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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: War against Germany and Italy: Mediterranean and adjacent areas; pictorial record</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Authors: John Hatlem</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em;'>Mary Bacon</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em;'>Kenneth Hunter</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em;'>W Phillips</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 30, 2023 [eBook #69911]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Brian Coe, Karin Spence and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR AGAINST GERMANY AND ITALY: MEDITERRANEAN AND ADJACENT AREAS; PICTORIAL RECORD ***</div> - - -<p class="center lg"><i>UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II</i></p> - -<p class="center p2 xl">Pictorial Record</p> - -<h1 class="p4"><b>THE WAR AGAINST<br /> -GERMANY AND ITALY:<br /> -MEDITERRANEAN AND<br /> -ADJACENT AREAS</b></h1> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/title_page.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p class="center p6">CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY<br /> -UNITED STATES ARMY<br /> -WASHINGTON, D.C., 1988</p> - - -<p class="center p6">First Printed 1951—C M H Pub 12-2</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center">For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office<br /> -Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250<br /> -Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">Kent Roberts Greenfield, General Editor</p> - - -<p class="center p2">Advisory Committee</p> - - -<p class="center">James P. Baxter<br /> -President, Williams College</p> - -<p class="center">Henry S. Commager<br /> -Columbia University</p> - -<p class="center">Douglas S. Freeman<br /> -Richmond News Leader</p> - -<p class="center">Pendleton Herring<br /> -Social Science Research Council</p> - -<p class="center">John D. Hicks<br /> -University of California</p> - -<p class="center">William T. Hutchinson<br /> -University of Chicago</p> - -<p class="center">S. L. A. Marshall<br /> -Detroit News</p> - -<p class="center">E. Dwight Salmon<br /> -Amherst College</p> - -<p class="center">Col. Thomas D. Stamps<br /> -United States Military Academy</p> - -<p class="center">Charles S. Sydnor<br /> -Duke University</p> - -<p class="center">Charles H. Taylor<br /> -Harvard University</p> - - - -<p class="center p2">Office of the Chief of Military History</p> - -<p class="center">Maj. Gen. Orlando Ward, Chief</p> - -<table summary="history" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="cht">Chief Historian</td> - <td class="cht1">Kent Roberts Greenfield</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Chief, World War II Group</td> - <td class="cht1">Col. Allison R. Hartman</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Editor-in-Chief</td> - <td class="cht1">Hugh Corbett</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Chief, Pictorial Unit</td> - <td class="cht1">Lt. Col. John C. Hatlem, USAF</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Assistant, Pictorial Unit</td> - <td class="cht1">Capt. Kenneth E. Hunter</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Assistant, Pictorial Unit</td> - <td class="cht1">Miss Margaret E. Tackley</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center xl">... to Those Who Served</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>Foreword</h2> -</div> - - -<p>During World War II the photographers of the United States Army, Air -Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard created on film a pictorial -record of immeasurable value. Thousands of their pictures are preserved -in the photographic libraries of the armed services, little seen by the -public.</p> - -<p>In the volumes of UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II now being prepared -by the Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the -Army, it is possible to include only a limited number of pictures. A -subseries of pictorial volumes, of which this is one, has been planned -to supplement the other volumes of the series. The photographs have -been selected to show important terrain features, types of equipment -and weapons, living and weather conditions, military operations, and -various matters of human interest. These volumes will preserve and make -accessible for future reference some of the best pictures of World -War II. An appreciation not only of the terrain on which actions were -fought, but of its influence on the capabilities and limitations of -weapons, in the hands of both our troops and the enemy’s, can be gained -through a careful study of the pictures herein presented. Appreciation -of these factors is essential to a clear understanding of military -history.</p> - -<p>This volume, compiled by Lt. Col. John C. Hatlem, USAF, and Capt. -Kenneth E. Hunter, with the assistance of Miss Margaret E. Tackley, and -edited by W. Brooks Phillips and Miss Mary Ann Bacon, deals with the -Mediterranean Theater of Operations and the Middle East. It is divided -into five sections: (1) North Africa and the Middle East; (2) Sicily, -Corsica, and Sardinia; (3) Italy: 9 September 1943–4 June 1944; (4) -Southern France; and (5) Italy: 5 June 1944-2 May 1945. Each section -is arranged in chronological order. The written text has been kept to -a minimum. Each section is preceded by a brief introduction recounting -the major events set down in detail in the individual narrative volumes -of UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II. The appendices give information -as to the abbreviations used and the sources of the photographs.</p> - -<table summary="letterend" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="cht">Washington, D. C.</td> - <td class="cht2">ORLANDO WARD</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">1 November 1951</td> - <td class="cht2">Maj. Gen., USA</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht"></td> - <td class="cht2">Chief of Military History</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>Contents</h2> -</div> - -<table summary="contents" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <th class="chap">Section</th> - <th></th> - <th class="pag">Page</th> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">I.</td> - <td class="cht">NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">II.</td> - <td class="cht">SICILY, CORSICA, AND SARDINIA</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">III.</td> - <td class="cht">ITALY: 9 SEPTEMBER 1943–4 JUNE 1944</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">IV.</td> - <td class="cht">SOUTHERN FRANCE</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">V.</td> - <td class="cht">ITALY: 5 JUNE 1944-2 MAY 1945</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_349">349</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="2">APPENDIX A: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_455">455</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="2">APPENDIX B: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_457">457</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht" colspan="2">INDEX</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_459">459</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<p class="center xl p2">NORTH AFRICA<br /> -AND<br /> -THE MIDDLE EAST</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_012" style="max-width: 461px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_012.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION I<br /> -<span class="subhed">North Africa and the Middle East<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span></h2></div> - -<h3>North Africa</h3> - -<p>The occupation of French North Africa by Allied troops was determined -in July 1942 when the American and British Governments agreed to launch -a Mediterranean operation in the fall of 1942. The invasion, designated -as <span class="smcap">Torch</span>, was to coincide with a British advance westward -from Egypt. Before American soldiers did any actual fighting in North -Africa, however, and before the United States was at war, civilian and -military observers had been informally attached in May 1941 to the U. -S. military attaché in Cairo. This group was the beginning of a force -whose primary function was to service and maintain lend-lease equipment -from the United States, instruct the British in its use, and report on -how it stood up under battle conditions. The U. S. Air Force also was -performing missions in Egypt several months before the Allied landings -in North Africa. All these activities contributed to the British -victory at El Alamein in October 1942.