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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Women Who Came in the Mayflower, by
+Annie Russell Marble
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Women Who Came in the Mayflower
+
+Author: Annie Russell Marble
+
+
+Release Date: January, 2005  [EBook #7252]
+This file was first posted on March 31, 2003
+Last Updated: May 14, 2013
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMEN WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Dave Maddock, Charles Franks and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE WOMEN WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER
+
+By Annie Russell Marble
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+This little book is intended as a memorial to the women who came in
+_The Mayflower_, and their comrades who came later in _The
+Ann_ and _The Fortune_, who maintained the high standards of
+home life in early Plymouth Colony. There is no attempt to make a
+genealogical study of any family. The effort is to reveal glimpses of
+the communal life during 1621-1623. This is supplemented by a few
+silhouettes of individual matrons and maidens to whose influence we
+may trace increased resources in domestic life and education.
+
+One must regret the lack of proof regarding many facts, about which
+are conflicting statements, both of the general conditions and the
+individual men and women. In some instances, both points of view have
+been given here; at other times, the more probable surmises have been
+mentioned.
+
+The author feels deep gratitude, and would here express it, to the
+librarians of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the New England
+Genealogic-Historical Register, the American Antiquarian Society, the
+Register of Deeds, Pilgrim Hall, and the Russell Library of Plymouth,
+private and public libraries of Duxbury and Marshfield, and to Mr.
+Arthur Lord and all other individuals who have assisted in this
+research. The publications of the Society of Mayflower Descendants,
+and the remarkable researches of its editor, Mr. George E. Bowman,
+call for special appreciation.
+
+ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE. _Worcester, Massachusetts._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+FOREWORD
+
+  I ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING
+
+ II COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LIFE IN PLYMOUTH 1621-1623
+
+III MATRONS AND MAIDENS WHO CAME IN "THE MAYFLOWER"
+
+ IV COMPANIONS WHO ARRIVED IN "THE FORTUNE" AND "THE ANN"
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+
+ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING
+
+
+    "So they left ye goodly and pleasante citie, which had been ther
+    resting-place near 12 years; but they knew they were pilgrimes, &
+    looked not much on those things, but lift up their eyes to ye
+    heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits."
+
+    --_Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantations. Chap. VII._
+
+December weather in New England, even at its best, is a test of
+physical endurance. With warm clothes and sheltering homes today, we
+find compensations for the cold winds and storms in the exhilarating
+winter sports and the good cheer of the holiday season.
+
+The passengers of _The Mayflower_ anchored in Plymouth harbor,
+three hundred years ago, lacked compensations of sports or fireside
+warmth. One hundred and two in number when they sailed,--of whom
+twenty-nine were women,--they had been crowded for ten weeks into a
+vessel that was intended to carry about half the number of
+passengers. In low spaces between decks, with some fine weather when
+the open hatchways allowed air to enter and more stormy days when they
+were shut in amid discomforts of all kinds, they had come at last
+within sight of the place where, contrary to their plans, they were
+destined to make their settlement.
+
+At Plymouth, England, their last port in September, they had "been
+kindly entertained and courteously used by divers friends there
+dwelling," [Footnote: Relation or Journal of a Plantation Settled at
+Plymouth in New-England and Proceedings Thereof; London, 1622
+(Bradford and Winslow) Abbreviated In Purchas' Pilgrim, X; iv; London,
+1625.] but they were homeless now, facing a new country with frozen
+shores, menaced by wild animals and yet more fearsome savages.
+Whatever trials of their good sense and sturdy faith came later, those
+days of waiting until shelter could be raised on shore, after the
+weeks of confinement, must have challenged their physical and
+spiritual fortitude.
+
+There must have been exciting days for the women on shipboard and in
+landing. There must have been hours of distress for the older and the
+delight in adventure which is an unchanging trait of the young of
+every race. Wild winds carried away some clothes and cooking-dishes
+from the ship; there was a birth and a death, and occasional illness,
+besides the dire seasickness. John Howland, "the lustie young man,"
+fell overboard but he caught hold of the topsail halyard which hung
+extended and so held on "though he was sundry fathoms under water,"
+until he was pulled up by a rope and rescued by a boat-hook.
+[Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation; ch. 9.]
+
+Recent research [Footnote: "The Mayflower," by H. G. Marsden;
+Eng. Historical Review, Oct., 1904; The Mayflower Descendant, Jan.,
+1916] has argued that the captain of _The Mayflower_ was probably
+not _Thomas Jones_, with reputation for severity, but a Master
+Christopher Jones of kindlier temper. The former captain was in
+Virginia, in September, 1620, according to this account. With the most
+generous treatment which the captain and crew could give to the women,
+they must have been sorely tried. There were sick to be nursed,
+children to be cared for, including some lively boys who played with
+powder and nearly caused an explosion at Cape Cod; nourishment must be
+found for all from a store of provisions that had been much reduced by
+the delays and necessary sales to satisfy their "merchant adventurers"
+before they left England. They slept on damp bedding and wore musty
+clothes; they lacked exercise and water for drink or cleanliness.
+Joyful for them must have been the day recorded by Winslow and
+Bradford, [Footnote: Relation or Journal, etc. (1622).]--"On Monday
+the thirteenth of November our people went on shore to refresh
+themselves and our women to wash, as they had great need."
+
+During the anxious days when the abler men were searching on land for
+a site for the settlement, first on Cape Cod and later at Plymouth,
+there were events of excitement on the ship left in the harbor.
+Peregrine White was born and his father's servant, Edward Thompson,
+died. Dorothy May Bradford, the girl-wife of the later Governor of the
+colony, was drowned during his absence. There were murmurings and
+threats against the leaders by some of the crew and others who were
+impatient at the long voyage, scant comforts and uncertain future.
+Possibly some of the complaints came from women, but in the hearts of
+most of them, although no women signed their names, was the resolution
+that inspired the men who signed that compact in the cabin of _The
+Mayflower_,--"to promise all due submission and obedience." They
+had pledged their "great hope and inward zeal of laying good
+foundation for ye propagating and advancing ye gospell of ye kingdom
+of Christ in those remote parts of ye world; yea, though they should
+be but as stepping-stones unto others for ye performing of so great a
+work"; with such spirit they had been impelled to leave Holland and
+such faith sustained them on their long journey.
+
+Many of the women who were pioneers at Plymouth had suffered severe
+hardships in previous years. They could sustain their own hearts and
+encourage the younger ones by remembrance of the passage from England
+to Holland, twelve years before, when they were searched most cruelly,
+even deprived of their clothes and belongings by the ship's master at
+Boston. Later they were abandoned by the Dutchman at Hull, to wait
+for fourteen days of frightful storm while their husbands and
+protectors were carried far away in a ship towards the coast of
+Norway, "their little ones hanging about them and quaking with cold."
+[Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation; ch. 2.]
+
+There were women with frail bodies, like Rose Standish and Katherine
+Carver, but there were strong physiques and dauntless hearts sustained
+to great old age, matrons like Susanna White and Elizabeth Hopkins and
+young women like Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton, Elizabeth Tilley and
+Constance Hopkins. In our imaginations today, few women correspond to
+the clinging, fainting figures portrayed by some of the painters of
+"The Departure" or "The Landing of the Pilgrims." We may more readily
+believe that most of the women were upright and alert, peering
+anxiously but courageously into the future. Writing in 1910, John
+Masefield said: [Footnote: Introduction to Chronicles of the Pilgrim
+Fathers (Everyman's Library).] "A generation fond of pleasure,
+disinclined towards serious thought, and shrinking from hardship, even
+if it may be swiftly reached, will find it difficult to imagine the
+temper, courage and manliness of the emigrants who made the first
+Christian settlement of New England." Ten years ago it would have been
+as difficult for women of our day to understand adequately the
+womanliness of the Pilgrim matrons and girls. The anxieties and
+self-denials experienced by women of all lands during the last five
+years may help us to "imagine" better the dauntless spirit of these
+women of New-Plymouth. During those critical months of 1621-1623 they
+sustained their households and assisted the men in establishing an
+orderly and religious colony. We may justly affirm that some of "the
+wisdom, prudence and patience and just and equall carriage of things
+by the better part" [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth
+Plantation; Bk. II.] was manifested among the women as well as the
+men.
+
+In spite of the spiritual zeal which comes from devotion to a good
+cause, and the inspiration of steady work, the women must have
+suffered from homesickness, as well as from anxiety and illness. They
+had left in Holland not alone their loved pastor, John Robinson, and
+their valiant friend, Robert Cushman, but many fathers, mothers,
+brothers and sisters besides their "dear gossips." Mistress Brewster
+yearned for her elder son and her daughters, Fear and Patience;
+Priscilla Mullins and Mary Chilton, soon to be left orphans, had been
+separated from older brothers and sisters. Disease stalked among them
+on land and on shipboard like a demon. Before the completion of more
+than two or three of the one-room, thatched houses, the deaths were
+multiplying. Possibly this disease was typhus fever; more probably it
+was a form of infectious pneumonia, due to enervated conditions of the
+body and to exposures at Cape Cod. Winslow declared, in his account of
+the expedition on shore, "It blowed and did snow all that day and
+night and froze withal. Some of our people that are dead took the
+original of their death there." Had the disease been "galloping
+consumption," as has been suggested sometimes, it is not probable that
+many of those "sick unto death" would have recovered and have lived to
+be octogenarians.
+
+The toll of deaths increased and the illness spread until, at one
+time, there were only "six or seven sound persons" to minister to the
+sick and to bury the dead. Fifteen of the twenty-nine women who sailed
+from England and Holland were buried on Plymouth hillside during the
+winter and spring. They were: Rose Standish; Elizabeth, wife of Edward
+Winslow; Mary, wife of Isaac Allerton; Sarah, wife of Francis Eaton;
+Katherine, wife of Governor John Carver; Alice, wife of John Rigdale;
+Ann, wife of Edward Fuller; Bridget and Ann Tilley, wives of John and
+Edward; Alice, wife of John Mullins or Molines; Mrs. James Chilton;
+Mrs. Christopher Martin; Mrs. Thomas Tinker; possibly Mrs. John
+Turner, and Ellen More, the orphan ward of Edward Winslow. Nearly
+twice as many men as women died during those fateful months of
+1621. Can we "imagine" the courage required by the few women who
+remained after this devastation, as the wolves were heard howling in
+the night, the food supplies were fast disappearing, and the houses of
+shelter were delayed in completion by "frost and much foul weather,"
+and by the very few men in physical condition to rive timber or to
+thatch roofs? The common house, twenty foot square, was crowded with
+the sick, among them Carver and Bradford, who were obliged "to rise in
+good speed" when the roof caught on fire, and their loaded muskets in
+rows beside the beds threatened an explosion. [Footnote: Mourt's
+Relation.]
