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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Egyptian Tales, First Series, IVth To XIIth
+Dynasty, by W. M. Flinders Petrie
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Egyptian Tales, First Series, IVth To XIIth Dynasty
+       Translated From The Papyri, Second Edition
+
+Author: W. M. Flinders Petrie
+
+Editor: W. M. Flinders Petrie
+
+Illustrator: Tristram Ellis
+
+Release Date: January, 2005 [EBook #7386]
+Last Updated: May 20, 2016
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EGYPTIAN TALES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Eric Eldred
+
+
+
+
+
+
+EGYPTIAN TALES, TRANSLATED FROM THE PAPYRI
+
+First Series, IVth To XIIth Dynasty
+
+By W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L., LL.D.., Ph.D., Hon. F.S.A. (Scot.)
+
+
+Illustrated By Tristram Ellis
+
+Second Edition
+
+London
+
+1899
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF CONTENTS
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+TALES OF THE MAGICIANS
+
+KHAFRA'S TALE
+
+BAUFRA'S TALE
+
+HORDEDEF'S TALE
+
+REMARKS
+
+THE PEASANT AND THE WORKMAN
+
+REMARKS
+
+THE SHIPWRECKED SAILOR
+
+REMARKS
+
+THE ADVENTURES OF SANEHAT
+
+REMARKS
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+IT is strange that while literature occupies so much attention as at
+present, and while fiction is the largest division of our book-work, the
+oldest literature and fiction of the world should yet have remained
+unpresented to English readers. The tales of ancient Egypt have appeared
+collectively only in French, in the charming volume of Maspero's "Contes
+Populaires"; while some have been translated into English at scattered
+times in volumes of the "Records of the Past." But research moves
+forward; and translations that were excellent twenty years ago may now
+be largely improved, as we attain more insight into the language.
+
+For another reason also there is a wide ground for the present volume.
+In no case have any illustrations been attempted, to give that basis for
+imagination which is all the more needed when reading of an age and a
+land unfamiliar to our ideas. When following a narrative, whether of
+real events or of fiction, many persons--perhaps most--find themselves
+unconsciously framing in their minds the scenery and the beings of which
+they are reading. To give a correct picture of the character of each of
+the various ages to which these tales belong, has been the aim of the
+present illustrations. A definite period has been assigned to each tale,
+in accordance with the indications, or the history, involved in it; and,
+so far as our present knowledge goes, all the details of life in the
+scenes here illustrated are rendered in accord with the period of the
+story.
+
+To some purely scholastic minds it may seem presumptuous to
+intermingle translations of notable documents with fanciful
+illustrations. But, considering the greater precision with which in
+recent years we have been able to learn the changes and the fashions
+of ancient life in Egypt, and the essentially unhistorical nature of
+most of these tales, there seems ample reason to provide such material
+for the reader's imagination in following the stories; it may-give
+them more life and reality, and may emphasise the differences which
+existed between the different periods to which these tales refer.
+
+It will be noticed how the growth of the novel is shadowed out in the
+varied grounds and treatment of the tales. The earliest is purely a
+collection of marvels or fabulous incidents of the simplest kind. Then
+we advance to contrasts between town and country, between Egypt and
+foreign lands. Then personal adventure, and the interest in schemes
+and successes, becomes the staple material; while only in the later
+periods does character come in as the groundwork. The same may be seen
+in English literature--first the tales of wonders and strange lands,
+then the novel of adventure, and lastly the novel of character.
+
+In translating these documents into English I have freely used the
+various translations already published in other languages; but in all
+cases more or less revision and retranslation from the original has
+been made. In this matter I am indebted to Mr. F. Ll. Griffith, who has
+in some cases--as in Anpu and Bata--almost entirely retranslated the
+original papyrus. The material followed in each instance will be found
+stated in the notes accompanying the tales. As to the actual
+phraseology, I am alone responsible for that. How far original idiom
+should be retained in any translation is always a debated question, and
+must entirely depend on the object in view. Here the purpose of
+rendering the work intelligible to ordinary readers required the
+modifying of some idioms and the paraphrasing of others. But so far
+as possible the style and tone of the original has been preserved, and
+whatever could be easily followed has been left to speak for itself. In
+many plainnesses of speech the old Egyptian resembled the modern
+Oriental, or our own forefathers, more than ourselves in this age of
+squeamishness as yet unparalleled in the world. To avoid offence a few
+little modifications of words have been made; but rather than give a
+false impression by tampering with any of the narrative, I have omitted
+the sequel of the last tale and given only an outline of it. The diction
+adopted has been the oldest that could be used without affectation when
+dealing with the early times. It has been purposely modified in the
+later tales; and in the last--which is of Ptolemaic authorship--a
+modern style has been followed as more compatible with the later tone of
+the narrative.
+
+For the illustrations Mr. Tristram Ellis's familiarity with Egypt has
+been of good account in his life-like scenes here used. For each
+drawing I have searched for the material among the monuments and
+remains of the age in question. The details of the dresses, the
+architecture, and the utensils, are all in accord with the period of
+each tale. In the tale of Setnau two different styles are introduced.
+Ahura is probably of the time of Amenhotep III., whereas Setnau is a
+son of Ramessu II.; and the change of fashion between the two
+different dynasties has been followed as distinctive of the two
+persons, one a _ka_ or double of the deceased, the other a living man.
+To the reader who starts with the current idea that all Egyptians were
+alike, this continual change from one period to another may seem
+almost fanciful. But it rests on such certain authority that we may
+hope that this little volume may have its use as an object-lesson in
+practical archaeology.
+
+The use and abuse of notes is a matter of dispute. To be constantly
+interrupted in reading by some needless and elementary explanation is
+an impertinence both to the author and the reader: the one cannot
+resent it, the other therefore resents it for both. But what is to be
+deemed needless entirely depends on the reader: I have been asked in
+what country Pompei is, as it is not in the English Gazetteer. Rather
+than intrude, then, on the reader when he is in high discourse with
+the ancients, I humbly set up my interpreter's booth next door; and if
+he cares to call in, and ask about any difficulties, I shall be glad
+to help him if I can. Not even numbers are intruded to refer to notes;
+for how often an eager reader has been led off his trail, and turned
+blithely to refer to 37 or 186 only to find, "See J. Z. xxxviii.
+377," at which he gnashed his teeth and cursed such interruptions. So
+those to whom the original tales are obscure are humbly requested to
+try for some profit from the remarks after them, that have been
+gleaned by the translator.
+
+Much might be said by a "folk-lorist"--in proportion to his ardour. But
+as there are folk-lorists and folk-lorists, and the schools of Rabbi
+Andrew and Rabbi Joseph write different targums, I have left each to
+make his own commentary without prejudice.
+
+
+
+
+TALES OF THE MAGICIANS
+
+
+One day, when King Khufu reigned over all the land, he said to his
+chancellor, who stood before him, "Go call me my sons and my
+councillors, that I may ask of them a thing." And his sons and his
+councillors came and stood before him, and he said to them, "Know ye a
+man who can tell me tales of the deeds of the magicians?"
+
+Then the royal son Khafra stood forth and said, "I will tell thy majesty
+a tale of the days of thy forefather Nebka, the blessed; of what came to
+pass when he went into the temple of Ptah of Ankhtaui."
+
+
+
+
+KHAFRA'S TALE
+
+
+"His majesty was walking unto the temple of Ptah, and went unto the
+house of the chief reciter Uba-aner, with his train. Now when the wife
+of Uba-aner saw a page, among those who stood behind the king, her heart
+longed after him; and she sent her servant unto him, with a present of a
+box full of garments.
+
+"And he came then with the servant. Now there was a lodge in the garden
+of Uba-aner; and one day the page said to the wife of Uba-aner, 'In the
+garden of Uba-aner there is now a lodge; behold, let us therein take our
+pleasure.' So the wife of Uba-aner sent to the steward who had charge
+over the garden, saying, 'Let the lodge which is in the garden be made
+ready.' And she remained there, and rested and drank with the page until
+the sun went down.
+
+"And when the even was now come the page went forth to bathe. And the
+steward said, 'I must go and tell Uba-aner of this matter.' Now when
+this day was past, and another day came, then went the steward to
+Uba-aner, and told him of all these things.
+
+"Then said Uba-aner, 'Bring me my casket of ebony and electrum.' And
+they brought it; and he fashioned a crocodile of wax, seven fingers
+long: and he enchanted it, and said, 'When the page comes and bathes in
+my lake, seize on him.' And he gave it to the steward, and said to him,
+'When the page shall go down into the lake to bathe, as he is daily wont
+to do, then throw in this crocodile behind him.' And the steward went
+forth bearing the crocodile.
+
+"And the wife of Uba-aner sent to the steward who had charge over the
+garden, saying, 'Let the lodge which is in the garden be made ready, for
+I come to tarry there.'
+
+"And the lodge was prepared with all good things; and she came and made
+merry therein with the page. And when the even was now come, the page
+went forth to bathe as he was wont to do. And the steward cast in the
+wax crocodile after him into the water; and, behold! it became a
+great crocodile seven cubits in length, and it seized on the page.
+
+"And Uba-aner abode yet seven days with the king of Upper and Lower
+Egypt, Nebka, the blessed, while the page was stifled in the crocodile.
+And after the seven days were passed, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt,
+Nebka, the blessed, went forth, and Uba-aner went before him.
+
+"And Uba-aner said unto his majesty, 'Will your majesty come and see
+this wonder that has come to pass in your days unto a page?' And the
+king went with Uba-aner. And Uba-aner called unto the crocodile and
+said, 'Bring forth the page.' And the crocodile came forth from the lake
+with the page. Uba-aner said unto the king, 'Behold, whatever I command
+this crocodile he will do it.' And his majesty said, 'I pray you send back
+this crocodile." And Uba-aner stooped and took up the crocodile, and it
+became in his hand a crocodile of wax. And then Uba-aner told the king
+that which had passed in his house with the page and his wife. And his
+majesty said unto the crocodile, 'Take to thee thy prey.' And the
+crocodile plunged into the lake with his prey, and no man knew whither
+he went.
+
+"And his majesty the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Nebka, the blessed,
+commanded, and they brought forth the wife of Uba-aner to the north side
+of the harem, and burnt her with fire, and cast her ashes in the
+river.
+
+"This is a wonder that came to pass in the days of thy forefather the
+king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Nebka, of the acts of the chief reciter
+Uba-aner."
+
+His majesty the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khufu, then said, "Let
+there be presented to the king Nebka, the blessed, a thousand loaves, a
+hundred draughts of beer, an ox, two jars of incense; and let there be
+presented a loaf, a jar of beer, a jar of incense, and a piece of meat
+to the chief reciter Uba-aner; for I have seen the token of his
+learning." And they did all things as his majesty commanded.
+
+
+
+
+BAUFRA'S TALE
+
+
+The royal sou Bau-f-ra then stood forth and spake. He said, "I will tell
+thy majesty of a wonder which came to pass in the days of thy father
+Seneferu, the blessed, of the deeds of the chief reciter Zazamankh. One
+day King Seneferu, being weary, went throughout his palace seeking for a
+pleasure to lighten his heart, but he found none. And he said,
+'Haste, and bring before me the chief reciter and scribe of the rolls
+Zazamankh'; and they straightway brought him. And the king said, 'I have
+sought in my palace for some delight, but I have found none.' Then said
+Zazamankh to him, 'Let thy majesty go upon the lake of the palace, and
+let there be made ready a boat, with all the fair maidens of the harem
+of thy palace; and the heart of thy majesty shall be refreshed with
+the sight, in seeing their rowing up and down the water, and seeing
+the goodly pools of the birds upon the lake, and beholding its sweet
+fields and grassy shores; thus will thy heart be lightened. And I also
+will go with thee. Bring me twenty oars of ebony, inlayed with gold,
+with blades of light wood, inlayed with electrum; and bring me twenty
+maidens, fair in their limbs, their bosoms and their hair, all
+virgins; and bring me twenty nets, and give these nets unto the
+maidens for their garments.' And they did according to all the
+commands of his majesty.