</p> - -<p>Allied troops sailed for North Africa from ports in both the United -States and the United Kingdom. The U. S. Navy and the Royal Navy shared -in supplying transports and naval escort and were able to prevent any -serious losses through enemy submarine action. Vital air support was -at first provided from aircraft carriers of both Navies and later by -land-based planes of the Allied air forces utilizing recently captured -airfields.</p> - -<p>The Allies hoped to avoid French resistance to the landings by -arranging for the assistance of patriotic Frenchmen ashore and by -the participation in the operation of Gen. Henri Giraud, a French -military leader and former Army commander of great prestige who had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span> -escaped from France. These plans were only partly successful. The -landings on the early morning of 8 November at beaches near Algiers, -Oran, Casablanca, Port-Lyautey, Fedala, and Safi met resistance at all -objectives. The opposition at Algiers and Safi collapsed quickly. Oran -could be occupied only after considerable fighting. French forces, -especially naval elements, in the neighborhood of Casablanca resisted -strongly, but yielded on 11 November, a few minutes before the final -assault on the city itself was to start. After a brief period of -neutrality, most of the French forces in northwest Africa joined in the -war against the Axis.</p> - -<p>The Axis reacted to the Allied invasion by rushing troops to Tunisia -by air and sea, and captured the local airfields and ports without -opposition. British, American, and French troops drove eastward and at -the end of November and in early December launched their attack against -the Axis bridgehead. The Allied advance, however, was stopped short of -Tunis. Air superiority for the moment lay with the Axis. Lack of means -to overcome the increased resistance, in addition to weather conditions -which interfered with transport and flying, forced the postponement -until 1943 of a renewed advance over the difficult terrain of northern -Tunisia.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, the British Eighth Army was pressing German and Italian -forces back from Egypt through Libya and reached the southern border -of Tunisia in January 1943. Plans could then be perfected for a -co-ordinated attack against the remaining Axis forces in North Africa -by the British Eighth Army in the south and the Allied troops in the -north consisting of the British First Army, the American II Corps, -the French XIX Corps, and Allied air forces. Attack by Axis forces -at points of their own selection repeatedly interfered with Allied -preparations. In February the enemy broke through Faïd Pass and in a -series of attacks advanced beyond Kasserine almost to the Algerian -border. These attacks were stopped on 21–22 February when the enemy -started his withdrawal, destroying bridges and mining the passes behind -him.</p> - -<p>But the Allied forces were closing in. After attacking and turning the -Mareth position, the British Eighth Army defeated the enemy there and -pursued him along the coast as far as Enfidaville, less than fifty -miles from Tunis. Accelerated Allied air and naval attacks choked -off the enemy’s supply and weakened his resistance. At the same time -the American II Corps was shifted northwest to a new sector on the -left of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span> the British First Army. Then after severe infantry fighting -the American II Corps made an armored thrust to Mateur, and after a -pause it pushed tank forces east to the sea, separating Bizerte from -Tunis. Farther south the British First Army drove directly toward -Tunis. On 7 May both Bizerte and Tunis were occupied and by 13 May -Axis capitulation was complete. The Allies had achieved their initial -objective of opening the Mediterranean route to the Middle East and -seizing bases in North Africa. At the same time they had inflicted a -major defeat on the Axis Powers.</p> - -<p>Allied strength in French North Africa had been brought to a total of -about a million men. Much of this strength was not intended for the -Tunisia Campaign but for later operations against Sicily and southern -Italy. Elaborate training establishments were developed by the American -Fifth and Seventh Armies and vast supply depots established with a view -to future operations from the African base.</p> - - -<h3>Persian Gulf Command</h3> - -<p>In June 1942 an American theater of operations called U. S. Army -Forces in the Middle East was established with headquarters at Cairo. -Under this command were merged various groups and military missions -that had been active in this area since the spring of 1941. American -responsibilities for moving supplies to the Soviet Union led ultimately -to a separation of the Persian Gulf activities of USAFIME and their -establishment under an organization that was known from December 1943 -to October 1945 as the Persian Gulf Command, with headquarters at -Tehran, Iran.</p> - -<p>From 1941 to 1945 the main business of the U. S. Army in the Middle -East was to facilitate the supply of lend-lease goods to British -and Soviet forces. This task involved the construction of docks, -warehouses, shops, and highways as well as the operation of ports, a -railroad, and a motor transport service in Iran. At the same time the -Army constructed numerous airfields and bases, stretching across Egypt, -the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Eritrea, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, -Iraq, and Iran.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_005" style="max-width: 541px"> - <p class="p2 right">EGYPT</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_005.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE PYRAMIDS NEAR CAIRO, EGYPT. For more than six months before -the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States had recognized the -military importance of the Middle East. Lend-lease equipment was -poured into Egypt to aid the British in the western desert. The -type of transport plane shown above performed constant service -in the Middle East area. It was known familiarly as “the work -horse of the war.” (C-47 transport, Dakota.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_006" style="max-width: 490px"> - <p class="p2 right">EGYPT</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_006.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BRITISH SOLDIERS receiving instructions on an American-made -engine at the U. S. Ordnance Repair Depot at Heliopolis near -Cairo.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_007a" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">EGYPT</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_007a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TANKS AT THE HELIOPOLIS U. S. ORDNANCE REPAIR DEPOT. On Black -Saturday, 13 June 1942, in a battle near Tobruk in Libya, -British armor suffered severe tank losses inflicted by German -88-mm. antitank guns. This defeat caused a withdrawal to the El -Alamein Line in Egypt. (General Grant M3.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_007b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_008" style="max-width: 525px"> - <p class="p2 right">EGYPT</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_008.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ITALIAN ANTIAIRCRAFT GUN captured by the British in the western -desert of Egypt. Before the United States entered the war, -American technicians worked closely with the British in the -Middle East to obtain information on German and Italian weapons, -equipment, and methods of warfare. (Italian Ansaldo antiaircraft -gun, 75-mm.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_009" style="max-width: 553px"> - <p class="p2 right">EGYPT</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_009.