+
+Although the women's strength of body and soul must have been sapped
+yet their fidelity stood well the test; when _The Mayflower_ was
+to return to England in April and the captain offered free passage to
+the women as well as to any men who wished to go, if the women "would
+cook and nurse such of the crew as were ill," not a man or a woman
+accepted the offer. Intrepid in bravery and faith, the women did their
+part in making this lonely, impoverished settlement into a home. This
+required adjustments of many kinds. Few in number, the women
+represented distinctive classes of society in birth and education. In
+Leyden, for seven years, they had chosen their friends and there they
+formed a happy community, in spite of some poverty and more anxiety
+about the education and morals of their children, because of "the
+manifold temptations" [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth
+Plantation, ch. 3.] of the Dutch city.
+
+Many of the men, on leaving England, had renounced their more
+leisurely occupations and professions to practise trades in
+Leyden,--Brewster and Winslow as printers, Allerton as tailor, Dr.
+Samuel Fuller as say-weaver and others as carpenters, wool-combers,
+masons, cobblers, pewterers and in other crafts. A few owned
+residences near the famous University of Leyden, where Robinson and
+Brewster taught. Some educational influences would thus fall upon
+their families. [Footnote: The England and Holland of the Pilgrims,
+Henry M. Dexter and Morton Dexter, Boston, 1905.] On the other hand,
+others were recorded as "too poor to be taxed." Until July, 1620,
+there were two hundred and ninety-eight known members of this church
+in Leyden with nearly three hundred more associated with them. Such
+economic and social conditions gave to the women certain privileges
+and pleasures in addition to the interesting events in this
+picturesque city.
+
+In _The Mayflower_ and at Plymouth, on the other hand, the women
+were thrust into a small company with widely differing tastes and
+backgrounds. One of the first demands made upon them was for a
+democratic spirit,--tolerance and patience, adaptability to varied
+natures. The old joke that "the Pilgrim Mothers had to endure not
+alone their hardships but the Pilgrim Fathers also" has been
+overworked. These women would never have accepted pity as
+martyrs. They came to this new country with devotion to the men of
+their families and, in those days, such a call was supreme in a
+woman's life. They sorrowed for the women friends who had been left
+behind,--the wives of Dr. Fuller, Richard Warren, Francis Cooke and
+Degory Priest, who were to come later after months of anxious waiting
+for a message from New-Plymouth.
+
+The family, not the individual, characterized the life of that
+community. The father was always regarded as the "head" of the
+family. Evidence of this is found when we try to trace the posterity
+of some of the pioneer women from the Old Plymouth Colony Records. A
+child is there recorded as "the son of Nicholas Snow," "the son of
+John Winslow" or "the daughter of Thomas Cushman" with no hint that
+the mothers of these children were, respectively, Constance Hopkins,
+Mary Chilton and Mary Allerton, all of whom came in _The
+Mayflower,_ although the fathers arrived at Plymouth later on
+_The Fortune_ and _The Ann_.
+
+It would be unjust to assume that these women were conscious heroines.
+They wrought with courage and purpose equal to these traits in the
+men, but probably none of the Pilgrims had a definite vision of the
+future. With words of appreciation that are applicable to both sexes,
+ex-President Charles W. Eliot has said: [Footnote: Eighteenth Annual
+Dinner of Mayflower Society, Nov. 20, 1913.] "The Pilgrims did not
+know the issue and they had no vision of it. They just loved liberty
+and toleration and truth, and hoped for more of it, for more liberty,
+for a more perfect toleration, for more truth, and they put their
+lives, their labors, at the disposition of those loves without the
+least vision of this republic, or of what was going to come out of
+their industry, their devotion, their dangerous and exposed lives."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+
+COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LIFE IN PLYMOUTH 1621-1623
+
+
+Spring and summer came to bless them for their endurance and
+unconscious heroism. Then they could appreciate the verdict of their
+leaders, who chose the site of Plymouth as a "hopeful place," with
+running brooks, vines of sassafras and strawberry, fruit trees, fish
+and wild fowl and "clay excellent for pots and will wash like soap."
+[Footnote: Mourt's Relation] So early was the spring in 1621 that on
+March the third there was a thunder storm and "the birds sang in the
+woods most pleasantly." On March the sixteenth, Samoset came with
+Indian greeting. This visit must have been one of mixed sentiments for
+the women and we can read more than the mere words in the sentence,
+"We lodged him that night at Stephen Hopkins' house and watched him."
+[Footnote: Mourt's Relation.] Perhaps it was in deference to the women
+that the men gave Samoset a hat, a pair of stockings, shoes, a shirt
+and a piece of cloth to tie about his waist. Samoset returned soon
+with Squanto or Tisquantum, the only survivor of the Patuxet tribe of
+Indians which had perished of a pestilence Plymouth three years
+before. He shared with Hobomok the friendship of the settlers for many
+years and both Indians gave excellent service. Through the influence
+of Squanto the treaty was made in the spring of 1621 with Massasoit,
+the first League of Nations to preserve peace in the new world.
+
+Squanto showed the men how to plant alewives or herring as fertilizer
+for the Indian corn. He taught the boys and girls how to gather clams
+and mussels on the shore and to "tread eels" in the water that is
+still called Eel River. He gathered wild strawberries and sassafras
+for the women and they prepared a "brew" which almost equalled their
+ale of old England. The friendly Indians assisted the men, as the
+seasons opened, in hunting wild turkeys, ducks and an occasional deer,
+welcome additions to the store of fish, sea-biscuits and cheese. We
+are told [Footnote: Mourt's Relation] that Squanto brought also a dog
+from his Indian friends as a gift to the settlement. Already there
+were, at least, two dogs, probably brought from Holland or England, a
+mastiff and a spaniel [Footnote: Winslow's Narration] to give comfort
+and companionship to the women and children, and to go with the men
+into the woods for timber and game.
+
+It seems paradoxical to speak of child-life in this hard-pressed,
+serious-minded colony, but it was there and, doubtless, it was normal
+in its joyous and adventuresome impulses. Under eighteen years of age
+were the girls, Remember and Mary Allerton, Constance and Damaris
+Hopkins, Elizabeth Tilley and, possibly, Desire Minter and Humility
+Cooper. The boys were Bartholomew Allerton, who "learned to sound the
+drum," John Crakston, William Latham, Giles Hopkins, John and Francis
+Billington, Richard More, Henry Sampson, John Cooke, Resolved White,
+Samuel Fuller, Love and Wrestling Brewster and the babies, Oceanus
+Hopkins and Peregrine White. With the exception of Wrestling Brewster
+and Oceanus Hopkins, all these children lived to ripe old age,--a
+credit not alone to their hardy constitutions, but also to the care
+which the Plymouth women bestowed upon their households.
+
+The flowers that grew in abundance about the settlement must have
+given them joy,--_arbutus_ or "mayflowers," wild roses, blue
+chicory, Queen Anne's lace, purple asters, golden-rod and the
+beautiful sabbatia or "sentry" which is still found on the banks of
+the fresh ponds near the town and is called "the Plymouth rose."
+Edward Winslow tells [Footnote: Relation of the Manners, Customs,
+etc., of the Indians.] of the drastic use of this bitter plant in
+developing hardihood among Indian boys. Early in the first year one of
+these fresh-water ponds, known as Billington Sea, was discovered by
+Francis Billington when he had climbed a high hill and had reported
+from it "a smaller sea." Blackberries, blueberries, plums and cherries
+must have been delights to the women and children. Medicinal herbs
+were found and used by advice of the Indian friends; the bayberry's
+virtues as salve, if not as candle-light, were early applied to the
+comforts of the households. Robins, bluebirds, "Bob Whites" and other
+birds sang for the pioneers as they sing for the tourist and resident
+in Plymouth today. The mosquito had a sting,--for Bradford gave a
+droll and pungent answer to the discontented colonists who had
+reported, in 1624, that "the people are much annoyed with musquetoes."
+He wrote: [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation,
+Bk. II.] _"They_ are too delicate and unfitte to begin new
+plantations and colonies that cannot enduer the biting of a
+muskeet. We would wish such to keep at home till at least they be
+muskeeto proof. Yet this place is as free as any and experience
+teacheth that ye land is tild and ye woods cut downe, the fewer there
+will be and in the end scarce any at all." The _end_ has not yet
+come!
+
+Good harvests and some thrilling incidents varied the hard conditions
+of life for the women during 1621-2. Indian corn and barley furnished
+a new foundation for many "a savory dish" prepared by the housewives
+in the mortar and pestles, kettles and skillets which they had brought
+from Holland. Nuts were used for food, giving piquant flavor both to
+"cakes" baked in the fire and to the stuffing of wild turkeys. The
+fare was simple, but it must have seemed a feast to the Pilgrims after
+the months of self-denials and extremity.
+
+Before the winter of 1621-2 was ended, seven log houses had been built
+and four "common buildings" for storage, meetings and workshops.
+Already clapboards and furs were stored to be sent back to England to
+the merchant adventurers in the first ship. The seven huts, with
+thatched roofs and chimneys on the outside, probably in cob-house
+style, were of hewn planks, not of round logs. [Footnote: The Pilgrim
+Republic, John A. Goodwin, p. 582.] The fireplaces were of stones laid
+in clay from the abundant sand. In 1628 thatched roofs were condemned
+because of the danger of fire, [Footnote: Records of the Colony of New
+Plymouth.] and boards or palings were substituted. During the first
+two years or longer, light came into the houses through oiled paper in
+the windows. From the plans left by Governor Bradford and the record
+of the visit of De Rassieres to Plymouth, in 1627, one can visualize
+this first street in New England, leading from Plymouth harbor up the
+hill to the cannon and stockade where, later, was the fort. At the
+intersection of the first street and a cross-highway stood the
+Governor's house. It was fitting that the lot nearest to the fort hill
+should be assigned to Miles Standish and John Alden. All had free
+access to the brook where flagons were filled for drink and where the
+clothes were washed.
+
+A few events that have been recorded by Winslow, Bradford and Morton
+were significant and must have relieved the monotony of life. On
+January fourth an eagle was shot, cooked and proved "to be excellent
+meat; it was hardly to be discerned from mutton." [Footnote: Mourt's
+Relation.] Four days later three seals and a cod were caught; we may
+assume that they furnished oil, meat and skins for the household.
+About the same time, John Goodman and Peter Brown lost their way in
+the woods, remained out all night, thinking they heard lions roar
+(mistaking wolves for lions), and on their return the next day John
+Goodman's feet were so badly frozen "that it was a long time before he
+was able to go." [Footnote: _Ibid._] Wild geese were shot and
+used for broth on the ninth of February; the same day the Common House
+was set ablaze, but was saved from destruction. It is easy to imagine
+the exciting effects of such incidents upon the band of thirteen boys
+and seven girls, already enumerated. In July, the cry of "a lost
+child" aroused the settlement to a search for that "unwhipt rascal,"
+John Billington, who had run away to the Nauset Indians at Eastham,
+but he was found unharmed by a posse of men led by Captain Standish.
+
+To the women one of the most exciting events must have been the
+marriage on May 22, 1621, of Edward Winslow and Mistress Susanna
+White. Her husband and two men-servants had died since _The
+Mayflower_ left England and she was alone to care for two young
+boys, one a baby a few weeks old. Elizabeth Barker Winslow had died
+seven weeks before the wedding day. Perhaps the Plymouth women
+gossiped a little over the brief interval of mourning, but the
+exigencies of the times easily explained the marriage, which was
+performed by a magistrate, presumably the Governor.
