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      The Women Who Came in the Mayflower, by Annie Russell Marble
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<pre>

The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Women Who Came in the Mayflower, by
Annie Russell Marble

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Title: The Women Who Came in the Mayflower

Author: Annie Russell Marble


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</pre>

    <div style="height: 8em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h1>
      THE WOMEN WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER
    </h1>
    <p>
      <br />
    </p>
    <h2>
      By Annie Russell Marble
    </h2>
    <p>
      <br /><br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <br /><br />
    </p>
    <p>
      <b>CONTENTS</b>
    </p>
    <p class="toc">
      <a href="#link2H_FORE"> FOREWORD </a>
    </p>
    <p class="toc">
      <a href="#link2HCH0001"> CHAPTER I. ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE
      AND LANDING </a>
    </p>
    <p class="toc">
      <a href="#link2HCH0002"> CHAPTER II. COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LIFE IN PLYMOUTH
      1621-1623 </a>
    </p>
    <p class="toc">
      <a href="#link2HCH0003"> CHAPTER III. MATRONS AND MAIDENS WHO CAME IN THE
      MAYFLOWER </a>
    </p>
    <p class="toc">
      <a href="#link2HCH0004"> CHAPTER IV. COMPANIONS WHO ARRIVED IN THE FORTUNE
      AND THE ANN </a>
    </p>
    <p class="toc">
      <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> INDEX TO PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT </a>
    </p>
    <p>
      <br /><br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <a name="link2H_FORE" id="link2H_FORE"> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      FOREWORD
    </h2>
    <p>
      This little book is intended as a memorial to the women who came in <i>The
      Mayflower</i>, and their comrades who came later in <i>The Ann</i> and <i>The
      Fortune</i>, who maintained the high standards of home life in early
      Plymouth Colony. There is no attempt to make a genealogical study of any
      family. The effort is to reveal glimpses of the communal life during
      1621-1623. This is supplemented by a few silhouettes of individual matrons
      and maidens to whose influence we may trace increased resources in
      domestic life and education.
    </p>
    <p>
      One must regret the lack of proof regarding many facts, about which are
      conflicting statements, both of the general conditions and the individual
      men and women. In some instances, both points of view have been given
      here; at other times, the more probable surmises have been mentioned.
    </p>
    <p>
      The author feels deep gratitude, and would here express it, to the
      librarians of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the New England
      Genealogic-Historical Register, the American Antiquarian Society, the
      Register of Deeds, Pilgrim Hall, and the Russell Library of Plymouth,
      private and public libraries of Duxbury and Marshfield, and to Mr. Arthur
      Lord and all other individuals who have assisted in this research. The
      publications of the Society of Mayflower Descendants, and the remarkable
      researches of its editor, Mr. George E. Bowman, call for special
      appreciation.
    </p>
    <p>
      ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE. <i>Worcester, Massachusetts.</i>
    </p>
    <p>
      <br /><br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <a name="link2HCH0001" id="link2HCH0001"> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      CHAPTER I. ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING
    </h2>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
    "So they left ye goodly and pleasante citie, which had been ther
    resting-place near 12 years; but they knew they were pilgrimes, &amp;
    looked not much on those things, but lift up their eyes to ye
    heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits."