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INOCULATING EGYPTIAN WORKER WITH TYPHUS VACCINE. In June of 1942 -a separate command was formed in Cairo, called the U. S. Army -Forces in the Middle East (USAFIME). Natives working with U. S. -personnel were usually under Army medical supervision. Those -handling food were subject to physical inspection and received -medical treatment and whatever immunization inoculations were -indicated for the locality. The use of preventive medicine -stopped the outbreak of epidemics.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_010" style="max-width: 529px"> - <p class="p2 right">EGYPT</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_010.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">B-25’S OVER THE WESTERN DESERT IN EGYPT. The U. S. Air Forces -was active in the Middle East several months before the Allied -landings in North Africa. The first mission of these bombers was -against the enemy-occupied port of Matruh on the coast of Egypt -in July 1942. (Medium bombers, North American B-25 Mitchell.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_011" style="max-width: 580px"> - <p class="p2 right">EGYPT</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_011.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SELF-PROPELLED HOWITZER nicknamed the Priest. The crisis which -developed when the British were forced to retreat to the El -Alamein Line threatened the Suez Canal as well as the Allied air -routes to Russia and India. Reinforcements and equipment were -rushed to Egypt from the United Kingdom and the United States. -The United States sent about 90 of the guns shown above, more -than 300 General Sherman M4’s, and a large number of trucks. By -October 1942, the situation had improved. The British Eighth -Army attacked at El Alamein and drove the enemy out of Egypt, -through Libya, and into Tunisia. (105-mm. howitzer, M7 howitzer -motor carriage.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_012" style="max-width: 569px"> - <p class="p2 right">ROMANIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_012.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LIBERATORS BOMBING PLOESTI OIL FIELD installations in Romania. -The first U. S. air mission flown against any strategic target -in Europe was on the Ploesti oil fields, a twelve-bomber raid -by B-24’s from Egypt on 12 June 1942. The next raid on this -target, 1 August 1943, was a low-level attack by 177 Liberators -from Bengasi in Libya with the loss of 54 bombers. Refinery -production was interrupted by these raids from Africa, but was -not stopped until the spring of 1944 when continuous large-scale -attacks were carried out from bases in Italy. (Heavy bomber -Consolidated B-24 Liberator.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_013" style="max-width: 607px"> - <p class="p2 right">EN ROUTE TO NORTH AFRICA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_013.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CONVOY BOUND FOR NORTH AFRICA. Troops in the first landings -approached their destinations in several large convoys, escorted -by aircraft carriers and other warships. The convoy to Morocco -originated in several ports of the United States on 23 October -1942, and when near the African coast separated into three major -parts. The convoy steaming to the vicinity of Oran and Algiers -left the United Kingdom on 26 October. Before passing through -the Straits of Gibraltar it separated into two parts. Inside the -Mediterranean the two sections overtook slower cargo convoys and -continued on a course toward Malta until sundown of 7 November. -That night each section wheeled southward and separated further -to reach several landing points near Oran and Algiers. Other -convoys had already left both the United States and the United -Kingdom before the attacks began.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_014" style="max-width: 530px"> - <p class="p2 right">EN ROUTE TO NORTH AFRICA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_014.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">NAVY FIGHTER AIRCRAFT on flight deck of a carrier approaching -the coast of North Africa. In the background is a destroyer -escort. Two to four destroyers operated with each carrier, -providing antisubmarine protection, picking up personnel from -wrecked aircraft, and augmenting the antiaircraft screen around -their charge. (Grumman F4F Wildcat, single seater, carrier -fighters.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_015" style="max-width: 487px"> - <p class="p2 right">EN ROUTE TO NORTH AFRICA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_015.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">OIL TANKER refueling aircraft carrier en route to North Africa.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_016" style="max-width: 503px"> - <p class="p2 right">EN ROUTE TO NORTH AFRICA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_016.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GUNNERY PRACTICE ABOARD A TRANSPORT. Submarines were a danger -and gun crews were constantly on the alert. (Left, U. S. Navy -3-inch gun; right .50-caliber water-cooled Browning machine -gun.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_017" style="max-width: 542px"> - <p class="p2 right">EN ROUTE TO NORTH AFRICA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_017.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TROOPS ON TRANSPORT HEADED FOR FRENCH MOROCCO. Note rubber life -belts on most of the men. These could be inflated instantly by -means of gas cartridges in belts. In practice it was found that -a fully inflated belt was not capable of supporting a soldier -loaded down with his equipment. Men who found themselves in the -water could not readily get rid of their packs and ammunition -belts and several drownings occurred during the landings.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_018a" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_018a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CASABLANCA, THE MAIN OBJECTIVE on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. -The landings were made at Fedala, farther north, in order to -attack Casablanca overland partly because of its very strong -defenses and partly because of the necessity of capturing the -port in usable condition. Casablanca was a naval base. The U. -S. Navy had the mission of preventing French warships from -interfering with the landings. American ships came under the -fire of large coastal guns on El Hank Point (in the foreground, -top picture) and engaged in running battles off Casablanca. -Moored in the harbor was the battleship Jean Bart which also -fired heavy shells to drive the American ships from their -protective stations. After three days, when Casablanca was about -to be attacked by ground, air, and sea bombardment and occupied -by tanks and infantry, the city surrendered. The harbor was put -to almost immediate use.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_018b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_019" style="max-width: 584px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_019.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PORT-LYAUTEY AIRPORT on the Oued Sebou north of Casablanca. The -Kasba, an old walled fort, is on high ground between the lagoon -at upper left and the mouth of the river. Early on 8 November -1942, one landing was made on the north and two south of the -river mouth. Those between the lagoon and the river were opposed -by coastal defense guns and artillery from the Kasba. Hostile -aircraft strafed all beaches and fighting lasted more than two -days. Early on the 10th a naval party cut the cable across the -river mouth and a U. S. destroyer steamed up the river under -fire from the Kasba. Raiders and infantry occupied the airport -at 0800 and Army fighter planes from a carrier landed by noon -shortly after the Kasba surrendered.