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@@ -0,0 +1,679 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Thomas Hart Benton's Remarks to the Senate +on the Expunging Resolution, by Thomas Hart Benton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Thomas Hart Benton's Remarks to the Senate on the Expunging Resolution + +Author: Thomas Hart Benton + +Posting Date: July 23, 2008 [EBook #741] +Release Date: December, 1996 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOMAS HART BENTON'S REMARKS *** + + + + +Produced by Anthony J. Adam. + + + + + + + + + + Thomas Hart Benton, + "On the Expunging Resolution." + U.S. Senate, + January 12, 1837 + + + +Mr. President: + +It is now three years since the resolve was adopted by the Senate, +which it is my present motion to expunge from the journal. At the +moment that this resolve was adopted, I gave notice of my intention to +move to expunge it; and then expressed my confident belief that the +motion would eventually prevail. That expression of confidence was not +an ebullition of vanity, or a presumptuous calculation, intended to +accelerate the event it affected to foretell. It was not a vain boast, +or an idle assumption, but was the result of a deep conviction of the +injustice done President Jackson, and a thorough reliance upon the +justice of the American people. I felt that the President had been +wronged; and my heart told me that this wrong would be redressed! The +event proves that I was not mistaken. The question of expunging this +resolution has been carried to the people, and their decision has been +had upon it. They decide in favor of the expurgation; and their +decision has been both made and manifested, and communicated to us in a +great variety of ways. A great number of States have expressly +instructed their Senators to vote for this expurgation. A very great +majority of the States have elected Senators and Representatives to +Congress, upon the express ground of favoring this expurgation. The +Bank of the United States, which took the initiative in the accusation +against the President, and furnished the material, and worked the +machinery which was used against him, and which was then so powerful on +this floor, has become more and more odious to the public mind, and +musters now but a slender phalanx of friends in the two Houses of +Congress. The late Presidential election furnishes additional evidence +of public sentiment. The candidate who was the friend of President +Jackson, the supporter of his administration, and the avowed advocate +for the expurgation, has received a large majority of the suffrages of +the whole Union, and that after an express declaration of his +sentiments on this precise point. The evidence of the public will, +exhibited in all these forms, is too manifest to be mistaken, too +explicit to require illustration, and too imperative to be disregarded. +Omitting details and specific enumeration of proofs, I refer to our own +files for the instructions to expunge--to the complexion of the two +Houses for the temper of the people--to the denationalized condition of +the Bank of the United States for the fate of the imperious +accuser--and to the issue of the Presidential election for the answer +of the Union. + +All these are pregnant proofs of the public will, and the last +pre-eminently so: because, both the question of the expurgation, and +the form of the process, were directly put in issue upon it.... + +Assuming, then, that we have ascertained the will of the people on this +great question, the inquiry presents itself, how far the expression of +that will ought to be conclusive of our action here. I hold that it +ought to be binding and obligatory upon us; and that, not only upon the +principles of representative government, which require obedience to the +known will of the people, but also in conformity to the principles upon +which the proceeding against President Jackson was conducted when the +sentence against him was adopted. Then everything was done with +especial reference to the will of the people. Their impulsion was +assumed to be the sole motive to action; and to them the ultimate +verdict was expressly referred. The whole machinery of alarm and +pressure--every engine of political and moneyed power--was put in +motion, and worked for many months, to excite the people against the +President; and to stir up meetings, memorials, petitions, travelling +committees, and distress deputations against him; and each symptom of +popular discontent was hailed as an evidence of public will, and quoted +here as proof that the people demanded the condemnation of the +President. Not only legislative assemblies, and memorials from large +assemblies, were then produced here as evidence of public opinion, but +the petitions of boys under age, the remonstrances of a few signers, +and the results of the most inconsiderable elections were +ostentatiously paraded and magnified, as the evidence of the sovereign +will of our constituents. Thus, sir, the public voice was everything, +while that voice, partially obtained through political and pecuniary +machinations, was adverse to the President. Then the popular will was +the shrine at which all worshipped. Now, when that will is regularly, +soberly, repeatedly, and almost universally expressed through the +ballot-boxes, at the various elections, and turns out to be in favor of +the President, certainly no one can disregard it, nor otherwise look at +it than as the solemn verdict of the competent and ultimate tribunal +upon an issue fairly made up, fully argued, and duly submitted for +decision. As such verdict, I receive it. As the deliberate verdict of +the sovereign people, I bow to it. I am content. I do not mean to +reopen the case nor to recommence the argument. I leave that work to +others, if any others choose to perform it. For myself, I am content; +and, dispensing with further argument, I shall call for judgment, and +ask to have execution done, upon that unhappy journal, which the +verdict of millions of freemen finds guilty of bearing on its face an +untrue, illegal, and unconstitutional sentence of condemnation against +the approved President of the Republic. + +But, while