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diff --git a/old/7skpt10.txt b/old/7skpt10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d5637b --- /dev/null +++ b/old/7skpt10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1451 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Siksha-Patri of the Swami-Narayana Sect +by Professor Monier Williams (Trans.) + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: The Siksha-Patri of the Swami-Narayana Sect + +Author: Professor Monier Williams (Trans.) + +Release Date: January, 2005 [EBook #7261] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 2, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIKSHA-PATRI *** + + + + +Originally scanned at sacred-texts.com by John B. Hare, +this eBook was produced by Chetan Jain at BharatLiterature. + + + + + +The Siksha-Patri of the Svami-Naraya.na Sect + + + + + +JOURNAL + +OF + +THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. + + + +[New Series, Volume XIV] + +[London, Trubner and Company] + +[1882] + + +{Scanned and edited by Christopher M. Weimer, May 2002. +Circumflexes represent macrons in this file, and c represents c +with an acute marking. Also, the name Brahma (not Param Brahma) +is spelled with a breve over the final a, which is not +represented.} + + + +ART. XXIV.--__Sansk.rit Text of the Siksha-Patri of the Svami- +Naraya.na Sect__. Edited by Professor Monier Williams, C.I.E., +D.C.L. + + +[THE text of the Siksha-Patri of the modern Vaish.nava Sect, +called Svami-Naraya.na, was lithographed in Samvat 1928 (A.D. +1872) by order of the Heads of the Sect. It has a Gujarati +Commentary by Nityananda-muni. So far as I know, this is the +only version of the text that has yet appeared. It was given to +me by the Wartal Maharaja on the occasion of my first visit to +Wartal in 1875. It is full of mistakes, and in preparing the +following edition of the text I have taken as my guide the far +more accurate manuscript and Sansk.rit commentary written by +Pa.n.dit Satananda-muni, and given to me by the Maharaja on the +same occasion.] + + + +TRANSLATION OF THE FOREGOING SIKSHA-PATRI. + +BY PROFESSOR MONIER WILLIAMS. + + +[In making the following translation I have been careful to study +the Sansk.rit commentary called Artha-dipika, written for me in +clear beautiful characters by Pa.n.dit Satananda-muni (one of the +disciples of Svami-Naraya.na), by order of the Wartal Maharaja, +after one of the formal visits to the Wartal Temple, which were +kindly arranged for me by Mr. Frederick Sheppard, C.S., late +Collector of Kaira, and now Commissioner. The translation is the +first ever made by any European scholar, though it is right I +should mention that I have consulted a fairly accurate version +(not always perfect either in its renderings or its English) +written by She.th Bhogilal Pranjivandas, of the Bombay Education +Society's Institution, Ahmedabad, and given in Mr. H. C. Briggs' +work, "The Cities of Gujarash.tra." I have also received +assistance from my friend Pa.n.dit Shyamaji K.rish.na-varma, of +Balliol College, Oxford.] + + +1. I meditate in my heart on that K.rish.na on whose left side +is seated Radha, on whose breast reclines Sri (Lakshmi), and who +enjoyed sport (with them) in V.rindavana. + +2. I, Sahajananda.h Svami (afterwards called Svami-Naraya.na), +living at V.rittalaya, write this Letter of instructions (or Book +of directions) to all my followers scattered throughout various +countries. + +3. Let the two youths named Ayodhya-prasada and Raghu-vira, the +sons of my two brothers, Rama-pratapa and Iccha-rama, who were +the children of Dharma (or Hari-prasada); + +4. And let those Naish.thika Brahmacaris (that is to say, those +Brahmans who continue Brahma-caris or celibates all their lives), +the chief among whom is Mukundananda, and those G.rihasthas +(householders), such as Mayarama-Bha.t.ta, and other of my +followers; + +5. And let those women, whether wives or widows, who have become +my disciples, and the whole number of holy men (Sadhus), such as +Muktananda and others; + +6. Let all these (persons) constantly give heed to my prayers +for their perpetual continuance in their own proper duties--(my +prayers) offered up with repetition of the name K.rish.na +(Naraya.na), and in accordance with the sacred scriptures. +(Literally--Let my benedictory words which keep them in their own +duties be always read by all these persons accompanied by +repetition of the name of K.rish.na, and approved by the +Sastras.) + +7. Let this Letter of directions, which has important objects +(to be hereafter enumerated), and which promotes the welfare of +all living beings, be studied with perfect concentration of mind +by all these (persons). + +8. Those (virtuous) persons who conform to the good usages +enjoined by the sacred Sastras will always enjoy great happiness +both in this world and in that which is to come. + +9. But those evil-minded persons who wilfully transgress such +(good usages) will certainly suffer great misery in this world as +well as in the next. + +10. Therefore let all of you who are my disciples always remain +careful and well-contented in the observance of this (Book of +directions). + +11. Let no followers of mine ever intentionally kill any living +thing whatever--not even a louse, flea, or the most minute +insect. + +12. The killing of any animal such as a goat, etc., for the +purpose of sacrificing to the Gods and Pit.ris, must not be +practised; because it is declared, that abstinence from injury to +others is the highest of all duties. + +13. The killing of any human being in any way, at any place, for +any object, (even) for the sake of acquiring a wife, wealth, or +political supremacy, is wholly prohibited. + +14. Suicide at a sacred place of pilgrimage, or from passion, +either by hanging, or by poison in consequence of the commission +of a criminal act [Footnote: A father sometimes kills himself +because a criminal act has been committed by a member of his +family], is prohibited. + +15. Flesh meat should never be eaten, not even that which +remains of a sacrifice. Spirituous liquor of any kind should +never be drunk, not even that presented to the Gods. + +16. If an unlawful act has been committed anywhere by one's self +or any other person, no member either of one's own or any other +person's body should be on that account mutilated with a weapon +of any kind through anger. + +17. All theft is prohibited, even that which is committed under +pretence of contributing to religious purposes; nor must such +things as wood and flowers that have an owner ever be abstracted +without his permission. + +18. Let no male or female followers of mine ever commit +adultery. Let them shun gaming and similar vices, and abstain +from all intoxicating liquors and substances such as hemp, etc. + +19. Nowhere--except in Jagannatha-puri--let a man accept water +or food which has been cooked by one from whom food is not to be +taken (__i.e.__ from a person of low caste), even though that +food may have formed the Prasada [Footnote: By Prasada is meant +the remains of food presented as an offering to a god. Here the +word must be either prasadi or prasadi, from prasadin] of +K.rish.na (that is, the remains of what has been presented as an +offering to K.rish.na). + +20. No calumnious language must be used against any one for the +sake of promoting one's own interests. No abusive words must +ever be spoken. + +21. Never use nor listen to profane language against the Gods, +sacred places, Brahmans, holy women, Sadhus and the Vedas. + +22. The remains of the offering to that Goddess to whom flesh +and liquor are offered and in whose presence the killing of +goats, etc., takes place, are not to be eaten. + +23. If you happen on the road to see before you a temple of Siva +or any other God, having first made a salutation, respectfully +enter inside to view the image. + +24. Let no one abandon the duties of the class and order to +which he belongs, nor practise the religious duties of others; +nor have anything to do with those propounded by heretical +teachers. + +25. The narrative of the exploits of the Lord K.rish.na should +not be heard from the mouth of any person whose words lead one to +fall from his worship or from duty. + +26. Never tell a truth which is likely to cause serious injury +to yourself or to any one else. Avoid associating with +ungrateful persons. Never accept a bribe from any person +whatever. + +27. Never associate with thieves, wicked or vicious persons, +heretics, people who are in love, and people who are engaged in +dishonest occupations. + +28. Never associate with those who, through eager desire to +obtain a wife, wealth or some sensual gratification, practise +sinful acts under pretext of devotion to religion or to sacred +knowledge. + +29. Never pay attention to those books in which K.rish.na and +his incarnations are impugned by controversial arguments. + +30. No unstrained water or milk should be drunk, nor should +water containing minute insects be used for such purposes as +bathing, etc. + +31. Never take medicine which is mixed with spirituous liquor or +flesh meat; or which has been prescribed by a physician whose +character is unknown. + +32. Never allow bodily excretions or evacuations or saliva to +fall in places prohibited by the Sastras or by public custom. + +33. Never enter or leave (a house) by a side entrance (or +private door); never take up your residence at a place belonging +to another person, without asking the owner's permission. + +34. Males ought not to listen to (discourses on) religious +knowledge, or to tales (about the exploits of heroes) from the +mouths of women, [Footnote: This is in strict unison with the +present Hindu practice of keeping women ignorant. That women in +ancient times were not only educated, but sometimes erudite and +celebrated as religious teachers, is proved by the example of +Maitreyi, Gargi and others] nor ought they to carry on +controversial discussions with females; nor with a king or his +officials. + +35. Never speak disrespectfully of religious preceptors, of +superiors, of those who have gained renown in the world, of +learned men, and of those that carry arms. + +36. Never do any act rashly; nor be slow in a religious duty. +Impart to others the knowledge you may receive, and daily +associate with holy men. + +37. Do not go empty-handed to pay a visit to a religious +preceptor, a god or a king. Never betray a trust or violate +confidence. Never praise yourself with your own lips. + +38. The clothing of my followers should not be of such an +improper kind that, when put on, the limbs are exposed to view. + +39. The worship of K.rish.na must not be performed without +attending to religious duties. Adoration of K.rish.na should not +be abandoned through fear of the reproaches of ignorant people. + +40. On religious festivals and on ordinary days, the males and +females that go to K.rish.na's temple should keep separate and +not touch each other. + +41. Those twice-born persons who have received initiation into +the worship of K.rish.na from a duly qualified religious teacher +should always wear on their necks two rosaries made of Tulsi wood +(one for Radha and another for K.rish.na), and should make an +upright mark on their foreheads. + +42. This mark should be made with Gopi-candana (__i.e.__ white +earth from Dvarika), or with sandal which is left from that +employed in the worship of Hari (K.rish.na), and mixed with +saffron. + +43. Within this (erect mark) there ought to be made a round +(v.ritta) mark with the materials (or earth) used for the +Pu.n.dra, or with saffron which has served for the Prasada of +Radha and K.rish.na (that is, with a portion left from that +employed in their worship). + +44. Those pure Sudras who are worshippers of K.rish.na, while +practising their own peculiar duties, should, like the twice- +born, use a rosary and a vertical mark on the forehead. + +45. By those (Sudra) worshippers who are different from the pure +Sudras two rosaries made of sandal wood, etc., are to be worn on +the throat, and only a round mark is to be made on the forehead. + +46. Those twice-born of my followers, who have inherited from +their forefathers the custom of using a rosary of Rudraksha +berries (sacred to Siva), and the three horizontal (Saiva) marks, +should not discontinue that practice. + +47. Naraya.na and Siva should be equally regarded as +manifestations of one and the same Universal Spirit, since both +have been declared in the Vedas to be forms of Brahma. +[Footnote: This precept furnishes an interesting proof of the +tolerant character of Vaish.navism, and of its harmony with the +pantheism of the Vedanta.] + +48. In times of slight distress my adherents shall not chiefly +(or by preference) follow the laws which are laid down by the +Sastras for times of (excessive) distress. + +49. Every day let every man awake before sunrise, and after +calling on the name of K.rish.na, proceed to the rites of bodily +purification. + +50. Having seated himself in some place apart, let him cleanse +his teeth, and then, having bathed with pure water, put on two +well-washed garments (an under and an upper). + +51. Then having seated himself on a clean and single +(asa.mkir.na) seat placed on ground purified (with cow-dung, +etc.), let a man sip water with his face either to the east or +north. + +52. My male followers should then make the vertical mark with +the round spot in it on their foreheads, and wives should only +make a circular mark with red powder (of saffron). + +53. A widow is prohibited from making either a vertical or round +mark on her forehead. In the next place all my followers ought +to engage in the mental worship of K.rish.na. + +54. After engaging in mental worship, let them bow down before +the pictures of Radha and K.rish.na, and repeat the eight- +syllabled prayer to K.rish.na (that is--the formula meaning +'K.rish.na is my refuge') as many times as possible. After that +they may apply themselves to their secular affairs. + +55. All my ordinary disciples should perform the preceding +rules; but those who like Ambarisha have dedicated their whole +souls (to the Deity) should be most particular in performing the +duties ending with mental worship in the order enumerated (in the +preceding six verses as well as the following):-- + +56. (Such devoted persons) should also then worship an image +made of either stone or metal, and the black stone called Sala- +grama (representing Vish.nu), with the (sixteen) offerings (of +sandal, etc.), such as are procurable, and the eight-syllabled +mantra of K.rish.na should be repeated (manu = mantra). + +57. Next (in order to the performance of brahma-yaj"na) the hymn +celebrating the praises of K.rish.na should be recited according +to ability, and those that have not studied Sansk.rit should at +least repeat his name. + +58. All who have devoted themselves (in this way) to the worship +of K.rish.na, should next present an offering (of cooked food) to +him, and then they should eat the remains of the offering +(prasadikam). They should at all times be full of joy. + +59. Since they are called the passionless (nirgu.na) worshippers +of the passionless K.rish.na, therefore, in consequence of that, +all their acts are also (called) passionless (nirgu.na). + +60. By these devoted (worshippers) indeed no water should be +drunk, nor should any leaves, roots or fruits anywhere be eaten +which have not been presented to K.rish.na. + +61. All those who from old age or some grievous calamity are +unable (to perform worship) should make over the (image or +Sala-grama stone) of K.rish.na to the charge of some other +devotee (able to carry on the proper services), and should +themselves act to the best of their ability. + +62. An image (or Sala-grama) of K.rish.na, given by a religious +leader (__acarya__), or consecrated by him, should be worshipped, +but to other images it is sufficient to make obeisance. + +63. Every day all my followers should go to the temple of God in +the evening, and there loudly repeat the names of the lord of +Radhika. + +64. The story of his exploits should be related as well as heard +with the greatest reverence, and on festivals hymns in praise of +K.rish.na should be sung accompanied by musical instruments. + +65. In this manner all my followers should every day perform +religious duties. Moreover, they should study works both in +Sansk.rit and in the popular dialects, according to their mental +abilities. + +66. Whatever individual is appointed to any office, he should be +so appointed with strict regard to his qualifications, after due +consideration, and never in any other way. + +67. Let every one always provide his own servants with food and +clothing in the most suitable manner, and according to his own +pecuniary means. + +68. In conversation every person should be addressed conformably +to his character (or qualities), and suitably to time and place, +and not in any other manner. + +69. By all well-conducted persons due deference must be shown to +a religious guide, a king, an elder, an ascetic, a learned man, +and one that practises austerities, by rising from the seat and +so forth. + +70. No man should sit down on the ground in the presence of a +religious preceptor, a god, or king, or in a (solemn) assembly, +in such a (disrespectful) attitude as to make one foot rest on +the thigh, or with a cloth tied round the (waist and) knees. + +71. A controversial discussion should never be carried on with a +religious teacher (__acarya__). He is to be honoured with gifts +of food, money, clothes, and with all other things according to +ability. + +72. When any of my disciples hear of his arrival, they should +immediately show their respect by advancing to meet him, and when +he departs, they should accompany him as far as the confines of +the village. + +73. If an act, attended with large recompense, be opposed to +religious duty, that act ought not to be committed; for religious +duty (when performed) confers all desired objects. + +74. An unrighteous act that may have been committed by great +persons in former times must never be held (worthy of imitation); +but their virtuous conduct only is to be imitated. + +75. Let not the secrets of any one be ever anywhere divulged, +the neglect (vyatikrama) of proper respect (for those deserving +of reverence) should never be made, (as if all were to be looked +at) with an equal eye (of esteem). + +76. All my disciples should practise special religious +observances during the four special months (beginning with +Asha.dha). But those who are sickly need only practise the same +in the one month of Srava.na only. + +77. Reading and listening to the exploits of Vish.nu, singing +his praises, solemn worship, repetition of his mantra ("Great +K.rish.na is my refuge"), recitation of the hymn of praise +(__i.e.