    &mdash;<i>Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantations. Chap. VII.</i>
</pre>
    <p>
      December weather in New England, even at its best, is a test of physical
      endurance. With warm clothes and sheltering homes today, we find
      compensations for the cold winds and storms in the exhilarating winter
      sports and the good cheer of the holiday season.
    </p>
    <p>
      The passengers of <i>The Mayflower</i> anchored in Plymouth harbor, three
      hundred years ago, lacked compensations of sports or fireside warmth. One
      hundred and two in number when they sailed,&mdash;of whom twenty-nine were
      women,&mdash;they had been crowded for ten weeks into a vessel that was
      intended to carry about half the number of passengers. In low spaces
      between decks, with some fine weather when the open hatchways allowed air
      to enter and more stormy days when they were shut in amid discomforts of
      all kinds, they had come at last within sight of the place where, contrary
      to their plans, they were destined to make their settlement.
    </p>
    <p>
      At Plymouth, England, their last port in September, they had "been kindly
      entertained and courteously used by divers friends there dwelling,"
      [Footnote: Relation or Journal of a Plantation Settled at Plymouth in
      New-England and Proceedings Thereof; London, 1622 (Bradford and Winslow)
      Abbreviated In Purchas' Pilgrim, X; iv; London, 1625.] but they were
      homeless now, facing a new country with frozen shores, menaced by wild
      animals and yet more fearsome savages. Whatever trials of their good sense
      and sturdy faith came later, those days of waiting until shelter could be
      raised on shore, after the weeks of confinement, must have challenged
      their physical and spiritual fortitude.
    </p>
    <p>
      There must have been exciting days for the women on shipboard and in
      landing. There must have been hours of distress for the older and the
      delight in adventure which is an unchanging trait of the young of every
      race. Wild winds carried away some clothes and cooking-dishes from the
      ship; there was a birth and a death, and occasional illness, besides the
      dire seasickness. John Howland, "the lustie young man," fell overboard but
      he caught hold of the topsail halyard which hung extended and so held on
      "though he was sundry fathoms under water," until he was pulled up by a
      rope and rescued by a boat-hook. [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth
      Plantation; ch. 9.]
    </p>
    <p>
      Recent research [Footnote: "The Mayflower," by H. G. Marsden; Eng.
      Historical Review, Oct., 1904; The Mayflower Descendant, Jan., 1916] has
      argued that the captain of <i>The Mayflower</i> was probably not <i>Thomas
      Jones</i>, with reputation for severity, but a Master Christopher Jones of
      kindlier temper. The former captain was in Virginia, in September, 1620,
      according to this account. With the most generous treatment which the
      captain and crew could give to the women, they must have been sorely
      tried. There were sick to be nursed, children to be cared for, including
      some lively boys who played with powder and nearly caused an explosion at
      Cape Cod; nourishment must be found for all from a store of provisions
      that had been much reduced by the delays and necessary sales to satisfy
      their "merchant adventurers" before they left England. They slept on damp
      bedding and wore musty clothes; they lacked exercise and water for drink
      or cleanliness. Joyful for them must have been the day recorded by Winslow
      and Bradford, [Footnote: Relation or Journal, etc. (1622).]&mdash;"On
      Monday the thirteenth of November our people went on shore to refresh
      themselves and our women to wash, as they had great need."
    </p>
    <p>
      During the anxious days when the abler men were searching on land for a
      site for the settlement, first on Cape Cod and later at Plymouth, there
      were events of excitement on the ship left in the harbor. Peregrine White
      was born and his father's servant, Edward Thompson, died. Dorothy May
      Bradford, the girl-wife of the later Governor of the colony, was drowned
      during his absence. There were murmurings and threats against the leaders
      by some of the crew and others who were impatient at the long voyage,
      scant comforts and uncertain future. Possibly some of the complaints came
      from women, but in the hearts of most of them, although no women signed
      their names, was the resolution that inspired the men who signed that
      compact in the cabin of <i>The Mayflower</i>,&mdash;"to promise all due
      submission and obedience." They had pledged their "great hope and inward
      zeal of laying good foundation for ye propagating and advancing ye gospell
      of ye kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of ye world; yea, though
      they should be but as stepping-stones unto others for ye performing of so
      great a work"; with such spirit they had been impelled to leave Holland
      and such faith sustained them on their long journey.
    </p>
    <p>
      Many of the women who were pioneers at Plymouth had suffered severe
      hardships in previous years. They could sustain their own hearts and
      encourage the younger ones by remembrance of the passage from England to
      Holland, twelve years before, when they were searched most cruelly, even
      deprived of their clothes and belongings by the ship's master at Boston.
      Later they were abandoned by the Dutchman at Hull, to wait for fourteen
      days of frightful storm while their husbands and protectors were carried
      far away in a ship towards the coast of Norway, "their little ones hanging
      about them and quaking with cold." [Footnote: Bradford's History of
      Plymouth Plantation; ch. 2.]
    </p>
    <p>
      There were women with frail bodies, like Rose Standish and Katherine
      Carver, but there were strong physiques and dauntless hearts sustained to
      great old age, matrons like Susanna White and Elizabeth Hopkins and young
      women like Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton, Elizabeth Tilley and Constance
      Hopkins. In our imaginations today, few women correspond to the clinging,
      fainting figures portrayed by some of the painters of "The Departure" or
      "The Landing of the Pilgrims." We may more readily believe that most of
      the women were upright and alert, peering anxiously but courageously into
      the future. Writing in 1910, John Masefield said: [Footnote: Introduction
      to Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers (Everyman's Library).] "A generation
      fond of pleasure, disinclined towards serious thought, and shrinking from
      hardship, even if it may be swiftly reached, will find it difficult to
      imagine the temper, courage and manliness of the emigrants who made the
      first Christian settlement of New England." Ten years ago it would have
      been as difficult for women of our day to understand adequately the
      womanliness of the Pilgrim matrons and girls. The anxieties and
      self-denials experienced by women of all lands during the last five years
      may help us to "imagine" better the dauntless spirit of these women of
      New-Plymouth. During those critical months of 1621-1623 they sustained
      their households and assisted the men in establishing an orderly and
      religious colony. We may justly affirm that some of "the wisdom, prudence
      and patience and just and equall carriage of things by the better part"
      [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation; Bk. II.] was
      manifested among the women as well as the men.
    </p>
    <p>
      In spite of the spiritual zeal which comes from devotion to a good cause,
      and the inspiration of steady work, the women must have suffered from
      homesickness, as well as from anxiety and illness. They had left in
      Holland not alone their loved pastor, John Robinson, and their valiant
      friend, Robert Cushman, but many fathers, mothers, brothers and sisters
      besides their "dear gossips." Mistress Brewster yearned for her elder son
      and her daughters, Fear and Patience; Priscilla Mullins and Mary Chilton,
      soon to be left orphans, had been separated from older brothers and
      sisters. Disease stalked among them on land and on shipboard like a demon.
      Before the completion of more than two or three of the one-room, thatched
      houses, the deaths were multiplying. Possibly this disease was typhus
      fever; more probably it was a form of infectious pneumonia, due to
      enervated conditions of the body and to exposures at Cape Cod. Winslow
      declared, in his account of the expedition on shore, "It blowed and did
      snow all that day and night and froze withal. Some of our people that are
      dead took the original of their death there." Had the disease been
      "galloping consumption," as has been suggested sometimes, it is not
      probable that many of those "sick unto death" would have recovered and
      have lived to be octogenarians.
    </p>
    <p>
      The toll of deaths increased and the illness spread until, at one time,
      there were only "six or seven sound persons" to minister to the sick and
      to bury the dead. Fifteen of the twenty-nine women who sailed from England
      and Holland were buried on Plymouth hillside during the winter and spring.
      They were: Rose Standish; Elizabeth, wife of Edward Winslow; Mary, wife of
      Isaac Allerton; Sarah, wife of Francis Eaton; Katherine, wife of Governor
      John Carver; Alice, wife of John Rigdale; Ann, wife of Edward Fuller;
      Bridget and Ann Tilley, wives of John and Edward; Alice, wife of John
      Mullins or Molines; Mrs. James Chilton; Mrs. Christopher Martin; Mrs.
      Thomas Tinker; possibly Mrs. John Turner, and Ellen More, the orphan ward
      of Edward Winslow. Nearly twice as many men as women died during those
      fateful months of 1621. Can we "imagine" the courage required by the few
      women who remained after this devastation, as the wolves were heard
      howling in the night, the food supplies were fast disappearing, and the
      houses of shelter were delayed in completion by "frost and much foul
      weather," and by the very few men in physical condition to rive timber or
      to thatch roofs? The common house, twenty foot square, was crowded with
      the sick, among them Carver and Bradford, who were obliged "to rise in
      good speed" when the roof caught on fire, and their loaded muskets in rows
      beside the beds threatened an explosion. [Footnote: Mourt's Relation.]
    </p>
    <p>
      Although the women's strength of body and soul must have been sapped yet
      their fidelity stood well the test; when <i>The Mayflower</i> was to
      return to England in April and the captain offered free passage to the
      women as well as to any men who wished to go, if the women "would cook and
      nurse such of the crew as were ill," not a man or a woman accepted the
      offer. Intrepid in bravery and faith, the women did their part in making
      this lonely, impoverished settlement into a home. This required
      adjustments of many kinds. Few in number, the women represented
      distinctive classes of society in birth and education. In Leyden, for
      seven years, they had chosen their friends and there they formed a happy
      community, in spite of some poverty and more anxiety about the education
      and morals of their children, because of "the manifold temptations"
      [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, ch. 3.] of the Dutch
      city.
    </p>
    <p>
      Many of the men, on leaving England, had renounced their more leisurely
      occupations and professions to practise trades in Leyden,&mdash;Brewster
      and Winslow as printers, Allerton as tailor, Dr. Samuel Fuller as
      say-weaver and others as carpenters, wool-combers, masons, cobblers,
      pewterers and in other crafts. A few owned residences near the famous
      University of Leyden, where Robinson and Brewster taught. Some educational
      influences would thus fall upon their families. [Footnote: The England and
      Holland of the Pilgrims, Henry M. Dexter and Morton Dexter, Boston, 1905.]
      On the other hand, others were recorded as "too poor to be taxed." Until
      July, 1620, there were two hundred and ninety-eight known members of this
      church in Leyden with nearly three hundred more associated with them. Such
      economic and social conditions gave to the women certain privileges and
      pleasures in addition to the interesting events in this picturesque city.
    </p>
    <p>
      In <i>The Mayflower</i> and at Plymouth, on the other hand, the women were
      thrust into a small company with widely differing tastes and backgrounds.
      One of the first demands made upon them was for a democratic spirit,&mdash;tolerance
      and patience, adaptability to varied natures. The old joke that "the
      Pilgrim Mothers had to endure not alone their hardships but the Pilgrim
      Fathers also" has been overworked. These women would never have accepted
      pity as martyrs. They came to this new country with devotion to the men of
      their families and, in those days, such a call was supreme in a woman's
      life. They sorrowed for the women friends who had been left behind,&mdash;the
      wives of Dr. Fuller, Richard Warren, Francis Cooke and Degory Priest, who
      were to come later after months of anxious waiting for a message from
      New-Plymouth.
    </p>
    <p>
      The family, not the individual, characterized the life of that community.
      The father was always regarded as the "head" of the family. Evidence of
      this is found when we try to trace the posterity of some of the pioneer
      women from the Old Plymouth Colony Records. A child is there recorded as
      "the son of Nicholas Snow," "the son of John Winslow" or "the daughter of
      Thomas Cushman" with no hint that the mothers of these children were,
      respectively, Constance Hopkins, Mary Chilton and Mary Allerton, all of
      whom came in <i>The Mayflower,</i> although the fathers arrived at
      Plymouth later on <i>The Fortune</i> and <i>The Ann</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      It would be unjust to assume that these women were conscious heroines.
      They wrought with courage and purpose equal to these traits in the men,
      but probably none of the Pilgrims had a definite vision of the future.
      With words of appreciation that are applicable to both sexes, ex-President
      Charles W. Eliot has said: [Footnote: Eighteenth Annual Dinner of
      Mayflower Society, Nov. 20, 1913.] "The Pilgrims did not know the issue
      and they had no vision of it. They just loved liberty and toleration and
      truth, and hoped for more of it, for more liberty, for a more perfect
      toleration, for more truth, and they put their lives, their labors, at the
      disposition of those loves without the least vision of this republic, or
      of what was going to come out of their industry, their devotion, their
      dangerous and exposed lives."
    </p>
    <p>
      <br /><br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <a name="link2HCH0002" id="link2HCH0002"> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      CHAPTER II. COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LIFE IN PLYMOUTH 1621-1623
    </h2>
    <p>
      Spring and summer came to bless them for their endurance and unconscious
      heroism. Then they could appreciate the verdict of their leaders, who
      chose the site of Plymouth as a "hopeful place," with running brooks,
      vines of sassafras and strawberry, fruit trees, fish and wild fowl and
      "clay excellent for pots and will wash like soap." [Footnote: Mourt's
      Relation] So early was the spring in 1621 that on March the third there
      was a thunder storm and "the birds sang in the woods most pleasantly." On
      March the sixteenth, Samoset came with Indian greeting. This visit must
      have been one of mixed sentiments for the women and we can read more than
      the mere words in the sentence, "We lodged him that night at Stephen
      Hopkins' house and watched him." [Footnote: Mourt's Relation.] Perhaps it
      was in deference to the women that the men gave Samoset a hat, a pair of
      stockings, shoes, a shirt and a piece of cloth to tie about his waist.
      Samoset returned soon with Squanto or Tisquantum, the only survivor of the
      Patuxet tribe of Indians which had perished of a pestilence Plymouth three
      years before. He shared with Hobomok the friendship of the settlers for
      many years and both Indians gave excellent service. Through the influence
      of Squanto the treaty was made in the spring of 1621 with Massasoit, the
      first League of Nations to preserve peace in the new world.
    </p>
    <p>
      Squanto showed the men how to plant alewives or herring as fertilizer for
      the Indian corn. He taught the boys and girls how to gather clams and
      mussels on the shore and to "tread eels" in the water that is still called
      Eel River. He gathered wild strawberries and sassafras for the women and
      they prepared a "brew" which almost equalled their ale of old England. The
      friendly Indians assisted the men, as the seasons opened, in hunting wild
      turkeys, ducks and an occasional deer, welcome additions to the store of
      fish, sea-biscuits and cheese. We are told [Footnote: Mourt's Relation]
      that Squanto brought also a dog from his Indian friends as a gift to the
      settlement. Already there were, at least, two dogs, probably brought from
      Holland or England, a mastiff and a spaniel [Footnote: Winslow's
      Narration] to give comfort and companionship to the women and children,
      and to go with the men into the woods for timber and game.
    </p>
    <p>
