
be traced by following the history of the weather of the day on a
synoptic chart. The forms discussed are cyclones, anticyclones,
wedge-shaped and straight isobars. The details of weather in the last
two are now described for the first time. They also point out that
prognostics will never be superseded for use at sea and other solitary
situations, and that prognostics can be usefully combined with charts in
synoptic forecasting, especially in certain classes of showers and
thunder-storms which do not affect the readings of the barometer.[1]


                             _DISCUSSION._

Dr. Tripe said that some of the Fellows might think the paper hardly
suitable for reading at a meeting or printing in the journal of a
scientific society, but many of them took an interest in such papers,
because they were comparatively simple. In reference to the table of
solar and lunar halos in connection with rainfall, it appeared that rain
was pretty sure to fall within three days after the occurrence of a
lunar halo, and to the extent of 80 per cent., as regards solar halos,
on the first or second day.[2] He considered visibility was a good
prognostic, and afforded a more certain indication of the speedy
occurrence of rain than even mare’s tails. What caused visibility was
unknown to him. The prediction of rain from damp walls depended chiefly
on the previous weather; a sudden change from cold to warm would have
the effect of making walls condense the moisture contained in the air
without approaching rain. The falling of soot down a chimney was, he
thought, hardly a good prognostic; it was caused to a great extent by
the direction and force of the wind, and also the angle at which the
wind struck the chimney-pot. He considered the paper a good one, and a
step in the right direction.

Footnote 1:

  The prognostics quoted in the paper have been mostly taken from the
  following works:

  “Popular Weather Prognostics of Scotland.” By Arthur Mitchell, M. D.,
  Edinburgh, New Philosophical Journal. “Weather Lore.” By Richard
  Inwards, F. M. S., London, 1869. “A Handbook of Weather Lore.” By Rev.
  C. Swainson, M. A., Edinburgh, 1873.

Footnote 2:

  The calculation on which his remark on halos was founded is as
  follows:

  Rain occurred in connection with—

                                           Solar halos.        Lunar halos.
 Direction of wind                                S. SW. W.           S. SW. W.
 Number of observations                           22  28 59            8  11 21
 Rain within forty-eight hours per cent           79  78 81           50  91 76
 Rain on third day                do               9   3  7           40   9  0

Dr. Marces said, with regard to visibility being a sign of rain, he had
himself observed on the borders of the Lake of Geneva, that if the
mountains on the opposite side of the lake could be seen very distinctly
on a cloudy day, rain was likely to fall within a short period. On such
occasions the coast appeared much nearer than usual. The late Professor
de la Rive, of Geneva, ascribed this phenomenon to the atmospheric dust
being hygrometric and becoming transparent in damp weather from the
moisture it absorbed.

Mr. Stanley remarked that solar and lunar halos depended upon the
moisture in the air, and that a sign of rain could be better assured by
reference to the hygrometers. He thought that fine weather in front of a
cyclone was due to increase of pressure, and therefore of temperature,
caused by the onward march of the cyclone. This increase of temperature
was known to render sound more audible, and by making the air clearer
distant objects became more visible. It was known that condensed vapors
disappeared under a slight increase of pressure, just as, conversely,
under the ordinary air-pump, vapors appeared on a diminution of
pressure. He considered that the fall of rain in the centre of a cyclone
was caused by the increase of pressure due to the tangential action of
the air in the cyclone. The straight isobars described in the paper,
were, he thought, in segments of a very large cyclone, which was general
in all large displacements of air.

Captain Toynbee thought that the great clearness of the air experienced
when isobars took the wedge-shaped form, was due to the fact that such
isobars represented a ridge of high barometrical pressure, which lay
between two cyclonic systems, and that the high pressure of the ridge
was maintained by air which had previously risen in front of the
advancing cyclonic system, when it had lost most of its moisture, and
now came down as a dry, pure, clear, northwesterly wind. Hence the
clearness of the air was, where wedge-shaped isobars were being
experienced, a sign of rain, because it indicated the fact that a
cyclonic system would soon advance over the same position. This
explanation was based upon the Rev. W. Clement Ley’s theory of the
motion of air in cyclonic systems.

Mr. Scott thought that it might have been desirable to give the
authorities or sources from which some of the principal sayings had been
derived, in order to show which were general and which were of more
local import. Reference had also been made to the prevalence of bad
smells with a falling barometer, and to the fact that rheumatic
affections and neuralgia were felt especially at such a time; but no
attempt had been made to explain the connection of those phenomena. It
was a well-known fact that a sudden reduction of pressure, such as that
experienced by divers when they returned to the surface of the water,
produced neuralgic affections. The authors had described straight line
isobars and their accompanying prognostics, but only for west winds, for
pressure lowest in the north. He should be glad to see the list of
prognostics extended so as to include those for straight isobars with
east winds when the pressure was lowest in the south. With regard to
refraction being a prognostic of rain, in some cases it was a prognostic
of easterly winds, and was recognized as such in the west of Cornwall.
In the past summer he had himself verified this latter statement on
several occasions at Scilly and the Land’s End. The authors, he thought,
spoke a little too strongly when they said the barometer gave no sign of
thunder-storms. The type of isobar which accompanied these was well
known; it exhibited small undulations or incipient bights representing
imperfectly formed secondary depressions. At the same time he must say
that no one yet, in Europe at least, had been able to forecast correctly
the amount of rain for a given day in a given place. The probability of
some rain could be recognized, but no attempt could be made to estimate
its amount. This was apparently owing to ignorance of the conditions of
the upper atmosphere.

Mr. Dyason expressed an opinion that the formulaters of weather
prognostics in the past must have been color-blind, an affliction from
which he was not sure that the authors of the paper were exempt. “Where
are the scarlet, orange, green or gold harmonious, and the general
glow?” He had endeavored in a series of sketches of skies and clouds to
portray the colors as they presented themselves to his mind. In relation
to visibility he referred to the Lakes of Geneva and Lucerne, quoting
the lines used in the locality of Mont P

          Si Pilate a un chapeau, le temps se mettra au beau;
          A-t-il un collier, on peut la montée risquer;
          Mais s’il porte son épée, il y aura une ondée.

Mr. Dyason exhibited a sketch of the Matterhorn taken south of Zermatt
during intense visibility. He did not admit “that London was a bad place
for skies;” those he now exhibited were sketched in a northwestern
suburb of the metropolis.

Professor Archibald considered that some of the prognostics mentioned in
the paper required more explanation. For instance, it was stated that
candles burned with an unsteady light in damp weather, but no reason was
given why they should do so. One very good prognostic in use in Scotland
appeared to have been omitted, namely: “The northwest wind is a
gentleman, and goes to bed.” He would also like to know why fires burned
with a blue flame in frosty weather. He considered that visibility was
often a local phenomenon connected with temperature. He had noticed
intense visibility and a fog in juxtaposition on that very day, when
travelling from Tunbridge Wells to London.

Mr. Symons pointed out that although it might be useful to trace the
origin of some of the weather proverbs, it would be extremely difficult
and perhaps impossible, as some of them were ancient. With regard to the
connection between lunar halos and rainfall, he thought that it would be
curious, considering the large number of wet days in this country, rain
falling on an average every other day, if some of them did not happen to
follow lunar halos. Respecting doors and windows sticking in damp
weather, this was rather the result of existing damp than a forecast of
more damp to come; for if existing damp foretold coming damp it was not
easy to see how dry weather could ever occur. With regard to visibility,
he was glad the authors had referred to Mr. Cruickshank’s observations
at Aberdeen, extending over twenty-one years, and Mr. Symons thought
that much might be learned from a thorough discussion of similar
observations.

Mr. Wilson directed attention to Professor Tyndall’s theory, that
audibility was due to the homogeneity of the atmosphere.

Mr. C. Harding thought that the paper would be useful to an isolated
observer, whose forecast was dependent upon his own observation. It
appeared to him that in classifying the prognostics, the authors of the
paper had rather begged the question—given a certain occurrence which
was admittedly a prognostic of bad weather; this seems to have been
consequently classed as belonging to the front half of a cyclonic
disturbance. He suggested that with each occurrence of the prognostic in
question it would be better to note the existing conditions of
atmospheric distribution, and, finally, to classify by actual
observation. He stated that the form of isobars described by the authors
as wedge-shaped had been referred to many years ago in various
publications, by Captain Toynbee, as a “ridge” of pressure. Some
distinction should have been made between the weather of anticyclone in
summer and in winter, as it differed materially. Audibility had been
referred to as a sign of bad weather; he might say that it was notorious
in ballooning that for a given distance sounds could be heard more
distinctly than on the earth, and in a recent ascent he had noticed that
the shrill voices of children were much more audible than the voices of
grown persons.

Mr. Abercromby, replying, said that Doctor Tripe’s analysis of halos was
interesting, but that if rain did not fall within twenty-four hours
after a halo, any rain after that would not be due to the cyclone which
produced the halo, but to a new one. Damp walls were certainly due to
excess of vapor, not to rapid changes of temperature. Soot was doubtless
blown down by wind, but when used as a prognostic it rather referred to
soot falling out of doors, and was to be attributed to excessive damp.
Halos were unquestionably due to the presence of a thin film of
ice-formed cloud, and not merely to the amount of moisture in the air.
This ice film was only formed in front of cyclones or thunder-storms,
and for that reason was a sign of rain. With regard to visibility
alluded to by several speakers, he could not admit that it was due to
excessive moisture, for the hygrometer showed that it was not so. He
agreed with Captain Toynbee, so far as believing that there was a
descending current of dry, clear air with a northwest wind on the front
side of a “wedge,” but he doubted if that was the whole explanation. In
the centre of anticyclones there was also a descending current of dry
air, but no “visibility.” The diagram of straight isobars was given for
westerly winds, as that type was by far the commonest. Like every other
shape of isobars, the details varied with the type of weather in which
they occurred. In an elementary paper it was considered inexpedient to
go into so much detail. In the case mentioned by Mr. Scott, isobars
trending east and west, but sloping towards the south, the same broad
features as given in the diagram would be reproduced, but with a harder
sky and an east or northeast wind. The prognostics would, however, be
much more likely to fail, for cyclones in the northerly or easterly
types, to which such isobars would belong, did not follow with the same
regularity as in the westerly type. The refraction, which was a
prognostic of east winds on the southwest of an anticyclone, was very
different from the refraction on the northwest edge of a cyclone, which
portended a fresh storm. The chief difference was the haziness of the
horizon in the former case as compared with its visibility in the
latter. The latter kind was hardly known on the south coast of England.
He strongly suspected that the condition common to both kinds was a
relatively cool air over a comparatively warm sea. The type of isobar
which exhibited incipient “bights” or imperfect secondaries, was
doubtless that most frequently associated with thunder-storms, but the
kind of thunder-storms alluded to in the paper as showing no trace on
the isobars undoubtedly occurred. Any reference to cloud or sky colors
was intentionally omitted in this paper, as also to prognostics relating
to diurnal winds. Candles burned badly before rain, probably owing to a
stagnant, damp air. Blue flame was owing to the formation of carbonic
oxide when a fire burned very red on a frosty night. Doors and windows
sticking in damp weather indicated rain because damp preceded the rain
area of a cyclone.

The idea suggested by Mr. C. Harding, that because certain prognostics
were known to be associated with bad weather, therefore they were
classed as belonging to the front of a cyclone, was entirely erroneous,
and exactly opposite to what had been done. The method Mr. Abercromby
had adopted for the last twelve years had been, when he observed a good
example of any prognostic, to make a note and put it by with the nearest
synoptic chart for the day, or often with both the preceding and
succeeding charts. When a sufficient number had been collected, the
charts were examined, and the necessary deductions drawn from them. Thus
the charts were classified according to the prognostics associated with
them. The results of all these researches had been embodied in the
paper, and the important fact deduced was that every portion of every
shape of isobars had a characteristic weather and appearance. The
general fact of a “wedge” being associated with fine weather had been
noticed many years ago by Captain Toynbee, but the details of weather in
different portions, and their relations to prognostics, had a
considerable amount of novelty.

Mr. Marriott said that it would be impossible to give the authorities or
sources from which all the sayings in the paper had been derived, but
the foot-note on page 23 contained a list of the works from which the
quotations had been made. The authors on the present occasion had only
dealt with certain classified prognostics; and this would explain why
many others had not been noticed. They hoped, however, to deal with
these in a future paper.


               POPULAR WEATHER PROVERBS AND PROGNOSTICS.


                     PROVERBS RELATING TO ANIMALS.


=Ass.=

An old adage says:

                  When the ass begins to bray,
                  Be sure we shall have rain that day.


=Beaver.=

In early and long winters, the beaver cuts his winter supply of wood and
prepares his house one month earlier than in mild, late winters.


=Bears.=

When bears lay up food in the fall, it indicates a cold winter.

If the tracks of bear are seen after the first fall of snow, an open,
mild winter may be expected.

Bears and coons are always restless before rain.

The bear comes out on the 2d of February, and if he sees his shadow, he
returns for six weeks.

Expect rain when dogs eat grass.


=Buck’s Horn.=

                       If dry be the buck’s horn
                       On Holyroad morn,
                       ’Tis worth a vest of gold;
                       But if wet it be seen
                       Ere Holyroad e’en,
                       Bad harvest is foretold.


=Bull.=

If the bull leads the van in going to pasture, rain must be expected;
but if he is careless and allows the cows to precede him, the weather
will be uncertain.


=Cats.=

When cats sneeze it is a sign of rain.

The cardinal point to which a cat turns and washes her face after a rain
shows the direction from which the wind will blow.

If the cat is basking in the sun of February, it must go again to the
stove in March. (German.)

When cats are snoring foul weather follows.

When cats are washing themselves fair weather follows.

Cats with their tails up and hair apparently electrified indicate
approaching wind.

It is a sign of rain if the cat washes her head behind her ear. (Old
lady on Cape Cod.)

Cats clean table-legs, tree-trunks, &c., before storms.

When a cat scratches itself, or scratches on a log or tree, it indicates
approaching rain.

If sparks are seen when stroking a cat’s back, expect a change of
weather soon.

When a cat washes her face with her back to the fire expect a thaw in
winter.

When cats lie on their head with mouth turned up expect a storm.

Cats purr and wash; dogs eat grass; sheep eagerly eat and turn in the
direction of the wind-point; oxen sniff the air, and swine are restless
before rain.

Cats have the reputation of being weather-wise, an old notion which has
given rise to a most extensive folk-lore. It is almost universally
believed that good weather may be expected when the cat washes herself,
but bad when she licks her coat against the grain, or washes her face
over her ears, or sits with her tail to the fire. As, too, the cat is
supposed not only to have a knowledge of the state of the weather, but a
certain share in the arrangement of it, it is considered by sailors to
be most unwise to provoke a cat. Hence they do not much like to see a
cat on board at all, and when one happens to be more frisky than usual
they have a popular saying that the cat has a gale of wind in her tail.
A charm often resorted to for raising a storm is to throw a cat
overboard; but, according to an Hungarian proverb, as a cat does not die
in water its paws disturb the surface; hence the flaws on the surface of
the water are named by sailors “cat’s-paws.” In the same way also a
large flurry on the water is a “cat’s-skin;” and in some parts of
England a popular name for the stormy northwest wind is the
“cat’s-nose.”


=Chipmunk.=

In cold and early winters the chipmunk is very abundant on the south
shore of Lake Superior, and are always housed for the winter in October.
In short and mild winters they are seen until the 1st of December.


=Cattle.=

When a storm threatens, if cattle go under trees, it will be a shower;
if they continue to feed, it will probably be a continuous rain. (New
England.)

When cows fail their milk, expect stormy and cold weather.

When cows bellow in the evening, expect snow that night.

In Texas, when cattle hasten to timber, expect a “norther.”

When a cow stops and shakes her foot, it indicates that there is bad
weather behind her.

When cows refuse to go to pasture in the morning, it will rain before
night.

When cattle collect near the barn long before night and remain near the
barn till late in the morning, expect a severe winter.

Expect rain when cattle low and gaze at the sky.

Cattle are also said to foreshow rain when they lick their forefeet, or
lie on the right side, or scratch themselves more than they usually do
against posts or other objects.

When cattle go out to pasture and lie down early in the day, it
indicates early rain.


=Deer.=

When deer are in gray coat in October, expect a severe winter.


=Dogs.=

Dogs digging or making deep holes in the ground are said to indicate
rain thereby.

If a dog howls when some one leaves the house it indicates rain.

When a dog or cat eats grass in the morning it will certainly rain
before night.

When dogs eat grass rain follows.

Dogs refusing meat is an indication of rain.


=Donkey.=

                 When the donkey blows his horn
                 ’Tis time to house your hay and corn.


=Domestic Animals.=

Domestic animals stand with their heads from the coming storm.


=Flying squirrels.=

When the flying squirrels sing in midwinter, it indicates an early
spring.


=Foxes.=

Foxes barking at night indicates storm.


=Ground-squirrel.=

When the ground-squirrel is seen in winter, it is a sign that snow is
about over.


=Ground-hog.=

If on Candlemas day (2d February) it is bright and clear, the ground-hog
will stay in its den, thus indicating that more snow and cold are to
come; but if it snows or rain he will creep out, as the winter has
ended. (German.)


=Goat.=

The goat will utter her peculiar cry before rain.


=Hares.=

Hares take to the open country before a snow-storm.


=Hogs.=

Hogs pick and store straws, leaves, &c., before cold weather.

Hogs rubbing themselves in winter indicates an approaching thaw.


=Horse-hair.=

If the hair of a horse grows long early, expect an early winter.

The hair of a horse appears rough just before rain.


=Horses and cattle.=

When horses and cattle stretch out their necks and sniff the air it will
rain.

Horses, as well as some other domestic animals, foretell the coming of
rain, by starting more than ordinary, and appearing in other respect
restless and uneasy on the road.

Horses and mules very lively without apparent cause indicate cold.

When horses assemble in the corner of a field, with heads to leeward,
expect rain.

Kine, when they assemble at one end of a field with their tails to
windward, often indicate rain or wind. During the dead calm before a
storm we may often see them extending their nostrils, with the head
upwards, snuffing the air; this prognostic has been noticed of old by
Virgil, and after him by Lord Bacon and others.


=Mole.=

If the mole dig his hole two feet and a half deep, expect a very severe
winter; if two feet deep, not so severe; if one foot deep, a mild
winter.

When the moles throw up the earth, rain follows soon.


=Musk-rat.=

The musk-rats build their houses twenty inches higher and very much
warmer in early and long winters than in short ones.


=Noise.=

Animals making unusual noise indicates change of weather.


=Oxen and Sheep.=

When oxen or sheep collect together as if they were seeking shelter, a
storm may be expected. (Apache Indians.)


=Pigs.=

Pigs uneasy, grunting, and huddling together, indicate cold.

When pigs busy themselves gathering leaves and straw to make a bed (in
fall), expect a cold winter.

When in winter pigs rub against the side of their pen, it is a sure sign
of a thaw.

If the forward end of a pig’s melt is thicker than the other end, the
first part of winter will be the colder. If the latter end is thicker,
the last part of winter will be the colder.

When pigs go about with sticks in their mouths, expect a “norther” in
Texas.


=Prairie Dogs.=

Prairie dogs bank up their holes with grass and dirt before a storm; if
they are playful, it is a sign of fair weather.


=Partridges.=

Partridges drum only in fall when a mild and open winter follows.


=Rabbits.=

In cold, long winters rabbits are fat in October and November; in mild
and pleasant winters they are poor in those months.

Rabbits seek the woods before a severe storm.


=Rats and Mice.=

Much noise made by rats and mice indicates rain.


=Swine.=

If swine be restless and grunt loudly, if they squeal and jerk up their
ears, there will be much wind. Whence the proverb, “Pigs can see the
wind.”

Swine make lairs on south side of shelter before cold weather.


=Squirrels, etc.=

When squirrels and small animals lay away a larger supply of food than
usual, it indicates that a long and severe winter will follow.

When squirrels lay in a winter supply of nuts, expect a cold winter.

                    When he eats them on the tree,
                    Weather as warm as warm can be.

When squirrels are scarce in the autumn, it indicates a cold winter.


=Sheep.=

If sheep ascend hills and scatter, expect clear weather.

Sheep bleat and seek shelter before snow.

                     You may shear your sheep
                     When the elder blossoms peep.


=Sand Mole.=

The sand mole makes a mournful noise just before frost.


=Spaniels.=

When the spaniel sleeps it indicates rain.


=Wolves.=

Wolves always howl more before a storm; deer and elk come down from the
mountains at least two days before a storm.

If the wolves howl and foxes bark during the winter, expect cold
weather.

If wolves howl in the evening, expect a “norther.” (Texas.)


=Mammals as Weather Prophets.=

Dr. C. C. Abbott showed that the autumnal habits of certain animals that
are popularly supposed to be indicative of the character of the coming
winter could not be depended upon, although by the majority of people
living in the country they were considered as sure indications of what
the winter would prove to be. Dr. Abbott had kept a careful record,
extending over twenty years, regarding the building of winter houses by
musk-rats, the storing of nuts by squirrels, and other habits of these
mammals, and had found that the habits referred to, or their omission in
certain autumns, bore no relation to the character of the coming winter.
(Trenton Nat. Hist. Soc., meeting February 13, 1883.)


                      PROVERBS RELATING TO BIRDS.

Birds of Passage.

When birds of passage arrive early in their southern passage, severe
weather may be looked for soon.

When birds cease to sing, rain and thunder will probably occur.

If birds in general pick their feathers, wash themselves, and fly to
their nests, expect rain.

A dry summer will follow when birds build their nests in exposed places.

Birds flying in groups during rain or wind indicate hail.

Birds and fowl oiling feathers indicate rain.

Birds singing during rain indicate fair weather.

                 If birds in the autumn grow tame,
                 The winter will be too cold for game.


=Bats.=

Bats flying late in the evening indicate fair weather.

Bats who speak flying tell of rain to-morrow.

If bats flutter and beetles fly about, there will be a fine morrow.


=Blackbirds.=

Blackbirds’ notes are very shrill in advance of rain.

Blackbirds flying south in autumn indicate an approaching cold winter.

Blackbirds bring healthy weather.

Blackbirds flocking in the fall indicate a spell of cold weather.


=Buzzards.=

A solitary turkey-buzzard at a great altitude indicates rain.

Buzzards flying high indicate fair weather.


=Bluebirds.=

When bluebirds twitter and sing, they call to each other of rain.


=Chickens.=

Chickens, when they pick up small stones and pebbles and are more noisy
than usual, afford, according to Aratus, a sign of rain. Other authors
prognosticate the coming of rain from the habit fowls have of rubbing in
the dust and clapping their wings.

When chickens crow before sundown, it is a sign of rain next day.

Chickens are said to be very noisy just before rain and cocks to crow at
unusual hours.

If chickens go out in the rain, it will rain all day.

When chickens come down from roost at night, rain will soon follow.

During rain if chickens pay no attention to it, you may expect a
continued rain; if they run to shelter, it won’t last long.

When chickens light on fences during rain to plume themselves, it will
soon clear.


=Chimney Swallows.=

When chimney swallows circle and call, they speak of rain. (Zuñi
Indians.)


=Cocks.=

Cocks are said to clap their wings in an unusual manner before rain, and
hens to rub in the dust and seem very uneasy.

                 If the cock moult before the hen,
                 We shall have weather thick and thin;
                 But if the hen moult before the cock,
                 We shall have weather hard as a block.

If the cock crows more than usual or earlier, expect rain.


=Cormorants.=

When cormorants fly from the sea and sea fowls seek their prey in pools
or ponds, expect wind.


=Cranes.=

If cranes appear early in the autumn, expect a severe winter.

There will be no rain the day the crane flies down the creek.

When cranes make a great noise or scream, expect rain.

Cranes follow the last frost.

If cranes come early in autumn, expect a severe winter.

If cranes place their bills under their wings, expect rain.

When the cranes early (in October) fly southward, it indicates a cold
winter.


=Crows.=

One crow flying alone is a sign of foul weather; but if crows fly in
pairs, expect fine weather.

If crows fly south, a severe winter may be expected; if they fly north,
the reverse.

If the crows make much noise and fly round and round, expect rain.


=Cuckoo.=

If the cuckoo is heard long after St. John’s day, it means harsh times.
(German.)

                When the cuckoo comes to the bare shorn,
                Sell your cow and buy your corn;
                But when he comes to the full bit,
                Sell your corn and buy your sheep.

                In April he opens his bill;
                In May he sings all day;
                In June he alters his tune;
                Come August, go he must.

Cuckoos hallooing in low lands indicate rain; on high lands indicate
fair weather.


=Dove.=

Don’t plant your corn when the turtle-dove cries.


=Domestic Fowl.=

Domestic fowls dress their feathers when the storm is about to cease.

Domestic fowls look toward the sky before rain.

Domestic fowls stand on one leg before cold weather.

When fowls collect together and pick or straighten their feathers,
expect a change of weather.

When fowls roost in day-time expect rain.


=February Birds.=

If birds caught in February are fat and sleek, it is a sign of more cold
weather.


=Finch.=

When the finch chirps, rain follows.


=Geese.=

Wild geese fly high in pleasant weather and low in bad weather.

The whiteness of a goose’s breast-bone indicates the amount of snow
during winter.

                  If the November goose bone be thick,
                  So will the winter weather be;
                  If the November goose bone be thin,
                  So will the winter weather be.

A very heavy plumage of geese in fall indicates an approaching cold
winter.

Everything is lovely, and the goose hawks high (not hangs high, as is
usually stated). Geese flying high is a sign of fair weather.

If the breast-bone of a goose is red, or has many red spots, expect a
cold and stormy winter; but if only a few spots are visible, the winter
will be mild.

When you see geese in water washing themselves, expect rain.

Geese wash and sparrows fly in flocks before rain.

When geese fly at ten o’clock, or in the first part of the night, it is
a sign of cold weather.

If domestic geese walk east and fly west, expect cold weather.

When geese and ducks go into the water and flap their wings, throwing
the water over their backs, rain is approaching.

When geese or ducks stand on one leg, expect cold weather.

To read the winter of any year take the breast-bone of a goose hatched
during the preceding spring. The bone is translucent and it will be
found to be colored and spotted. The dark color and heavy spots indicate
cold. If the spots are of light shade and transparent, wet weather,
rain, or snow may be looked for.


=Grouse.=

When grouse drum at night, Indians predict a deep fall of snow.


=Gulls.=

Gulls will soar to lofty heights, and circling round utter shrill cries
before a storm.


=Hawk.=

When men-of-war-hawks fly high, it is a sign of a clear sky; When they
fly low, prepare for a blow.


=Hedge Sparrow.=

If the hedge sparrow is heard before the grape-vine is putting forth its
buds, it is said that a good crop is in store.


=Heron.=

When heron fly up and down as in doubt where to rest, expect rain.


=Hen.=

When the hen crows, expect a storm within and without.


=Jackdaws.=

These birds frequent the flocks of rooks, and with them go out to feed,
as if they were aware of the superior sagacity of the rook in finding
out the most productive pasture, and had learned to avail themselves of
it. Starlings sometimes do the same. Sometimes before the change of
weather the daws make a great noise in the chimneys wherein they build,
and the sound coming down the flue is distinctly heard in the chamber.

Jackdaws are unusually clamorous before rain.


=Kites.=

Kites flying unusually high are said to indicate fair weather.


=Larks.=

Larks, when they sing long and fly high, forebode fine weather.

As long as the lark is heard before Candlemas day (in Europe), that long
will it be silent afterward on account of cold yet to come. (German.)


=Loon.=

Hunters say that the direction in which the loon flies in the morning
will be the direction of the wind next day.


=Larks.=

Field larks, congregating in flocks, indicate severe cold.


=Magpies.=

Magpies, flying three or four together and uttering harsh cries, predict
windy weather.


=Missel Thrush.=

Missel thrush have been observed to sing particularly loud just before a
storm.


=Martins.=

When martins appear, winter has broken.

No killing frost after martins.

Martins fly low before and during rainy weather.


=Migratory.=

Migratory birds fly south from cold and north from warm weather. When a
severe cyclone is near, they become puzzled and fly in circles, dart in
the air and can be easily decoyed. (Observer on North Carolina coast.)


=Owls.=

Owls hooting indicate rain.

If owls scream in foul weather, it will change to fair.

If owls hoot at night, expect fair weather.

The various omens which vulgar credulity has attached to the hooting and
screaming of this bird deserve particular attention. When an owl hoots
or screeches, sitting on the top of a house or by the side of a window,
it is said to foretell death. The fact seems to be this: The owl, as
Virgil justly observes, is more noisy at the change of weather, and as
it often happens that patients with lingering diseases die at the change
of weather so the owl seems, by a mistaken association of ideas, to
forebode the calamity. Both the screech owl and the howlet seem to be
alluded to among the harmful fowls in Spencer’s Fairy Queen.


=Screech Owl.=

A screeching owl indicates cold or storm.


=Parrots.=

Parrots whistling indicate rain.

It is said that parrots and canaries dress their feathers and are
wakeful the evening before a storm.


=Peacocks.=

          When the peacock’s distant voice you hear,
          Are you in want of rain? Rejoice, ’tis almost here.

                 When the peacock loudly bawls
                 Soon we’ll have both rain and squalls.

If the peacock cries when he goes to roost, and, indeed, much at any
time, it is a sign of rain.

When peacocks and guinea fowls scream and turkeys gobble, expect rain.

The squalling of the peacock by night often foretells a rainy day.

Peafowl utter loud cries before a storm, and select a low perch.


=Petrels.=

Petrels gathering under the stern of a ship indicate bad weather.

The stormy petrel is found to be a sure token of stormy weather. When
these birds gather in numbers under the wake of a ship, the sailors are
sure of an impending tempest.


=Pintado.=

Before rain the pintados, or guinea fowls called comebacks, squall more
than usual.


=Pigeons.=

Pigeons return home unusually early before rain.

It is a sign of rain when pigeons return slowly to the dovehouses before
the usual time of day.


=Prairie Chickens.=

Prairie chickens coming into the creeks and timber indicate cold
weather.

When the prairie chicken sits on the ground with all its feathers
ruffled, expect cold weather.


=Quail.=

When quails are heard in the evening, fair weather is indicated for next
day.

Quails are more abundant during an easterly wind.


=Red Breasts.=

Red breasts grow bolder and perch against the window in advance of
unusually severe weather.


=Robins.=

First robins indicate the approach of spring.

Long and loud singing of robins in the morning denote rain.

Robins will perch on the topmost branches of trees and whistle when a
storm is approaching.