+
+"And they rowed down the stream and up the stream, and the heart of his
+majesty was glad with the sight of their rowing. But one of them at the
+steering struck her hair, and her jewel of new malachite fell into the
+water. And she ceased her song, and rowed not; and her companions
+ceased, and rowed not. And his majesty said, 'Row you not further?' And
+they replied, 'Our little steerer here stays and rows not.' His majesty
+then said to her, 'Wherefore rowest thou not?' She replied, 'It is for
+my jewel of new malachite which is fallen in the water.' And he said to
+her, 'Row on, for behold I will replace it.' And she answered, 'But I
+want my own piece back in its setting.' And his majesty said, 'Haste,
+bring me the chief reciter Zazamankh,' and they brought him. And his
+majesty said, 'Zazamankh, my brother, I have done as thou sayedst, and
+the heart of his majesty is refreshed with the sight of their rowing.
+But now a jewel of new malachite of one of the little ones is fallen in
+the water, and she ceases and rows not, and she has spoilt the rowing of
+her side. And I said to her, "Wherefore rowest thou not?" and she
+answered to me, "It is for my jewel of new malachite which is fallen in
+the water." I replied to her, "Row on, for behold I will replace it";
+and she answered to me, "But I want my own piece again back in its
+setting."' Then the chief reciter Zazamankh spake his magic speech. And
+he placed one part of the waters of the lake upon the other, and
+discovered the jewel lying upon a shard; and he took it up and gave it
+unto its mistress. And the water, which was twelve cubits deep in the
+middle, reached now to twenty-four cubits after he turned it. And he
+spake, and used his magic speech; and he brought again the water of the
+lake to its place. And his majesty spent a joyful day with the whole of
+the royal house. Then rewarded he the chief reciter Zazamankh with all
+good things. Behold, this is a wonder that came to pass in the days of
+thy father, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Seneferu, of the deeds of
+the chief reciter, the scribe of the rolls, Zazamankh." Then said the
+majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khufu, the blessed, "Let
+there be presented an offering of a thousand cakes, one hundred draughts
+of beer, an ox, and two jars of incense to the king of Upper and Lower
+Egypt, Sene-feru, the blessed; and let there be given a loaf, a jar of
+beer, and a jar of incense to the chief reciter, the scribe of the
+rolls, Zazamankh; for I have seen the token of his learning." And they
+did all things as his majesty commanded.
+
+
+
+
+HORDEDEF'S TALE
+
+
+The royal son Hordedef then stood forth and spake. He said, "Hitherto
+hast thou only heard tokens of those who have gone before, and of
+which no man knoweth their truth But I will show thy majesty a man of
+thine own days." And his majesty said, "Who is he, Hordedef?" And the
+royal son Hordedef answered, "It is a certain man named Dedi, who
+dwells at Dedsneferu. He is a man of one hundred and ten years old;
+and he eats five hundred loaves of bread, and a side of beef, and
+drinks one hundred draughts of beer, unto this day. He knows how to
+restore the head that is smitten off; he knows how to cause the lion
+to follow him trailing his halter on the ground; he knows the designs
+of the dwelling of Tahuti. The majesty of the king of Upper and Lower
+Egypt, Khufu, the blessed, has long sought for the designs of the
+dwelling of Tahuti, that he may make the like of them in his pyramid."
+
+And his majesty said, "Thou, thyself, Hordedef, my son, bring him to
+me." Then were the ships made ready for the king's son Hordedef, and he
+went up the stream to Dedsneferu. And when the ships had moored at the
+haven, he landed, and sat him in a litter of ebony, the poles of which
+were of cedar wood overlayed with gold. Now when he drew near to Dedi,
+they set down the litter. And he arose to greet Dedi, and found him
+lying on a palmstick couch at the door of his house; one servant held
+his head and rubbed him, and another rubbed his feet.
+
+And the king's son Hordedef said, "Thy state is that of one who lives to
+good old age; for old age is the end of our voyage, the time of
+embalming, the time of burial. Lie, then, in the sun, free of
+infirmities, without the babble of dotage: this is the salutation to
+worthy age. I come from far to call thee, with a message from my father
+Khufu, the blessed, for thou shalt eat of the best which the king gives,
+and of the food which those have who follow after him; that he may bring
+thee in good estate to thy fathers who are in the tomb."
+
+And Dedi replied to him, "Peace to thee! Peace to thee! Hordedef, son of
+the king, beloved of his father. May thy father Khufu, the blessed,
+praise thee, may he advance thee amongst the elders, may thy _ka_ prevail
+against the enemy, may thy soul know the right road to the gate of him
+who clothes the afflicted; this is the salutation to the king's son."
+Then the king's son, Hordedef, stretched forth his hands to him, and
+raised him up, and went with him to the haven, giving unto him his arm.
+Then said Dedi, "Let there he given me a boat, to bring me my youths and
+my books." And they made ready for him two boats with their rowers. And
+Dedi went down the river in the barge in which was the king's son
+Hordedef. And when he had reached the palace, the king's son, Hordedef,
+entered in to give account unto his majesty the king of Upper and Lower
+Egypt, Khufu, the blessed. Then said the king's son Hordedef, "O king,
+life, wealth, and health! My lord, I have brought Dedi." His majesty
+replied, "Bring him to me speedily." And his majesty went into the hall
+of columns of Pharaoh (life, wealth, and health), and Dedi was led
+before him. And his majesty said, "Wherefore is it, Dedi, that I have
+not yet seen thee?" And Dedi answered, "He who is called it is that
+comes; the king (life, wealth, and health) calls me, and behold I
+come," And his majesty said, "Is it true, that which men say, that
+thou canst restore the head which is smitten off?" And Dedi replied,
+"Truly, I know that, O king (life, wealth, and health), my lord." And
+his majesty said, "Let one bring me a prisoner who is in prison, that
+his punishment may be fulfilled." And Dedi said, "Let it not be a man,
+O king, my lord; behold we do not even thus to our cattle." And a duck
+was brought unto him, and its head was cut off. And the duck was laid
+on the west side of the hall, and its head on the east side of the
+hall. And Dedi spake his magic speech. And the duck fluttered along
+the ground, and its head came likewise; and when it had come part to
+part the duck stood and quacked. And they brought likewise a goose
+before him, and he did even so unto it. His majesty caused an ox to be
+brought, and its head cast on the ground. And Dedi spake his magic
+speech. And the ox stood upright behind him, and followed him with his
+halter trailing on the ground.
+
+And King Khufu said, "And is it true what is said, that thou knowest the
+number of the designs of the dwelling of Tahuti?" And Dedi replied,
+"Pardon me, I know not their number, O king (life, wealth, and health),
+but I know where they are." And his majesty said, "Where is that?" And
+Dedi replied, "There is a chest of whetstone in a chamber named the
+plan-room, in Heli-opolis; they are in this chest." And Dedi said
+further unto him, "O king (life, wealth, and health), my lord, it is not
+I that is to bring them to thee." And his m'jesty said, "Who, then, is
+it that shall bring them to me?" And Dedi answered to him, "It is the
+eldest of the three children who are in the body of Rud-didet who
+shall bring them to thee." And his majesty said, "Would that it may be
+as thou sayest! And who is this Rud-didet?" And Dedi replied, "She is
+the wife of a priest of Ra, lord of Sakhebu. And she has conceived
+these three sons by Ra, lord of Sakhebu, and the god has promised her
+that they shall fulfil this noble office (of reigning) over all this
+land, and that the eldest of them shall be high priest in Heliopolis."
+And his majesty's heart became troubled for this; but Dedi spake unto
+him, "What is this that thou thinkest, O king (life, wealth, health),
+my lord? Is it because of these three children? I tell thee thy son
+shall reign, and thy son's son, and then one of them." His majesty
+said, "And when shall Rud-didet bear these?" And he replied, "She
+shall bear them on the 26th of the month Tybi." And his majesty said,
+"When the banks of the canal of Letopolis are cut, I will walk there
+that I may see the temple of Ra, lord of Sakhebu." And Dedi replied,
+"Then I will cause that there be four cubits of water by the banks of
+the canal of Letopolis." When his majesty returned to his palace, his
+majesty said, "Let them place Dedi in the house of the royal son
+Hordedef, that he may dwell with him, and let them give him a daily
+portion of a thousand loaves, a hundred draughts of beer, an ox, and a
+hundred bunches of onions." And they did everything as his majesty
+commanded.
+
+And one day it came to pass that Rud-didet felt the pains of birth. And
+the majesty of Ra, lord of Sakhebu, said unto Isis, to Nebhat, to
+Meskhent, to Hakt, and to Khnumu, "Go ye, and deliver Rud-didet of these
+three children that she shall bear, who are to fulfil this noble office
+over all this land; that they may build up your temples, furnish your
+altars with offerings, supply your tables of libation, and increase your
+endowments." Then went these deities; their fashion they made as that of
+dancing-girls, and Khnumu was with them as a porter. They drew near
+unto the house of Ra-user, and found him standing, with his girdle
+fallen. And they played before him with their instruments of music.
+But he said unto them, "My ladies, behold, here is a woman who feels
+the pains of birth." They said to him, "Let us see her, for we know
+how to help her." And he replied, "Come, then." And they entered in
+straightway to Rud-didet, and they closed the door on her and on
+themselves. Then Isis stood before her, and Nebhat stood behind her,
+and Hakt helped her. And Isis said, "O child, by thy name of User-ref,
+do not do violence." And the child came upon her hands, as a child of
+a cubit; its bones were strong, the beauty of its limbs was like gold,
+and its hair was like true lapis lazuli. They washed him, and prepared
+him, and placed him on a carpet on the brickwork. Then Meskhent
+approached him and said, "This is a king who shall reign over all the
+land." And Khnumu gave strength to his limbs. Then Isis stood before
+her, and Nebhat stood behind her, and Hakt helped her.  And Isis said,
+"O child, by thy name of Sah-ra, stay not in her." Then the child came
+upon her hands, a child of a cubit; its bones were strong, the beauty
+of its limbs was like gold, and its hair was like true lapis lazuli.
+They washed him, and prepared him, and layed him on a carpet on the
+brickwork. Then Meskhent approached him and said, "This is a king who
+shall reign over all the land." And Khnumu gave strength to his limbs.
+Then Isis stood before her, and Nebhat stood behind her, and Hakt
+helped her. And Isis said, "O child, by thy name of Kaku, remain not
+in darkness in her." And the child came upon her hands, a child of a
+cubit; its bones were strong, the beauty of its limbs was like gold,
+and its hair was like true lapis lazuli. And Meskhent approached him
+and said, "This is a king who shall reign over all the land." And
+Khnumu gave strength to his limbs.  And they washed him, and prepared
+him, and layed him on a carpet on the brickwork.
+
+And the deities went out, having delivered Rud-didet of the three
+children. And they said, "Rejoice! O Ra-user, for behold three children
+are born unto thee." And he said unto them, "My ladies, and what shall I
+give unto ye? Behold, give this bushel of barley here unto your porter,
+that ye may take it as your reward to the brew-house." And Khnumu loaded
+himself with the bushel of barley. And they went away toward the place
+from which they came. And Isis spake unto these goddesses, and said,
+"Wherefore have we come without doing a marvel for these children, that
+we may tell it to their father who has sent us?" Then made they the
+divine diadems of the king (life, wealth, and health), and laid them in
+the bushel of barley. And they caused the clouds to come with wind and
+rain; and they turned back again unto the house. And they said, "Let us
+put this barley in a closed chamber, sealed up, until we return
+northward, dancing." And they placed the barley in a close chamber.