__ of the thousand names of Vish.nu), reverential +circumambulations (from left to right with the right side towards +the object adored), + +78. Prostration with the eight members (of the body) these are +considered the best religious observances; any one of these ought +to be performed with special devotion. + +79. The fasts of all the eleventh days (of the waxing and waning +moon) should be carefully observed; also of the birthdays of +K.rish.na; and of the night of Siva (__Siva-ratri__) with +rejoicings during the day. + +80. On a fast-day sleeping by day should most carefully be +avoided, since by such sleep the merit of fasting is lost to men, +quite as much as by sexual intercourse. + +81. Whatever appointed order of religious fasts and festivals +(vrata and utsava) was enjoined by Sri Vi.th.thalesa +(Vi.th.thala-natha), who was the son of Sri Vallabhacarya, the +most eminent of Vaish.navas. + +82. Having conformed to that order, all religious fasts and +festivals should be observed accordingly; and the form of +worshipping K.rish.na directed by him (Vi.th.thalesa) should be +adopted. + +83. A pilgrimage to the Tirthas, or holy places, of which +Dvarika (K.rish.na's city in Gujarat) is the chief, should be +performed according to rule. Love and Charity should be shown +towards the poor by all, according to ability. + +84. Vish.nu, Siva, Ga.na-pati (Ga.nesa), Parvati, and the Sun, +these five deities should be honoured with worship by my +followers. [Footnote: It is evident from this verse, as from +verse 47, that although Vaish.navas give preferential worship to +Vish.nu, they are really Pantheists in the sense of honouring +other deities, as manifestations of the Supreme Being. It may be +observed that although five deities are here mentioned, Ga.napati +and Parvati are connected with Siva, as the Sun is with Vish.nu.] + +85. When at any place a calamity is caused by a demon or by any +similar cause, the charm called Naraya.na should be recited or +the mantra of Hanuman should be muttered, but not the mantra of +any inferior god less esteemed. + +86. On the occurrence of eclipses of the sun and moon, all my +followers should immediately suspend their other business, and, +having purified themselves, should make repetition of the (eight- +syllabled) mantra of K.rish.na. + +87. When the eclipse has passed off, they should bathe with +their clothes on, and those who are householders should +distribute gifts according to their ability. Other persons (who +have no worldly means) should engage in the worship of the +supreme Lord (Vish.nu). + +88. Those followers of mine who belong to the four classes +should observe, in conformity with the Sastras, the rules in +regard to the contraction of impurity through births and deaths, +according to the degree of kinship. + +89. Brahmans should possess tranquillity of mind, self- +restraint, forbearance, contentment and similar virtues. +Kshatriyas (or the soldier caste) should be remarkable for +bravery, fortitude, and the like qualities. + +90. Vaisyas (or the agricultural and commercial caste) should +occupy themselves in mercantile pursuits, money-lending, and the +like. Sudras (or the servile class) should be employed in +serving the twice-born, etc. + +91. The twice-born should perform at the proper seasons, and +according to their means--each according to his own domestic +rules--the twelve purificatory rites [Footnote: Of these only six +are now generally performed, viz.:--1, the birth-ceremony, or +touching the tongue of a new-born infant with clarified butter, +etc.; 2, the name-giving ceremony on the tenth day; 3, tonsure; +4, induction into the privileges of the twice-born, by +investiture with the sacred thread; 5, solemn return home from +the house of a preceptor after completing the prescribed course +of study; 6, marriage. See __Indian Wisdom__, p. 246.] +(__sanskara__), the (six) daily duties [Footnote: The six daily +duties (called Nitya-karman), according to Parasara, are:--1, +bathing; 2, morning and evening prayer (sandhya); 3, repetition +of sacred texts; 4, offerings to fire (homa); 5, worship of +ancestors; 6, worship of the gods. The six daily acts enjoined +by Manu are different. See __Indian Wisdom__, p. 244.], and the +Sraddha offerings to the spirits of departed ancestors. + +92. If intentionally or unintentionally any sin, great or small, +be committed, the proper penance must be performed according to +ability. + +93. The Vedas, the Vedanta-sutras of Vyasa, the Bhagavata- +pura.na and the thousand names of Vish.nu in the Mahabharata, + +94. The Bhagavad-gita and the precepts of Vidura, the Vasudeva- +mahatmya from the Vaish.nava-kha.n.da of the Skanda-Pura.na, + +95. And the Sm.riti of Yaj"navalkya, which is one of the Dharma- +Sastras, these eight sacred books are approved by me as +authorities. [Footnote: I commend this list to the attention of +those European scholars who wish to be guided by Indian +authorities in determining the real "sacred books" of India.] + +96. All my twice-born disciples who wish good to themselves +should recite these sacred books and hear them recited. + +97. In deciding questions of ancient usage (acara), or practice, +or penance, the code of Yaj"navalkya, with its commentary the +Mitakshara, should be taken (as the best authority). + +98. The tenth and fifth books of the Bhagavata Pura.na are to be +regarded as having the preeminence over all the other sacred +books for the understanding of the glory of K.rish.na. + +99. The tenth and fifth books of the Bhagavata Pura.na and the +code of Yaj"navalkya are respectively my Bhakti-sastra (manual of +faith), Yoga-sastra (manual of devotion), and Dharma-sastra +(manual of law). + +100. As a treatise on the soul, the commentary on the Bhagavad- +Gita as well as that on the Sariraka-Sutras of Vyasa, made by +Ramanujacarya, commends itself to my approval. + +101. Whatever precepts in these sacred books have for their +subject the excessive exaltation of K.rish.na and of Justice +(V.risha), of faith and of indifference to the world-- + +102. Such precepts should be regarded as taking precedence over +all others. Their essential doctrine is that devotion to +K.rish.na should be joined with the performance of duty. + +103. Duty (__dharma__) is that good practice which is enjoined +both by the Veda (Sruti) and by the law (Sm.riti) founded on the +Veda. Devotion (__bhakti__) is intense love for K.rish.na, +accompanied with a due sense of his glory. + +104. Indifference to worldly objects means absence of +satisfaction in any object except K.rish.na. True knowledge +consists in discriminating rightly between the nature of the +personal soul (jiva), of the external world (Maya), and of the +Supreme Being (Isa). + +105. The personal soul dwells in the heart. It is as subtle as +an atom; it is all thought; it has the faculty of knowledge; it +is ascertained to be constantly pervading the whole body +(__i.e.__ the three corporeal envelopes kara.na, sukshma, and +sthula) by its power of perception; it is characterized by +indivisibility and the like. + +106. The external world (Maya) is identical with the energizing +power of K.rish.na. It is composed of the three Gu.nas; it is +darkness; it is to be understood as the cause of the soul's +having such ideas in regard to the body, and the things relating +to the body, as are conveyed by the expressions I, mine, and the +like. + +107. He who abides in the living personal soul in the character +of an internal monitor, as the personal soul dwells in the heart, +he is to be considered as the Self-existent Supreme Being, the +Rewarder of all actions. + +108. That Being, known by various names--such as the glorious +K.rish.na, Param Brahma, Bhagavan, Purushottama.h--the cause of +all manifestations, is to be adored by us as our one chosen +deity. + +109. He, together with Radha, should be regarded as the Supreme +Lord, under the name of Radha-K.rish.na. With Rukmi.ni and Rama +he is known as Lakshmi-Naraya.na. + +110. When joined with Arjuna, he is known by the name of Nara- +Naraya.na; when associated with Bala-bhadra ( = Bala-rama), or +any other divine personage, he is called Rama-K.rish.na and so +on. + +111. Those devoted (female companions of the god) Radha and his +other (consorts) are in some places represented at his side. In +other places (their images do not appear, because) they are +supposed to be one with his body and he with theirs. + +112. On no account let it be supposed that difference in forms +makes any difference in the identity of the deity. For the two- +armed K.rish.na may exhibit himself with four arms (or eight, or +a thousand, or any number of arms). + +113. Towards him alone ought all faith and worship (bhakti) to +be directed by every human being on earth in every possible +manner. Nothing else, except such (faith), is able to procure +salvation. + +114. The best result of the virtues of those who possess good +qualities is faith in K.rish.na and association with holy men; +without these, even persons who know (the Sastras) go downwards +(towards a lower state). + +115. Meditation should be directed towards K.rish.na, his +incarnations and their images, but not towards living men, nor +(inferior) gods, etc., nor devotees, nor (even) those who +(merely) have knowledge of Brahma. + +116. Having perceived, by abstract meditation, that the Spirit +or Self is distinct from its three bodies (viz. the gross, subtle +and causal bodies), and that it is a portion of the one Spirit of +the Universe (Brahma), every man ought to worship K.rish.na by +means of that (self) at all times. + +117. The tenth book of the Bhagavata-Pura.na should be listened +to reverentially, and learned men should read it daily or (if +frequent reading is impossible, at least) once a year. + +118. The repetition (of the Bhagavata), as well as of the +thousand names of Vish.nu, etc., should be performed as far as +possible in a pure place (such as the precincts of a temple); for +(such repetition) causes the accomplishment of desired objects. + +119. On the occurrence of any disaster caused by the elements +(such as a flood or fire), or when any human calamity or sickness +takes place, a man should be wholly occupied in striving to +preserve himself and other people and in nothing else. + +120. Religious usages, business transactions and penances, +should be adapted to country, time, age, property, rank and +ability. + +121. The (philosophical) doctrine approved by me is the +Visish.tadvaita (of Ramanuja) [Footnote: This verse proves that in +their philosophical ideas the Svami-Naraya.na sect are followers of +the Ramanuja sect. Compare verse 100.], and the desired heavenly +abode is Goloka. There to worship K.rish.na, and be united with +him as the Supreme Soul of the Universe, is to be considered +salvation (Mukti). + +122. These that have been specified are the general duties, +applicable to all my followers, whether male or female. Now I am +about to enumerate the special duties. + +123. The two sons of my elder and younger brothers (viz. +Ayodhya-prasada and Raghu-vira) ought never to impart instruction +to any women except their nearest relations. + +124. They ought never to touch or converse with any women in any +place whatever. Cruelty should never be shown towards any +person. A deposit belonging to another should never be taken +charge of. + +125. In business matters no one should stand security for any +other person. In passing through a time of distress it is right +to ask for alms, but debts should not be contracted. + +126. One should not sell corn bestowed by one's own disciples; +having given away old corn, new corn is to be bought. That is +not called a sale. + +127. On the fourth day of the light-half of the month Bhadra, +the worship of Ga.nesa should be performed, and on the fourteenth +of the dark-half of Asvina, Hanuman should be worshipped. + +128. Those two sons (of my brothers, viz. Ayodhya-prasada and +Raghu-vira), who have been appointed as spiritual guides to guard +the religious interests of my followers, should initiate all +desirous of obtaining salvation (in the use of the mantra of +K.rish.na). + +129. They should cause each of their disciples to continue +steadfast in his own appointed duty. Honour should be paid to +holy men, and the sacred Sastras should be reverently repeated. + +130. Worship of Lakshmi-Naraya.na, and other forms of K.rish.na +that have been set up and consecrated by me in the great temples, +should be performed with the proper ceremonies. + +131. Any one who may come to the temple of K.rish.na to ask for +a gift of food (cooked or uncooked) should be received with +respect, and food given to him according to ability. + +132. Having established a school for giving instruction, some +learned Brahman should be appointed over it. True knowledge +should be promoted throughout the world, for that is an act of +great merit. + +133. The two wives of these (sons of my brothers), with the +permission of their respective husbands, should initiate females +only (eva) in the Mantra of K.rish.na. + +134. They should never touch or speak to other males than their +nearest relations; nor should they ever show their faces to them. + +135. My male followers who are householders should never touch +widows unless they are their own near relatives. + +136. They should not remain alone in any private place with a +youthful mother, sister or daughter, except in a time of +distress. Nor should a wife be given away (to another man). + +137. No attachment should on any account be formed with a woman +who in any transactions has been brought into connexion with the +king of the country. + +138. When a guest has arrived at a house, he should be honoured +by those (who live in it) with food and other things according to +ability. Offerings to the Gods and the Pit.ris (at the Devata- +tarpa.na and Pit.ri-tarpa.na and Sraddha ceremonies) should be +made according to right usage and according to one's means. + +139. It is the duty of my disciples, as long as they live and +according to their ability, to honour with faithful attention +their father, mother, spiritual preceptor, and any one affected +with sickness. + +140. Every person should, according to his ability, carry on +some occupation suitable to his caste and religious order. Those +that live by agriculture should not allow a bull to be gelded. + +141. Provisions and money should be laid by according to +circumstances and time; and those that keep cattle should store +up as much hay as these animals may need for their consumption. + +142. If a man can himself attend to the proper feeding of cows +and other animals with hay and water, then only he may keep them, +otherwise he must not do so. + +143. No business in regard to giving or receiving land or +property should ever be transacted even with a son or friend, +without a written deed attested by witnesses. + +144. When any pecuniary transactions connected with giving away +a girl in marriage have to be transacted for one's self or +another person, the money to be delivered over should not be +settled by verbal agreement, but only by a written contract +attested by witnesses. + +145. A man's expenditure ought always to be in proportion to his +income. Otherwise it is certain that great misery will arise. + +146. Every day one should take note of one's income and +expenditure in the regular business of life, and write them down +with one's own hand. + +147. My followers should assign a tithe of the grain, money, +etc., acquired by their own occupation or exertions, to +K.rish.na, and the poor should give a twentieth part. + +148. The due performance of fasts, of which the eleventh-day +fasts are the principal, should be effected according to the +Sastras and one's ability; for this will lead to the attainment +of desired objects. + +149. Every year in the month Srava.na one should perform, or +cause others to perform, cheerfully the worship of Siva with the +leaves of the Bilva-tree, etc. + +150. Neither money, nor utensils, nor ornaments, nor clothes +should be borrowed for use (on festive occasions) from one's own +spiritual preceptor, or from the temple of K.rish.na. + +151. While going to do homage to great K.rish.na, to a spiritual +preceptor, or to a holy man, food should not be accepted from +others on the road, or at the places of pilgrimage; for such food +takes away religious merit. + +152. The full amount of promised wages should be paid to a +workman. Payment of a debt is never to be kept secret. Let no +one have any dealings with wicked men. + +153. If through great distress caused by a famine, by enemies, +or by (the oppression of) a king, any danger of destruction +arises anywhere to character, wealth or life, + +154. The wise among my followers should at once quit even their +own native country, and having gone to another, let them reside +there happily. + +155. Wealthy householders should perform those sacrifices in +honour of Vish.nu which entail no killing of animals. Brahmans +and holy men (Sadhus) should be fed on festival days at