=Rooks.=

If rooks fly irregularly and high, and seem to fall, expect rain.

Rooks dart and swoop through the air, sparrows group together and keep
up a discordant chirping before rain.


=Rooster.=

A crowing rooster during rain indicates fair weather.

When the roosters go crowing to bed they will rise with watery head.

If a rooster crows on the ground, it is a sign of rain; if he crows on
the fence, it is a sign of fair weather.


=Sea Birds.=

If sea birds fly towards land and land birds toward the sea, expect wind
without rain.


=Sea-gulls.=

If sea-gulls fly inland, expect storm.

When sea-gulls fly to land, a storm is at hand.


=Snow-birds.=

When snow-birds gather in flocks and light on fences and hedges, expect
rain.


=Storks.=

If storks and cranes fly high and steady, expect fair weather.


=Summer Birds.=

When summer birds take their flight, the summer goes with them.


=Swallow.=

When swallows in evenings fly high and chirp, fair weather follows; when
low, rain follows.

                    When the swallow’s nest is high
                    The summer is very dry;
                    When the swallow buildeth low
                    You can safely reap and sow.

When the swallows fly low, or when the geese fly, expect storm or cold.

Swallows skimming along the ground indicate rain.

Swallows flying low indicate rain.

Circling swallows indicate rain.


=Swan.=

The swan builds its nest high before high waters, but low when there
will not be unusual rains.


=Thrush.=

When the thrush sings at sunset a fair day will follow.


=Turkeys.=

Turkeys perched on trees and refusing to descend indicates snow.

Water turkeys flying against the wind indicate falling weather.


=Vultures.=

Vultures are considered as evil omens, in consequence, probably, of
their following armies for the sake of carcasses of the slain, whereon
they feed. When they scent carrion at a great distance, they indicate
that state of the atmosphere which is favorable to the perception of
smells, which often forebodes rain.


=Water Fowl.=

If water fowl scream more than usual and plunge into water, expect rain.

If water fowl make more noise than usual, also if robins approach nearer
houses than usual, expect frost soon.


=Wild Ducks.=

Wild ducks scattered around the lakes near Lake Superior form in large
flocks and go south one month earlier in cold or early winters than in
mild or pleasant winters.


=Wild Geese.=

Wild geese flying over in great numbers indicates approaching storm.

               Wild geese, wild geese, going to the sea,
               Good weather it will be;
               Wild geese, wild geese, going to the hill,
               The weather it will spill.

Wild geese moving south indicates approaching cold weather, moving
north, indicates that most of winter is over.

When wild geese fly to the southeast in the fall, in Kansas, expect a
blizzard.

Wild geese flying directly south and very high indicates a very cold
winter. When flying low and remaining along the river they indicate a
warm winter in Idaho. For spring, just the reverse when flying north.
(Old settler.)

Wild geese flying past large bodies of water indicates change of
weather; going south cold, going north warm.


=Woodcock.=

An early appearance of woodcock indicates the approach of a severe
winter.


=Woodpecker.=

When the woodpecker leaves, expect a hard winter.

When woodpeckers peck low on the trees, expect warm weather.

The ivory-billed woodpecker commencing at the bottom end of a tree and
going to the top, removing all the outer bark, indicates a hard winter
with deep snow.


=Wrens.=

When wrens are seen in winter, expect snow.


                      PROVERBS RELATING TO CLOUDS.

                        STORM-PRESAGING CLOUDS.

                      [From the New York Herald.]

An English meteorologist, the Hon. F. A. R. Russell, who for many years
has been a cloud observer, has recently given his conclusions as to the
predictive value of the upper clouds. As a celebrated example of the
clews given by cirrus clouds to coming weather he mentions that the Rev.
Mr. Ley, on a fine day, noticing certain indications of the upper clouds
in London, telegraphed from the strand to the meteorological office
ordering warnings of a heavy thunder-storm for four o’clock that
afternoon, which at the preannounced hour came crashing over the
metropolis. Mr. Russell’s researches lead him to the conviction that the
cirrus cloud is often a more timely monitor of approaching storms than
the barometer, and that the “bar or ribbed cirrus,” though somewhat
uncommon, is “at least equal in value to the falling barometer as a
danger signal.” He finds also that “detached patches of cirrus, like
little masses of wool or knotted feathers, in a clear sky and of unusual
figure, moving at more than the average rate, precede disturbances of
great magnitude.”

From Aristotle’s time the value of cloud signs in storm and rain
prognostications has been recognized, but their interpretation has only
recently become possible, since the movement of storm centres over wide
areas has been systematically traced. The irregular motions of the high
clouds, perhaps more than their forms (presenting the appearance of
having been divided and torn by uprushing currents), indicate dangerous
cyclones. If the equatorial air current in which cyclones are borne
along is undisturbed by a cyclonic vortex, the clouds floating in its
higher strata would sail on it at a uniform rate. But if we suppose that
a storm is moving in the great current, the ascending air in the storm’s
centre is ceaselessly invading the cloud stratum above. It is this
uprushing air which divides the clouds. But as the interchange between
the surface and upper air in the cyclone centre tends to retard the
swift upper current which transports the cirriform clouds, the motion of
these clouds, both over the storm centre and far out in front of it,
must often be retarded. The very rapidly moving cirrus clouds which Mr.
Russell says precede great disturbances must precede them at great
distances from their centres—a fact which enhances their predictive
value and shows the importance of observing them systematically. The
terrible loss of life and property in the British gale of October 14,
1881, this writer thinks might have been less had the cloud portents
been duly watched and heeded, as the cirrus indications of the day
previous gave sufficient warning of the coming storm.


=Anvil Clouds.=

Anvil-shaped clouds are very likely to be followed by a gale of wind.


=Appearances.=

Soft-looking delicate clouds foretell fine weather with weak, moderate,
or light breezes. Hard edged, oily appearing clouds, wind. A dark,
gloomy, blue sky indicates wind; a bright, blue sky clear fine weather.
Generally the softer the clouds the less wind. Small inky clouds
foretell rain.


=Assemblage of Clouds.=

If an assemblage of small clouds spread out or become thicker and
darker, expect rain.


=Against the Wind.=

If you see a cloud rise against the wind, when that cloud comes up to
you the wind will blow the same way that the cloud came, and the same
rule holds good of a clear place when all the sky is equally thick
except one clear edge. (Shepherd.)


=Bull’s Eye.=

A small, fast-growing, black cloud in violent motion seen in the
tropics, is called the Bull’s Eye, and precedes the most terrible
hurricanes.


=Black Clouds.=

Black clouds in the north in winter indicate approaching snow.


=Black Scuds.=

Small black scuds (clouds), drifting from southwest, is a sign of rain.


=Bright—Dark.=

                       If clouds be bright,
                       ’Twill clear to-night;
                       If clouds be dark,
                       ’Twill rain, do you hark?


=Blue Sky.=

Enough blue sky in the northwest to make a Scotchman a jacket is a sign
of approaching clear weather.


=Cirro-Cumuli.=

When cirro-cumuli appear in winter expect warm and wet weather. When
cirri threads are brushed back from a southerly direction expect rain
and wind.


=Cirri and Cumulus.=

When cirri merge into cerro-stratus, and when cumulus increase towards
evening and become lower clouds, expect wet weather.


=Cumulus Clouds.=

If a fair day, with cumulus clouds, expect rain before night.


=Curdly Sky.=

A curdly sky will not leave the earth long dry.

A curdly sky will not be twenty-four hours dry.


=Cross-Wind Clouds.=

If you see clouds going cross wind, there is a storm in the air.


=Clouds—Wind.=

Clouds flying against the wind indicate unsettled weather.


=Dusky Clouds.=

Dusky or tarnish-silver colored clouds indicate hail.


=Disperse.=

When clouds, after a rain, disperse during the night, the weather will
not remain clear.


=Dark Sky.=

If the sky becomes darker without much rain and divides into two layers
of clouds, expect sudden gusts of wind.

Dark clouds in the west at sunrise indicate rain on that day.


=Equinox.=

If it blows in the day it generally hushes toward evening.

The vernal equinoctial gales are stronger than the autumnal.


=East Wind.=

If rain falls during an east wind, it will continue a full day.


=East Clouds.=

Clouds in the east, obscuring the sun, indicate fair weather.


=Evening and Morning.=

Evening red and morning gray will set the traveller on his way. But
evening gray and morning red will bring down rain upon his head.


=Fair.=

                 If the sky beyond the clouds is blue,
                 Be glad, there is a picnic for you.

When there is enough clear sky to patch a Dutchman’s breeches, expect
fair weather.


=Fleecy Clouds.=

If, in winter, the clouds appear fleecy, with a very blue sky, expect
cold rain or snow.

If there be a fleecy sky, unless driving northwest, expect rain.

When the clouds are formed like fleeces, but dense in the middle and
bright toward the edge, with the sky bright, they are signs of a frost,
with hail, snow, or rain.

             If the woolly fleeces strew the heavenly way,
             Be sure no rain disturb the summer day.


=Fine Weather.=

If clouds at the same height drive up with the wind, and gradually
become thinner and descend, expect fine weather.


=Gusts.=

If there be a cloudy sky and dark clouds driving fast under higher
clouds, expect violent gusts of wind.


=General Cloudiness.=

When a general cloudiness covers the sky and small, black fragments of
clouds fly underneath, they indicate rain, and probably it will be
lasting.


=Hen Scarts.=

                    Hen scarts and filly tails
                    Make lofty ships wear low sails.


=High, Dark Clouds.=

If high, dark clouds are seen, in spring, winter, or fall, expect cold
weather.


=Heavy Sky.=

If the sky after fine weather becomes heavy with small clouds, expect
rain.


=High Clouds.=

If clouds form high in air in their white trains like locks of wool,
they portend wind and probably rain.


=Hues.=

Clouds being soft, undefined, and feathery, will be fair. Generally, any
deep, unusual hue of clouds indicate rain and wind, while the more quiet
and moderate tints indicate fair weather.


=Heavy Rains.=

If clouds float at different heights and rates, but generally in
opposite directions, expect heavy rains.


=Horizontal Clouds.=

Narrow, horizontal red clouds after sunset in the west indicate rain
before thirty-six hours.


=Hills.=

                    When clouds are on the hills
                    They’ll come down by the mills.


=Isolated Clouds.=

When on clear days isolated clouds drive over the zenith from the
rain-wind side (see table I, part II) storm and rain follow within
twenty-four hours.


=June.=

It never clouds up in a June night for a rain.


=Lookout Mountain.=

When Lookout Mountain has its cap on, it will rain in six hours.


=Low Clouds.=

Clouds floating low enough to cast shadows on the ground are usually
followed by rain.


=Mackerel Sky.=

                    Mackerel sky, mackerel sky,
                    Never long wet, never long dry.


=Mackerel Clouds.=

The mackerel clouds always indicate storm if they first appear about 15°
north of west. (Kansas.)

                   Mackerel scales and mare’s tails
                   Make lofty ships carry low sails.

                       Mackerel clouds in sky,
                       Expect more wet than dry.


=Mountain Clouds.=

When the clouds hang on the mountain side after a rain and the sun
shines on the top of the mountain, the storm is over. When gray clouds
are seen for several days on the tops of high mountains, in the fall,
they indicate an early winter. (Apache Indians.)


=Mackerel Scales.=

                       Mackerel scales,
                       Furl your sails.

                       A mackerel sky,
                       Not twenty-four hours dry.


=Northwest Clouds.=

If a layer of thin clouds drive up from the northwest, and under other
clouds moving more to the south, expect fine weather.


=Opening.=

If clouds open and close, rain will continue.


=Red Sky.=

When it is evening, ye say it will be fair weather, for the sky is red;
and in the morning it will be foul weather to-day, for the sky is red
and lowering. (Matthew xvi, 2, 3.)

When clouds are gathered toward the sun at setting, with a rosy hue,
they foretell rain.

If there be red clouds in the west at sunset it will be fair; if the
clouds have a tint of purple it will be very fine, or if red bordered
with black in the southeast.


=Rounded Clouds.=

A cloud with rounded top and flattened base carries rainfall on its
face.

Red clouds at sunrise indicate storm.

Red clouds at sunrise indicate rain on the following day.


=Storm.=

Behold there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea like a man’s hand.

Prepare thy chariot and get thee down that the rain stops thee not. And
it came to pass in the mean while, that the heaven was black with clouds
and wind and there was great rain. (Kings xviii, 44, 45.)


=Stratus.=

Stratus or fall cloud is a fog or mist, so called from being strewed
along the ground, and from its consisting of particular kinds of clouds,
which fall at night-time to the ground. A stratus in the morning, in
autumn, often ushers in some of the finest days we enjoy.


=Sunday Sunset.=

If Sunday sunset is obscured, expect rain before Wednesday.


=Salt Lake Valley.=

A horizontal streak or band of clouds immediately in front of the
mountains on the east side of Salt Lake valley is an indication of rain
within one or two days. When black clouds cover the western horizon,
rain will follow soon, and extend to the eastward over the valley.
(Observer at Salt Lake.)


=Storm.=

         If clouds look like they had been scratched by a hen,
         Get ready to reef your topsails then.

If the clouds be of different heights, the sky being grayish or dirty
blue, with hardly any wind stirring, the wind, however, changing from
west to south, or sometimes to southeast, without perceptibly increasing
in force, expect storm.


=South Clouds.=

If clouds appear suddenly in the south, expect rain.


=Sunrise.=

If clouds fly to the west at sunrise, expect fine weather.

If at sunrise many clouds are seen in the west, and disappear, expect
fine weather for a short time.


=Strips of Clouds.=

If long strips of clouds drive at a slow rate high in the air, and
gradually become larger, the sky having been previously clear, expect
rain.


=Streamers.=

When streamers point upward, the clouds are falling and rain is at hand.
When streamers point downward, the clouds are ascending and drought is
at hand.


=Salmon Clouds.=

A long strip of clouds called a Salmon, or _Noah’s Ark_, stretching east
and west, is a sign of stormy weather, but when it extends north and
south, it is a sign of dry weather.

                  North and south the sign of drought,
                  East and west the sign of blast.


=Tints.=

Light, delicate, quiet tints or colors, with soft, undefined forms of
clouds indicate and accompany fair weather; but unusual or gaudy hues,
with hard definitely outlined clouds, foretell rain, and probably stormy
weather.


=Thin Light Clouds.=

If there be a light-blue sky with thin, light, flying clouds, whilst the
wind goes to the south, without much increase in force, or a dirty blue
sky when no clouds are to be seen, expect storm.


=Tails or Feathers.=

If there be long points, tails, or feathers hanging from thunder or rain
clouds, five or six or more degrees above the horizon, with little wind
in summer, thunder may be expected, but storm will be of short duration.


=Two Currents.=

Two currents of clouds indicate approaching rain, and in summer thunder.


=Thunder.=

Against much rain the clouds grow rapidly larger, especially before
thunder.


=Terraces of Clouds.=

When the clouds rise in terraces of white, soon will the country of the
corn priests be pierced with the arrows of rain. (Zuñi Indians.)


=Variety.=

The different kinds of clouds indicate rain.


=West Clouds.=

When ye see a cloud rise out of the west, straightway ye say there
cometh a shower, and so it is. (Luke xii, 54.)

Brassy-colored clouds in the west at sunset indicate wind.


=White Clouds.=

If on a fair day in winter a white bank of clouds arise in the south,
expect snow.

If small white clouds are seen to collect together, their edges
appearing rough, expect wind.


=Wind.=

If the wind blow between north and east or east, with clouds for some
days, and if clouds be then seen driving from the south high up, rain
will follow plentifully, sometimes forty-eight hours after; if after the
rain the wind goes to the south or southwest, better weather will
follow.


=Yellow Sky.=

A light yellow sky at sunset presages wind.

A pale yellow sky at sunset presages rain.


                       PROVERBS RELATING TO DEW.

Absence of Dew.

The absence of dew for three days indicates rain.

                   If nights three dewless there be,
                   ’Twill rain, you’re sure to see.


=Easter.=

The number of dews before Easter will indicate the number of hoar frosts
to occur after Easter, and the number of dews to occur in August.


=Heavy Dew.=

If there is a heavy dew and it soon dries, expect fine weather; if it
remains long on the grass, expect rain in twenty-four hours.

Heavy dew indicates fair weather.

Clouds without dew indicate rain.

If there is a heavy dew it indicates fair weather; no dew indicates
rain.


=Haying Season.=

In haying season, when there is no dew, it indicates rain.

Much dew after a fair day indicates another fair day. A calm and fair
day followed by absence of dew indicates rain.


=Midnight.=

                   With dew before midnight,
                   The next day will sure be bright.


=Plentiful Dew.=

If the dew lies on the grass plentifully after a fair day, it indicates
that the following day will be fair. If there is no dew and no wind
after a fair day, rain will follow.


=Southerly Winds.=

A heavy dew in the middle latitudes is said to indicate southerly winds.

A heavy dew with a south to east wind, fair—with a northwest wind, rain.
(New England.)


=Summer Dew.=

During summer a heavy dew is sometimes followed by a southerly wind in
the afternoon.


=Wet Feet.=

If your feet you wet with the dew in the morning, you may keep them dry
for the rest of the day.


                       PROVERBS RELATING TO FISH.


=General.=

When fish bite readily and swim near the surface, rain may be expected.

Fish become inactive just before thunder showers, silent, and won’t
bite.

                         Fish bite the least
                         With wind in the east.

Fishes in general, both in salt and fresh waters, are observed to sport
most and bite more eagerly against rain than at any other time.


=Black-fish.=

Black-fish in schools indicate an approaching gale.


=Blue-fish, pike, etc.=

Blue-fish, pike, and other fish jump with head towards the point where a
storm is frowning.

The approach of blue-fish to the Middle Atlantic coast is a true
indication of a shift of wind to the north within twenty-four or
thirty-six hours. The observer furnishing the above states that he has
not known this saying to have failed once in the past twenty-five years,
and assigns as a reason that in autumn all fish go south, and the
blue-fish, it appears, is able to anticipate this change and approaches
the coast, where it may strike the feed-fish on their way south.


=Clam-Beds.=

Air-bubbles over the clam-beds indicate rain.

Porpoises in harbor indicate coming storm.


=Cat-fish.=

Fish swim up stream, and cat-fish jump out of water before rain.

If the skin on the belly of the cat-fish is unusually thick, it
indicates a cold winter; if not, a mild winter will follow. (Negro.)


=Cockles.=

Cockles and most shell fish are observed against a tempest to have
gravel sticking hard unto their shells, as a providence of nature to
stay or poise themselves, and to help to weigh them down, if raised from
the bottom by surges.


=Cod-fish.=

The cod is said to take in ballast before a storm. It is said by
Sergeant McGillivry, Signal Corps, U. S. A., that there is one instance
of this saying well authenticated, as follows: A number of cod were
taken twelve hours before a severe gale, and it was found that each had
swallowed a number of small stones, some of the stones weighing three or
four ounces.


=Crabs and Lobsters.=

The appearance of crabs and lobsters indicates that spring has come, and
that there will be no more freezing weather. Lake Ontario black bass
leave shoal water before a thunder-storm. This has been observed
twenty-four hours before storm.


=Cuttles.=

Cuttles, with their many legs, swimming on the top of the water and
striving to be above the waves, presage a storm.


=Cuttle-fish.=

Cuttle-fish swimming on the surface of water indicate the approach of
storm.


=Dolphins.=

Dolphins, as well as porpoises, when they come about a ship, and sport
and gambol on the surface of the water, betoken a storm; hence they are
regarded as unlucky omens by sailors.


=Eels.=

If eels are very lively it is a sign of rain.


=Equinox.=

In equinoctial storms fish bite the best before the sun crosses the
line.


=Fish—Flies.=

When fish jump up after flies expect rain.


=Frog-fish.=

Frog-fish crawling indicate rain.


=Lake Trout.=

In the northern lakes of the United States white-fish and lake trout
leave reefs for deep water one month earlier in stormy falls than in
mild, calm falls, with little winds. (Chippewa Indians.)


=Lobsters and Craw-fish.=

When lobsters or craw-fish heighten their holes about the surface of the
ground, it is a sign of approaching rain.


=Moon.=

Fish bite the best when the moon is in the tail.


=Mullet.=

Mullet run south on the approach of cold northerly wind and rain.


=North Wind.=

                     Fishermen in anger froth
                     When the wind is in the north;
                     For fish bite the best
                     When the wind is in the west.


=Pike.=

When pike lie on the bed of a stream quietly, expect rain or wind.


=Porpoises.=

Porpoises, when they sport about ships and chase one another as if in
play, and indeed their being numerous on the surface of the sea at any
time, is rather a stormy sign. The same may be said of dolphins and
grampus. That the cause of these motions is some electrical change in
the air seems probable. Wilsford, in his Secrets of Nature, tells us
“Porpoises or sea-hogs when observed to sport and chase one another
about ships, expect then some stormy weather.”

Porpoises are said to swim in the direction from which the wind is
coming.

Porpoises run into bays and around islands before a storm.


=Salmon and Trout.=

Salmon and trout plentiful in river (Columbia) show an abundance of rain
in the surrounding country by which the river has risen.


=Sea-urchins.=

Sea-urchins thrusting themselves into the mud, or striving to cover
their bodies with sand, foreshow a storm.


=Shad.=

Shad run south when the weather changes cold.


=Shark.=

Shark go to sea at the approach of a cold wave.


=Skate.=

Skate jump in the direction that the next wind will come from.


=South Wind.=

Wind in the south catch fish in the mouth.


=Trout.=

Trout bite voraciously before rain.

                     When trout refuse bait or fly,
                     There ever is a storm nigh.


=Trout and Salmon.=

When the trout or salmon-trout jump late in the fall, the Indians of
Washington Territory predict an open winter and an open spring.


=Trout and Herring.=

Trout jump and herring schools more rapidly before rain.


=Whales and Porpoises.=

When porpoises and whales spout about ships at sea, storm may be
expected.


=Winds.=

The appearance of a great number of fish on the west Gulf coast
indicates bad weather and easterly winds.


                   PROVERBS RELATING TO FOG OR MIST.

August.

The number of August fogs indicate the number of winter mists.

In the Mississippi Valley, when fogs occur in August, expect fever and
ague in the following fall.

A fog in August indicates a severe winter and plenty of snow.

Observe on what day in August the first heavy fog occurs, and you may
expect a hard frost on the same day in October.


=April Fog.=

Fog in April foretells a failure of the wheat crop next year. (Alabama.)

If the first three days of April be foggy, there will be a flood in
June. (English.)


=Continued Fog.=

If there be continued fog, expect frost.


=Dew.=

When the dew is seen shining on the leaves, the mist rolled down from
the mountain last night. (Zuñi Indians.)


=Damp Fog.=

If there be a damp fog or mist, accompanied by wind, expect rain.


=Fog Clouds.=

When light fog clouds on evenings are observed to rise from the valleys
and hang around the summits of mountains, rain follows.


=February Fog.=

A fog in February indicates a frost in the following May.


=Fog Frost.=

He that would have a bad day must go out in the fog after a frost.


=Frost.=

During frosty weather, the dissolution of mist, and the appearance of
small detached cerro-cumulus clouds in the elevated regions of the
atmosphere are said to foretell that the termination of frost is at
hand.


=Fog and Rain.=

When the fog goes up the hill the rain comes down the mill.


=Fog after Frost.=

Fog after hard frosts and fog after mild weather indicate a change in
weather.


=Falling Fog.=

When the fog falls fair weather follows; when it rises rain follows.


=Heavy Fog.=

Heavy fog in winter, when it hangs below trees, is followed by rain.


=Hunting and Fishing.=

When the fog goes up the mountains you may go hunting; when it comes
down the mountain you may go fishing. In the former case it will be
fair; in the latter it will rain.


=Light Fog.=

Light fog passing under sun from south to north in the morning indicates
rain in twenty-four or forty-eight hours.


=March, May, and August.=

                    So many mists in March we see,
                    So many frosts in May shall be;
                    So many fogs in August we see,
                    So many snows that year will be.


=Mirage.=

A mirage is followed by a rain. (New England.)


=Mist—Sea.=

              When the mist takes to the sea
              Then good weather it will be.
                                                (English.)


=Misty Mornings.=

Three foggy or misty mornings indicate rain. (Oregon.)


=Morning Fogs.=

When a morning fog turns into clouds of different layers, the clouds
increasing in size, expect a rain.


=Mountain Mist.=

When mountains extend north and south, if fog or mist comes from the
west, expect fair weather. If mist comes from the top of mountains,
expect rain in summer, snow in winter. (Apache Indians.)


=October Fog.=

For every fog in October there will be a snow during the winter; for
each heavy fog a heavy snow, and for each light fog a light snow.


=Rising Fog.=

A rising fog indicates fair weather. If the fog settles down, expect
stormy weather.


=Seaward and Landward.=

Fog from seaward, fair weather; fog from landward, rain. (New England.)


=Summer Fog.=

A summer fog is a good indication of fair weather.


=Southerly Wind.=

In summer, when fog comes with a southerly wind it indicates warm
weather; when it comes with a northerly wind it is a sign of heavy rain.


=Weather.=

                    When the mist is on the hill,
                    Then good weather it doth spoil.


=Winter Fog.=

A winter’s fog will freeze a dog.


                      PROVERBS RELATING TO FROST.

Bearded—Frost.

Bearded frost is a forerunner of snow.


=Birds of Passage.=

If birds of passage arrive early from the north, expect frost.


=Corn Frost.=

With the coming of frost grows the corn old. (Zuñi Indians.)


=Dark-moon Frost.=

Frost occurring in the dark of the moon kills fruit, buds, and blossoms;
but frost in the light of the moon will not.


=Early Frosts.=

Early frosts are generally followed by a long and hard winter. Light or
white frosts are always followed by wet weather, either the same day or
three days after.


=Easter Frost.=

Past the Easter frost and fruit is safe.


=Fences, Trees.=

In winter if the fences and trees are covered with white frost, expect a
thaw.


=Frosty Trees.=

If the trees are frosty and the sun takes it away before noon, sign of
rain.


=First Katydid.=

The first frost of the season occurs six weeks after we hear the first
katydid.


=Frosts.=

Heavy white frost indicates warmer weather.

Black frost indicates dry cold weather.

Bearded frost indicates colder weather and snow.


=Frost, Rain.=

Hoar frost indicates rain.


=Foul Weather.=

Frosts end in foul weather.


=First Frost.=

If the first frost occurs late, the following winter will be mild, but
weather variable. If first frost occurs early, it indicates a severe
winter.


=Gray Sky.=

If there be a dark, gray sky, with a south wind, expect frost.


=Heavy Frosts.=

Heavy frosts are generally followed by fine, clear weather.


=Hoar Frost.=

If there be an abundance of hoar frost, expect rain.


=Ice.=

If the ice crack much, expect frost to continue.


=June Frosts.=

There will be as many frosts in June as there are fogs in February.


=Moonlight.=

Moonlight nights have the hardest frosts.


=Mist.=

               When the mist is on the hill,
               Then good weather it doth spoil;
               When the mist takes to the sea,
               Then good weather it will be.
                                              (England.)


=Rain, Frosts.=

Heavy frosts bring heavy rains; no frosts, no rain. (California.)


=Six Months.=

Six months from last frost to next frost. (South.)


=Spider Webs.=

                 Spider webs floating at autumn sunset,
                 Bring a night frost, this you may bet.


=Three Frosts=

Three frosts in succession are a sign of rain.

Three white frosts and then a storm.


=White Frost.=

A very heavy white frost in winter is followed by a thaw.

White frost on three successive nights indicates a thaw or rain.


=Water Snakes.=

When small water snakes leave the sand in low damp lands, frosts may be
expected in three days. (Apache Indians.)


=Wind, Northwest.=

Frost will probably occur when the temperature is 40° and the wind
northwest.

A high wind prevents frost.


                     PROVERBS RELATING TO INSECTS.

Ants.

                 If ants their walls do frequent build,
                 Rain will from the clouds be spilled.

When ants are situated in low ground, their migration may be taken as an
indication of approaching heavy rains.

Expect stormy weather when ants travel in lines, and fair weather when
they scatter.

If in the beginning of July the ants are enlarging and building up their
piles, an early and cold winter is at hand.

An open ant-hole indicates clear weather; a closed one an approaching
storm.


=Ants, Crickets, Gnats, etc.=

Ants are very busy; gnats bite; crickets are lively; spiders come out of
their nests, and flies gather in houses just before rain.


=Butterflies.=

The early appearance of butterflies is said to indicate fine weather.

When the white butterfly flies from the southwest, expect rain.

When the butterfly comes, comes also the summer. (Zuñi Indians.)


=Bees.=

When bees remain in their hives or fly but a short distance, expect
rain.

Bees early at work will not perform a full day’s work.

Bees will not swarm before a near storm.

Bees returning hastily and in large numbers are said to indicate
approaching rain, although the weather may be clear.

               When bees to distance wing their flight
               Days are warm and skies are bright;
               But when their flight ends near their home
               Stormy weather is sure to come.

A bee was never caught in a shower.

If bees remain in the hive or fly but a short distance from it, expect
rain.


=Black Insects.=

When little black insects appear on the snow, expect a thaw.


=Cockroaches.=

When cockroaches fly it is a sign of approaching rain.


=Crickets.=

If the cricket sing louder than usual, expect rain.


=Chrysalides.=

When the chrysalides are found suspended from the under side of rails,
limbs, &c., as if to protect them from rain, expect much rain. If they
are found on slender branches, fair weather will last some time.
(Western Pennsylvania.)


=Fleas.=

                  When fleas do very many grow,
                  Then ’twill surely rain or snow.

                  When eager bites the thirsty flea,
                  Clouds and rain you sure shall see.


=Flies.=

           A fly on your nose you slap and it goes,
           If it comes back again it will bring a good rain.

When flies congregate in swarms, rain follows soon.

When flies bite greedily, expect rain.


=Fall-bugs.=

Fall-bugs begin to chirp six weeks before a frost in the fall.


=Fire-flies.=

Fire flies in great numbers indicate fair weather.


=Garden Spiders.=

If the garden spiders break and destroy their webs and creep away,
expect continued rain.


=Glow-worms.=

Before rain:

                Glow-worms numerous, clear, and bright,
                Illuminate the dewy hills at night.

When the glow-worm glows, dry hot weather follows.


=Gossamer.=

Gossamer (the fine web of a certain species of spider) is said when
abundant in the air to afford a sign of a fine autumn.


=Gnats.=

Gnats flying in a vortex in the beams of the sun, fair weather will
follow; when they frisk about more wildly increasing heat is indicated;
when they seek the shade and bite more frequently, the signs are of
coming rain.