+
+And Rud-didet purified herself, with a purification of fourteen days.
+And she said to her handmaid, "Is the house made ready?" And she
+replied, "All things are made ready, but the brewing barley is not yet
+brought." And Rud-didet said, "Wherefore is the brewing barley not yet
+brought?" And the servant answered, "It would all of it long since
+be ready if the barley had not been given to the dancing-girls, and lay
+in the chamber under their seal." Rud didet said, "Go down, and bring of
+it, and Ra-user shall give them in its stead when he shall come," And
+the handmaid went, and opened the chamber. And she heard talking and
+singing, music and dancing, quavering, and all things which are
+performed for a king in his chamber. And she returned and told to
+Rud-didet all that she had heard. And she went through the chamber, but
+she found not the place where the sound was. And she layed her temple to
+the sack, and found that the sounds were in it. She placed it in a
+chest, and put that in another locker, and tied it fast with leather,
+and layed it in the store-room, where the things were, and sealed it.
+And Ra-user came returning from the field; and Rud-didet repeated unto
+him these things; and his heart was glad above all things; and they sat
+down and made a joyful day.
+
+And after these days it came to pass that Rud-didet was wroth with her
+servant, and beat her with stripes. And the servant said unto those that
+were in the house, "Shall it be done thus unto me? She has borne three
+kings, and I will go and tell this to his majesty King Khufu the
+blessed." And she went, and found the eldest brother of her mother, who
+was binding his flax on the floor. And he said to her, "Whither goest
+thou, my little maid?" And she told him of all these things. And her
+brother said to her, "Wherefore comest thou thus to me?  Shall I agree
+to treachery?" And he took a bunch of the flax to her, and laid on
+her a violent blow. And the servant went to fetch a handful of water,
+and a crocodile carried her away.
+
+Her uncle went therefore to tell of this to Rud-didet; and he found
+Rud-didet sitting, her head on her knees, and her heart beyond measure
+sad. And he said to her, "My lady, why makest thou thy heart thus?" And
+she answered, "It is because of this little wretch that was in the
+house; behold she went out saying, 'I will go and tell it.'" And he
+bowed his head unto the ground, and said, "My lady, she came and told me
+of these things, and made her complaint unto me; and I laid on her a
+violent blow. And she went forth to draw water, and a crocodile carried
+her away."
+
+_(The rest of the tale is lost.)_
+
+
+
+
+Remarks
+
+
+The tales or the magicians are only preserved in a single copy, and of
+that the beginning is entirely lost. The papyrus was brought from Egypt
+by an English traveller, and was purchased by the Berlin Museum from the
+property of Lepsius, who had received it from the owner, Miss Westcar:
+hence it is known as the Westcar papyrus. It was written probably in the
+XIIth Dynasty, but doubtless embodied tales, which had been floating
+for generations before, about the names of the early kings. It shows us
+probably the kind of material that existed for the great recension of
+the pre-monu-mental history, made in the time of Seti I. Those ages of
+the first three dynasties were as long before that recension as we are
+after it; and this must always be remembered in considering the
+authority of the Egyptian records.
+
+This papyrus has been more thoroughly studied than most, perhaps more
+than any other. Erman has devoted two volumes to it; publishing the
+whole in photographic facsimile, transcribed in hieroglyphs,
+transcribed in the modern alphabet, translated literally, translated
+freely, commented on and discussed word by word, and with a complete
+glossary of all words used in it. This exhaustive publication is named
+"Der Marchen des Papyrus Westcar." Moreover, Maspero has given a
+current translation in the "Contes Populaires," 2nd edit. pp. 53-86.
+
+The scheme of these tales is that they are all told to King Khufu by his
+sons; and as the beginning is lost, eight lines are here added to
+explain this and introduce the subject. The actual papyrus begins with
+the last few words of a previous tale concerning some other magician
+under an earlier king. Then comes the tale of Khafra, next that of
+Bau-f-ra, and lastly that of Hor-dedef.
+
+It need hardly be said that these tales are quite fictitious. The king
+and his successor Khafra are real, but the other sons cannot be
+identified; and the confusion of supposing three kings of the Vth
+Dynasty to be triplets born early in the IVth Dynasty, shows what very
+vague ideas of their own history the Egyptians had when these tales were
+formed. This does not prevent our seeing that they embodied some very
+important traditions, and gives us an unequalled picture of the early
+civilisation.
+
+In the earliest tale or the three there seems at first sight merely a
+sketch of faithlessness and revenge. But there is probably much more
+in it. To read it aright we must bear in mind the position of woman in
+ancient Egypt. If, in later ages, Islam has gone to the extreme of the
+man determining his own divorce at a word, in early times almost the
+opposite system prevailed. All property belonged to the woman; all
+that a man could earn, or inherit, was made over to his wife; and
+families always reckoned back further on the mother's side than the
+father's. As the changes in historical times have been in the
+direction of men's rights, it is very unlikely that this system of
+female predominance was invented or introduced, but rather that it
+descends from primitive times. In this tale we see, then, at the
+beginning of our knowledge of the country, the clashing of two
+different social systems. The reciter is strong for men's rights, he
+brings destruction on the wife, and never even gives her name, but
+always calls her merely "the wife of Uba-aner." But behind all this
+there is probably the remains of a very different system. The servant
+employed by the mistress seems to see nothing outrageous in her
+proceedings; and even the steward, who is on the master's side, waits
+a day or two before reporting matters. When we remember the supremacy
+in properly and descent which women held in Egypt, and then read this
+tale, it seems that it belongs to the close of a social system like
+that of the Nairs, in which the lady makes her selection--with
+variations from time to time. The incident of sending a present of
+clothing is curiously like the tale about a certain English envoy,
+whose proprieties were sadly ruffled in the Nair country, when a lady
+sent him a grand shawl with an intimation of her choice. The
+priestesses of Amen retained to the last this privilege of choice, as
+being under divine, and not human protection; but it seems to have
+become unseemly in late times.
+
+The hinging of this tale, and of those that follow it, upon the use of
+magic, shows how thoroughly the belief in magic powers was ingrained
+in the Egyptians. Now such a belief implies the presence of magicians,
+and shows how familiar must have been the claim to such powers, and
+the practising of the tricks of witchcraft, so prevalent in Africa in
+modern times. The efficacy of a model, such as this crocodile of wax,
+is an idea continually met with in Egypt. The system of tomb furniture
+and decoration, of _ka_ statues, of _ushabtis_ or figures to work for
+the deceased, and the models placed in foundation deposits, all show
+how a model was supposed to have the efficacy of an actual reality.
+Even in the latest tale of all (written in Ptolemaic times), Setnau
+makes a model of a boat and men, to be sunk in the river to work for
+him. The reconversion of the crocodile to wax, on being taken up by
+the magician, reminds us of the serpent becoming again a rod when
+taken up by Aaron.
+
+The punishment of burning alive is very rarely, if ever, mentioned in
+Egyptian history, though it occurs in modern Egyptian tales: and it
+looks as if it were brought in here rather as a dire horror for the
+climax than as a probable incident. The place of the penalty, in front
+of the harem, or the private portion of the palace, was evidently for
+the intimidation of other ladies.
+
+At the close of each tale, King Khufu, to whom it is told, orders
+funerary offerings by the usual formula, to be presented in honour of
+the king under whom the wonder took place. On the tablets of the tombs
+in the early times, there is usually recorded the offering--or, rather,
+the pious desire that there should be offered--thousands of loaves, of
+oxen, of gazelles, of cranes, &c., for a deceased person. Such
+expression cost no more by the thousand than by the dozen, so thousands
+came to be the usual expression in all ordaining of offerings.
+
+We are so accustomed to think of tedium as something modern, that it
+seems strange to find in the oldest tales [Page 16] in the world how the
+first king of whom we know anything was bored by his pleasures. A reward
+for discovering a new pleasure is the very basis of the tale of Sneferu;
+and the wise man's remedy of a day in the country is still the best
+resource, though all that we know as human history has tried its
+experiments in enjoyment since then. The flavour of the ballet thrown
+in, by the introduction of the damsels of the household clad in fishing
+nets, is not yet obsolete in modern amusements; and even in this century
+Muhammed Ali had resource to the same way of killing time, as he was
+rowed about by his _harem,_ but on an artificial lake.
+
+The use of two large oars for steering explains the detail of the
+story.  The oars were one on each side of the stern, and were each
+managed by a steerer. From the tale we see that the steerer led the
+song of the rowers, and if the leader ceased, all that side of the
+boat ceased also.. The position of the lost jewel upon the hair shows
+that it was in a fillet set with inlaying, like that seen on early
+figures, such as Nefert at Medum, who wears a fillet of rosettes to
+retain the hair; and the position of the steering oar attached to a
+post, with the handle rising high in the air, explains how it could
+strike the fillet and displace the jewel.
+
+The last tale is really double, a tale within a tale. It begins with
+the wonders done by Dedi, and then goes on with the [Page 22] history
+or the children about whom he prophesied to Khufu.
+
+The village of Dedi was probably near Medum, as in the temple of Sneferu
+at Medum an offering was found presented by a worshipper to the gods
+of Ded-sneferu: hence the background which is here given for the scene
+of Hordedef leading old Dedi. The translation of "the designs of the
+dwelling of Tahuti" is not certain; but the passage seems to refer to
+some architectural plan which was desired for the pyramid.
+
+The story of Rud-didet is remarkable historically. She is said to be
+wife of the priest of Ra, her children are sons of Ra, and they are the
+first three kings of the Vth dynasty, and supplanted the line of Khufu.
+This points to the Vth Dynasty having been a priestly usurpation; and on
+looking at its history we see two confirmations of this. The title "Son
+of Ra" is so common in most ages in Egypt that it is taken for granted,
+and is applied in lists to any second cartouche; but it is not found
+until well into the Vth Dynasty; the earlier kings were not descendants
+of Ra, and it is only on arriving at this dynasty, which claimed descent
+from Ra, through the wife of the priest of Ra, that we find the claim
+of each king to be a "son of Ra." Another confirmation of this
+priestly descent is the abundance of priesthoods established for the
+kings of the Vth Dynasty; a care which agrees with their having a
+priestly origin; while in the tale it is particularly said that they
+would build up the temples, furnish the altars with offerings, supply
+the tables of libations, and increase the religious endowments.
+
+The names of the three children are a play upon the names of the first
+three kings of the Vth Dynasty. User-kaf is made into User-ref;
+Sahu-ra is written Sah-ra; and Kaka is Kaku; thus making allusions to
+their births. The comparison of the hair to true lapis lazuli seems
+very strange; but there is often a confusion between black aind blue
+in uneducated races, and _azrak_ means either dark blue or green, or
+black, at present in Arabic. Lapis lazuli is brought in to the name of
+the queen of Ramessu VI., who was called "gold and lazuli,"
+_Nub-khesdeb;_ recalling the comparison here of personal beauty to
+these precious materials.
+
+It is noticeable here that in a tale of the Vth Dynasty, certainly
+written as early as the XIIth Dynasty, we find professional dancers
+commonly recognised, and going on travels through the country, with a
+porter.
+
+From this tale we also learn that Egyptian women underwent a
+purification of fourteen days, during which they kept apart and did not
+attend to any household matters. The mistress of the house here inquires
+if the preparations are made for the feast on her return to household
+affairs; and hears then how the beer cannot be made for lack of the barley.