sacred +places of pilgrimage. + +156. They should observe the great festivals in honour of the +Deity in the temples, and should distribute various gifts among +Brahmans who are deserving objects (of generosity). + +157. Kings who are my followers should govern all their subjects +in accordance with the law (laid down in the Dharma-sastras), and +should protect them as if they were their children, and should +establish the observance of proper duties throughout the whole +land. + +158. They should be well acquainted with the circumstances of +their kingdom; as, for example, with the seven Angas (viz. the +duties of the sovereign, minister, ally, treasury, territory, +fortresses and army); the four Upayas (viz. conciliation, sowing +dissension, bribing, and punishing); the six Gu.nas (viz. peace, +war, marching, sitting encamped, dividing the forces, having +recourse to an ally for protection); and the places of resort to +which spies should be sent. They should also make themselves +acquainted with the men who are skilled in legal procedure, and +with all the court functionaries, observing by the right signs +whether any ought to be punished or not. [Footnote: With +reference to this verse compare Manu's directions to Kings (Books +vii. and viii.), and the precepts in the Vigraha chapter of the +Hitopadesa.] + +159. Wives should honour their husbands as if they were gods, +and never offend them with improper language, though they be +diseased, indigent, or imbecile. [Footnote: Compare Manu, v. 154.] + +160. No communication, even though arising naturally +(__sahajika__), should be held with any other man who may be +possessed of beauty, youth and good qualities. + +161. A chaste woman should not allow her navel, thighs, or +breasts to be seen by males; nor should she remain without an +upper garment (anuttariya), nor should she look at (the antics +of) buffoons, nor associate with an immodest woman. + +162. A wife while her husband is absent in a foreign country +should wear neither ornaments nor fine clothes; she ought not to +frequent other people's houses, and should abstain from laughing +and talking with other women. + +163. Widows should serve the God K.rish.na with minds intent on +him as their only husband; they should live under the control of +their father, or other male members of the family, and never in +independence. + +164. They must never at any time touch any men except their +nearest relations, and when young they should never without +necessity engage in conversation with youthful men. + +165. If an infant male-child touch them, no blame attaches to +them, any more than from contact with a dumb animal; nor if they +are compelled from necessity to talk with or touch an old man. + +166. Instruction in any science should not be received by them +from any man except from their nearest relations. They should +frequently emaciate their bodies by vows and fasts. + +167. They should never give away to others the money which is +required for their own support. That only must be given away +which they have in excess. + +168. They should eat only one meal a day, and should sleep on +the ground; they should never look at (animals) engaged in sexual +acts. + +169. They must never wear the dress of a married woman, nor of a +female ascetic, nor of a mendicant, nor any unbecoming attire. + +170. They should neither associate with nor touch a woman who +has been guilty of procuring abortion; nor should they either +converse about, or hear stories of the loves of the male sex. + +171. Except in times of distress widows who are young should +never remain alone in secret places along with men, even with +their own relatives, if youthful. + +172. They should never join in the frolics practised at the Holi +festival, nor should they put on ornaments or finely woven +clothes composed of cotton or metal threads. + +173. Neither wives nor widows ought ever to bathe without +wearing clothes. No woman should ever conceal the first +appearance of her monthly periods. + +174. A woman at that season should not for an interval of three +days touch any human being, clothes, etc.; nor ought she to do so +till she has bathed on the fourth day. + +175. Those of my followers who have taken the vow of Naish.thika +Brahmacaris (that is, of perpetual celibacy and chastity) must +not knowingly either touch or converse with or look at women. + +176. They should never talk or listen to conversations about +women, and they should not perform their ablutions or other +religious rites at places where women pass backwards and +forwards. + +177. They should never knowingly touch or look at even the +pictures or wooden images of women, unless they be the +representations of goddesses. + +178. They should neither draw any likeness of a woman, nor touch +her clothes. They must never knowingly look even at animals +engaged in sexual acts. + +179. They should neither touch nor look at a male dressed up as +a woman; nor should they sing the praises of the Deity with a +view to being heard by women. + +180. They should pay no attention to the command of even their +spiritual preceptor if likely to lead them to a breach of their +vow of chastity. They should continue steadfast, contented, and +humble-minded. + +181. When a woman insists on forcing herself near them, they +should immediately try to keep her off by expostulating with her, +and (if she still approaches) by reproaching her. + +182. In cases where their own lives, or those of women, are in +jeopardy, they may be allowed contact or conversation with women, +such contact being necessary for the saving of life. + +183. They should not anoint their lips with oil. They should +not carry weapons. They should not dress themselves in +unbecoming costume. They should subdue the sense of taste. + +184. If in the house of any Brahman the meals are cooked and +served up by a woman, they should not go there to ask for food, +but should ask for it at some other house. + +185. They should constantly repeat the Vedas and Sastras, and +serve their spiritual preceptor. They must shun the society of +women, and of men who are fond of women. + +186. He who is by birth a Brahman should on no account drink +water from a leathern vessel; nor should he ever eat garlic, +onions, etc. + +187. Nor must he eat food without having first performed his +ablutions, the Sandhya service, repetition of the Gayatri, the +worship of Vish.nu, and the Vaisvadeva ceremony. [Footnote: This +ceremony, which partly consists in throwing portions of food into +the fire, before dinner, as an offering to all the deities, will +be fully described in my new work on "Religious Thought and Life +in India," to be published by Mr. Murray.] + +188. All who are Sadhus are bound, just like those who have made +a vow of perpetual celibacy, to avoid associating with women, or +with men who are fond of women, and should subdue their (six) +internal enemies (lust, anger, avarice, infatuation, pride, and +envy). + +189. They should subjugate all the senses, more especially the +sense of taste; they should neither lay by a store of property +themselves, nor make others do so for them. + +190. They must not take charge of any one's deposit, they should +never relax their firmness, nor allow a woman to enter their +abodes at any time. [Footnote: We may notice that there is no +little repetition in this Book of instructions, especially in +enforcing the duty of keeping clear of all feminine seductions.] + +191. Except at a time of distress, they should never go anywhere +by night without a companion, nor should they travel to any place +singly. + +192. They should not use a costly variegated cloth, or one dyed +with kusumbha, or dyed in any other way; or any expensive cloth, +though freely presented to them by another. + +193. They should not go to the houses of householders unless for +the purpose of asking alms, or for being present at an assembly. +They should not spend time uselessly without devoting any of it +to the worship of the Deity. + +194. To the abode of a householder in which only males are +employed for serving up the cooked food, and where no woman is to +be seen-- + +195. To the house of such a householder only should my Sadhus +resort for participation in a meal, otherwise they should ask for +uncooked food, and prepare it themselves. + +196. All my holiest sages should conduct themselves in the same +manner as Bharata, son of .Rishabha, the idiot Brahman (Ja.da- +vipra), did in ancient times. [Footnote: The story is told in +Vish.nu-pura.na, ii. 13. He feigned idiocy, that he might not be +troubled with worldly society and might so give his undivided +attention to devotional exercises.] + +197. Those holy men (Sadhus) who are Brahmacaris should +diligently abstain from eating or using betel-leaves, opium, +tobacco (tamala), etc. + +198. They should never accept a meal given on the performance of +the Sa__n__skara ceremonies, beginning with that of conception; +[Footnote: See note to verse 91.] nor on performing the Sraddha +ceremony at death, nor at that performed on the 12th day after +decease. + +199. They should never sleep during the day, unless afflicted +with sickness, etc. They should never gossip about local +matters, nor intentionally listen to such gossip. + +200. They should not lie down on a bedstead except when +suffering from illness or other affliction, and should be +guileless and straightforward in their behaviour towards other +Sadhus. + +201. They should patiently bear abusive language, or even blows +from evil-minded persons, and wish good to (them in return). + +202. They should not undertake the work of a go-between or +informer, or spy; they should never show selfishness or +partiality towards their relations. + +203. Thus I have specified in a summary manner the general +duties of all. Those who desire more particular instructions +must refer to the sacred books handed down by tradition. + +204. Having myself extracted the essence of an the sacred +Sastras, I have written this Directory, which leads men to the +attainment of desired objects. + +205. Hence it is incumbent on my followers, having their minds +well controlled, to conduct themselves in conformity with its +precepts, and not according to their own wills. + +206. Those males and females of my disciples who will act +according to these directions shall certainly obtain the four +great objects of human desires (viz. __Dharma__, religious merit; +__Artha__, wealth; __Kama__, pleasure; and __Moksha__, final +beatitude). + +207. Those who will not act according to these (directions) +shall be considered by my male and female followers as excluded +from communion with my sect. + +208. My followers should daily read this Book of directions, and +those who do not know how to read should listen to others reading +it. + +209. But in the absence of a reader (vaktrabhave), worship +should be paid to it every day, and it should be honoured with +the greatest reverence as my word and my representative. + +210. This Directory should only be given to those persons who +are endowed with a nature of the divine type; never to a man +possessing a nature of the demoniacal type. [Footnote: The +Pura.nas divide all men into two classes: those whose nature is +divine, and those whose nature is demoniacal.] + +211. This Book of directions, bringing welfare (to all who study +it), was completed on the first day of the season of spring in +the year 1882 of the era of Vikramaditya. ( = A.D. 1826). + +212. May K.rish.na, the remover of the sufferings of his +worshippers, the maintainer of devotion, accompanied with the +performance of proper duties, the bestower of the desires of the +heart, grant us blessings of all kinds! + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Siksha-Patri of the Swami-Narayana +Sect, by Professor Monier Williams (Trans.) + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIKSHA-PATRI *** + +This file should be named 7skpt10.txt or 7skpt10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 7skpt11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 7skpt10a.txt + +Originally scanned at sacred-texts.com by John B. Hare, +this eBook was produced by Chetan Jain at BharatLiterature. + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: The Siksha-Patri of the Swami-Narayana Sect + +Author: Professor Monier Williams (Trans.) + +Release Date: January, 2005 [EBook #7261] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 2, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-Latin-1 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIKSHA-PATRI *** + + + + +Originally scanned at sacred-texts.com by John B. Hare, +this eBook was produced by Chetan Jain at BharatLiterature. + + + + + +The Šikshâ-Patrî of the Svâmi-Nârâya.na Sect + + + + + +JOURNAL + +OF + +THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. + + + +[New Series, Volume XIV] + +[London, Trübner and Company] + +[1882] + + +{Scanned and edited by Christopher M. Weimer, May 2002. +Circumflexes represent macrons in this file, and ç represents c +with an acute marking. Also, the name Brahma (not Param Brahma) +is spelled with a breve over the final a, which is not +represented.} + + + +ART. XXIV.--__Sansk.rit Text of the Šikshâ-Patrî of the Svâmi- +Nârâya.na Sect__. Edited by Professor Monier Williams, C.I.E., +D.C.L. + + +[THE text of the Šikshâ-Patrî of the modern Vaish.nava Sect, +called Svâmi-Nârâya.na, was lithographed in Samvat 1928 (A.D. +1872) by order of the Heads of the Sect. It has a Gujarâtî +Commentary by Nityânanda-muni. So far as I know, this is the +only version of the text that has yet appeared. It was given to +me by the Wartâl Mahârâja on the occasion of my first visit to +Wartâl in 1875. It is full of mistakes, and in preparing the +following edition of the text I have taken as my guide the far +more accurate manuscript and Sansk.rit commentary written by +Pa.n.dit Šatânanda-muni, and given to me by the Mahârâja on the +same occasion.] + + + +TRANSLATION OF THE FOREGOING ŠIKSHÂ-PATRÎ. + +BY PROFESSOR MONIER WILLIAMS. + + +[In making the following translation I have been careful to study +the Sansk.rit commentary called Artha-dîpikâ, written for me in +clear beautiful characters by Pa.n.dit Šatânanda-muni (one of the +disciples of Svâmi-Nârâya.na), by order of the Wartâl Mahârâja, +after one of the formal visits to the Wartâl Temple, which were +kindly arranged for me by Mr. Frederick Sheppard, C.S., late +Collector of Kaira, and now Commissioner. The translation is the +first ever made by any European scholar, though it is right I +should mention that I have consulted a fairly accurate version +(not always perfect either in its renderings or its English) +written by She.th Bhogilâl Prânjîvandâs, of the Bombay Education +Society's Institution, Ahmedabad, and given in Mr. H. C. Briggs' +work, "The Cities of Gujarâsh.tra." I have also received +assistance from my friend Pa.n.dit Shyâmajî K.rish.na-varmâ, of +Balliol College, Oxford.] + + +1. I meditate in my heart on that K.rish.na on whose left side +is seated Râdhâ, on whose breast reclines Šrî (Lakshmî), and who +enjoyed sport (with them) in V.rindâvana. + +2. I, Sahajânanda.h Svâmî (afterwards called Svâmî-Nârâya.na), +living at V.rittâlaya, write this Letter of instructions (or Book +of directions) to all my followers scattered throughout various +countries. + +3. Let the two youths named Ayodhyâ-prasâda and Raghu-vîra, the +sons of my two brothers, Râma-pratâpa and Iççhâ-râma, who were +the children of Dharma (or Hari-prasâda); + +4. And let those Naish.thika Brahmaçârîs (that is to say, those +Brahmans who continue Brahma-çârîs or celibates all their lives), +the chief among whom is Mukundânanda, and those G.rihasthas +(householders), such as Mayârâma-Bha.t.ta, and other of my +followers; + +5. And let those women, whether wives or widows, who have become +my disciples, and the whole number of holy men (Sâdhus), such as +Muktânanda and others; + +6. Let all these (persons) constantly give heed to my prayers +for their perpetual continuance in their own proper duties--(my +prayers) offered up with repetition of the name K.rish.na +(Nârâya.na), and in accordance with the sacred scriptures. +(Literally--Let my benedictory words which keep them in their own +duties be always read by all these persons accompanied by +repetition of the name of K.rish.na, and approved by the +Šâstras.) + +7. Let this Letter of directions, which has important objects +(to be hereafter enumerated), and which promotes the welfare of +all living beings, be studied with perfect concentration of mind +by all these (persons). + +8. Those (virtuous) persons who conform to the good usages +enjoined by the sacred Šâstras will always enjoy great happiness +both in this world and in that which is to come. + +9. But those evil-minded persons who wilfully transgress such +(good usages) will certainly suffer great misery in this world as +well as in the next. + +10. Therefore let all of you who are my disciples always remain +careful and well-contented in the observance of this (Book of +directions). + +11. Let no followers of mine ever intentionally kill any living +thing whatever--not even a louse, flea, or the most minute +insect. + +12. The killing of any animal such as a goat, etc., for the +purpose of sacrificing to the Gods and Pit.ris, must not be +practised; because it is declared, that abstinence from injury to +others is the highest of all duties. + +13. The killing of any human being in any way, at any place, for +any object, (even) for the sake of acquiring a wife, wealth, or +political supremacy, is wholly prohibited. + +14. Suicide at a sacred place of pilgrimage, or from passion, +either by hanging, or by poison in consequence of the commission +of a criminal act [Footnote: A father sometimes kills himself +because a criminal act has been committed by a member of his +family], is prohibited. + +15. Flesh meat should never be eaten, not even that which +remains of a sacrifice. Spirituous liquor of any kind should +never be drunk, not even that presented to the Gods. + +16. If an unlawful act has been committed anywhere by one's self +or any other person, no member either of one's own or any other +person's body should be on that account mutilated with a weapon +of any kind through anger. + +17. All theft is prohibited, even that which is committed under +pretence of contributing to religious purposes; nor must such +things as wood and flowers that have an owner ever be abstracted +without his permission. + +18. Let no male or female followers of mine ever commit +adultery. Let them shun gaming and similar vices, and abstain +from all intoxicating liquors and substances such as hemp, etc. + +19. Nowhere--except in Jagannâtha-purî--let a man accept water +or food which has been cooked by one from whom food is not to be +taken (__i.e.