      It seems paradoxical to speak of child-life in this hard-pressed,
      serious-minded colony, but it was there and, doubtless, it was normal in
      its joyous and adventuresome impulses. Under eighteen years of age were
      the girls, Remember and Mary Allerton, Constance and Damaris Hopkins,
      Elizabeth Tilley and, possibly, Desire Minter and Humility Cooper. The
      boys were Bartholomew Allerton, who "learned to sound the drum," John
      Crakston, William Latham, Giles Hopkins, John and Francis Billington,
      Richard More, Henry Sampson, John Cooke, Resolved White, Samuel Fuller,
      Love and Wrestling Brewster and the babies, Oceanus Hopkins and Peregrine
      White. With the exception of Wrestling Brewster and Oceanus Hopkins, all
      these children lived to ripe old age,&mdash;a credit not alone to their
      hardy constitutions, but also to the care which the Plymouth women
      bestowed upon their households.
    </p>
    <p>
      The flowers that grew in abundance about the settlement must have given
      them joy,&mdash;<i>arbutus</i> or "mayflowers," wild roses, blue chicory,
      Queen Anne's lace, purple asters, golden-rod and the beautiful sabbatia or
      "sentry" which is still found on the banks of the fresh ponds near the
      town and is called "the Plymouth rose." Edward Winslow tells [Footnote:
      Relation of the Manners, Customs, etc., of the Indians.] of the drastic
      use of this bitter plant in developing hardihood among Indian boys. Early
      in the first year one of these fresh-water ponds, known as Billington Sea,
      was discovered by Francis Billington when he had climbed a high hill and
      had reported from it "a smaller sea." Blackberries, blueberries, plums and
      cherries must have been delights to the women and children. Medicinal
      herbs were found and used by advice of the Indian friends; the bayberry's
      virtues as salve, if not as candle-light, were early applied to the
      comforts of the households. Robins, bluebirds, "Bob Whites" and other
      birds sang for the pioneers as they sing for the tourist and resident in
      Plymouth today. The mosquito had a sting,&mdash;for Bradford gave a droll
      and pungent answer to the discontented colonists who had reported, in
      1624, that "the people are much annoyed with musquetoes." He wrote:
      [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. II.] <i>"They</i>
      are too delicate and unfitte to begin new plantations and colonies that
      cannot enduer the biting of a muskeet. We would wish such to keep at home
      till at least they be muskeeto proof. Yet this place is as free as any and
      experience teacheth that ye land is tild and ye woods cut downe, the fewer
      there will be and in the end scarce any at all." The <i>end</i> has not
      yet come!
    </p>
    <p>
      Good harvests and some thrilling incidents varied the hard conditions of
      life for the women during 1621-2. Indian corn and barley furnished a new
      foundation for many "a savory dish" prepared by the housewives in the
      mortar and pestles, kettles and skillets which they had brought from
      Holland. Nuts were used for food, giving piquant flavor both to "cakes"
      baked in the fire and to the stuffing of wild turkeys. The fare was
      simple, but it must have seemed a feast to the Pilgrims after the months
      of self-denials and extremity.
    </p>
    <p>
      Before the winter of 1621-2 was ended, seven log houses had been built and
      four "common buildings" for storage, meetings and workshops. Already
      clapboards and furs were stored to be sent back to England to the merchant
      adventurers in the first ship. The seven huts, with thatched roofs and
      chimneys on the outside, probably in cob-house style, were of hewn planks,
      not of round logs. [Footnote: The Pilgrim Republic, John A. Goodwin, p.
      582.] The fireplaces were of stones laid in clay from the abundant sand.
      In 1628 thatched roofs were condemned because of the danger of fire,
      [Footnote: Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.] and boards or palings
      were substituted. During the first two years or longer, light came into
      the houses through oiled paper in the windows. From the plans left by
      Governor Bradford and the record of the visit of De Rassieres to Plymouth,
      in 1627, one can visualize this first street in New England, leading from
      Plymouth harbor up the hill to the cannon and stockade where, later, was
      the fort. At the intersection of the first street and a cross-highway
      stood the Governor's house. It was fitting that the lot nearest to the
      fort hill should be assigned to Miles Standish and John Alden. All had
      free access to the brook where flagons were filled for drink and where the
      clothes were washed.
    </p>
    <p>
      A few events that have been recorded by Winslow, Bradford and Morton were
      significant and must have relieved the monotony of life. On January fourth
      an eagle was shot, cooked and proved "to be excellent meat; it was hardly
      to be discerned from mutton." [Footnote: Mourt's Relation.] Four days
      later three seals and a cod were caught; we may assume that they furnished
      oil, meat and skins for the household. About the same time, John Goodman
      and Peter Brown lost their way in the woods, remained out all night,
      thinking they heard lions roar (mistaking wolves for lions), and on their
      return the next day John Goodman's feet were so badly frozen "that it was
      a long time before he was able to go." [Footnote: <i>Ibid.</i>] Wild geese
      were shot and used for broth on the ninth of February; the same day the
      Common House was set ablaze, but was saved from destruction. It is easy to
      imagine the exciting effects of such incidents upon the band of thirteen
      boys and seven girls, already enumerated. In July, the cry of "a lost
      child" aroused the settlement to a search for that "unwhipt rascal," John
      Billington, who had run away to the Nauset Indians at Eastham, but he was
      found unharmed by a posse of men led by Captain Standish.
    </p>
    <p>
      To the women one of the most exciting events must have been the marriage
      on May 22, 1621, of Edward Winslow and Mistress Susanna White. Her husband
      and two men-servants had died since <i>The Mayflower</i> left England and
      she was alone to care for two young boys, one a baby a few weeks old.
      Elizabeth Barker Winslow had died seven weeks before the wedding day.
      Perhaps the Plymouth women gossiped a little over the brief interval of
      mourning, but the exigencies of the times easily explained the marriage,
      which was performed by a magistrate, presumably the Governor.
    </p>
    <p>
      Even more disturbing to the peaceful life was the first duel on June 18,
      between Edward Lister and Edward Dotey, both servants of Stephen Hopkins.
      Tradition ascribed the cause to a quarrel over the attractive elder
      daughter of their master, Constance Hopkins. The duel was fought with
      swords and daggers; both youths were slightly wounded in hand and thigh
      and both were sentenced, as punishment, to have their hands and feet tied
      together and to fast for twenty-four hours but, says a record, [Footnote:
      A Chronological History of New England, by Thomas Prence.] "within an
      hour, because of their great pains, at their own and their master's humble
      request, upon promise of better carriage, they were released by the
      Governor." It is easy to imagine this scene: Stephen Hopkins and his wife
      appealing to the Governor and Captain Standish for leniency, although the
      settlement was seriously troubled over the occurrence; Elder Brewster and
      his wife deploring the lack of Christian affection which caused the duel;
      Edward Winslow and his wife, dignified yet tolerant; Goodwife Helen
      Billington scolding as usual; Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton and
      Elizabeth Tilley condoling with the tearful and frightened Constance
      Hopkins, while the children stand about, excited and somewhat awed by the
      punishment and the distress of the offenders.
    </p>
    <p>
      Another day of unusual interest and industry for the householders was the
      Thanksgiving Day when peace with the Indians and assured prosperity seemed
      to follow the ample harvests. To this feast, which lasted for three days
      or more, came ninety-one Indians bringing five deer which they had killed
      and dressed. These were a great boon to the women who must prepare meals
      for one hundred and forty people. Wild turkeys, ducks, fish and clams were
      procured by the colonists and cooked, perhaps with some marchpanes also,
      by the more expert cooks. The serious prayers and psalms of the Pilgrims
      were as amazing to the Indians as were the strange whoops, dances, beads
      and feathers of the savages marvellous to the women and children of
      Plymouth Colony.
    </p>
    <p>
      In spite of these peaceable incidents there were occasional threats of
      Indian treachery, like the theft of tools from two woodsmen and the later
      bold challenge in the form of a headless arrow wrapped in a snake's skin;
      the latter was returned promptly and decisively with the skin filled with
      bullets, and the danger was over for a time. The stockade was strengthened
      and, soon after, a palisade was built about the houses with gates that
      were locked at night. After the fort of heavy timber was completed, this
      was used also as a meeting-house and "was fitted accordingly for that
      use." It is to be hoped that warming-pans and foot-stoves were a part of
      the "fittings" so that the women might not be benumbed as, with dread of
      possible Indian attacks, they limned from the old Ainsworth's Psalm Book:
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
    "In the Lord do I trust, how then to my soule doe ye say,
    As doth a little bird unto your mountaine fly away?
    For loe, the wicked bend their bow, their arrows they prepare
    On string; to shoot at dark at them
    In heart that upright are."
    (Psalm xi.)
</pre>
    <p>
      Even more exciting than the days already mentioned was the great event of
      surprise and rejoicing, November 19, 1621, when <i>The Fortune</i> arrived
      with thirty-five more Pilgrims. Some of these were soon to wed <i>Mayflower</i>
      passengers. Widow Martha Ford, recently bereft, giving birth on the night
      of her arrival to a fourth child, was wed to Peter Brown; Mary Becket
      (sometimes written Bucket) became the wife of George Soule; John Winslow;
      later married Mary Chilton, and Thomas Cushman, then a lad of fourteen,
      became the husband, in manhood, of Mary Allerton. His father, Robert
      Cushman, remained in the settlement while <i>The Fortune</i> was at anchor
      and left his son as ward for Governor Bradford. The notable sermon which
      was preached at Plymouth by Robert Cushman at this time (preserved in
      Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth) was from the text, "Let no man seek his own; but
      every man another's wealth." Some of the admonitions against swelling
      pride and fleshly-minded hypocrites seem to us rather paradoxical when we
      consider the poverty and self-sacrificing spirit of these pioneers;
      perhaps, there were selfish and slothful malcontents even in that company
      of devoted, industrious men and women, for human nature was the same three
      hundred years ago, in large and small communities, as it is today, with
      some relative changes.
    </p>
    <p>
      Among the passengers brought by <i>The Fortune</i> were some of great
      helpfulness. William Wright, with his wife Priscilla (the sister of
      Governor Bradford's second wife), was an expert carpenter, and Stephen
      Dean, who came with his wife, was able to erect a small mill and grind
      corn. Robert Hicks (or Heeks) was another addition to the colony, whose
      wife was later the teacher of some of the children. Philip De La Noye,
      progenitor of the Delano family in America, John and Kenelm Winslow and
      Jonathan Brewster were eligible men to join the group of younger men,&mdash;John
      Alden, John Howland and others.
    </p>
    <p>
      The great joy in the arrival of these friends was succeeded by an
      agitating fear regarding the food supply, for <i>The Fortune</i> had
      suffered from bad weather and its colonists had scarcely any extra food or
      clothing. By careful allotments the winter was endured and when spring
      came there were hopes of a large harvest from more abundant sowing, but
      the hopes were killed by the fearful drought which lasted from May to the
      middle of July. Some lawless and selfish youths frequently stole corn
      before it was ripe and, although public whipping was the punishment, the
      evil persisted. These conditions were met with the same courage and
      determination which ever characterized the leaders; a rationing of the
      colony was made which would have done credit to a "Hoover." They escaped
      famine, but the worn, thin faces and "the low condition, both in respect
      of food and clothing" was a shock to the sixty more colonists who arrived
      in <i>The Ann</i> and <i>The James</i> in 1623.
    </p>
    <p>
      The friends who came in these later ships included some women from Leyden,
      "dear gossips" of <i>Mayflower</i> colonists, women whose resources and
      characters gave them prominence in the later history of Plymouth. Notable
      among them was Mrs. Alice Southworth soon to wed Governor Bradford. With
      her came Barbara, whose surname is surmised to have been Standish, soon to
      become the wife of Captain Standish. Bridget Fuller joined her husband,
      the noble doctor of Plymouth; Elizabeth Warren, with her five daughters,
      came to make a home for her husband, Richard; Mistress Hester Cooke came
      with three children, and Fear and Patience Brewster, despite their names,
      brought joy and cheer to their mother and girlhood friends; they were
      later wed to Isaac Allerton and Thomas Prence, the Governor.
    </p>
    <p>
      Fortunately, <i>The Ann</i> and <i>The James</i> brought supplies in
      liberal measure and also carpenters, weavers and cobblers, for their need
      was great. <i>The James</i> was to remain for the use of the colony.
      Rations had been as low as one-quarter pound of bread a day and sometimes
      their fare was only "a bit of fish or lobster without any bread or relish
      but a cup of fair spring water." [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth
      Plantation; Bk. II.] It is not strange that Bradford added: "ye long
      continuance of this diete and their labors abroad had somewhat abated ye
      freshness of their former complexion."
    </p>
    <p>
      An important change in the policy of the colony, which affected the women
      as well as men, was made at this time. Formerly the administration of
      affairs had been upon the communal basis. All the men and grown boys were
      expected to plant and harvest, fish and hunt for the common use of all the
      households. The women also did their tasks in common. The results had been
      unsatisfactory and, in 1623, a new division of land was made, allotting to
      member householder an acre for each member of his family. This
      arrangement, which was called "every man for his owne particuler," was
      told by Bradford with a comment which shows that the women were human
      beings, not saints nor martyrs. He wrote: "The women now went willingly
      into ye field, and tooke their little-ones with them to set corne, which
      before would aledge weaknes and inabilitie; whom to have compelled would
      have bene thought great tiranie and oppression." After further comment
      upon the failure of communism as "breeding confusion and discontent" he
      added this significant comment: "For ye yong-men that were most able and
      fitte for labour and service did repine that they should spend their time
      and strength to work for other men's wives and children without any
      recompense.... And for men's wives to be commanded to doe servise for
      other men, as dresing their meate, washing their cloathes, etc., they
      deemed it a kind of slaverie, neither could many husbands well brooke it."
    </p>
    <p>
      If food was scarce, even a worse condition existed as to clothing in the
      summer of 1623. Tradition has ascribed several spinning-wheels and looms
      to the women who came in <i>The Mayflower</i>, but we can scarcely believe
      that such comforts were generously bestowed. There could have been little
      material or time for their use. Much skilful weaving and spinning of
      linen, flax, and wool came in later Colonial history. The women must have
      been taxed to keep the clothes mended for their families as protection
      against the cold and storms. The quantity on hand, after the stress of the
      two years, would vary according to the supplies which each brought from
      Holland or England; in some families there were sheets and "pillow-beeres"
      with "clothes of substance and comeliness," but other households were
      scantily supplied. A somewhat crude but interesting ballad, called "Our
      Forefathers' Song," is given by tradition from the lips of an old lady
      aged ninety-four years, in 1767. If the suggestion is accurate that she
      learned this from her mother or grandmother, its date would approximate
      the early days of Plymouth history. More probably it was written much
      later, but it has a reminiscent flavor of those days of poverty and brave
      spirit:
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
    "The place where we live is a wilderness wood,
    Where grass is much wanted that's fruitful and good;
    Our mountains and hills and our valleys below,
    Are commonly covered with frost and with snow.