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_020a" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_020a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TWO OF THE ATLANTIC PORTS SELECTED FOR INVASION. The main -landings on the Atlantic coast took place in the vicinity of -Fedala (top). In the early afternoon on the day of invasion, -Fedala surrendered and the port was put to immediate use. -Two destroyer-transports entered the port of Safi (bottom), -130 miles south of Casablanca, at 0435 on 8 November. Their -troops secured the harbor and key points inland while the first -landings at the beaches were in progress. Shore batteries firing -on the destroyers were silenced within a few minutes. By late -afternoon the opposition in and around Safi came to an end. -The reason for invading Safi was to obtain port facilities for -unloading medium tanks.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_020b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_021" style="max-width: 577px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_021.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CURTISS SEAGULL SCOUT PLANE returning from observing and -directing naval gunfire on Casablanca. Soon after the action -started the radar on the large naval units was put out of -commission by the concussion of the high-caliber guns. Spotting -planes took over the task of directing fire and did an excellent -job in spite of the difficulties caused by smoke over the -port area. Battleships and cruisers had their own observation -planes, launched by catapults and picked up by cranes. These -planes assisted the infantry during the heavy fighting around -Port-Lyautey by dropping antisubmarine depth charges on tanks -and columns of vehicles. (Scout Observation-Curtiss SOC.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_022" style="max-width: 564px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_022.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">NAVY DIVE BOMBER ON DECK OF A CARRIER. In the distance are two -Army cubs, artillery observation planes. Three of these were -brought across on a carrier for Army use and launched from the -carrier to land on the race track at Fedala. Army-Navy teamwork -was excellent during the invasion. Navy planes, on Army request, -broke up enemy formations, bombed and strafed road blocks and -strong points, often within an hour after the call had gone out -from the forces ashore. Also on Army call, naval guns shelled -points along the coast and some distance inland. (Grumman F4F -Wildcat.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_023" style="max-width: 582px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_023.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE JEAN BART, THE LATEST BATTLESHIP OF THE FRENCH NAVY. -Although it was not finished at the time of the invasion and -only one turret of four 15-inch guns had been installed, it -opened fire on U. S. naval units at 0703 on D Day. The fire -was returned and her battery was silenced within 15 minutes; -five hits were made with 16-inch guns and the turret mechanism -of the Jean Bart was jammed. Her guns were again operative at -the end of D Day but did not fire until the 10th after which -a 10-plane formation of dive bombers scored three hits, with -1,000-pounders. Her guns were still able to fire. Plans to bomb -and shell the ship on the 11th were abandoned because of the -armistice.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_024" style="max-width: 548px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_024.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AERIAL VIEW OF INFANTRY LANDING FROM ASSAULT BOATS north of -Casablanca. Note heavy surf. Many of the landing craft were -damaged on the beaches for lack of facilities to remove craft -from the surf line and to repair or salvage them when stranded. -At Fedala, for instance, more than half of the boats were -unusable after the first landings. This slowed the follow-up -unloading and was a contributory cause of the torpedoing of the -transports waiting offshore to be discharged.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_025" style="max-width: 505px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_025.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY LANDING ON THE BEACH NEAR FEDALA. The landing itself -was unopposed, but fighting developed just off the beach. (Left, -landing craft, vehicle, LCV.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_026" style="max-width: 575px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_026.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DIRECTING LANDING-CRAFT TRAFFIC OFF FEDALA by means of semaphore -flags. The port was captured and put into operation on D Day, -but because of its limited capacity, freighters had to stand -offshore awaiting their turns to discharge cargo. In the -meantime unloading of ships went on with remaining assault -craft. On the evening of 11 November a transport was torpedoed -and sunk by submarine; a destroyer and tanker were damaged. The -next day three additional transports were torpedoed and sunk. -(Landing craft in picture: top center, LCV; middle left, landing -craft, mechanized, LCM(3); middle right and bottom, landing -craft, personnel (Ramp), LCP(R).)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_027" style="max-width: 491px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_027.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">UNLOADING EQUIPMENT IN FEDALA HARBOR. Waterproofed jeep coming -off LCV. Note LCM in upper left. (Craft, upper left: LCM (3); -upper right: LCV.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_028" style="max-width: 503px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_028.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LIGHT TANK IN CASABLANCA shortly after the surrender on 11 -November. Only light tanks were brought ashore in assault craft; -the medium tanks were unloaded in the port of Safi until D plus -2 and headed north toward Casablanca.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_029a" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_029a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">RADAR SETS NEAR CASABLANCA. This type of set was part of the -equipment of the invading forces. By the end of December 1942, -fifteen of these units were in operation as part of the air -warning system of Casablanca. The searchlight automatically -followed planes tracked by the radar. The city was almost at the -maximum range of enemy bombers and was the target for few raids. -(Radar set SCR 268.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_029b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_030" style="max-width: 550px"> - <p class="p2 right">GIBRALTAR</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_030.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">WARSHIP PASSING THE ROCK OF GIBRALTAR. This fortress was -temporarily the Allied command post for <span class="smcap">Torch</span>. It was -the only area on the European mainland under Allied control. -Land-based aircraft did not take part in the beach assault -phase, but aircraft were staged at the Gibraltar airport for -take-off for Africa as soon as airfields there were captured. A -U. S. fighter group equipped with British Spitfires landed near -Oran about noon on D Day and aided in the fighting there; other -planes flew to Algiers.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_031a" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_031a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE BEACH OF LES ANDALOUSES, west of Oran (top). The landings -here were unopposed. Eastern part of Oran harbor (bottom). Early -on 8 November two British ships (ex-U. S. Coast Guard cutters), -carrying about 400 U. S. soldiers, entered the port between the -moles shown in the distance. The ships came under point-blank -fire from French naval vessels in the harbor and from shore -batteries. They returned the fire but were sunk with great loss -of life. When resistance in Oran ceased at noon on 10 November -the port was cluttered with ships either sunk by British naval -gunfire or sabotaged. Port installations had received only minor -damage and were quickly put to use.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_031b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_032" style="max-width: 551px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_032.