+
+The securing of the sack is just in accord with the remains of this
+early period; the use of boxes, of thongs of leather for tying and of
+clay sealings for securing property, were all familiar matters in the
+XIIth Dynasty, as we learn from Kahun.
+
+The present close of the tale is evidently only a stage in it, when the
+treacherous maid meets with the common doom of the wicked in Egyptian
+romance. How it was continued is a matter of speculation, but Khufu
+ought certainly to reappear and to order great rewards for Dedi, who up
+to this has only had maintenance on his requisite scale provided for
+him. Yet it is imperative that the children shall be saved from his
+wrath, as they are the kings of the Vth Dynasty. There may be a long
+episode lost of their flight and adventures.
+
+One reference to a date needs notice. The 25th of the month Tybi is said
+to be the predicted birthday of the children; and Khufu refers to going
+to Sakhebu about that time apparently, when the banks of the canal are
+cut and the land was drying after the inundation, whereon Dedi
+threatens that the water shall still be deep there. This points to 25th
+Tybi being about the close of the inundation. This would be about
+the case both in the beginning of the IVth Dynasty, and also in the
+XIIth Dynasty, when the papyrus was perhaps written: hence there is
+nothing conclusive to be drawn from this allusion so far. But when we
+compare this tale with those following, we see good ground for its
+belonging to a time before the XIIth Dynasty The following tale of the
+peasant and the workman evidently belongs to the IXth or Xth Dynasties,
+when Herakleopolis was the capital, and Sanehat is certainly of the
+XIIth Dynasty. Yet in those we see character and incident made the basis
+of interest, in place of the childish profusion of marvels of the Tales
+of the Magicians. It seems impossible not to suppose that they belong to
+very different ages and canons of taste; and hence we cannot refer the
+crudities of the Khufu tales to the time of the far more elaborate and
+polished recital of the adventures of Sanehat in the XIIth Dynasty.
+Being thus obliged to suppose an earlier date for these tales, the
+allusion to the month Tybi throws us back to a very early period--the
+IVth Dynasty--for their original outlines. Doubtless they were modified
+by reciters, and probably took shape in the Vth or VIth Dynasties; but
+yet we must regard them as belonging practically to the age to which
+they refer.
+
+
+
+
+IN THE SEKHET HEMAT
+
+IXTH DYNASTY
+
+
+
+
+THE PEASANT AND THE WORKMAN
+
+
+There dwelt in the Sekhet Hemat--or salt country--a peasant called the
+Sekhti, with his wife and children, his asses and his dogs; and he
+trafficked in all good things of the Sekhet Hemat to Henenseten. Behold
+now he went with rushes, natron, and salt, with wood and pods, with
+stones and seeds, and all good products of the Sekhet Hemat. And this
+Sekhti journeyed to the south unto Henenseten; and when he came to the
+lands of the house of Fefa, north of Denat, he found a man there
+standing on the bank, a man called Hemti--the workman--son of a man
+called Asri, who was a serf of the High Steward Meruitensa. Now said
+this Hemti, when he saw the asses of Sekhti, that were pleasing in his
+eyes, "Oh that some good god would grant me to steal away the goods of
+Sekhti from him!"
+
+Now the Hemti's house was by the dyke of the tow-path, which was
+straitened, and not wide, as much as the width of a waist cloth: on the
+one side of it was the water, and on the other side of it grew his corn.
+Hemti said then to his servant, "Hasten I bring me a shawl from the
+house," and it was brought instantly. Then spread he out this shawl on
+the face of the dyke, and it lay with its fastening on the water and its
+fringe on the corn.
+
+Now Sekhti approached along the path used by all men. Said Hemti, "Have
+a care, Sekhti! you are not going to trample on my clothes!" Said
+Sekhti, "I will do as you like, I will pass carefully." Then went he
+up on the higher side.  But Hemti said, "Go you over my corn, instead
+of the path?" Said Sekhti, "I am going carefully; this high field of
+corn is not my choice, but you have stopped your path with your
+clothes, and will you then not let us pass by the side of the path?"
+And one of the asses filled its mouth with a cluster of corn. Said
+Hemti, "Look you, I shall take away your ass, Sekhti, for eating my
+corn; behold it will have to pay according to the amount of the
+injury." Said Sekhti, "I am going carefully; the one way is stopped,
+therefore took I my ass by the enclosed ground, and do you seize it
+for filling its mouth with a cluster of corn? Moreover, I know unto
+whom this domain belongs, even unto the Lord Steward Meruitensa. He it
+is who smites every robber in this whole land; and shall I then be
+robbed in his domain?"
+
+Said Hemti, "This is the proverb which men speak: 'A poor man's name is
+only his own matter.' I am he of whom you spake, even the Lord Steward
+of whom you think." Thereon he took to him branches of green tamarisk
+and scourged all his limbs, took his asses, and drave them into the
+pasture.  And Sekhti wept very greatly, by reason of the pain of what
+he had suffered. Said Hemti, "Lift not up your voice, Sekhti, or you
+shall go to the Demon of Silence." Sekhti answered, "You beat me, you
+steal my goods, and now would take away even my voice, O demon of
+silence! If you will restore my goods, then will I cease to cry out at
+your violence."
+
+Sekhti stayed the whole day petitioning Hemti, but he would not give ear
+unto him. And Sekhti went his way to Khenensuten to complain to the Lord
+Steward Meruitensa. He found him coming out from the door of his house
+to embark on his boat, that he might go to the judgment hall. Sekhti
+said, "Ho! turn, that I may please thy heart with this discourse. Now at
+this time let one of thy followers whom thou wilt, come to me that I
+may send him to thee concerning it." The Lord Steward Meruitensa made
+his follower, whom he chose, go straight unto him, and Sekhti sent him
+back with an account of all these matters. Then the Lord Steward
+Meruitensa accused Hemti unto the nobles who sat with him; and they said
+unto him, "By your leave: As to this Sekhti of yours, let him bring a
+witness. Behold thou it is our custom with our Sekhtis; witnesses come
+with them; behold, that is our custom.  Then it will be fitting to
+beat this Hemti for a trifle of natron and a trifle of salt; if he is
+commanded to pay for it, he will pay for it." But the High Steward
+Meruitensa held his peace; for he would not reply unto these nobles,
+but would reply unto the Sekhti.
+
+Now Sekhti came to appeal to the Lord Steward Meruitensa, and said, "O
+my Lord Steward, greatest of the great, guide of the needy:
+
+  When thou embarkest on the lake of truth,--
+  Mayest thou sail upon it with a fair wind;
+  May thy mainsail not fly loose.
+  May there not be lamentation in thy cabin;
+  May not misfortune come after thee.
+  May not thy mainstays be snapped;
+  Mayest thou not run aground.
+  May not the wave seize thee;
+  Mayest thou not taste the impurities of the river;
+  Mayest thou not see the face of fear.
+  May the fish come to thee without escape;
+  Mayest thou reach unto plump waterfowl.
+  For thou art the orphan's father, the widow's husband,
+  The desolate woman's brother, the garment of the motherless.
+  Let me celebrate thy name in this land for every virtue.
+  A guide without greediness of heart;
+  A great one without any meanness.
+  Destroying deceit, encouraging justice;
+  Coming to the cry, and allowing utterance.
+  Let me speak, do thou hear and do justice;
+  O praised! whom the praised ones praise.
+  Abolish oppression, behold me, I am overladen,
+  Reckon with me, behold me defrauded."
+
+Now the Sekhti made this speech in the time of the majesty of the King
+Neb-ka-n-ra, blessed. The Lord Steward Meruitensa went away straight to
+the king and said, "My lord, I have found one of these Sekhti, excellent
+of speech, in very truth; stolen are his goods, and he has come to
+complain to me of the matter."
+
+His majesty said, "As thou wishest that I may see health! lengthen out
+his complaint, without replying to any of his speeches. He who
+desireth him to continue speaking should be silent; behold, bring us
+his words in writing, that we may listen to them. But provide for his
+wife and his children, and let the Sekhti himself also have a living.
+Thou must cause one to give him his portion without letting him know
+that thou art he who is giving it to him."
+
+There were given to him four loaves and two draughts of beer each day;
+which the Lord Steward Meruitensa provided for him, giving it to a
+friend of his, who furnished it unto him. Then the Lord Steward
+Meruitensa sent the governor of the Sekhet Hemat to make provision for
+the wife of the Sekhti, three rations of corn each day.
+
+Then came the Sekhti a second time, and even a third time, unto the Lord
+Steward Meruitensa; but he told two of his followers to go unto the
+Sekhti, and seize on him, and beat him with staves. But he came again
+unto him, even unto six times, and said--
+
+"My Lord Steward-Destroying deceit, and encouraging justice; Raising up
+every good thing, and crushing every evil; As plenty comes removing
+famine, As clothing covers nakedness, As clear sky after storm warms the
+shivering; As fire cooks that which is raw, As water quenches the
+thirst; Look with thy face upon my lot; do not covet, but
+content me without fail; do the right and do not evil."
+
+But yet Meruitensa would not hearken unto his complaint; and the Sekhti
+came yet, and yet again, even unto the ninth time. Then the Lord Steward
+told two of his followers to go unto the Sekhti; and the Sekhti feared
+that he should be beaten as at the third request. But the Lord Steward
+Meruitensa then said unto him, "Fear not, Sekhti, for what thou has
+done. The Sekhti has made many speeches, delightful to the heart of his
+majesty and I take an oath--as I eat bread, and as I drink water--that
+thou shalt be remembered to eternity." Said the Lord Steward, "Moreover,
+thou shalt be satisfied when thou shalt hear of thy complaints." He
+caused to be written on a clean roll of papyrus each petition to the
+end, and the Lord Steward Meruitensa sent it to the majesty of the
+King Neb-ka-n-ra, blessed, and it was good to him more than anything
+that is in the whole land: but his majesty said to Meruitensa, "Judge
+it thyself; I do not desire it."
+
+The Lord Steward Meruitensa made two of his followers to go to the
+Sekhet Hemat, and bring a list of the household of the Sekhti; and its
+amount was six persons, beside his oxen and his goats, his wheat and his
+barley, his asses and his dogs; and moreover he gave all that which
+belonged unto the Hemti to the Sekhti, even all his property and his
+offices, and the Sekhti was beloved of the king more than all his
+overseers, and ate of all the good things of the king, with all his
+household.
+
+
+
+
+Remarks
+
+
+Of the tale of the peasant and the workman three copies, more or less
+imperfect, remain to us. At Berlin are two papyri, Nos. 2 and 4,
+containing parts of the tale, published in facsimile in the "Denkmaler"
+of Lepsius vi. 108-110 and 113; while portions of another copy exist in
+the Butler papyrus; and lately fragments of the same have been collated
+in the collection of Lord Amherst of Hackney. These last have been
+published in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology,
+xiv. 558. The number of copies seem to show that this was a popular tale
+in early times; it certainly is of a more advanced type than the earlier
+tales of magic, though it belongs to a simpler style than the tales
+which follow. It has been translated partially by Chabas and Goodwin,
+and also by Maspero, but most completely by Griffith in the Proceedings
+of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, referred to above.
+
+The beginning of the tale is lost in all the copies, and an introductory
+sentence is here added in brackets, to explain the position of affairs
+at the opening of the fragment. The essence of the tale is the
+difference in social position between the Sekhti, or peasant, and the
+Hemti, or workman--the _fellah_ and the client of the noble; and the
+impossibility of getting justice against a client, unless by some
+extraordinary means of attracting his patron's attention, is the basis
+of the action. There is not a single point of incident here which might
+not be true in modern times; every turn of it seems to live, as one
+reads it in view of country life in Egypt.