+
+Even more disturbing to the peaceful life was the first duel on June
+18, between Edward Lister and Edward Dotey, both servants of Stephen
+Hopkins. Tradition ascribed the cause to a quarrel over the attractive
+elder daughter of their master, Constance Hopkins. The duel was fought
+with swords and daggers; both youths were slightly wounded in hand and
+thigh and both were sentenced, as punishment, to have their hands and
+feet tied together and to fast for twenty-four hours but, says a
+record, [Footnote: A Chronological History of New England, by Thomas
+Prence.] "within an hour, because of their great pains, at their own
+and their master's humble request, upon promise of better carriage,
+they were released by the Governor." It is easy to imagine this scene:
+Stephen Hopkins and his wife appealing to the Governor and Captain
+Standish for leniency, although the settlement was seriously troubled
+over the occurrence; Elder Brewster and his wife deploring the lack of
+Christian affection which caused the duel; Edward Winslow and his
+wife, dignified yet tolerant; Goodwife Helen Billington scolding as
+usual; Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton and Elizabeth Tilley condoling
+with the tearful and frightened Constance Hopkins, while the children
+stand about, excited and somewhat awed by the punishment and the
+distress of the offenders.
+
+Another day of unusual interest and industry for the householders was
+the Thanksgiving Day when peace with the Indians and assured
+prosperity seemed to follow the ample harvests. To this feast, which
+lasted for three days or more, came ninety-one Indians bringing five
+deer which they had killed and dressed. These were a great boon to the
+women who must prepare meals for one hundred and forty people. Wild
+turkeys, ducks, fish and clams were procured by the colonists and
+cooked, perhaps with some marchpanes also, by the more expert
+cooks. The serious prayers and psalms of the Pilgrims were as amazing
+to the Indians as were the strange whoops, dances, beads and feathers
+of the savages marvellous to the women and children of Plymouth
+Colony.
+
+In spite of these peaceable incidents there were occasional threats of
+Indian treachery, like the theft of tools from two woodsmen and the
+later bold challenge in the form of a headless arrow wrapped in a
+snake's skin; the latter was returned promptly and decisively with the
+skin filled with bullets, and the danger was over for a time. The
+stockade was strengthened and, soon after, a palisade was built about
+the houses with gates that were locked at night. After the fort of
+heavy timber was completed, this was used also as a meeting-house and
+"was fitted accordingly for that use." It is to be hoped that
+warming-pans and foot-stoves were a part of the "fittings" so that the
+women might not be benumbed as, with dread of possible Indian attacks,
+they limned from the old Ainsworth's Psalm Book:
+
+    "In the Lord do I trust, how then to my soule doe ye say,
+    As doth a little bird unto your mountaine fly away?
+    For loe, the wicked bend their bow, their arrows they prepare
+    On string; to shoot at dark at them
+    In heart that upright are."
+    (Psalm xi.)
+
+Even more exciting than the days already mentioned was the great event
+of surprise and rejoicing, November 19, 1621, when _The Fortune_
+arrived with thirty-five more Pilgrims. Some of these were soon to wed
+_Mayflower_ passengers. Widow Martha Ford, recently bereft,
+giving birth on the night of her arrival to a fourth child, was wed to
+Peter Brown; Mary Becket (sometimes written Bucket) became the wife of
+George Soule; John Winslow; later married Mary Chilton, and Thomas
+Cushman, then a lad of fourteen, became the husband, in manhood, of
+Mary Allerton. His father, Robert Cushman, remained in the settlement
+while _The Fortune_ was at anchor and left his son as ward for
+Governor Bradford. The notable sermon which was preached at Plymouth
+by Robert Cushman at this time (preserved in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth)
+was from the text, "Let no man seek his own; but every man another's
+wealth." Some of the admonitions against swelling pride and
+fleshly-minded hypocrites seem to us rather paradoxical when we
+consider the poverty and self-sacrificing spirit of these pioneers;
+perhaps, there were selfish and slothful malcontents even in that
+company of devoted, industrious men and women, for human nature was
+the same three hundred years ago, in large and small communities, as
+it is today, with some relative changes.
+
+Among the passengers brought by _The Fortune_ were some of great
+helpfulness. William Wright, with his wife Priscilla (the sister of
+Governor Bradford's second wife), was an expert carpenter, and Stephen
+Dean, who came with his wife, was able to erect a small mill and grind
+corn. Robert Hicks (or Heeks) was another addition to the colony,
+whose wife was later the teacher of some of the children. Philip De La
+Noye, progenitor of the Delano family in America, John and Kenelm
+Winslow and Jonathan Brewster were eligible men to join the group of
+younger men,--John Alden, John Howland and others.
+
+The great joy in the arrival of these friends was succeeded by an
+agitating fear regarding the food supply, for _The Fortune_ had
+suffered from bad weather and its colonists had scarcely any extra
+food or clothing. By careful allotments the winter was endured and
+when spring came there were hopes of a large harvest from more
+abundant sowing, but the hopes were killed by the fearful drought
+which lasted from May to the middle of July. Some lawless and selfish
+youths frequently stole corn before it was ripe and, although public
+whipping was the punishment, the evil persisted. These conditions were
+met with the same courage and determination which ever characterized
+the leaders; a rationing of the colony was made which would have done
+credit to a "Hoover." They escaped famine, but the worn, thin faces
+and "the low condition, both in respect of food and clothing" was a
+shock to the sixty more colonists who arrived in _The Ann_ and
+_The James_ in 1623.
+
+The friends who came in these later ships included some women from
+Leyden, "dear gossips" of _Mayflower_ colonists, women whose
+resources and characters gave them prominence in the later history of
+Plymouth. Notable among them was Mrs. Alice Southworth soon to wed
+Governor Bradford. With her came Barbara, whose surname is surmised to
+have been Standish, soon to become the wife of Captain Standish.
+Bridget Fuller joined her husband, the noble doctor of Plymouth;
+Elizabeth Warren, with her five daughters, came to make a home for her
+husband, Richard; Mistress Hester Cooke came with three children, and
+Fear and Patience Brewster, despite their names, brought joy and cheer
+to their mother and girlhood friends; they were later wed to Isaac
+Allerton and Thomas Prence, the Governor.
+
+Fortunately, _The Ann_ and _The James_ brought supplies in
+liberal measure and also carpenters, weavers and cobblers, for their
+need was great. _The James_ was to remain for the use of the
+colony. Rations had been as low as one-quarter pound of bread a day
+and sometimes their fare was only "a bit of fish or lobster without
+any bread or relish but a cup of fair spring water." [Footnote:
+Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation; Bk. II.] It is not strange
+that Bradford added: "ye long continuance of this diete and their
+labors abroad had somewhat abated ye freshness of their former
+complexion."
+
+An important change in the policy of the colony, which affected the
+women as well as men, was made at this time. Formerly the
+administration of affairs had been upon the communal basis. All the
+men and grown boys were expected to plant and harvest, fish and hunt
+for the common use of all the households. The women also did their
+tasks in common. The results had been unsatisfactory and, in 1623, a
+new division of land was made, allotting to member householder an acre
+for each member of his family. This arrangement, which was called
+"every man for his owne particuler," was told by Bradford with a
+comment which shows that the women were human beings, not saints nor
+martyrs. He wrote: "The women now went willingly into ye field, and
+tooke their little-ones with them to set corne, which before would
+aledge weaknes and inabilitie; whom to have compelled would have bene
+thought great tiranie and oppression." After further comment upon the
+failure of communism as "breeding confusion and discontent" he added
+this significant comment: "For ye yong-men that were most able and
+fitte for labour and service did repine that they should spend their
+time and strength to work for other men's wives and children without
+any recompense.... And for men's wives to be commanded to doe servise
+for other men, as dresing their meate, washing their cloathes, etc.,
+they deemed it a kind of slaverie, neither could many husbands well
+brooke it."
+
+If food was scarce, even a worse condition existed as to clothing in
+the summer of 1623. Tradition has ascribed several spinning-wheels and
+looms to the women who came in _The Mayflower_, but we can
+scarcely believe that such comforts were generously bestowed. There
+could have been little material or time for their use. Much skilful
+weaving and spinning of linen, flax, and wool came in later Colonial
+history. The women must have been taxed to keep the clothes mended for
+their families as protection against the cold and storms. The quantity
+on hand, after the stress of the two years, would vary according to
+the supplies which each brought from Holland or England; in some
+families there were sheets and "pillow-beeres" with "clothes of
+substance and comeliness," but other households were scantily
+supplied. A somewhat crude but interesting ballad, called "Our
+Forefathers' Song," is given by tradition from the lips of an old lady
+aged ninety-four years, in 1767. If the suggestion is accurate that
+she learned this from her mother or grandmother, its date would
+approximate the early days of Plymouth history. More probably it was
+written much later, but it has a reminiscent flavor of those days of
+poverty and brave spirit:
+
+    "The place where we live is a wilderness wood,
+    Where grass is much wanted that's fruitful and good;
+    Our mountains and hills and our valleys below,
+    Are commonly covered with frost and with snow.
+
+    "Our clothes we brought with us are apt to be torn,
+    They need to be clouted soon after they are worn,
+    But clouting our garments they hinder us nothing,
+    Clouts _double_ are warmer than _single_ whole clothing.
+
+    "If fresh meate be wanted to fill up our dish,
+    We have carrots and turnips whenever we wish,
+    And if we've a mind for a delicate dish,
+    We go to the clam-bank and there we catch fish.
+
+    "For pottage and puddings and custards and pies,
+    Our pumpkins and parsnips are common supplies!
+    We have pumpkin at morning and pumpkin at noon,
+    If it was not for pumpkin we should be undoon."
+
+    [Footnote: The Pilgrim Fathers; W. H. Bartlett, London, 1852.]
+
+What did these Pilgrim women wear? The manifest answer is,--what they
+had in stock. No more absurd idea was ever invented than the picture
+of these Pilgrims "in uniform," gray gowns with dainty white collars
+and cuffs, with stiff caps and dark capes. They wore the typical
+garments of the period for men and women in England. There is no
+evidence that they adopted, to any extent, Dutch dress, for they were
+proud of their English birth; they left Holland partly for fear that
+their young people might be educated or enticed away from English
+standards of conduct. [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth
+Plantation, ch. 4.] Mrs. Alice Morse Earle has emphasized wisely
+[Footnote: Two Centuries of Costume in America; N. Y., 1903.] that the
+"sad-colored" gowns and coats mentioned in wills were not "dismal";
+the list of colors so described in England included (1638) "russet,
+purple, green, tawny, deere colour, orange colour, buffs and scarlet."