Gnats in October are a sign of long, fair weather.

Many gnats in spring indicate that the autumn will be warm.

If gnats fly in large numbers, the weather will be fine.

If gnats, flies, &c., bite sharper than usual, expect rain.

When gnats dance in February the husbandman becomes a beggar.

If gnats fly in compact bodies in the beams of the setting sun, expect
fine weather.

If many gnats are seen in the spring, expect a warm autumn.

When gnats dance in March it brings death to sheep. (Dutch.)


=Hornets.=

Hornets build nests high before warm summers.

When hornets build their nests near the ground, expect a cold and early
winter.


=House Flies.=

House flies coming into the house in great numbers indicate rain.


=Harvest Flies.=

When harvest flies sing, warm weather will follow.


=Insects.=

The early appearance of insects indicate an early spring and good crops.
(Apache Indians.)

Insects flying in numbers just at evening show change of weather to
rain.


=Katydids.=

Katydids cry three months before frosts. (South.)


=Locusts.=

When locusts are heard, dry weather will follow, and frost will occur in
six weeks.


=Spider Webs.=

                    When spiders’ webs in air do fly
                    The spell will soon be very dry.

Spider webs scattered thickly over a field covered with dew glistening
in the morning sun indicate rain.

When spiders work at their webs in the morning expect a fair day.

Spiders strengthening their webs indicate rain.

Long single, separate spider webs on grass is a sign of frost next
night. (Irish.)

Spiders in motion indicate rain.

If spiders break off and remove their webs, the weather will be wet.

If spiders make new webs and ants build new hills, the weather will be
clear.

If the spider works during rain, it is an indication that the weather
will soon be clear.

When the spider cleans its web fair weather is indicated.

If spider webs fly in the autumn with a south wind, expect east winds
and fine weather.

Spiders generally change their webs once every twenty-four hours. If
they make the change between 6 and 7 p. m., expect a fair night. If they
change their web in the morning, a fine day may be expected. If they
work during rain, expect fine weather soon, and the more active and busy
the spider the finer will be the weather.

Spiders, when they are seen crawling on the walls more than usual
indicate that rain will probably ensue. This prognostic seldom fails.
This has been observed for many years, particularly in winter, but more
or less at all times of the year.

If spiders in spinning their webs make the terminating filaments long,
we may in proportion to their lengths expect rain.

When you see the ground covered with spider webs which are wet with dew,
and there is no dew on the ground, it is a sign of rain before night,
for the spiders are putting up umbrellas; but others say when the
spiders put out their sunshades it will be a hot day.


=Scorpions.=

When scorpions crawl expect dry weather.


=Tarantulas.=

When tarantulas crawl by day, rain will surely come. (California.)


=Wasps.=

Wasps building nests in exposed places indicate a dry season.

Wasps in great numbers and busy indicate fair and warm weather.


=Wood-lice.=

If wood-lice run about in great numbers, expect rain.


=Worms, Snails, etc.=

Worms come forth more abundantly before rain, as do snails, slugs, and
almost all our limaceous reptiles.


=Yellow Jackets.=

Yellow jackets building nests on top of ground indicates an approaching
dry season.


                     PROVERBS RELATING TO THE MOON.

April Full Moon.

Full moon in April brings frost.


=A Saturday’s Moon.=

If it comes once in seven years, comes all too soon.


=Bean.=

               Go plant the bean when the moon is light,
               And you will find that this is right;
               Plant the potatoes when the moon is dark,
               And to this line you always hark;
               But if you vary from this rule,
               You will find you are a fool;
               If you always follow this rule to the end
               You will always have money to spend.


=Beans.=

Plant garden beans when the sign is in the scales they will hang full.


=Cloudy Morning.=

In the old of the moon a cloudy morning bodes a fair afternoon.


=Cool Weather.=

When the moon runs high expect cool or cold weather.

New moon far in north in summer, cool weather; in winter, cold.


=Change.=

If the moon changes (full or new) in fair or warm part of the day, it
indicates a warm moon, and if it changes in the cool part of the day, it
indicates that the weather will be cool during the moon.

If the moon is rainy throughout, it will be clear at the change, and
perhaps the rain will return a few days after.

If there be a change of weather at the time of the quarters (under the
same conditions as above), the new condition will probably last some
time.


=Drought—Flood.=

The further the moon is to the south the greater the drought; the
further west the greater the flood, and the further northwest the
greater the cold.


=Dry Weather.=

When the horns of the moon are sharp it indicates dry weather.

New moon far in the south indicates dry weather for a month.


=Dry Moon.=

A dry moon is far north and soon seen.


=Day Moon.=

When the moon is visible in the day-time, the days are relatively cool.


=East Wind.=

If the moon changes with the wind in the east, the weather during that
moon will be foul.


=Fifth Day of Moon.=

The fifth day of the new moon indicates the general character of the
weather until the full of the moon.


=Full Moon.=

In Western Kansas it is said that when the moon is near full it never
storms.

The full moon eats clouds. (Nautical.)


=Fair Moon.=

If the moon be fair throughout and rain at the close, the fair weather
will probably return on the fourth or fifth day.


=Fair Weather.=

Phases of the moon occurring in the evening, expect fair weather.


=Five Changes.=

Five changes of the moon in one month denotes cool weather in summer and
cold in winter.


=Flood.=

Two full moons in a calendar month bring on a flood.


=Fine Weather.=

If the full moon rises clear, expect fine weather.


=Gale Moon.=

If the moon is seen between the scud and broken clouds during a gale, it
is expected to scuff away the bad weather.


=Halo.=

The larger the halo about the moon the nearer the rain clouds and the
sooner the rain may be expected.

A lunar halo indicates rain, and the number of stars inclosed, the
number of days of rain.

The moon with a circle brings water in her beak.


=Horns of Moon.=

            When Luna first her scattered fear recalls,
            If with blunt horns she holds the dusky air,
            Seamen and swain predict abundant showers.
                                                  (Virgil.)


=Moon-shield.=

                   If the moon show a silver shield,
                   Be not afraid to reap your field;
                   But if she rises halved round,
                   Soon will tread on deluged ground.


=Moon-ring.=

                 Last night the moon had a golden ring,
                 But to-night no moon I see.


=Moon, Wind clouds, etc.=

           When first the moon appears if then she shrouds
           Her silver crescent, tipped with sable clouds,
           Conclude she bodes a tempest on the main,
           And brews for fields impetuous floods of rain.
           Or if her face with fiery flushings glow,
           Expect the rattling wind aloft to blow;
           But four nights old (for that is the best sign),
           With sharpened horns, if glorious then she shine,
           Next day not only that, but all the moon,
           Till her revolving race be wholly run,
           Are void of tempests both by land and sea.


=Moon Halo.=

A large ring around the moon and low clouds indicate rain in twenty-four
hours; a small ring and high clouds rain in several days.


=Moon, Points of.=

If the new moon appears with the points of the crescent turned up, the
month will be dry. If the points are turned down, it will be wet.

NOTE.—About one-third of the sailors believe in the direct opposite of
the above. The belief is explained as follows: 1st. If the crescent will
hold water, the month will be dry; if not, it will be wet. 2d. If the
Indian hunter could hang his powder-horn on the crescent, he did so and
staid at home, because he knew that the woods would be too dry to still
hunt. If he could not hang his powder-horn upon the crescent he put it
on his shoulder and went hunting, because he knew that the woods would
be wet and that he could stalk game noiselessly.


=Mist.=

If there be a general mist before sunrise near the full of the moon, the
weather will be fine for some days.


=New Moon.=

New moon on its back indicates wind; standing on its point indicates
rain in summer and snow in winter. (Dr. John Menual.)


=North Wind.=

A new moon with a north wind will hold until the full.


=North and South Moon.=

If the new moon is far north, it will be cold for two weeks, but if far
south, it will be warm.


=October Moon.=

Full moon in October without frost, no frost till full moon in November.


=Old Moon.=

                In the old of the moon
                A cloudy morning means a fair afternoon.

The old moon seen in the new moon’s arms is a sign of fair weather.

If the new moon, first quarter, full moon, last quarter occur between

      Summer: 12 and  2 a. m.   Fair.
               2 and  4 a. m.   Cold and showers.
               4 and  6 a. m.   Rain.
               6 and  8 a. m.   Wind and rain.
               8 and 10 a. m.   Changeable.
              10 and 12 p. m.   Frequent showers.
              12 and  2 p. m.   Very rainy.
               2 and  4 p. m.   Changeable.
               4 and  6 p. m.   Fair.
               6 and  8 p. m.   Fair, if wind northwest.
               8 and 10 p. m.   Rainy, if wind south or southwest.
              10 and 12 a. m.    Fair.
      Winter: 12 and  2 a. m.   Frost, unless wind southwest.
               2 and  4 a. m.   Snow and stormy.
               4 and  6 a. m.   Rain.
               6 and  8 a. m.   Stormy.
               8 and 10 a. m.   Cold rain, if wind west.
              10 and 12 p. m.   Cold and high wind.
              12 and  2 p. m.   Snow and rain.
               2 and  4 p. m.   Fair and mild.
               4 and  6 p. m.   Fair.
               6 and  8 p. m.   Fair and frosty, if wind northeast
                                  or north.
               8 and 10 p. m.   Rain or snow, if wind south or
                                  southwest.
              10 and 12 a. m.   Fair and frosty.


=Points of Moon.=

If the points of a new moon are up, then, as a rule, no rain will fall
that quarter of the moon; a dull pale moon, dry, with halo, indicates
poor crops. In the planting season no grain must be planted when halo is
around the moon. (Apache Indians.)


=Pale rise.=

If the full moon rise pale, expect rain.


=Rheumatic diseases.=

            Therefore the moon, the governor of the floods,
            Pale in her anger, washes all the air
            That rheumatic diseases do abound.
                                              (Shakespeare.)


=Red, Dim, or Pale Moon.=

A dim or pale moon indicates rain, a red moon indicates wind.

               The moon, her face if red be,
               Of water speaks she.
                                         (Zuñi Indians.)

If the full moon rises red, expect wind.

When the moon rises red and appears large, with clouds, expect rain in
twelve hours.


=Rain.=

When the moon is darkest near the horizon, expect rain.

When phases of the moon occur in the morning, expect rain.

If the moon turns on its back in the third quarter it is a sign of rain.

The moon, if in house be, cloud it will, rain soon will come. (Zuñi
Indians.)


=Ruddy.=

             If on her cheeks you see the maiden’s blush,
             The ruddy moon foreshows the winds will rush.


=South Moon.=

A south moon indicates bad weather.


=Snow.=

As many days old as the moon is at the first snow there will be as many
snows before crop-planting time.

Snow coming two or three days after new moon will remain on the ground
some time, but that falling just after full moon will soon go off.

There will be as many snow storms during the winter as the moon is days
old at the first snow-storm.


=Stars in Halo.=

Moon in a circle indicates storm, and number of stars in circle the
number of days before storm.


=Sixth Day of Moon.=

If the weather on the sixth day is the same as that of the fourth day of
the moon the same weather will continue during the whole moon. Said to
be correct nine times out of twelve. (Spanish.)


=Storm.=

The rising or the setting of the sun or moon, especially the moon, will
be followed by a decrease of a storm which is then prevailing.


=Saturday Moon.=

A Saturday moon, if it comes once in seven years, it comes too soon. A
Friday’s moon, come when it will, comes too soon.


=Saturday Change.=

One Saturday change in the moon is enough, as it is always followed by a
severe storm.


=Stormy, Wet Weather.=

If there be a change from continued stormy or wet to clear and dry
weather at the time of a new or full moon, and so remains until the
second day of the new or full moon, it will probably remain fine till
the following quarter; and if it changes not then, or only for a short
time, it usually lasts until the following new or full moon; and if it
does not change then, or only for a very short time, it will probably
remain fine and dry for four or five weeks.


=Threatening Clouds.=

Threatening clouds, without rain, in old moon indicate drought.


=Thursday.=

Thursday before the moon changes rules the moon.


=Way to Wane.=

The three days of the change of the moon from the way to the wane we get
no rain.


=Warm Weather.=

When the moon runs low, expect warm weather.


=Warm and Cold Weather.=

If the moon changes in the morning, it indicates warm weather; if in the
evening, cold weather.

A change in the moon which occurs between sunrise and sunset will be
followed by warm weather; when the change occurs between sunset and
sunrise, it will be followed by cold weather.


                      PROVERBS RELATING TO PLANTS.

Ash Leaves.

When the ash leaves come out before the oak, expect a wet season.


=African Marigold.=

If this plant does not open its petals by 7 o’clock in the morning, it
will rain or thunder that day. It also closes before a storm.


=Aspen Leaf.=

Trembling of the aspen leaf in calm weather indicates an approaching
storm.


=Berries.=

When the bushes are full of berries, a hard winter is on the way.

When berries are plentiful in the hedge, on the May-bush, and
blackthorn, a hard winter may be expected.

Berries in the hedges often forebode a hard winter, and severe weather
frequently occurs in seasons when they are particularly plentiful on the
May-bush and blackthorn. This rule is not, however, without its
exception. But, at all events, peculiarities of the seasons have a
wonderful influence on the quantities of berries, particularly those of
holly. The peculiarities of the seasons and their influence on plants
constitute a very curious subject of research; it comprehends the whole
doctrine of special blights, whereby only certain tribes of plants are
affected. Epidemics and epizoötics come under the same class, and are
referable to specific conditions of the atmosphere.


=Beech-nuts.=

When beech-nuts are plenty, expect a mild winter.


=Beans.=

                    Be it weal or be it woe,
                    Beans must blow ere May doth go.


=Convolvulus.=

The convolvulus folds up its petals at the approach of rain.


=Cherries.=

As long as the cherries bloom in April it is said that the grape-vine
will be in bloom.


=Chickweed.=

The flowers of the chickweed contract before rain.

The chickweed, at 9 o’clock in the morning, if the weather is clear,
straightens its flowers, spreads its leaves, and keeps awake until noon.
If, however, there is rain in prospect, the plant droops and its flowers
do not open.


=Corn-husk.=

A double husk on corn indicates a severe winter.

Ears of corn are covered with thicker and stronger husks in cold
winters.

If corn is hard to husk, expect a hard winter. (Apache Indians).


=Cockle-burs.=

When cockle-burs mature brown it indicates frost.


=Clover Leaves.=

Clover leaves turned up so as to show light underside indicate
approaching rain.

Clovers contract at the close of a storm.


=Cottonwood—Quaking Asp.=

Cottonwood and quaking asp trees turn up their leaves before rain.


=Corn-fodder.=

Corn-fodder dry and crisp indicates fair weather; but damp and limp,
rain—very sensitive to hygrometric changes.


=Dandelions.=

The dandelions close their blossoms before a storm; the sensitive plant
its leaves. The leaves of the May trees bear up so that the under side
may be seen before a storm.


=Dandelion and Daisy.=

The flowers of the dandelion and daisy close before rain.


=Dogwood Blossoms.=

When the blooms of the dogwood tree are full, expect a cold winter. When
blooms of same are light, expect a warm winter.

Frost will not occur after the dogwood blossoms.


=Dead Nettles.=

Dead nettles blow early and all the year; the red or purple kind are
scarce all winter. They afford a sign of a mild season when they come in
winter in abundance.


=Early Blossoms.=

Early blossoms indicate a bad fruit year.


=Flowers.=

When the perfume of flowers is unusually perceptible, rain may be
expected.


=Fox-fire.=

Fox-fire seen at night indicates cold.


=Frost—Cockle.=

Frost has never been known to catch the cockle or blackberry in bloom.


=Fennel.=

When fennel blooms, frost follows.


=Fall Apples.=

If the fall apples are one-sided, with thick, rough skins, a severe
winter may be expected.


=Grasses.=

Grasses of all kinds are loaded with seeds before a severe winter.


=Goat’s-beard.=

When goat’s-beard closes its petals at midday, expect rain.


=Hay.=

              Better it is to rise betimes
              And make hay while the sun shines,
              Than to believe in tales and lies
              Which idle monks and friars devise.
                                       (Robins’s Almanac.)


=Hog-thistle.=

If the hog-thistle closes for the night, expect fair weather; if it
remains open, expect rain.


=Jonquils.=

Jonquils, of which there are several sorts, blow in the open ground in
March and April. The great jonquil and the odorous jonquil blow about
the middle of March, the lesser or proper jonquil somewhat later. When
they blow well and early they forebode a fine season.


=Leaves.=

If in the fall of the leaves in October many of them wither and hang on
the boughs, it betokens a frosty winter and much snow.

If the leaves are slow to fall, expect a cold winter.

If the falling leaves remain under the trees and are not blown away by
the wind, expect a fruitful year to follow.

When leaves of trees are thick, expect a cold winter.


=Late Blossoms.=

Late blossoms indicate a good fruit year.


=Marigold.=

The marigold opens between 6 and 7 in the morning and generally keeps
awake until 4 in the afternoon. In such cases the weather will be
steady. If, on the other hand, it does not open by 7 o’clock in the
morning, you may expect rain that day.


=Milk-weed.=

Milk-weed closing at night indicates rain.


=Mountain Moss.=

When the mountain moss is soft and limpid, expect rain.

When mountain moss is dry and brittle, expect clear weather.


=March Flowers.=

“March flowers make no summer bowers,” because if the spring is very
mild, vegetation becomes too far advanced and is liable to injury from
frost.


=Mushrooms.=

When mushrooms spring up during the night, expect rain.

Mushrooms and toad-stools are numerous before rain.


=Nuts.=

Nuts with a thick covering denote a hard winter.


=Onion-skins.=

                     Onion-skins very thin,
                     Mild winter coming in;
                     Onion-skins thick and tough,
                     Coming winter cold and rough.


=Pitcher-plant.=

The pitcher-plant opens its mouth before rain.


=Pimpernel.=

When this plant is seen in the morning with its little red flowers
widely extended, we may generally expect a fine day; on the contrary,
when the petals are closed, rain will soon follow. This plant has been
styled the poor man’s weather-glass.


=Red Sandwort.=

When the corona of red sandwort contracts, expect rain.


=Sensitive Brier.=

The sensitive brier closes up its leaves on the approach of rain.


=Sycamore.=

Sycamore tree peeling off white in the fall, indicates a cold winter.


=Sunflower.=

Sunflower raising its head indicates rain.


=Scotch Pimpernel.=

When the corona, the Scotch pimpernel, contracts, expect rain.


=Speedwell.=

When the corona of the speedwell, and stitchwort contracts, expect rain.


=Sea-weed.=

Sea-weed becomes damp and expands before wet weather.


=Sea Grape.=

In the West Indies and along the coast of Florida there grows a small
fruit-bearing tree called the sea grape, which when its fruit is
abundant and ripens early it is said by the Seminole Indians and natives
of the Bahama Islands to be a sign that there will be a hurricane before
the end of the season. The usual time of ripening of this fruit is
during September, and the hurricane season extends from the first of
August till the end of October.


=Silver Maple.=

The silver maple shows the lining of its leaf before a storm.


=Sea-weed.=

A piece of kelp or sea-weed hung up will become damp previous to rain.

Tulips and dandelions close just before rain.


=Trefoil.=

If the trefoil contracts its leaves, expect heavy rains.


=Tree Limbs.=

When tree limbs break off during calm expect rain.


=Tree Moss.=

North side of trees covered with moss indicates cold weather.


=Trees.=

Trees grow dark before a storm.


=Tree Leaves.=

When the leaves of trees curl, with the wind from the south, it
indicates rain.


=Wild Indigo.=

Just before rain or heavy dew the wild indigo closes or folds its
leaves.


=Wheat.=

                    For wheat a peck of dust in
                    March is worth a king’s ransom;
                    Or wet and soddy, the land
                    Must go to oats and corn.


                       PROVERBS RELATING TO RAIN.

Clearness.

Unusual clearness in the atmosphere, objects being seen very distinctly,
indicates rain.


=Evening and Morning.=

                     Evening red and morning gray
                     Are sure signs of a fine day.

                Evening gray and morning red,
                Put on your hat or you’ll wet your head.


=Electricity.=

Increasing atmospheric electricity oxidizes ammonia in the air and forms
nitric acid, which affects milk, thus accounting for souring of milk by
thunder.


=Hours of Commencing.=

If rain commences before daylight, it will hold up before 8 a. m.; if it
begins about noon, it will continue through the afternoon; if it
commences after 9 p. m., it will rain the next day; if it clears off in
the night, it will rain the next day; if the wind is from the northwest
or southwest, the storm will be short; if from the northeast, it will be
a hard one; if from the northwest, a cold one, and from the southwest a
warm one.

If rain ceases after 12 m., it will rain next day.

If rain ceases before 12 m., it will be clear next day.


=Morning Rain.=

If rain commences before day, it will stop before 8 a. m.; if it begins
about noon, it will continue through the afternoon; if not till 5 p. m.,
it will rain through the night; if it clears off in the night, it will
rain the next day.

                      If it rains before seven,
                      It will clear before eleven.

                 If rain begins at early morning light,
                 ’Twill end ere day at noon is bright.


=North Rain.=

With the north rain leaves the harvest.


=Northeast Rain.=

With the rain of the northeast comes the ice fruit (hail). (Zuñi
Indians.)

Rain from the northeast (in Germany region of dry winds) continues three
days.


=Notice.=

                     Rain long foretold, long last;
                     Short notice, soon past.


=October and November.=

Plenty of rain in October and November on the North Pacific coast
indicates a mild winter; little rain in these months will be followed by
a severe winter.


=Scalp-Locks.=

When the locks of the Navajoes turn damp in the scalp-house, surely it
will rain.


=South Thunder.=

Rain with south or southwest thunder, squalls occur late each successive
day.


=South Rain.=

Rain from the south prevents the drought, but rain from the west is
always best.

South winds bring rain. (California.)

The south rain brings with it the beautiful odors of the land of
everlasting summer and brightens the leaves of growing things. (Zuñi
Indians.)

Rain which sets in with a south wind on the north Pacific coast will
probably last.


=September Rain.=

Rain in September is good for the farmer, but poison to the vine
growers. (German.)


=Seven and Eleven.=

                      If it rains before seven,
                      It will cease before eleven.


=Sunrise.=

If it rains before sunrise, expect a fair afternoon.


=Sunshiny Rain.=

If it rains when the sun shines, it will rain the next day.


=Swallows and Crickets.=

Rain is indicated when—

                Low o’er the grass the swallows wing,
                And crickets, too, how sharp they sing.


=September.=

Heavy September rains bring drought.


=Squalls.=

When rain-squalls break to the westward, it is a sign of foul weather.

When they break to leeward, it is a sign of fair weather. (Northeast
coast.)


=Tide.=

Rain is likely to commence on the turn of the tide.

In threatening, it is more apt to rain at the turn of the tide,
especially at high water.


=Toad-stools.=

If toad-stools spring up in the night in dry weather, they indicate
rain.


=West Rain.=

When rain comes from the west it will not continue long.

The west rain comes from the world of waters to moisten the home of the
She Wi. (Zuñi Indians.)


=Wind and Rain.=

Marry the rain to the wind and you have a calm.


=Wind.=

With the rain before the wind your topsail halyards you must mind.


                     PROVERBS RELATING TO RAINBOWS.

Clear.

The rainbow has but a bad character: she ever commands the rain to
cease.


=Color.=

If the green be large and bright in the rainbow, it is a sign of rain.
If red be the strongest color, there will be rain and wind together.
After a long drought the rainbow is a sign of rain. After much wet
weather it indicates fair weather. If it breaks up all at once, there
will follow severe and settled weather. If the bow be in the morning,
rain will follow; if at noon, slight and heavy rain; if at night, fair
weather. The appearance of two or three rainbows indicates fair weather
for the present, but settled and heavy rains in a few days.


=Evening Rainbow.=

                     If there is a rainbow at eve,
                     It will rain and leave.


=East and West Rainbow.=

Rainbow in the east indicates that the following day will be clear. A
rainbow in the west is usually followed by more rain the same day.

Rainbow in the Sierras (_i. e._, in the east) in evening indicates no
more rain. (California.)


=Fair Weather.=

                   The boding shepherd heaves a sigh,
                   For see, a rainbow spans the sky.


=High Rainbow.=

When rainbow does not touch water, clear weather will follow.


=Indications by Colors.=

The predominance of dark red in the iris shows tempestuous weather;
green, rain; and if blue, that the air is clearing.


=Low Rainbow.=

A rainbow that comes near a camp-fire, or low down on the mountain side,
is a bad sign for crops. If seen at a great distance, it indicates fair
weather.


=Morning and Evening Rainbow.=

              Rainbow in morning, shepherds take warning;
              Rainbow at night, shepherds’ delight.

A morning rainbow indicates rain; an evening rainbow, fair weather.

           A rainbow in the morn, put your hook in the corn;
           A rainbow at eve, put your head in the sheave.


=Night and Morning Rainbow.=

                 Rainbow at night, sailors’ delight;
                 Rainbow in morning, sailors’ warning.


=Spring Rainbow.=

A rainbow in spring indicates fair weather for next twenty-four to
forty-two hours.


=Sudden Disappearance.=

If a rainbow disappears suddenly, it indicates fair weather.


=West and East Shower.=

Rainbow in morning shows that shower is west of us, and that we will
probably get it. Rainbow in the evening shows that shower is east of us
and is passing off.


                     PROVERBS RELATING TO REPTILES.

Frogs.

Frogs singing in the evening indicate fair weather for next day.

Frogs croak more noisily, and come abroad in the evening in large
numbers, before rain.

When frogs croak three times, it indicates that winter has broken.

As long as frogs are heard before Saint Marc’s day, that long will they
keep quiet afterward.

Croaking frogs in spring will be three times frozen in.

When frogs warble, they herald rain. (Zuñi Indians.)

Frogs must be frozen up three times in spring after they begin to croak.

The louder the frogs, the more’s the rain.

The color of a frog changing from yellow to reddish indicates rain.

Tree-frogs piping during rain indicates continued rain.

Tree-frogs crawl up to the branches of trees before a change of weather.


=Yellow Frogs.=

Abundance of yellow frogs are accounted a good sign in a hayfield,
probably as indicating fine weather.


=Glow-worms.=

Glow-worms numerous and bright, indicate rain.


=Worms.=

If, after some days of dry weather, fresh earth is seen which has been
thrown up by worms, expect dry weather.

When worms creep out of the ground in great numbers, expect wet weather.


=Snails.=

Snails moving on bushes or grass, are signs of rain.

                   When black snails cross your path,
                   Black clouds much moisture hath.


=Leech.=

A leech placed in a jar of water will remain at the bottom until rain is
approaching, when it will rise to the surface, and if thunder is to
follow will frequently crawl out of the water.

Leeches kept in glass jars move about more frequently just before rain.


=Lizards.=

When lizards chirrup, it is a sure indication of rain.


=Snakes.=

Hanging a dead snake on a tree will bring rain in a few hours. (Negro.)

NOTE.—Snakes are out before rain, and are, therefore, more easily
killed.

In Oregon the approach of snakes indicates that a spell of fine weather
will follow.

When snakes are hunting food rain may be expected; after a rain they
cannot be found.

Hang up a snake skin and it will bring rain.

Snakes and snake-trails may be seen near houses, roads, &c., before
rain.

Snakes expose themselves on the approach of rain.


                 PROVERBS RELATING TO STARS OR METEORS.

Comets.

Comets bring cold weather.

After an unusual fall of meteors, dry weather is expected. All comets
evidence the approach of some calamity, such as drought, famine, war,
floods, &c. (Apache Indians.)

Comets are said to improve the grape crop, and wine produced in years
when comets appear is called comet wine. (French.)


=Falling Stars.=

If there be many falling stars during a clear evening in summer, expect
thunder.

If there are no falling stars on a bright summer night, expect fine
weather.


=Fair Weather.=

When the stars set still the times are to be pleasant. (Zuñi Indians.)


=Flickering.=

When the stars flicker in a dark background, rain or snow follows soon.


=Huddling Stars.=

                  When the stars begin to huddle,
                  The earth will soon become a puddle.


=Many Stars.=

When the sky is very full of stars, expect rain.

Many stars in winter indicate frost.

In summer, when many stars twinkle, clear weather is indicated.


=Milky Way.=

The edge of the Milky Way, which is the brightest, indicates the
direction from which the approaching storm will come.


=North Star.=

When the stars above 45° in altitude or the North Star flickers
strangely, or appears closer than usual, expect rain.


=Numerous Stars.=

When stars appear to be numerous, very large, and dull, and do not
twinkle, expect rain.


=Snow.=

Many meteors presage much snow next winter.


=Shooting Stars.=

If meteors shoot toward the north, expect a north wind next day.

Many shooting stars on summer nights indicate hot weather.


=Tempest.=

When a star tows the moon and another chases her astern, tempestuous
weather will follow. The phenomenon is probably styled a big star
chasing the moon. (Nautical.)


=Twinkling.=

Excessive twinkling of stars indicates very heavy dews, rain, and snow.

When the stars twinkle very brightly, expect stormy weather in the near
future.

The Maltese say, “The stars twinkle; we cry ‘wind.’”


=Wind and Rain.=

If the stars appear large and clear, expect rain or wind.


=Thaw.=

If shooting stars fall in the south in winter, there will be a thaw.


                       PROVERBS RELATING TO SNOW.

Animation.

Snow is generally preceded by a general animation of man and beast which
continues until after the snowfall ends.


=Corn.=

Corn is as comfortable under snow as an old man is under his fur cloak.
(Russian.)


=Christmas.=

If it snows during Christmas night, the crops will do well.

            So far as the sun shines on Christmas day,
            So far will the snow blow in May.      (German.)


=Dry or Wet Snow.=

               When the snow falls dry it means to lie,
               But flakes light and soft bring rain oft.


=Ditch Snow.=

                When now in the ditch the snow doth lie,
                ’Tis waiting for more by and by.


=Dry or Wet Snow.=

If the snow that falls during the winter is dry and is blown about by
the wind, a dry summer will follow; very damp snow indicates rain in the
spring. (Apache Indians.)


=First Snow.=

There will be as many snow storms during the season as there are days
remaining in the month after the time of the first snow.

When the first snow remains on the ground some time, in places not
exposed to the sun, expect a hard winter.


=Last Snow.=

The number of days the last snow remains on the ground indicates the
number of snow storms which will occur during the following winter.


=Heavy Snows.=

Heavy snows in winter favor the crops of the following summer.


=January Snow.=

If there is no snow before January, there will be the more snow in March
and April.