__ from a person of low caste), even though that +food may have formed the Prasâda [Footnote: By Prasâda is meant +the remains of food presented as an offering to a god. Here the +word must be either prasâdî or prasâdi, from prasâdin] of +K.rish.na (that is, the remains of what has been presented as an +offering to K.rish.na). + +20. No calumnious language must be used against any one for the +sake of promoting one's own interests. No abusive words must +ever be spoken. + +21. Never use nor listen to profane language against the Gods, +sacred places, Brâhmans, holy women, Sâdhus and the Vedas. + +22. The remains of the offering to that Goddess to whom flesh +and liquor are offered and in whose presence the killing of +goats, etc., takes place, are not to be eaten. + +23. If you happen on the road to see before you a temple of Šiva +or any other God, having first made a salutation, respectfully +enter inside to view the image. + +24. Let no one abandon the duties of the class and order to +which he belongs, nor practise the religious duties of others; +nor have anything to do with those propounded by heretical +teachers. + +25. The narrative of the exploits of the Lord K.rish.na should +not be heard from the mouth of any person whose words lead one to +fall from his worship or from duty. + +26. Never tell a truth which is likely to cause serious injury +to yourself or to any one else. Avoid associating with +ungrateful persons. Never accept a bribe from any person +whatever. + +27. Never associate with thieves, wicked or vicious persons, +heretics, people who are in love, and people who are engaged in +dishonest occupations. + +28. Never associate with those who, through eager desire to +obtain a wife, wealth or some sensual gratification, practise +sinful acts under pretext of devotion to religion or to sacred +knowledge. + +29. Never pay attention to those books in which K.rish.na and +his incarnations are impugned by controversial arguments. + +30. No unstrained water or milk should be drunk, nor should +water containing minute insects be used for such purposes as +bathing, etc. + +31. Never take medicine which is mixed with spirituous liquor or +flesh meat; or which has been prescribed by a physician whose +character is unknown. + +32. Never allow bodily excretions or evacuations or saliva to +fall in places prohibited by the Šâstras or by public custom. + +33. Never enter or leave (a house) by a side entrance (or +private door); never take up your residence at a place belonging +to another person, without asking the owner's permission. + +34. Males ought not to listen to (discourses on) religious +knowledge, or to tales (about the exploits of heroes) from the +mouths of women, [Footnote: This is in strict unison with the +present Hindû practice of keeping women ignorant. That women in +ancient times were not only educated, but sometimes erudite and +celebrated as religious teachers, is proved by the example of +Maitreyî, Gârgî and others] nor ought they to carry on +controversial discussions with females; nor with a king or his +officials. + +35. Never speak disrespectfully of religious preceptors, of +superiors, of those who have gained renown in the world, of +learned men, and of those that carry arms. + +36. Never do any act rashly; nor be slow in a religious duty. +Impart to others the knowledge you may receive, and daily +associate with holy men. + +37. Do not go empty-handed to pay a visit to a religious +preceptor, a god or a king. Never betray a trust or violate +confidence. Never praise yourself with your own lips. + +38. The clothing of my followers should not be of such an +improper kind that, when put on, the limbs are exposed to view. + +39. The worship of K.rish.na must not be performed without +attending to religious duties. Adoration of K.rish.na should not +be abandoned through fear of the reproaches of ignorant people. + +40. On religious festivals and on ordinary days, the males and +females that go to K.rish.na's temple should keep separate and +not touch each other. + +41. Those twice-born persons who have received initiation into +the worship of K.rish.na from a duly qualified religious teacher +should always wear on their necks two rosaries made of Tulsî wood +(one for Râdhâ and another for K.rish.na), and should make an +upright mark on their foreheads. + +42. This mark should be made with Gopî-çandana (__i.e.__ white +earth from Dvârikâ), or with sandal which is left from that +employed in the worship of Hari (K.rish.na), and mixed with +saffron. + +43. Within this (erect mark) there ought to be made a round +(v.ritta) mark with the materials (or earth) used for the +Pu.n.dra, or with saffron which has served for the Prasâda of +Râdhâ and K.rish.na (that is, with a portion left from that +employed in their worship). + +44. Those pure Šûdras who are worshippers of K.rish.na, while +practising their own peculiar duties, should, like the twice- +born, use a rosary and a vertical mark on the forehead. + +45. By those (Šûdra) worshippers who are different from the pure +Šûdras two rosaries made of sandal wood, etc., are to be worn on +the throat, and only a round mark is to be made on the forehead. + +46. Those twice-born of my followers, who have inherited from +their forefathers the custom of using a rosary of Rudrâksha +berries (sacred to Šiva), and the three horizontal (Šaiva) marks, +should not discontinue that practice. + +47. Nârâya.na and Šiva should be equally regarded as +manifestations of one and the same Universal Spirit, since both +have been declared in the Vedas to be forms of Brahma. +[Footnote: This precept furnishes an interesting proof of the +tolerant character of Vaish.navism, and of its harmony with the +pantheism of the Vedânta.] + +48. In times of slight distress my adherents shall not chiefly +(or by preference) follow the laws which are laid down by the +Šâstras for times of (excessive) distress. + +49. Every day let every man awake before sunrise, and after +calling on the name of K.rish.na, proceed to the rites of bodily +purification. + +50. Having seated himself in some place apart, let him cleanse +his teeth, and then, having bathed with pure water, put on two +well-washed garments (an under and an upper). + +51. Then having seated himself on a clean and single +(asa.mkîr.na) seat placed on ground purified (with cow-dung, +etc.), let a man sip water with his face either to the east or +north. + +52. My male followers should then make the vertical mark with +the round spot in it on their foreheads, and wives should only +make a circular mark with red powder (of saffron). + +53. A widow is prohibited from making either a vertical or round +mark on her forehead. In the next place all my followers ought +to engage in the mental worship of K.rish.na. + +54. After engaging in mental worship, let them bow down before +the pictures of Râdhâ and K.rish.na, and repeat the eight- +syllabled prayer to K.rish.na (that is--the formula meaning +'K.rish.na is my refuge') as many times as possible. After that +they may apply themselves to their secular affairs. + +55. All my ordinary disciples should perform the preceding +rules; but those who like Ambarîsha have dedicated their whole +souls (to the Deity) should be most particular in performing the +duties ending with mental worship in the order enumerated (in the +preceding six verses as well as the following):-- + +56. (Such devoted persons) should also then worship an image +made of either stone or metal, and the black stone called Šâla- +grâma (representing Vish.nu), with the (sixteen) offerings (of +sandal, etc.), such as are procurable, and the eight-syllabled +mantra of K.rish.na should be repeated (manu = mantra). + +57. Next (in order to the performance of brahma-yaj"na) the hymn +celebrating the praises of K.rish.na should be recited according +to ability, and those that have not studied Sansk.rit should at +least repeat his name. + +58. All who have devoted themselves (in this way) to the worship +of K.rish.na, should next present an offering (of cooked food) to +him, and then they should eat the remains of the offering +(prâsâdikam). They should at all times be full of joy. + +59. Since they are called the passionless (nirgu.na) worshippers +of the passionless K.rish.na, therefore, in consequence of that, +all their acts are also (called) passionless (nirgu.na). + +60. By these devoted (worshippers) indeed no water should be +drunk, nor should any leaves, roots or fruits anywhere be eaten +which have not been presented to K.rish.na. + +61. All those who from old age or some grievous calamity are +unable (to perform worship) should make over the (image or +Šala-grâma stone) of K.rish.na to the charge of some other +devotee (able to carry on the proper services), and should +themselves act to the best of their ability. + +62. An image (or Šâla-grâma) of K.rish.na, given by a religious +leader (__âçârya__), or consecrated by him, should be worshipped, +but to other images it is sufficient to make obeisance. + +63. Every day all my followers should go to the temple of God in +the evening, and there loudly repeat the names of the lord of +Râdhikâ. + +64. The story of his exploits should be related as well as heard +with the greatest reverence, and on festivals hymns in praise of +K.rish.na should be sung accompanied by musical instruments. + +65. In this manner all my followers should every day perform +religious duties. Moreover, they should study works both in +Sansk.rit and in the popular dialects, according to their mental +abilities. + +66. Whatever individual is appointed to any office, he should be +so appointed with strict regard to his qualifications, after due +consideration, and never in any other way. + +67. Let every one always provide his own servants with food and +clothing in the most suitable manner, and according to his own +pecuniary means. + +68. In conversation every person should be addressed conformably +to his character (or qualities), and suitably to time and place, +and not in any other manner. + +69. By all well-conducted persons due deference must be shown to +a religious guide, a king, an elder, an ascetic, a learned man, +and one that practises austerities, by rising from the seat and +so forth. + +70. No man should sit down on the ground in the presence of a +religious preceptor, a god, or king, or in a (solemn) assembly, +in such a (disrespectful) attitude as to make one foot rest on +the thigh, or with a cloth tied round the (waist and) knees. + +71. A controversial discussion should never be carried on with a +religious teacher (__âçârya__). He is to be honoured with gifts +of food, money, clothes, and with all other things according to +ability. + +72. When any of my disciples hear of his arrival, they should +immediately show their respect by advancing to meet him, and when +he departs, they should accompany him as far as the confines of +the village. + +73. If an act, attended with large recompense, be opposed to +religious duty, that act ought not to be committed; for religious +duty (when performed) confers all desired objects. + +74. An unrighteous act that may have been committed by great +persons in former times must never be held (worthy of imitation); +but their virtuous conduct only is to be imitated. + +75. Let not the secrets of any one be ever anywhere divulged, +the neglect (vyatikrama) of proper respect (for those deserving +of reverence) should never be made, (as if all were to be looked +at) with an equal eye (of esteem). + +76. All my disciples should practise special religious +observances during the four special months (beginning with +Âshâ.dha). But those who are sickly need only practise the same +in the one month of Šrâva.na only. + +77. Reading and listening to the exploits of Vish.nu, singing +his praises, solemn worship, repetition of his mantra ("Great +K.rish.na is my refuge"), recitation of the hymn of praise +(__i.e.__ of the thousand names of Vish.nu), reverential +circumambulations (from left to right with the right side towards +the object adored), + +78. Prostration with the eight members (of the body) these are +considered the best religious observances; any one of these ought +to be performed with special devotion. + +79. The fasts of all the eleventh days (of the waxing and waning +moon) should be carefully observed; also of the birthdays of +K.rish.na; and of the night of Šiva (__Šiva-râtri__) with +rejoicings during the day. + +80. On a fast-day sleeping by day should most carefully be +avoided, since by such sleep the merit of fasting is lost to men, +quite as much as by sexual intercourse. + +81. Whatever appointed order of religious fasts and festivals +(vrata and utsava) was enjoined by Šrî Vi.th.thaleša +(Vi.th.thala-natha), who was the son of Šrî Vallabhâçârya, the +most eminent of Vaish.navas. + +82. Having conformed to that order, all religious fasts and +festivals should be observed accordingly; and the form of +worshipping K.rish.na directed by him (Vi.th.thaleša) should be +adopted. + +83. A pilgrimage to the Tîrthas, or holy places, of which +Dvârikâ (K.rish.na's city in Gujarât) is the chief, should be +performed according to rule. Love and Charity should be shown +towards the poor by all, according to ability. + +84. Vish.nu, Šiva, Ga.na-pati (Ga.neša), Pârvatî, and the Sun, +these five deities should be honoured with worship by my +followers. [Footnote: It is evident from this verse, as from +verse 47, that although Vaish.navas give preferential worship to +Vish.nu, they are really Pantheists in the sense of honouring +other deities, as manifestations of the Supreme Being. It may be +observed that although five deities are here mentioned, Ga.napati +and Pârvatî are connected with Šiva, as the Sun is with Vish.nu.] + +85. When at any place a calamity is caused by a demon or by any +similar cause, the charm called Nârâya.na should be recited or +the mantra of Hanumân should be muttered, but not the mantra of +any inferior god less esteemed. + +86. On the occurrence of eclipses of the sun and moon, all my +followers should immediately suspend their other business, and, +having purified themselves, should make repetition of the (eight- +syllabled) mantra of K.rish.na. + +87. When the eclipse has passed off, they should bathe with +their clothes on, and those who are householders should +distribute gifts according to their ability. Other persons (who +have no worldly means) should engage in the worship of the +supreme Lord (Vish.nu). + +88. Those followers of mine who belong to the four classes +should observe, in conformity with the Šâstras, the rules in +regard to the contraction of impurity through births and deaths, +according to the degree of kinship. + +89. Brâhmans should possess tranquillity of mind, self- +restraint, forbearance, contentment and similar virtues. +Kshatriyas (or the soldier caste) should be remarkable for +bravery, fortitude, and the like qualities. + +90. Vaišyas (or the agricultural and commercial caste) should +occupy themselves in mercantile pursuits, money-lending, and the +like. Šûdras (or the servile class) should be employed in +serving the twice-born, etc. + +91. The twice-born should perform at the proper seasons, and +according to their means--each according to his own domestic +rules--the twelve purificatory rites [Footnote: Of these only six +are now generally performed, viz.:--1, the birth-ceremony, or +touching the tongue of a new-born infant with clarified butter, +etc.; 2, the name-giving ceremony on the tenth day; 3, tonsure; +4, induction into the privileges of the twice-born, by +investiture with the sacred thread; 5, solemn return home from +the house of a preceptor after completing the prescribed course +of study; 6, marriage. See __Indian Wisdom__, p. 246.] +(__sanskâra__), the (six) daily duties [Footnote: The six daily +duties (called Nitya-karman), according to Parâšara, are:--1, +bathing; 2, morning and evening prayer (sandhyâ); 3, repetition +of sacred texts; 4, offerings to fire (homa); 5, worship of +ancestors; 6, worship of the gods. The six daily acts enjoined +by Manu are different. See __Indian Wisdom__, p. 244.], and the +Šraddha offerings to the spirits of departed ancestors. + +92. If intentionally or unintentionally any sin, great or small, +be committed, the proper penance must be performed according to +ability. + +93. The Vedas, the Vedânta-sûtras of Vyasa, the Bhâgavata- +purâ.na and the thousand names of Vish.nu in the Mahâbhârata, + +94. The Bhagavad-gîtâ and the precepts of Vidura, the Vâsudeva- +mâhâtmya from the Vaish.nava-kha.n.da of the Skanda-Purâ.na, + +95. And the Sm.riti of Yâj"navalkya, which is one of the Dharma- +Šâstras, these eight sacred books are approved by me as +authorities. [Footnote: I commend this list to the attention of +those European scholars who wish to be guided by Indian +authorities in determining the real "sacred books" of India.] + +96. All my twice-born disciples who wish good to themselves +should recite these sacred books and hear them recited. + +97. In deciding questions of ancient usage (âçâra), or practice, +or penance, the code of Yâj"navalkya, with its commentary the +Mitâksharâ, should be taken (as the best authority). + +98. The tenth and fifth books of the Bhâgavata Purâ.na are to be +regarded as having the preeminence over all the other sacred +books for the understanding of the glory of K.rish.na. + +99. The tenth and fifth books of the Bhâgavata Purâ.na and the +code of Yâj"navalkya are respectively my Bhakti-šâstra (manual of +faith), Yoga-šâstra (manual of devotion), and Dharma-šâstra +(manual of law). + +100. As a treatise on the soul, the commentary on the Bhagavad- +Gîtâ as well as that on the Šârîraka-Sûtras of Vyâsa, made by +Râmânujâçârya, commends itself to my approval. + +101. Whatever precepts in these sacred books have for their +subject the excessive exaltation of K.rish.na and of Justice +(V.risha), of faith and of indifference to the world-- + +102. Such precepts should be regarded as taking precedence over +all others. Their essential doctrine is that devotion to +K.rish.na should be joined with the performance of duty. + +103. Duty (__dharma__) is that good practice which is enjoined +both by the Veda (Šruti) and by the law (Sm.riti) founded on the +Veda. Devotion (__bhakti__) is intense love for K.rish.na, +accompanied with a due sense of his glory. + +104. Indifference to worldly objects means absence of +satisfaction in any object except K.rish.na. True knowledge +consists in discriminating rightly between the nature of the +personal soul (jiva), of the external world (Mâyâ), and of the +Supreme Being (Κa). + +105. The personal soul dwells in the heart. It is as subtle as +an atom; it is all thought; it has the faculty of knowledge; it +is ascertained to be constantly pervading the whole body +(__i.e.