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SUPPLIES ON THE BEACH OF LES ANDALOUSES ON D DAY. Most of the -Allied supply problems, both on the Atlantic side and in the -Mediterranean, were caused by destruction of landing craft. -About 95 percent were used during initial landings leaving -few reserves for the build-up. The large seaworthy LST’s -(landing ship, tank), which were to play a decisive role in all -subsequent landings, were introduced by the British in the Oran -area to carry light American tanks for beach landings.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_033a" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_033a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">UNLOADING SUPPLIES and laying prefabricated track on the beach -in the Golfe d’Arzeu east of Oran (top). Guarding French -and French colonial prisoners captured in the same vicinity -(bottom). The plan for the capture of Oran and near-by airfields -consisted of the frontal attack on the port itself and landings -on both sides of the city at Mersatbou Zedjar and Les Andalouses -west of Oran, and in the Golfe d’Arzeu east of Oran. Of the -beach landings, those at Arzeu were much the largest and -were made with little resistance. By afternoon of D Day all -opposition in the neighborhood had ceased. (Top picture: 3 LCM -(3)’s on beach; at center, offshore, is an LCM (1).)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_033b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_034a" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_034a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CAPTURED TRAIN AT SAINT-LEU ON THE GOLFE D’ARZEU. The railroad -from Casablanca to Tunis figured prominently in the planning of -the African invasion. If the forces on the Mediterranean coast -were to be cut off by sea, supplies could be carried by railroad -from Casablanca. During the fighting in Tunisia and the build-up -in Africa for the invasion of Europe, this railroad played an -important part. After its capture it was repaired and improved. -Locomotives and rolling stock were obtained from the United -States to speed delivery of supplies.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_034b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_035" style="max-width: 598px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_035.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TROOPS LOADING INTO ASSAULT CRAFT from transport prior to -landing near Algiers. With minor exceptions, the landing craft -were manned by Royal Navy personnel. Landings took place on -beaches on both sides of the city as well as in the port itself. -Although beach landings were not heavily opposed, one of the -two British destroyer-transports making a frontal attack on the -port had three boilers damaged by fire from shore but discharged -her load of U. S. troops on a dock at 0520, D Day. Some troops -were surrounded and taken to a French military prison, others -regained the ship before she was eventually driven off. The -hostilities here ceased the same day and the soldiers were set -free by the French. (On davits, center of photograph: LCP(R).)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_036" style="max-width: 595px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_036.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ALGIERS, THE MOST IMPORTANT OBJECT of the North African -invasion. The ultimate goals for the operation were Bizerte and -Tunis, but because of the land-based enemy aircraft in Sardinia, -Sicily, and southern Italy, it was decided to land no troops -farther east than Algiers until airports had been captured. -British-American elements at Algiers re-embarked for a movement -eastward to Bougie where they landed on 11 November. Bône was -captured the following day by British paratroopers dropped from -C-47’s and by seaborn forces from Bougie. From there the advance -toward Tunis started. Allied columns reached Djedeida, twelve -miles from Tunis, on 29 November 1942, but rapid enemy build-up -forced the Allies to abandon it on 13 December.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_037" style="max-width: 526px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_037.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE OVER ALGIERS AT NIGHT. The city suffered -practically no damage during the invasion. On the first evening -of its surrender it was bombed by enemy planes. This attack was -followed by many others, mostly aimed at the concentration of -shipping in the harbor. Damage was surprisingly small. Algiers -became Allied Force Headquarters (AFHQ).</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_038" style="max-width: 564px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_038.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FRENCH PRISONERS OF WAR CAPTURED DURING THE INVASION. The -prisoners were released shortly after the end of hostilities, -11 November, and from then on fought on the side of the Allies. -On 15 November orders were issued for the movement of French -troops, then at Algiers and Constantine, to protect the southern -flank of the American and British units advancing into Tunisia -along the northern coast. The French were reinforced by U. -S. troops, including tank destroyer units, and one of their -assigned missions was the protection of advanced airfields in -the Tébessa-Gafsa area.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_039" style="max-width: 567px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_039.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AVIATION ENGINEERS AT YOUKS-LES-BAINS lining up for mess. This -Algerian airfield near Tébessa and the Tunisian border was -occupied by U. S. paratroopers on 15 November 1942. It became -operational for P-38 fighter planes (Lockheed Lightnings) -shortly afterward. During the first few weeks there were no -provisions for landing after dark and on 21 November six P-38’s -crashed while trying to land in the evening. It was not an -improved field and there was no effective air-raid system. The -first warning of enemy aircraft was frequently the strafing -or bombing itself. When the rains started, operations were -drastically reduced by mud.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_040" style="max-width: 562px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_040.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">U. S. TANKERS HEATING THEIR C RATIONS, Spam and beans, over an -improvised stove at Souk el Arba, Tunisia. The Souk el Arba -area was taken by British paratroopers on 16 November. When -the attempt to advance to Tunis was officially abandoned on 24 -December, both sides started a race to build up strength for -the battle to come. The U. S. troops were at first committed -piecemeal in different sectors of the line as they arrived from -Algeria. Much of the Allied armor was obsolete and none of it -was on a par with the best German equipment. (General Grant tank -M3.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_041a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN TIGER TANK. This heavy tank was encountered early in the -campaign. The German High Command was particularly concerned -with the performance of the Tiger in the defense of Tunis. Its -high-velocity 88-mm. gun, equipped with a muzzle-brake, could -knock out Allied tanks before the latter could get within -effective range; and within range, Allied tank guns could not -penetrate its frontal armor. The Tiger sacrificed mobility for -armor and fire power. To avoid weak bridges, it was equipped -with telescopic air intake, exhaust extensions, and over-all -sealing that enabled it to cross rivers fifteen feet deep, -completely submerged on the bottom. The gun has a traverse of -360 degrees. Top picture is rear view of tank; bottom is front -view. (Tiger, Pz., Kpfw., gun 8.8-cm., Kw. K. 36.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_041b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_042a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN STUKA DIVE BOMBERS. These aircraft co-operated closely -with ground forces, bombing and strafing ahead of their own -advancing columns in addition to roaming behind the lines -disrupting traffic and creating confusion. The bombers could -operate successfully only where they had air superiority. In the -later stages of the Tunisia Campaign, as the Allies gained air -superiority, their effectiveness dwindled. The Germans turned a -number of these planes over to the Italians. Note Italian and -British markings in lower photograph. This Stuka was captured by -the British. (Dive bomber, German Stuka JU-87.