=Leaves.=

When dry leaves rattle on the trees, expect snow.


=Light and Heavy Snow.=

A heavy fall of snow indicates a good year for crops, and a light fall
the reverse. (Dr. John Menaul.)


=Mountain Snow.=

If much snow be spread on the mountains in winter, the season of
planting will be made blue with verdure. (Indian.)


=March Snow.=

           In March much snow
           To plants and trees much woe.           (German.)


=Mud.=

When snow falls in the mud it remains all winter.


=November.=

A heavy November snow will last until April. (New England.)

If the snow remains on the trees in November, they will bring out but
few buds in the spring. (German.)


=Popping Wood.=

Burning wood in winter pops more before snow.


=Snow fertile.=

Snow is the poor man’s fertilizer, and good crops will follow a winter
of heavy snowfall.


=Snow trees.=

If the first snow sticks to the trees, it foretells a bountiful harvest.


=Snowball.=

Cut a snowball in halves: if it is wet inside, the snow will pass off
with rain; if it is dry inside, the snow will be melted by the sun.


=Snow-flakes.=

If the snow-flakes increase in size, a thaw will follow.


=Snow-moon.=

If a snow-storm begins when the moon is young, the rising of the moon
will clear away the snow.


=Snow-health.=

The more snow the more healthy the season. (John Ayers, Santa Fé.)


=Snow year.=

A snow year, a rich year.

As many days as the snow remains on the trees, just so many days will it
remain on the ground.

It takes three cloudy days to bring a heavy snow. (New England.)


=White Christmas.=

A white Christmas, a lean graveyard.


=Sleet.=

Much sleet in winter will be followed by a good fruit year.


                     PROVERBS RELATING TO THE SUN.

Aurora.

Aurora borealis denotes cold.

           If Aurora with half-open eyes
           And a pale sickly cheek salutes the skies,
           How shall the vines with tender leaves defend
           Her teeming clusters when the storms descend.
                                                    (Virgil.)


=Candlemas Day.=

     So far as the sun shines in on Candlemas day (2d of February),
     So far the snow will blow in before the first of May.


=Cloudy Sunset.=

            The sun sets weeping in the lowly west,
            Witnessing storms to come woe and unrest.
                                             (Shakespeare.)

When the sun sets unhappily (with a hazy veiled face) then will the
morning be angry with wind, storm, and sand. (Zuñi Indians.)


=Color.=

Since the colors and duration of twilight, especially at evening, depend
upon the amount of condensed vapor which the atmosphere contains, these
appearances should afford some indications of the weather which may be
expected to succeed. The following are some of the rules which are
relied upon by seamen: When after sunset the western sky is of a
whitish-yellow, and this tint extends a great height, it is probable
that it will rain during the night or next day. Gaudy or unusual hues
with hard, definitely outlined clouds, foretell rain and probably wind.
If the sun before setting appears diffuse and of a brilliant white, it
foretells storm. If it sets in a sky slightly purple, the atmosphere
near the zenith being of a bright blue, we may rely upon fine weather.


=Days.=

                    As the days begin to shorten
                    The heat begins to scorch them.


=Dark Clouds.=

If the sun sets in dark, heavy clouds, expect rain next day.

If at sunrise there are many dark clouds seen in the west and remain
there, rain will fall on that day.


=Double Setting.=

Sun setting double indicates much rain. Red sun indicates fair weather.
Orange sun usually foul weather. Mock suns in winter are usually
followed by intense cold.


=Dull Color.=

When the sun appears a pale or dull color, expect rain.


=Drawing Water.=

Rays of the sun appearing in a cloud forebode rain. This phenomenon is,
in fact, caused by the image of the sun being reflected in an
intervening cloud, the reflected image radiating in the cloud. It is
noticed by Aristotle.

When the sun draws water, rain follows soon.

Sun drawing water indicates rain. If the sun draws water in the morning,
it will rain before night.


=Easter.=

If sun shines on Easter, it will shine on Whit Sunday.


=Fiery Red.=

             In fiery red the sun doth rise,
             Then wades through clouds to mount the skies.


=Friday.=

If the sun sets clear Friday evening, it will rain before Monday night.


=Golden Set.=

          The weary sun hath made a golden set,
          And by the bright track of his fiery car
          Gives token of a goodly day to-morrow.
                                                (Richard III.)


=Halo.=

When the sun is in his house (in a halo or circle) it will rain soon.
(Zuñi Indians.)

A solar halo indicates bad weather.

A halo around the sun indicates the approach of a storm, within three
days, from the side which is the more brilliant.

If there be a ring or halo around the sun in bad weather, expect fine
weather soon.

A bright circle around the sun denotes a storm, and cooler weather.


=Haze.=

Haze and western sky purple indicate fair weather.


=Haziness.=

A blur or haziness about the sun indicates a storm.


=Hot Sun.=

If the sun burn more than usual, or there be a halo around the sun in
fine weather, “wet.”


=Looming Twilight.=

Twilight looming indicates rain.


=Low and High Dawn.=

A low dawn indicates foul weather. A high dawn indicates wind.


=Murky Clouds.=

When the sun rises with dim, murky clouds, with black beams, clouds in
the west, or appears red or green, expect rain.


=Pale Twilight.=

Pale, yellow twilight, extending high up, indicates threatening weather.


=Pale Set.=

If the sun sets pale, it will rain to-morrow.


=Pale Sunrise.=

If the sun rises pale, a pale red, or even dark blue, there will be rain
during the day.


=Pale Sunset.=

A pale sunset, a golden sunset, or a green sunset, indicates rain.


=Red Clouds.=

If the clouds at sunrise be red, there will be rain the following day.


=Red.=

A red evening indicates fine weather; but if the red extends far
upwards, especially in the morning, it indicates wind or rain.


=Red Morn.=

         “A red morn: that ever yet betokened
         Wreck to the seamen, tempest to the field,
         Sorrow to shepherds, woe unto the birds,
         Gust and foul flaws to herdsmen and to herds.”
                              (Shakespeare: Venus and Adonis.)


=Red Sky.=

A very red sky in the east at sunset indicates stormy winds.

Red skies in the evening precede fine morrows.

In winter if the sun rises with a red sky, expect rain that day; in
summer, expect showers and wind.

If the sun set with very red sky in the east, expect wind; in the
southeast, expect rain.


=Sun Spots.=

Wet seasons occur in years when sun spots are frequent.


=Red Sun.=

A red sun has water in his eye.


=Scorching Sun.=

When the sun in the morning (to 9 a. m.) is breaking through the clouds
and scorching, a thunder-storm follows in the afternoon.

When the sun is scorching (_i. e._, reflected from roofs and water
surfaces), rain follows soon.


=Sea-green Sky.=

When the sky during rain is tinged with sea-green, the rain will
increase; if with deep blue, the rain will be showery.


=Spotted Clouds.=

If the sun rises covered with a dark spotted cloud, expect rain on that
day.


=Spring.=

If the sun appears dead, not bright and clear in the early spring,
expect poor crops and very little rain. This sign usually comes in
April. Dry winds may also be expected. (Apache Indians.)


=Sun-dogs.=

Sun-dogs indicate cold weather in winter or storm in summer.

           A sun-dog at night is the sailor’s delight;
           A sun-dog in the morning is the sailor’s warning.


=Sunrise.=

If de sun git up berry early and go to bed before he git up, it’s a sign
it rains before soon. (Negro.)

If the sun rises clear, then shadowed by a cloud, and comes out again
clear, it will rain before night.


=Sunshining Shower.=

               Sunshining shower won’t last half an hour;
               Sunshine and shower rain again to-morrow.


=Ten and Two.=

                  Between the hours of ten and two,
                  Will show you what the day will do.


=Yellow Streaks.=

Red or yellow streaks from west to east indicate rain in forty-eight
hours.


=Yellow Sunset.=

A bright yellow sunset indicates wind; a pale yellow, wet; a neutral
gray is a favorable sign in the morning, and unfavorable in the evening.

       The sun reveals the secrets of the sky,
       And who dares give the source of light the lie.
                                                       (Virgil.)


              PROVERBS RELATING TO THUNDER AND LIGHTNING.

Birds.

If the birds be silent, expect thunder.


=Cattle.=

If cattle run around and collect together in the meadows, expect
thunder.


=Christmas Thunder.=

Thunder during Christmas week indicates that there will be much snow
during the winter. (Kansas.)


=Death—Plunder.=

Winter thunder is to old folks death; and to young folks plunder.


=Distant Thunder.=

The distant thunder speaks of coming rain.


=Early Thunder.=

Early thunder, early spring.


=Early and Late Thunder.=

Thunder and lightning early in winter or late in fall indicates warm
weather.


=East Thunder.=

If the first thunder is in the east, aha! the bear has stretched his
right arm and comes forth, and the winter is over. (Zuñi Indians.)


=East Wind.=

If an east wind blows against a dark, heavy sky from the northwest, the
wind decreasing in force as the clouds approach, expect thunder and
lightning.


=Evening Thunder.=

If there be thunder in the evening, there will be much rain and showery
weather.

Thunder in the evening indicates much rain.


=Fall Thunder.=

Thunder in the fall indicates a mild, open winter.


=February Thunder.=

Thunder and lightning in February or March, poor sugar (maple) year.


=First Thunder.=

The thunder-storms of the season will come from the direction of the
first thunder-storm.

First thunder in winter or spring indicates rain and very cold weather.
(Dr. John Menual.)

With the first thunder the gods of rain open their petals. (Zuñi.)


=Forked Lightning.=

                     Forked lightning at night,
                     The next day clear and bright.


=Frogs and Snakes.=

The first thunder of the year awakes the frogs and snakes from their
winter sleep.


=Heat.=

Lightning brings heat.


=July Thunder.=

Much thunder in July injures wheat and barley.


=Lightning without Thunder.=

If there be lightning without thunder after a clear day, there will be a
continuance of fair weather.


=March Thunder.=

Thunder in March betokens a fruitful year. (German.)


=May Thunder.=

If there is much thunder in May, the months of September and August will
be without it.


=Morning Thunder.=

Morning thunder is followed by a rain the same day.

When it thunders in the morning, it will rain before night.


=North Lightning.=

Lightning in the North will be followed by rain in twenty-four hours.

Lightning in the North in summer is a sign of heat.


=North—south.=

Lightning in the North indicates rain in twenty-four hours. Lightning in
the South low on the horizon indicates dry weather. (Kansas.)


=North Star.=

Lightning under North Star will bring rain in three days.


=NW. Thunder.=

Thunder-storm from NW. is followed by fine, bracing weather; but thunder
and lightning from NE. indicates sultry, unsettled weather. (Observer at
Santa Fé).


=North Thunder.=

Thunder in the north indicates cold weather and rain from the west.

If the first thunder is in the north, aha! the bear has stretched his
left leg in his winter bed.


=North Wind.=

With a north wind it seldom thunders.


=November Thunder.=

Thunder and lightning on the northern lakes in November is an indication
that the lakes will remain open until the middle of December or until
Christmas. (Said to be reliable).


=Red and Pale Lightning.=

When the flashes of lightning appear very pale, it argues the air to be
full of waterish meteors; and if red and fiery, inclining to winds and
tempests.


=September Thunder.=

Thunder-storms in September mean plenty of snow in February and March,
and a large crop of grape wine. (German).

If it thunders much at the beginning of September, much grain will be
raised the following year.


=Spring Lightning.=

Lightning in spring indicates a good fruit year.


=Spring Thunder.=

If there be showery weather, with sunshine and increase of heat in the
spring, a thunder-storm may be expected every day, or at least every
other day.

First thunder in the spring—if in the south it indicates a wet season,
if in the north it indicates a dry season.


=South or Southeast Thunder.=

Thunder from the south or southeast indicates foul weather, from the
north or northwest fair weather.


=Sheet Lightning.=

If there be sheet lightning with a clear sky on spring, summer, and
autumn evenings, expect heavy rains.


=South Thunder.=

If the first thunder is in the south, aha! the bear has stretched his
right leg in his winter bed. (Zuñi Indians.)


=Summer Lightning.=

Lightning in summer indicates good healthy weather.


=West Thunder.=

If the first thunder is in the west, aha! the bear has stretched his
left arm in his winter bed. (Zuñi Indians.)


=Winter Thunder.=

                         A winter’s thunder
                         Is a summer’s wonder.

When thunder is heard in winter, it indicates cold weather. Thunder in
the north indicates dry weather.

Thunder in winter means famine in summer.

                          Winter’s thunder
                          Bodes summer hunger.


                      PROVERBS RELATING TO TREES.

Ash and Oak.

                 Ash before oak,
                   There’ll be a smoke;
                 Oak before ash,
                   There’ll be a smash.
                               (Meaning heat and wind.)


=Dead Branches.=

Dead branches falling in calm weather indicate rain.


=Leaves.=

Early falling leaves indicate an early fall.


=Logs.=

An easy-splitting log indicates rain.


=Leaves.=

Leaves turned up so as to show the underside indicate rain.


=Maple.=

When the leaves of the sugar-maple tree are turned upside down, expect
rain.


                       PROVERBS RELATING TO WIND.

Aches and Pains.

                  As old sinners have all points
                    O’ the compass in their joints,
                  Can by their pangs and aches find
                    All turns and changes of the wind.


=Blast.=

                         The sharper the blast,
                         The sooner ’tis past.


=Barometer.=

                       When the glass is low,
                         Look out for a blow;
                       When it rises high,
                         Let all your kites fly.


=Backing Wind.=

                  If the wind backs against the sun,
                  Trust it not, for back it will run.


=Brisk Wind.=

A brisk wind generally precedes rain.


=Changing Wind.=

It is a sign of continued fine weather when the wind changes during the
day so as to follow the sun.

Winds changing from foul to fair during the night are not permanent.


=Candlemas Day.=

                When the wind is on Candlemas day
                There it will stick till the end of May.


=Clear Sunset.=

                  When the sun sets in a clear—
                  An easterly wind you need not fear.


=Chenook Wind.=

A Chenook wind is a warm wind which comes from the mouth of the Columbia
river or Chenook Point. A Walla Walla wind is a cold wind which blows
down the Columbia river. (Indian, North Pacific.)


=Drought and Blast.=

                  North and south the sign o’ drouth,
                  East and west the sign o’ blast.


=East Wind.=

In summer, if the wind changes to the east, expect cooler weather.

When the east wind toucheth it, it shall wither. (Ezekiel, chap. xvii,
10.)

And, behold, seven thin ears and blasted with the east wind came up.
(Genesis, xli, 6.)

The east wind brought the locust. (Exodus, x, 13.)

God prepared a vehement east wind. (Jonah, chap. iv, 8.)

The east wind hath broken thee in the midst of the seas. (Eziekel, chap.
xvii, 26.)

An east wind brings no good to man or beast.


=Easter Sunday.=

As the wind blows on Easter Sunday from 8 a. m. to 12 m., the wind will
be from that direction for the next forty days. (Chippewa Indians.)


=Equinox.=

The wind being north-northeast and east three days before the sun
crosses the line, then southeast by way of east, then calm on the 23d,
will bring enough and stormy winds from east and west all the winter.


=East and West Wind.=

                     When the wind is in the east,
                     The fish bite the least.
                     When the wind is in the west,
                     The fish bite the best.


=Fixed East Wind.=

If the wind becomes fixed in the east for the space of forty-eight
hours, expect steady and continuous rain, with driving winds in the
southwest during summer.


=Gale.=

A gale moderating at sunset will increase before midnight, but if it
moderates after midnight, the weather will improve.


=Fog and Mist.=

Fog and mist raise higher seas than wind.


=Heat.=

If the wind be hushed with sudden heat, expect heavy rain.


=Indiana Winds.=

In Southern Indiana a southwest wind is said to bring rain in thirty-six
hours.

Indian Proverbs Relating to Winds.

Wind from the north, cold and snow.

Wind from the western river of the northland, snow (northwest wind).

Wind from the world of waters, clouds (west wind).

Wind from the southern river of the world of waters, rain (southwest
wind).

Wind from the land of the beautiful red, lovely odors and rain (south
wind).

Wind from the wooded cañons, rain and moist clouds (southeast wind).

Wind from the land of day, it is the breath of health and brings the
days of long life.

Winds from the lands of cold, the rain before which flees the harvest
(northeast wind).

Winds from the lands of cold, the fruit of ice (northeast wind).

Wind from the right hand of the west is the breath of the god of sand
clouds. (Zuñi Indians.)


=Increasing Winds.=

If the wind increases during a rain, fair weather may be expected soon.


=Milk Cream.=

Milk cream makes most freely with a north wind.

Northerly and Southerly Winds.

If the wind is from the northwest or southwest, the storm will be short;
if from the northeast, it will be a hard one; if from the northwest, a
cold one; and from the southwest a warm one. After it has been raining
some time, a blue sky in the southeast indicates that there will be fair
weather soon.


=North Wind.=

If there be within four, five, or six days two or three changes of wind
from the north through without much rain and wind, and thence again
through the west to the north with rain or wind, expect continued
showery weather.

The north wind driveth away rain. (Proverbs, xxv, 23.)


=Northeast Rain.=

As a rule northeast rains indicate cold and damp soil, poor prospects
for small seeds, melons, &c. (Apache Indians.)


=North, East, South, and West Winds.=

             When the wind is in the north,
             The skilful fisher goes not forth;
             When the wind is in the east,
             ’Tis good for neither man nor beast;
             When the wind is in the south,
             It blows the flies in the fish’s mouth;
             But when the wind is in the west,
             There it is the very best.
                                           (Isaak Walton.)


=Northeast Wind.=

If the wind changes to the northeast or north, expect cold weather.

If there be northeast or east winds in the spring, after a strong
increase of heat, and small clouds appear in the different parts of the
sky, or if the wind changes from east to south at the appearance of
clouds preceded by heat, expect heavy rains.


=Northwest and East Winds.=

                When the wind is in the northwest
                The weather is at its best;
                But if the rain comes out of the east
                ’Twill rain twenty-four hours at least.


=Northwest and Northeast Winds.=

                 Northwest wind brings a short storm;
                 A northeast wind brings a long storm.


=Northwest Winds.=

Northwest wind brings only rain showers.

If there be a change of wind from the northwest or west to the southwest
or south, or else from the northeast or east to the southeast or south,
expect wet weather.

If the northwest or north winds blow with rain or snow during three or
four days in the winter and then the wind passes to the south through
the west, expect continued rain.

In summer if the wind changes to the northwest, expect cooler weather.

If a northwest wind shifts to northeast, remaining there two or three
days without rain, and then shifts to the south, and then back to the
northeast, with very little rain, fair weather may be expected during
the following month. (Observer at Cape Mendocino.)


=New Year’s Eve.=

             If New Year’s Eve night wind blow from south,
             It betokeneth warmth and drouth;
             If west, much milk, and fish in sea;
             If north, much cold and storm there’ll be;
             If east, the trees will bear much fruit;
             If north, flee it man and beast.


=November-December.=

As the wind is in the month of November, so will it be in the month of
December.


=No Wind.=

                         No weather is ill
                         If the wind is still.


=Night Winds.=

            Winds at night are always bright,
            But winds in the morning, sailors take warning.


=Pigs.=

When pigs carry straws to their sty, a wind-storm may be expected.


=Rising Wind.=

                       First rise after very low
                       Indicates a strong blow.
                       Fast rise after a low
                       Precedes a stormy blow.


=Rain-Wind.=

           Wind before a rain, set your topsails fair again.
           Rain before the wind, keep your topsails snug as.


=South Wind.=

When ye see the south wind blow, ye say there will be heat; and it
cometh to pass. (Saint Luke, xii, 55.)

                        A wind in the south
                        Is in the rain’s mouth.

              The rain comes south
              When the wind is in the south.
                                                (Scotch.)

Brisk winds from the south for several days in Texas are generally
followed by a “norther.”

If there be dry weather with a light south wind for five or six days, it
having previously blown strongly from the same direction, expect fine
weather. (Texas.)

The southern wind doth blow a trumpet to his purpose, and by his hollow
whistling in the leaves foretells a tempest and a blustering day.
(Shakespeare.)


=Southwest Wind.=

In fall and winter if the wind holds a day or more in the southwest, a
severe storm is coming; in summer, same of northeast wind.

               A southwest blow on ye
               And blister ye all over.
                                          (Shakespeare.)

Three southwesters, then one heavy rain.

The third day of southwest wind will be a gale, and wind will veer to
northwest between 1 and 2 a. m. (in winter) with increasing force. (From
fisherman on North Carolina coast.)

If the wind shifts around to the south and southwest, expect warm
weather.


=Southeast Wind.=

If the wind blows from the southeast during September 20th and 21st, the
weather from the middle of February to the middle of March will be warm.


=Shifting During Drought.=

In Texas and the southwest when the wind shifts during a drought, expect
rain.


=September Winds.=

If the wind blows from the south on the 21st of September, it indicates
a warm autumn.


=Sun.=

                   Winds that change against the sun
                   Are always sure to backward run.


=Storm.=

When a heavy cloud comes up in the southwest and seems to settle back
again, look out for a storm.

Wind-storms usually subside about sunset, but if they do not the storm
will probably continue during the following day.

Always a calm before a storm.


=Squalls.=

Squalls making up on the flood-tide will culminate about high water;
those making on ebb-tide will culminate about low-water. (South Atlantic
coast.)


=West Wind.=

            Wind in the west, weather at the best.
            Wind in the east, neither good for man or beast.


=West Wind.=

                        A west wind north about
                        Never hangs lang out.

                               (Scotch.)


=West, East, South, and North Wind.=

                The west wind always brings wet weather,
                The east wind cold and wet together,
                The south wind surely brings us rain,
                The north wind blows it back again.

                               (English.)


=Veering Wind.=

A veering wind indicates fair weather, a backing wind foul weather.


=Unsteady Winds.=

The whispering grove betrays the gathering elemental strife.
Unsteadiness of the wind is an indication of changeable weather.


=Whirlwinds.=

When numerous whirlwinds are observed, the rotation being opposite to
that of the sun, look for wind and rain.


=Weather.=

Every wind has its weather.


=White Clouds.=

Heavy, white, rolling clouds in front of a storm denote high wind.


                PROVERBS RELATING TO YEARS AND SEASONS.

Almond Blooms.

           Mark well the flowering almonds in the wood;
           If odorous blooms the bearing branches load,
           The glebe will answer to the sylvan reign,
           Great heats will follow and large crops of grain;
           But if a wood of leaves o’ershades the tree
           Such and so barren will the harvest be.

                               (Virgil.)


=Autumn.=

A pleasant autumn and a mild winter will cause the leaves to fall next
September.

A moist autumn, with a mild winter, is followed by a cold and dry
spring, retarding vegetation. If the summer be rainy the following
winter will be severe.


=Cherry Year.=

                             A cherry year
                             A merry year.


=Coat.=

                   Who doffs his coat on winter’s day
                   Will gladly put it on in May.

                               (Scotch.)


=Cold Spring.=

A cold spring kills the roses. (Arabia.)


=Equinox.=

As the wind and weather is at the time of the equinox, so will be the
wind and weather generally during the following three months.

As clear off the line, or equinoctial storm, so will all storms clear
for six months.


=Fair.=

One fair day in the winter does not make the birds merry.


=Fall.=

A wet fall indicates a cold and early winter.


=Famine.=

                      After a famine in the stall
                      Comes a famine in the hall.


=Frosty Nights.=

                   Frosty nights and hot summer days
                   Set the cornfields all in a blaze.


=Harvest.=

The harvest depends more on the year than on the field. (Denmark.)


=Haw Year.=

                              A haw year
                              A braw year.

                               (Ireland.)

                              A haw year
                              A snaw year.

                              (Scotland.)


=Indian Summer.=

If we don’t get our Indian summer in October or November we will get it
in winter.


=Late Spring.=

A late spring is a great blessing.

A late spring never deceives.


=Long Harvest.=

A long harvest, a little corn.


=Leap Year.=

In leap year the weather always changes on Friday.


=Late Spring.=

A late spring is bad for cattle, and an early spring for corn.


=Nut—Corn.=

A good nut year, a good corn year.


=Oak Tree—Barley.=

                 When the oak puts on his goslin grey
                 ’Tis time to sow barley, night or day.


=Old Year.=

If the old year goes out like a lion the new year will come in like a
lamb.


=Pear—Dear.=

                              A pear year
                              A dear year.


=Plum.=

In the year when plums flourish all else fails. (Devon.)

                              A plum year
                              A dumb year.

                                (Kent.)


=Rainy Winter.=

After a rainy winter follows a fruitful spring.


=Seasons.=

Extreme seasons occur from the 6th to the 10th year of each decade
(especially in alternate decades).

                A severe autumn denotes a windy summer;
                A windy winter a rainy spring;
                A rainy spring a severe summer;
                A severe summer a windy autumn;
                So that the air in balance is
                Seldom debtor unto itself.

                             (Lord Bacon.)


=Short Harvest.=

Short harvests make short earnings. (Yorkshire.)


=Sloe Tree.=

               When the sloe tree is as white as a sheet
               Sow your barley, whether it be dry or wet.


=Snow.=

A snow year a rich year.


=Sow Beans.=

                     Sow beans in the mud,
                     And they’ll grow like a wood.


=Sow.=

Sow thin, shear thin.


=Spring Rain.=

            In spring a tub of rain makes a spoonful of mud;
            In autumn a spoonful of rain makes a tub of mud.

Spring is both father and mother to us, and he who does not sow will not
reap. (Gallicia.)

If the spring is cold and wet, the autumn will be hot and dry.

Fog in January makes a wet spring.

If it storms on February 2d, then the spring is not very far; but when
bright and clear, then the spring will be late.

If it snows on February 2d, only as much as to be seen on a black ox,
then summer will come soon.

                 When in February it is mild,
                 Brings the spring the frost by night.

If it does not rain on St. Michael’s (29th of September) and Gallus
(October 16th), the farmer will promise a dry spring.

Christmas in mud, Easter in snow.

If at Christmas ice hangs on the willow, clover may be cut at Easter.


=Spring and Autumn Rain.=

Spring rain damps; Autumn rain soaks. (Russia.)


=Summer.=

As much fog as plagues you in March, so many thunder-storms after one
hundred days.

As much fog in March, so much rain in summer.

If it rains on June 27th, it will rain seven weeks.

As the weather on July 10th, so it will be for seven weeks.

When the sun enters “Leo” the greatest heat will then arise.

As the dog days commence so they end.

                     Midsummer rain
                     Spoils wine, stock, and grain.

Happy are the fields that receive summer rain.

Summer comes with a bound; winter comes yawning. (Finland.)

                  Summer in winter and summer’s flood
                  Never boded an Englishman good.


=The Year.=

Do not abuse the year till it has passed. (Spain.)


=Thunder.=

                           Thunder in spring
                           Cold will bring.


=Wet Spring.=

A wet spring—a dry harvest.


=Winter.=

In winter expect not fair weather from one night’s ice.

An early winter is surely winter.

Winter’s back breaks about the middle of February.

                  He that drops a coat on a winter day
                  Will gladly put it on in May.

Winter will not come till the swamps are full. (South.)

When the days get longer, comes the winter.

If cold at St. Peter’s day (February 22d), it will last longer.

The night of St. Peter’s shows what weather we will have for the next
forty days.

St. Matthew breaks the ice; if he finds none he’ll make some.

After Matthew’s no fox will run over the ice.

If on St. Michael’s day the winds blow from the north and east, a cold
winter may be expected.

Light rain on St. Michael’s day is followed by a mild winter.

After a warm autumn a long winter.

When beech acorns thrive well and oak trees hang full, a hard winter
will follow with much snow.

Much fog in autumn, much snow in winter.

If October brings much frost and wind, then are January and February
mild.

Clear autumn, windy winter.

As many days from the first snow to the next new moon, so many times
will it thaw during winter.

When birds and badgers are fat in October, a cold winter is expected.

If on All Saints’ day the beech acorn is dry we will stick behind the
stove in winter, but if it is wet and not light the winter will not be
dry, but wet.

If it is at Martin (November 11th) fair, dry, and cold, the cold in
winter will not last long.

If the geese at Martin’s day stand on ice, they will walk in mud on
Christmas.

If the leaves of the trees and grape-vines do not fall before Martin’s
day, a cold winter may be expected.

As November 21st, so the winter.

When in November the water rises, it will show itself the whole winter.

When the winter is not early it will not be late.

                 December changeable and mild,
                 The whole winter will remain a child.

Lengthened winter and tardy spring are both good for hay and grain, but
bad for corn and garden.

                   Winter thunder and summer’s flood
                   Never boded any good.

Winter finds what summer lays up.


=Winter Thunder.=

Poor man’s death, rich man’s hunger.


=Winter Fire.=

In winter a fire is better than a Muscat rose. (Persia.)


=Year.=

Wet and dry years come in triads.

A dry year never starves itself.


             PROVERBS RELATING TO MONTHS, WEEKS, AND DAYS.

Month.

The month that comes in good will go out bad.

January.

If grass grows in January, it will grow badly the whole year.

                     In January if the sun appear,
                     March and April pay full dear.

                               (English.)

A January thaw is a sign for a July freshet.

If the grass grows green in January, it will grow the worse for it all
the year.

In the Shepherd’s Almanac for 1676, among the observations on the month
of January we find the following: “Some say that if on the 12th of
January the sun shines it foreshows much wind. Others predict by Saint
Paul’s day, saying if the sun shine it betokens a good year; if it rain
or snow, indifferent; if misty it predicts great dearth; if it thunder,
great winds and death of people that year.”

A favorable January brings us a good year.

Fair on Saint Paul’s conversion day (25th) is favorable to all fruits.

In January much rain and little snow is bad for mountains, valleys, and
trees.

                   Saint Paul fair with sunshine,
                   Brings fertility to rye and wine.

Have rivers much water in January, then the autumn will forsake them.
But are they small in January, then brings the autumn surely much wine.

Is January wet, remains empty the barrel.

              If Saint Vincent’s (22d) has sunshine,
              One hopes much rye and wine.
              If Saint Paul’s (25th) is bright and clear,
              One does hope a good year.

If on Saint Paul’s it rains and snows, the grain will be costly.

Much rain in January, no blessing to the fruit.

Fruit that grows in January will generally be costly or dear.

January warm, the Lord have mercy.

January wet no wine you get.

Fog in January brings a wet spring.

Hoar frost and no snow is hurtful to fields, trees, and grain. If grain
grows in January there will be a year of great need.

Dry January, plenty of wine. January 1st.—Morning red, foul weather, and
great need. January 2d.—As the weather is this day so will it be in
September.

If the grass grows green in January, it will grow the worse for it all
the year.