    "Our clothes we brought with us are apt to be torn,
    They need to be clouted soon after they are worn,
    But clouting our garments they hinder us nothing,
    Clouts <i>double</i> are warmer than <i>single</i> whole clothing.

    "If fresh meate be wanted to fill up our dish,
    We have carrots and turnips whenever we wish,
    And if we've a mind for a delicate dish,
    We go to the clam-bank and there we catch fish.

    "For pottage and puddings and custards and pies,
    Our pumpkins and parsnips are common supplies!
    We have pumpkin at morning and pumpkin at noon,
    If it was not for pumpkin we should be undoon."

    [Footnote: The Pilgrim Fathers; W. H. Bartlett, London, 1852.]
</pre>
    <p>
      What did these Pilgrim women wear? The manifest answer is,&mdash;what they
      had in stock. No more absurd idea was ever invented than the picture of
      these Pilgrims "in uniform," gray gowns with dainty white collars and
      cuffs, with stiff caps and dark capes. They wore the typical garments of
      the period for men and women in England. There is no evidence that they
      adopted, to any extent, Dutch dress, for they were proud of their English
      birth; they left Holland partly for fear that their young people might be
      educated or enticed away from English standards of conduct. [Footnote:
      Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, ch. 4.] Mrs. Alice Morse Earle
      has emphasized wisely [Footnote: Two Centuries of Costume in America; N.
      Y., 1903.] that the "sad-colored" gowns and coats mentioned in wills were
      not "dismal"; the list of colors so described in England included (1638)
      "russet, purple, green, tawny, deere colour, orange colour, buffs and
      scarlet." The men wore doublets and jerkins of browns and greens, and
      cloaks with red and purple linings. The women wore full skirts of say,
      paduasoy or silk of varied colors, long, pointed stomachers,&mdash;often
      with bright tone,&mdash;full, sometimes puffed or slashed sleeves, and
      lace collars or "whisks" resting upon the shoulders. Sometimes the gowns
      were plaited or silk-laced; they often opened in front showing petticoats
      that were quilted or embroidered in brighter colours. Broadcloth gowns of
      russet tones were worn by those who could not afford silks and satins;
      sometimes women wore doublets and jerkins of black and browns. For dress
      occasions the men wore black velvet jerkins with white ruffs, like those
      in the authentic portrait of Edward Winslow. Velvet and quilted hoods of
      all colors and sometimes caps, flat on the head and meeting below the chin
      with fullness, are shown in existent portraits of English women and early
      colonists.
    </p>
    <p>
      Among relics that are dated back to this early period are the slipper
      [Footnote: In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.] belonging to Mistress Susanna White
      Winslow, narrow, pointed, with lace trimmings, and an embroidered lace cap
      that has been assigned to Rose Standish. [Footnote: Two Centuries of
      Costume In America; Earle.] Sometimes the high ruffs were worn above the
      shoulders instead of "whisks." The children were dressed like miniature
      men and women; often the girls wore aprons, as did the women on occasions;
      these were narrow and edged with lace. "Petty coats" are mentioned in
      wills among the garments of the women. We would not assume that in 1621-2
      <i>all</i> the women in Plymouth colony wore silken or even homespun
      clothes of prevailing English fashion. Many of these that are mentioned in
      inventories and retained heirlooms, with rich laces and embroideries, were
      brought later from England; probably Winslow, Allerton and even Standish
      brought back such gifts to the women when they made their trips to England
      in 1624 and later. If the pioneer women had laces and embroideries of gold
      they probably hoarded them as precious heirlooms during those early years
      of want, for they were too sensible to wear and to waste them. As
      prosperity came, however, and new elements entered the colony they were,
      doubtless, affected by the law of the General Court, in 1634, which
      forbade further acquisition of laces, threads of silver and gold,
      needle-work caps, bands and rails, and silver girdles and belts. This law
      was enacted <i>not</i> by the Pilgrims of Plymouth, but by the Puritans of
      Massachusetts Bay Colony.
    </p>
    <p>
      When Edward Winslow returned in <i>The Charity</i>, in 1624, he brought
      not alone a "goodly supply of clothing" [Footnote: Bradford's History of
      Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2.] but,&mdash;far more important,&mdash;the
      first bull and heifers that were in Plymouth. The old tradition of the
      white bull on which Priscilla Alden rode home from her marriage, in 1622
      or early 1623, must be rejected. This valuable addition of "neat cattle"
      to the resources of the colony caused a redistribution of land and shares
      in the "stock." By 1627 a partnership or "purchas" had been, arranged, for
      assuming the debts and maintenance of the Plymouth colony, freed from
      further responsibility to "the adventurers" in London. The new division of
      lots included also some of the cattle. It was specified, for instance,
      that Captain Standish and Edward Winslow were to share jointly "the Red
      Cow which belongeth to the poor of the colony to which they must keep her
      Calfe of this yeare being a Bull for the Companie, Also two shee goats."
      [Footnote: Records of the Colony of New Plymouth In New England, edited by
      David Pulslfer, 1861.] Elder Brewster was granted "one of the four Heifers
      came in <i>The Jacob</i> called the Blind Heifer."
    </p>
    <p>
      Among interesting sidelights upon the economic and social results of this
      extension of land and cattle is the remark of Bradford: [Footnote:
      Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2.] "Some looked for
      building great houses, and such pleasant situations for them as themselves
      had fancied, as if they would be great men and rich all of a suddaine; but
      they proved castles in air." Within a short time, however, with the rapid
      increase of children and the need of more pasturage for the cattle, many
      of the leading men and women drifted away from the original confines of
      Plymouth towards Duxbury, Marshfield, Scituate, Bridgewater and Eastham.
      Agriculture became their primal concern, with the allied pursuits of
      fishing, hunting and trading with the Indians and white settlements that
      were made on Cape Cod and along the Kennebec.
    </p>
    <p>
      Soon after 1630 the families of Captain Standish, John Alden, and Jonathan
      Brewster (who had married the sister of John Oldham), Thomas Prence and
      Edward Winslow were settled on large farms in Duxbury and Marshfield. This
      loss to the Plymouth settlement was deplored by Bradford both for its
      social and religious results. April 2, 1632, [Footnote: Records of the
      Colony of New Plymouth In New England, edited by David Pulslfer, 1861.] a
      pledge was taken by Alden, Standish, Prence, and Jonathan Brewster that
      they would "remove their families to live in the towne in the winter-time
      that they may the better repair to the service of God." Such arrangement
      did not long continue, however, for in 1633 a church was established at
      Duxbury and the Plymouth members who lived there "were dismiste though
      very unwillingly." [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation,
      Bk. 2.] Later the families of Francis Eaton, Peter Brown and George Soule
      joined the Duxbury colony. Hobomok, ever faithful to Captain Standish had
      a wigwam near his master's home until, in his old age, he was removed to
      the Standish house, where he died in 1642.
    </p>
    <p>
      The women who had come in the earlier ships and had lived close to
      neighbors at Plymouth must have had lonely hours on their farms in spite
      of large families and many tasks. Wolves and other wild animals were
      sometimes near, for traps for them were decreed and allotted. Chance
      Indians prowled about and the stoutest hearts must have quailed when some
      of the recorded hurricanes and storms of 1635 and 1638 uncovered houses,
      felled trees and corn. In the main, however, there was peace and many of
      the families became prosperous; we find evidence in their wills, several
      of which have been deciphered from the original records by George Ernest
      Bowman, editor of the "Mayflower Descendants," [Footnote: Editorial rooms
      at 53 Mt. Vernon St., Boston.] issued quarterly. By the aid of such
      records and a few family heirlooms of unquestioned genuineness, it is
      possible to suggest some individual silhouettes of the women of early
      Plymouth, in addition to the glimpses of their communal life.
    </p>
    <p>
      <br /><br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <a name="link2HCH0003" id="link2HCH0003"> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      CHAPTER III. MATRONS AND MAIDENS WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER
    </h2>
    <p>
      It has been said, with some justice, that the Pilgrims were not remarkable
      men, that they lacked genius or distinctive personalities. The same
      statement may be made about the women. They did possess, as men and women,
      fine qualities for the work which they were destined to accomplish,&mdash;remarkable
      energy, faith, purpose, courage and patience. These traits were prominent
      in the leaders, Carver and Bradford, Standish and Winslow, Brewster and
      Dr. Fuller. As assistants to the men in the civic life of the colony,
      there were a few women who influenced the domestic and social affairs of
      their own and later generations. From chance records, wills, inventories
      and traditions their individual traits must be discerned, for there is
      scarcely any sequential, historic record.
    </p>
    <p>
      Death claimed some of these brave-hearted women before the life at
      Plymouth really began. Dorothy May Bradford, the daughter of Deacon May of
      the Leyden church, came from Wisbeach, Cambridge; she was married to
      William Bradford when she was about sixteen years old and was only twenty
      when she was drowned at Cape Cod. Her only child, a son, John, was left
      with her father and mother in Holland and there was long a tradition that
      she mourned grievously at the separation. This son came later to Plymouth,
      about 1627, and lived in Marshfield and Norwich, Connecticut.
    </p>
    <p>
      The tiny pieces of a padded quilt with faded threads of silver and gold,
      which belonged to Rose Standish, [Footnote: Now in Pilgrim Hall,
      Plymouth.] are fitting relics of this mystical, delicate wife of "the
      doughty Captain." She died January 29, 1621. She is portrayed in fiction
      and poetry as proud of her husband's bravery and his record as a
      Lieutenant of Queen Elizabeth's forces in aid of the Dutch. She was also
      proud of his reputed, and disputed, inheritance among the titled families
      of Standish of Standish and Standish of Duxbury Hall. [Footnote: For
      discussion of the ancestry of Standish, see "Some Recent Investigations of
      the Ancestry of Capt. Myles Standish," by Thomas Cruddas Porteus of
      Coppell, Lancashire; N. E. Gen. Hist. Register, 68; 339-370; also in
      edition, Boston, 1914.] There has been a persistent tradition that Rose
      was born or lived on the Isle of Man and was married there, but no records
      have been found as proofs.
    </p>
    <p>
      In the painting of "The Embarkation," by Robert Weir, Elizabeth Barker,
      the young wife of Edward Winslow, is attired in gay colors and extreme
      fashion, while beside her stands a boy of about eight years with a canteen
      strapped over his shoulders. It has been stated that this is the silver
      canteen, marked "E. W.," now in the cabinet of the Massachusetts
      Historical Society. The only record <i>there</i> is [Footnote:
      Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, iv, 322.] "presentation,
      June, 1870, by James Warren, Senr., of a silver canteen and pewter plate
      which once belonged to Gov. Edward Winslow with his arms and initials." As
      Elizabeth Barker, who came from Chatsun or Chester, England, to Holland,
      was married April 3, 1618, to Winslow, [Footnote: England and Holland of
      the Pilgrims, Dexter.] and as she was his first wife, the son must have
      been a baby when <i>The Mayflower</i> sailed. Moreover, there is no record
      by Bradford of any child that came with the Winslows, except the orphan,
      Ellen More. It has been suggested that the latter was of noble lineage.
      [Footnote: The Mayflower Descendant, v. 256.]
    </p>
    <p>
      Mary Norris, of Newbury in England, wife of one of the wealthiest and most
      prominent of the Pilgrims in early years, Isaac Allerton, died in February
      of the first winter, leaving two young girls, Remember and Mary, and a
      son, Bartholomew or "Bart." The daughters married well, Remember to Moses
      Maverick of Salem, and Mary to Thomas Cushman. Mrs. Allerton gave birth to
      a child that was still-born while on <i>The Mayflower</i> and thus she had
      less strength to endure the hardships which followed. [Footnote: History
      of the Allerton Family; W. S. Allerton, N. Y., 1888.]
    </p>
    <p>
      When Bradford, recording the death of Katherine Carver, called her a "weak
      woman," he referred to her health which was delicate while she lived at
      Plymouth and could not withstand the grief and shock of her husband's
      death in April. She died the next month. She has been called "a gracious
      woman" in another record of her death. [Footnote: New England Memorial;
      Morton.] She was the sister or sister-in-law of John Robinson, their
      pastor in England and Holland. Recent investigation has claimed that she
      was first married to George Legatt and later to Carver. [Footnote: The
      Colonial, I, 46; also Gen. Hist. Reg., 67; 382, note.] Two children died
      and were buried in Holland in 1609 and 1617 and, apparently, these were
      the only children born to the Carvers. The maid Lois, who came with them
      on <i>The Mayflower</i>, is supposed to have married Francis Eaton, but
      she did not live after 1622. Desire Minter, who was also of the Carver
      household, has been the victim of much speculation. Mrs. Jane G. Austin,
      in her novel, "Standish of Standish," makes her the female scapegrace of
      the colony, jealous, discontented and quarrelsome. On the other hand, and
      still speculatively, she is portrayed as the elder sister and house keeper
      for John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley, after the death of Mistress Carver;
      this is assumed because the first girl born to the Howlands was named
      Desire. [Footnote: Life of Pilgrim Alden; Augustus E. Alden; Boston,
      1902.] The only known facts about Desire Minter are those given by
      Bradford, "she returned to friends and proved not well, and dyed in
      England." [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation; Appendix.]
      By research among the Leyden records, collated by H. M. Dexter, [Footnote:
      The England and Holland of the Pilgrims.] the name, Minter, occurs a few
      times. William Minter, the husband of Sarah, was associated with the
      Carvers and Chiltons in marriage betrothals. William Minter was purchaser
      of a house from William Jeppson, in Leyden, in 1614. Another record is of