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_042b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_043a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN FIGHTER PLANES. The primary mission of these planes was -to intercept and destroy bombers but they were also used for -strafing and fighter-bombing. The enemy used these types until -the end of the war. (Top, German Focke-Wulf 190; bottom, German -Messerschmitt 109.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_043b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 543px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_044.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CAMOUFLAGING MEDIUM BOMBER at Youks-les-Bains airfield. -Camouflaging for hiding purposes in olive groves or on rough -terrain was relatively successful; however, camouflaging an -aircraft on a flat, featureless landing field for hiding -purposes was not practical. Camouflaging was often practiced -to the extent of deceiving the enemy about the type or -serviceability of planes. Note that the bomber above is minus -both of its engines. (Martin B-26 Marauder.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 501px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_045.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">REMOVING FILM FROM FIGHTER PLANE after a reconnaissance flight. -This long-range plane was adapted for photographic work by -removing the armament and installing camera equipment instead. -(P-38.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 507px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_046.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LIGHT BOMBER, DOUGLAS A-20. This was a fast, versatile, and -heavily armed plane used for both bombing and strafing in -Tunisia, The American version was usually called the Havoc and -the British version, the Boston.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 491px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_047.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">HEAVY BOMBER, FLYING FORTRESS. This and the B-24 were the two -heavy U. S. four-engined bombers used in the Mediterranean area. -(Boeing B-17.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 606px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_048.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FAÏD PASS. This opening in the eastern mountain chain was -taken from a weak French garrison and held against U. S. and -French counterattacks, 30 January-2 February 1943. Just before -daylight, 14 February, very strong German forces came through -Faïd Pass and others came from south of the pass to drive -the Americans from positions to the west. The enemy cut off -and isolated three groups, on Djebel Ksaira and Garet Hadid -southwest of the pass, and Djebel Lessouda northwest of it. On -15 February, an American armored counterattack to relieve the -troops was made in strength far inferior to that required. Most -of the troops were captured trying to escape. On 17 February, -the American base at Sbeitla and the airfields at Thelepte were -evacuated, as all troops were pulled back into the western -mountain chain. The enemy then decided to continue his attack -toward the northwest.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_049a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE GENERAL GRANT TANK. These medium tanks were of the riveted -hull type, later models having cast or welded armor, and were -equipped with either a short-barreled (top) or long-barreled -(bottom) 75-mm. gun. Principal armament was the 75-mm. cannon, -in a right-hand sponson, capable of being swung in an arc -of about 30 degrees. The entire tank would often have to be -turned to bring the gun to bear. In a hull-down position only -the secondary gun, the 37-mm. cannon in the turret, could be -fired. The silhouette of the M3 was much higher than that of -corresponding German tanks.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_049b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_050a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CAPTURED GERMAN ARMOR. The Mark IV medium tank (top) was -equipped with a 75-mm. cannon of higher velocity and range -than any of the Allied tank guns then in use. It was generally -superior to Allied tanks and was probably the best tank the -enemy had until the Panther made its appearance in Italy, 1944. -The Mark IV was used until the end of the war. The eight-wheeled -armored car with a 75-mm. howitzer (bottom) was equipped with -quite thin armor which was so well angled that machine gun -bullets and small fragments were not effective against it. It -could be steered from both ends and had a speed of slightly more -than thirty miles an hour. (German medium tank Mark IV (Pz. -Kpfw. IV); German armored vehicle, 7.5-cm. howitzer.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_050b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 550px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_051.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">KASSERINE PASS AREA. The enemy broke out of the pass on 20 -February 1943. On the 21st he headed toward Tébessa and Thala. -The attack on Tébessa was halted; the main attack toward Thala -made some progress. A British armored force, with heavy losses -in tanks and men, delayed the enemy until U. S. artillery -got into position. On the 22d the enemy pounded the defenses -of Tébessa and Thala unsuccessfully. Allied planes attacked -the enemy near Thala, and in the evening the Germans started -to withdraw. The Kasserine push was the high point of enemy -fortunes in Tunisia.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 505px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_052.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LOADING A TOWED HOWITZER. This gun was designed to give close -support to the infantry. The picture was made during the -February fight in Kasserine Pass (105-mm. howitzer M2.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_053a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GENERAL SHERMAN TANK TOWING DISABLED HALF-TRACK at Sidi bou -Zid (top). This tank gradually replaced the M3 (General Grant) -in Tunisia. Its principal weapon was the 75-mm. cannon. Its -turret could traverse an arc of 360 degrees in contrast to the -sponson-mounted gun on the General Grant with a traverse of -about 30 degrees. Reconnaissance party at Kasserine Pass on the -Kasserine-Thala road (bottom). The enemy came up this road on -his attack through the pass and stopped just before reaching -Thala after indications of increasing Allied strength. (Medium -tank M4.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_053b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_054a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN ARMOR. The Mark III medium tank (top), the standard -German tank in Tunisia, had a high-velocity 50-mm. cannon which -could penetrate the frontal armor of U. S. light tanks at a -thousand yards and the frontal and side armor of the General -Grant at five hundred and one thousand yards respectively. The -75-mm. antitank and assault gun (bottom), mounted on the same -chassis as the Mark III tank, was encountered early in the -Tunisian campaign. Its high-velocity gun was more than a match -for any of the Allied tanks. Its low silhouette, characteristic -of most German armor, made it difficult to detect and hard to -hit. The prototypes of both these vehicles existed in Germany in -1936 and were used until the end of the war.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_054b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_055a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ITALIAN MEDIUM TANKS LEFT BEHIND AT KASSERINE PASS. This model -was the backbone of the Italian armor in Tunisia. By Allied -standards it was inferior in practically every respect, but it -was the best the Italians had. (Italian medium tank M13/40 with -47-mm. cannon.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_055b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_056.