                       January fill dyke,
                       February black and white.

A summerish January indicates a winterish spring.

Always expect a thaw in January.

A January spring is worth nothing.

A wet January, a wet spring.


=February.=

Double faced February.

Violent north winds in February herald a fertile year.

                      February 2d bright and clear
                      Gives a good flax year.

                   On Romanus (28th) bright and clear
                   Indicates a good year.

If the ground-hog is sunning himself on the 2d he will return for four
weeks to his winter quarters again. St. Dorothea (the 6th) gives the
most snow. When the cat in February lies in the sun, she will again
creep behind the stove in March. When the north wind does not blow in
February, it will surely come in March.

                    If February gives much snow
                    A fine summer it doth foreshow.

There is always one fine week in February.

Of all the months of the year, curse a fair February.

Heavy north winds in February forebode a fruitful year. (German.)

If on the 2d of February the goose finds it wet, then the sheep will
have grass on March 25th.

When drops hang on the fence on the 2d of February, icicles will hang
there on the 25th of March.

For every thunder with rain in February there will be a cold spell in
May.

February rain is only good to fill ditches. (French.)

The nights of the 20th and 28th are called in Sweden “steel nights,” on
account of their cutting severity.

February makes a bridge and March breaks it.

                      February doth cut and shear,
                      February fill dike.
                      Be it black or be it white;
                      But if it be white
                      It’s the better to like.


=March.=

Winds in March and rains in April promise great blessings in May. As
much dew as shown in March so much fog rises in August.

                       In beginning or in end
                       March its gifts will send.

As it rains in March, so it rains in June.

                Is’t on Joseph’s day (19th) clear,
                So follows a fertile year;
                Is’t on Mary’s (25th) bright and clear,
                Fertile is said to be the year.

A damp, rotten March gives pain to farmers.

                 A dry March, wet April, and cool May
                 Fill barn, cellar, and bring much hay.
                 Rain in March, poor harvest.

Dust in March brings grass and foliage.

If it does not freeze on the 10th, a fertile year may be expected.

Snow in March is bad for fruit and grape-vine.

               March will search, April will try;
               May will tell you whether you live or die.

                     March wet and windy,
                     Makes the barn full and findy.

                     March damp and warm,
                     Will do the farmer much harm.

March dust and March wind bleaches like a summer’s sun. (Scotch.)

                A peck of March dust and showers in May,
                Make corn green and fields gray.

When March is like April, April will be like March.

                  If March comes in with adder’s head,
                  It goes out with peacock tail.

A dusty March, a snowy February, a moist April, and a dry May, presage a
good year. (French.)

A bushel of March dust is worth a king’s ransom.

A windy March and a rainy April make a beautiful May.

A dry March never brings its bread.

March comes in like a lamb and goes out like a lion.

So many frosts in March, so many in May.

                  March wind and May sun
                  Make clothes white and maidens dun.

                         A March wisher
                         Is not a good fisher.

A windy March and a rainy April make a fine May.

March grass never did good.

March in January, January in March, I fear.


=April.=

                   Is’t in April fair and mild,
                   The nill may be so much more wild.

Thunder-storm in April is the end of hoar frost. After a wet April
follows a dry June. Whatever March does not want April brings along.

April and May are the keys of the year.

A cold April the barn will fill.

A dry April not the farmer’s will; rain in April is what he wills.

Snow in April is manure; snow in March devours.

April cold and wet fills barn and barrel.

At St. Gorgen (24th) the meadow turns into hay.

April snow breeds grass.

Moist April clear June.

Wet May, dry July. (German.)

When on St. George (24th) rye has grown so high as to hide a crow
therein, a good harvest may be expected.

              When April makes much noise
              We will have plenty of rye and hay;
              When April blows its horn
              Then it stands good with hay, rye, and corn.

A cold and moist April fills the cellar and fattens the cow.

                    When April blows his horn
                    ’Tis good for both hay and corn.

                           April showers
                           Bring May flowers.

April borrows three days from March, and they are ill.


=May.=

A dry May is followed by a wet June. A normal wet and cool May brings a
wet June. An abnormal warm May brings a wet June.

Dry May brings nothing.

                     Many thunder-storms in May,
                     And the farmer sings hey! hey!

Rain in the beginning of May is said to be injurious to wine.

                      Cool and evening dew in May
                      Brings wine and much hay.

Hoar frost on the 1st of May indicates a good harvest.

The later the black thorn in bloom after May 1, the better the rye and
hay harvest.

If May will be a gardener, he will not fill the granaries.

                 Look at your corn in May,
                 And you’ll come sorrowing away;
                 Look at it again in June,
                 And you’ll come singing another tune.

A windy May makes a fair year. (Portuguese proverb.)

Water in May is bread all the year. (Spanish proverb.)

A hot May makes a fat churchyard.

A cold May enriches no one.

                            A May flood
                            Never did good.

A cold and windy May will fill the barn.

                 A dry May and a leaking June
                 Make the farmer whistle a merry tune.

May damp and cool fills the barns and wine-vats.

               Mist in May and heat in June
               Makes the harvest right soon.
                                               (Scotch.)

                            Cast not a clout
                            Till May be out.

                     Be it early or be it late,
                     May will bring the corn quake.

             A swarm of bees in May is worth a load of hay;
             But a swarm in July ain’t worth a fly.

If it rains on Philip’s and Jacob’s day (1st), a fertile year may be
expected to follow.

Cold May brings many things.

               A cold May and wind
               Makes full barns and a findy.
                                               (Scotch.)


=June.=

Rain on St. John’s day (24th), and we may expect a wet harvest.

Previous to St. John’s day we dare not praise barley.

If it rains on St. Peter’s day (29th) the bakers will have to carry
double flour and single water; if dry, they will carry single flour and
double water.

Peter and Paul will rotten the roots of the rye.

O! St. Vitus (15th), O do not rain, so that we may not want barley.

A cold and wet June spoils mostly the whole year.

June, damp and warm, does not make the farmer poor.

Rain on St. Barnabas day is a good harvest in grapes.

Rain on St. John’s (24th) will damage the nuts.

If north wind blows in June, rye will be splendid at harvest time.

When it is the hottest in June, it will be the coldest in the next
February at corresponding days.

        If St. Vitus day (15th of June) be rainy weather,
        It will rain for thirty days together.
                                        (Robin’s Almanac, 1697.)

                          Calm weather in June
                          Sets corn in tune.

                       A dripping June
                       Brings all things in tune.

               If on the 8th of June it rain,
               It foretells wet harvests, men hath sain.


=July.=

If it rains on the 2d (St. Mary’s), then it will rain the next four
weeks.

As July, so the next January.

                  July, God send thee calm and fair,
                    That happy harvests we may see;
                  With quiet time and healthsome air,
                    And man to God may thankful be.

What July and August left undone in cooking, September will have undone
in roasting. (German.)

If it rains on July 10th, it will rain for seven weeks.

                   Dog days bright and clear
                   Indicate a good year;
                   But when accompanied by rain,
                   We hope for better times in vain.

Whatever July and August do not boil, September cannot fry.

Clear on St. Jacob’s day (20th) promises plenty fruit.

If three days previous to St. Jacob’s are clear, then the rye will be
good.

           If the 1st of July be rainy weather,
           ’Twill rain more or less for three weeks together.


=August.=

Thunder-storms after Bartholomew’s day are mostly violent.

When the dew is heavy in August the weather generally remains fair. When
in beginning of August thunder-storms are passing, they will generally
last to end of month.

As August, so the next February.

As Bartholomew day, so the whole autumn.

             If the first week in August is unusually warm,
             The winter will be white and long.

When the months of July, August, and September are unusually hot,
January will be the coldest month.

                   On St. Mary’s day (15th) sunshine
                   Brings much and good wine.

When in August the sun shines warm, moon and stars are bright; it is
good for grapes, because they then ripen well.

                 Matthew’s day (24th) bright and clear,
                 Brings good wine in next year.

A wet August never brings dearth. (Italian.)

When it rains in August it rains honey and wine.

              If the 24th of August be fair or clear,
              Then hope for a prosperous autumn that year.

                        Dry August, arid, warm,
                        Doth harvest no harm.


=September.=

As September, so the coming March.

September rain is much liked by the farmer.

                 Is the autumn warm, bright, and clear,
                 We may expect a fertile year.

When a cold spell occurs in September and passes without a frost, a
frost will not occur until the same time in October.

Fair on the first of September, fair the entire month.

As the deer goes into the heat, so he will again step out.

As the weather on the 8th, so it will be for the next four weeks.

A wet September; next summer drouth, no crops and famine. (California.)

If Michael brings many acorns, Christmas will cover the fields with
snow.

September rain is good for crops and vines.

Thunder in September indicates a good crop of grain and fruit for next
year.

If the storms in September clear off warm, all the storms of the
following winter will be warm.


=October.=

Much rain in October, much wind in December.

If October brings heavy frosts and winds, then will January and February
be mild.

When it freezes and snows in October, January will bring mild weather;
but if it is thundering and heat-lightning, the winter will resemble
April in temper.

Warm October, cold February.

As the weather in October, so will it be in the next March.

If the first snow falls on moist, soft earth, it indicates a small
harvest; but if upon hard, frozen soil, a good harvest.

                  A good October and a good blast,
                  So blow the hog-acorn and the mast.


=November.=

As at Catharine (25th) foul or fair, so will be the next February.

As November, so the following March.

Thunder in November indicates a fertile year to come.

Flowers in bloom late in autumn indicate a bad winter.

                        November, take flail;
                        Let ships no more sail.

          If there be ice in November that will bear a duck,
          There will be nothing thereafter but sleet and muck.


=December.=

If it rains on Sunday before mass it will rain the whole week.

If Christmas finds a bridge, he’ll break it; if he finds none, he’ll
make one.

As Ash Wednesday, so the fasting time.

A warm Christmas, a cold Easter.

A green Christmas, a white Easter.

If windy on Xmas day, trees will bring much fruit.

If the wind blows much on Stephen’s day (26th), the grape will be bad in
next year.

If it snows on Xmas night, we expect a good hop crop next year.

Christmas wet gives empty granary and barrel.

At Christmas meadows green, at Easter covered with frost.

Wet causes more damage than frost before, than after Christmas.

December cold, with snow, brings rye everywhere.


=Days.=

The first three days of any season rule the weather of that season.

The general character of the weather during the last twenty days of
March, June, September, and December will rule the following season.

A bad day has a good night.

                        As the days lengthen,
                        So the cold strengthens.

The three days of September (20th, 21st, and 22d) rule the weather for
October, November, and December.

The first three days of January rule the coming three months.

The last twelve days of January rule the weather of the whole year.

When there are three days cold, expect three days colder.

The twelve days commencing December 25th and ending January 5th are said
to be the keys of the weather of the year.


=Wednesday.=

Wednesday clearing, clear till Sunday.

When the sun sets clear on Wednesday, expect clear weather the rest of
the week.


=Thursday.=

The first Thursday in March, the first Thursday in June, the first
Thursday in September, and the first Thursday in December are the
governing days for each season. Whatever point of the compass the wind
is on these days, that will be the prevailing direction of the wind for
that season.

If it storms on the first Thursday, or any subsequent, of a month, count
the remaining days of the month, add to this the number of days
remaining of the moon, and they will give the number of storms for that
season. (Wm. R. Ryan.)


=Friday.=

If the sun sets clear on Friday, it will blow before Sunday night.

                        If on Friday it rain,
                        ’Twill on Sunday again;
                        If Friday be clear,
                        Have a Sunday no fear.

Rain on Good Friday forebodes a fruitful year.

Friday is the best or worst day of the week.

If the sun sets clear on Friday, generally expect rain before Monday.

               A wet Good Friday and a wet Easter day,
               Makes plenty of grass but very little hay.

As the Friday, so the Sunday.


=Saturday.=

There is never a Saturday without some sunshine.


=Sunday.=

If it rains on Sunday before mass it will rain all the week.

When it storms on the first Sunday of the month it will storm every
Sunday.

First Sunday in month rain, it will rain every Sunday of the month.

Sunday clearing, clear till Wednesday.

The last Sunday of the month indicates the weather of the next month.

If sunset on Sunday is cloudy, it will rain before Wednesday.


=Christmas.=

A light Christmas, a heavy sheaf.

If the sun shines through the apple tree on Christmas day, there will be
an abundant crop the following year.

If on Christmas night the wine ferments heavily in the barrels, a good
wine year is to follow. (German.)

The shepherd would rather see his wife enter the stable on Christmas day
than the sun. (German.)

If ice will bear a man before Christmas, it will not bear a mouse
afterward. (English proverb.)

                  If Christmas day on Thursday be,
                  A windy winter you shall see.
                  Windy weather in each week,
                  And hard tempests strong and thick.
                  The summer shall be good and dry,
                  Corn and beast shall multiply.

                         (Copied from old MS.)

A green Christmas makes a full graveyard.

A green Christmas indicates a white Easter.


=Candlemas Day.=

               If Candlemas day be fair and clear,
               There’ll be two winters in that one year.

On Candlemas day the bear, badger, or woodchuck comes out to see his
shadow at noon; if he does not see it he remains out; but if he does see
it he goes back to his hole for six weeks, and cold weather continues
six weeks longer.

               Have on Candlemas day
               One-half your straw and one-half your hay.

               Candlemas day if it be fair
               The half of the winter’s to come and mair.
               Candlemas day, if it be foul,
               The half of winter’s past at yule.

                   On Candlemas day
                   Throw the candle and stick away.
                   When Candlemas is come and gone
                   The coal lies on a red-hot stove.

                 Just half your wood and half your hay
                 Should be remaining on Candlemas day.

                If Candlemas day be fair and bright,
                Winter will have another flight;
                But if Candlemas day be clouds and rain,
                Winter is gone and will not come again.

On Candlemas day just so far as the sun shines in, just so far will the
snow blow in.

                  I would rather see my wife on a bier
                  Than to see Candlemas clear.


=Corpus Christi.=

                        Corpus Christi day clear
                        Gives a good year.

If rain on Corpus Christi day, the rye granary will be light.


=Dog Day.=

Rain on first dog day, it will rain for forty days after.


=Easter.=

Rain on Easter gives slim fodder.

If fair weather from Easter to Whitsuntide, the butter will be cheap.

                   Easter in snow, Christmas in mud;
                   Christmas in snow, Easter in mud.


=Good Friday.=

Good Friday rain brings a fertile year.


=Hollantide.=

                    If ducks do slide at Hollantide,
                    At Christmas day they’ll swim;
                    If ducks do swim at Hollantide,
                    At Christmas day they’ll slide.


=Lent.=

Dry Lent, fertile year.


=Martinmas.=

If the wind is in the southwest at Martinmas, it keeps there until
Candlemas. (French.)


=Pentecost.=

Rain at Pentecost forebodes evil.


=Paster Sunday.=

If it rains on Paster Sunday, it will rain every Sunday until Pentecost.


=Palm Sunday.=

If the weather is not clear on Palm Sunday, it means a bad year.


=Shrovetide Day.=

When the sun is shining on Shrovetide day, it is meant well for rye and
peas.


=Saint Andrew’s Day.=

On Saint Andrew’s night a glass of water should be placed on the table.
If the water has run over in the morning, a good year is to follow; if
it does not, expect a poor year for crops. (German.)


=Saint Bartholomew.=

If it rains on Saint Bartholomew’s day (August 24th) it will rain forty
days after.

Saint Bartholomew brings cold and dew. (Italian.)


=Saint John’s Day.=

Before Saint John’s day (24th of June) no early crops are worth
praising. (German.)

Before Saint John’s day we pray for rain; after that we get it anyhow.


=Saint Lawrence Day.=

If on Saint Lawrence day (August 10th) the weather be fine, a good
autumn and good wine may be hoped for. (German.)


=Saint Margaret’s Day.=

Rain on Saint Margaret’s day (22d of July) will destroy all kinds of
nuts. (German.)


=Saint Matthew’s Day.=

If it freezes on Saint Matthew’s day, it will freeze for a month
together.

Matthew’s day (February 25th) breaks the ice; if he finds none, then
he’ll have some.


=Saint Martin’s Day.=

Saint Martin’s day (11th of November) if the wind is in the southwest at
Martinmas, it keeps there till after Candlemas. (Scotch.)


=Saint Paul’s Day.=

                 If Saint Paul’s day is fair and clear,
                 It does betide a happy year.

         If Saint Paul’s be fair and clear,
         It promises a happy year;
         But if it chances to snow or rain,
         There will be dear all sorts of grain;
         Or if the wind does blow aloft,
         Great stirs will vex the world full oft;
         And if dark clouds do muff the sky,
         The fowl and cattle oft will die.

         If Saint Paul’s day (25th January) be fair and clear,
         It does betide a happy year;
         But if it chance to snow or rain,
         There will be dear all kinds of grain.
         If clouds or mist do dark the sky,
         Great store of birds and beasts shall die;
         And if the winds do fly aloft,
         Then war shall vex the kingdom oft.

                             (Old English.)

                    Upon Saint Paul’s day
                    Put oats and barley in the clay.


=Saint Patrick’s Day.=

Saint Patrick’s day the warm side of a stone turns up, and the
broad-back goose begins to lay.


=Saint Stephen’s Day.=

If it be very windy on Saint Stephen’s day, there will be a poor wine
crop next year. (German.)


=Saint Swithin.=

A rainy Saint Swithin is well described by Gay:

            Now on Saint Swithin’s feast the welkin lours,
            And every pent house streams with hasty showers;
            But when the swinging signs your ears offend
            With creaking noise, then rainy floods impend;
            Soon shall the kennels swell with rapid streams,
            And rush in muddy torrents to the Thames.


=All Saints’ Day.=

If All Saints’ day will bring out the winter, Saint Martin’s day will
bring out Indian summer.


=All Fools’ Day.=

                If it thunders on All Fools’ day,
                ’Twill bring good crops of corn and hay.


=Ascension Day.=

As the weather on Ascension day, so may be the entire autumn.


=Saint Thomas’s Day.=

Look at the weathercock on Saint Thomas day, at 12 o’clock, and see
which way the wind is, for there it will stick for the next quarter.


=Saint Vincent’s.=

If the sun shines on Saint Vincent’s day (22d January), a fine crop of
grapes may be expected. (German.)


=Whit Sunday.=

If Whit Sunday brings rain, we expect many a plague.


=Whitsuntide.=

Whitsuntide rain, blessing for wine.

Rain on Whitsuntide is said to make the wheat mildewed.

Strawberries at Whitsuntide indicate good wine.

                      Whit Sunday bright and clear
                      Will bring a fertile year.

Whit Sunday wet, Christmas fat.


                          GENERAL PROGNOSTICS.

Some of the various signs of coming rain, which will be found in their
respective places, are thus recorded by Swift:

           Careful observes may foretell the hour
           By sure prognostics when to dread a shower.
           While rain depends, the pensive cat gives o’er
           Her frolics and pursues her tail no more;
           Returning home at night you’ll find the sink
           Strike your offended sense with double stink.

           If you be wise, then go not far to dine,
           You’ll spend in coach-hire more than save in wine.
           A coming shower your shooting corns presage,
           Old aches will throb your hollow tooth with rage.

           Sauntering in coffee-house is Dulman seen;
           He damns the climate and complains of spleen.
           Meanwhile the South, rising with dabbled wings,
           A sable cloud athwart the welkin flings,
           That swilled more liquor than it could contain,
           And, like a drunkard, gives it up again.
           Brisk Susan whips her linen from the rope,
           While the first drizzling shower is borne aslope.
           Such is that sprinkling which some careless quean
           Flirts on you from her mop, but not so clean.
           You fly, invoke the gods; then, turning, stop
           To rail; she singing still, whirls on her mop.
           Not yet the dust had shunned the unequal strife,
           But, aided by the wind, fought still for life,
           And wafted with its foe by violent gusts,
           ’Twas doubtful which was rain and which was dust.
           Ah! where must needy poet seek for aid
           When dust and rain at once his coat invade?
           Sole coat; where dust, cemented by the rain,
           Erects the nap and leaves a cloudy stain.

Another author observes of a wet Saint Swithin:

          Twice twenty days shall clouds their fleeces drain,
          And wash the pavements with incessant rain.
          Let not such vulgar tales debase thy mind;
          Nor Paul nor Swithin rule the clouds and wind.
          If you the precept of the Muse despise,
          And slight the faithful warnings of the skies,
          Others you’ll see, when all the town’s afloat,
          Wrapt in the embraces of a kersey coat
          Or doubled-bottom frieze; their guarded feet
          Defy the muddy dangers of the street,
          While, with hat unlooped, the fury dread
          Of spouts high streaming, and with cautious tread
          Shun every dashing pool, or idly stop
          To seek the kind protection of a shop.
          But business summons; now with hasty scud
          You jostle for the wall; the spattered mud
          Hides all thy hose behind; in vain you scour.
          Thy wig, alas! uncurled, admits the shower.
          So fierce Electos’ snaky tresses fell
          When Orpheus charmed the rigorous powers of hell;
          Or thus hung Glaucus’ beard, with briny dew
          Clotted and straight, when first his amorous view
          Surprised the bathing fair. The frightened maid
          Now stands a rock, transformed by Circe’s aid.
          And now sharp hail falls down in hasty sallies,
          And all the tiles with dancing showers rattle,
          And the fair Jewess hies to sheltered alleys
          To sell her strawberries in brimful pottle,
          And farmers praise Saint Swithin come again
          To wet the crops with forty days of rain.


=Air Currents.=

Currents of air change their course frequently, in the higher regions of
the air first, and are afterwards continued to the earth’s surface;
whence we can often foresee a change of wind by observing the clouds.
Both the strength of a coming gale and the point from which it will blow
may usually be determined by noticing the velocity and direction of the
clouds floating along in the upper currents.


=Appetite.=

When everything is eaten at the table, it indicates continued clear
weather.


=Aurora.=

The aurora when very bright indicates approaching storm.


=Barometer.=

If it freezes and the barometer falls two or three tenths of an inch,
expect a thaw.

If the weather gets warmer while the barometer is high and the wind
northeasterly, we may look for a sudden shift of wind to the south. On
the other hand, if the weather becomes colder while the wind is
southwesterly and the barometer low, we may look for a sudden squall or
a severe storm from the northwest, with a fall of snow if it be winter
time.

A sudden rise of the barometer is very nearly as dangerous as a sudden
fall, because it shows that the level is unsteady. In an ordinary gale
the wind often blows hardest when the barometer is just beginning to
rise, directly after having been very low.

A rapid rise of barometer indicates unsettled weather. A slow movement
the contrary, as likewise a steady barometer, which, when continued, and
with dryness, foretells very fine weather.


=Bells.=

Bells are heard at greater distances before rain.


=Boots and Shoes.=

Boots and shoes easy to pull on and off indicate dry weather.


=Brick Walls.=

Brick walls become damp before a rain.


=Breeders.=

Fine, warm days are called “weather breeders.”


=Calm.=

A dead calm often precedes a violent gale, and sometimes the calmest and
clearest mornings in certain seasons are followed by a blowing, showery
day. Calms are forerunners of the hurricanes of the West Indies and
other tropical climes.


=Camphor Gum.=

Camphor gum is said to rise in alcohol before rain.


=Clouds.=

If clouds drive up high from the south, expect a thaw.


=Coals.=

Coals covered with thick white ashes indicate snow in winter and rain in
summer.

Coals becoming alternately bright and dim indicate approaching storms.


=Coffee Bubbles.=

When the bubbles of coffee collect in the centre of the cup, expect fair
weather. When they adhere to the cup, forming a ring, expect rain. If
the bubbles separate without assuming any fixed position, expect
changeable weather.


=Corns.=

Corns giving trouble indicate bad weather.

When corns ache rain follows.


=Cream and Milk.=

Cream and milk, when they turn sour in the night, often indicate thereby
that thunder-storms are about, and will probably shortly take place.


=Creeks and Springs.=

In dry weather, when creeks and springs that have gone dry become moist,
or, as we may say, begin to sweat, it indicates approaching rain. Many
springs that have gone dry will give a good flow of water just before
rain. (J. E. Walter, Leavenworth, Kans.)


=Dandelion.=

When the dandelions bloom early in the spring there will be a short
season. When they bloom late expect a dry summer.


=Dreams.=

Dreams of a hurrying and frightful nature and imperfect sleep, are
frequent indications that the weather is changed or about to change.
Many persons experience these nocturnal symptoms on a change of wind,
particularly when it becomes east. In all these cases the effect seems
to be produced immediately on the nervous system, and through it on the
stomach, so that the stomach shall again react on the sensorium. The
symptoms are enhanced by a full stomach and other sources of
indigestion. (Forster.)


=Dust.=

Dust rising in dry weather is a sign of approaching change.


=Ears.=

Ringing in the ear at night indicates a change of wind.

Ears, when there is a tingling noise, or what is called a singing in
them, afford thereby a sign of a change of weather, not simply of rain,
as has been said, but of barometrical pressure in general. The sudden
increase of pressure, like the descent from high mountains, or from
balloons, causes in many persons a temporary deafness and roaring in the
ears. A sudden fall of the barometer affects also the ears, but in a
different manner, like mounting a high hill. (Forster.)

Noises in the ears are frequently precursors of marked atmospheric
changes.


=Eclipse Weather.=

Eclipse weather is a popular term in the south of England for the
weather following an eclipse of the sun or moon, and it is vulgarly
esteemed tempestuous and not to be depended on by the husbandman.


=Epidemics.=

Epidemics are disorders of health brought on by atmospherical influence;
and modern discoveries have shown how much most prevailing diseases
partake of an epidemical nature. Scarlet fever, typhus, the plague, and
indeed most diseases of this sort, are now considered epidemical. It
would seem that there is a most immediate connection between the
peculiar state of the air and the kind of disorders which might be
thereby excited. For it may be observed that, even of those disorders
which are not generally admitted to be contagious, one particular kind
will prevail for a long time. Thus, in winter, the different symptoms of
that state of body which we call a cold, appear in some measure to
prevail and vary together, so that it is common to hear people talk of
the fashionable complaint. Coughs, for a while, are the prevailing
symptoms; then sore throats are the most common. It is in spring that
certain kinds of cutaneous eruptions usually appear, and in autumn that
those irregularities in the functions of the digestive viscera called
cholera morbus, &c., happen, and which have been erroneously attributed
to eating much fruit. On the other hand, it cannot be considered that
atmospheric peculiarities alone produce epidemic and other complaints,
which must be regarded as having a compound origin, and as resulting
from the operation of peculiar states of the atmosphere on persons of
particular states of constitution, otherwise all persons would be
affected, which is contrary to experience. There are, probably,
innumerable varieties of temperament, of general habits of life, and of
pre-existing diseases, which in different subjects vary the effects of
the air. And many persons perhaps enjoy a state of health and perfect
action, which may be capable of resisting its evil influence altogether.
It would perhaps be productive of useful results, if physicians of
extensive practice would make accurate meteorological registers during
the prevalence of any epidemic or contagious disorders. (Forster’s
Encyclopædia of Natural Phenomena.)


=Epizootic.=

Epizootic is a name for epidemic disorders occurring among animals, of
which we have many and various instances on record. The state of the
electrometer and other meteorological instruments should be carefully
examined during the prevalence of such pestilence.


=Elder Bush.=

A number of superstitions may be traced back to the former connection of
the elder bush with the goddess. Witches were thought to produce bad
weather by stirring water with branches of elder.


=Electric Lights.=

          Last night I saw St. Elmo’s stars,
            With their glimmering lanterns all at play
          On the tops of the masts and the tips of the spars,
            And I knew we should have foul weather that day.


=Fire.=

If the fire burns unusually fierce and bright in winter, there will be
frost and clear weather; if the fire burns dull, expect damp and rain.

Fire always burns brighter and throws out more heat just before a storm,
and is hotter during a storm.

Blacksmiths always select a stormy day in which to perform work
requiring extra heat.

A fire hard to kindle indicates bad weather.

When the fire crackles and crackles lightly, it is said to be treading
snow. (Old woman.)


=Floors.=

Floors saturated with oil become very damp just before rain.


=Fog Smoke.=

When with hanging fog smoke rises vertically, rain follows.


=Gale.=

If, during the absence of wind, the surface of the sea becomes agitated
by a long, rolling swell, a gale may be expected. This is well known to
seamen.


=General.=

            But the best sign of all
            If soot down the chimney fall.
            The dog long asleep so sound,
            We know moisture is in the ground.
            The guinea at night groans so loud;
            It says the rain is in the cloud.
            The peacock appears on the scene,
            And, with its spots both black and green,
            Flies up to roost and screams so shrill,
            He is heard o’er all the hill,
            Saying that the sun is set;
            In the morning we will be wet.
            Old master sits and look with sorrow
            On the prospect of the morrow.
            Other signs just as good
            Come from the vermin of the wood.
            The owls hollow, the children scare,
            Thus he tells when the rain is near.
            If you kill the snake and hang it up,
            You will find this is good luck;
            And this will always bring the rain
            To people who are not profane.
            The gnats bite and I scratch in vain,
            Because they know it is going to rain.
            The cat, with her silken paws,
            Washing there her whiskered jaws.
            When these signs together come,
            Nigger, you had better be at home.
                                                    (Negro.)

        The cow looks up, and from afar can find
        The change of heaven, and muffs it in the wind.
        The swallow skims the river’s watery face;
        The frogs renew the croaks of their loquacious race.
        The careful ant her secret cell forsakes,
        And drags her eggs along the narrow tracks.
        At either horn the rainbow drinks the flood;
        Huge flocks of rising rooks forsake their food,
        And, crying, seek the shelter of the wood.
        Above the rest the sun, who never lies,
        Foretells the change of weather in the skies;
        For if he rise unwillingly to his race,
        Cloud on his brow and spots upon his face;
        Or if through mist he shoots his sullen beams,
        Frugal of light in loose and struggling streams,
        Suspect a drizzling day; * * *
        If fiery red his glowing globe descends,
        High winds and furious tempests he portends;
        But if his checks are swollen with livid blue,
        He bodes wet weather by his watery hue;
        If dusky spots are varied on his brow,
        And streaked with red a troubled color show,
        That shallow mixture shall at once declare,
        Winds, rain, and storms, and elements at war.
                                                      (Virgil.)


              DR. JANNER’S REASONS FOR NOT GOING HUNTING.

         [From “Weather Folk-Lore,” by Rev. C. Swainson, M. A.]


=Wind.=

The hollow winds begin to blow,


=Clouds—Barometer.=

The clouds look black, the glass is low,


=Soot—Dogs.=

The soot falls down, the spaniels sleep,


=Spiders.=

And spiders from their cobwebs peep.