+
+The region of the tale is Henenseten, or Herakleopolis, now Ahnas, a
+little south of the Fayum. This was the seat of the IXth and Xth
+Dynasties, apparently ejected from Memphis by a foreign invasion of the
+Delta; and here it is that the High Steward lives and goes to speak to
+the king. The district of the Sekhti is indicated by his travelling
+south to Henenseten, and going with asses and not by boat. Hence we are
+led to look for the Sekhet Hemat, or salt country, in the borders of the
+Fayum lake, whence the journey would be southward, and across the
+desert. This lake was not regulated artificially until the XIIth
+Dynasty; and hence at the period of this tale it was a large sheet of
+water, fluctuating with each rise and fall of the Nile, and bordered by
+lagoons where rushes would flourish, and where salt and natron would
+accumulate daring the dry season of each year. At the present time the
+lake of the Fayum is brackish, and the cliffs which border it contain so
+much salt that rain pools which collect on them are not drinkable. The
+paths and roads of Egypt are not protected by law as in Western
+countries. Each person encroaches on a path or diverts it as may suit
+his purpose, only checked by the liberties taken by passers-by in
+trespassing if a path be insufficient. Hence, it is very usual to see a
+house built over half of a path, and driving the traffic into the
+field or almost over the river bank. In this case the Hemti had taken
+in as much of the path as he could, and left it but a narrow strip
+along the top of the canal bank. The frequent use of the public way
+for drying clothes, or spreading out property, gave the idea of
+choking the way altogether, and leaving no choice but trespassing on
+the crops. No sooner does a donkey pause, or even pass, by a field of
+corn than he snatches a mouthful, and in a delay or altercation such
+as this the beast is sure to take the advantage.  Donkeys carrying
+loads by cornfields are usually muzzled with rope nets, to prevent
+their feeding; and even sheep and goats are also fended in the same
+way.
+
+The proverb, "A poor man's name is only his own matter," refers to the
+independent _fellah_ having no patron or protector who will take up and
+defend his name from accusations, as the interests of clients and serfs
+would be protected. This being the case, Hemti therefore seizes on the
+property, and drives the asses into his own pasture field.
+
+The scene of Meruitensa laying the case before the nobles who sat with
+him is interesting as showing that even simple cases were not decided by
+one judge, but referred to a council. Similarly, Una lays stress on the
+private trial of the queen being confided to him and only one other
+judge. Apparently, referring cases to a bench of judges was the means of
+preventing corruption.
+
+The speeches of the Sekhti were given at full length in the papyrus, but
+owing to injuries we cannot now entirely recover them; they are all in
+much the same strain, only the first and last are translated here, and
+the others are passed over. The style of these speeches was evidently
+looked on as eloquent in those days, and this papyrus really seems to
+show the time when long-drawn comparisons and flowery wishes were in
+fashion. It is far different from later compositions, as it is also from
+the earlier simple narration of crude marvels in the tales of the
+magicians.
+
+The close of the tale is defective, but from the remains it appears to
+have ended by the gift of the Hemti's property to the oppressed Sekhti
+and the triumph of the injured peasant.
+
+
+
+
+GOING TO WAWAT, XIITH DYNASTY
+
+
+
+
+THE SHIPWRECKED SAILOR
+
+
+The wise servant said, "Let thy heart be satisfied, O my lord, for
+that we have come back to the country; after we have long been on board,
+and rowed much, the prow has at last touched land. All the people
+rejoice, and embrace us one after another. Moreover, we have come back
+in good health, and not a man is lacking; although we have been to the
+ends of Wawat, and gone through the land of Senmut, we have returned in
+peace, and our land--behold, we have come back to it. Hear me, my
+lord; I have no other refuge. Wash thee, and turn the water over thy
+ringers; then go and tell the tale to the majesty."
+
+His lord replied, "Thy heart continues still its wandering words! but
+although the mouth of a man may save him, his words may also cover his
+face with confusion. Wilt thou do then as thy heart moves thee? This
+that thou wilt say, tell quietly."
+
+The sailor then answered, "Now I shall tell that which has happened to
+me, to my very self I was going to the mines of Pharaoh, and I went down
+on the sea on a ship of 150 cubits long and 40 cubits wide, with 150
+sailors of the best of Egypt, who had seen heaven and earth, and whose
+hearts were stronger than lions. They had said that the wind would not
+be contrary, or that there would be none. But as we approached the land
+the wind arose, and threw up waves eight cubits high. As for me, I
+seized a piece of wood; but those who were in the vessel perished,
+without one remaining. A wave threw me on an island, after that I had
+been three days alone, without a companion beside my own heart. I laid
+me in a thicket, and the shadow covered me. Then stretched I my limbs
+to try to find something for my mouth. I found there figs and grapes,
+all manner of good herbs, berries and grain, melons of all kinds,
+fishes and birds. Nothing was lacking.  And I satisfied myself; and
+left on the ground that which was over, of what my arms had been
+filled withal. I dug a pit, I lighted a fire, and I made a
+burnt-offering unto the gods.
+
+"Suddenly I heard a noise as of thunder, which I thought to be that of a
+wave of the sea. The trees shook, and the earth was moved. I uncovered
+my face, and I saw that a serpent drew near. He was thirty cubits long,
+and his beard greater than two cubits; his body was as overlayed with
+gold, and his colour as that of true lazuli. He coiled himself before me.
+
+"Then he opened his mouth, while that I lay on my face before him, and
+he said to me, 'What has brought thee, what has brought thee, little
+one, what has brought thee? If thou sayest not speedily what has
+brought thee to this isle, I will make thee know thyself; as a flame
+thou shalt vanish, if thou tellest me not something I have not heard,
+or which I knew not, before thee.'
+
+"Then he took me in his mouth and carried me to his resting-place, and
+layed me down without any hurt. I was whole and sound, and nothing was
+gone from me. Then he opened his mouth against me, while that I lay on
+my face before him, and he said, 'What has brought thee, what has
+brought thee, little one, what has brought thee to this isle which is in
+the sea, and of which the shores are in the midst of the waves?'
+
+"Then I replied to him, and holding my arms low before him, I said to
+him,' I was embarked for the mines by the order of the majesty, in a
+ship, 150 cubits was its length, and the width of it 40 cubits. It had
+150 sailors of the best of Egypt, who had seen heaven and earth, and
+the hearts of whom were stronger than lions. They said that the wind
+would not be contrary, or that there would be none. Each of them
+exceeded his companion in the prudence of his heart and the strength
+of his arm, and I was not beneath any of them. A storm came upon us
+while we were on the sea. Hardly could we reach to the shore when the
+wind waxed yet greater, and the waves rose even eight cubits. As for
+me, I seized a piece of wood, while those who were in the boat
+perished without one being left with me for three days.  Behold me now
+before thee, for I was brought to this isle by a wave of the sea.'
+
+"Then said he to me, 'Fear not, fear not, little one, and make not thy
+face sad. If thou hast come to me, it is God who has let thee live. For
+it is He who has brought thee to this isle of the blest, where nothing
+is lacking, and which is filled with all good after another, until
+thou shalt be four months in this isle. Then a ship shall come from
+thy land with sailors, and thou shalt leave with them and go to thy
+country, and thou shalt die in thy town.
+
+'"Converse is pleasing, and he who tastes of it passes over his
+misery.  I will therefore tell thee of that which is in this isle. I
+am here with my brethren and my children around me; we are
+seventy-five serpents, children, and kindred; without naming a young
+girl who was brought unto me by chance, and on whom the fire of heaven
+fell, and burnt her to ashes.
+
+"'As for thee if thou art strong, and if thy heart waits patiently, thou
+shalt press thy infants to thy bosom and embrace thy wife. Thou shalt
+return to thy house which is full of all good things, thou shalt see thy
+land, where thou shalt dwell in the midst of thy kindred.'
+
+"Then I bowed, in my obeisance, and I touched the ground before him.
+'Behold now that which I have told thee before. I shall tell of thy
+presence unto Pharaoh, I shall make him to know of thy greatness, and I
+will bring to thee of the sacred oils and perfumes, and of incense of
+the temples with which all gods are honoured. I shall tell, moreover, of
+that which I do now see (thanks to him), and there shall be rendered
+to thee praises before the fulness of all the land. I shall slay asses
+for thee in sacrifice, I shall pluck for thee the birds, and I shall
+bring for thee ships full of all kinds of the treasures of Egypt, as
+is comely to do unto a god, a friend of men in a far country, of which
+men know not.'
+
+"Then he smiled at my speech, because of that which was in his heart,
+for he said to me, 'Thou art not rich in perfumes, for all that thou
+hast is but common incense. As for me I am prince of the land of Punt,
+and I have perfumes. Only the oil which thou sayedst thou wouldest bring
+is not common in this isle. But, when thou shalt depart from this place,
+thou shalt never more see this isle; it shall be changed into waves.'
+
+"And, behold, when the ship drew near, according to all that he had told
+me before, I got me up into an high tree, to strive to see those who
+were within it. Then I came and told to him this matter; but it was already
+known unto him before. Then he said to me. 'Farewell, farewell, go to
+thy house, little one, see again thy children, and let thy name be good
+in thy town; these are my wishes for thee.'"
+
+
+
+
+THE FAREWELL
+
+
+"Then I bowed myself before him, and held my arms low before him, and
+he, he gave me gifts of precious perfumes, of cassia, of sweet woods, of
+kohl, of cypress, an abundance of incense, of ivory tusks, of baboons,
+of apes, and all kind of precious things. I embarked all in the ship
+which was come, and bowing myself, I prayed God for him.
+
+"Then he said to me, 'Behold thou shalt come to thy country in two
+months, thou shalt press to thy bosom thy children, and thou shalt rest
+in thy tomb.' After this I went down to the shore unto the ship, and I
+called to the sailors who were there. Then on the shore I rendered
+adoration to the master of this isle and to those who dwelt therein.
+
+"When we shall come, in our return, to the house of Pharaoh, in the
+second month, according to all that the serpent has said, we shall
+approach unto the palace. And I shall go in before Pharaoh, I shall
+bring the gifts which I have brought from this isle into the country.
+Then he shall thank me before the fulness of all the land. Grant then
+unto me a follower, and lead me to the courtiers of the king. Cast thy
+eye upon me, after that I am come to land again, after that I have
+both seen and proved this. Hear my prayer, for it is good to listen to
+people. It was said unto me, 'Become a wise man, and thou shalt come
+to honour,' and behold I have become such."
+
+This is finished from its beginning unto its end, even as it was found
+in a writing. It is written by the scribe of cunning fingers
+Ameni-amen-aa; may he live in life, wealth, and health!
+
+
+
+
+Remarks
+
+
+This tale is only known in one copy, preserved in the Hermitage
+collection at St. Petersburg. The papyrus has not yet been published,
+either in facsimile or transcription. But two translations of it have
+appeared by M. Golenischeff: from the earlier a modified translation is
+given by Maspero in the "Contes Populaires," 2nd edit., pp. 133-146,
+and the later translation is in M. Golenischeff's excellent
+"Inventaire de la collection Egyptienne (Ermitage Imperial)," p.
+177-182.
+
+The tale is that of a returned sailor, speaking to his superior and
+telling his adventures, to induce him to send him on with an
+introduction to the king. At first his master professes to disbelieve
+him, and then the sailor protests that this happened to himself, and
+gives his narrative. The idea of an enchanted island, which has risen
+from the waves and will sink again, is here found to be one of the
+oldest plots for a tale of marvels. But the construction is far more
+advanced than that of the tales of the magicians. The family of serpents
+and the manner of the great serpent is well conceived, and there are
+many fine touches of literary quality: such as noise as of thunder, the
+trees shaking and the earth being moved at the appearance of the great
+serpent--the speeches of the serpent and his threat--the sailors who had
+seen heaven and earth--the contempt of the serpent for his offerings.