+The men wore doublets and jerkins of browns and greens, and cloaks
+with red and purple linings. The women wore full skirts of say,
+paduasoy or silk of varied colors, long, pointed stomachers,--often
+with bright tone,--full, sometimes puffed or slashed sleeves, and lace
+collars or "whisks" resting upon the shoulders. Sometimes the gowns
+were plaited or silk-laced; they often opened in front showing
+petticoats that were quilted or embroidered in brighter
+colours. Broadcloth gowns of russet tones were worn by those who could
+not afford silks and satins; sometimes women wore doublets and jerkins
+of black and browns. For dress occasions the men wore black velvet
+jerkins with white ruffs, like those in the authentic portrait of
+Edward Winslow. Velvet and quilted hoods of all colors and sometimes
+caps, flat on the head and meeting below the chin with fullness, are
+shown in existent portraits of English women and early colonists.
+
+Among relics that are dated back to this early period are the slipper
+[Footnote: In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.] belonging to Mistress Susanna
+White Winslow, narrow, pointed, with lace trimmings, and an
+embroidered lace cap that has been assigned to Rose Standish.
+[Footnote: Two Centuries of Costume In America; Earle.] Sometimes the
+high ruffs were worn above the shoulders instead of "whisks." The
+children were dressed like miniature men and women; often the girls
+wore aprons, as did the women on occasions; these were narrow and
+edged with lace. "Petty coats" are mentioned in wills among the
+garments of the women. We would not assume that in 1621-2 _all_
+the women in Plymouth colony wore silken or even homespun clothes of
+prevailing English fashion. Many of these that are mentioned in
+inventories and retained heirlooms, with rich laces and embroideries,
+were brought later from England; probably Winslow, Allerton and even
+Standish brought back such gifts to the women when they made their
+trips to England in 1624 and later. If the pioneer women had laces and
+embroideries of gold they probably hoarded them as precious heirlooms
+during those early years of want, for they were too sensible to wear
+and to waste them. As prosperity came, however, and new elements
+entered the colony they were, doubtless, affected by the law of the
+General Court, in 1634, which forbade further acquisition of laces,
+threads of silver and gold, needle-work caps, bands and rails, and
+silver girdles and belts. This law was enacted _not_ by the
+Pilgrims of Plymouth, but by the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
+
+When Edward Winslow returned in _The Charity_, in 1624, he
+brought not alone a "goodly supply of clothing" [Footnote: Bradford's
+History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2.] but,--far more
+important,--the first bull and heifers that were in Plymouth. The old
+tradition of the white bull on which Priscilla Alden rode home from
+her marriage, in 1622 or early 1623, must be rejected. This valuable
+addition of "neat cattle" to the resources of the colony caused a
+redistribution of land and shares in the "stock." By 1627 a
+partnership or "purchas" had been, arranged, for assuming the debts
+and maintenance of the Plymouth colony, freed from further
+responsibility to "the adventurers" in London. The new division of
+lots included also some of the cattle. It was specified, for instance,
+that Captain Standish and Edward Winslow were to share jointly "the
+Red Cow which belongeth to the poor of the colony to which they must
+keep her Calfe of this yeare being a Bull for the Companie, Also two
+shee goats." [Footnote: Records of the Colony of New Plymouth In New
+England, edited by David Pulslfer, 1861.] Elder Brewster was granted
+"one of the four Heifers came in _The Jacob_ called the Blind
+Heifer."
+
+Among interesting sidelights upon the economic and social results of
+this extension of land and cattle is the remark of Bradford:
+[Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2.] "Some
+looked for building great houses, and such pleasant situations for
+them as themselves had fancied, as if they would be great men and rich
+all of a suddaine; but they proved castles in air." Within a short
+time, however, with the rapid increase of children and the need of
+more pasturage for the cattle, many of the leading men and women
+drifted away from the original confines of Plymouth towards Duxbury,
+Marshfield, Scituate, Bridgewater and Eastham. Agriculture became
+their primal concern, with the allied pursuits of fishing, hunting and
+trading with the Indians and white settlements that were made on Cape
+Cod and along the Kennebec.
+
+Soon after 1630 the families of Captain Standish, John Alden, and
+Jonathan Brewster (who had married the sister of John Oldham), Thomas
+Prence and Edward Winslow were settled on large farms in Duxbury and
+Marshfield. This loss to the Plymouth settlement was deplored by
+Bradford both for its social and religious results. April 2, 1632,
+[Footnote: Records of the Colony of New Plymouth In New England,
+edited by David Pulslfer, 1861.] a pledge was taken by Alden,
+Standish, Prence, and Jonathan Brewster that they would "remove their
+families to live in the towne in the winter-time that they may the
+better repair to the service of God." Such arrangement did not long
+continue, however, for in 1633 a church was established at Duxbury and
+the Plymouth members who lived there "were dismiste though very
+unwillingly." [Footnote: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation,
+Bk. 2.] Later the families of Francis Eaton, Peter Brown and George
+Soule joined the Duxbury colony. Hobomok, ever faithful to Captain
+Standish had a wigwam near his master's home until, in his old age, he
+was removed to the Standish house, where he died in 1642.
+
+The women who had come in the earlier ships and had lived close to
+neighbors at Plymouth must have had lonely hours on their farms in
+spite of large families and many tasks. Wolves and other wild animals
+were sometimes near, for traps for them were decreed and
+allotted. Chance Indians prowled about and the stoutest hearts must
+have quailed when some of the recorded hurricanes and storms of 1635
+and 1638 uncovered houses, felled trees and corn. In the main,
+however, there was peace and many of the families became prosperous;
+we find evidence in their wills, several of which have been deciphered
+from the original records by George Ernest Bowman, editor of the
+"Mayflower Descendants," [Footnote: Editorial rooms at 53 Mt. Vernon
+St., Boston.] issued quarterly. By the aid of such records and a few
+family heirlooms of unquestioned genuineness, it is possible to
+suggest some individual silhouettes of the women of early Plymouth, in
+addition to the glimpses of their communal life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+
+MATRONS AND MAIDENS WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER
+
+
+It has been said, with some justice, that the Pilgrims were not
+remarkable men, that they lacked genius or distinctive personalities.
+The same statement may be made about the women. They did possess, as
+men and women, fine qualities for the work which they were destined to
+accomplish,--remarkable energy, faith, purpose, courage and
+patience. These traits were prominent in the leaders, Carver and
+Bradford, Standish and Winslow, Brewster and Dr. Fuller. As assistants
+to the men in the civic life of the colony, there were a few women who
+influenced the domestic and social affairs of their own and later
+generations. From chance records, wills, inventories and traditions
+their individual traits must be discerned, for there is scarcely any
+sequential, historic record.
+
+Death claimed some of these brave-hearted women before the life at
+Plymouth really began. Dorothy May Bradford, the daughter of Deacon
+May of the Leyden church, came from Wisbeach, Cambridge; she was
+married to William Bradford when she was about sixteen years old and
+was only twenty when she was drowned at Cape Cod. Her only child, a
+son, John, was left with her father and mother in Holland and there
+was long a tradition that she mourned grievously at the separation.
+This son came later to Plymouth, about 1627, and lived in Marshfield
+and Norwich, Connecticut.
+
+The tiny pieces of a padded quilt with faded threads of silver and
+gold, which belonged to Rose Standish, [Footnote: Now in Pilgrim Hall,
+Plymouth.] are fitting relics of this mystical, delicate wife of "the
+doughty Captain." She died January 29, 1621. She is portrayed in
+fiction and poetry as proud of her husband's bravery and his record as
+a Lieutenant of Queen Elizabeth's forces in aid of the Dutch. She was
+also proud of his reputed, and disputed, inheritance among the titled
+families of Standish of Standish and Standish of Duxbury
+Hall. [Footnote: For discussion of the ancestry of Standish, see "Some
+Recent Investigations of the Ancestry of Capt. Myles Standish," by
+Thomas Cruddas Porteus of Coppell, Lancashire; N. E. Gen. Hist.
+Register, 68; 339-370; also in edition, Boston, 1914.] There has been
+a persistent tradition that Rose was born or lived on the Isle of Man
+and was married there, but no records have been found as proofs.
+
+In the painting of "The Embarkation," by Robert Weir, Elizabeth
+Barker, the young wife of Edward Winslow, is attired in gay colors and
+extreme fashion, while beside her stands a boy of about eight years
+with a canteen strapped over his shoulders. It has been stated that
+this is the silver canteen, marked "E. W.," now in the cabinet of the
+Massachusetts Historical Society. The only record _there_ is
+[Footnote: Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, iv, 322.]
+"presentation, June, 1870, by James Warren, Senr., of a silver canteen
+and pewter plate which once belonged to Gov. Edward Winslow with his
+arms and initials." As Elizabeth Barker, who came from Chatsun or
+Chester, England, to Holland, was married April 3, 1618, to Winslow,
+[Footnote: England and Holland of the Pilgrims, Dexter.] and as she
+was his first wife, the son must have been a baby when _The
+Mayflower_ sailed. Moreover, there is no record by Bradford of any
+child that came with the Winslows, except the orphan, Ellen More. It
+has been suggested that the latter was of noble lineage. [Footnote:
+The Mayflower Descendant, v. 256.]
+
+Mary Norris, of Newbury in England, wife of one of the wealthiest and
+most prominent of the Pilgrims in early years, Isaac Allerton, died in
+February of the first winter, leaving two young girls, Remember and
+Mary, and a son, Bartholomew or "Bart." The daughters married well,
+Remember to Moses Maverick of Salem, and Mary to Thomas
+Cushman. Mrs. Allerton gave birth to a child that was still-born while
+on _The Mayflower_ and thus she had less strength to endure the
+hardships which followed. [Footnote: History of the Allerton Family;
+W. S. Allerton, N. Y., 1888.]
+
+When Bradford, recording the death of Katherine Carver, called her a
+"weak woman," he referred to her health which was delicate while she
+lived at Plymouth and could not withstand the grief and shock of her
+husband's death in April. She died the next month. She has been
+called "a gracious woman" in another record of her death. [Footnote:
+New England Memorial; Morton.] She was the sister or sister-in-law of
+John Robinson, their pastor in England and Holland. Recent
+investigation has claimed that she was first married to George Legatt
+and later to Carver. [Footnote: The Colonial, I, 46; also
+Gen. Hist. Reg., 67; 382, note.] Two children died and were buried in
+Holland in 1609 and 1617 and, apparently, these were the only children
+born to the Carvers. The maid Lois, who came with them on _The
+Mayflower_, is supposed to have married Francis Eaton, but she did
+not live after 1622. Desire Minter, who was also of the Carver
+household, has been the victim of much speculation. Mrs. Jane
+G. Austin, in her novel, "Standish of Standish," makes her the female
+scapegrace of the colony, jealous, discontented and quarrelsome. On
+the other hand, and still speculatively, she is portrayed as the elder
+sister and house keeper for John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley, after
+the death of Mistress Carver; this is assumed because the first girl
+born to the Howlands was named Desire. [Footnote: Life of Pilgrim
+Alden; Augustus E. Alden; Boston, 1902.] The only known facts about
+Desire Minter are those given by Bradford, "she returned to friends
+and proved not well, and dyed in England." [Footnote: Bradford's
+History of Plymouth Plantation; Appendix.] By research among the
+Leyden records, collated by H. M. Dexter, [Footnote: The England and
+Holland of the Pilgrims.] the name, Minter, occurs a few
+times. William Minter, the husband of Sarah, was associated with the
+Carvers and Chiltons in marriage betrothals. William Minter was
+purchaser of a house from William Jeppson, in Leyden, in 1614. Another
+record is of a student at the University of Leyden who lived at the
+house of John Minter. Another reference to Thomas Minter of Sandwich,
+Kent, may furnish a clue. [Footnote: N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., 45, 56.]