=Sun.=

Last night the sun went pale to bed,


=Moon.=

The Moon in halos hid her head. The boding shepherd heaves a sigh,


=Rainbow.=

For, see! a rainbow spans the sky,


=Walls—Ditches.=

The walls are damp, the ditches smell,


=Pimpernel.=

Closed is the pink-eyed pimpernel.


=Chairs and Tables.=

Hark! how the chairs and tables crack;


=Joints.=

Old Betty’s joints are on the rack.


=Ducks.=

Loud quack the ducks, the peacocks cry,


=Hills.=

The distant hills are looking nigh.


=Swine.=

How restless are the snorting swine!


=Flies.=

The busy flies disturb the kine,


=Swallow.=

Low o’er the grass the swallow wings;


=Cricket.=

The cricket, too, how sharp he sings;


=Cat.=

                 Puss on the hearth, with velvet paws,
                 Sits wiping o’er her whiskered jaws;


=Fish.=

               Through the clear streams the fishes rise,
               And nimbly catch the incautious flies;


=Glowworm.=

                  The glow-worms, numerous and bright,
                  Illumed the gloomy dell last night;


=Toad.=

                  At dusk the squalid toad was seen
                  Hopping and crawling o’er the green.


=Dust.=

                   The whirling dust the wind obeys,
                   And in the rapid eddy plays;


=Frog.=

                 The frog has changed his yellow vest,
                 And in a russet coat is dressed.


=Air.=

Though June, the air is cold and still,


=Blackbird.=

The mellow blackbird’s voice is shrill;


=Dog.=

                 My dog, so altered in his taste,
                 Quits mutton-bones on grass to feast;


=Rooks.=

        And see yon rooks, how odd their flight,
        They imitate the gliding kite,
        And seem precipitate to fall
        As if they felt the piercing ball.
        ’Twill surely rain; I see, with sorrow,
        Our jaunt must be put off to-morrow.
                                                  (Dr. Janner.)


=Wind.=

Ere the rising winds begin to roar,


=Sea.=

The working seas advance to wash the shore;


=Trees.=

Soft whispers run along the leafy woods,


=Mountains.=

And mountains whistle to the murmuring floods.


=Waves.=

             E’en then the doubtful billows scarce abstain
             From the tossed vessel on the troubled main


=Cormorants.=

             When crying cormorants forsake the sea
             And, stretching, to the covert wing their way;


=Coots.=

When sportful coots run skimming o’er the strand;


=Herons.=

            When watchful herons leave their watery strand,
            And mounting upwards, with erected flight,
            Gain on the skies and soar above the sight;


=Meteors.=

           And oft before tempestuous winds arise
           The seeming stars fall headlong from the skies,
           And, shooting through the darkness, gild the night
           With sweeping glories and long trains of light;


=Chaff.=

And chaff with eddy winds is whirled around,


=Leaves.=

And dancing leaves are lifted from the ground,


=Feathers.=

And floating feathers on the waters play;


=Thunder.=

            But when the winged thunder takes his way
            From the cold north, and east and west engage,
            And at their frontiers meet with equal rage,
            The clouds are crushed; a glut of gathered rain
            The hollow ditches fills and floats the plain,
            And sailors furl their dripping sheets amain.


=Rain.=

            Wet weather seldom hurts the most unwise—
            So plain the signs, such prophets are the skies;


=Crane.=

              The wary crane foresees it first, and sails
              Above the storm and leaves the lowly vales;


=Cow.=

            The cow looks up, and from afar can find
            The change of heaven, and snuffs it in the wind;


=Swallow.=

               The swallow skims the river’s watery face;


=Frogs.=

          The frogs renew the croaks of their loquacious race;


=Ant.=

              The careful ant her secret cell forsakes,
              And drags her eggs along the narrow tracks.

Rainbow.

              At either horn the rainbow drinks the flood.


=Rooks.=

            Huge flocks of rising rooks forsake their food,
            And, crying, seek the shelter of the wood.


=Water-fowl.=

            Besides the several sorts of watery fowls
            That swim the seas or haunt the standing pools,


=Swans.=

          The swans that sail along the silvery floods,
          And dive with stretching necks to search their food,
          Then lave their backs with sprinkling dews in vain,
          And stem the stream to meet the promised rain;


=Crow.=

          The crow, with clamorous cries, the shower demands,
          And single stalks along the desert sands;


=Stars.=

              The stars shine smarter, and the moon adorns


=Moon.=

             As with inborrowed beams her sharpened horns;


=Gossamer.=

                 The filmy gossamer now flits no more,


=Halcyons.=

              Nor halcyons bask on the short sunny shore;


=Swine.=

              Their litter is not tossed by sows unclean,


=Mist.=

           But a blue, droughty mist descends upon the plain,


=Owls.=

               And owls that mark the setting sun declare
               A starlight evening and a morning fair.


=Hawk and Lark.=

           Towering aloft, avenging Nisus flies,
           While dared below the guilty Scylla lies;
           Wherever frightened Scylla flies away
           Swift Nisus follows and pursues his prey;
           Where injured Nisus takes his airy course,
           Then trembling Scylla flies and shuns his course.
           This punishment pursues the unhappy maid,
           And thus the purple hair is dearly paid.


=Ravens.=

           Then thrice the ravens rend the liquid air,
           And croaking notes proclaim the settled fair;
           Then ’round their airy palaces they fly
           To greet the sun; and, seized with secret joy,
           When storms are overblown, with food repair
           To their forsaken nests and callow care.
           Not that I think their breasts with heavenly souls
           Inspired, as man who destiny controls;
           But, with the changeful temper of the skies,
           As rains condense and sunshine rarefies,
           So turn the species in their altered minds,
           Composed by calms and discomposed by winds.


=Birds.=

            From hence proceeds the bird’s harmonious voice,


=Cows and Lambs.=

         From hence the cows exult and frisking lambs rejoice.

                               (Virgil.)


=Goose-bone.=

When the goose-bone exposed to air turns blue, it indicates rain.

When the goose-bone exposed to air retains its color, expect clear
weather.


=Gossamer.=

In crossing the channel from Calais to Dover, I have observed that
captains of vessels have sometimes foreboded fine settled weather from
the settling on the masts and rigging of a certain sort of web which we
take to be the woof of some spider, though we have observed it to alight
on the ships when some way out at sea. (Forster.)


=Guitar Strings.=

Guitar strings shorten before rain.


=Headaches.=

Headaches often indicate a change of weather in persons subject to such
complaints. Indeed, most periodical disorders seem to be connected with
some atmospheric changes. And it is very remarkable that they should so
often have their worst paroxysms and the crisis of their terms about the
time of the conjunction and the opposition of the moon. (Forster.)


=Hills.=

Distant hills appear to be near just before rain.


=Horses.=

Horses sweating in the stable is a sign of rain.


=Human Hair.=

Human hair (red) curls and kinks at the approach of a storm and
restraightens after the storm.


=Indications of Clouds.=

After fine weather the first signs in the sky of a coming change are
usually light streaks, curls, wisps, or mottled patches of white distant
clouds, which increase and are followed by an overcasting or murky vapor
that grows into cloudiness.


=Lamp Wicks.=

Lamp wicks crackle, candles burn dim, soot falls down, smoke descends,
walls and pavements are damp, and disagreeable odors arise from ditches
and gutters before rain.

Excrescence forming about wicks of lamps and candles, which consume
their fuel slowly, indicate rain.

         The nightly virgin while her wheel she plies
         Foresees the storm impending in the skies
         When sparkling lamps their sputtering lights advance,
         And in their sockets oily bubbles dance.

Lamps, from the manner in which they burn, forebode weather. Before rain
they burn less bright, the flame snaps and crackles, and a sort of
fungous excrescence grows from the wicks, which Virgil was mindful to
put among his prognostics of rain and wind. From this indicatorial
property of the burning lights arose many superstitions relating to
them, as the blue color of the flame being a sign of ghost and death,
and so on, of which the following explanation is already offered in the
Perennial Calendar:

“Numerous were the omens attached by credulous persons in former days to
the manner in which candles burnt, and particularly to their flames.
When they burned blue, it was accounted ill luck, or else that some
ghostly apparition was announced. Now when the brain and nervous system
are in a certain state peculiarly favorable to spectral illusions, the
imagination may easily color the flame of a candle, without its really
changing its tint; just as, in fevers, people see spots of color on the
wall, or imagine insects on the bedclothes. For the same morbid
condition of the animal system which may cause persons to see the
spectral prognostic, would in this case cause them to behold the
subsequent phantom, and thus the omen and its awful consequence would be
viewed together to the support of superstition. Besides this, the
particular mode of burning observed in the wicks of lamps and candles is
really found to be caused by atmospherical peculiarities, and is a sure
sign of rain.” (Forster’s Encyclopædia of Natural Phenomena.)


=Light.=

Refractions of light of any remarkable kind frequently forebode rain,
sometimes storms; at sea the knowledge of this is very useful. Circles
around the sun and moon, mock suns, and other phenomena of this kind,
together with the unusual elevation of distant coasts, masts of ships,
&c., particularly when the refracted images are inverted, are known to
be frequent foreboders of stormy weather.


=Long Island.=

When Long Island comes up the harbor, expect a storm. (Connecticut.)


=Lumen Lambens.=

Lumen Lambens is an electric light seen about plants of a summer
evening, of which the particular indications as to the coming weather
have not been yet accurately discovered.


=Matting.=

The matting on the floor is shrinking, dry weather may be expected. When
matting expands, expect wet weather.


=Marigold.=

When the marigold remains closed after 7 p. m., expect rain.


=Night Clearing.=

After a wet day the whole sky often clears at night. This is not a
certain sign of fair weather. The clouds may, and often do, form just as
heavily after sunrise next morning.


=Oak Trees.=

When oak trees bend in January, good crops may be expected.


=Ocean.=

There are various prognostics deducible from the appearance of the
ocean. When the surface of the sea is rough without any wind blowing at
the time, expect a gale before long; for the wind already blowing in
some distant part of the ocean is the cause of the swell imparted to the
sea.


=Pavements.=

If pavements appear rusty or if stoves or iron or steel rust during the
night, rain may be expected soon.


=Pipes.=

Pipes for smoking tobacco become indicative of the state of the air.
When the scent is longer retained than usual, and seems denser and more
powerful, it often forebodes rain and wind.


=Rain.=

The greater distinctness of distant objects indicates rain. The air
grows clear and distant objects are seen more clearly just before rain.


=Rigging Rope.=

The rigging rope on vessels and clothes lines grows slack before rain.


=Rheumatic.=

Rheumatic pains indicate bad weather.


=Rocks.=

Rocks sweat before rain.


=Ropes.=

Ropes difficult to untwist indicate bad weather.


=Salt.=

Saline impregnations deliquesce before rain. Salts become damp before
rain.


=Shifts of Wind.=

The most dangerous shifts of wind or the heaviest northerly gales happen
soon after the barometer first rises from a very low point, or, if the
wind veers gradually, at some time afterwards.


=Smoke.=

Smoke frequently indicates the state of the air. A person being
accustomed to take his pipe early in the morning will have occasion to
observe that when the smoke hangs a long while in the air, and scents
the place around where he has been smoking, a good hunting day always
follows. (Forster.)

Smoke falling to the ground indicates rain.

Smoke ascending indicates clear weather.

When smoke rises from the bottom lands and goes to the mountain, expect
an early winter. (Apache Indians.)

When the sun presses the smoke out of chimneys, foul weather follows.

When the smoke in clear weather rises vertically from the chimney, the
weather will remain clear.


=Snow.=

If snow falls in flakes which increase in size, expect a thaw.


=Soap.=

Soap covered with moisture indicates bad weather.


=Soot.=

When in cold weather the soot falls from the chimney, the weather will
change.

Falling soot indicates bad weather.

Soot burning on back of chimney indicates storms.

When the soot on pots over the fire sparkles, rain follows.


=Sound.=

                     Sound travelling far and wide
                     A stormy day will betide.

When on calm days the sound is carried far, rain follows.


=Sounds.=

Distant sounds heard with distinctness during the day indicate rain.


=Stones.=

Quarries of stone and slate indicate rain by a moist exudation from the
stones. This seems analogous to the dampness on stones, stone steps, and
ornaments, both of stone and of metal, before rain and in damp weather.

Stones sweating in the afternoon, the springs running flusher (commonly
called earth sweat), such are atmospheric indications of rain.


=Stringed Instruments.=

Stringed instruments giving forth clear, ringing sounds indicate fair
weather.


=Storm.=

It moderates to storm.


=Stomach.=

This organ in persons of weak and irritable constitutions is often
deranged at the change of the weather, and its digestive powers are more
under atmospherical influence than people are commonly aware of. Before
storms it is particularly liable to uneasy sensations.


=Sweating Stones.=

A sweating stone indicates rain.


=Sweating Wall.=

A sweating wall indicates rain.


=Tables and Chairs.=

The cracking of tables and chairs indicates rain or frost.


=Thunder.=

Abundance depends upon sour milk; meaning that thunder-storms aid crops.

Thunder-storms almost always occur when the weather is hot for the
season; they are generally caused by a cold wind coming over a place
where the air is much heated. They do not cool the air; it is the wind
that brings them which makes the weather cooler. If a thunder-storm
comes up from the east, the weather will not be cooler after it. This
will not happen till another storm comes up from the west.
Thunder-storms are more violent the greater the difference of
temperature between the two currents of wind which produce them.


=Toothache.=

Toothache is often a forerunner of some change of weather, like other
pains, and particularly that species which depends on inflammation of a
diseased socket or gum. In certain kinds of weather, and particularly
before rain or showers, decayed teeth and diseased gums are very uneasy,
and the pain often ceases when the rain begins to fall. The periods of
that sort of toothache which depends on the exposure of the nerve in the
cavity of the tooth seem to exist independently of any particular
weather, and occur most frequently during the night, when the patient
first gets warm in bed. The progress of this sort of toothache is often
as follows: The pain after awhile becomes continuous instead of being
periodical, and by degrees subsides, but the socket then and ultimately
the gum become diseased, and are thence liable to be affected by the
state of the weather above described. (Forster’s Encyclopædia of Natural
Phenomena.)


=Tortoises.=

Tortoises creep deep into the ground so as to completely conceal
themselves from view when a severe winter is to follow. When a mild
winter is to follow they go down just far enough to protect the opening
of their shells.


=Trees.=

Trees snapping and cracking in the fall indicates cold weather.


=Vernal Equinox.=

If the wind is northeast at vernal equinox, it will be a good season for
wheat and a poor one for corn; but if south or southwest, it will be
good for corn and bad for wheat.


=Walls.=

When in cold weather the walls begin to show dampness, the weather
changes.


=Water Bubbles.=

When water bubbles from the ground, expect rain on the following day.


=Wells.=

Water rising in wells and springs indicates approaching rain.


=Wet and Dry.=

Dust in the wheat and dab in the oats—that is, sow wheat in dry weather
and sow oats at any time, even in wind.


=Wheat and Corn.=

If the spring is dry, sow wheat; if it is wet, plant corn.


=Wind.=

                   The whirling wind the dust obeys,
                   And in the rapid eddy plays.


=Winter Storms.=

In winter, after the prevalence of easterly winds, if the barometer
begins to fall and the thermometer to rise, a gale which commences to
blow from the southeast will veer to southwest, while the barometer
falls constantly. As soon as the wind passes the southwest point the
barometer begins to rise, a heavy shower of rain falls, and a strong
west-northwest or northwest wind may follow, after which the sky clears
and the weather becomes colder.


=Winter Storm.=

If in winter the barometer rises very high, and a thick fog sets in, it
is a sure sign that the southwest and northeast winds are “fighting each
other.” Neither of them can make head against the other, and there is a
calm, but there is a great danger of such a state or things being
followed by a bad gale.


=Winter.=

Six weeks from the time snow is seen on Mount Mansfield, winter comes to
stay.


=Wood Fire.=

Wood-fire coals frequently snuffing during the winter months foretell
snow.


                   269 WEST ELEVENTH STREET,
                   _New York City, October 16, 1882_.

                   Sergeant NEWLIN, _U. S. S. Office_,
                   _Cleveland, Ohio_:

  DEAR SIR: I send with this two selections, taken as stated. Although,
  perhaps, not quite what you seek, there may be enough in them to
  warrant your perusing. As to their fitness for the purposes you demand
  I leave to you.

  Trusting they may not be unacceptable, I am, very respectfully,

                          Your obedient servant,

                          CHAS. WARD RAYMOND.


The following poems are, perhaps, more curious than interesting. They
afford, however, some idea of the superstitious dread with which the
advent of Christmas day must have been regarded in these early times,
not merely by the vulgar, but by all classes of our forefathers, for the
Francis Moores and Raphaels of the fifteenth century found even kings
willing believers in their extravagant predictions. From the allusions
in each verse of the first poem to the risks that those who steal
subject themselves to, one would almost suppose thieving to have been
the fashionable vice of the age, practiced alike by both rich and poor,
and that there was great need of such injunctions against it.

Both of these poems are from the same Harleian MS. in the British Museum
(No. 2252, fols. 153–4). Christmas with the poets. London. David Bogue,
86 Fleet street. 1855.

I.

               Lordlings, all of you I warn:
               If the day that Christ was born
               Fall upon a Sunday,
               The winter shall be good I say,
               But great winds aloft shall be;
               The summer shall be fair and dry.
               By kind skill and without loss,
               Through all lands there shall be peace,
               Good time for all things to be done,
               But he that stealeth shall be found soon;
               What child that day born may be,
               A great lord he shall live to be.

               If Christmas day on Monday be,
               A great winter that year you’ll see.
               And full of winds, both loud and shrill,
               But in the summer, truth to tell,
               Stern winds shall there be and strong,
               Full of tempests lasting long;
               While battles they shall multiply,
               And great plenty of beasts shall die.
               They that be born that day I mean,
               They shall be strong each one and keen.
               He shall be found that stealeth ought,
               Though thou be sick thou dieth not.

               If Christmas day on Tuesday be,
               That year shall many women die,
               And that winter grow great marvels;
               Ships shall be in great perils.
               That year shall kings and lords be slain,
               And many other people near them;
               A dry summer that year shall be,
               As all that are born therein may see;
               They shall be strong and covetous.
               If thou steal aught, thou losest thy life,
               For thou shalt die through sword or knife
               But if thou fall sick ’tis certain
               Thou shalt turn to life again.

               If Christmas day, the truth to say,
               Fall upon a Wednesday,
               There shall be a hard winter and strong,
               With many hideous winds among.
               The summer merry and good shall be,
               And that year wheat in great plenty;
               Young folks shall die that year, also,
               And ships at sea shall have great woe.
               Whatever child that day born is,
               He shall be doughty and gay, I wis,
               And wise and crafty also of deed,
               And find many in clothes and bread.

               If Christmas day on Thursday be
               A windy winter you shall see;
               Windy weather in each week,
               And hard tempests strong and thick.
               The summer shall be good and dry,
               Corn and beasts shall multiply;
               That year is good lands for to till;
               Kings and princes shall die by skill.
               If a child that day born should be,
               It shall happen right well for thee;
               Of deeds he shall be good and stable,
               Wise of speech and reasonable.
               Whoso that day goes thieving about,
               He shall be punished without doubt;
               And if sickness that day betide
               It shall quickly from thee glide.

               If Christmas day on Friday be,
               The first of winter hard shall be;
               With frost and snow, and with great flood,
               But the end thereof it shall be good.
               Again, the summer shall be good also;
               Folk in their eyes shall have great woe;
               Women with child, beasts, and corn,
               Shall multiply and be lost none.
               The child that is born on that day,
               Shall live long and lecherous be alway.
               Who stealeth ought shall be found out;
               If thou be sick it lasteth not.

               If Christmas day on Saturday fall,
               That winter’s to be dreaded by all;
               It shall be so full of great tempest,
               That it shall slay both man and beast;
               Great store shall fail of fruit and corn,
               And old folk die many a one.
               What woman that day of child doth travail,
               She shall give birth in great peril;
               And children born that day by faith,
               In half a year shall meet with death.
               The summer shall be wet and ill;
               Thou shalt suffer if aught thou steal;
               Thou diest of sickness do thee take.

II.

              If Christmas day on the Sunday be,
              A troublous winter ye shall see,
                  Mingled with waters strong;
              Good there shall be without fable,
              For the summer shall be reasonable,
                  With storms at times among.

              Wines that year shall all be good,
              The harvest shall be wet with flood,
                  Pestilence shall fall on many a country;
              Ere that sickness shall have past,
              And while great tempests last,
                  Many young people dead shall be.

              Princes that year with iron shall die,
              There shall be changing of many lords high,
                  Amongst knights great debate,
              Many tidings shall come to men,
              Many wives shall be weeping then,
                  Both of poor and great estate.

              The faith shall then be hurt truly,
              For divers points of heresy
                  That shall then appear,
              Through the tempting of the fiend;
              And divers matters unkind,
                  Shall bring great danger near.

              Cattle shall thrive one and the other,
              Save oxen, they shall kill each other;
                  And some beasts they shall die;
              Both fruit and corn will not be good,
              Apples will be scarce for food,
                  And ships shall suffer on the sea.

              That year on Monday, without fearing
              All things well thou mayst begin,
                  They shall be profitable;
              Children that on this day are born,
              I’ faith shall mighty be and strong,
                  Of wit full reasonable.


=East Wind.=

A change of wind, particularly a change from any other quarter to east,
makes most people feel uncomfortable, and produces headaches in persons
who are subject to them. Similar changes have the most violent effects
when they happen about the new or full moon. It is difficult to
ascertain in what degree the directions and changes of wind are under
the influence of electricity, but there are many circumstances which
would incline one to believe that these changes are dependent on some
similar principle to that which causes atmospheric diseases in the human
body, for certain winds, as well as certain changes of wind, are known
to produce epidemics in many countries where violent atmospherical
complaints prevail; and in every country of the world I believe the east
wind is almost proverbially unhealthy. Casual changes to east produce
headache and nervous complaints, and a long-continued wind from that
quarter produces an unwholesome season. Another curious thing is, that
with east winds good astronomical observations cannot be made, the
luminous objects seeming to dance or wave about in the field of the
telescope. (Atmospheric Phenomena—Forster.)


=Shooting Stars a Prognostic of Bad Weather.=

The connection between shooting stars and bad weather, mentioned by many
ancient writers, will appear probable if we consider certain facts
established in the domain of modern science. Of all the various theories
advanced to explain this startling phenomenon (termed meteor, fire-ball,
shooting-star, moon-stone, sun-stone), that seems to be the most
probable which considers them planetary bodies of very small size,
circulating in an orbit round the sun, as our earth, and getting into
that of the latter, entangled by her attraction, which occasionally
brings down some of them upon her surface. Numerous planetary bodies,
called Ceres, Pallas, &c., exist between Mars and Jupiter, and similar
bodies of smaller dimensions may exist between the earth and its
neighbors in the solar system.

Periodicy is a great fact in cosmical arrangements, and this phenomenon
of shooting stars, &c., is strikingly periodical. Induced, apparently,
by certain popular weather maxims among the French, M. C. St. Claire
Deville has investigated the subject, and his conclusions are positive
as to the “perturbations of the earth’s temperature,” coincident with
the phenomenon as noticed from time immemorial in about the first
fortnight of February, May, August, and November. M. Deville even
ventures upon general conclusions from the fact. He says: “Do not all
these considerations almost necessarily lead us to infer the influence
of these critical periods, by their sudden variations of temperature,
not only on the health of the vegetable creation, but that of the human
race? Should we not examine the registers of hospitals, to see if
certain diseases are not more frequent on certain days of certain years?
Can we not even go back to the past and see, in the history and
chronicles of past ages, if there are some traces of periodicy in
certain great perturbations in the health of nations like the two
invasions of cholera, which perhaps by chance occurred in 1832 and in
1849, about the center of the two critical periods, and which came from
the north like the aurora borealis, since it seems, also, that it is
these great atmospheric waves that propagate the perturbations of
temperature?” In confirmation of this view we may notice the cattle
plague, and the cholera still hovering over us and likely to recommence
its ravages.

Professor Erman, of Berlin, writing to Arago, in 1840, said that “the
two swarms or currents of asteroids (planetary bodies) which the earth
meets on the ecliptic, respectively, about the 10th of August and the
13th of November, annually intervene between the earth and the sun, the
first in the days between the 5th and 11th of February, the second from
the 10th to 15th of May. Each of these conjunctions annually causes at
those dates a very remarkable extinction of the heating ray of the sun,
and thereby lowers the temperature at all points of the surface of the
globe.”

With respect to the November display of the phenomenon, it appears that
its maximum was in 1799 and in 1833. Since then it has almost entirely
ceased, but according to the prediction of Olbers it will resume the
ascendant in 1867. Humboldt and others have reported on these displays,
but that of the night of the 12th and 13th of November, 1833, in the
United States, as described by Olmstead, needs only to be mentioned for
our present purpose. No less than 300,000 masses, forming parts of the
solar system, passed through that part of our terrestrial atmosphere
which was visible at Boston, Mass.

“It was supposed that they were only stopped in the atmosphere and
prevented from reaching the earth by transferring their motion to
columns of air, large volumes of which they would suddenly and violently
displace.

“It was remarked that the state of the weather and the condition of the
seasons following this meteoric shower were just such as might have been
anticipated from these disturbing circumstances of the atmospheric
equilibrium.”

M. C. Gravier believes that meteors show the direction of the coming
wind; that their slow motion foretells a calm to ensue, or to continue
if it exists; in fact, he says they are our weather-cocks and
anemometers in the upper regions of the sky. He predicts that the rest
of the present year (1866) will be more dry than wet, and the
temperature above the average.

Our object in this article is merely to draw attention to the critical
periods. It is obvious that if the passage of these meteors take place
by day we cannot see them, so that their non-appearance is no reason why
we should not be on our guard. From a list of storms obligingly given us
by the meteorologic office as having in past years occurred at or about
some of the periods we have named, and from our own investigations, we
believe that the subject is worthy of attention, suggestive of caution
at those critical periods, and altogether deserving a more lengthy
consideration than we can give it in our limited space on this occasion.

During the great Barbadoes hurricane, August 10, 1831, fiery meteors
fell perpendicularly from a vast height. The correspondence of the date,
August 10th, is striking, and all are familiar with the great “November
Atmospheric Wave,” and its storms, especially the great Crimean
hurricane of disastrous memory (November 14, 1855). (Manual of
Weathercasts, by Andrew Steinmetz.)

The following interesting report relative to weather prognostics of the
Zuñi Indians was furnished by Mr. G. H. Cushing, assistant ethnologist
of the Smithsonian Institution:


             ZUÑI, NEW MEXICO,
             _September 29, 1882_.

             D. D. GRAHAM, Esq.,
             _Acting subagent of the Zuñi Pueblo Indians_:

DEAR SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith a few hastily-prepared
statements from my notes relative to the weather prognostics, proverbs,
&c., of the Zuñi Indians:

With these Indians the study of weather, both from practical and
superstitious standpoints, has been the result of necessity, the growth
of generations. It is therefore no matter of surprise that the
accompanying questions penetrate a rich domain with them of research.

Indeed, nothing short of a moderately lengthy treatise would do the
subject, which is withal popularly a most interesting one, justice.

Zuñi worship, like that of the ancient Greeks, relates principally to
this life.

To this life water is considered the greatest of necessities and
blessings. Hence, rain, the clouds, springs, and all beings, things, and
phenomena related to them, are regarded as sacred. A better
understanding of this may be gleaned from the fact that in Zuñi
mythology the sky and the celestial bodies, many terrestrial objects,
and all phenomena of either, are regarded not less than all organized
beings as animate and conscious existences, the whole, including man,
being denominated _á hâ i_, or, The Beings. The greater number of the
latter are included under two great classes:

           1. Kia-pin = á-hâ-i; and
           2. Kiä-shëm = á-hâ-i; the former signifying—
           1. Beings (belonging) _to_ water, and the latter,
           2. Beings of the water.

These _beings_, as above explained, include all _phenomena_ or _objects_
connected with water, are supposed to control greatly the weather, &c.;
hence the sayings relative to them and their influence are legion.

I have selected only a few of the principal of these, illustrative
merely of the questions which I find in General Hazen’s blank,
regretting that lack of time does not permit of a more exhaustive
treatment of his subject.

In order that a few examples of the original Zuñi may be given with the
English renditions, I have answered the questions on a separate piece of
paper, indicating them by their number, as given in General Hazen’s
blank.


=1. The Sun.=

“Yä to k’ia kiá kwap, i lo na kia ná, thli to nì ä hi ha.” (When the sun
is in his house (i. e., in a halo or circle) cloud it will, rain will
come soon.)

“Yä to k’ia kwa k’ets a nam hortil k wa tâp, i tchi tin gä mu k’ia ni
ha, thli te kwa ni k’ia ná.” (When the sun sets unhappily (with a
haze-veiled face) then will the morning be angry with wind, storm, and
sand.)


=2. The Moon.=

The moon, being a deity of the lives of men, does not belong to the
“_k’iä she ma hâi_;” hence the proverbs relative to her, the legion,
have little connection with weather prognostics. Two, however, are very
often repeated: Yä o non kia kwop, í lo na kia ná, thli to kiaw i a ni
ha; meaning, the moon, if in house be, cloud it will, rain soon will
come. Yä o non an no pon i shi la a kiap (the moon, her face, if red
be), kiä shë ma an te peie á (of water speaks she). The changes in the
moon indicate rather changes in the affairs of men than in weather.


=3. The Stars.=

With the exception of six of the stars, viz: of the north, of the west,
of the south, of the morning, of the evening, of the zenith, and of the
lower regions (or horizon), the smaller celestial bodies relate also
more to the affairs of men than to the weather. These six are spoken of
as are the sun and moon. There is, however, one proverb which differs
from those of the latter: Morgä tchu we in sha na í mup, a li hortel té
k’ia na. The stars sit still if they do (the times) to be pleasant are.
(When the stars sit still the times are to be pleasant).


=4. The Rainbow.=

A mi to lan u ha í ton illi; thli to i peyu á. (The rainbow has but a
bad character: she ever commands the rains to cease.)


=5. The Fogs.=

Shi wai a horthl yëil la ke’a á pei ni up, té tsï ti i há. (When the
mist rolls down from the mountains, cold will it be.)


=6. The Dew.=

“When the dew is seen shining on the leaves, So ho! the mist rolled down
from the mountains last night, &c.” (See proverbs relating to fog.)