      a student at the University of Leyden who lived at the house of John
      Minter. Another reference to Thomas Minter of Sandwich, Kent, may furnish
      a clue. [Footnote: N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., 45, 56.] Evidently, to some of
      these relatives, with property, near or distant of kin, Desire Minter
      returned before 1626.
    </p>
    <p>
      Another unmarried woman, who survived the hardships of the first winter,
      but returned to England and died there, was Humility Cooper. We know
      almost nothing about her except that she and Henry Sampson were cousins of
      Edward Tilley and his wife. She is also mentioned as a relative of Richard
      Clopton, one of the early religious leaders in England. [Footnote: N. E.
      Gen. Hist.; iv, 108.]
    </p>
    <p>
      The "mother" of this group of matrons and maidens, who survived the
      winters of 1621-2, was undoubtedly Mistress Mary Brewster. Wife of the
      Elder, she shared his religious faith and zeal, and exercised a strong
      moral influence upon the women and children. Pastor John Robinson, in a
      letter to Governor Bradford, in 1623, refers to "her weake and decayed
      state of body," but she lived until April 17, 1627, according to records
      in "the Brewster Book." She was only fifty-seven years at her death but,
      as Bradford said with tender appreciation, "her great and continuall
      labours, with other crosses and sorrows, hastened it before y'e time." As
      Elder Brewster "could fight as well as he could pray," could build his own
      house and till his own land, [Footnote: The Pilgrim Republic; John A.
      Goodwin.] so, we may believe, his wife was efficient in all domestic ways.
      When her strength failed, it is pleasant to think that she accepted
      graciously the loving assistance of the younger women to whom she must
      have seemed, in her presence, like a benediction. Her married life was
      fruitful; five children lived to maturity and two or more had died in
      Holland. The Elder was "wise and discreet and well-spoken&mdash;of a
      cheerful spirit, sociable and pleasant among his friends, undervaluing
      himself and his abilities and sometimes overvaluing others." [Footnote:
      Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation.] Such a person is sure to be a
      delightful companion. To these attractive qualities the Elder added
      another proof of tact and wisdom: "He always thought it were better for
      ministers to pray oftener and divide their prayers, than be long and
      tedious in the same."
    </p>
    <p>
      While Mistress Brewster did not excel the women of her day, probably, in
      education, for to read easily and to write were not considered necessary
      graces for even the better-bred classes,&mdash;she could appreciate the
      thirty-eight copies of the Scriptures which were found among her husband's
      four hundred volumes; <i>these</i> would be familiar to her, but the
      sixty-four books in Latin would not be read by the women of her day.
      Fortunately, she did not survive, as did her husband, to endure grief from
      the deaths of the daughters, Fear and Patience, both of whom died before
      1635; nor yet did she realize the bitterness of feeling between the sons,
      Jonathan and Love, and their differences of opinion in the settlement of
      the Elder's estate. [Footnote: Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.]
    </p>
    <p>
      A traditional picture has been given [Footnote: The Pilgrim Republic; John
      A. Goodwin; foot-note, p.181.] of Captain Peregrine White of Marshfield,
      "riding a black horse and wearing a coat with buttons the size of a silver
      dollar, vigorous and of a comely aspect to the last," [Footnote: Account
      of his death in <i>Boston News Letter</i>, July 31, 1704.] paying daily
      visits to his mother, Mistress Susanna White Winslow. We may imagine this
      elderly matron, sitting in the Winslow arm-chair, with its mark,
      "Cheapside, 1614," [Footnote: This chair and the cape are now In Pilgrim
      Hall, Plymouth; here also are portraits of Edward Winslow and Josiah
      Winslow and the latter's wife, Penelope.] perhaps wearing the white silk
      shoulder-cape with its trimmings of embossed velvet which has been
      preserved, proud that she was privileged to be the mother of this son, the
      first child born of white parents in New England, proud that she had been
      the wife of a Governor and Commissioner of eminence, and also the mother
      of Josiah Winslow, the first native-born Governor of any North American
      commonwealth. Hers was a record of which any woman of any century might
      well be proud! [Footnote: More material may be found in Winslow Memorial;
      Family Record, Holton, N. Y., 1877, and in Ancestral Chronological Record
      of the William White Family, 1607-1895, Concord, 1895.]
    </p>
    <p>
      In social position and worldly comforts her life was pre-eminent among the
      colonists. Although Edward Winslow had renounced some of his English
      wealth, possibly, when he went to Holland and adopted the trade of
      printer, he "came into his own" again and was in high favor with English
      courts and statesmen. His services as agent and commissioner, both for the
      Plymouth colony and later for Cromwell, must have necessitated long
      absences from home, while his wife remained at Careswell, the estate at
      Green Harbor, Marshfield, caring for her younger children, Elizabeth and
      Josiah Winslow. By family tradition, Mistress Susanna was a woman of
      graceful, aristocratic bearing and of strong character. Sometimes called
      Anna, as in her marriage record to William White at Leyden, February 11,
      1612, [Footnote: The Mayflower Descendant, vii, 193.] she was the sister
      of Dr. Samuel Fuller. Two children by her first marriage died in 1615 and
      1616; with her boy, Resolved, about five or six years old, she came with
      her husband on <i>The Mayflower</i> and, at the end of the voyage, bore
      her son, Peregrine White.
    </p>
    <p>
      The tact, courtesy and practical sagacity of Edward Winslow fitted him for
      the many demands that were made upon his diplomacy. One of the most
      amusing stories of his experiences as agent for Plymouth colony has been
      related by himself [Footnote: Winslow's Relation.] when, at the request of
      the Indians, he visited Massasoit, who was ill, and brought about the
      recovery of this chief by common sense methods of treatment and by a
      "savory broth" made from Indian corn, sassafras and strawberry leaves,
      "strained through his handkerchief." The skill with which Winslow cooked
      the broth and the "relish" of ducks reflected credit upon the household
      methods of Mistress Winslow.
    </p>
    <p>
      After 1646, Edward Winslow did not return to Plymouth for any long
      sojourn, for Cromwell and his advisers had recognized the worth of such a
      man as commissioner. [Footnote: State Papers, Colonial Service, 1574-1660.
      Winthrop Papers, ii, 283.] In 1655 he was sent as one of three
      commissioners against the Spaniards in the West Indies to attack St.
      Domingo. Because of lack of supplies and harmony among the troops, the
      attack was a failure. To atone for this the fleet started towards Jamaica,
      but on the way, near Hispaniola, Winslow was taken ill of fever and died,
      May 8, 1655; he was buried at sea with a military salute from forty-two
      guns. The salary paid to Winslow during these years was £1000, which was
      large for those times. On April 18, 1656, a "representation" from his
      widow, Susanna, and son was presented to the Lord Protector and council,
      asking that, although Winslow's death occurred the previous May, the
      remaining £500 of his year's salary might be paid to satisfy his
      creditors.
    </p>
    <p>
      To his wife and family Winslow, doubtless, wrote letters as graceful and
      interesting as are the few business epistles that are preserved in the
      Winthrop Papers. [Footnote: Hutchinson Collections, 110, 153, etc.] That
      he was anxious, to return to his family is evident from a letter by
      President Steele of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in New England
      (in 1650), which Winslow was also serving; [Footnote: The Pilgrim
      Republic; Goodwin, 444.] "Winslow was unwilling to be longer kept from his
      family, but his great acquaintance and influence were of service to the
      cause so great that it was hoped he would remain for a time longer." In
      his will, which is now in Somerset House, London, dated 1654, he left his
      estate at Marshfield to his son, Josiah, with the stipulation that his
      wife, Susanna, should be allowed a full third part thereof through her
      life. [Footnote: The Mayflower Descendant, iv. i.] She lived twenty-five
      years longer, dying in October, 1680, at the estate, Careswell. It is
      supposed that she was buried on the hillside cemetery of the Daniel
      Webster estate in Marshfield, where, amid tangles and flowers, may be
      located the grave-stones of her children and grandchildren. Sharing with
      Mistress Susanna White Winslow the distinction of being mother of a child
      born on <i>The Mayflower</i> was Mistress Elizabeth Hopkins, whose son,
      Oceanus, was named for his birthplace. She was the second wife of Stephen
      Hopkins, who was one of the leaders with Winslow and Standish on early
      expeditions. With her stepchildren, Constance and Giles, and her little
      daughter, Damaris, she bore the rigors of those first years, bore other
      children,&mdash;Caleb, Ruth, Deborah and Elizabeth,&mdash;and cared for a
      large estate, including servants and many cattle. The inventory of the
      Hopkins estate revealed an abundance of beds and bedding, yellow and green
      rugs, curtains and spinning-wheels, and much wearing apparel. The
      home-life surely had incidents of excitement, as is shown by the
      accusations and fines against Stephen Hopkins for "suffering excessive
      drinking at his house, 1637, when William Reynolds was drunk and lay under
      the table," and again for "suffering men to drink in his house on the
      Lord's Day, both before and after the meeting&mdash;and allowing his
      servant and others to drink more than for ordinary refreshing and to play
      shovell board and such like misdemeanors." [Footnote: Records of the
      Colony of New Plymouth.] Such lapses in conduct at the Hopkins house were
      atoned for by the services which Stephen Hopkins rendered to the colony as
      explorer, assistant to the governor and other offices which suited his
      reliable and fearless disposition.
    </p>
    <p>
      These occasional "misdemeanors" in the Hopkins household were slight
      compared with the records against "the black sheep" of the colony, the
      family of Billingtons from London. The mother, Helen or Ellen, did not
      seem to redeem the reputation of husband and sons; traditionally she was
      called "the scold." After her husband had been executed in 1630, for the
      first murder in the colony, for he had waylaid and killed John Newcomen,
      she married Gregory Armstrong. She had various controversies in court with
      her son and others. In 1636, she was accused of slander by "Deacon" John
      Doane,&mdash;she had charged him with unfairness in mowing her pasture
      lot,&mdash;and she was sentenced to a fine of five pounds and "to sit in
      the stocks and be publickly whipt." [Footnote: Records of the Colony of
      New Plymouth.] Her second husband died in 1650 and she lived several years
      longer, occupying a "tenement" granted to her in her son's house at North
      Plymouth. Apparently her son, John, after his fractious youth, died;
      Francis married Christian Penn, the widow of Francis Eaton.
    </p>
    <p>
      Their children seem to have "been bound out" for service while the parents
      were convicted of trying to entice the children away from their work and,
      consequently, they were punished by sitting in the stocks on "lecture
      days." [Footnote: The Pilgrim Republic; Goodwin.] In his later life,
      Francis Billington became more stable in character and served on
      committees. His last offense was the mild one "of drinking tobacco on the
      high-way." Apparently, Helen Billington had many troubles and little
      sympathy in the Plymouth colony.
    </p>
    <p>
      As companions to these matrons of the pioneer days were four maidens who
      must have been valuable as assistants in housework and care of the
      children,&mdash;Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton, Elizabeth Tilley and
      Constance Hopkins. The first three had been orphaned during that first
      winter; probably, they became members of the households of Elder Brewster
      and Governor Carver. All have left names that are most honorably cherished
      by their many descendants. Priscilla Mullins has been celebrated in
      romance and poetry. Very little real knowledge exists about her and many
      of the surmises would be more interesting if they could be proved. She was
      well-born, for her father, at his death, was mentioned with regret
      [Footnote: New England Memorial; Morton.] as "a man pious and
      well-deserving, endowed also with considerable outward estate; and had it
      been the will of God, that he had survived, might have proved an useful
      instrument in his place." There was a family tradition of a castle,
      Molyneux or Molines, in Normandy. The title of <i>Mr.</i> indicated that
      he was a man of standing and he was a counsellor in state and church.
      Perhaps he died on shipboard at Plymouth, because his, will, dated April
      2, 1621, was witnessed by John Carver, Christopher Jones and Giles Heald,
      probably the captain and surgeon of the ship, <i>Mayflower</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      This will, which has been recently found in Dorking, Surrey, England, has
      had important influence upon research. We learn that an older sister,
      Sarah Blunden, living in Surrey, was named as administratrix, and that a
      son, William (who came to Plymouth before 1637) was to have money, bonds
      and stocks in England. Goods in Virginia and more money,&mdash;ten pounds
      each,&mdash;were bequeathed equally to his wife Alice, his daughter
      Priscilla and the younger son, Joseph. Interesting also is the item of
      "xxj dozen shoes and thirteene paire of boots wch I give unto the
      Companie's hands for forty pounds at seaven yeares." If the Company would
      not accept the rate, these shoes and boots were to be for the equal
      benefit of his wife and son, William. To his friend, John Carver, he
      commits his wife and children and also asks for a "special eye to my man
      Robert wch hath not so approved himself as I would he should have done."
      [Footnote: Pilgrim Alden, by Augustus E. Alden, Boston, 1902.] Before this
      will was probated, July 23, 1621, John Carver, Mistress Alice Mullins, the
      son, Joseph, and the man, Robert Carter (or Cartier) were all dead,
      leaving Priscilla to carry on the work to which they had pledged their
      lives. Perhaps, the brother and sister in England were children of an
      earlier marriage, [Footnote: Gen. Hist. Register, 40; 62-3.] as Alice
      Mullins has been spoken of as a second wife.
    </p>
    <p>
      Priscilla was about twenty years old when she came to Plymouth. By
      tradition she was handsome, witty, deft and skilful as spinner and cook.
      Into her life came John Alden, a cooper of unknown family, who joined the