+
+"As for me, I am prince of the land of Punt, and I have perfumes"--and
+the scene of departure. All of these points show a firm hand and
+practised taste, although there is still a style of simplicity clinging
+to it which agrees well to its date in the XIIth Dynasty.
+
+The great serpent is not of a type usual in Egyptian designs. The
+human-headed uraeus is seldom bearded; and the best example of such a
+monster is on an Ethiopian temple, where a great uraeus has human arms
+and a lion's head. The colours again repeat the favourite combination
+expressive of splendour--gold and lazuli. Though lazuli is very rare in
+early times, yet it certainly was known in the XIIth Dynasty, as shown
+by the forms of some beads of lazuli.
+
+The slaughter of asses in sacrifice is a very peculiar offering, and no
+sign of this is found in any representations or groups of offerings.
+
+The colophon of the copyist at the end shows by the style of the name
+that it belongs to the earlier part of the XIIth Dynasty, and if so, the
+composition might be referred to the opening of foreign trade under
+Sankhkara or Amenemhat I.
+
+
+
+
+XIITH DYNASTY
+
+
+
+
+THE ADVENTURES OF SANEHAT
+
+
+The hereditary prince, royal seal-bearer, confidential friend, judge,
+keeper of the gate of the foreigners, true and beloved royal
+acquaintance, the royal follower Sanehat says:--
+
+I attended my lord as a follower of the king, of the house of the
+hereditary princess, the greatly favoured, the royal wife,
+Ankhet-Usertesen, who shares the dwelling of the royal son Amenemhat in
+Kanefer.
+
+In the thirtieth year, the month Paophi, the seventh day the god entered
+his horizon, the king Sehotepabra flew up to heaven and joined the sun's
+disc, the follower of the god met his maker. The palace was silenced,
+and in mourning, the great gates were closed, the courtiers crouching
+on the ground, the people in hushed mourning.
+
+His majesty had sent a great army with the nobles to the land of the
+Temehu (Lybia), his son and heir, the good god king Usertesen as their
+leader. Now he was returning, and had brought away living captives and
+all kinds of cattle without end. The councillors of the palace had sent
+to the West to let the king know the matter that had come to pass in the
+inner hall. The messenger was to meet him on the road, and reach him at
+the time of evening: the matter was urgent. "A hawk had soared with his
+followers." Thus said he, not to let the army know of it Even if the
+royal sons who commanded in that army send a message, he was not to
+speak to a single one of them. But I was standing near, and heard his
+voice while he was speaking. I fled far away, my heart beating, my arms
+failing, trembling had fallen on all my limbs. I turned about in running
+to seek a place to hide me, and I threw myself between two bushes, to
+wait while they should pass by.
+
+
+
+
+THE FLIGHT
+
+
+Then I turned me toward the south, not from wishing to come into this
+palace--for I knew not if war was declared--nor even thinking a wish to
+live after this sovereign.
+
+I turned my back to the sycamore, I reached Shi-Seneferu, and rested on
+the open field. In the morning I went on and overtook a man, who passed
+by the edge of the road. He asked of me mercy, for he feared me. By
+the evening I drew near to Kher-ahau (? old Cairo), and I crossed the
+river on a raft without a rudder. Carried over by the west wind, I
+passed over to the east to the quarries of Aku and the land of the
+goddess Herit, mistress of the red mountain (Gebel Ahmar). Then I fled
+on foot, northward, and reached the walls of the prince, built to
+repel the Sati.  I crouched in a bush for fear of being seen by the
+guards, changed each day, who watch on the top of the fortress. I took
+my way by night, and at the lighting or the day I reached Peten, and
+turned me toward the valley of Kemur. Then thirst hasted me on; I
+dried up, and my throat narrowed, and I said, "This is the taste of
+death." When I lifted up my heart and gathered strength, I heard a
+voice and the lowing of cattle. I saw men of the Sati, and one of
+them--a friend unto Egypt--knew me. Behold he gave me water and boiled
+me milk, and I went with him to his camp; they did me good, and one
+tribe passed me on to another. I passed on to Sun, and reached the
+land of Adim (Edom).
+
+When I had dwelt there half a year Amu-an-shi--who is the prince of the
+Upper Tenu--sent for me and said: "Dwell thou with me that thou mayest
+hear the speech of Egypt." He said thus for that he knew of my
+excellence, and had heard tell of my worth, for men of Egypt who were
+there with him bore witness of me. Behold he said to me, "For what cause
+hast thou come hither? Has a matter come to pass in the palace? Has the
+king of the two lands, Sehetep-abra gone to heaven? That which has
+happened about this is not known." But I answered with concealment, and
+said, "When I came from the land of the Tamahu, and my desires were
+there changed in me, if I fled away it was not by reason of remorse that
+I took the way of a fugitive; I have not failed in my duty, my mouth has
+not said any bitter words, I have not heard any evil counsel, my name
+has not come into the mouth of a magistrate. I know not by what I have
+been led into this land." And Amu-an-shi said, "This is by the will of
+the god (king of Egypt), for what is a land like if it know not that
+excellent god, of whom the dread is upon the lands of strangers, as
+they dread Sekhet in a year of pestilence." I spake to him, and
+replied, "Forgive me, his son now enters the palace, and has received
+the heritage of his father. He is a god who has none like him, and
+there is none before him. He is a master of wisdom, prudent in his
+designs, excellent in his decrees, with good-will to him who goes or
+who comes; he subdued the land of strangers while his father yet lived
+in his palace, and he rendered account of that which his father
+destined him to perform. He is a brave man, who verily strikes with
+his sword; a valiant one, who has not his equal; he springs upon the
+barbarians, and throws himself on the spoilers; he breaks the horns
+and weakens the hands, and those whom he smites cannot raise the
+buckler. He is fearless, and dashes the heads, and none can stand
+before him. He is swift of foot, to destroy him who flies; and none
+who flees from him reaches his home. His heart is strong in his time;
+he is a lion who strikes with the claw, and never has he turned his
+back. His heart is closed to pity; and when he sees multitudes, he
+leaves none to live behind him. He is a valiant one who springs in
+front when he sees resistance; he is a warrior who rejoices when he
+flies on the barbarians. He seizes the buckler, he rushes forward, he
+never needs to strike again, he slays and none can turn his lance; and
+when he takes the bow the barbarians flee from his arms like dogs; for
+the great goddess has given to him to strike those who know her not;
+and if he reaches forth he spares none, and leaves nought behind. He
+is a friend of great sweetness, who knows how to gain love; his land
+loves him more than itself, and rejoices in him more than in its own
+god; men and women run to his call. A king, he has ruled from his
+birth; he, from his birth, has increased births, a sole being, a
+divine essence, by whom this land rejoices to be governed. He enlarges
+the borders of the South, but he covets not the lands of the North;
+he does not smite the Sati, nor crush the Nemau-shau If he descends
+here, let him know thy name, by the homage which thou wilt pay to his
+majesty. For he refuses not to bless the land which obeys him."
+
+And he replied to me, "Egypt is indeed happy and well settled; behold
+thou art far from it, but whilst thou art with me I will do good unto
+thee." And he placed me before his children, he married his eldest
+daughter to me, and gave me the choice of all his land, even among the
+best of that which he had on the border of the next land. It is a goodly
+land, laa is its name. There are figs and grapes; there is wine commoner
+than water; abundant is the honey, many are its olives; and all fruits
+are upon its trees; there is barley and wheat, and cattle of kinds
+without end. This was truly a great thing that he granted me, when the
+prince came to invest me, and establish me as prince of a tribe in the
+best of his land. I had my continual portion of bread and of wine each
+day, of cooked meat, of roasted fowl, as well as the wild game which I
+took, or which was brought to me, besides what my dogs captured. They
+made me much butter, and prepared milk of all kinds. I passed many
+years, the children that I had became great, each ruling his tribe.
+When a messenger went or came to the palace, he turned aside from the
+way to come to me; for I helped every man. I gave water to the
+thirsty, I set on his way him who went astray, and I rescued the
+robbed. The Sati who went far, to strike and turn back the princes of
+other lands, I ordained their goings; for the Prince of the Tenu for
+many years appointed me to be general of his soldiers. In every land
+which I attacked I played the champion, I took the cattle, I led away
+the vassals, I carried off the slaves, I slew the people, by my sword,
+my bow, my marches and my good devices. I was excellent to the heart
+of my prince; he loved me when he knew my power, and set me over his
+children when he saw the strength of my arms.
+
+A champion of the Tenu came to defy me in my tent: a bold man without
+equal, for he had vanquished the whole country. He said, "Let Sanehat
+fight with me;" for he desired to overthrow me, he thought to take my
+cattle for his tribe. The prince counselled with me. I said, "I know
+him not. I certainly am not of his degree, I hold me far from his
+place. Have I ever opened his door, or leaped over his fence? It is
+some envious jealousy from seeing me; does he think that I am like
+some steer among the cows, whom the bull overthrows? If this is a
+wretch who thinks to enrich himself at my cost, not a Bedawi and a
+Bedawi fit for fight, then let us put the matter to judgment. Verily a
+true bull loves battle, but a vain-glorious bull turns his back for
+fear of contest; if he has a heart for combat, let him speak what he
+pleases. Will God forget what He has ordained, and how shall that be
+known?" I lay down; and when I had rested I strung my bow, I made
+ready my arrows, I loosened my poignard, I furbished my arms. At dawn
+the land of the Tenu came together; it had gathered its tribes and
+called all the neighbouring people, it spake of nothing but the fight.
+Each heart burnt for me, men and women crying out; for each heart was
+troubled for me, and they said, "Is there another strong one who would
+fight with him? Behold the adversary has a buckler, a battle axe, and
+an armful of javelins." Then I drew him to the attack; I turned aside
+his arrows, and they struck the ground in vain. One drew near to the
+other, and he fell on me, and then I shot him. My arrow fastened in
+his neck, he cried out, and fell on his face: I drove his lance into
+him, and raised my shout of victory on his back. Whilst all the men of
+the land rejoiced, I, and his vassals whom he had oppressed, gave
+thanks unto Mentu. This prince, Amu-an-shi, embraced me. Then I
+carried off his goods and took his cattle, that which he had wished to
+do to me, I did even so unto him; I seized that which was in his tent,
+I spoiled his dwelling. As time went on I increased the richness of my
+treasures and the number of my cattle.
+
+_Petition to the king of Egypt._
+
+"Now behold what the god has done for me who trusted in him. Having once
+fled away, yet now there is a witness of me in the palace. Once having
+fled away, as a fugitive,------now all in the palace give unto me a good
+name. After that I had been dying of hunger, now I give bread to those
+around. I had left my land naked, and now I am clothed in fine linen.
+After having been a wanderer without followers, now I possess many
+serfs. My house is fine, my land wide, my memory is established in the
+temple of all the gods. And let this flight obtain thy forgiveness;
+that I may be appointed in the palace; that I may see the place where
+my heart dwells. How great a thing is it that my body should be
+embalmed in the land where I was born! To return there is happiness. I
+have made offering to God, to grant me this thing. His heart suffers
+who has run away unto a strange land. Let him hear the prayer of him
+who is afar off, that he may revisit the place of his birth, and the
+place from which he removed.
+
+"May the king of Egypt be gracious to me that I may live of his favour.