=7. The Clouds.=

“When the clouds rise in terraces of white, soon will the country of the
corn-priests be pierced with the arrows of rain.”

“When the clouds rise in balls of blue mist from the horizon, snow will
soon whiten the country of the corn-priests.”


=8. The Frost.=

With the coming of the frost grows the corn old.


=9. The Snow.=

“If much snow be spread on the mountains in winter, the season of
planting will be made blue with verdure.”


=10. The Rain.=

“With the north rain leaves the harvest.”

The west rain, it comes from the world of waters to moisten the home of
the Shi wi (Zuñi).

The south rain brings with it the beautiful odors of the hand of
everlasting summer and brightens the leaves of growing things.

“With the rain of the northeast comes the ice fruit (hail).”


=11. The Thunder.=

“The distant thunder speaks of coming rain.”

With the first thunder the Beloved (gods of rain) open their portals.

It first thunders in the north: Aha! the bear has stretched his left leg
in his winter bed.

It first thunders in the west: Aha! the bear has stretched his left arm
in his winter bed.

It first thunders in the south: Aha! the bear has stretched his right
leg in his winter bed.

It first thunders in the east: Aha! the bear has stretched his right
arm, and comes forth, and then winter is over.


=12. The Winds.=

Wind from the north, cold and snow.

Wind from the western rim of the northland, snow.

Wind from the world of waters, clouds.

Wind from the southern rim of the world of waters, rain.

Wind from the land of the beautiful red, lovely odors, and rain.

Wind from the wooded cañons, rain and mist-clouds.

Wind from the land of day it is the breath of health, and brings the
days of long life.

Winds from the lands of cold, the rain before which flees the harvest.
Winds from the lands of cold, the fruit of ice.

Winds from the right hand of the west is the breath of the god of
sand-clouds.


=13. Zoothistic Prognostics.=

I am compelled to leave this department, from want of detailed notes,
almost untouched, although there is scarcely an action of the animals
without its interpretation, either relative to weather or to the affairs
of men.


=14. Bats.=

Bats who speak flying, tell of rain for to-morrow.


=15. Birds.=

When chimney swallows circle and call, they speak of rain.

When the bluebirds twitter and sing, they call to one another of rain.

When the summer birds take their flight, goes the summer with them.


=16. Frogs.=

When the frogs warble, they herald the rain.


=17. Butterfly.=

When the butterfly comes, comes also the summer.

When the flowers dry up, the birds of summer flee. See also proverbs
relative to summer birds (15).

When the world is damp, spring the seeds of the beloved (mushrooms and
other apparently spontaneous growths).

18. “When the locks of the Navajos grow damp in the scalp-house, surely
it will rain.”

The seasons in Zuñi are only three—spring, summer, and winter. They are
supposed to result from the change of weather and the will of the sun;
hence are themselves prognosticated.

The months are lunar, and there are no days of the Christian week, save
Sunday, when the Indians cannot trade, and which for this reason they
know of.

Relative to proverbs of the months and seasons, I can only say there are
many, but, as in the case with other matters above alluded to, they are
rather relative to the affairs of life (mostly sacred obligations and
observances) than to weather and agricultural operations.

                        Very respectfully,

                        G. H. CUSHING,
                        _Assistant Ethnologist_.




                                PART II.


INSTRUMENTAL AND OTHER LOCAL INDICATIONS OF APPROACHING STORMS.

[Compiled from reports made to the Chief Signal Officer by observers of
the Signal Service, U. S. A.]


=Albany, N. Y.=

Storms set in with southerly winds, and are always preceded by falling
barometer, and usually by falling temperature, with nimbus or
cumulo-stratus clouds.


=Alpena, Mich.=

Cirrus, cirro-cumulus or cirro-stratus clouds in upper, and a dull haze
in lower atmosphere. Lower winds from westerly direction, falling
barometer and rising temperature.


=Atlantic City, N. J.=

Coronas and halos; prevalent haziness in lower atmosphere; cirro-stratus
clouds; unusual amount of humidity; stationary barometer occurring after
either a considerable rise or fall of the mercury; backing winds.


=Augusta, Ga.=

Slowly falling barometer, with rising temperature, and wind from the
east or southeast, usually indicates rain, which continues until wind
veers to the west or northwest; cirro-stratus clouds precede wind and
rain, and are frequently noted from one to three days in advance.


=Baltimore, Md.=

General storms by very high barometer, dense haze, light, variable winds
from east or northeast.

Southeast and southwest storms preceded by high temperature, low
barometer, and brisk northwest winds.

Local storms preceded by unusually high temperature, cumulus clouds, and
rapidly falling barometer.


=Fort Benton, Montana Ter.=

Wind storms, preceded by low barometer, low humidity, cirrus or cumulus
clouds, with wind from west or southwest, generally the latter.

Rain, preceded by cumulo-stratus clouds, with wind from west to north
and northeast, barometer moderately low, remaining stationary during
storm.

Snow-storm, same condition as rain, except that barometer falls and
stratus clouds prevail.


=Bismarck, Dak.=

Rapidly falling barometer, rising temperature, and light southerly winds
indicate rain or snow, according to season of year.

Falling barometer, rising temperature, with wind from northeast or east,
indicate snow.

Fine cirrus and cirro-stratus, floating low, presage wind.

Haze in night or early morning, or cumulus clouds, sharp and well
defined, moving from west or southwest, indicate fair weather.

When snow is falling, and the wind backs from east to north, with
decreasing velocity, clear weather may be expected.


=Breckenridge, Minn.=

Sudden movement of barometer in either direction, rising temperature,
light cumulus clouds, with northwest wind, precede wind-storms.

Sudden depression of barometer, rising temperature, cumulus or
cumulo-stratus clouds, with southeast wind, precede rain or snow storms.

An approaching storm is indicated by unusual clearness of the
atmosphere, and frequently by lunar halos.


=Buffalo, N. Y.=

Rising barometer, with comparatively clear sky, mild temperature and
light to fresh winds from west to southwest.

Light cirrus or cirro-stratus clouds move from the west, apparently very
high in the atmosphere; humidity and wind decrease, and occasionally a
calm ensues. This is followed by light winds from northeast, east, or
southeast. Barometer begins to fall, and temperature to rise slowly;
humidity increases steadily; cumulus clouds appear, moving slowly from
west or southwest, and are soon followed by cumulo-stratus; wind
increases in velocity, and shortly before precipitation occurs a dense
white vapor, resembling haze, and moving with the surface current,
gradually covers the whole sky.

Wind-storms are preceded by unusually rapid barometric depression,
increase in temperature and humidity, stratus or cumulo-stratus clouds,
with southwest winds. Water at the head of Lake Erie rises in advance of
the storm.


=Burlington, Vt.=

Rapidly falling barometer, rising temperature, and cumulo-stratus or
stratus clouds, with wind from south or southwest.


=Cairo, Ill.=

Falling barometer, rising temperature, stratus or cumulo-stratus, with
wind from the south or southwest, precede rain; wind-storms are preceded
by rising barometer, falling temperature, and cirro-stratus clouds, with
brisk wind from west or northwest. Well-defined lunar halos are followed
by rain.


=Cape Henry, Va.=

Northeast storms are preceded by rapidly rising barometer and upper
clouds (usually cirrus), moving rapidly from northeast in long white
sheets changing to stratus in short time, and covering the whole sky.

Southeast storms are preceded by rapidly falling barometer, unusually
low humidity and variable southwest winds. Heavy ocean-swell in advance
of storm and from same direction in which storm is advancing.


=Cape Hatteras, N. C.=

Winter rain storms preceded by rapidly falling barometer and heavy
cirro-stratus clouds, with wind from southeast or southwest.

Upper clouds moving from southwest indicate rain, but if from west or
northwest, fair weather.

Heavy ocean-swell from southeast indicates rain from that direction.
Wind storms preceded by dense haze, rapidly falling barometer, and
rising temperature with southerly winds and with northerly winds, rising
barometer, and falling temperature with low humidity.


=Cape May, N. J.=

Easterly storms are generally preceded from twelve to twenty-four hours
by an unusually clear atmosphere, with high barometer and temperature.
Light winds prevail and mirage in various forms, but more particularly
the variety known as “loom,” which enlarges distant objects in such a
manner as to render distance very deceptive. The sea comes in with a
long, heavy, easterly, ground swell, and a decided increase occurs in
the rise of the tides. An unusual twinkling of stars is observed, and a
larger number of them are visible, extending nearly to the horizon. The
first clouds are generally cirrus, from the west or southwest, followed
often by haze, which gradually thickens and lowers into a stratus,
forming a heavy bank in the southwest, which gradually extends over and
into the northeast, the whole mass deepening and lowering until nimbus
clouds form and appear moving with the wind. Storms of the greatest
severity and duration are generally with the wind from north-northeast
to east-northeast, and rapidly increase in violence. They are attended
with, or preceded by, a rapid depression of the barometer. Temperature
rises for a veering, and falls for a backing, wind.

Easterly storms, slowly forming, are attended by moderate winds.

Storms from the southeast are often violent, but of short duration,
lasting only from six to twelve hours, and shifting suddenly to the
opposite direction.


=Charleston, S. C.=

During the months of April, May, June, July, August, and September,
storms are preceded by slowly diminishing pressure, rising temperature,
increasing humidity, and cumulus clouds, with wind from the west and
northwest.

Winter storms come from the northeast and southeast. Those from the
northeast are preceded, for several days, by brisk wind from that
direction, rapidly rising barometer, slowly falling temperature,
increasing humidity, with stratus clouds moving slowly from the
northeast until the whole sky is covered and a dense mist begins to
fall, which soon becomes rain as the clouds approach the earth. Storms
from the southeast are the most dangerous. They are preceded by light
and variable southeast winds, falling barometer, and rising temperature.
The day immediately preceding the storm is generally a fine one, with a
few cirrus or cirro-stratus clouds, increasing humidity, wind variable,
and rising slowly.


=Cheyenne, W. T.=

Rain storms are preceded by a low barometer from twenty-four to
forty-eight hours before their arrival, with wind from southeast, east,
northeast, and north.

Snow-storms strike the station from southwest, northwest, or north, all
storms of magnitude coming from the latter direction.

Wind-storms are preceded by a low barometer, with much briefer warning
than in the case of rain and snow storms, often occurring within two or
three hours after the first instrumental premonition. Temperature rises
and humidity increases; cirrus clouds move from west to northwest.


=Cincinnati, Ohio.=

Ordinary rain storms, preceded by falling barometer, increased
temperature, hazy atmosphere, cirrus clouds, and northeast wind.


=Corsicana, Tex.=

Approach of norther indicated by bank of clouds in north or northwest
when the balance of sky is clear.

Gentle or brisk east wind precedes rain. Southwest or west wind
indicates the approach of clear, dry weather.


=Davenport, Iowa.=

Rain storms generally preceded by an east, southeast, or south wind.

Wind storms preceded by steadily falling barometer, with light wind from
southwest.


=Denver, Colo.=

Falling barometer, rising temperature, cirro-stratus clouds, with
westerly winds. Most reliable indications of storms are seen to the
north and west on the mountains. A cap of clouds on the high peaks, or
low cumuli below the summits, presage rain or snow. For wind, a black
wall of cloud generally forms between high peaks and the foot-hills,
completely hiding the peaks and extending only five or ten degrees above
the horizon.


=Detroit, Mich.=

Falling barometer from twelve to twenty-four hours in advance of storm,
with wind from southeast or northeast.


=Dodge City, Kans.=

Falling barometer, with light southeast wind, hazy atmosphere, cirrus
clouds, and low humidity.


=Dubuque, Iowa.=

Wind storms preceded by rapid fall of barometer, with cirro-stratus and
stratus clouds moving from the west; wind changeable, backing from
southeast to west.

Rain storms preceded by slowly falling barometer and large masses of
cirrus and cirro-cumulus moving from southeast. Surface winds southwest,
south, and southeast.


=Duluth, Minn.=

Northeast storms, preceded by hazy atmosphere and fog over the lake, the
former turning to stratus and the latter to nimbus cloud as storm
approaches. Falling barometer, increasing humidity, and falling
temperature.

Northwest storms by low and falling barometer, rising temperature, high
and increasing humidity, with cumulus and cumulo-stratus clouds. This
class of storms most frequent in winter and spring.

Northern storms by falling barometer, falling temperature, increasing
humidity, and cumulus clouds; most frequent in winter, and accompanied
by snow.

Southern storms by falling barometer, rising temperature, increasing
humidity, with hazy atmosphere.

Eastern storms by high and rising barometer, rising temperature,
increasing humidity, with stratus clouds.

Western storms by falling barometer, high or rising temperature, and
humidity, with heavy banks of stratus clouds in western sky. Occur at
all seasons of year.

Fogs are usually followed by rain within twenty-four hours.


=Eastport, Me.=

Northeast storms are preceded by slowly falling barometer, falling
temperature, stratus clouds in the east, which spread over the entire
sky.

Southeast storms are preceded by heavy fall of barometer, falling
temperature, increasing humidity, stratus clouds, and detached “scud,”
with wind shifting from east to southeast.

In summer a continuance of southeast wind is followed by rain. Sea-gulls
gather together in flocks near the shore, uttering a peculiar cry.


=Erie, Pa.=

Storms from north, northwest, and west are preceded by falling
barometer, brisk to high southerly winds, rising temperature, and
increasing humidity.

Storms from the southwest to southeast are preceded by slowly falling
barometer, rising temperature. With steady south wind at any season of
the year rain is probable within twelve hours.


=Fort Gibson, Indian Ter.=

Falling barometer, rising temperature and low humidity, the latter
forming an important element. If wind veers suddenly from southwest to
west, rain follows; if this change occurs slowly, wind follows.

Cirro stratus changing to cumulo-stratus twenty-four to forty-eight
hours in advance of storm.


=Fort Sully, Dak.=

Rapidly rising and very high barometer, low temperature, cirrus or cirro
stratus clouds moving from the north or northwest, with surface wind
from southeast, backing to north and northwest. High summer temperature,
usually followed by brisk and high south and southeast wind.


=Galveston, Tex.=

“Northers,” preceded by slowly falling barometer, decreasing humidity,
wind south or southeast, veering to north, with cirrus or cirro-cumulus
clouds moving from west or northwest.


=Indianapolis, Ind.=

Sudden storms, by sudden fall of barometer, increase of temperature,
high humidity, with haze in lower and cirrus clouds in upper atmosphere,
moving from the west.

Winter storms, by high and rising barometer, rising temperature, low
humidity, cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds moving from the west. These
followed by falling barometer, with wind veering to east and southeast,
and stratus clouds.


=Indianola, Tex.=

“Northers” are preceded by protracted southeast winds, rapid rise of
barometer from four to six hours in advance of storm, high humidity,
with cirrus clouds moving from the west.


=Jacksonville, Fla.=

Falling barometer and rising temperature from four to six days in
advance of storm. Hazy atmosphere, wind north to northeast, cirrus
clouds moving from west and southwest; wind veering to east, southeast,
and southwest.


=Keokuk, Iowa.=

Falling barometer and cirrus clouds, with fresh easterly wind, precede
rain or snow, according to season.


=Key West, Fla.=

“Northers,” from October to May, preceded by hazy atmosphere, easterly
winds veering to southerly, cirrus, cirro-stratus, and cirro-cumulus
clouds, moving slowly from the southwest and west, and finally a bank of
stratus clouds in the western horizon, apparently stationary. Falling
barometer, high and rising temperature and humidity.

Cyclones from July to November are preceded by northerly and easterly
fresh and brisk winds, drizzling rains at intervals, for several days,
low and nearly stationary barometer, steady, high temperature, dark scud
flying low, with surface wind, and cirrus, cirro-stratus, and
cirro-cumulus clouds above, moving slowly from the south and west. The
height and action of barometer and state of weather are the most notable
signs.

Rain storms prevail from May to November, are preceded by hazy, close
atmosphere, average low barometer, high temperature, rising of “thunder
heads” in the horizon in the direction from which rain is to be
expected, with an almost imperceptible motion and an appreciable fall of
barometer, several hours before storm approaches.


=Knoxville, Tenn.=

Barometer moves rapidly for a storm of short duration, temperature
rises, wind from east-southeast, south and southwest, from eight to
twenty-four hours previously, with upper clouds moving from the west,
wind stronger and of greater duration, with rising rather than falling
barometer. Rapid movement of cirro-stratus clouds indicates wind, but is
seldom observed.


=La Crosse, Wis.=

Barometer falls steadily for twenty-four hours, with rising temperature,
increased humidity, and cirro-stratus clouds before rain. Wind storms
same as above, with addition of cirrus of great elevation moving in
opposite direction to surface wind, and apparently highly electrified.
Winter storms are preceded by gentle south or southwest wind, veering to
north or northeast.


=Leavenworth, Kans.=

Rain storms are preceded from twelve to forty-eight hours by barometer
falling steadily, increasing humidity, high temperature, with wind east
or south, cirro-stratus clouds in southern or western horizon, and
eastern horizon obscured by haze.

Red sky at sunrise indicates strong winds; if humidity is much below the
mean, the color is usually a brilliant scarlet; if humidity is high, the
color is more crimson, with a purple tinge and rain follows. When wind
backs from northwest to southwest, clear weather follows.


=Lexington, Ky.=

Local storms are preceded by falling barometer, unusually high
temperature, low humidity, and cumulus clouds; northwest storms, by
falling barometer, cirrus clouds and wind veering to east; southwest
storms, by falling barometer, unusually high temperature with wind
backing to east and northeast.


=Louisville, Ky.=

Barometer falling slowly for forty-eight hours, unusually high
temperature and humidity, cirro-stratus clouds in morning for two or
three days in advance of storm, and light south wind.

Winter storms are generally from the northwest, with falling barometer
for twenty-four hours in advance.


=Long Branch, N. J.=

For northeast storm, falling barometer, rising temperature,
cirro-cumulus or cirro-stratus clouds, moving from west or southwest
with lower atmosphere hazy. If wind backs to northeast from southwest,
precipitation is greater than when it veers to the same quarter. For
eastern storms same conditions, except, that upper clouds move from the
westward. For northwestern storms the fall of barometer is most rapid.


=Lynchburg, Va.=

Long-continued rain storms are preceded from six to twelve hours by
rising barometer, cirrus clouds moving from the southwest, with surface
wind for the northeast.

Hazy and smoky atmosphere indicates rain. Before rain, especially when
wind is in the south, the leaves of the maple, aspen, poplar, and willow
trees curl up so as to show their under side. When cumulus clouds drift
over low enough to cast perceptible shadows, rain generally follows
within forty-eight hours.


=Marquette, Mich.=

Falling barometer for twenty-four or forty-eight hours, rising
temperature, southerly wind, with cirro-stratus clouds moving from a
westerly or southwesterly direction.


=Memphis, Tenn.=

Northwest storms are preceded by slow fall of barometer at first,
followed by a more rapid fall as storm approaches; fresh southwest
winds, backing to southeast, rising temperature and humidity, with slow
formation of stratus clouds.

Greatest rainfall occurs with southeasterly winds.

Southwest and west storms are preceded by winds from the northeast and
east, with same instrumental indications as for northwest storms.


=Mobile, Ala.=

Barometer falls slowly ten or twelve hours, and more rapidly two or
three hours before storm; stratus clouds with southeast wind.


=Morgantown, W. Va.=

Falling barometer, rising temperature and humidity, with southwest or
west winds, and cirrus clouds moving from the westward.

In winter a storm usually follows a falling barometer, with south wind.
If barometer falls one-tenth of an inch between 7 a. m. and 12 m., bad
weather follows within thirty hours. In winter, high temperatures are
generally followed by bad weather, especially if accompanied by winds
varying from northwest to northeast.

Increase of humidity between 12 m. and 3 p. m. is usually followed by
rain before night on same day.

Backing of wind to southward, with falling barometer, nearly always
followed by bad weather.

All wavy forms of cirro-stratus are sure signs of an approaching storm.
In summer, when cirrus moves from northwest or north, a storm follows
within thirty-eight hours.


=Mount Washington, N. H.=

Falling barometer, falling temperature, and cirro-stratus clouds moving
from a northerly direction. When in small quantities these clouds
indicate wind, and when in large quantities rain.


=Nashville, Tenn.=

Barometer falling slowly from twelve to forty-eight hours, increasing
temperature and humidity, cirro-stratus clouds moving from southwest,
with easterly surface wind from one to three days in advance of storm.

Crimson sky in morning is generally followed by rain within twelve
hours.


=New Haven, Conn. (Furnished by Prof. E. Loomis.)=

Great storms are frequently preceded by an unusually pleasant day, so
that a very transparent atmosphere may, perhaps, be regarded as an
indication that a storm may be looked for within twenty-four hours.

One of the first indications that we are on the edge of a great storm
consists in a slight turbidness of the atmosphere which would scarcely
attract the attention of an ordinary observer, but which is sufficient
to cause solar halos during the day and lunar halos during the night, if
there is a moon. During the colder months of the year, our great storms
are usually preceded by a rise of the barometer above the mean and a
veering of the wind to the northeast. If the barometer rises
considerably above the mean, and is accompanied by a fresh wind from the
northeast, a storm is pretty sure to follow within twelve hours.

A considerable fall of snow is very frequently preceded for several
hours by the same signs (high barometer and northeast wind), together
with a feeling of extreme chilliness, much greater than is usually
experienced with the existing state of the thermometer.

During the warmer months a strong breeze from the south, accompanied by
towering cumulus clouds, is pretty sure to be followed by rain within a
few hours, generally a thunder-storm. The phenomenon which is most
decidedly local in New Haven is the direction of the prevalent wind,
together with the diurnal change in the wind’s direction. During the six
colder months of the year the prevalent wind is from the
north-northwest, and the diurnal change in the wind’s direction is
slight. During the six summer months the wind in the morning usually
blows from the north or northwest, but by noon, and sometimes by 10 a.
m., it veers to the south or southwest, and continues thus for the
remainder of the day. This peculiarity is supposed to be due to the
difference of temperature between the land and the neighboring water,
and it modifies, very sensibly, the direction of the New Haven wind in
the neighborhood of the storm centre. During the passage of a great
storm the wind at New Haven is much more northerly than is experienced
at interior stations similarly situated with reference to a storm
centre.


=New London, Conn.=

Falling barometer, rising temperature, cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds
moving from the westward, light scud over the sea horizon moving with
the surface wind, which is usually from the southwest. Humidity
increases, and tides are of unusual height.


=New Orleans, La.=

Rapid movement of upper clouds, with little or no wind at surface.
Falling barometer for several days in advance of storm, with rising
temperature. Southerly winds precede rain, with cirro-stratus clouds
moving from the westward.


=New York, N. Y.=

Rain storms, preceded by falling barometer, rising temperature,
increasing humidity, cirrus clouds in upper with stratus in lower
atmosphere, spreading gradually over the whole sky from the eastward.

Wind storms from an easterly direction, preceded by rapidly falling
barometer, with frequent oscillations, rising temperature, increasing
humidity moving rapidly at a great height.

Westerly storms, by rapidly rising barometer, free from oscillations,
falling temperature, increasing humidity, changeable winds, with cirrus
clouds in upper and stratus in lower atmosphere.


=Norfolk, Va.=

High and rapidly falling barometer, rising temperature, low humidity,
unusually clear atmosphere, with southeast and east winds.


=North Platte, Nebr.=

Low followed by rising barometer, cumulus and cumulo-stratus clouds
moving rapidly from northwest and west.

All storms approach from the northwest without reference to direction in
which wind may blow previously.

Rain storms are preceded by north or northeast wind.


=Omaha, Nebr.=

Falling barometer, rising temperature, high and increasing humidity, and
easterly winds.


=Oswego, N. Y.=

Wind storms are preceded by rapid fall of barometer, with wind veering
from southeast to southwest, west, and northwest.

Rain storms, by oscillating barometer, with downward tendency, hazy
atmosphere, gradually changing to cirro-stratus or cirro-cumulus clouds
moving from the westward.

Northeast storms, by high barometer and low temperature.

Local storms, by sudden fall of barometer, rising temperature, low
humidity, cumulo-stratus clouds in west or southwest.


=Pembina, Dak.=

Falling barometer, rising temperature, with wind from south, southeast,
or southwest.


=Philadelphia, Pa.=

Falling barometer, rising temperature, easterly wind, haziness in upper
atmosphere, followed by cirro-stratus clouds moving from the northwest.


=Peck’s Beach, N. J.=

Rising barometer for two or three days, followed by sudden fall with
heavy ocean-swell from the eastward, six or eight hours in advance of
storm.


=Pittsburgh, Pa.=

Falling barometer fifteen to thirty hours in advance, rising
temperature, variable easterly to southerly wind, with cirro-stratus
clouds moving from southwest or west. A dense fog or haze indicates rain
within twenty-four hours.


=Port Huron, Mich.=

Thick heavy haze or clouds in northwest, with southeast wind, indicates
rain. Low and falling barometer, with wind from the west-northwest or
east-northeast, indicates wind.


=Portland, Me.=

Rain storms are preceded by falling barometer, falling temperature, and
southwest wind.

Wind storms by falling barometer, northwest wind veering to southeast,
cirro-stratus and cumulo-stratus clouds moving from the southeast.
Southeast storms are often preceded by hazy atmosphere in southeast.


=Punta Rassa, Fla.=

Falling barometer, west or southwest wind, cirrus clouds changing to
cirro-stratus with high humidity.

If the change to cirro-stratus occurs rapidly, rain will probably follow
within twenty-four hours.

Halos seen on successive nights indicate rain within twenty-four hours.
Birds fly about wildly a few hours before a storm occurs, and men-of-war
hawks, usually high fliers in clear weather, fly low in contracted
circles. Cyclones and tornadoes, are preceded by hazy, slaty, and
ominous appearance of sky, atmosphere sultry, wind variable, and
generally from east or southeast, clouds bank up in the east, stratus
clouds float unusually low and move swiftly, detached inky-looking scuds
still lower and swifter.


=Rochester, N. Y.=

Falling barometer, rising temperature, east or southeast wind, low
humidity, and clouds moving from the southwest. A northeast wind backing
to northwest or west, or veering to southwest in winter, indicates rain
or snow.


=Sandy Hook, N. J.=

Low and falling barometer, high and rising temperature, hazy atmosphere,
with cumulo-stratus clouds moving from the west and southwest, and
roaring sea.


=San Diego, Cal.=

Wind storms are of rare occurrence, and are preceded by warm east wind,
with upper clouds moving from the west; oscillating barometer, with
downward tendency, several days in advance of disturbance.


=San Francisco, Cal.=

Rain storms are preceded by falling barometer, low but rising
temperature, and west wind. During the rainy season if wind veers to
southeast rain follows.


=Santa Fé, N. Mex.=

Slight fall of barometer and rise of temperature, with cirrus clouds in
their various formations, moving from the southwest.


=Savannah, Ga.=

Barometer above mean and rising slowly for twenty-four hours, remaining
nearly stationary for six or eight hours, and then falling slowly,
temperature opposite to movement of barometer, cirrus clouds forming
near zenith, and moving to northeast.


=Shreveport, La.=

High and falling barometer, low humidity, and cirrus clouds calm or
moving from the west.


=Saint Louis, Mo.=

Winter storms are preceded by falling barometer, southeast wind,
cirro-stratus clouds and haze if temperature is high, and by stratus
clouds if it is low. Summer storms, by stationary barometer, temperature
above the mean, with cumulus and cirro-stratus clouds, the former in
large masses.


=Saint Mark’s, Fla.=

Barometer rises twenty-four hours before storm, with hazy atmosphere and
south wind, the barometer beginning about six hours before storm to fall
rapidly with rising temperature, and formation of cumulo-stratus clouds.

The tide rises rapidly.


=Saint Paul, Minn.=

Falling barometer, rising temperature, low humidity, southeast wind,
with cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds.


=Squan Beach, N. J.=

Falling barometer, rising temperature, and dense haze; cirro-stratus
clouds indicate wind and rain.


=Toledo, Ohio.=

Barometer falling rapidly, rising temperature, low humidity, easterly
winds, cirrus clouds in western horizon moving eastward, followed by
stratus until sky is obscured.


=Tybee Island, Ga.=

Northeast storms are preceded by rising barometer, falling temperature,
low humidity, light cirrus clouds in bands from northwest to southeast,
and moving from north or west, with light to fresh surface wind from the
south, and heavy sea swell from the northeast.

Southern storms by falling barometer, rising temperature, high humidity,
heavy masses of cumulo-stratus clouds, moving from the southwest, smoky
sky, heavy rolling surf, and gentle, variable, and shifting north to
east winds.

When the wind backs from northeast to west a gale generally follows.


=Vicksburg, Miss.=

Slowly falling barometer, high and rising temperature, sky of dull,
whitish appearance, resembling haze near horizon; cirrus clouds followed
by dense masses of cumulus; wind in light puffs from an easterly
direction.


=Virginia City, Mont.=

Winter storms are preceded by low barometer, falling temperature winds
shifting suddenly from some westerly quarter to an easterly one.

Summer storms by falling barometer and temperature, with westerly winds
and dense stratus clouds.


=Wilmington, N. C.=

Southeast storms are preceded by rapidly falling barometer, rising
temperature, increasing cloudiness and humidity, wind backing to an
easterly direction from the southwest or west, and cirro-stratus clouds
moving from the west or northwest.

Northeast storms by high and rising barometer, falling temperature,
increasing haziness, cirro-stratus clouds moving from the southwest,
with light winds veering to the northward and variable.

Southwest storms by falling barometer, high temperature, and fair
weather. Thunder-storms by low or falling barometer, unusually high
temperature, cumulus clouds in western horizon, wind shifting suddenly
from south or southwest to the northward.


                           GENERAL PHENOMENA.

1. Sky becoming overcast with cirro-stratus clouds moving from the
southwest, west, or northwest.

2. Increasing haziness, especially in the upper atmosphere after a spell
of fair weather.

3. Halos and corona.

4. Variable light wind veering and backing frequently, with a tendency
to an easterly direction.

5. Sun setting red among threatening clouds or giving the horizon a
greenish tinge.

6. Heavy dews in summer.

7. Driving scud, with increasing humidity.


=Wood’s Holl, Mass.=

Easterly storms are preceded by rapidly rising barometer and
temperature, cirrus clouds in early morning moving slowly from the
northwest twelve or fourteen hours before approach of storm, and
unusually high tides.

Southerly storms by rapidly falling barometer, rising temperature,
clouds moving rapidly from the southwest, heavy ocean-swell, and tides
running stronger, but not as high as before easterly storms.