      Pilgrims at Southampton, under promise to stay a year. Probably he was not
      the first suitor for Priscilla's hand, for tradition affirmed that she had
      been sought in Leyden. The single sentence by Bradford tells the story of
      their romance: "being a hop[e]full yong man was much desired, but left to
      his owne liking to go or stay when he came here; but he stayed, and maryed
      here." With him he brought a Bible, printed 1620, [Footnote: Now in
      Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.] probably a farewell gift or purchase as he left
      England. When the grant of land and cattle was made in 1627, he was
      twenty-eight years old, and had in his family, Priscilla, his wife, a
      daughter, Elizabeth, aged three, and a son, John, aged one. [Footnote:
      Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.]
    </p>
    <p>
      The poet, Longfellow, was a descendant of Priscilla Alden, and he had
      often heard the story of the courtship of Priscilla by Miles Standish,
      through John Alden as his proxy. It was said to date back to a poem,
      "Courtship," by Moses Mullins, 1672. In detail it was given by Timothy
      Alden in "American Epitaphs," 1814, [Footnote: American Epitaphs, 1814;
      iii, 139.] but there are here some deflections from facts as later
      research has revealed them. The magic words of romance, "Why don't you
      speak for yourself, John?" are found in this early narrative.
    </p>
    <p>
      There was more than romance in the lives of John and Priscilla Alden as
      the "vital facts" indicate. Their first home was at Town Square, Plymouth,
      on the site of the first school-house but, by 1633, they lived upon a farm
      of one hundred and sixty-nine acres in Duxbury. Their first house here was
      about three hundred feet from the present Alden house, which was built by
      the son, Jonathan, and is now occupied by the eighth John Alden. It must
      have been a lonely farmstead for Priscilla, although she made rare visits,
      doubtless on an ox or a mare, or in an ox-cart with her children, to see
      Barbara Standish at Captain's Hill, or to the home of Jonathan Brewster, a
      few miles distant. As farmer, John Alden was not so successful as he would
      have been at his trade of cooper. Moreover, he gave much of his time to
      the service of the colony throughout his manhood, acting as assistant to
      the Governor, treasurer, surveyor, agent and military recruit. Like many
      another public servant of his day and later, he "became low in his estate"
      and was allowed a small gratuity of ten pounds because "he hath been
      occationed to spend time at the Courts on the Countryes occasion and soe
      hath done this many yeares." [Footnote: Records of the Colony of New
      Plymouth.] He had also been one of the eight "undertakers" who, in 1627,
      assumed the debts and financial support of the Plymouth colony.
    </p>
    <p>
      Eleven children had been born to John and Priscilla Alden, five sons and
      six daughters. Sarah married Alexander Standish and so cemented the two
      families in blood as well as in friendship. Ruth, who married John Bass,
      became the ancestress of John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Elizabeth, who
      married William Pabodie, had thirteen children, eleven of them girls, and
      lived to be ninety-three years; at her death the <i>Boston News Letter</i>
      [Footnote: June 17, 1717.] extolled her as "exemplary, virtuous and pious
      and her memory is blessed." Possibly with all her piety she had a good
      share of the independence of spirit which was accredited to her mother; in
      her husband's will [Footnote: The Mayflower Descendant, vi, 129.] she is
      given her "third at Little Compton" and an abundance of household stuff,
      but with this reservation,&mdash;"If she will not be contented with her
      thirds at Little Compton, but shall claim her thirds in both Compton and
      Duxbury or marry again, I do hereby make voyde all my bequest unto her and
      she shall share only the parte as if her husband died intestate." A
      portrait of her shows dress of rich materials.
    </p>
    <p>
      Captain John Alden seems to have been more adventuresome than the other
      boys in Priscilla's family. He was master of a merchantman in Boston and
      commander of armed vessels which supplied marine posts with provisions.
      Like his sister, Elizabeth, he had thirteen children. He was once accused
      of witchcraft, when he was present at a trial, and was imprisoned fifteen
      weeks without being allowed bail. [Footnote: History of Witchcraft;
      Upham.] He escaped and hurried to Duxbury, where he must have astonished
      his mother by the recital of his adventures. He left an estate of £2059,
      in his will, two houses, one of wood worth four hundred pounds, and
      another of brick worth two hundred and seventy pounds, besides much plate,
      brass and money and debts amounting to £1259, "the most of which are
      desperite." A tablet in the wall of the Old South Church at Copley Square,
      Boston, records his death at the age of seventy-five, March, 1701. He was
      an original member of this church. Perhaps Priscilla varied her peaceful
      life by visits to this affluent son in Boston. There is no evidence of the
      date of Priscilla Alden's death or the place of her burial. She was living
      and present, with her husband, at Josiah Winslow's funeral in 1680. She
      must have died before her husband, for in his Inventory, 1686, he makes no
      mention of her. He left a small estate of only a little over forty pounds,
      although he had given to his sons land in Duxbury, Taunton, Middleboro and
      Bridgewater. [Footnote: The Mayflower Descendant, iii, 10. The Story of a
      Pilgrim Family; Rev. John Alden; Boston, 1890.] Probably Priscilla also
      bestowed some of her treasures upon her children before she died. Some of
      her spoons, pewter and candle-sticks have been traced by inheritance. It
      is not likely that she was "rich in this world's goods" through her
      marriage, but she had a husband whose fidelity to state and religion have
      ever been respected. To his memory Rev. John Cotton wrote some elegiac
      verses; Justin Winsor has emphasized the honor which is still paid to the
      name of John Alden in Duxbury and Plymouth: [Footnote: History of Duxbury;
      Winsor.] "He was possessed of a sound judgment and of talents which,
      though not brilliant, were by no means ordinary&mdash;decided, ardent,
      resolute, and persevering, indifferent to danger, a bold and hardy man,
      stern, austere and unyielding and of incorruptible integrity." The name of
      Mary Chilton is pleasant to the ear and imagination. Chilton Street and
      Chiltonville in Plymouth, and the Chilton Club in Boston, keep alive
      memories of this girl who was, by persistent tradition, the first woman
      who stepped upon the rock of landing at Plymouth harbor. This tradition
      was given in writing, in 1773, by Ann Taylor, the grandchild of Mary
      Chilton and John Winslow. [Footnote: History of Plymouth; James Thatcher.]
      Her father, James Chilton, sometimes with the Dutch spelling, Tgiltron,
      was a man of influence among the early leaders, but he died at Cape Cod,
      December 8, 1620. He came from Canterbury, England, to Holland. By the
      records on the Roll of Freemen of the City of Canterbury, [Footnote:
      Probably this freedom was given, by the city or some board therein, as
      mark of respect. N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., 63, 201.] he is named as James
      Chylton, tailor, "Freeman by Gift, 1583." Earlier Chiltons,&mdash;William,
      spicer, and Nicholas, clerk,&mdash;are classified as "Freemen by
      Redemption." Three children were baptized in St. Paul's Church,
      Canterbury,&mdash;Isabella, 1586; Jane, 1589; and Ingle, 1599. Isabella
      was married in Leyden to Roger Chandler five years before <i>The Mayflower</i>
      sailed. Evidently, Mary bore the same name as an older sister whose burial
      is recorded at St. Martin's, Canterbury, in 1593. Isaac Chilton, a
      glass-maker, may have been brother or cousin of James. Of Mary's mother
      almost nothing has been found except mention of her death during the
      infection of 1621. [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation;
      Appendix.]
    </p>
    <p>
      When <i>The Fortune </i>arrived in November, 1621, it brought Mary
      Chilton's future husband among the passengers,&mdash;John Winslow, younger
      brother of Edward. Not later than 1627 they were married and lived at
      first in the central settlement, and later in Plain Dealing, North
      Plymouth. They had ten children. The son, John, was Brigadier-General in
      the Army. John Winslow, Sr., seemed to show a spirit of enterprise by the
      exchange and sale of his "lots" in Plymouth and afterwards in Boston where
      he moved his family, and became a successful owner and master of merchant
      ships. Here he acquired land on Devonshire Street and Spring Lane and also
      on Marshall Lane and Hanover Street. From Plans and Deeds, prepared by
      Annie Haven Thwing, [Footnote: Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
      Also dimensions in Bowditch Title Books: 26: 315.] one may locate a home
      of Mary Chilton Winslow in Boston, a lot 72 and 85, 55 and 88, in the rear
      of the first Old South Church, at the southwest corner of Joyliffe's Lane,
      now Devonshire Street, and Spring Lane. It was adjacent to land owned by
      John Winthrop and Richard Parker. By John Winslow's will, probated May 21,
      1674, he bequeathed this house, land, gardens and a goodly sum of money
      and shares of stock to his wife and children. The house and stable, with
      land, was inventoried for £490 and the entire estate for £2946-14-10. He
      had a Katch <i>Speedwell</i>, with cargoes of pork, sugar and tobacco, and
      a Barke <i>Mary</i>, whose produce was worth £209; these were to be
      divided among his children. His money was also to be divided, including
      133 "peeces of eight." [Footnote: The Mayflower Descendant, 111, 129
      (1901).]
    </p>
    <p>
      Interesting as are the items of this will, which afford proofs that Mary
      Chilton as matron had luxuries undreamed of in the days of 1621, <i>her</i>
      will is even more important for us. It is one of the three <i>original</i>
      known wills of <i>Mayflower</i> passengers, the others being those of
      Edward Winslow and Peregrine White. Mary Chilton's will is in the Suffolk
      Registry of Probate, [Footnote: This will Is reprinted In The Mayflower
      Descendant, I: 85.] Boston, in good condition, on paper 18 by 14 inches.
      The will was made July 31, 1676. Among other interesting bequests are: to
      my daughter Sarah (Middlecot) "my Best gowne and Pettecoat and my silver
      beare bowl" and to each of her children "a silver cup with a handle." To
      her grandchild, William Payne, was left her "great silver Tankard" and to
      her granddaughter, Ann Gray, "a trunk of Linning" (linen) with bed,
      bolsters and ten pounds in money. Many silver spoons and "ruggs" were to
      be divided. To her grandchild, Susanna Latham, was definite allotment of
      "Petty coate with silke Lace." In the inventory one may find commentary
      upon the valuation of these goods&mdash;"silk gowns and pettecoats" for
      £6-10, twenty-two napkins at seven shillings, and three "great pewter
      dishes" and twenty small pieces of pewter for two pounds, six shillings.
      She had gowns, mantles, head bands, fourteen in number, seventeen linen
      caps, six white aprons, pocket-handkerchiefs and all other articles of
      dress. Mary Chilton Winslow could not write her name, but she made a very
      neat mark, M. She was buried beneath the Winslow coat of arms at the front
      of King's Chapel Burial-ground in Boston. She closely rivalled, if she did
      not surpass in wealth and social position, her sister-in-law, Susanna
      White Winslow.
    </p>
    <p>
      Elizabeth Tilley had a more quiet life, but she excelled her associates
      among these girls of Plymouth in one way,&mdash;she could write her name
      very well. Possibly she was taught by her husband, John Howland who left,
      in his inventory, an ink-horn, and who wrote records and letters often for
      the colonists. For many years, until the discovery and printing of
      Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation in 1856, it was assumed that
      Elizabeth Tilley was either the daughter or granddaughter of Governor
      Carver; such misstatement even appears upon the Howland tombstone in the
      old burying-ground at Plymouth. Efforts to explain by assuming a second
      marriage of Carver or a first marriage of Howland fail to convince, for,
      surely, such relationships would have been mentioned by Bradford, Winslow,
      Morton or Prence. After the death of her parents, during the first winter,
      Elizabeth remained with the Carver household until that was broken by
      death; afterwards she was included in the family over which John Howland
      was considered "head"; according to the grant of 1624 he was given an acre
      each for himself, Elizabeth Tilley, Desire Minter, and the boy, William
      Latham.
    </p>
    <p>
      The step-mother of Elizabeth Tilley bore a Dutch name, Bridget Van De
      Veldt. [Footnote: N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., i, 34.] Elizabeth was ten or
      twelve years younger than her husband, at least, for he was twenty-eight
      years old in 1620. They were married, probably, by 1623-4, for the second
      child, John, was born in 1626. It is not known how long Howland had been
      with the Pilgrims at Leyden; he may have come there with Cushman in 1620
      or, possibly, he joined the company at Southampton. His ancestry is still
      in some doubt in spite of the efforts to trace it to one John Howland,
      "gentleman and citizen and salter" of London. [Footnote: Recollections of
      John Howland, etc. E. H. Stone, Providence, 1857.] Probably the outfit
      necessary for the voyage was furnished to him by Carver, and the debt was
      to be paid in some service, clerical or other; in no other sense was he a
      "servant." He signed the compact of <i>The Mayflower</i> and was one of
      the "ten principal men" chosen to select a site for the colony. For many
      years he was prominent in civic affairs of the state and church. He was
      among the liberals towards Quakers as were his brothers who came later to
      Marshfield,&mdash;Arthur and Henry. At Rocky Neck, near the Jones River in
      Kingston, as it is now called, the Howland household was prosperous, with
      nine children to keep Elizabeth Tilley's hands occupied. She lived until
      past eighty years, and died at the home of her daughter, Lydia Howland
      Brown, in Swanzey, in 1687. Among the articles mentioned in her will are
      many books of religious type. Her husband's estate as inventoried was not
      large, but mentioned such useful articles as silk neckcloths, four dozen
      buttons and many skeins of silk. [Footnote: The Mayflower Descendant, ii,
      70.]
    </p>
    <p>
      Constance or Constanta Hopkins was probably about the same age as
      Elizabeth Tilley, for she was married before 1627 to Nicholas Snow, who
      came in <i>The Ann</i>. They had twelve children, and among the names one
      recognizes such familiar patronymics of the two families as Mark, Stephen,
      Ruth and Elizabeth. Family tradition has ascribed beauty and patience to
      this maiden who, doubtless, served well both in her father's large family