__ the three corporeal envelopes kâra.na, sûkshma, and +sthûla) by its power of perception; it is characterized by +indivisibility and the like. + +106. The external world (Mâyâ) is identical with the energizing +power of K.rish.na. It is composed of the three Gu.nas; it is +darkness; it is to be understood as the cause of the soul's +having such ideas in regard to the body, and the things relating +to the body, as are conveyed by the expressions I, mine, and the +like. + +107. He who abides in the living personal soul in the character +of an internal monitor, as the personal soul dwells in the heart, +he is to be considered as the Self-existent Supreme Being, the +Rewarder of all actions. + +108. That Being, known by various names--such as the glorious +K.rish.na, Param Brahma, Bhagavân, Purushottama.h--the cause of +all manifestations, is to be adored by us as our one chosen +deity. + +109. He, together with Râdhâ, should be regarded as the Supreme +Lord, under the name of Râdhâ-K.rish.na. With Rukmi.nî and Ramâ +he is known as Lakshmî-Nârâya.na. + +110. When joined with Arjuna, he is known by the name of Nara- +Nârâya.na; when associated with Bala-bhadra ( = Bala-râma), or +any other divine personage, he is called Ramâ-K.rish.na and so +on. + +111. Those devoted (female companions of the god) Râdhâ and his +other (consorts) are in some places represented at his side. In +other places (their images do not appear, because) they are +supposed to be one with his body and he with theirs. + +112. On no account let it be supposed that difference in forms +makes any difference in the identity of the deity. For the two- +armed K.rish.na may exhibit himself with four arms (or eight, or +a thousand, or any number of arms). + +113. Towards him alone ought all faith and worship (bhakti) to +be directed by every human being on earth in every possible +manner. Nothing else, except such (faith), is able to procure +salvation. + +114. The best result of the virtues of those who possess good +qualities is faith in K.rish.na and association with holy men; +without these, even persons who know (the Šâstras) go downwards +(towards a lower state). + +115. Meditation should be directed towards K.rish.na, his +incarnations and their images, but not towards living men, nor +(inferior) gods, etc., nor devotees, nor (even) those who +(merely) have knowledge of Brahma. + +116. Having perceived, by abstract meditation, that the Spirit +or Self is distinct from its three bodies (viz. the gross, subtle +and causal bodies), and that it is a portion of the one Spirit of +the Universe (Brahma), every man ought to worship K.rish.na by +means of that (self) at all times. + +117. The tenth book of the Bhâgavata-Purâ.na should be listened +to reverentially, and learned men should read it daily or (if +frequent reading is impossible, at least) once a year. + +118. The repetition (of the Bhâgavata), as well as of the +thousand names of Vish.nu, etc., should be performed as far as +possible in a pure place (such as the precincts of a temple); for +(such repetition) causes the accomplishment of desired objects. + +119. On the occurrence of any disaster caused by the elements +(such as a flood or fire), or when any human calamity or sickness +takes place, a man should be wholly occupied in striving to +preserve himself and other people and in nothing else. + +120. Religious usages, business transactions and penances, +should be adapted to country, time, age, property, rank and +ability. + +121. The (philosophical) doctrine approved by me is the +Višish.tâdvaita (of Râmânuja) [Footnote: This verse proves that in +their philosophical ideas the Svâmi-Nârâya.na sect are followers of +the Râmânuja sect. Compare verse 100.], and the desired heavenly +abode is Goloka. There to worship K.rish.na, and be united with +him as the Supreme Soul of the Universe, is to be considered +salvation (Mukti). + +122. These that have been specified are the general duties, +applicable to all my followers, whether male or female. Now I am +about to enumerate the special duties. + +123. The two sons of my elder and younger brothers (viz. +Ayodhyâ-prasâda and Raghu-vîra) ought never to impart instruction +to any women except their nearest relations. + +124. They ought never to touch or converse with any women in any +place whatever. Cruelty should never be shown towards any +person. A deposit belonging to another should never be taken +charge of. + +125. In business matters no one should stand security for any +other person. In passing through a time of distress it is right +to ask for alms, but debts should not be contracted. + +126. One should not sell corn bestowed by one's own disciples; +having given away old corn, new corn is to be bought. That is +not called a sale. + +127. On the fourth day of the light-half of the month Bhâdra, +the worship of Ga.neša should be performed, and on the fourteenth +of the dark-half of švina, Hanumân should be worshipped. + +128. Those two sons (of my brothers, viz. Ayodhyâ-prasâda and +Raghu-vîra), who have been appointed as spiritual guides to guard +the religious interests of my followers, should initiate all +desirous of obtaining salvation (in the use of the mantra of +K.rish.na). + +129. They should cause each of their disciples to continue +steadfast in his own appointed duty. Honour should be paid to +holy men, and the sacred Šâstras should be reverently repeated. + +130. Worship of Lakshmî-Nârâya.na, and other forms of K.rish.na +that have been set up and consecrated by me in the great temples, +should be performed with the proper ceremonies. + +131. Any one who may come to the temple of K.rish.na to ask for +a gift of food (cooked or uncooked) should be received with +respect, and food given to him according to ability. + +132. Having established a school for giving instruction, some +learned Brâhman should be appointed over it. True knowledge +should be promoted throughout the world, for that is an act of +great merit. + +133. The two wives of these (sons of my brothers), with the +permission of their respective husbands, should initiate females +only (eva) in the Mantra of K.rish.na. + +134. They should never touch or speak to other males than their +nearest relations; nor should they ever show their faces to them. + +135. My male followers who are householders should never touch +widows unless they are their own near relatives. + +136. They should not remain alone in any private place with a +youthful mother, sister or daughter, except in a time of +distress. Nor should a wife be given away (to another man). + +137. No attachment should on any account be formed with a woman +who in any transactions has been brought into connexion with the +king of the country. + +138. When a guest has arrived at a house, he should be honoured +by those (who live in it) with food and other things according to +ability. Offerings to the Gods and the Pit.ris (at the Devatâ- +tarpa.na and Pit.ri-tarpa.na and Šrâddha ceremonies) should be +made according to right usage and according to one's means. + +139. It is the duty of my disciples, as long as they live and +according to their ability, to honour with faithful attention +their father, mother, spiritual preceptor, and any one affected +with sickness. + +140. Every person should, according to his ability, carry on +some occupation suitable to his caste and religious order. Those +that live by agriculture should not allow a bull to be gelded. + +141. Provisions and money should be laid by according to +circumstances and time; and those that keep cattle should store +up as much hay as these animals may need for their consumption. + +142. If a man can himself attend to the proper feeding of cows +and other animals with hay and water, then only he may keep them, +otherwise he must not do so. + +143. No business in regard to giving or receiving land or +property should ever be transacted even with a son or friend, +without a written deed attested by witnesses. + +144. When any pecuniary transactions connected with giving away +a girl in marriage have to be transacted for one's self or +another person, the money to be delivered over should not be +settled by verbal agreement, but only by a written contract +attested by witnesses. + +145. A man's expenditure ought always to be in proportion to his +income. Otherwise it is certain that great misery will arise. + +146. Every day one should take note of one's income and +expenditure in the regular business of life, and write them down +with one's own hand. + +147. My followers should assign a tithe of the grain, money, +etc., acquired by their own occupation or exertions, to +K.rish.na, and the poor should give a twentieth part. + +148. The due performance of fasts, of which the eleventh-day +fasts are the principal, should be effected according to the +Šâstras and one's ability; for this will lead to the attainment +of desired objects. + +149. Every year in the month Šrâva.na one should perform, or +cause others to perform, cheerfully the worship of Šiva with the +leaves of the Bilva-tree, etc. + +150. Neither money, nor utensils, nor ornaments, nor clothes +should be borrowed for use (on festive occasions) from one's own +spiritual preceptor, or from the temple of K.rish.na. + +151. While going to do homage to great K.rish.na, to a spiritual +preceptor, or to a holy man, food should not be accepted from +others on the road, or at the places of pilgrimage; for such food +takes away religious merit. + +152. The full amount of promised wages should be paid to a +workman. Payment of a debt is never to be kept secret. Let no +one have any dealings with wicked men. + +153. If through great distress caused by a famine, by enemies, +or by (the oppression of) a king, any danger of destruction +arises anywhere to character, wealth or life, + +154. The wise among my followers should at once quit even their +own native country, and having gone to another, let them reside +there happily. + +155. Wealthy householders should perform those sacrifices in +honour of Vish.nu which entail no killing of animals. Brâhmans +and holy men (Sâdhus) should be fed on festival days at sacred +places of pilgrimage. + +156. They should observe the great festivals in honour of the +Deity in the temples, and should distribute various gifts among +Brâhmans who are deserving objects (of generosity). + +157. Kings who are my followers should govern all their subjects +in accordance with the law (laid down in the Dharma-šâstras), and +should protect them as if they were their children, and should +establish the observance of proper duties throughout the whole +land. + +158. They should be well acquainted with the circumstances of +their kingdom; as, for example, with the seven Angas (viz. the +duties of the sovereign, minister, ally, treasury, territory, +fortresses and army); the four Upâyas (viz. conciliation, sowing +dissension, bribing, and punishing); the six Gu.nas (viz. peace, +war, marching, sitting encamped, dividing the forces, having +recourse to an ally for protection); and the places of resort to +which spies should be sent. They should also make themselves +acquainted with the men who are skilled in legal procedure, and +with all the court functionaries, observing by the right signs +whether any ought to be punished or not. [Footnote: With +reference to this verse compare Manu's directions to Kings (Books +vii. and viii.), and the precepts in the Vigraha chapter of the +Hitopadeša.] + +159. Wives should honour their husbands as if they were gods, +and never offend them with improper language, though they be +diseased, indigent, or imbecile. [Footnote: Compare Manu, v. 154.] + +160. No communication, even though arising naturally +(__sâhajika__), should be held with any other man who may be +possessed of beauty, youth and good qualities. + +161. A chaste woman should not allow her navel, thighs, or +breasts to be seen by males; nor should she remain without an +upper garment (anuttarîyâ), nor should she look at (the antics +of) buffoons, nor associate with an immodest woman. + +162. A wife while her husband is absent in a foreign country +should wear neither ornaments nor fine clothes; she ought not to +frequent other people's houses, and should abstain from laughing +and talking with other women. + +163. Widows should serve the God K.rish.na with minds intent on +him as their only husband; they should live under the control of +their father, or other male members of the family, and never in +independence. + +164. They must never at any time touch any men except their +nearest relations, and when young they should never without +necessity engage in conversation with youthful men. + +165. If an infant male-child touch them, no blame attaches to +them, any more than from contact with a dumb animal; nor if they +are compelled from necessity to talk with or touch an old man. + +166. Instruction in any science should not be received by them +from any man except from their nearest relations. They should +frequently emaciate their bodies by vows and fasts. + +167. They should never give away to others the money which is +required for their own support. That only must be given away +which they have in excess. + +168. They should eat only one meal a day, and should sleep on +the ground; they should never look at (animals) engaged in sexual +acts. + +169. They must never wear the dress of a married woman, nor of a +female ascetic, nor of a mendicant, nor any unbecoming attire. + +170. They should neither associate with nor touch a woman who +has been guilty of procuring abortion; nor should they either +converse about, or hear stories of the loves of the male sex. + +171. Except in times of distress widows who are young should +never remain alone in secret places along with men, even with +their own relatives, if youthful. + +172. They should never join in the frolics practised at the Holî +festival, nor should they put on ornaments or finely woven +clothes composed of cotton or metal threads. + +173. Neither wives nor widows ought ever to bathe without +wearing clothes. No woman should ever conceal the first +appearance of her monthly periods. + +174. A woman at that season should not for an interval of three +days touch any human being, clothes, etc.; nor ought she to do so +till she has bathed on the fourth day. + +175. Those of my followers who have taken the vow of Naish.thika +Brahmaçârîs (that is, of perpetual celibacy and chastity) must +not knowingly either touch or converse with or look at women. + +176. They should never talk or listen to conversations about +women, and they should not perform their ablutions or other +religious rites at places where women pass backwards and +forwards. + +177. They should never knowingly touch or look at even the +pictures or wooden images of women, unless they be the +representations of goddesses. + +178. They should neither draw any likeness of a woman, nor touch +her clothes. They must never knowingly look even at animals +engaged in sexual acts. + +179. They should neither touch nor look at a male dressed up as +a woman; nor should they sing the praises of the Deity with a +view to being heard by women. + +180. They should pay no attention to the command of even their +spiritual preceptor if likely to lead them to a breach of their +vow of chastity. They should continue steadfast, contented, and +humble-minded. + +181. When a woman insists on forcing herself near them, they +should immediately try to keep her off by expostulating with her, +and (if she still approaches) by reproaching her. + +182. In cases where their own lives, or those of women, are in +jeopardy, they may be allowed contact or conversation with women, +such contact being necessary for the saving of life. + +183. They should not anoint their lips with oil. They should +not carry weapons. They should not dress themselves in +unbecoming costume. They should subdue the sense of taste. + +184. If in the house of any Brâhman the meals are cooked and +served up by a woman, they should not go there to ask for food, +but should ask for it at some other house. + +185. They should constantly repeat the Vedas and Šâstras, and +serve their spiritual preceptor. They must shun the society of +women, and