+Evidently, to some of these relatives, with property, near or distant
+of kin, Desire Minter returned before 1626.
+
+Another unmarried woman, who survived the hardships of the first
+winter, but returned to England and died there, was Humility
+Cooper. We know almost nothing about her except that she and Henry
+Sampson were cousins of Edward Tilley and his wife. She is also
+mentioned as a relative of Richard Clopton, one of the early religious
+leaders in England. [Footnote: N. E. Gen. Hist.; iv, 108.]
+
+The "mother" of this group of matrons and maidens, who survived the
+winters of 1621-2, was undoubtedly Mistress Mary Brewster. Wife of the
+Elder, she shared his religious faith and zeal, and exercised a strong
+moral influence upon the women and children. Pastor John Robinson, in
+a letter to Governor Bradford, in 1623, refers to "her weake and
+decayed state of body," but she lived until April 17, 1627, according
+to records in "the Brewster Book." She was only fifty-seven years at
+her death but, as Bradford said with tender appreciation, "her great
+and continuall labours, with other crosses and sorrows, hastened it
+before y'e time." As Elder Brewster "could fight as well as he could
+pray," could build his own house and till his own land, [Footnote: The
+Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin.] so, we may believe, his wife was
+efficient in all domestic ways. When her strength failed, it is
+pleasant to think that she accepted graciously the loving assistance
+of the younger women to whom she must have seemed, in her presence,
+like a benediction. Her married life was fruitful; five children lived
+to maturity and two or more had died in Holland. The Elder was "wise
+and discreet and well-spoken--of a cheerful spirit, sociable and
+pleasant among his friends, undervaluing himself and his abilities and
+sometimes overvaluing others." [Footnote: Bradford's History of
+Plymouth Plantation.] Such a person is sure to be a delightful
+companion. To these attractive qualities the Elder added another proof
+of tact and wisdom: "He always thought it were better for ministers to
+pray oftener and divide their prayers, than be long and tedious in the
+same."
+
+While Mistress Brewster did not excel the women of her day, probably,
+in education, for to read easily and to write were not considered
+necessary graces for even the better-bred classes,--she could
+appreciate the thirty-eight copies of the Scriptures which were found
+among her husband's four hundred volumes; _these_ would be
+familiar to her, but the sixty-four books in Latin would not be read
+by the women of her day. Fortunately, she did not survive, as did her
+husband, to endure grief from the deaths of the daughters, Fear and
+Patience, both of whom died before 1635; nor yet did she realize the
+bitterness of feeling between the sons, Jonathan and Love, and their
+differences of opinion in the settlement of the Elder's
+estate. [Footnote: Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.]
+
+A traditional picture has been given [Footnote: The Pilgrim Republic;
+John A. Goodwin; foot-note, p.181.] of Captain Peregrine White of
+Marshfield, "riding a black horse and wearing a coat with buttons the
+size of a silver dollar, vigorous and of a comely aspect to the last,"
+[Footnote: Account of his death in _Boston News Letter_, July 31,
+1704.] paying daily visits to his mother, Mistress Susanna White
+Winslow. We may imagine this elderly matron, sitting in the Winslow
+arm-chair, with its mark, "Cheapside, 1614," [Footnote: This chair and
+the cape are now In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth; here also are portraits of
+Edward Winslow and Josiah Winslow and the latter's wife, Penelope.]
+perhaps wearing the white silk shoulder-cape with its trimmings of
+embossed velvet which has been preserved, proud that she was
+privileged to be the mother of this son, the first child born of white
+parents in New England, proud that she had been the wife of a Governor
+and Commissioner of eminence, and also the mother of Josiah Winslow,
+the first native-born Governor of any North American commonwealth.
+Hers was a record of which any woman of any century might well be
+proud! [Footnote: More material may be found in Winslow Memorial;
+Family Record, Holton, N. Y., 1877, and in Ancestral Chronological
+Record of the William White Family, 1607-1895, Concord, 1895.]
+
+In social position and worldly comforts her life was pre-eminent among
+the colonists. Although Edward Winslow had renounced some of his
+English wealth, possibly, when he went to Holland and adopted the
+trade of printer, he "came into his own" again and was in high favor
+with English courts and statesmen. His services as agent and
+commissioner, both for the Plymouth colony and later for Cromwell,
+must have necessitated long absences from home, while his wife
+remained at Careswell, the estate at Green Harbor, Marshfield, caring
+for her younger children, Elizabeth and Josiah Winslow. By family
+tradition, Mistress Susanna was a woman of graceful, aristocratic
+bearing and of strong character. Sometimes called Anna, as in her
+marriage record to William White at Leyden, February 11, 1612,
+[Footnote: The Mayflower Descendant, vii, 193.] she was the sister of
+Dr. Samuel Fuller. Two children by her first marriage died in 1615 and
+1616; with her boy, Resolved, about five or six years old, she came
+with her husband on _The Mayflower_ and, at the end of the
+voyage, bore her son, Peregrine White.
+
+The tact, courtesy and practical sagacity of Edward Winslow fitted him
+for the many demands that were made upon his diplomacy. One of the
+most amusing stories of his experiences as agent for Plymouth colony
+has been related by himself [Footnote: Winslow's Relation.] when, at
+the request of the Indians, he visited Massasoit, who was ill, and
+brought about the recovery of this chief by common sense methods of
+treatment and by a "savory broth" made from Indian corn, sassafras and
+strawberry leaves, "strained through his handkerchief." The skill with
+which Winslow cooked the broth and the "relish" of ducks reflected
+credit upon the household methods of Mistress Winslow.
+
+After 1646, Edward Winslow did not return to Plymouth for any long
+sojourn, for Cromwell and his advisers had recognized the worth of
+such a man as commissioner. [Footnote: State Papers, Colonial
+Service, 1574-1660. Winthrop Papers, ii, 283.] In 1655 he was sent as
+one of three commissioners against the Spaniards in the West Indies to
+attack St. Domingo. Because of lack of supplies and harmony among the
+troops, the attack was a failure. To atone for this the fleet started
+towards Jamaica, but on the way, near Hispaniola, Winslow was taken
+ill of fever and died, May 8, 1655; he was buried at sea with a
+military salute from forty-two guns. The salary paid to Winslow during
+these years was £1000, which was large for those times. On April 18,
+1656, a "representation" from his widow, Susanna, and son was
+presented to the Lord Protector and council, asking that, although
+Winslow's death occurred the previous May, the remaining £500 of his
+year's salary might be paid to satisfy his creditors.
+
+To his wife and family Winslow, doubtless, wrote letters as graceful
+and interesting as are the few business epistles that are preserved in
+the Winthrop Papers. [Footnote: Hutchinson Collections, 110, 153,
+etc.] That he was anxious, to return to his family is evident from a
+letter by President Steele of the Society for Propagating the Gospel
+in New England (in 1650), which Winslow was also serving; [Footnote:
+The Pilgrim Republic; Goodwin, 444.] "Winslow was unwilling to be
+longer kept from his family, but his great acquaintance and influence
+were of service to the cause so great that it was hoped he would
+remain for a time longer." In his will, which is now in Somerset
+House, London, dated 1654, he left his estate at Marshfield to his
+son, Josiah, with the stipulation that his wife, Susanna, should be
+allowed a full third part thereof through her life. [Footnote: The
+Mayflower Descendant, iv. i.] She lived twenty-five years longer,
+dying in October, 1680, at the estate, Careswell. It is supposed that
+she was buried on the hillside cemetery of the Daniel Webster estate
+in Marshfield, where, amid tangles and flowers, may be located the
+grave-stones of her children and grandchildren. Sharing with Mistress
+Susanna White Winslow the distinction of being mother of a child born
+on _The Mayflower_ was Mistress Elizabeth Hopkins, whose son,
+Oceanus, was named for his birthplace. She was the second wife of
+Stephen Hopkins, who was one of the leaders with Winslow and Standish
+on early expeditions. With her stepchildren, Constance and Giles, and
+her little daughter, Damaris, she bore the rigors of those first
+years, bore other children,--Caleb, Ruth, Deborah and Elizabeth,--and
+cared for a large estate, including servants and many cattle. The
+inventory of the Hopkins estate revealed an abundance of beds and
+bedding, yellow and green rugs, curtains and spinning-wheels, and much
+wearing apparel. The home-life surely had incidents of excitement, as
+is shown by the accusations and fines against Stephen Hopkins for
+"suffering excessive drinking at his house, 1637, when William
+Reynolds was drunk and lay under the table," and again for "suffering
+men to drink in his house on the Lord's Day, both before and after the
+meeting--and allowing his servant and others to drink more than for
+ordinary refreshing and to play shovell board and such like
+misdemeanors." [Footnote: Records of the Colony of New
+Plymouth.] Such lapses in conduct at the Hopkins house were atoned
+for by the services which Stephen Hopkins rendered to the colony as
+explorer, assistant to the governor and other offices which suited his
+reliable and fearless disposition.
+
+These occasional "misdemeanors" in the Hopkins household were slight
+compared with the records against "the black sheep" of the colony, the
+family of Billingtons from London. The mother, Helen or Ellen, did not
+seem to redeem the reputation of husband and sons; traditionally she
+was called "the scold." After her husband had been executed in 1630,
+for the first murder in the colony, for he had waylaid and killed John
+Newcomen, she married Gregory Armstrong. She had various controversies
+in court with her son and others. In 1636, she was accused of slander
+by "Deacon" John Doane,--she had charged him with unfairness in mowing
+her pasture lot,--and she was sentenced to a fine of five pounds and
+"to sit in the stocks and be publickly whipt." [Footnote: Records of
+the Colony of New Plymouth.] Her second husband died in 1650 and she
+lived several years longer, occupying a "tenement" granted to her in
+her son's house at North Plymouth. Apparently her son, John, after
+his fractious youth, died; Francis married Christian Penn, the widow
+of Francis Eaton.
+
+Their children seem to have "been bound out" for service while the
+parents were convicted of trying to entice the children away from
+their work and, consequently, they were punished by sitting in the
+stocks on "lecture days." [Footnote: The Pilgrim Republic; Goodwin.]
+In his later life, Francis Billington became more stable in character
+and served on committees. His last offense was the mild one "of
+drinking tobacco on the high-way." Apparently, Helen Billington had
+many troubles and little sympathy in the Plymouth colony.