Westerly storms by falling barometer, clouds moving in all directions,
ocean greatly agitated, with low tides.

Sea birds come into harbor six or eight hours before storm arrives, and
remain until it is over.


=Wytheville, Va.=

Slowly falling barometer, rising temperature, east to southeast winds
veering to west.

In winter snow storms are preceded by northeast winds, rising
temperature, and slow fall of barometer.

Well-defined cirro-cumulus moving from any direction indicate rain.


=Yankton, Dak.=

Wind storms are preceded by falling barometer, sudden rise of
temperature, clouds moving rapidly from the northwest, with southeast
surface wind.

If a calm, with high temperature, occurs after a brisk northerly wind
for twenty-four or forty-eight hours, a northwest gale may be expected.

Rain storms are preceded by barometric fluctuations, a hazy,
ragged-edged, dark cloud, and wind from east to northeast.


  The following tables contain the information heretofore published in
  pamphlet form under the title of “Rain and Dry Winds,” computed for
  geographical districts.

  Table I. Shows the quadrant from which the winds are most likely to be
  followed by rain or snow.

  Table II. Shows the quadrant from which the winds are least likely to
  be followed by rain or snow.

  These tables are computed from all the observations made by this
  bureau since its establishment to January 1, 1882.

  The districts herein referred to are those adopted by this office as
  shown by the “District Map.” For convenience of reference they are
  herein described at the foot of each table.


    TABLE NO. I.—_Winds most likely to be followed by rain or snow._

                        1871 to 1881, INCLUSIVE.

 ─────────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────
 Geographical │ January. │February. │  March.  │  April.  │   May.   │  June.
   district.  │          │          │          │          │          │
 ─────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────
 Eastern Gulf │  S to E  │  S to E  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Key West and │ SE to NE │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │ SE to NE │ SE to NE
   Punta Rassa│          │          │          │          │          │
 Lower Lake   │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  W to S  │  W to S
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Lower        │ SW to SE │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE
   Mississippi│          │          │          │          │          │
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │ SE to NE │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE
   Atlantic   │          │          │          │          │          │
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │ NE to NW │  E to N  │  E to N  │  E to N  │ SE to NE │  S to E
   Eastern    │          │          │          │          │          │
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE
   Pacific    │          │          │          │          │          │
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ NW to SW │ NE to NW
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Missouri     │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │  S to E  │ SE to NE │  S to E  │  S to E
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 New England  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  S to E  │  S to E  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Northern     │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ SE to NE
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 North Pacific│ SW to SE │  W to S  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  W to S  │  W to S
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Northern     │  W to S  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ NW to SW │  W to S  │ NW to SW
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Ohio Valley  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE
 Rio Grande   │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │  S to E
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 South        │  E to N  │ SE to NE │  W to S  │ SW to SE │ SE to NE │ SW to SE
   Atlantic   │          │          │          │          │          │
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Southeastern │  E to N  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 South Pacific│  S to E  │  W to S  │  W to S  │  W to S  │  W to S  │ SW to SE
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Southern     │  W to S  │  W to S  │ SW to SE │  W to S  │ SW to SE │  S to E
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Tennessee    │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  W to S
 Upper Lake   │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │  S to E  │ SW to SE
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Upper        │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │ SW to SE
   Mississippi│          │          │          │          │          │
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Western Gulf │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 ═════════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════
 Geographical │  July.   │ August.  │September.│ October. │November. │December.
   district.  │          │          │          │          │          │
 ─────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────
 Eastern Gulf │ SW to SE │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Key West and │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │ SE to NE
   Punta Rassa│          │          │          │          │          │
 Lower Lake   │  W to S  │  W to S  │  W to S  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Lower        │ NW to SW │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  S to E  │ SE to NE
   Mississippi│          │          │          │          │          │
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  S to E  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE
   Atlantic   │          │          │          │          │          │
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │ SE to NE │ NE to NW │  E to N
   Eastern    │          │          │          │          │          │
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │ SW to SE │  W to S  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE
   Pacific    │          │          │          │          │          │
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │  N to W  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  W to S  │ SW to SE
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Missouri     │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │ NE to NW │ NE to NW
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 New England  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ NE to NW
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Northern     │  S to E  │ SE to NE │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │  N to W  │ NE to NW
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 North Pacific│  W to S  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  W to S  │ SW to SE │  S to E
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Northern     │  W to S  │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │  W to S  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Ohio Valley  │  W to S  │  W to S  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE
 Rio Grande   │  S to E  │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │  E to N  │ SE to NE
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 South        │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SE to NE │ SE to NE │  E to N  │ SW to SE
   Atlantic   │          │          │          │          │          │
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Southeastern │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  E to N  │  E to N
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 South Pacific│  W to S  │ NW to SW │  N to W  │  W to S  │  W to S  │  S to E
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Southern     │ SW to SE │  S to E  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  S to E  │  W to S
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Tennessee    │  W to S  │  W to S  │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  W to S
 Upper Lake   │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  W to S  │  W to S
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Upper        │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │  S to E  │  S to E
   Mississippi│          │          │          │          │          │
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Western Gulf │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E  │  S to E
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 ─────────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────


                                 NOTES.

_Eastern Gulf States._—Eastern Mississippi, Alabama, and Northwestern
Florida.

_Lower Lake Region._—Lake Erie and Ontario, with adjacent territory.

_Lower Mississippi Valley._—A belt of country, 200 miles broad, from
Cairo to Vicksburg. Below Vicksburg the character of the country so
changes that it is no longer described as a valley.

_Middle Atlantic States._—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, District of Columbia, and Virginia as the Middle States, and
that part of those States lying east of the Alleghanies as the Middle
Atlantic States.

_Middle Eastern Rocky Mountain Slope._—Eastern Colorado, Southern
Nebraska, Kansas, northwestern portion of Indian Territory, portion of
Northern Texas, also a portion of Northeastern New Mexico.

_Middle Pacific Coast Region._—Those portions of California west of the
Sierra Nevadas and north of the 37th parallel of latitude.

_Middle Plateau District._—Western Colorado, Utah, Nevada, southwestern
corner of Wyoming, and the portions of California lying east of the
Sierra Nevadas.

_Missouri Valley._—A belt of country 200 miles broad, from Fort Sully,
Dak., to Jefferson City, Mo.

_New England States._—Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

_Northern Rocky Mountain Slope._—Those portions of Montana and Wyoming
lying east of the Rocky Mountains, Southwestern Dakota, and Northwestern
Nebraska.

_North Pacific Region._—Those portions of Oregon and Washington
Territory lying west of the Cascade range.

_Northern Plateau District._—Portion of Western Wyoming, Western
Montana, Idaho, and the portions of Oregon and Washington Territory
lying east of the Cascade range.

_Ohio Valley._—The belt of country, about 200 miles broad, from
Pittsburgh, Pa., to Cairo, Ill.

_Rio Grande Valley._—Southwestern Texas below the junction of the Rio
Pecos with the Rio Grande.

_South Atlantic States._—North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and
Northern and Eastern Florida.

_Southeastern Rocky Mountain Slope._—Southeastern New Mexico, Central
and Western Texas.

_South Pacific Coast Region._—Those portions of California west of the
Sierra Nevadas and south of the 37th parallel of latitude.

_Southern Plateau District._—Western New Mexico, Arizona, and
Southeastern California.

_Upper Lake Region._—Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan, with adjacent
country.

_Upper Mississippi Valley._—The belt of country, about 200 miles broad,
from Saint Paul to Cairo. 0 _Western Gulf States._—Western Louisiana,
Western Arkansas, Eastern Texas, Southern Missouri, and southeastern
portion of Indian Territory.


   TABLE NO. II.—_Winds least likely to be followed by rain or snow._

                        1871 to 1881, INCLUSIVE.

 ─────────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────
 Geographical │ January. │February. │  March.  │  April.  │   May.   │  June.
   district.  │          │          │          │          │          │
 ─────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────
 Eastern Gulf │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │ NE to NW
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Key West and │ NW to SW │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W
   Punta Rassa│          │          │          │          │          │
 Lower Lake   │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │  N to W  │  E to N  │  E to N
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Lower        │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │ NE to NW │  E to N
   Mississippi│          │          │          │          │          │
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │ NE to NW
   Atlantic   │          │          │          │          │          │
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW
   Eastern    │          │          │          │          │          │
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │  E to N  │  E to N  │ NE to NW │  E to N  │  E to N  │ NE to NW
   Pacific    │          │          │          │          │          │
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │  E to N  │  N to W  │  E to N  │  E to N  │  E to N  │  W to S
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Missouri     │  W to S  │  W to S  │  W to S  │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 New England  │ SE to NE │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Northern     │  S to E  │  W to S  │  W to S  │  W to S  │  W to S  │ NW to SW
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 North Pacific│ NE to NW │ NE to NW │  E to N  │  E to N  │ SE to NE │ SE to NE
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Northern     │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │  E to N  │ NE to NW │  E to N  │  E to N
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Ohio Valley  │  N to W  │ NE to NW │  N to W  │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │  E to N
 Rio Grande   │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 South        │ NW to SW │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │ NE to NW
   Atlantic   │          │          │          │          │          │
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Southeastern │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │  N to W  │  N to W
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 South Pacific│ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │  E to N  │  E to N  │  E to N
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Southern     │ NE to NW │  E to N  │  E to N  │  E to N  │ NE to NW │  N to W
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Tennessee    │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │ NE to NW
 Upper Lake   │  E to N  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Upper        │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │  N to W  │  N to W  │ NE to NW
   Mississippi│          │          │          │          │          │
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Western Gulf │ NW to SW │  N to W  │ NW to SW │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 ═════════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════
 Geographical │  July.   │ August.  │September.│ October. │November. │December.
   district.  │          │          │          │          │          │
 ─────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────
 Eastern Gulf │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Key West and │ NE to NW │  N to W  │  N to W  │ NW to SW │  N to W  │  N to W
   Punta Rassa│          │          │          │          │          │
 Lower Lake   │  E to N  │  E to N  │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ NE to NW
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Lower        │  E to N  │  E to N  │ NW to SW │  N to W  │ NW to SW │  N to W
   Mississippi│          │          │          │          │          │
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │  E to N  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W
   Atlantic   │          │          │          │          │          │
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │ NW to SW │  W to S  │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │  W to S
   Eastern    │          │          │          │          │          │
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │ NE to NW │  E to N  │  E to N  │ NE to NW │ SE to NE │  E to N
   Pacific    │          │          │          │          │          │
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Middle       │ SE to NE │  E to N  │  E to N  │  E to N  │  E to N  │  E to N
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Missouri     │ NW to SW │  N to W  │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │  W to S  │  W to S
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 New England  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │ NW to SW
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Northern     │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ SW to SE │ SW to SE │ SE to NE │  W to S
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 North Pacific│ SE to NE │ SE to NE │  E to N  │  E to N  │  E to N  │ NE to NW
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Northern     │ SE to NE │  S to E  │  S to E  │  E to N  │  E to N  │ NE to NW
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Ohio Valley  │  E to N  │  E to N  │  N to W  │  E to N  │  N to W  │  N to W
 Rio Grande   │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │  W to S  │  W to S
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 South        │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │  N to W
   Atlantic   │          │          │          │          │          │
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Southeastern │  N to W  │  N to W  │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW
   Rocky      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Mountain   │          │          │          │          │          │
   Slope      │          │          │          │          │          │
 South Pacific│  E to N  │  S to E  │  S to E  │ SE to NE │ NE to NW │ NE to NW
   Coast      │          │          │          │          │          │
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Southern     │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │ NE to NW │  E to N
   Plateau    │          │          │          │          │          │
   District   │          │          │          │          │          │
 Tennessee    │ NE to NW │  E to N  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W
 Upper Lake   │  N to W  │  N to W  │  N to W  │  E to N  │  E to N  │  E to N
   Region     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Upper        │  N to W  │ NE to NW │  E to N  │  N to W  │ NW to SW │ NW to SW
   Mississippi│          │          │          │          │          │
   Valley     │          │          │          │          │          │
 Western Gulf │ NE to NW │  N to W  │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW │ NW to SW
   States     │          │          │          │          │          │
 ─────────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────


                                 NOTES.

_Eastern Gulf States._—Eastern Mississippi, Alabama, and Northwestern
Florida.

_Lower Lake Region._—Lakes Erie and Ontario with adjacent territory.

_Lower Mississippi Valley._—A belt of country 200 miles broad, from
Cairo to Vicksburg. Below Vicksburg the character of the country so
changes that it is no longer described as a valley.

_Middle Atlantic States._—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, District of Columbia, and Virginia as the Middle States, and
that part of those States lying east of the Alleghanies as the Middle
Atlantic States.

_Middle Eastern Rocky Mountain Slope._—Eastern Colorado, Southern
Nebraska, Kansas, northwestern portion of Indian Territory, portion of
northern Texas, also a portion of Northeastern New Mexico.

_Middle Pacific Coast Region._—Those portions of California west of the
Sierra Nevadas and north of the 37th parallel of latitude.

_Middle Plateau District._—Western Colorado, Utah, Nevada, southwestern
corner of Wyoming, and the portions of California lying east of the
Sierra Nevadas.

_Missouri Valley._—A belt of country 200 miles broad, from Fort Sully,
Dak., to Jefferson City, Mo.

_New England States._—Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

_Northern Rocky Mountain Slope._—Those portions of Montana and Wyoming
lying east of the Rocky Mountains, Southwestern Dakota, and Northwestern
Nebraska.

_North Pacific Region._—Those portions of Oregon and Washington
Territory lying west of the Cascade range.

_Northern Plateau District._—Portion of Western Wyoming, Western
Montana, Idaho, and the portions of Oregon and Washington Territory
lying east of the Cascade range.

_Ohio Valley._—The belt of country, about 200 miles broad, from
Pittsburg, Pa., to Cairo, Ill.

_Rio Grande Valley._—Southwestern Texas below the junction of the Rio
Pecos with the Rio Grande.

_South Atlantic States._—North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and
Northern and Eastern Florida.

_Southeastern Rocky Mountain Slope._—Southeastern New Mexico, Central
and Western Texas.

_South Pacific Coast Region._—Those portions of California west of the
Sierra Nevadas and south of the 37th parallel of latitude.

_Southern Plateau District._—Western New Mexico, Arizona, and
Southeastern California.

_Upper Lake Region._—Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan with adjacent
country.

_Upper Mississippi Valley._—The belt of country, about 200 miles broad,
from Saint Paul to Cairo.

_Western Gulf States._—Western Louisiana, Western Arkansas, Eastern
Texas, Southern Missouri, and southeastern portion of Indian Territory.


                         LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

  Adams, John, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Alden, T. E., Rising Sun, Ohio County, Indiana.

  Ambler, Private T. M., Fort Washakie.

  Adams, Kate A., Portland, Pa.

  Anderson, J. C., Eagle Rock, Oneida County, Idaho Territory.

  Ayers, John, Santa Fé, Santa Fé County, New Mexico.

  Alderson, A. K., Signal Corps, London Bridge, Va.

  Baker, Dr. H. B., Lansing, Ingham County, Michigan.

  Beaser, D., treasurer Excelsior Silver Mining Company, Ontonagon,
    Mich.

  Burrus, Z. G., Hatteras, Dare County, North Carolina.

  Buell, M. G. L., West Las Animas, Bent County, Colorado.

  Burlew, J. M., Pomeroy, W. T.

  Blundon, B. A., Sandy Hook, Monmouth County, New Jersey.

  Barnes, F. D., Erie, Erie County, Pennsylvania.

  Bartley, R., Elizabeth, Harrison County, Indiana.

  Brown, Miss E. B., Merrill School, Memphis, Tenn.

  Boddie, Mora, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Berry, Mary, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Brown, Ella, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Brown, Martha, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Beaver, Daniel, Ontonagon, Ontonagon County, Michigan.

  Blake, Dr. James, San Francisco and Calistoga, Napa County,
    California.

  Bartley, Reuben, Elizabeth, Harrison County, Indiana.

  Beebe, Levi, South Lea, Mass.

  Browne, A. W., Leavenworth, Leavenworth County, Kansas.

  Bessant, Sergt. H., Moorhead, Minn.

  Bailey, Sergt. W. O., Port Huron, Mich.

  Buell, Allen, signal service, Toledo, Ohio.

  Brown, W. J., Brooklyn, N. Y.

  Beall, S. W., Oswego, Oswego County, New York.

  Barco, I. M., Bronson, Levy County, Florida.

  Brady, Private E. F., North Platte, Nebr.

  Belanga, Abel, Sand Bridge, Princess Anne County, Virginia.

  Barco, B. T., Sand Bridge, Princess Anne County, Virginia.

  Boles, Thomas, Fort Smith, Sebastian, Ark.

  Carter, D. D., manager Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation Company,
    Detroit, Mich.

  Craig, Isaac, Allegheny, Pa.

  Cannon, F. J., signal office, Bangor, Me.

  Craig, Sergt. John, Salt Lake City, Utah.

  Cooper, G., Williamsport, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.

  Crawford, R. M., Hatteras, Dare County, North Carolina.

  Cutting, H. A., Lunenburg, Essex County, Vermont.

  Curtiss, G. G., Fallston, Hartford County, Maryland.

  Cuthbertson, Sergt. D., signal office, Columbus, Ohio.

  Chambers, W. F., Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio.

  Chaffee, F. P., Fort Macon, Carteret County, North Carolina.

  Cole, Sergt. O. B., Boston, Mass.

  Corbin, C. C., Duck Creek, Onslow County, North Carolina.

  Coburn, Private F. S., Portsmouth, N. C.

  Conway, Miss., Ladies’ Seminary, Memphis, Tenn.

  Crockett, Mrs. E. J., High School, Memphis, Tenn.

  Cochran, E., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Chism, Maggie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Cooper, Delilah, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Clayton, A. Georgia, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Cassells, Clinton A., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Christian, Susey, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Cramer, Cyrus, Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota Territory.

  Carroll, E. C., superintendent Mississippi and Yazoo River Packet
    Company, Vicksburg, Miss.

  Couch, E. J., Dana, Green County, Iowa.

  Cushing, G. H., Zuni, Pueblo Indians, New Mexico.

  Chassell, John, Houghton, Houghton County, Michigan.

  Conger, Sergt. B., Duluth, Saint Louis County, Minnesota.

  Chapman, A., Fort Lapwai, Idaho.

  Daly, Private John, Umatilla, Umatilla County, Oregon.

  Day, F. R., Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County, Michigan.

  Davis, Annie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Dodds, Emma, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Davis, Sergt.-maj. R. L., Twenty-fourth Infantry, Fort Supply, Ind. T.

  Delano, Private W. S., Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona.

  Dunne, L., New Orleans, Orleans County, Louisiana.

  Dobbins, Sergt. A. C., San Diego, Cal.

  Davis, William, Norfolk, Norfolk County, Virginia.

  De Lano, ——, Oxford, Oakland County, Michigan.

  Eichelberger, W. W., Signal Corps, Portland, Me.

  Eiker, J. B., Block Island, Rhode Island.

  Emery, Sergt. S. C., La Crosse, La Crosse County, Wisconsin.

  Evans, Sergt. W. J., Punta Rassa, Monroe County, Florida.

  Ellis, Ida, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Ellis, Gertrude, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Ewing, Bertie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Ellis, C. H., Wessington, Dak.

  Ennelt, Lieut. W. H., navy-yard, Washington, D. C.

  Finegan, Thomas J., Bangor, Me.

  Ford, Sergt. H. W., Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia.

  Flannery, D. L., Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee.

  Forrest, Mary, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Fisher, Annie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Fleming, J. H., Winslow, Apache County, Arizona.

  Foster, H. S., first lieutenant Twentieth Infantry, Fort Dodge,
    Kansas.

  Fletcher, Lieut. R. H., San Diego, Barracks, Cal.

  Grant, E. A., Louisville, Jefferson County, Kentucky.

  Garst, Lieut. C. E., Fifteenth Infantry, Fort Lyon, Bent County,
    Colorado.

  Guthrie, O., 3347 Michigan avenue, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois.

  Glenn, Sergt. S. W., Signal Corps, Huron, Dak.

  Gosewich, Sergt. F. Z., Signal Corps, Keokuk, Iowa.

  Grover, Pvt. John, Winnemucca, Humboldt County, Nevada.

  Gray, F. R., Yates Centre, Woodson County, Kansas.

  Green, Lulia, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Granberry, Lizzie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Green, Johnnie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Givens, Johnie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Gibbs, L. R., Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina.

  Gorom, Nelson, San Francisco, San Francisco County, California.

  Goulding, Sergt. B. L., Chattanooga, Tenn.

  Gates, W. B., Burlington, Chittenden County, Vermont.

  Hawn, F., Leavenworth, Leavenworth County, Kansas.

  Hicks, E. D., Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee.

  Hunter, O., Chicago, Ill.

  Hough, Sergt. B. F., Williamsport, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.

  Hill, George A., Barnegat, Ocean County, New Jersey.

  Henderson, C. C., Shreveport, La.

  Healy, John, Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia.

  Hicks, James, Wrightsville, Johnson County, Georgia.

  Hawkins, Mattie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Haughton, Fannie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Houch, Maggie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Hemstead, Henrietta, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Hume, Lillie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Harris, Minnie R., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Harris, Mamie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Hare, Eddie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Hunter, Samuel, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Horks, J. A., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Harvey, Charles, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Hayes, Fillis, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Herron, Maggie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Hunt, G. M., N. Argyle, N. Y.

  Hearne, Sergt. M. L., Portland, Oreg.

  Hagan, Thomas R., Portsmouth, R. I.

  Henderson, C. C., Shreveport, La.

  Humphreys, E. J., Leavenworth, Kans.

  Imlay, Edwin C., Uvalde, Uvalde County, Texas.

  Jungerman, E., Fort Supply, Ind. T.

  Jaques, John, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah.

  Jessing, Rev. I., Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio.

  James, John W., Marengo, McHenry County, Illinois.

  Johnson, Minnie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Johnson, Anna, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Jennings, N. B., Springfield, Sangamon County, Illinois.

  Jones, Annie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Jackson, Bell, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Jackson, William, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Jackson, Francis, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Jesunofsky, Sergt. L. N., Nashville, Tenn.

  Jorgenson, James, Dennis, Barnstable County, Massachusetts.

  Jones, Sergt. H., Santa Fé, Santa Fé County, New Mexico.

  Judson, W. P., U. S. Engineer’s office, Oswego, N. Y.

  Jurney, N. M., D. D., Beaufort, Carteret County, North Carolina.

  Kent, James C., Phillipsburg, N. J.

  Keimanns, Lizzie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Kitchell, Sergt. Charles N., Pioche, Nev.

  Ludwig, Dr. M., 272 Ledgwick, Chicago, Ill.

  Lynch, Sergt. John B., New London, New London County, Connecticut.

  Lyon, Lilu, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Lee, Ida, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Laverty, Chaplain J. C., Fort Supply, Ind. T.

  Line, William, Milwaukee, Wis.

  Liebermann, Sergt. G., Rockport, Essex County, Massachusetts.

  Lockwood, R. T., Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona.

  Lyons, P. F., signal station, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, Minnesota.

  Lindsay, R. H., Shreveport, Caddo Parish, Louisiana.

  Llewelyn, William H. H., South Fork, Lincoln County, New Mexico.

  Lewis, J. J. H., Cape Mendocino, Humboldt County, California.

  Langenberg, H., Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa.

  McMillan, Thomas, Pensacola, Escambia County, Florida.

  Mell, P. H., jr., Auburn, Lee County, Alabama.

  Mussey, General R. D., 508 Fifth street, Washington, D. C.

  Marbury, J. B., Springfield, Greene County, Missouri.

  Morton, G., U. S. Navy, Essex, Chittenden County, Vermont.

  Merrill, J. B., Signal Corps, New York City.

  Morris, Rev. John, Morristown, Dak.

  Muk, W. E., civil engineer, Table Rock, El Paso, Colo.

  McGovern, Sergt. E., Signal Corps, Cheyenne, Wyo.

  Meekins, E. N., Shreveport, Caddo Parish, Louisiana.

  McLaughlin, Corp. J. B., Montgomery, Ala.

  Maxwell, C. W., Fernandina, Nassau County, Florida.

  Mueller, Dr. Rudolph, New Riegal, Seneca County, Ohio.

  Murray, Boatswain P., U. S. Navy, Erie, Erie County, Pennsylvania.

  Melbourne, L. M., Fort Smith, Sebastian County, Arkansas.

  Masher, M. O., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Moyers, Fannie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Mugan, M. D., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Maven, Martha A., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Mennel, Dr. John, Laguna, Valencia County, New Mexico.

  Morrison, Lieut. J. F., Fort Wallace, Kans.

  McCarthy, Morris, Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas.

  Murray, J. W., Bartlett, Shelby County, Tennessee.

  Martin, Robert R., Davenport, Scott County, Iowa.

  Mitchell, Sergt. J., Signal Corps, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois.

  Morgan, Pvt. Thomas, Deer Lodge, Mont.

  McGillivry, Sergt. William, Newport, R. I.

  McGann, Sergt. E. W., Rochester, N. Y.

  Mikesell, Thomas, Wauseon, Fulton County, Ohio.

  Nipher, F. E., Saint Louis, Saint Louis County, Missouri.

  Newlin, Sergt. James B., Cleveland, Ohio.

  Noll, Arthur B., Somerville, Somerset County, New Jersey.

  Naury, J. J., Roseburg, Douglas County, Oregon.

  Neal, F. M., Denver, Arapahoe County, Colorado.

  Norton, Lizzie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Narse, Charles, Littleton, Grafton County, New Hampshire.

  Outram, Pvt. T. S., Springfield.

  Penrod, G. H., Tuckerton, Burlington County, New Jersey.

  Post-office Missoula, Missoula County, Montana Territory.

  Pratz, F. C., Ocean City, Worcester County, Maryland.

  Phillips, G. W., West Las Animas, Bent County, Colorado.

  Parker, Sergt. O., Smithville, Brunswick County, North Carolina.

  Pindell, L. M., Palestine, Anderson County, Texas.

  Price, Carrie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Pollak, Alexander, signal office, Omaha, Nebr.

  Paxton, Pvt. R. H., Key West, Fla.

  Pope, L. W., Hyde Park, Lamoille County, Vermont.

  Pfaff, Charles J., Grand Haven, Ottawa County, Michigan.

  Quinlin, Maggie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Rogers, J. S., lieutenant Twentieth Infantry, Fort Reno, Ind. T.

  Runge, C., New Ulm, Austin County, Texas.

  Robinson, Thomas, Portsmouth, Carteret County, North Carolina.

  Reed, Sergt. J. A., Indianola, Calhoun County, Texas.

  Reid, J. A., Grand Haven, Ottawa County, Michigan.

  Roberts, J. B., Portsmouth, Carteret County, North Carolina.

  Ramson, R., Amboy, Ashtabula County, Ohio.

  Rosenbant, Rosa, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Reed, Sallie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Rooks, Martha D., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Richardson, A., Eagle Rock, Oneida County, Idaho.

  Read, Charles A., Signal Corps, Mobile, Ala.

  Straight, Walla Walla, Walla Walla County, Washington Territory.

  Smith, J. H., Dubuque, Dubuque County, Iowa.

  Stephens, J. H., Hillman, Montmorency County, Michigan.

  Shriver, Howard, Wytheville, Va.

  Sheldon, H. L., Middlebury, Addison County, Vermont.

  Schlichter, H., Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio.

  Shaw, C. A., Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin.

  Smith, Sergt. J. H., Signal Corps, Charleston, S. C.

  Smith, Sergt. J. W., Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida.

  Stagg, Lizzie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Statton, Mette, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Sampson, Prof. B. K., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Smith, George, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Stephenson, May, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Sanborn, Dr. J. E., Rockport, Essex County, Massachusetts.

  Sherman, J. H., New Haven, New Haven County, Connecticut.

  Smith, W. E., Cape May Point, Cape May, N. J.

  Starr, Charles A., Port Jervis, N. Y.

  Shields, J. M., Jemes, Bernalillo County, New Mexico.

  Sanders, W. A., Sanders, Fresno County, California.

  Skinner, Mrs. E. C., Orwell, Ashtabula County, Ohio.

  Schonfeld, H., Omaha, Nebr.

  Trotter, Capt. F. E., Fourteenth Infantry, Baggs, Carbon County,
    Wyoming Territory.

  Townsend, T. S., Delaware Breakwater, Del.

  Tovel, Miss A., Leath School, Memphis, Tenn.

  Thomson, A. M., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Truesdell, S. E., La Crosse, La Crosse County, Wisconsin.

  Turner, Ernest, Point Pleasant, Tensas Parish, Louisiana.

  Thomas, Pvt. W. W., Beaufort, Carteret County, North Carolina.

  Thomas, Benjamin M., Indian agent, Santa Fé, N. Mex.

  Ukkerd, Sergt. J. B., Company A, Twenty-fourth Infantry, Camp Supply,
    Ind. T.

  Wolfe, John H., Wellington, Sumner County, Kansas.

  Whiteside, J. L., Tucson, Pima County, Arizona.

  Williams, S. W., Little Rock, Ark.

  Watson, Sergt. J. M., Atlantic City, Atlantic County, New Jersey.

  Watkins, R. B., Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio.

  Walkee, G. R., Winnemucca, Humboldt County, Nevada.

  Welford, Jeannie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Waters, George, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  White, Clara, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Wells, Eddie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Wright, George, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Wright, Ella, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Winston, Irene, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Washington, Lucy, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.

  Walter, J. E., Leavenworth, Kans.

  Wagg, G. M. D., Clay Centre, Clay County, Kansas.

  White, Arthur L., Life-Saving Station No. 6, North Carolina.

  Weber, George W., Chicago, Ill., No. 287 Orchard street.

  Wilkinson, E. W., California, Hamilton County, Ohio.

  Williams, Rev. C. F., Hoffman, Maury County, Tennessee.

  Waite, Lieut. H. De H., Fort Washakie, Wyo.

  Yates, T. P., Factoryville, Tioga County, New York.

  Young, A., Troutdale, Grayson County, Virginia.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES


 Page           Changed from                      Changed to

   45 The mackerel clouds always       The mackerel clouds always
      indicate storm if the first      indicate storm if they first
      appear                           appear

   75 Fast Snow                        Last Snow

  114 crisis of their terms about the  crisis of their terms about the
      time of the conjunction and the  time of the conjunction and the
      apposition                       opposition

 ● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
 ● Used numbers for footnotes.
 ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.



*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 74916 ***