of men who are fond of women. + +186. He who is by birth a Brâhman should on no account drink +water from a leathern vessel; nor should he ever eat garlic, +onions, etc. + +187. Nor must he eat food without having first performed his +ablutions, the Sandhyâ service, repetition of the Gâyatri, the +worship of Vish.nu, and the Vaišvadeva ceremony. [Footnote: This +ceremony, which partly consists in throwing portions of food into +the fire, before dinner, as an offering to all the deities, will +be fully described in my new work on "Religious Thought and Life +in India," to be published by Mr. Murray.] + +188. All who are Sâdhus are bound, just like those who have made +a vow of perpetual celibacy, to avoid associating with women, or +with men who are fond of women, and should subdue their (six) +internal enemies (lust, anger, avarice, infatuation, pride, and +envy). + +189. They should subjugate all the senses, more especially the +sense of taste; they should neither lay by a store of property +themselves, nor make others do so for them. + +190. They must not take charge of any one's deposit, they should +never relax their firmness, nor allow a woman to enter their +abodes at any time. [Footnote: We may notice that there is no +little repetition in this Book of instructions, especially in +enforcing the duty of keeping clear of all feminine seductions.] + +191. Except at a time of distress, they should never go anywhere +by night without a companion, nor should they travel to any place +singly. + +192. They should not use a costly variegated cloth, or one dyed +with kusumbha, or dyed in any other way; or any expensive cloth, +though freely presented to them by another. + +193. They should not go to the houses of householders unless for +the purpose of asking alms, or for being present at an assembly. +They should not spend time uselessly without devoting any of it +to the worship of the Deity. + +194. To the abode of a householder in which only males are +employed for serving up the cooked food, and where no woman is to +be seen-- + +195. To the house of such a householder only should my Sâdhus +resort for participation in a meal, otherwise they should ask for +uncooked food, and prepare it themselves. + +196. All my holiest sages should conduct themselves in the same +manner as Bharata, son of .Rishabha, the idiot Brâhman (Ja.da- +vipra), did in ancient times. [Footnote: The story is told in +Vish.nu-purâ.na, ii. 13. He feigned idiocy, that he might not be +troubled with worldly society and might so give his undivided +attention to devotional exercises.] + +197. Those holy men (Sâdhus) who are Brahmaçârîs should +diligently abstain from eating or using betel-leaves, opium, +tobacco (tamâla), etc. + +198. They should never accept a meal given on the performance of +the Sa__n__skâra ceremonies, beginning with that of conception; +[Footnote: See note to verse 91.] nor on performing the Šrâddha +ceremony at death, nor at that performed on the 12th day after +decease. + +199. They should never sleep during the day, unless afflicted +with sickness, etc. They should never gossip about local +matters, nor intentionally listen to such gossip. + +200. They should not lie down on a bedstead except when +suffering from illness or other affliction, and should be +guileless and straightforward in their behaviour towards other +Sâdhus. + +201. They should patiently bear abusive language, or even blows +from evil-minded persons, and wish good to (them in return). + +202. They should not undertake the work of a go-between or +informer, or spy; they should never show selfishness or +partiality towards their relations. + +203. Thus I have specified in a summary manner the general +duties of all. Those who desire more particular instructions +must refer to the sacred books handed down by tradition. + +204. Having myself extracted the essence of an the sacred +Šâstrâs, I have written this Directory, which leads men to the +attainment of desired objects. + +205. Hence it is incumbent on my followers, having their minds +well controlled, to conduct themselves in conformity with its +precepts, and not according to their own wills. + +206. Those males and females of my disciples who will act +according to these directions shall certainly obtain the four +great objects of human desires (viz. __Dharma__, religious merit; +__Artha__, wealth; __Kâma__, pleasure; and __Moksha__, final +beatitude). + +207. Those who will not act according to these (directions) +shall be considered by my male and female followers as excluded +from communion with my sect. + +208. My followers should daily read this Book of directions, and +those who do not know how to read should listen to others reading +it. + +209. But in the absence of a reader (vaktrabhâve), worship +should be paid to it every day, and it should be honoured with +the greatest reverence as my word and my representative. + +210. This Directory should only be given to those persons who +are endowed with a nature of the divine type; never to a man +possessing a nature of the demoniacal type. [Footnote: The +Purâ.nas divide all men into two classes: those whose nature is +divine, and those whose nature is demoniacal.] + +211. This Book of directions, bringing welfare (to all who study +it), was completed on the first day of the season of spring in +the year 1882 of the era of Vikramâditya. ( = A.D. 1826). + +212. May K.rish.na, the remover of the sufferings of his +worshippers, the maintainer of devotion, accompanied with the +performance of proper duties, the bestower of the desires of the +heart, grant us blessings of all kinds! + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Siksha-Patri of the Swami-Narayana +Sect, by Professor Monier Williams (Trans.) + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIKSHA-PATRI *** + +This file should be named 8skpt10.txt or 8skpt10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 8skpt11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 8skpt10a.txt + +Originally scanned at sacred-texts.com by John B. Hare, +this eBook was produced by Chetan Jain at BharatLiterature. + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: The Siksha-Patri of the Swami-Narayana Sect + +Author: Professor Monier Williams (Trans.) + +Release Date: January, 2005 [EBook #7261] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 2, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIKSHA-PATRI *** + + + + +Originally scanned at sacred-texts.com by John B. Hare, +this eBook was produced by Chetan Jain at BharatLiterature. + + + + + + +The Å ikshâ-Patrî of the Svâmi-Nârâya.na Sect + + + + + +JOURNAL + +OF + +THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. + + + +[New Series, Volume XIV] + +[London, Trübner and Company] + +[1882] + + +{Scanned and edited by Christopher M. Weimer, May 2002. +Circumflexes represent macrons in this file, and ç represents c +with an acute marking. Also, the name Brahma (not Param Brahma) +is spelled with a breve over the final a, which is not +represented.} + + + +ART. XXIV.--__Sansk.rit Text of the Å ikshâ-Patrî of the Svâmi- +Nârâya.na Sect__. Edited by Professor Monier Williams, C.I.E., +D.C.L. + + +[THE text of the Å ikshâ-Patrî of the modern Vaish.nava Sect, +called Svâmi-Nârâya.na, was lithographed in Samvat 1928 (A.D. +1872) by order of the Heads of the Sect. It has a Gujarâtî +Commentary by Nityânanda-muni. So far as I know, this is the +only version of the text that has yet appeared. It was given to +me by the Wartâl Mahârâja on the occasion of my first visit to +Wartâl in 1875. It is full of mistakes, and in preparing the +following edition of the text I have taken as my guide the far +more accurate manuscript and Sansk.rit commentary written by +Pa.n.dit Å atânanda-muni, and given to me by the Mahârâja on the +same occasion.] + + + +TRANSLATION OF THE FOREGOING Å IKSHÂ-PATRÃŽ. + +BY PROFESSOR MONIER WILLIAMS. + + +[In making the following translation I have been careful to study +the Sansk.rit commentary called Artha-dîpikâ, written for me in +clear beautiful characters by Pa.n.dit Å atânanda-muni (one of the +disciples of Svâmi-Nârâya.na), by order of the Wartâl Mahârâja, +after one of the formal visits to the Wartâl Temple, which were +kindly arranged for me by Mr. Frederick Sheppard, C.S., late +Collector of Kaira, and now Commissioner. The translation is the +first ever made by any European scholar, though it is right I +should mention that I have consulted a fairly accurate version +(not always perfect either in its renderings or its English) +written by She.th Bhogilâl Prânjîvandâs, of the Bombay Education +Society's Institution, Ahmedabad, and given in Mr. H. C. Briggs' +work, "The Cities of Gujarâsh.tra." I have also received +assistance from my friend Pa.n.dit Shyâmajî K.rish.na-varmâ, of +Balliol College, Oxford.] + + +1. I meditate in my heart on that K.rish.na on whose left side +is seated Râdhâ, on whose breast reclines Å rî (Lakshmî), and who +enjoyed sport (with them) in V.rindâvana. + +2. I, Sahajânanda.h Svâmî (afterwards called Svâmî-Nârâya.na), +living at V.rittâlaya, write this Letter of instructions (or Book +of directions) to all my followers scattered throughout various +countries. + +3. Let the two youths named Ayodhyâ-prasâda and Raghu-vîra, the +sons of my two brothers, Râma-pratâpa and Iççhâ-râma, who were +the children of Dharma (or Hari-prasâda); + +4. And let those Naish.thika Brahmaçârîs (that is to say, those +Brahmans who continue Brahma-çârîs or celibates all their lives), +the chief among whom is Mukundânanda, and those G.rihasthas +(householders), such as Mayârâma-Bha.t.ta, and other of my +followers; + +5. And let those women, whether wives or widows, who have become +my disciples, and the whole number of holy men (Sâdhus), such as +Muktânanda and others; + +6. Let all these (persons) constantly give heed to my prayers +for their perpetual continuance in their own proper duties--(my +prayers) offered up with repetition of the name K.rish.na +(Nârâya.na), and in accordance with the sacred scriptures. +(Literally--Let my benedictory words which keep them in their own +duties be always read by all these persons accompanied by +repetition of the name of K.rish.na, and approved by the +Šâstras.) + +7. Let this Letter of directions, which has important objects +(to be hereafter enumerated), and which promotes the welfare of +all living beings, be studied with perfect concentration of mind +by all these (persons). + +8. Those (virtuous) persons who conform to the good usages +enjoined by the sacred Šâstras will always enjoy great happiness +both in this world and in that which is to come. + +9. But those evil-minded persons who wilfully transgress such +(good usages) will certainly suffer great misery in this world as +well as in the next. + +10. Therefore let all of you who are my disciples always remain +careful and well-contented in the observance of this (Book of +directions). + +11. Let no followers of mine ever intentionally kill any living +thing whatever--not even a louse, flea, or the most minute +insect. + +12. The killing of any animal such as a goat, etc., for the +purpose of sacrificing to the Gods and Pit.ris, must not be +practised; because it is declared, that abstinence from injury to +others is the highest of all duties. + +13. The killing of any human being in any way, at any place, for +any object, (even) for the sake of acquiring a wife, wealth, or +political supremacy, is wholly prohibited. + +14. Suicide at a sacred place of pilgrimage, or from passion, +either by hanging, or by poison in consequence of the commission +of a criminal act [Footnote: A father sometimes kills himself +because a criminal act has been committed by a member of his +family], is prohibited. + +15. Flesh meat should never be eaten, not even that which +remains of a sacrifice. Spirituous liquor of any kind should +never be drunk, not even that presented to the Gods. + +16. If an unlawful act has been committed anywhere by one's self +or any other person, no member either of one's own or any other +person's body should be on that account mutilated with a weapon +of any kind through anger. + +17. All theft is prohibited, even that which is committed under +pretence of contributing to religious purposes; nor must such +things as wood and flowers that have an owner ever be abstracted +without his permission. + +18. Let no male or female followers of mine ever commit +adultery. Let them shun gaming and similar vices, and abstain +from all intoxicating liquors and substances such as hemp, etc. + +19. Nowhere--except in Jagannâtha-purî--let a man accept water +or food which has been cooked by one from whom food is not to be +taken (__i.e.__ from a person of low caste), even though that +food may have formed the Prasâda [Footnote: By Prasâda is meant +the remains of food presented as an offering to a god. Here the +word must be either prasâdî or prasâdi, from prasâdin] of +K.rish.na (that is, the remains of what has been presented as an +offering to K.rish.na). + +20. No calumnious language must be used against any one for the +sake of promoting one's own interests. No abusive words must +ever be spoken. + +21. Never use nor listen to profane language against the Gods, +sacred places, Brâhmans, holy women, Sâdhus and the Vedas. + +22. The remains of the offering to that Goddess to whom flesh +and liquor are offered and in whose presence the killing of +goats, etc., takes place, are not to be eaten. + +23. If you happen on the road to see before you a temple of Å iva +or any other God, having first made a salutation, respectfully +enter inside to view the image. + +24. Let no one abandon the duties of the class and order to +which he belongs, nor practise the religious duties of others; +nor have anything to do with those propounded by heretical +teachers. + +25. The narrative of the exploits of the Lord K.rish.na should +not be heard from the mouth of any person whose words lead one to +fall from his worship or from duty. + +26. Never tell a truth which is likely to cause serious injury +to yourself or to any one else. Avoid associating with +ungrateful persons. Never accept a bribe from any person +whatever. + +27. Never associate with thieves, wicked or vicious persons, +heretics, people who are in love, and people who are engaged in +dishonest occupations. + +28. Never associate with those who, through eager desire to +obtain a wife, wealth or some sensual gratification, practise +sinful acts under pretext of devotion to religion or to sacred +knowledge. + +29. Never pay attention to those books in which K.rish.na and +his incarnations are impugned by controversial arguments. + +30. No unstrained water or milk should be drunk, nor should +water containing minute insects be used for such purposes as +bathing, etc. + +31. Never take medicine which is mixed with spirituous liquor or +flesh meat; or which has been prescribed by a physician whose +character is unknown. + +32. Never allow bodily excretions or evacuations or saliva to +fall in places prohibited by the Šâstras or by public custom. + +33. Never enter or leave (a house) by a side entrance (or +private door); never take up your residence at a place belonging +to another person, without asking the owner's permission. + +34. Males ought not to listen to (discourses on) religious +knowledge, or to tales (about the exploits of heroes) from the +mouths of women, [Footnote: This is in strict unison with the +present Hindû practice of keeping women ignorant. That women in +ancient times were not only educated, but sometimes erudite and +celebrated as religious teachers, is proved by the example of +Maitreyî, Gârgî and others] nor ought they to carry on +controversial discussions with females; nor with a king or his +officials. + +35. Never speak disrespectfully of religious preceptors, of +superiors, of those who have gained renown in the world, of +learned men, and of those that carry arms. + +36. Never do any act rashly; nor be slow in a religious duty. +Impart to others the knowledge you may receive, and daily +associate with holy men. + +37. Do not go empty-handed to pay a visit to a religious +preceptor, a god or a king. Never betray a trust or violate +confidence. Never praise yourself with your own lips. + +38. The clothing of my followers should not be of such an +improper kind that, when put on, the limbs are exposed to view. + +39. The worship of K.rish.na must not be performed without +attending to religious duties. Adoration of K.rish.na should not +be abandoned through fear of the reproaches of ignorant people. + +40. On religious festivals and on ordinary days, the males and +females that go to K.rish.na's temple should keep separate and +not touch each other. + +41. Those twice-born persons who have received initiation into +the worship of K.rish.na from a duly qualified religious teacher +should always wear on their necks two rosaries made of Tulsî wood +(one for Râdhâ and another for K.rish.na), and should make an +upright mark on their foreheads. + +42. This mark should be made with Gopî-çandana (__i.e.