+And I render my homage to the mistress of the land, who is in his
+palace; may I hear the news of her children. Thus will my limbs grow
+young again. Now old age comes, feebleness seizes me, my eyes are
+heavy, my arms are feeble, my legs will not move, my heart is slow.
+Death draws nigh to me, soon shall they lead me to the city of
+eternity. Let me follow the mistress of all (the queen, his former
+mistress); lo! let her tell me the excellencies of her children; may
+she bring eternity to me."
+
+Then the majesty of King Kheper-ka-ra, the blessed, spake upon this my
+desire that I had made to him. His majesty sent unto me with presents
+from the king, that he might enlarge the heart of his servant, like unto
+the province of any strange land; and the royal sons who are in the
+palace addressed themselves unto me.
+
+_Copy of the decree which was brought--to me who speak to you--to lead
+me back into Egypt._
+
+"The Horus, life of births, lord of the crowns, life of births, king
+of Upper and Lower Egypt, Kheper-ka-ra, son of the Sun, Amen-em-hat,
+ever living unto eternity. Order for the follower Sanehat. Behold this
+order of the king is sent to thee to instruct thee of his will.
+
+"Now, although thou hast gone through strange lands from Adim to Tenu,
+and passed from one country to another at the wish of thy heart--behold,
+what hast thou done, or what has been done against thee, that is amiss?
+Moreover, thou reviledst not; but if thy word was denied, thou didst
+not speak again in the assembly of the nobles, even if thou wast
+desired. Now, therefore, that thou hast thought on this matter which
+has come to thy mind, let thy heart not change again; for this thy
+Heaven (queen), who is in the palace is fixed, she is flourishing, she
+is enjoying the best in the kingdom of the land, and her children are
+in the chambers of the palace.
+
+"Leave all the riches that thou hast, and that are with thee,
+altogether. When thou shalt come into Egypt behold the palace, and when
+thou shalt enter the palace, bow thy face to the ground before the Great
+House; thou shalt be chief among the companions. And day by day behold
+thou growest old; thy vigour is lost, and thou thinkest on the day of
+burial. Thou shalt see thyself come to the blessed state, they shall
+give thee the bandages from the hand of Tait, the night of applying the
+oil of embalming. They shall follow thy funeral, and visit the tomb on
+the day of burial, which shall be in a gilded case, the head painted
+with blue, a canopy of cypress wood above thee, and oxen shall draw
+thee, the singers going before thee, and they shall dance the funeral
+dance. The weepers crouching at the door of thy tomb shall cry aloud
+the prayers for offerings: they shall slay victims for thee at the
+door of thy pit; and thy pyramid shall be carved in white stone, in
+the company of the royal children. Thus thou shalt not die in a
+strange land, nor be buried by the Amu; thou shalt not be laid in a
+sheep-skin when thou art buried; all people shall beat the earth, and
+lament on thy body when thou goest to the tomb."
+
+When this order came to me, I was in the midst of my tribe. When it was
+read unto me, I threw me on the dust, I threw dust in my hair; I went
+around my tent rejoicing and saying, "How may it be that such a thing
+is done to the servant, who with a rebellious heart has fled to
+strange lands? Now with an excellent deliverance, and mercy delivering
+me from death, thou shall cause me to end my days in the palace."
+
+_Copy of the answer to this order._
+
+"The follower Sanehat says: In excellent peace above everything consider
+of this flight that he made here in his ignorance; Thou, the Good God,
+Lord of both Lands, Loved of Ra, Favourite of Mentu, the lord of Thebes,
+and of Amen, lord of thrones of the lands, of Sebek, Ra, Horus, Hathor,
+Atmu, and of his fellow-gods, of Sopdu, Neferbiu, Samsetu, Horus, lord
+of the east, and of the royal uraeus which rules on thy head, of the
+chief gods of the waters, of Min, Horus of the desert, Urrit, mistress
+of Punt, Nut, Harnekht, Ra, all the gods of the land of Egypt, and of
+the isles of the sea. May they give life and peace to thy nostril, may
+they load thee with their gifts, may they give to thee eternity
+without end, everlastingness without bound. May the fear of thee be
+doubled in the lands of the deserts. Mayest thou subdue the circuit of
+the sun's disc. This is the prayer to his master of the humble servant
+who is saved from a foreign land.
+
+"O wise king, the wise words which are pronounced in the wisdom of the
+majesty of the sovereign, thy humble servant fears to tell. It is a
+great thing to repeat. O great God, like unto Ra in fulfilling that to
+which he has set his hand, what am I that he should take thought for me?
+Am I among those whom he regards, and for whom he arranges? Thy majesty
+is as Horus, and the strength of thy arms extends to all lands.
+
+"Then let his Majesty bring Maki of Adma, Kenti-au-ush of Khenti-keshu,
+and Tenus from the two lands ol the Fenkhu; these are the princes who
+bear witness of me as to all that has passed, out of love for thyself.
+Does not Tenu believe that it belongs to thee like thy dogs. Behold
+this flight that I have made: I did not have it in my heart; it was
+like the leading of a dream, as a man of Adehi (Delta) sees himself in
+Abu (Elephantine), as a man of the plain of Egypt who sees himself in
+the deserts. There was no fear, there was no hastening after me, I did
+not listen to an evil plot, my name was not heard in the mouth of the
+magistrate; but my limbs went, my feet wandered, my heart drew me; my
+god commanded this flight, and drew me on; but I am not stiff-necked.
+Does a man fear when he sees his own land? Ra spread thy fear over the
+land, thy terrors in every strange land. Behold me now in the palace,
+behold me in this place; and lo! thou art he who is over all the
+horizon; the sun rises at thy pleasure, the water in the rivers is
+drunk at thy will, the wind in heaven is breathed at thy saying.
+
+"I who speak to thee shall leave my goods to the generations to follow
+in this land. And as to this messenger who is come even let thy majesty
+do as pleaseth him, for one lives by the breath that thou givest. O thou
+who art beloved of Ra, of Horus, and of Hathor; Mentu, lord of Thebes,
+desires that thy august nostril should live for ever."
+
+I made a feast in Iaa, to pass over my goods to my children. My eldest
+son was leading my tribe, all my goods passed to him, and I gave him my
+corn and all my cattle, my fruit, and all my pleasant trees. When I had
+taken my road to the south, and arrived at the roads of Horus, the
+officer who was over the garrison sent a messenger to the palace to give
+notice. His majesty sent the good overseer of the peasants of the king's
+domains, and boats laden with presents from the king for the Sati who
+had come to conduct me to the roads of Horus. I spoke to each one by his
+name, and I gave the presents to each as was intended. I received and I
+returned the salutation, and I continued thus until I reached the city
+of Thetu.
+
+When the land was brightened, and the new day began, four men came with
+a summons for me; and the four men went to lead me to the palace. I
+saluted with both my hands on the ground; the royal children stood at
+the courtyard to conduct me: the courtiers who were to lead me to the
+hall brought me on the way to the royal chamber.
+
+I found his Majesty on the great throne in the hall of pale gold. Then I
+threw myself on my belly; this god, in whose presence I was, knew me
+not. He questioned me graciously, but I was as one seized with
+blindness, my spirit fainted, my limbs failed, my heart was no longer in
+my bosom, and I knew the difference between life and death. His
+majesty said to one of the companions, "Lift him up, let him speak to
+me." And his majesty said, "Behold thou hast come, thou hast trodden
+the deserts, thou hast played the wanderer.  Decay falls on thee, old
+age has reached thee; it is no small thing that thy body should be
+embalmed, that the Pedtiu shall not bury thee. Do not, do not, be
+silent and speechless; tell thy name; is it fear that prevents thee?"
+I answered in reply, "I fear, what is it that my lord has said that I
+should answer it? I have not called on me the hand of God, but it is
+terror in my body, like that which brings sudden death.  Now behold I
+am before thee; thou art life; let thy majesty do what pleaseth him."
+
+The royal children were brought in, and his majesty said to the queen,
+"Behold thou Sanehat has come as an Amu, whom the Sati have produced."
+
+She cried aloud, and the royal children spake with one voice, saying,
+before his majesty, "Verily it is not so, O king, my lord." Said his
+majesty, "It is verily he." Then they brought their collars, and their
+wands, and their sistra in their hands, and displayed them before his
+majesty; and they sang--
+
+"May thy hands prosper, O king; May the ornaments of the Lady of Heaven
+continue. May the goddess Nub give life to thy nostril; May the mistress
+of the stars favour thee, when thou sailest south and north. All
+wisdom is in the mouth of thy majesty; Thy uraeus is on thy forehead,
+thou drivest away the miserable.
+
+"Thou art pacified, O Ra, lord of the lands; They call on thee as on the
+mistress of all. Strong is thy horn, Thou lettest fly thine arrow. Grant
+the breath to him who is without it; Grant good things to this
+traveller, Samehit the Pedti, born in the land of Egypt, Who fled away
+from fear of thee, And fled this land from thy terrors. Does not the
+face grow pale, of him who beholds thy countenance; Does not the eye
+fear, which looks upon thee."
+
+Said his majesty, "Let him not fear, let him be freed from terror. He
+shall be a Royal Friend amongst the nobles; he shall be put within the
+circle of the courtiers. Go ye to the chamber of praise to seek wealth
+for him."
+
+When I went out from the palace, the royal children offered their hands
+to me; we walked afterwards to the Great Gates. I was placed in a house
+of a king's son, in which were delicate things, a place of coolness,
+fruits of the granary, treasures of the White House, clothes of the
+king's guardrobe, frankincense, the finest perfumes of the king and the
+nobles whom he loves, in every chamber. All the servitors were in their
+several offices.
+
+Years were removed from my limbs: I was shaved, and polled my locks of
+hair; the foulness was cast to the desert with the garments of the
+Nemau-sha. I clothed me in fine linen, and anointed myself with the fine
+oil of Egypt; I laid me on a bed. I gave up the sand to those who lie
+on it; the oil of wood to him who would anoint himself therewith.
+There was given to me the mansion of a lord of serfs, which had
+belonged to a royal friend. There many excellent things were in its
+buildings; all its wood was renewed. There were brought to me portions
+from the palace, thrice and four times each day; besides the gifts of
+the royal children, always, without ceasing.  There was built for me a
+pyramid of stone amongst the pyramids. The overseer of the architects
+measured its ground; the chief treasurer wrote it; the sacred masons
+cut the well; the chief of the labourers on the tombs brought the
+bricks; all things used to make strong a building were there used.
+There were given to me peasants; there were made for me a garden, and
+fields in it before my mansion, as is done for the chief royal friend.
+My statue was inlayed with gold, its girdle of pale gold; his majesty
+caused it to be made.  Such is not done to a man of low degree.
+
+May I be in the favour of the king until the day shall come of my death.
+
+_(This is finished from beginning to end, as was found in the writing.)_
+
+
+
+
+Remarks
+
+
+The Adventures of Sanehat appears to have been a popular tale, as
+portions of three copies remain. The first papyrus known (Berlin No.
+1) was imperfect at the beginning; but since then a flake of limestone
+found in a tomb bore the beginning of the tale, and the same part is
+found on a papyrus in the Amherst collection. The main text has been
+translated by Chabas ("Le papyrus de Berlin," 37-51), Goodwin, and
+Maspero ("Mel. d'arch.," iii. 68, 140, and "Contes Populaire,"
+89-130); while the beginning is treated in "Memoires de l'institut
+Egyptien," ii. 1-23, and in Proc. S.B.A., 452. The present translation
+is mainly based on Mr. Griffith's readings in all cases of difficulty.