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">U. S. LIGHT TANK, captured by the Germans. The main weapon of -this tank was the 37-mm. gun. Its armor was light and riveted -together as was the armor on the first models of the medium -tanks. A glancing shell could rip off the outside heads of the -rivets and send the rivets ricocheting through the interior of -the tank with the velocity of bullets. Note German markings on -this vehicle. (U. S. light tank M3.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_057a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">U. S. TANK DESTROYERS. The combination truck and 37-mm. antitank -gun (top) could not stand up against any type of armor the enemy -had. The tank destroyer (bottom) was introduced in Tunisia -after the Kasserine fight. The chassis was that of the General -Sherman tank, the gun having a higher velocity than that of -comparable Allied tank guns. The first time it saw action was in -the vicinity of Maknassy during the middle of March 1943. The -village of Maknassy was occupied by U. S. forces on 22 March -1943.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_057b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_058a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">U. S. HALF-TRACK USED AS A MOBILE ANTIAIRCRAFT UNIT (top). AA -units like this cut down the effectiveness of the Stuka dive -bombers. Half-tracks proved practical for many purposes not -originally intended. First designed as a cavalry scout car, it -became, with modifications, a gun carriage mounting anything -from a 37-mm. cannon to a 105-mm. howitzer, a personnel carrier, -an ambulance, or just a truck. The standard half-track had armor -protecting the crew. Long Tom or 155-mm. rifle towed by standard -caterpillar (bottom). This was the heaviest piece of Allied -artillery used during the Tunisia Campaign. (Top: multiple-gun -motor carriage with 37-mm. cannon and .50-caliber water-cooled -Browning machine gun.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_058b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 593px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_059.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">U. S. ARMOR NEAR EL GUETTAR IN CENTRAL TUNISIA. In foreground is -a radio-equipped half-track personnel carrier, in background a -75-mm. gun motor carriage M3. The latter, lightly armored, was -an antitank vehicle with great mobility. The enemy developed -a healthy respect for the hit-and-run tactics of U. S. forces -using this weapon. The vehicle would wait until enemy armor came -within range, get off as many shells as possible, and withdraw. -U. S. forces pushed eastward from the Gafsa area to draw enemy -units from the Mareth Line then under attack by the British. On -23 March 1943 severe fighting broke out southeast of El Guettar -and a German armored division was repulsed by U. S. forces with -heavy tank losses to the enemy.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 538px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_060.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LOADING A HOWITZER. This was the 1918 Schneider model equipped -with highspeed carriage. The action shown above took place -during the enemy counterattack starting on 23 March 1943 east of -El Guettar. Although the enemy attack was stopped, U. S. advance -toward the coast halted for several days. During this action -Allied fighters and light bombers accounted for much damage done -to enemy armor and other vehicles along the Gafsa-Gabès road -east of El Guettar. (155-mm. howitzer.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 582px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_061.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY NEAR EL GUETTAR. After the enemy attack in this area on -23 March, the front became almost stabilized until the British -Eighth Army broke through Oued el Akarit defenses along the -coast north of Gabès on the night of 6–7 April. The junction -between the forces fighting in Tunisia and the British Eighth -Army from the Middle East took place on the Gafsa-Gabès road on -7 April when a U. S. armored reconnaissance unit made contact -with elements of the British army. The British Eighth Army had -started its drive westward from El Alamein in Egypt on the -night of 23–24 October 1942 and when the junction was made had -traveled about 1,500 miles.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 588px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_062.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE FAMOUS GERMAN EIGHTY-EIGHT. The original weapon, an Austrian -88-mm. cannon, was used in World War I. Restrictions imposed -by the Allies after that war limited German experimentation on -conventional offensive artillery but not on defensive artillery -such as antiaircraft types (in photograph). With different -sets of aiming fire instruments this antiaircraft gun could be -used as an antitank gun or a conventional piece of artillery. -It was tested as an antiaircraft gun under battle conditions -during the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Encountered throughout the -war in increasing numbers, it was probably the most effective -all-around piece of artillery the Germans had. (Left: 8.8-cm. -Flak 36; right: 8.8-cm. Flak 18.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_063a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN ANTITANK GUNS. These guns, effective against Allied -armor, fired armor-piercing shells loaded with high-explosive -fillers designed to burst inside the armor and to set the -tank on fire. Antitank gun (top) could penetrate the armor of -any Allied tank, front, side, or rear. Both U. S. and British -armor-piercing shells were solid and did not fire the tanks; -thus the Germans were able to salvage damaged armored equipment -to a greater extent than were the Allies. It was not until well -into the Italian campaign that armor-piercing shells equipped -with fuzes and high-explosive fillers became available to Allied -forces. (Top: German antitank gun, 7.5-cm. Pak. 40; bottom: -German antitank gun, 5-cm. Pak. 38.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_063b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 553px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_064.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN SIX-BARRELED ROCKET LAUNCHER. This weapon fired -high-explosive, incendiary or smoke rockets and was light enough -to be moved with ease. The screaming sound of the rockets had -an adverse psychological effect on troops at the receiving end -and the rockets were nicknamed “screaming meemies.” Artillery -sound-ranging equipment could not locate the rocket launchers -because firing did not cause a report. The enemy used this type -of weapon until the end of the war. (15-cm. Nebelwerfer, 41.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_065.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SHERMAN TANK WITH “SCORPION” ATTACHMENT, detonating mines during -a test. The Scorpion was a revolving drum with chains attached -(insert); when in motion it acted as a flail and could clear -a path through a mine field for infantry and other tanks to -follow. It was developed by the British and used extensively by -them in desert warfare.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 553px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_066.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE S-MINE. This German antipersonnel mine was used profusely -and very effectively in Tunisia. It was nicknamed the Bouncing -Betty because when stepped on it would bounce a few feet in the -air before a secondary fuze set off the main explosive charge -scattering some three hundred steel balls in all directions. -The suspected presence of these mines naturally retarded troop -movements during an advance. When retreating, the enemy would -frequently use this mine to booby-trap buildings, dugouts or -equipment left behind.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 606px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_067.