__ white +earth from Dvârikâ), or with sandal which is left from that +employed in the worship of Hari (K.rish.na), and mixed with +saffron. + +43. Within this (erect mark) there ought to be made a round +(v.ritta) mark with the materials (or earth) used for the +Pu.n.dra, or with saffron which has served for the Prasâda of +Râdhâ and K.rish.na (that is, with a portion left from that +employed in their worship). + +44. Those pure Šûdras who are worshippers of K.rish.na, while +practising their own peculiar duties, should, like the twice- +born, use a rosary and a vertical mark on the forehead. + +45. By those (Šûdra) worshippers who are different from the pure +Šûdras two rosaries made of sandal wood, etc., are to be worn on +the throat, and only a round mark is to be made on the forehead. + +46. Those twice-born of my followers, who have inherited from +their forefathers the custom of using a rosary of Rudrâksha +berries (sacred to Å iva), and the three horizontal (Å aiva) marks, +should not discontinue that practice. + +47. Nârâya.na and Å iva should be equally regarded as +manifestations of one and the same Universal Spirit, since both +have been declared in the Vedas to be forms of Brahma. +[Footnote: This precept furnishes an interesting proof of the +tolerant character of Vaish.navism, and of its harmony with the +pantheism of the Vedânta.] + +48. In times of slight distress my adherents shall not chiefly +(or by preference) follow the laws which are laid down by the +Šâstras for times of (excessive) distress. + +49. Every day let every man awake before sunrise, and after +calling on the name of K.rish.na, proceed to the rites of bodily +purification. + +50. Having seated himself in some place apart, let him cleanse +his teeth, and then, having bathed with pure water, put on two +well-washed garments (an under and an upper). + +51. Then having seated himself on a clean and single +(asa.mkîr.na) seat placed on ground purified (with cow-dung, +etc.), let a man sip water with his face either to the east or +north. + +52. My male followers should then make the vertical mark with +the round spot in it on their foreheads, and wives should only +make a circular mark with red powder (of saffron). + +53. A widow is prohibited from making either a vertical or round +mark on her forehead. In the next place all my followers ought +to engage in the mental worship of K.rish.na. + +54. After engaging in mental worship, let them bow down before +the pictures of Râdhâ and K.rish.na, and repeat the eight- +syllabled prayer to K.rish.na (that is--the formula meaning +'K.rish.na is my refuge') as many times as possible. After that +they may apply themselves to their secular affairs. + +55. All my ordinary disciples should perform the preceding +rules; but those who like Ambarîsha have dedicated their whole +souls (to the Deity) should be most particular in performing the +duties ending with mental worship in the order enumerated (in the +preceding six verses as well as the following):-- + +56. (Such devoted persons) should also then worship an image +made of either stone or metal, and the black stone called Šâla- +grâma (representing Vish.nu), with the (sixteen) offerings (of +sandal, etc.), such as are procurable, and the eight-syllabled +mantra of K.rish.na should be repeated (manu = mantra). + +57. Next (in order to the performance of brahma-yaj"na) the hymn +celebrating the praises of K.rish.na should be recited according +to ability, and those that have not studied Sansk.rit should at +least repeat his name. + +58. All who have devoted themselves (in this way) to the worship +of K.rish.na, should next present an offering (of cooked food) to +him, and then they should eat the remains of the offering +(prâsâdikam). They should at all times be full of joy. + +59. Since they are called the passionless (nirgu.na) worshippers +of the passionless K.rish.na, therefore, in consequence of that, +all their acts are also (called) passionless (nirgu.na). + +60. By these devoted (worshippers) indeed no water should be +drunk, nor should any leaves, roots or fruits anywhere be eaten +which have not been presented to K.rish.na. + +61. All those who from old age or some grievous calamity are +unable (to perform worship) should make over the (image or +Å ala-grâma stone) of K.rish.na to the charge of some other +devotee (able to carry on the proper services), and should +themselves act to the best of their ability. + +62. An image (or Šâla-grâma) of K.rish.na, given by a religious +leader (__âçârya__), or consecrated by him, should be worshipped, +but to other images it is sufficient to make obeisance. + +63. Every day all my followers should go to the temple of God in +the evening, and there loudly repeat the names of the lord of +Râdhikâ. + +64. The story of his exploits should be related as well as heard +with the greatest reverence, and on festivals hymns in praise of +K.rish.na should be sung accompanied by musical instruments. + +65. In this manner all my followers should every day perform +religious duties. Moreover, they should study works both in +Sansk.rit and in the popular dialects, according to their mental +abilities. + +66. Whatever individual is appointed to any office, he should be +so appointed with strict regard to his qualifications, after due +consideration, and never in any other way. + +67. Let every one always provide his own servants with food and +clothing in the most suitable manner, and according to his own +pecuniary means. + +68. In conversation every person should be addressed conformably +to his character (or qualities), and suitably to time and place, +and not in any other manner. + +69. By all well-conducted persons due deference must be shown to +a religious guide, a king, an elder, an ascetic, a learned man, +and one that practises austerities, by rising from the seat and +so forth. + +70. No man should sit down on the ground in the presence of a +religious preceptor, a god, or king, or in a (solemn) assembly, +in such a (disrespectful) attitude as to make one foot rest on +the thigh, or with a cloth tied round the (waist and) knees. + +71. A controversial discussion should never be carried on with a +religious teacher (__âçârya__). He is to be honoured with gifts +of food, money, clothes, and with all other things according to +ability. + +72. When any of my disciples hear of his arrival, they should +immediately show their respect by advancing to meet him, and when +he departs, they should accompany him as far as the confines of +the village. + +73. If an act, attended with large recompense, be opposed to +religious duty, that act ought not to be committed; for religious +duty (when performed) confers all desired objects. + +74. An unrighteous act that may have been committed by great +persons in former times must never be held (worthy of imitation); +but their virtuous conduct only is to be imitated. + +75. Let not the secrets of any one be ever anywhere divulged, +the neglect (vyatikrama) of proper respect (for those deserving +of reverence) should never be made, (as if all were to be looked +at) with an equal eye (of esteem). + +76. All my disciples should practise special religious +observances during the four special months (beginning with +Âshâ.dha). But those who are sickly need only practise the same +in the one month of Å râva.na only. + +77. Reading and listening to the exploits of Vish.nu, singing +his praises, solemn worship, repetition of his mantra ("Great +K.rish.na is my refuge"), recitation of the hymn of praise +(__i.e.__ of the thousand names of Vish.nu), reverential +circumambulations (from left to right with the right side towards +the object adored), + +78. Prostration with the eight members (of the body) these are +considered the best religious observances; any one of these ought +to be performed with special devotion. + +79. The fasts of all the eleventh days (of the waxing and waning +moon) should be carefully observed; also of the birthdays of +K.rish.na; and of the night of Å iva (__Å iva-râtri__) with +rejoicings during the day. + +80. On a fast-day sleeping by day should most carefully be +avoided, since by such sleep the merit of fasting is lost to men, +quite as much as by sexual intercourse. + +81. Whatever appointed order of religious fasts and festivals +(vrata and utsava) was enjoined by Å rî Vi.th.thaleÅ¡a +(Vi.th.thala-natha), who was the son of Å rî Vallabhâçârya, the +most eminent of Vaish.navas. + +82. Having conformed to that order, all religious fasts and +festivals should be observed accordingly; and the form of +worshipping K.rish.na directed by him (Vi.th.thaleÅ¡a) should be +adopted. + +83. A pilgrimage to the Tîrthas, or holy places, of which +Dvârikâ (K.rish.na's city in Gujarât) is the chief, should be +performed according to rule. Love and Charity should be shown +towards the poor by all, according to ability. + +84. Vish.nu, Å iva, Ga.na-pati (Ga.neÅ¡a), Pârvatî, and the Sun, +these five deities should be honoured with worship by my +followers. [Footnote: It is evident from this verse, as from +verse 47, that although Vaish.navas give preferential worship to +Vish.nu, they are really Pantheists in the sense of honouring +other deities, as manifestations of the Supreme Being. It may be +observed that although five deities are here mentioned, Ga.napati +and Pârvatî are connected with Å iva, as the Sun is with Vish.nu.] + +85. When at any place a calamity is caused by a demon or by any +similar cause, the charm called Nârâya.na should be recited or +the mantra of Hanumân should be muttered, but not the mantra of +any inferior god less esteemed. + +86. On the occurrence of eclipses of the sun and moon, all my +followers should immediately suspend their other business, and, +having purified themselves, should make repetition of the (eight- +syllabled) mantra of K.rish.na. + +87. When the eclipse has passed off, they should bathe with +their clothes on, and those who are householders should +distribute gifts according to their ability. Other persons (who +have no worldly means) should engage in the worship of the +supreme Lord (Vish.nu). + +88. Those followers of mine who belong to the four classes +should observe, in conformity with the Šâstras, the rules in +regard to the contraction of impurity through births and deaths, +according to the degree of kinship. + +89. Brâhmans should possess tranquillity of mind, self- +restraint, forbearance, contentment and similar virtues. +Kshatriyas (or the soldier caste) should be remarkable for +bravery, fortitude, and the like qualities. + +90. VaiÅ¡yas (or the agricultural and commercial caste) should +occupy themselves in mercantile pursuits, money-lending, and the +like. Šûdras (or the servile class) should be employed in +serving the twice-born, etc. + +91. The twice-born should perform at the proper seasons, and +according to their means--each according to his own domestic +rules--the twelve purificatory rites [Footnote: Of these only six +are now generally performed, viz.:--1, the birth-ceremony, or +touching the tongue of a new-born infant with clarified butter, +etc.; 2, the name-giving ceremony on the tenth day; 3, tonsure; +4, induction into the privileges of the twice-born, by +investiture with the sacred thread; 5, solemn return home from +the house of a preceptor after completing the prescribed course +of study; 6, marriage. See __Indian Wisdom__, p. 246.] +(__sanskâra__), the (six) daily duties [Footnote: The six daily +duties (called Nitya-karman), according to Parâšara, are:--1, +bathing; 2, morning and evening prayer (sandhyâ); 3, repetition +of sacred texts; 4, offerings to fire (homa); 5, worship of +ancestors; 6, worship of the gods. The six daily acts enjoined +by Manu are different. See __Indian Wisdom__, p. 244.], and the +Å raddha offerings to the spirits of departed ancestors. + +92. If intentionally or unintentionally any sin, great or small, +be committed, the proper penance must be performed according to +ability. + +93. The Vedas, the Vedânta-sûtras of Vyasa, the Bhâgavata- +purâ.na and the thousand names of Vish.nu in the Mahâbhârata, + +94. The Bhagavad-gîtâ and the precepts of Vidura, the Vâsudeva- +mâhâtmya from the Vaish.nava-kha.n.da of the Skanda-Purâ.na, + +95. And the Sm.riti of Yâj"navalkya, which is one of the Dharma- +Šâstras, these eight sacred books are approved by me as +authorities. [Footnote: I commend this list to the attention of +those European scholars who wish to be guided by Indian +authorities in determining the real "sacred books" of India.] + +96. All my twice-born disciples who wish good to themselves +should recite these sacred books and hear them recited. + +97. In deciding questions of ancient usage (âçâra), or practice, +or penance, the code of Yâj"navalkya, with its commentary the +Mitâksharâ, should be taken (as the best authority). + +98. The tenth and fifth books of the Bhâgavata Purâ.na are to be +regarded as having the preeminence over all the other sacred +books for the understanding of the glory of K.rish.na. + +99. The tenth and fifth books of the Bhâgavata Purâ.na and the +code of Yâj"navalkya are respectively my Bhakti-šâstra (manual of +faith), Yoga-šâstra (manual of devotion), and Dharma-šâstra +(manual of law). + +100. As a treatise on the soul, the commentary on the Bhagavad- +Gîtâ as well as that on the Šârîraka-Sûtras of Vyâsa, made by +Râmânujâçârya, commends itself to my approval. + +101. Whatever precepts in these sacred books have for their +subject the excessive exaltation of K.rish.na and of Justice +(V.risha), of faith and of indifference to the world-- + +102. Such precepts should be regarded as taking precedence over +all others. Their essential doctrine is that devotion to +K.rish.na should be joined with the performance of duty. + +103. Duty (__dharma__) is that good practice which is enjoined +both by the Veda (Å ruti) and by the law (Sm.riti) founded on the +Veda. Devotion (__bhakti__) is intense love for K.rish.na, +accompanied with a due sense of his glory. + +104. Indifference to worldly objects means absence of +satisfaction in any object except K.rish.na. True knowledge +consists in discriminating rightly between the nature of the +personal soul (jiva), of the external world (Mâyâ), and of the +Supreme Being (ÃŽÅ¡a). + +105. The personal soul dwells in the heart. It is as subtle as +an atom; it is all thought; it has the faculty of knowledge; it +is ascertained to be constantly pervading the whole body +(__i.e.__ the three corporeal envelopes kâra.na, sûkshma, and +sthûla) by its power of perception; it is characterized by +indivisibility and the like. + +106. The external world (Mâyâ) is identical with the energizing +power of K.rish.na. It is composed of the three Gu.nas; it is +darkness; it is to be understood as the cause of the soul's +having such ideas in regard to the body, and the things relating +to the body, as are conveyed by the expressions I, mine, and the +like. + +107. He who abides in the living personal soul in the character +of an internal monitor, as the personal soul dwells in the heart, +he is to be considered as the Self-existent Supreme Being, the +Rewarder of all actions. + +108. That Being, known by various names--such as the glorious +K.rish.na, Param Brahma, Bhagavân, Purushottama.h--the cause of +all manifestations, is to be adored by us as our one chosen +deity. + +109. He, together with Râdhâ, should be regarded as the Supreme +Lord, under the name of Râdhâ-K.rish.na. With Rukmi.nî and Ramâ +he is known as Lakshmî-Nârâya.na. + +110. When joined with Arjuna, he is known by the name of Nara- +Nârâya.na; when associated with Bala-bhadra ( = Bala-râma), or +any other divine personage, he is called Ramâ-K.rish.na and so +on. + +111. Those devoted (female companions of the god) Râdhâ and his +other (consorts) are in some places represented at his side. In +other places (their images do not appear, because) they are +supposed to be one with his body and he with theirs. + +112. On no account let it be supposed that difference in forms +makes any difference in the identity of the deity. For the two- +armed K.rish.na may exhibit himself with four arms (or eight, or +a thousand, or any number of arms). + +113. Towards him alone ought all faith and worship (bhakti) to +be directed by every human being on earth in every possible +manner. Nothing else, except such (faith), is able to procure +salvation. + +114. The best result of the virtues of those who possess good +qualities is faith in K.rish.na and association with holy men; +without these, even persons who know (the Šâstras) go downwards +(towards a lower state). + +115. Meditation should be directed towards K.rish.na, his +incarnations and their images, but not towards living men, nor +(inferior) gods, etc., nor devotees, nor (even) those who +(merely) have knowledge of Brahma. + +116. Having perceived, by abstract meditation, that the Spirit +or Self is distinct from its three bodies (viz. the gross, subtle +and causal bodies), and that it is a portion of the one Spirit of +the Universe (Brahma), every man ought to worship K.rish.na by +means of that (self) at all times. + +117. The tenth book of the Bhâgavata-Purâ.na should be listened +to reverentially, and learned men should read it daily or (if +frequent reading is impossible, at least) once a year. + +118. The repetition (of the Bhâgavata), as well as of the +thousand names of Vish.nu, etc., should be performed as far as +possible in a pure place (such as the precincts of a temple); for +(such repetition) causes the accomplishment of desired objects. + +119. On the occurrence of any disaster caused by the elements +(such as a flood or fire), or when any human calamity or sickness +takes place, a man should be wholly occupied in striving to +preserve himself and other people and in nothing else. + +120. Religious usages, business transactions and penances, +should be adapted to country, time, age, property, rank and +ability. + +121. The (philosophical) doctrine approved by me is the +ViÅ¡ish.tâdvaita (of Râmânuja) [Footnote: This verse proves that in +their philosophical ideas the Svâmi-Nârâya.na sect are followers of +the Râmânuja sect. Compare verse 100.], and the desired heavenly +abode is Goloka. There to worship K.rish.na, and be united with +him as the Supreme Soul of the Universe, is to be considered +salvation (Mukti). + +122. These that have been specified are the general duties, +applicable to all my followers, whether male or female. Now I am +about to enumerate the special duties. + +123. The two sons of my elder and younger brothers (viz. +Ayodhyâ-prasâda and Raghu-vîra) ought never to impart instruction +to any women except their nearest relations. + +124. They ought never to touch or converse with any women in any +place whatever. Cruelty should never be shown towards any +person. A