+
+This is perhaps the most interesting of all the tales, because it bears
+such signs of being written in the times of which it treats, it throws
+so much light on the life of the time in Egypt and Syria, and if not a
+real narrative, it is at least so probable that it may be accepted
+without much difficulty. For my own part, I incline to look on it as
+strictly historical; and in the absence of a single point of doubt, I
+shall here treat it as seriously as the biographical inscriptions of
+the early tombs. Possibly some day the tomb of Sanehat may be found,
+and the whole inscription be read complete upon the walls.
+
+The name Sa-nehat means "son of the sycamore," probably from his having
+been born, or living, at some place where was a celebrated sacred
+sycamore. This was a common tree in ancient, as in modern, Egypt; but an
+allusion in the tale, to Sanehat turning his back on the sycamore, when
+he was fleeing apparently up the west side of the Delta, makes it
+probable that the sycamore was that of Aa-tenen, now Batnun, at the
+middle of the west side of the Delta.
+
+The titles given to Sanehat at the opening are of a very high rank, and
+imply that he was the son either of the king or of a great noble. And
+his position in the queen's household shows him to have been of
+importance; the manner in which he is received by the royal family at
+the end implying that he was quite familiar with them in early days.
+
+But the great difficulty in the account has been the sudden panic of
+Sanehat on hearing of the death of Amenemhat, and no explanation of this
+has yet been brought forward. It seems not unlikely that he was a son of
+Amenemhat by some concubine. This would at once account for his high
+titles--for his belonging to the royal household--for his fear of his
+elder brother Usertesen, who might see in him a rival, and try to slay
+him after his father's death--for the command to him to leave all his
+possessions and family behind him in Syria, as the condition of his
+being allowed to return to end his days in Egypt--for his familiar
+reception by the royal family, and for the property given to him on his
+return.
+
+The date recorded for the death of Sehote-pabra--Amenemhat I., the
+founder of the XIIth Dynasty--agrees with the limit of his reign on the
+monuments. And the expressions for his death are valuable as showing
+the manner in which a king's decease was regarded; under the emblem of
+a hawk--the bird of Ra--he flew up and joined the sun.
+
+Sometime before his death Amenemhat had been in retirement; after twenty
+years of reign (which was probably rather late in his life, as he seems
+to have forced his way to the front as a successful man and founder of a
+family) he had associated his son, the first Usertesen, on the throne,
+and apparently resigned active life; for in the third year of Usertesen
+we find the coregent summoning his court and decreeing the founding of
+the temple of Heliopolis without any mention of his father. The old
+king, however, lived yet ten years after his retirement, and died (as
+this narrative shows us) during an expedition of his son Usertesen.
+
+The time of year mentioned here would fall in about the middle of the
+inundation in those days. Hence it seems that the military expeditions
+were made after the harvest was secured, and while the country was
+under water and the population disengaged from other labour.
+
+The course of Sanehat's flight southward, reaching the Nile at Cairo
+after two days' haste, indicates that the army was somewhere west of the
+Delta. This would point to its being on the road to the oasis of the
+Natron Lakes, which would be the natural course for a body of men
+needing water supply. His throwing himself between two bushes to hide
+from the army shows that the message came early in the day, otherwise he
+would have fled in the dark. He then fled a day's journey to the south,
+turning his back on the sycamore, and slept in the open field at
+Shi-Seneferu somewhere below the Barrage. The second day he reached the
+Nile opposite Old Cairo in the afternoon, and ferried himself over,
+passed the quarries at Gebel Mokattam, and the red hill of Gebel Ahmar,
+and came to a frontier wall before dark. This cannot have been far from
+Old Cairo, by the time; and as Heliopolis was in course of building by
+Usertesen, it would be probably on the desert near there, for the
+protection of the town.  Passing the desert guards by night he pushed
+on and reached Peten, near Belbeis, by dawn, and turned east toward
+the valley of Kemur, or Wady Tumilat. Here in his extremity he was
+found by the Sati or Asiatics, and rescued. This shows that the
+eastern desert was left to the wandering tribes, and was without any
+regular government at this period; though all the eastern Delta was
+already well in Egyptian hands, as we know by the monuments at
+Bubastis, Dedamun, and Tanis.
+
+The land of Adim to which Sanehat fled appears to be the same as Edom or
+the southeast corner of Syria. It was evidently near the upper Tenu, or
+Rutennu, who seem to have dwelt on the hill country of Palestine. The
+hill and the plain of Palestine are so markedly different, that in all
+ages they have tended to be held by opposing people. In the time of
+Sanehat the upper Tenu who held the hills were opposed to the Tenu in
+general who held the plains; later on the Semites of the hills opposed
+the Philistines of the plain, and now the _fellah_ of the hills
+opposes the Bedawi of the plain. The district of Amuanshi in which
+Sanehat settled was a goodly land, bearing figs and grapes and olives,
+flowing with wine and honey and oil, yielding barley and wheat without
+end, and much cattle. This abundance points rather to the hill country
+near Hebron or between there and Belt Jibrin, as this south part of
+the hills is notably fertile. The Tenu who came to defy Sanehat, being
+in opposition to the upper Tenu, were probably those of the plain; and
+the opposition to Sanehat may have arisen from his encroaching on the
+fertile plain at the foot of his hills, as he was in the best of the
+land "on the border of the next land."
+
+The Egyptian was evidently looked on as being of a superior race by the
+Tenu, and his civilisation won for him the confidence which many
+wandering Englishmen now find in Africa or Polynesia, like John Dunn.
+The set combat of two champions seems--by the large gathering--to have
+been a well-recognised custom among the Tenu, while it exactly accords
+with Goliath's offer in later times. And raising the shout of victory
+on the back of the fallen champion reminds us of David's standing on
+Goliath.
+
+The transition from the recital of the Syrian adventures to the petition
+to Pharaoh is not marked in the manuscript; but from the construction
+the beginning of the petition is evidently at the place here marked. The
+manner in which Sanehat appeals to the queen shows how well he must have
+been known to her in his former days.
+
+The decree in reply to Sanehat is in the regular style of royal
+decrees of the period. Apparently by a clerical error the scribe has
+substituted the name Amenemhat for Userte-sen, but the Horus name and
+the throne name leave no doubt that Usertesen I. is intended here. The
+tone of the reply is as gracious as possible, according with the
+king's character as stated by Sanehat, "He is a friend of great
+sweetness, and knows how to gain love." He quite recognises the
+inquiries after the queen, and replies concerning her. And then he
+assures Sanehat of welcome on his return, and promises him all that he
+asks, including a tomb "in the company of the royal children," a full
+recognition of his real rank.  Incidentally we learn that the Amu
+buried their dead wrapped in a sheep's skin; as we also learn, further
+on, that they anointed themselves with oil (olive?), wore the hair
+long, and slept on the ground.
+
+The funeral that is promised accords with the burials of the XIIth
+Dynasty: the gilded case, the head painted blue, and the canopy of
+cypress wood, are all known of this period, but would be out of place in
+describing a Ramesside burial.
+
+Sanehat's reply is a full course of the usual religious adulation, and
+differs in this remarkably from his petition.  In fact it is hard to
+be certain where his petition begins; possibly the opening of it has
+been lost out of the text in copying from a mutilated papyrus; or
+possibly it was sent merely as a memorandum of Sanehat's position and
+desires, without venturing to address it personally to the king; or
+even it may have not been allowable then to make such petitions
+formally, so as to leave the initiative to the king's free will, just
+as it is not allowable nowadays to question royalty, but only to
+answer when spoken to.
+
+The proposal to bring forward his fellow-sheikhs as witnesses of his
+unabated loyalty is very curious, and seems superfluous after
+Usertesen's assurances. Beyond Abisha of the Amu at Beni Hasan, these
+are the only early personal names of Syrians that we know. The Fenkhu in
+this connection can hardly be other than the Phoenicians; and, if so,
+this points to their being already established in southern Syria at
+this date. But these chiefs were not allowed to come forward; and it
+seems to have been the policy of Egypt to keep the Syrians off as much
+as possible, not a single man who came with Sanehat being allowed to
+cross the frontier. The allusion to the Tenu belonging to Pharaoh,
+like his dogs, is peculiarly fitting to this period, as the dog seems
+to have been more familiarly domesticated in the XIth and XIIth
+Dynasties than at any other age, and dogs are often then represented
+on the funereal steles, even with their names.
+
+The expression for strangeness--"as a man of the Delta sees himself at
+the cataract, as a man of the plain who sees himself in the deserts"--is
+true to this day. Nothing upsets an Egyptian's self-reliance like going
+back a few miles into the desert; and almost any man of the cultivated
+plain will flee with terror if he finds himself left alone far in the
+desert, or even taken to the top of the desert hills..
+
+We learn incidentally that the Egyptian frontier, even in the later
+years of Usertesen I., had not been pushed beyond the Wady Tumilat; for
+Sanehat travels south to the Roads of Horus, where he finds the frontier
+garrison, and leaves his Syrian friends; and there laden boats meet him,
+showing that it must have been somewhere along a waterway from the Nile.
+
+The abasement of Sanehat might well be due to natural causes, beside the
+reverence for the divine person of the king. The Egyptian court must
+have seemed oppressively splendid, with the brilliant and costly
+workmanship of Usertesen, to one who had lived a half-wild life for so
+many years; and, more than that, the recalling of all his early days and
+habits and friendships would overwhelm his mind and make it difficult to
+collect his thoughts.
+
+Sanehat's appearance was so much changed by his long hair, his age, and
+his strange dress, that his former mistress and companions could not
+recognise him. The use of collars and sceptres in the song and dance
+is not clear to us. The sistra were, of course, to beat or rattle in
+time with the song; the sceptres or wands were perhaps the same as the
+engraved wands of ivory common in the XIIth Dynasty, or of blue glazed
+ware in XVIIIth, and would be used to wave or beat time with; but the
+use of the collar and counterpoise, or _menat,_ is unexplained, though
+figures of dancers are shown holding a collar and _menat,_ and such
+objects were found buried in the ceremonial foundation deposit of
+Tahutmes III. at Koptos.
+
+This song of the princesses is clearly in parallel phrases. First are
+four wishes for the king and queen, in four lines. Second, an ascription
+of wisdom and power, in two lines. Third, a comparison of the king to
+Ra, and of the queen to the great goddess, in two lines. Fourth, an
+ascription of righting power. Fifth, a petition for Sanehat, winding up
+with the statement of fear inspired by the king, as explaining
+Sanehat's abasement. To this the king responds by reassuring Sanehat,
+and promising him position and wealth.
+
+The account of Sanehat's renewal of his old national ways can best be
+appreciated by any one who has lived a rough life for a time and then
+comes back to civilisation. Doubtless these comforts were all the more
+grateful to him in his old age, when he was weary of his unsettled life.
+
+In the preparation of his tomb it is stated to have been a pyramid, with
+rock-cut well chamber, and built of bricks above. This just accords
+with the construction of the pyramids of the XIIth Dynasty.
+
+The last phrase implies that this was composed during Sanehat's life;
+and such a life would be so remarkable that this biography might be
+prepared with good reason. Also it is very unlikely that a mere
+story-teller would have dropped the relation without describing his
+grand funeral which was promised to him. From suddenly stopping at the
+preparation of the tomb, without going further, we have a strong
+presumption that this was a true narrative, written at Sanehat's
+dictation, and probably intended to be inscribed on his tomb wall. In
+any case, we have here an invaluable picture of life in Palestine and
+in Egypt, and the relations of the two countries, at an epoch before
+the time of Abraham, and not paralleled by any other document until
+more than a thousand years later.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Egyptian Tales, First Series, IVth To
+XIIth Dynasty, by W. M. Flinders Petrie
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