+
+As companions to these matrons of the pioneer days were four maidens
+who must have been valuable as assistants in housework and care of the
+children,--Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton, Elizabeth Tilley and
+Constance Hopkins. The first three had been orphaned during that
+first winter; probably, they became members of the households of Elder
+Brewster and Governor Carver. All have left names that are most
+honorably cherished by their many descendants. Priscilla Mullins has
+been celebrated in romance and poetry. Very little real knowledge
+exists about her and many of the surmises would be more interesting if
+they could be proved. She was well-born, for her father, at his
+death, was mentioned with regret [Footnote: New England Memorial;
+Morton.] as "a man pious and well-deserving, endowed also with
+considerable outward estate; and had it been the will of God, that he
+had survived, might have proved an useful instrument in his place."
+There was a family tradition of a castle, Molyneux or Molines, in
+Normandy. The title of _Mr._ indicated that he was a man of
+standing and he was a counsellor in state and church. Perhaps he died
+on shipboard at Plymouth, because his, will, dated April 2, 1621, was
+witnessed by John Carver, Christopher Jones and Giles Heald,
+probably the captain and surgeon of the ship, _Mayflower_.
+
+This will, which has been recently found in Dorking, Surrey, England,
+has had important influence upon research. We learn that an older
+sister, Sarah Blunden, living in Surrey, was named as administratrix,
+and that a son, William (who came to Plymouth before 1637) was to have
+money, bonds and stocks in England. Goods in Virginia and more
+money,--ten pounds each,--were bequeathed equally to his wife Alice,
+his daughter Priscilla and the younger son, Joseph. Interesting also
+is the item of "xxj dozen shoes and thirteene paire of boots wch I
+give unto the Companie's hands for forty pounds at seaven yeares." If
+the Company would not accept the rate, these shoes and boots were to
+be for the equal benefit of his wife and son, William. To his friend,
+John Carver, he commits his wife and children and also asks for a
+"special eye to my man Robert wch hath not so approved himself as I
+would he should have done." [Footnote: Pilgrim Alden, by Augustus
+E. Alden, Boston, 1902.] Before this will was probated, July 23, 1621,
+John Carver, Mistress Alice Mullins, the son, Joseph, and the man,
+Robert Carter (or Cartier) were all dead, leaving Priscilla to carry
+on the work to which they had pledged their lives. Perhaps, the
+brother and sister in England were children of an earlier marriage,
+[Footnote: Gen. Hist. Register, 40; 62-3.] as Alice Mullins has been
+spoken of as a second wife.
+
+Priscilla was about twenty years old when she came to Plymouth. By
+tradition she was handsome, witty, deft and skilful as spinner and
+cook. Into her life came John Alden, a cooper of unknown family, who
+joined the Pilgrims at Southampton, under promise to stay a
+year. Probably he was not the first suitor for Priscilla's hand, for
+tradition affirmed that she had been sought in Leyden. The single
+sentence by Bradford tells the story of their romance: "being a
+hop[e]full yong man was much desired, but left to his owne liking to
+go or stay when he came here; but he stayed, and maryed here." With
+him he brought a Bible, printed 1620, [Footnote: Now in Pilgrim Hall,
+Plymouth.] probably a farewell gift or purchase as he left
+England. When the grant of land and cattle was made in 1627, he was
+twenty-eight years old, and had in his family, Priscilla, his wife, a
+daughter, Elizabeth, aged three, and a son, John, aged one. [Footnote:
+Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.]
+
+The poet, Longfellow, was a descendant of Priscilla Alden, and he had
+often heard the story of the courtship of Priscilla by Miles Standish,
+through John Alden as his proxy. It was said to date back to a poem,
+"Courtship," by Moses Mullins, 1672. In detail it was given by Timothy
+Alden in "American Epitaphs," 1814, [Footnote: American Epitaphs,
+1814; iii, 139.] but there are here some deflections from facts as
+later research has revealed them. The magic words of romance, "Why
+don't you speak for yourself, John?" are found in this early
+narrative.
+
+There was more than romance in the lives of John and Priscilla Alden
+as the "vital facts" indicate. Their first home was at Town Square,
+Plymouth, on the site of the first school-house but, by 1633, they
+lived upon a farm of one hundred and sixty-nine acres in
+Duxbury. Their first house here was about three hundred feet from the
+present Alden house, which was built by the son, Jonathan, and is now
+occupied by the eighth John Alden. It must have been a lonely
+farmstead for Priscilla, although she made rare visits, doubtless on
+an ox or a mare, or in an ox-cart with her children, to see Barbara
+Standish at Captain's Hill, or to the home of Jonathan Brewster, a few
+miles distant. As farmer, John Alden was not so successful as he would
+have been at his trade of cooper. Moreover, he gave much of his time
+to the service of the colony throughout his manhood, acting as
+assistant to the Governor, treasurer, surveyor, agent and military
+recruit. Like many another public servant of his day and later, he
+"became low in his estate" and was allowed a small gratuity of ten
+pounds because "he hath been occationed to spend time at the Courts on
+the Countryes occasion and soe hath done this many yeares."
+[Footnote: Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.] He had also been
+one of the eight "undertakers" who, in 1627, assumed the debts and
+financial support of the Plymouth colony.
+
+Eleven children had been born to John and Priscilla Alden, five sons
+and six daughters. Sarah married Alexander Standish and so cemented
+the two families in blood as well as in friendship. Ruth, who married
+John Bass, became the ancestress of John Adams and John Quincy
+Adams. Elizabeth, who married William Pabodie, had thirteen children,
+eleven of them girls, and lived to be ninety-three years; at her death
+the _Boston News Letter_ [Footnote: June 17, 1717.] extolled her
+as "exemplary, virtuous and pious and her memory is blessed." Possibly
+with all her piety she had a good share of the independence of spirit
+which was accredited to her mother; in her husband's will [Footnote:
+The Mayflower Descendant, vi, 129.] she is given her "third at Little
+Compton" and an abundance of household stuff, but with this
+reservation,--"If she will not be contented with her thirds at Little
+Compton, but shall claim her thirds in both Compton and Duxbury or
+marry again, I do hereby make voyde all my bequest unto her and she
+shall share only the parte as if her husband died intestate." A
+portrait of her shows dress of rich materials.
+
+Captain John Alden seems to have been more adventuresome than the
+other boys in Priscilla's family. He was master of a merchantman in
+Boston and commander of armed vessels which supplied marine posts with
+provisions. Like his sister, Elizabeth, he had thirteen children. He
+was once accused of witchcraft, when he was present at a trial, and
+was imprisoned fifteen weeks without being allowed bail.
+[Footnote: History of Witchcraft; Upham.] He escaped and hurried to
+Duxbury, where he must have astonished his mother by the recital of
+his adventures. He left an estate of £2059, in his will, two houses,
+one of wood worth four hundred pounds, and another of brick worth two
+hundred and seventy pounds, besides much plate, brass and money and
+debts amounting to £1259, "the most of which are desperite." A tablet
+in the wall of the Old South Church at Copley Square, Boston, records
+his death at the age of seventy-five, March, 1701. He was an original
+member of this church. Perhaps Priscilla varied her peaceful life by
+visits to this affluent son in Boston. There is no evidence of the
+date of Priscilla Alden's death or the place of her burial. She was
+living and present, with her husband, at Josiah Winslow's funeral in
+1680. She must have died before her husband, for in his Inventory,
+1686, he makes no mention of her. He left a small estate of only a
+little over forty pounds, although he had given to his sons land in
+Duxbury, Taunton, Middleboro and Bridgewater. [Footnote: The
+Mayflower Descendant, iii, 10. The Story of a Pilgrim Family;
+Rev. John Alden; Boston, 1890.] Probably Priscilla also bestowed some
+of her treasures upon her children before she died. Some of her
+spoons, pewter and candle-sticks have been traced by inheritance. It
+is not likely that she was "rich in this world's goods" through her
+marriage, but she had a husband whose fidelity to state and religion
+have ever been respected. To his memory Rev. John Cotton wrote some
+elegiac verses; Justin Winsor has emphasized the honor which is still
+paid to the name of John Alden in Duxbury and Plymouth: [Footnote:
+History of Duxbury; Winsor.] "He was possessed of a sound judgment
+and of talents which, though not brilliant, were by no means
+ordinary--decided, ardent, resolute, and persevering, indifferent to
+danger, a bold and hardy man, stern, austere and unyielding and of
+incorruptible integrity." The name of Mary Chilton is pleasant to the
+ear and imagination. Chilton Street and Chiltonville in Plymouth, and
+the Chilton Club in Boston, keep alive memories of this girl who was,
+by persistent tradition, the first woman who stepped upon the rock of
+landing at Plymouth harbor. This tradition was given in writing, in
+1773, by Ann Taylor, the grandchild of Mary Chilton and John Winslow.
+[Footnote: History of Plymouth; James Thatcher.] Her father, James
+Chilton, sometimes with the Dutch spelling, Tgiltron, was a man of
+influence among the early leaders, but he died at Cape Cod, December
+8, 1620. He came from Canterbury, England, to Holland. By the records
+on the Roll of Freemen of the City of Canterbury, [Footnote: Probably
+this freedom was given, by the city or some board therein, as mark of
+respect. N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., 63, 201.] he is named as James
+Chylton, tailor, "Freeman by Gift, 1583." Earlier Chiltons,--William,
+spicer, and Nicholas, clerk,--are classified as "Freemen by
+Redemption." Three children were baptized in St. Paul's Church,
+Canterbury,--Isabella, 1586; Jane, 1589; and Ingle, 1599. Isabella
+was married in Leyden to Roger Chandler five years before _The
+Mayflower_ sailed. Evidently, Mary bore the same name as an older
+sister whose burial is recorded at St. Martin's, Canterbury, in
+1593. Isaac Chilton, a glass-maker, may have been brother or cousin of
+James. Of Mary's mother almost nothing has been found except mention
+of her death during the infection of 1621. [Footnote: Bradford's
+History of Plymouth Plantation; Appendix.]
+
+When _The Fortune _arrived in November, 1621, it brought Mary
+Chilton's future husband among the passengers,--John Winslow, younger
+brother of Edward. Not later than 1627 they were married and lived at
+first in the central settlement, and later in Plain Dealing, North
+Plymouth. They had ten children. The son, John, was Brigadier-General
+in the Army. John Winslow, Sr., seemed to show a spirit of enterprise
+by the exchange and sale of his "lots" in Plymouth and afterwards in
+Boston where he moved his family, and became a successful owner and
+master of merchant ships. Here he acquired land on Devonshire Street
+and Spring Lane and also on Marshall Lane and Hanover Street. From
+Plans and Deeds, prepared by Annie Haven Thwing, [Footnote:
+Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston. Also dimensions in Bowditch
+Title Books: 26: 315.] one may locate a home of Mary Chilton Winslow
+in Boston, a lot 72 and 85, 55 and 88, in the rear of the first Old
+South Church, at the southwest corner of Joyliffe's Lane, now
+Devonshire Street, and Spring Lane. It was adjacent to land owned by
+John Winthrop and Richard Parker. By John Winslow's will, probated May
+21, 1674, he bequeathed this house, land, gardens and a goodly sum of
+money and shares of stock to his wife and children. The house and
+stable, with land, was inventoried for £490 and the entire estate for
+£2946-14-10. He had a Katch _Speedwell_, with cargoes of pork,
+sugar and tobacco, and a Barke _Mary_, whose produce was worth
+£209; these were to be divided among his children. His money was also
+to be divided, including 133 "peeces of eight." [Footnote: The
+Mayflower Descendant, 111, 129 (1901).]