deposit belonging to another should never be taken +charge of. + +125. In business matters no one should stand security for any +other person. In passing through a time of distress it is right +to ask for alms, but debts should not be contracted. + +126. One should not sell corn bestowed by one's own disciples; +having given away old corn, new corn is to be bought. That is +not called a sale. + +127. On the fourth day of the light-half of the month Bhâdra, +the worship of Ga.neÅ¡a should be performed, and on the fourteenth +of the dark-half of švina, Hanumân should be worshipped. + +128. Those two sons (of my brothers, viz. Ayodhyâ-prasâda and +Raghu-vîra), who have been appointed as spiritual guides to guard +the religious interests of my followers, should initiate all +desirous of obtaining salvation (in the use of the mantra of +K.rish.na). + +129. They should cause each of their disciples to continue +steadfast in his own appointed duty. Honour should be paid to +holy men, and the sacred Šâstras should be reverently repeated. + +130. Worship of Lakshmî-Nârâya.na, and other forms of K.rish.na +that have been set up and consecrated by me in the great temples, +should be performed with the proper ceremonies. + +131. Any one who may come to the temple of K.rish.na to ask for +a gift of food (cooked or uncooked) should be received with +respect, and food given to him according to ability. + +132. Having established a school for giving instruction, some +learned Brâhman should be appointed over it. True knowledge +should be promoted throughout the world, for that is an act of +great merit. + +133. The two wives of these (sons of my brothers), with the +permission of their respective husbands, should initiate females +only (eva) in the Mantra of K.rish.na. + +134. They should never touch or speak to other males than their +nearest relations; nor should they ever show their faces to them. + +135. My male followers who are householders should never touch +widows unless they are their own near relatives. + +136. They should not remain alone in any private place with a +youthful mother, sister or daughter, except in a time of +distress. Nor should a wife be given away (to another man). + +137. No attachment should on any account be formed with a woman +who in any transactions has been brought into connexion with the +king of the country. + +138. When a guest has arrived at a house, he should be honoured +by those (who live in it) with food and other things according to +ability. Offerings to the Gods and the Pit.ris (at the Devatâ- +tarpa.na and Pit.ri-tarpa.na and Å râddha ceremonies) should be +made according to right usage and according to one's means. + +139. It is the duty of my disciples, as long as they live and +according to their ability, to honour with faithful attention +their father, mother, spiritual preceptor, and any one affected +with sickness. + +140. Every person should, according to his ability, carry on +some occupation suitable to his caste and religious order. Those +that live by agriculture should not allow a bull to be gelded. + +141. Provisions and money should be laid by according to +circumstances and time; and those that keep cattle should store +up as much hay as these animals may need for their consumption. + +142. If a man can himself attend to the proper feeding of cows +and other animals with hay and water, then only he may keep them, +otherwise he must not do so. + +143. No business in regard to giving or receiving land or +property should ever be transacted even with a son or friend, +without a written deed attested by witnesses. + +144. When any pecuniary transactions connected with giving away +a girl in marriage have to be transacted for one's self or +another person, the money to be delivered over should not be +settled by verbal agreement, but only by a written contract +attested by witnesses. + +145. A man's expenditure ought always to be in proportion to his +income. Otherwise it is certain that great misery will arise. + +146. Every day one should take note of one's income and +expenditure in the regular business of life, and write them down +with one's own hand. + +147. My followers should assign a tithe of the grain, money, +etc., acquired by their own occupation or exertions, to +K.rish.na, and the poor should give a twentieth part. + +148. The due performance of fasts, of which the eleventh-day +fasts are the principal, should be effected according to the +Šâstras and one's ability; for this will lead to the attainment +of desired objects. + +149. Every year in the month Å râva.na one should perform, or +cause others to perform, cheerfully the worship of Å iva with the +leaves of the Bilva-tree, etc. + +150. Neither money, nor utensils, nor ornaments, nor clothes +should be borrowed for use (on festive occasions) from one's own +spiritual preceptor, or from the temple of K.rish.na. + +151. While going to do homage to great K.rish.na, to a spiritual +preceptor, or to a holy man, food should not be accepted from +others on the road, or at the places of pilgrimage; for such food +takes away religious merit. + +152. The full amount of promised wages should be paid to a +workman. Payment of a debt is never to be kept secret. Let no +one have any dealings with wicked men. + +153. If through great distress caused by a famine, by enemies, +or by (the oppression of) a king, any danger of destruction +arises anywhere to character, wealth or life, + +154. The wise among my followers should at once quit even their +own native country, and having gone to another, let them reside +there happily. + +155. Wealthy householders should perform those sacrifices in +honour of Vish.nu which entail no killing of animals. Brâhmans +and holy men (Sâdhus) should be fed on festival days at sacred +places of pilgrimage. + +156. They should observe the great festivals in honour of the +Deity in the temples, and should distribute various gifts among +Brâhmans who are deserving objects (of generosity). + +157. Kings who are my followers should govern all their subjects +in accordance with the law (laid down in the Dharma-šâstras), and +should protect them as if they were their children, and should +establish the observance of proper duties throughout the whole +land. + +158. They should be well acquainted with the circumstances of +their kingdom; as, for example, with the seven Angas (viz. the +duties of the sovereign, minister, ally, treasury, territory, +fortresses and army); the four Upâyas (viz. conciliation, sowing +dissension, bribing, and punishing); the six Gu.nas (viz. peace, +war, marching, sitting encamped, dividing the forces, having +recourse to an ally for protection); and the places of resort to +which spies should be sent. They should also make themselves +acquainted with the men who are skilled in legal procedure, and +with all the court functionaries, observing by the right signs +whether any ought to be punished or not. [Footnote: With +reference to this verse compare Manu's directions to Kings (Books +vii. and viii.), and the precepts in the Vigraha chapter of the +HitopadeÅ¡a.] + +159. Wives should honour their husbands as if they were gods, +and never offend them with improper language, though they be +diseased, indigent, or imbecile. [Footnote: Compare Manu, v. 154.] + +160. No communication, even though arising naturally +(__sâhajika__), should be held with any other man who may be +possessed of beauty, youth and good qualities. + +161. A chaste woman should not allow her navel, thighs, or +breasts to be seen by males; nor should she remain without an +upper garment (anuttarîyâ), nor should she look at (the antics +of) buffoons, nor associate with an immodest woman. + +162. A wife while her husband is absent in a foreign country +should wear neither ornaments nor fine clothes; she ought not to +frequent other people's houses, and should abstain from laughing +and talking with other women. + +163. Widows should serve the God K.rish.na with minds intent on +him as their only husband; they should live under the control of +their father, or other male members of the family, and never in +independence. + +164. They must never at any time touch any men except their +nearest relations, and when young they should never without +necessity engage in conversation with youthful men. + +165. If an infant male-child touch them, no blame attaches to +them, any more than from contact with a dumb animal; nor if they +are compelled from necessity to talk with or touch an old man. + +166. Instruction in any science should not be received by them +from any man except from their nearest relations. They should +frequently emaciate their bodies by vows and fasts. + +167. They should never give away to others the money which is +required for their own support. That only must be given away +which they have in excess. + +168. They should eat only one meal a day, and should sleep on +the ground; they should never look at (animals) engaged in sexual +acts. + +169. They must never wear the dress of a married woman, nor of a +female ascetic, nor of a mendicant, nor any unbecoming attire. + +170. They should neither associate with nor touch a woman who +has been guilty of procuring abortion; nor should they either +converse about, or hear stories of the loves of the male sex. + +171. Except in times of distress widows who are young should +never remain alone in secret places along with men, even with +their own relatives, if youthful. + +172. They should never join in the frolics practised at the Holî +festival, nor should they put on ornaments or finely woven +clothes composed of cotton or metal threads. + +173. Neither wives nor widows ought ever to bathe without +wearing clothes. No woman should ever conceal the first +appearance of her monthly periods. + +174. A woman at that season should not for an interval of three +days touch any human being, clothes, etc.; nor ought she to do so +till she has bathed on the fourth day. + +175. Those of my followers who have taken the vow of Naish.thika +Brahmaçârîs (that is, of perpetual celibacy and chastity) must +not knowingly either touch or converse with or look at women. + +176. They should never talk or listen to conversations about +women, and they should not perform their ablutions or other +religious rites at places where women pass backwards and +forwards. + +177. They should never knowingly touch or look at even the +pictures or wooden images of women, unless they be the +representations of goddesses. + +178. They should neither draw any likeness of a woman, nor touch +her clothes. They must never knowingly look even at animals +engaged in sexual acts. + +179. They should neither touch nor look at a male dressed up as +a woman; nor should they sing the praises of the Deity with a +view to being heard by women. + +180. They should pay no attention to the command of even their +spiritual preceptor if likely to lead them to a breach of their +vow of chastity. They should continue steadfast, contented, and +humble-minded. + +181. When a woman insists on forcing herself near them, they +should immediately try to keep her off by expostulating with her, +and (if she still approaches) by reproaching her. + +182. In cases where their own lives, or those of women, are in +jeopardy, they may be allowed contact or conversation with women, +such contact being necessary for the saving of life. + +183. They should not anoint their lips with oil. They should +not carry weapons. They should not dress themselves in +unbecoming costume. They should subdue the sense of taste. + +184. If in the house of any Brâhman the meals are cooked and +served up by a woman, they should not go there to ask for food, +but should ask for it at some other house. + +185. They should constantly repeat the Vedas and Šâstras, and +serve their spiritual preceptor. They must shun the society of +women, and of men who are fond of women. + +186. He who is by birth a Brâhman should on no account drink +water from a leathern vessel; nor should he ever eat garlic, +onions, etc. + +187. Nor must he eat food without having first performed his +ablutions, the Sandhyâ service, repetition of the Gâyatri, the +worship of Vish.nu, and the VaiÅ¡vadeva ceremony. [Footnote: This +ceremony, which partly consists in throwing portions of food into +the fire, before dinner, as an offering to all the deities, will +be fully described in my new work on "Religious Thought and Life +in India," to be published by Mr. Murray.] + +188. All who are Sâdhus are bound, just like those who have made +a vow of perpetual celibacy, to avoid associating with women, or +with men who are fond of women, and should subdue their (six) +internal enemies (lust, anger, avarice, infatuation, pride, and +envy). + +189. They should subjugate all the senses, more especially the +sense of taste; they should neither lay by a store of property +themselves, nor make others do so for them. + +190. They must not take charge of any one's deposit, they should +never relax their firmness, nor allow a woman to enter their +abodes at any time. [Footnote: We may notice that there is no +little repetition in this Book of instructions, especially in +enforcing the duty of keeping clear of all feminine seductions.] + +191. Except at a time of distress, they should never go anywhere +by night without a companion, nor should they travel to any place +singly. + +192. They should not use a costly variegated cloth, or one dyed +with kusumbha, or dyed in any other way; or any expensive cloth, +though freely presented to them by another. + +193. They should not go to the houses of householders unless for +the purpose of asking alms, or for being present at an assembly. +They should not spend time uselessly without devoting any of it +to the worship of the Deity. + +194. To the abode of a householder in which only males are +employed for serving up the cooked food, and where no woman is to +be seen-- + +195. To the house of such a householder only should my Sâdhus +resort for participation in a meal, otherwise they should ask for +uncooked food, and prepare it themselves. + +196. All my holiest sages should conduct themselves in the same +manner as Bharata, son of .Rishabha, the idiot Brâhman (Ja.da- +vipra), did in ancient times. [Footnote: The story is told in +Vish.nu-purâ.na, ii. 13. He feigned idiocy, that he might not be +troubled with worldly society and might so give his undivided +attention to devotional exercises.] + +197. Those holy men (Sâdhus) who are Brahmaçârîs should +diligently abstain from eating or using betel-leaves, opium, +tobacco (tamâla), etc. + +198. They should never accept a meal given on the performance of +the Sa__n__skâra ceremonies, beginning with that of conception; +[Footnote: See note to verse 91.] nor on performing the Å râddha +ceremony at death, nor at that performed on the 12th day after +decease. + +199. They should never sleep during the day, unless afflicted +with sickness, etc. They should never gossip about local +matters, nor intentionally listen to such gossip. + +200. They should not lie down on a bedstead except when +suffering from illness or other affliction, and should be +guileless and straightforward in their behaviour towards other +Sâdhus. + +201. They should patiently bear abusive language, or even blows +from evil-minded persons, and wish good to (them in return). + +202. They should not undertake the work of a go-between or +informer, or spy; they should never show selfishness or +partiality towards their relations. + +203. Thus I have specified in a summary manner the general +duties of all. Those who desire more particular instructions +must refer to the sacred books handed down by tradition. + +204. Having myself extracted the essence of an the sacred +Šâstrâs, I have written this Directory, which leads men to the +attainment of desired objects. + +205. Hence it is incumbent on my followers, having their minds +well controlled, to conduct themselves in conformity with its +precepts, and not according to their own wills. + +206. Those males and females of my disciples who will act +according to these directions shall certainly obtain the four +great objects of human desires (viz. __Dharma__, religious merit; +__Artha__, wealth; __Kâma__, pleasure; and __Moksha__, final +beatitude). + +207. Those who will not act according to these (directions) +shall be considered by my male and female followers as excluded +from communion with my sect. + +208. My followers should daily read this Book of directions, and +those who do not know how to read should listen to others reading +it. + +209. But in the absence of a reader (vaktrabhâve), worship +should be paid to it every day, and it should be honoured with +the greatest reverence as my word and my representative. + +210. This Directory should only be given to those persons who +are endowed with a nature of the divine type; never to a man +possessing a nature of the demoniacal type. [Footnote: The +Purâ.nas divide all men into two classes: those whose nature is +divine, and those whose nature is demoniacal.] + +211. This Book of directions, bringing welfare (to all who study +it), was completed on the first day of the season of spring in +the year 1882 of the era of Vikramâditya. ( = A.D. 1826). + +212. May K.rish.na, the remover of the sufferings of his +worshippers, the maintainer of devotion, accompanied with the +performance of proper duties, the bestower of the desires of the +heart, grant us blessings of all kinds! + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Siksha-Patri of the Swami-Narayana +Sect, by Professor Monier Williams (Trans.) + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIKSHA-PATRI *** + +This file should be named 8skpt10u.txt or 8skpt10u.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 8skpt11u.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 8skpt10a.txt + +Originally scanned at sacred-texts.com by John B. 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