      and in the community. Her step-sister, Damaris, married Jacob Cooke, son
      of the Pilgrim, Francis Cooke.
    </p>
    <p>
      <br /><br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <a name="link2HCH0004" id="link2HCH0004"> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      CHAPTER IV. COMPANIONS WHO ARRIVED IN THE FORTUNE AND THE ANN
    </h2>
    <p>
      After the arrival of <i>The Ann</i>, in the summer of 1623, the women who
      came in <i>The Mayflower</i> had more companions of good breeding and
      efficiency. Elizabeth Warren, wife of Richard, came with her five
      daughters; it is safe to assume the latter were attractive for, in a few
      years, all were well married. Two sons were born after Elizabeth arrived
      at Plymouth, Nathaniel and Joseph. For forty-five years she survived her
      husband, who had been a man of strength of character and usefulness as
      well as some wealth. When she died at the age of ninety-three leaving
      seventy-five great grandchildren, the old Plymouth Colony Records paid her
      tribute,&mdash;"Mistress Elizabeth Warren, haveing lived a Godly life came
      to her Grave as a Shock of corn full Ripe. She was honourably buried on
      the 24th of October (1673)."
    </p>
    <p>
      Evidently, Mistress Warren was a woman of independent means and
      efficiency,&mdash;else she would have remarried, as was the custom of the
      times. She became one of the "purchasers" of the colony and conveyed land,
      at different times, near Eel River and what is now Warren's Cove, in
      Plymouth, to her sons-in-law. An interesting sidelight upon her character
      and home is found in the Court Records; [Footnote: I, 35, July 5, 1635.]
      her servant, Thomas Williams, was prosecuted for "speaking profane and
      blasphemous speeches against ye majestie of God. There being some
      dissension between him and his dame she, after other things, exhorted him
      to fear God and doe his duty."
    </p>
    <p>
      Bridget Fuller followed her husband, Dr. Samuel, and came in <i>The Ann</i>.
      She also long survived her husband and did not remarry. She carried on his
      household and probably also his teaching for many years after he fell
      victim to the epidemic of infectious fever in 1633. She was his third
      wife, but only two children are known to have used the Fuller cradle, now
      preserved in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. It has been stated that, in addition
      to these two, Samuel and Mercy, another young child came with its mother
      in <i>The Ann</i>, but did not live long. [Footnote: Ancient Landmarks of
      Plymouth; W. T. Davis] The son, Samuel, born about 1625, was minister for
      many years at Middleboro; he married Elizabeth Brewster, thus preserving
      two friendly families in kinship.
    </p>
    <p>
      Evidently, Bridget Fuller was very ill and not expected to recover when
      her husband was dying, for in his will, made at that time, he arranged for
      the education of his children by his brother-in-law, William Wright,
      unless it "shall please God to recover my wife out of her weake estate of
      sickness." It is interesting also that, in this will, provision was made
      for the education of his daughter, Mercy, as well as his son, Samuel, by
      Mrs. Heeks or Hicks, the wife of Robert Hicks who came in <i>The Ann</i>.
      [Footnote: Plymouth Colony Wills and Inventories; also in The Mayflower
      Descendant, 1, 245.] Not alone for his own children did this good
      physician provide education, but also for others "put to him for
      schooling,"&mdash;with special mention of Sarah Converse "left to me by
      her sick father." This kind, generous doctor left a considerable estate,
      in spite of the many "debts for physicke," including that of "Mr. Roger
      Williams which was freely given." One specific gift was for the good of
      the church and this forms the nucleus of a fund which is still known as
      the Fuller Ministerial Fund of the Plymouth Congregational Church. Its
      source was "the first cow calfe that his Brown Cow should have."
      [Footnote: Genealogy of Some Descendants of Dr. Samuel Fuller of <i>The
      Mayflower</i>, compiled by William Hyslop Fuller, Palmer.]
    </p>
    <p>
      Mrs. Alice Morse Earle says that gloves were gifts of sentiment;
      [Footnote: Two Centuries of Costume in America; Alice Morse Earle; N. Y.,
      1903.] they were generously bestowed by this physician of old Plymouth.
      Money to buy gloves, or gloves, were bequeathed to Mistress Alice Bradford
      and Governor Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; also to John
      Winslow, John Jenny and Rebecca Prence. The price allowed for a pair of
      gloves was from two to five shillings. Probably these may have been the
      fringed leather gloves or the knit gloves described by Mrs. Earle. Another
      bequest was his "best hat and band never worn to old Mr. William
      Brewster." To his wife was left not alone two houses, "one at Smeltriver
      and another in town," but also a fine supply of furnishings and clothes,
      including stuffe gown, red pettecoate, stomachers, aprons, shoes and
      kerchiefs. Mistress Fuller lived until after 1667, and exerted a strong
      influence upon the educational life of Plymouth.
    </p>
    <p>
      Is it heresy to question whether the sampler, [Footnote: In Pilgrim Hall,
      Plymouth.] accredited to Lora or Lorea Standish, the daughter of Captain
      Miles and Barbara Standish, was not more probably the work of the
      granddaughter, Lorea, the child of Alexander Standish and Sarah Alden? The
      style and motto are more in accord with the work of the later generation
      and, surely, the necessary time and materials for such work would be more
      probable after the pioneer days. This later Lora married Abraham Sampson,
      son of the Henry who came as a boy in <i>The Mayflower</i>. [Footnote:
      Notes to Bradford's History, edition 1912.] The embroidered cap [Footnote:
      In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.] and bib, supposed to have been made by
      Mistress Barbara for her daughter, would prove that she had
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
    "hands with such convenient skill
    As to conduce to vertu void of shame"
</pre>
    <p>
      which were the aspiration of the girl who embroidered, or "wrought," the
      sampler. It is a pleasant commentary upon the tastes and industry of
      Mistress Barbara Standish that, amid the cares of a large family and farm,
      she found time for such dainty embroideries as we find in the cap and bib.
    </p>
    <p>
      Probably two young sons of Captain and Barbara Standish, Charles and John,
      died in the infectious fever epidemic of 1633. A second Charles with his
      brothers, Alexander, Miles and Josiah, and his sister, Lorea, gladdened
      the hearth of the Standish home on Captain's Hill, Duxbury. A goodly
      estate was left at the death of Captain Miles, including a well-equipped
      house, cattle, mault mill, swords (as one would expect), sixteen pewter
      pieces and several books of classic literature,&mdash;Homer, Caesar's
      Commentaries, histories of Queen Elizabeth's reign, military histories,
      and three Bibles with commentaries upon religious matters. There were also
      medical books, for Standish was reputed to have been a student and
      practitioner in times of emergency in Duxbury. He suffered a painful
      illness at the close of his vigorous, adventuresome life. Perhaps Barbara
      needed, at times, grace to endure that "warm temper" which Pastor Robinson
      deplored in Miles Standish, a comment which the intrepid Captain forgave
      and answered by a bequest to the granddaughter of this loved pastor. We
      may be sure Barbara was proud of the mighty share which her husband had in
      saving Plymouth Colony from severe disaster, if not from extinction. It is
      surmised that Barbara Standish was buried in Connecticut where she lived
      during the last of her life with her son, Josiah. Possibly, however, she
      may have been buried beside her husband, sons, daughter and
      daughter-in-law, Mary Dingley, in Duxbury. [Footnote: Interesting facts on
      this subject may be found in "The Grave of Miles Standish and other
      Pilgrims," by E. V. J. Huiginn; Beverly, 1914.]
    </p>
    <p>
      The Colonial Governor and his Lady ever held priority of rank. Such came
      to Mrs. Alice Southworth when she married Governor William Bradford a few
      days after her arrival on <i>The Ann</i>. Tradition has said persistently
      that this was the consummation of an earlier romance which was broken off
      by the marriage of Alice Carpenter to Edward Southworth in Leyden. The
      death of her first husband left her with two sons, Thomas and Constant
      Southworth, who came to Plymouth before 1628. She had sisters in the
      Colony: Priscilla, the wife of William Wright, came in <i>The Fortune</i>;
      Dr. Fuller's first wife had been another sister; Juliana, wife of George
      Morton, was a third who came also in <i>The Ann</i>. Still another sister,
      Mary Carpenter, came later and lived in the Governor's family for many
      years. At her death in her ninety-first year, she was mourned as "a Godly
      old maid, never married." [Footnote: Hunter's Collections, 1854.]
    </p>
    <p>
      The first home of the Bradfords in Plymouth was at Town Square where now
      stands the Bradford block. About 1627-8 they moved, for a part of the
      year, to the banks of the Jones River, now Kingston, a place which had
      strongly appealed to Bradford as a good site for the original settlement
      when the men were making their explorations in December, 1620. William,
      Joseph and Mercy were born to inherit from their parents the fine
      characters of both Governor and Alice Bradford, and also to pass on to
      their children the carved chests, wrought and carved chairs, case and
      knives, desk, silver spoons, fifty-one pewter dishes, five dozen napkins,
      three striped carpets, four Venice glasses, besides cattle and cooking
      utensils and many books. That the Governor had a proper "dress suit" was
      proved by the inventory of "stuffe suit with silver buttons and cloaks of
      violet, light colour and faced with taffety and linen throw."
    </p>
    <p>
      As Mistress Bradford could only "make her mark," she probably did not
      appreciate the remarkable collection, for the times, of Latin, Greek,
      Hebrew, Dutch and French books as well as the studies in philosophy and
      theology which were in her husband's library. There is no doubt that the
      first and second generations of girls and boys in Plymouth Colony had
      elementary instruction, at least, under Dr. Fuller and Mrs. Hicks as well
      as by other teachers. Bradford, probably, would also attend to the
      education of his own family. The Governor's wife has been accredited with
      "labouring diligently for the improvement of the young women of Plymouth
      and to have been eminently worthy of her high position." [Footnote: The
      Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin, p. 460.] She was the sole executrix of
      her husband's estate of £1005,&mdash;a proof of her ability.
    </p>
    <p>
      Sometimes her cheerfulness must have been taxed to comfort her husband, as
      old age came upon him and he fell into the gloomy mood reflected in such
      lines as these: [Footnote: New England Memorial; Morton.]
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
    "In fears and wants, through weal and woe,
    A pilgrim passed I to and fro;
    Oft left of them whom I did trust,
    How vain it is to rest in dust!
    A man of sorrows I have been,
    And many changes I have seen,
    Wars, wants, peace, plenty I have known,
    And some advanc'd, others thrown down."
</pre>
    <p>
      When Mistress Alice Bradford died she was "mourned, though aged" by many.
      To her memory, Nathaniel Morton, her nephew, wrote some lines which were
      more biographic than poetical, recalling her early life as an exile with
      her father from England for the truth's sake, her first marriage:
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
    "To one whose grace and virtue did surpasse,
    I mean good Edward Southworth whoe not long
    Continued in this world the saints amonge."
</pre>
    <p>
      With extravagant words he extols the name of Bradford,&mdash;"fresh in
      memory Which smeles with odoriferous fragrancye." This elegist records
      also that, after her second widowhood, she lived a
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
    "life of holynes and faith,
    In reading of God's word and contemplation
    Which healped her to assurance of salvation."
</pre>
    <p>
      This is not a very lively, graphic description of the woman most honored,
      perhaps, of all the pioneer women of Plymouth, but we may add, by
      imagination, a few sure traits of human kindliness and grace. She was
      typical of those women who came in <i>The Mayflower</i> and her sister
      ships. Although she escaped the tragic struggles and illness of that first
      winter, yet she revealed the same qualities of courage, good sense,
      fidelity and vision which were the watchwords of that group of women in
      Plymouth colony. Yes,&mdash;they had vision to see their part in the
      sincere purpose to establish a new standard of liberty in state and
      church, to serve God and mankind with all their integrity and resources.
    </p>
    <p>
      As the leaders among the men were self-sacrificing and honorable in their
      dealings with their financiers, with the Indians and with each other, so
      the women were faithful and true in their homes and communal life. They
      took scarcely any part in the civic administration, for such
      responsibility did not come into the lives of seventeenth century women.
      They were actively interested in the educational and religious life of the
      colony. Their moral standards were high and inflexible; they extolled, and
      practised, the virtues of thrift and industry. It may be well for women in
      America today, who were querulous at the restrictions upon sugar and
      electric lights, to consider the good sense, and good cheer, with which
      these women of Plymouth Colony directed their thrifty households.
    </p>
    <p>
      We would not assume that they were free from the whims and foibles of
      womankind,&mdash;and sometimes of man-kind,&mdash;of all ages. They were,
      doubtless, contradictory and impulsive at times; they could scold and they
      could gossip. We believe that they laughed sometimes, in the midst of dire
      want and anxiety, and we know that they prayed with sincerity and trust.
      They bore children gladly and they trained them "in the fear and
      admonition of the Lord." They were the progenitors of thousands of fine
      men and women in all parts of America today who honor the <i>women</i> as
      well as the <i>men</i> of the old Plymouth Colony,&mdash;the women who
      faithfully performed, without any serious discontent,
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
          "that whole sweet round
    Of littles that large life compound."
</pre>
    <p>
      <br /><br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      INDEX TO PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT
    </h2>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
     Alden, Augustus E.
       Elizabeth
       John
       Captain John
       Priscilla
       Ruth
       Sarah
       Timothy
     Allerton, Bartholomew
       Isaac
       Mary Norton
       Mary
       Remember
     Armstrong, Gregory
     Austin, Jane G.