+
+Interesting as are the items of this will, which afford proofs that
+Mary Chilton as matron had luxuries undreamed of in the days of 1621,
+_her_ will is even more important for us. It is one of the three
+_original_ known wills of _Mayflower_ passengers, the others
+being those of Edward Winslow and Peregrine White. Mary Chilton's will
+is in the Suffolk Registry of Probate, [Footnote: This will Is
+reprinted In The Mayflower Descendant, I: 85.] Boston, in good
+condition, on paper 18 by 14 inches. The will was made July 31,
+1676. Among other interesting bequests are: to my daughter Sarah
+(Middlecot) "my Best gowne and Pettecoat and my silver beare bowl" and
+to each of her children "a silver cup with a handle." To her
+grandchild, William Payne, was left her "great silver Tankard" and to
+her granddaughter, Ann Gray, "a trunk of Linning" (linen) with bed,
+bolsters and ten pounds in money. Many silver spoons and "ruggs" were
+to be divided. To her grandchild, Susanna Latham, was definite
+allotment of "Petty coate with silke Lace." In the inventory one may
+find commentary upon the valuation of these goods--"silk gowns and
+pettecoats" for £6-10, twenty-two napkins at seven shillings, and
+three "great pewter dishes" and twenty small pieces of pewter for two
+pounds, six shillings. She had gowns, mantles, head bands, fourteen in
+number, seventeen linen caps, six white aprons, pocket-handkerchiefs
+and all other articles of dress. Mary Chilton Winslow could not write
+her name, but she made a very neat mark, M. She was buried beneath the
+Winslow coat of arms at the front of King's Chapel Burial-ground in
+Boston. She closely rivalled, if she did not surpass in wealth and
+social position, her sister-in-law, Susanna White Winslow.
+
+Elizabeth Tilley had a more quiet life, but she excelled her
+associates among these girls of Plymouth in one way,--she could write
+her name very well. Possibly she was taught by her husband, John
+Howland who left, in his inventory, an ink-horn, and who wrote records
+and letters often for the colonists. For many years, until the
+discovery and printing of Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation in
+1856, it was assumed that Elizabeth Tilley was either the daughter or
+granddaughter of Governor Carver; such misstatement even appears upon
+the Howland tombstone in the old burying-ground at Plymouth. Efforts
+to explain by assuming a second marriage of Carver or a first marriage
+of Howland fail to convince, for, surely, such relationships would
+have been mentioned by Bradford, Winslow, Morton or Prence. After the
+death of her parents, during the first winter, Elizabeth remained with
+the Carver household until that was broken by death; afterwards she
+was included in the family over which John Howland was considered
+"head"; according to the grant of 1624 he was given an acre each for
+himself, Elizabeth Tilley, Desire Minter, and the boy, William Latham.
+
+The step-mother of Elizabeth Tilley bore a Dutch name, Bridget Van De
+Veldt. [Footnote: N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., i, 34.] Elizabeth was ten or
+twelve years younger than her husband, at least, for he was
+twenty-eight years old in 1620. They were married, probably, by
+1623-4, for the second child, John, was born in 1626. It is not known
+how long Howland had been with the Pilgrims at Leyden; he may have
+come there with Cushman in 1620 or, possibly, he joined the company at
+Southampton. His ancestry is still in some doubt in spite of the
+efforts to trace it to one John Howland, "gentleman and citizen and
+salter" of London. [Footnote: Recollections of John Howland,
+etc. E. H. Stone, Providence, 1857.] Probably the outfit necessary for
+the voyage was furnished to him by Carver, and the debt was to be paid
+in some service, clerical or other; in no other sense was he a
+"servant." He signed the compact of _The Mayflower_ and was one
+of the "ten principal men" chosen to select a site for the colony. For
+many years he was prominent in civic affairs of the state and
+church. He was among the liberals towards Quakers as were his brothers
+who came later to Marshfield,--Arthur and Henry. At Rocky Neck, near
+the Jones River in Kingston, as it is now called, the Howland
+household was prosperous, with nine children to keep Elizabeth
+Tilley's hands occupied. She lived until past eighty years, and died
+at the home of her daughter, Lydia Howland Brown, in Swanzey, in 1687.
+Among the articles mentioned in her will are many books of religious
+type. Her husband's estate as inventoried was not large, but
+mentioned such useful articles as silk neckcloths, four dozen buttons
+and many skeins of silk. [Footnote: The Mayflower Descendant, ii, 70.]
+
+Constance or Constanta Hopkins was probably about the same age as
+Elizabeth Tilley, for she was married before 1627 to Nicholas Snow,
+who came in _The Ann_. They had twelve children, and among the
+names one recognizes such familiar patronymics of the two families as
+Mark, Stephen, Ruth and Elizabeth. Family tradition has ascribed
+beauty and patience to this maiden who, doubtless, served well both in
+her father's large family and in the community. Her step-sister,
+Damaris, married Jacob Cooke, son of the Pilgrim, Francis Cooke.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+
+COMPANIONS WHO ARRIVED IN THE FORTUNE AND THE ANN
+
+
+After the arrival of _The Ann_, in the summer of 1623, the women
+who came in _The Mayflower_ had more companions of good breeding
+and efficiency. Elizabeth Warren, wife of Richard, came with her five
+daughters; it is safe to assume the latter were attractive for, in a
+few years, all were well married. Two sons were born after Elizabeth
+arrived at Plymouth, Nathaniel and Joseph. For forty-five years she
+survived her husband, who had been a man of strength of character and
+usefulness as well as some wealth. When she died at the age of
+ninety-three leaving seventy-five great grandchildren, the old
+Plymouth Colony Records paid her tribute,--"Mistress Elizabeth Warren,
+haveing lived a Godly life came to her Grave as a Shock of corn full
+Ripe. She was honourably buried on the 24th of October (1673)."
+
+Evidently, Mistress Warren was a woman of independent means and
+efficiency,--else she would have remarried, as was the custom of the
+times. She became one of the "purchasers" of the colony and conveyed
+land, at different times, near Eel River and what is now Warren's
+Cove, in Plymouth, to her sons-in-law. An interesting sidelight upon
+her character and home is found in the Court Records; [Footnote: I,
+35, July 5, 1635.] her servant, Thomas Williams, was prosecuted for
+"speaking profane and blasphemous speeches against ye majestie of God.
+There being some dissension between him and his dame she, after other
+things, exhorted him to fear God and doe his duty."
+
+Bridget Fuller followed her husband, Dr. Samuel, and came in _The
+Ann_. She also long survived her husband and did not remarry. She
+carried on his household and probably also his teaching for many years
+after he fell victim to the epidemic of infectious fever in 1633. She
+was his third wife, but only two children are known to have used the
+Fuller cradle, now preserved in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. It has been
+stated that, in addition to these two, Samuel and Mercy, another young
+child came with its mother in _The Ann_, but did not live
+long. [Footnote: Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth; W. T. Davis] The son,
+Samuel, born about 1625, was minister for many years at Middleboro; he
+married Elizabeth Brewster, thus preserving two friendly families in
+kinship.
+
+Evidently, Bridget Fuller was very ill and not expected to recover
+when her husband was dying, for in his will, made at that time, he
+arranged for the education of his children by his brother-in-law,
+William Wright, unless it "shall please God to recover my wife out of
+her weake estate of sickness." It is interesting also that, in this
+will, provision was made for the education of his daughter, Mercy, as
+well as his son, Samuel, by Mrs. Heeks or Hicks, the wife of Robert
+Hicks who came in _The Ann_. [Footnote: Plymouth Colony Wills and
+Inventories; also in The Mayflower Descendant, 1, 245.] Not alone for
+his own children did this good physician provide education, but also
+for others "put to him for schooling,"--with special mention of Sarah
+Converse "left to me by her sick father." This kind, generous doctor
+left a considerable estate, in spite of the many "debts for physicke,"
+including that of "Mr. Roger Williams which was freely given." One
+specific gift was for the good of the church and this forms the
+nucleus of a fund which is still known as the Fuller Ministerial Fund
+of the Plymouth Congregational Church. Its source was "the first cow
+calfe that his Brown Cow should have." [Footnote: Genealogy of Some
+Descendants of Dr. Samuel Fuller of _The Mayflower_, compiled by
+William Hyslop Fuller, Palmer.]
+
+Mrs. Alice Morse Earle says that gloves were gifts of sentiment;
+[Footnote: Two Centuries of Costume in America; Alice Morse Earle;
+N. Y., 1903.] they were generously bestowed by this physician of old
+Plymouth. Money to buy gloves, or gloves, were bequeathed to Mistress
+Alice Bradford and Governor Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay Colony;
+also to John Winslow, John Jenny and Rebecca Prence. The price allowed
+for a pair of gloves was from two to five shillings. Probably these
+may have been the fringed leather gloves or the knit gloves described
+by Mrs. Earle. Another bequest was his "best hat and band never worn
+to old Mr. William Brewster." To his wife was left not alone two
+houses, "one at Smeltriver and another in town," but also a fine
+supply of furnishings and clothes, including stuffe gown, red
+pettecoate, stomachers, aprons, shoes and kerchiefs. Mistress Fuller
+lived until after 1667, and exerted a strong influence upon the
+educational life of Plymouth.
+
+Is it heresy to question whether the sampler, [Footnote: In Pilgrim
+Hall, Plymouth.] accredited to Lora or Lorea Standish, the daughter
+of Captain Miles and Barbara Standish, was not more probably the work
+of the granddaughter, Lorea, the child of Alexander Standish and Sarah
+Alden? The style and motto are more in accord with the work of the
+later generation and, surely, the necessary time and materials for
+such work would be more probable after the pioneer days. This later
+Lora married Abraham Sampson, son of the Henry who came as a boy in
+_The Mayflower_. [Footnote: Notes to Bradford's History, edition
+1912.] The embroidered cap [Footnote: In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.] and
+bib, supposed to have been made by Mistress Barbara for her daughter,
+would prove that she had
+
+    "hands with such convenient skill
+    As to conduce to vertu void of shame"
+
+which were the aspiration of the girl who embroidered, or "wrought,"
+the sampler. It is a pleasant commentary upon the tastes and industry
+of Mistress Barbara Standish that, amid the cares of a large family
+and farm, she found time for such dainty embroideries as we find in
+the cap and bib.