declining to reopen the argument of this question, and +refusing to tread over again the ground already traversed, there is +another and a different task to perform; one which the approaching +termination of President Jackson's administration makes peculiarly +proper at this time, and which it is my privilege, and perhaps my duty, +to execute, as being the suitable conclusion to the arduous contest in +which we have been so long engaged. I allude to the general tenor of +his administration, and to its effect, for good or for evil, upon the +condition of his country. This is the proper time for such a view to +be taken. The political existence of this great man now draws to a +close. In little more than forty days he ceases to be an object of +political hope to any, and should cease to be an object of political +hate, or envy, to all. Whatever of motive the servile and time-serving +might have found in his exalted station for raising the altar of +adulation, and burning the incense of praise before him, that motive +can no longer exist. The dispenser of the patronage of an empire, the +chief of this great confederacy of States, is soon to be a private +individual, stripped of all power to reward, or to punish. His own +thoughts, as he has shown us in the concluding paragraph of that +message which is to be the last of its kind that we shall ever receive +from him, are directed to that beloved retirement from which he was +drawn by the voice of millions of freemen, and to which he now looks +for that interval of repose which age and infirmities require. Under +these circumstances, he ceases to be a subject for the ebullition of +the passions, and passes into a character for the contemplation of +history. Historically, then, shall I view him; and limiting this view +to his civil administration, I demand, where is there a Chief +Magistrate of whom so much evil has been predicted, and from whom so +much good has come? Never has any man entered upon the Chief +Magistracy of a country under such appalling predictions of ruin and +woe! never has any one been so pursued with direful prognostications! +never has any one been so beset and impeded by a powerful combination +of political and moneyed confederates! never has any one in any country +where the administration of justice has risen above the knife or the +bowstring, been so lawlessly and shamelessly tried and condemned by +rivals and enemies, without hearing, without defence, without the forms +of law and justice! History has been ransacked to find examples of +tyrants sufficiently odious to illustrate him by comparison. Language +has been tortured to find epithets sufficiently strong to paint him in +description. Imagination has been exhausted in her efforts to deck him +with revolting and inhuman attributes. Tyrant, despot, usurper; +destroyer of the liberties of his country; rash, ignorant, imbecile; +endangering the public peace with all foreign nations; destroying +domestic prosperity at home; ruining all industry, all commerce, all +manufactures; annihilating confidence between man and man; delivering +up the streets of populous cities to grass and weeds, and the wharves +of commercial towns to the encumbrance of decaying vessels; depriving +labor of all reward; depriving industry of all employment; destroying +the currency; plunging an innocent and happy people from the summit of +felicity to the depths of misery, want, and despair. Such is the faint +outline, followed up by actual condemnation, of the appalling +denunciations daily uttered against this one MAN, from the moment he +became an object of political competition, down to the concluding +moment of his political existence. + +The sacred voice of inspiration has told us that there is a time for +all things. There certainly has been a time for every evil that human +nature admits of to be vaticinated of President Jackson's +administration; equally certain the time has now come for all rational +and well-disposed people to compare the predictions with the facts, and +to ask themselves if these calamitous prognostications have been +verified by events? Have we peace, or war, with foreign nations? +Certainly, we have peace with all the world! peace with all its benign, +and felicitous, and beneficent influences! Are we respected, or +despised abroad? Certainly the American name never was more honored +throughout the four quarters of the globe than in this very moment. Do +we hear of indignity or outrage in any quarter? of merchants robbed in +foreign ports? of vessels searched on the high seas? of American +citizens impressed into foreign service? of the national flag insulted +anywhere? On the contrary, we see former wrongs repaired; no new ones +inflicted. France pays twenty-five millions of francs for spoliations +committed thirty years ago; Naples pays two millions one hundred +thousand ducats for wrongs of the same date; Denmark pays six hundred +and fifty thousand rix-dollars for wrongs done a quarter of a century +ago; Spain engages to pay twelve millions of reals vellon for injuries +of fifteen years' date; and Portugal, the last in the list of former +aggressors, admits her liability and only waits the adjustment of +details to close her account by adequate indemnity. So far from war, +insult, contempt, and spoliation from abroad, this denounced +administration has been the season of peace and goodwill and the +auspicious era of universal reparation. So far from suffering injury +at the hands of foreign powers, our merchants have received indemnities +for all former injuries. It has been the day of accounting, of +settlement, and of retribution. The total list of arrearages, +extending through four successive previous administrations, has been +closed and settled up. The wrongs done to commerce for thirty years +back, and under so many different Presidents, and indemnities withheld +from all, have been repaired and paid over under the beneficent and +glorious administration of President Jackson. But one single instance +of outrage has occurred, and that at the extremities of the world, and +by a piratical horde, amenable to no law but the law of force. The +Malays of Sumatra committed a robbery and massacre upon an American +vessel. Wretches! they did not then know that JACKSON was President of +the United States! and that no distance, no time, no idle ceremonial of +treating with robbers and assassins, was to hold back the arm of +justice. Commodore Downes went out. His cannon and his bayonets +struck the outlaws in their den. They paid in terror and blood for the +outrage which was committed; and the great lesson was taught to these +distant pirates--to our antipodes themselves--that not even the entire +diameter of this globe could protect them, and that the name of +American citizen, like that of Roman citizen in the great days of the +Republic and of the empire, was to be the inviolable passport of all +that wore it throughout the whole extent of the habitable world.... + +From President Jackson, the country has first learned the true theory +and practical intent of the Constitution, in giving to the Executive a +qualified negative on the legislative power of Congress. Far from +being an odious, dangerous, or kingly prerogative, this power, as +vested in the President, is nothing but a qualified copy of the famous +veto power vested in the tribunes of the people among the Romans, and +intended to suspend the passage of a law until the people themselves +should have time to consider it. The qualified veto of the President +destroys nothing; it only delays the passage of a law, and refers it to +the people for their consideration and decision. It is the reference +of a law, not to a committee of the House, or of the whole House, but +to the committee of the whole Union. It is a recommitment of the bill +to the people, for them to examine and consider; and if, upon this +examination, they are content to pass it, it will pass at the next +session. The delay of a few months is the only effect of a veto, in a +case where the people shall ultimately approve a law; where they do not +approve it, the interposition of the veto is the barrier which saves +them the adoption of a law, the repeal of which might afterward be +almost impossible. The qualified negative is, therefore, a beneficent +power, intended as General Hamilton expressly declares in the +"Federalist," to protect, first, the executive department from the +encroachments of the legislative department; and, secondly, to preserve +the people from hasty, dangerous or criminal legislation on the part of +their representatives. This is the design and intention of the veto +power; and the fear expressed by General Hamilton was, that Presidents, +so far from exercising it too often, would not exercise it as often as +the safety of the people required; that they might lack the moral +courage to stake themselves in opposition to a favorite measure of the +majority of the two Houses of Congress; and thus deprive the people, in +many instances, of their right to pass upon a bill before it becomes a +final law. The cases in which President Jackson has exercised the veto +power have shown the soundness of these observations. No ordinary +President would have staked himself against the Bank of the United +States and the two Houses of Congress in 1832. It required President +Jackson to confront that power--to stem that torrent--to stay the +progress of that charter, and to refer it to the people for their +decision. His moral courage was equal to the crisis. He arrested the +charter until it could be got to the people, and they have arrested it +forever. Had he not done so, the charter would have become law, and +its repeal almost impossible. The people of the whole Union would now +have been in the condition of the people of Pennsylvania, bestrode by +the monster, in daily conflict with him, and maintaining a doubtful +contest for supremacy between the government of a State and the +directory of a moneyed corporation.... + +Sir, I think it right, in approaching the termination of this great +question, to present this faint and rapid sketch of the brilliant, +beneficent, and glorious administration of President Jackson. It is +not for me to attempt to do it justice; it is not for ordinary men to +attempt its history. His military life, resplendent with dazzling +events, will demand the pen of a nervous writer; his civil +administration, replete with scenes which have called into action so +many and such various passions of the human heart, and which has given +to native sagacity so many victories over practiced politicians, will +require the profound, luminous, and philosophical conceptions of a +Livy, a Plutarch, or a Sallust. This history is not to be written in +our day. The contemporaries of such events are not the hands to +describe them. Time must first do its office--must silence the +passions, remove the actors, develop consequences, and canonize all +that is sacred to honor, patriotism, and glory. In after ages the +historic genius of our America shall produce the writers which the +subject demands--men far removed from the contests of this day, who +will know how to estimate this great epoch, and how to acquire an +immortality for their own names by painting, with a master's hand, the +immortal events of the patriot President's life. + +And now, sir, I finish the task which, three years ago, I imposed on +myself. Solitary and alone, and amid the jeers and taunts of my +opponents, I put this ball in motion. The people have taken it up, and +rolled it forward, and I am no longer anything but a unit in the vast +mass which now propels it. In the name of that mass I speak. I demand +the execution of the edict of the people; I demand the expurgation of +that sentence which the voice of a few Senators, and the power of their +confederate, the Bank of the United States, has caused to be placed on +the journal of the Senate; and which the voice of millions of freemen +has ordered to be expunged from it. + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Thomas Hart Benton's Remarks to the +Senate on the Expunging Resolution, by Thomas Hart Benton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOMAS HART BENTON'S REMARKS *** + +***** This file should be named 741.txt or 741.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/7/4/741/ + +Produced by Anthony J. 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