     Bartlett, W. H.
     Bass, Ruth Alden
     Beckeet, Mary
     Billington, Francis
       Helen
       John
       John, Jr.
     Bowman, George Ernest
     Bradford, Alice
       Dorothy May
       John
       Mary
       Joseph
       Gov. William
       William, Jr.
     Brewster, Fear
       Jonathan
       Love
       Mary
       Patience
       William, Elder
       Wrestling
     Brown, Lydia Howland
       Peter

     Carpenter, Juliana
       Mary
       Priscilla
     Carter, Robert
     Carver, Catherine
       Gov. John
     Chandler, Isabella Chilton
       Roger
     Chilton, Ingle
       Isabella
       Isaac
     Chilton, James
       Jane
       Mary
       Mrs. James
       Nicolas
     Converse, Sarah
     Cooke, Francis
       Hester
       Jacob
       John
       Sarah
     Cooper, Humility
     Crakston, John
     Cromwell
     Cushman, Robert
       Thomas

     Davis, W. T.
     De La Noye, Philip
     De Rassieres
     Dean, Stephen
     Dexter, Henry M.
       Morton
     Doane, Deacon John
     Dotey, Edward

     Earle, Alice Morse
     Eaton, Francis
       Sarah
     Eliot, Charles W.

     Ford, Widow Martha
     Fuller, Ann
       Bridget
       Edward
       Mercy
       Samuel, Dr.
       Samuel
       William Hyslop

     Goodman, John
     Goodwin, John A.

     Heald, Giles
     Hicks, Robert
       Mrs. Robert
     Hobomok
     Hopkins, Caleb
       Constance, or Constanta
       Damaris
     Hopkins, Elizabeth
       Giles
       Oceanus
       Ruth
       Stephen
     Howland, Elizabeth Tilley
       Lydia (Brown)
       John
     Huiginn, E. V. J.

     Jenny, John
     Jeppson, William
       William
     Jones, Christopher, Capt.
       Thomas, Capt.

     Latham, William
     Lister, Edward
     Longfellow, Henry W.
     Lord, Arthur, VI

     Martin, Mrs. Christopher
     Masefield, John
     Massasoit
     Minter, Desire
       John
       Thomas
       William
     More, Ellen
       Richard
     Morton, George
       Juliana Carpenter
     Mullins, Alice, Mrs.
       Joseph
       Moses
       Priscilla
       Sarah (Blunden)
       William
       William, Jr.

     Newcomen, John

     Oldham, John

     Pabodie, Elizabeth Alden
       William
     Parker, Richard
     Penn, Christian
     Prence, Thomas
     Priest, Degory

     Reynolds, William
     Rigdale, Alice
     Robinson, Pastor John

     Sampson, Alexander
       Henry
     Samoset
     Snow, Nicholas
     Soule, George
     Southworth, Alice
       Constant
       Thomas
     Squanto
     Standish, Alexander
       Barbara
       Charles
       John
       Josiah
       Lora or Lorea
       Mary Dingley
       Miles
       Miles, Jr.
       Rose

     Taylor, Ann
     Thompson, Edward
     Thwing, Annie M.
     Tilley, Ann
       Bridget
       Edward
       Elizabeth
       John
     Tinker, Mrs. Thomas
     Turner, John

     Warren, Elizabeth
       Richard
     White, Peregrine
       Resolved
       Susanna
       William
     Williams, Roger
       Thomas
     Winslow, Edward
       Elizabeth Barker
       Elizabeth
       John
       John, Brig. Gen.
       Josiah
       Kenelm
       Mary Chilton
       Susanna
     Winthrop, John
     Wright, Priscilla Carpenter
       William
</pre>
    <div style="height: 6em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>







<pre>





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