+
+Probably two young sons of Captain and Barbara Standish, Charles and
+John, died in the infectious fever epidemic of 1633. A second Charles
+with his brothers, Alexander, Miles and Josiah, and his sister, Lorea,
+gladdened the hearth of the Standish home on Captain's Hill,
+Duxbury. A goodly estate was left at the death of Captain Miles,
+including a well-equipped house, cattle, mault mill, swords (as one
+would expect), sixteen pewter pieces and several books of classic
+literature,--Homer, Caesar's Commentaries, histories of Queen
+Elizabeth's reign, military histories, and three Bibles with
+commentaries upon religious matters. There were also medical books,
+for Standish was reputed to have been a student and practitioner in
+times of emergency in Duxbury. He suffered a painful illness at the
+close of his vigorous, adventuresome life. Perhaps Barbara needed, at
+times, grace to endure that "warm temper" which Pastor Robinson
+deplored in Miles Standish, a comment which the intrepid Captain
+forgave and answered by a bequest to the granddaughter of this loved
+pastor. We may be sure Barbara was proud of the mighty share which her
+husband had in saving Plymouth Colony from severe disaster, if not
+from extinction. It is surmised that Barbara Standish was buried in
+Connecticut where she lived during the last of her life with her son,
+Josiah. Possibly, however, she may have been buried beside her
+husband, sons, daughter and daughter-in-law, Mary Dingley, in
+Duxbury. [Footnote: Interesting facts on this subject may be found in
+"The Grave of Miles Standish and other Pilgrims," by E. V. J.
+Huiginn; Beverly, 1914.]
+
+The Colonial Governor and his Lady ever held priority of rank. Such
+came to Mrs. Alice Southworth when she married Governor William
+Bradford a few days after her arrival on _The Ann_. Tradition
+has said persistently that this was the consummation of an earlier
+romance which was broken off by the marriage of Alice Carpenter to
+Edward Southworth in Leyden. The death of her first husband left her
+with two sons, Thomas and Constant Southworth, who came to Plymouth
+before 1628. She had sisters in the Colony: Priscilla, the wife of
+William Wright, came in _The Fortune_; Dr. Fuller's first wife
+had been another sister; Juliana, wife of George Morton, was a third
+who came also in _The Ann_. Still another sister, Mary Carpenter,
+came later and lived in the Governor's family for many years. At her
+death in her ninety-first year, she was mourned as "a Godly old maid,
+never married." [Footnote: Hunter's Collections, 1854.]
+
+The first home of the Bradfords in Plymouth was at Town Square where
+now stands the Bradford block. About 1627-8 they moved, for a part of
+the year, to the banks of the Jones River, now Kingston, a place which
+had strongly appealed to Bradford as a good site for the original
+settlement when the men were making their explorations in December,
+1620. William, Joseph and Mercy were born to inherit from their
+parents the fine characters of both Governor and Alice Bradford, and
+also to pass on to their children the carved chests, wrought and
+carved chairs, case and knives, desk, silver spoons, fifty-one pewter
+dishes, five dozen napkins, three striped carpets, four Venice
+glasses, besides cattle and cooking utensils and many books. That the
+Governor had a proper "dress suit" was proved by the inventory of
+"stuffe suit with silver buttons and cloaks of violet, light colour
+and faced with taffety and linen throw."
+
+As Mistress Bradford could only "make her mark," she probably did not
+appreciate the remarkable collection, for the times, of Latin, Greek,
+Hebrew, Dutch and French books as well as the studies in philosophy
+and theology which were in her husband's library. There is no doubt
+that the first and second generations of girls and boys in Plymouth
+Colony had elementary instruction, at least, under Dr. Fuller and
+Mrs. Hicks as well as by other teachers. Bradford, probably, would
+also attend to the education of his own family. The Governor's wife
+has been accredited with "labouring diligently for the improvement of
+the young women of Plymouth and to have been eminently worthy of her
+high position." [Footnote: The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin,
+p. 460.] She was the sole executrix of her husband's estate of
+£1005,--a proof of her ability.
+
+Sometimes her cheerfulness must have been taxed to comfort her
+husband, as old age came upon him and he fell into the gloomy mood
+reflected in such lines as these: [Footnote: New England Memorial;
+Morton.]
+
+    "In fears and wants, through weal and woe,
+    A pilgrim passed I to and fro;
+    Oft left of them whom I did trust,
+    How vain it is to rest in dust!
+    A man of sorrows I have been,
+    And many changes I have seen,
+    Wars, wants, peace, plenty I have known,
+    And some advanc'd, others thrown down."
+
+When Mistress Alice Bradford died she was "mourned, though aged" by
+many. To her memory, Nathaniel Morton, her nephew, wrote some lines
+which were more biographic than poetical, recalling her early life as
+an exile with her father from England for the truth's sake, her first
+marriage:
+
+    "To one whose grace and virtue did surpasse,
+    I mean good Edward Southworth whoe not long
+    Continued in this world the saints amonge."
+
+With extravagant words he extols the name of Bradford,--"fresh in
+memory Which smeles with odoriferous fragrancye." This elegist records
+also that, after her second widowhood, she lived a
+
+    "life of holynes and faith,
+    In reading of God's word and contemplation
+    Which healped her to assurance of salvation."
+
+This is not a very lively, graphic description of the woman most
+honored, perhaps, of all the pioneer women of Plymouth, but we may
+add, by imagination, a few sure traits of human kindliness and
+grace. She was typical of those women who came in _The Mayflower_
+and her sister ships. Although she escaped the tragic struggles and
+illness of that first winter, yet she revealed the same qualities of
+courage, good sense, fidelity and vision which were the watchwords of
+that group of women in Plymouth colony. Yes,--they had vision to see
+their part in the sincere purpose to establish a new standard of
+liberty in state and church, to serve God and mankind with all their
+integrity and resources.
+
+As the leaders among the men were self-sacrificing and honorable in
+their dealings with their financiers, with the Indians and with each
+other, so the women were faithful and true in their homes and communal
+life. They took scarcely any part in the civic administration, for
+such responsibility did not come into the lives of seventeenth century
+women. They were actively interested in the educational and religious
+life of the colony. Their moral standards were high and inflexible;
+they extolled, and practised, the virtues of thrift and industry. It
+may be well for women in America today, who were querulous at the
+restrictions upon sugar and electric lights, to consider the good
+sense, and good cheer, with which these women of Plymouth Colony
+directed their thrifty households.
+
+We would not assume that they were free from the whims and foibles of
+womankind,--and sometimes of man-kind,--of all ages. They were,
+doubtless, contradictory and impulsive at times; they could scold and
+they could gossip. We believe that they laughed sometimes, in the
+midst of dire want and anxiety, and we know that they prayed with
+sincerity and trust. They bore children gladly and they trained them
+"in the fear and admonition of the Lord." They were the progenitors of
+thousands of fine men and women in all parts of America today who
+honor the _women_ as well as the _men_ of the old Plymouth
+Colony,--the women who faithfully performed, without any serious
+discontent,
+
+          "that whole sweet round
+    Of littles that large life compound."
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT
+
+     Alden, Augustus E.
+       Elizabeth
+       John
+       Captain John
+       Priscilla
+       Ruth
+       Sarah
+       Timothy
+     Allerton, Bartholomew
+       Isaac
+       Mary Norton
+       Mary
+       Remember
+     Armstrong, Gregory
+     Austin, Jane G.
+
+     Bartlett, W. H.
+     Bass, Ruth Alden
+     Beckeet, Mary
+     Billington, Francis
+       Helen
+       John
+       John, Jr.
+     Bowman, George Ernest
+     Bradford, Alice
+       Dorothy May
+       John
+       Mary
+       Joseph
+       Gov. William
+       William, Jr.
+     Brewster, Fear
+       Jonathan
+       Love
+       Mary
+       Patience
+       William, Elder
+       Wrestling
+     Brown, Lydia Howland
+       Peter
+
+     Carpenter, Juliana
+       Mary
+       Priscilla
+     Carter, Robert
+     Carver, Catherine
+       Gov. John
+     Chandler, Isabella Chilton
+       Roger
+     Chilton, Ingle
+       Isabella
+       Isaac
+     Chilton, James
+       Jane
+       Mary
+       Mrs. James
+       Nicolas
+     Converse, Sarah
+     Cooke, Francis
+       Hester
+       Jacob
+       John
+       Sarah
+     Cooper, Humility
+     Crakston, John
+     Cromwell
+     Cushman, Robert
+       Thomas
+
+     Davis, W. T.
+     De La Noye, Philip
+     De Rassieres
+     Dean, Stephen
+     Dexter, Henry M.
+       Morton
+     Doane, Deacon John
+     Dotey, Edward
+
+     Earle, Alice Morse
+     Eaton, Francis
+       Sarah
+     Eliot, Charles W.
+
+     Ford, Widow Martha
+     Fuller, Ann
+       Bridget
+       Edward
+       Mercy
+       Samuel, Dr.
+       Samuel
+       William Hyslop
+
+     Goodman, John
+     Goodwin, John A.
+
+     Heald, Giles
+     Hicks, Robert
+       Mrs. Robert
+     Hobomok
+     Hopkins, Caleb
+       Constance, or Constanta
+       Damaris
+     Hopkins, Elizabeth
+       Giles
+       Oceanus
+       Ruth
+       Stephen
+     Howland, Elizabeth Tilley
+       Lydia (Brown)
+       John
+     Huiginn, E. V. J.
+
+     Jenny, John
+     Jeppson, William
+       William
+     Jones, Christopher, Capt.
+       Thomas, Capt.
+
+     Latham, William
+     Lister, Edward
+     Longfellow, Henry W.
+     Lord, Arthur, VI
+
+     Martin, Mrs. Christopher
+     Masefield, John
+     Massasoit
+     Minter, Desire
+       John
+       Thomas
+       William
+     More, Ellen
+       Richard
+     Morton, George
+       Juliana Carpenter
+     Mullins, Alice, Mrs.
+       Joseph
+       Moses
+       Priscilla
+       Sarah (Blunden)
+       William
+       William, Jr.
+
+     Newcomen, John
+
+     Oldham, John
+
+     Pabodie, Elizabeth Alden
+       William
+     Parker, Richard
+     Penn, Christian
+     Prence, Thomas
+     Priest, Degory
+
+     Reynolds, William
+     Rigdale, Alice
+     Robinson, Pastor John
+
+     Sampson, Alexander
+       Henry
+     Samoset
+     Snow, Nicholas
+     Soule, George
+     Southworth, Alice
+       Constant
+       Thomas
+     Squanto
+     Standish, Alexander
+       Barbara
+       Charles
+       John
+       Josiah
+       Lora or Lorea
+       Mary Dingley
+       Miles
+       Miles, Jr.
+       Rose
+
+     Taylor, Ann
+     Thompson, Edward
+     Thwing, Annie M.
+     Tilley, Ann
+       Bridget
+       Edward
+       Elizabeth
+       John
+     Tinker, Mrs. Thomas
+     Turner, John
+
+     Warren, Elizabeth
+       Richard
+     White, Peregrine
+       Resolved
+       Susanna
+       William
+     Williams, Roger
+       Thomas
+     Winslow, Edward
+       Elizabeth Barker
+       Elizabeth
+       John
+       John, Brig. Gen.
+       Josiah
+       Kenelm
+       Mary Chilton
+       Susanna
+     Winthrop, John
+     Wright, Priscilla Carpenter
+       William
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Women Who Came in the Mayflower, by
+Annie Russell Marble
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