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DJEBEL TAHENT IN NORTHERN TUNISIA, known as Hill 609. The -British Eighth Army advancing northward along the coast replaced -the U. S. II Corps in the Gafsa-Gabès area in April 1943. -The corps then moved northward about 150 miles and went into -position from Béja to Cap Serrat. French forces along this -coast came under U. S. II Corps, which advanced in two groups, -a northern wing astride the Sedjenane road and a southern wing -along the Béja road, both converging on Mateur. The hill shown -above was a natural fortress blocking the approach to the plains -of Mateur. On 28 April 1943 artillery pounded enemy positions -and on the next day the infantry attack started. After a -three-day infantry fight, supported by tanks, the hill fell on 1 -May.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 559px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_068.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">JEFNA AREA, LOOKING EAST TO THE PLAINS OF MATEUR. The Jefna -position, on the Sedjenane-Mateur road, was one of the strongest -German defenses in northern Tunisia and included two heavily -fortified hills commanding the road to Mateur: Djebel Azag -(Green Hill) on the north and Djebel el Ajred (Bald Hill) on the -south. On 13 April 1943, U. S. forces relieved the British and -took positions on both sides of the road and the mountains along -the valley. The fight for the two hills lasted until 3 May when -the Jefna positions were outflanked by U. S. and French forces -advancing toward Bizerte and the Mateur plain north of Jefna.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_069a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY AND ARMOR ADVANCING ON MATEUR. After the fall of Hill -609 the enemy pulled back leaving the road to Mateur open. This -small village in the middle of a plain was the center of enemy -road communications in the U. S. zone of attack. Its occupation -on 3 May opened the way for the advance on Bizerte, the main -objective of the U. S.-French drive. (Bottom: General Sherman -M4A1.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_069b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_070a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN SIEBEL FERRIES. These diesel-powered, ponton-raft ferries -were used to transport supplies from Italy and Sicily. They -usually traveled in convoys and were often heavily armed with -88-mm. antiaircraft guns when moving toward Tunisia as well as -with the lighter protection which they retained for the return -trip. Of shallow draft, they could unload directly onto the -beach, a factor which became especially important after the -Allies had gained control of the air and subjected the Tunisian -ports to severe bombing.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_070b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 562px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_071.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN TRANSPORT PLANES, JU-52, under fire from Allied aircraft. -Toward the end of the Tunisia Campaign, the Germans received -reinforcements by air from southern Italy and Sicily, using -several hundred transports in daylight flights. The Allies -gradually built up a force of planes within striking distance of -the Sicilian straits and on 5 April the planned attack on the -aerial ferry service started. By the 22d the enemy had lost so -many planes that daylight operations were discontinued; however, -some key personnel and a limited amount of emergency supplies -were flown in by night. (Upper left: medium bomber B-25.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 529px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_072.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LA GOULETTE WITH TUNIS IN DISTANCE. These two cities fell to the -British on 7 May. The port of Tunis had been heavily damaged -by Allied bombers, but damage in the city itself was small. -La Goulette, at the entrance to the channel leading to Tunis, -housed oil storage and general ship repair facilities which were -put to immediate use by the Allies.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 516px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRENCH MOROCCO</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_073.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TRANSPORT TAKING OFF from a field in French Morocco for the -Middle East. After the conquest of most of North Africa a string -of airports became available. While the fighting in Tunisia -was still going on, regular flights between the west coast of -Africa, the Middle East, and India were being established. -(Douglas C-54.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_074.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BIZERTE, THE MAIN OBJECTIVE of the French and U. S. forces of II -Corps, fell on 7 May. Bizerte’s harbor and the important naval -repair facilities at near-by Ferryville were to play important -parts in future operations in the Mediterranean. The enemy had -blocked the channel to the inner harbor by sinking ships at -the entrance and had destroyed most of the port facilities not -already wrecked by Allied bombings. The port, however, became -operational a few days after capture; ships and supplies were -assembled here for the invasion of Sicily. Insert shows some of -the ships a few days before that invasion.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_076.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ENEMY PRISONERS NEAR MATEUR. Allied troops took 252,415 -prisoners, together with large quantities of equipment and -supplies, when the enemy surrendered in Tunisia on 13 May 1943. -Because of Allied air and naval superiority the enemy was unable -to evacuate his troops. Of those captured, the Germans were -among the finest and best trained troops the enemy had and he -could ill afford to lose them.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 556px"> - <p class="p2 right">EN ROUTE TO NORTH AFRICA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_077.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TROOP QUARTERS IN THE HOLD OF A TRANSPORT. After the fall of -French Morocco and Algeria and while the fighting in Tunisia -continued, men and supplies poured into the Mediterranean for -use in Tunisia and in the assaults on Sicily and Italy. Bunks -were placed in tiers everywhere possible in the transports. The -convoy traveled blacked out, with port holes closed. Because -of the overcrowded conditions, seasickness was practically -universal during the first few days out of port. The men spent -as much time as possible on deck.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 559px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_078.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ARMY POST OFFICE AT ORAN. Mail from home was probably the most -important of all morale factors and usually had first priority -in spite of the fact that it occupied valuable shipping space -needed for materials of war. Cargo space was saved with the -V-Mail system by which letters were written on a special form, -photographed on 16-mm. film at certain centers in the country -of origin, then printed overseas. To encourage its use, V-Mail -was sent by the fastest means available. Letters from men in the -services, other than those by regular air mail, were sent free -of charge.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 502px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_079.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY MEN IN TRAINING NEAR ORAN. Training centers for all -arms were opened in French Morocco and Algeria soon after the -end of hostilities there in November 1942.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 514px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_080.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PARACHUTE TROOPS CHECKING EQUIPMENT before boarding planes for -practice jump. These troops were essentially infantrymen and -were armed with infantry weapons. Their boots, higher than the -infantry shoes, were constructed to give ankles a maximum amount -of protection when landing.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 504px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_081.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PARATROOPERS DURING TRAINING JUMP. Light artillery, food, and -light vehicles were dropped separately with different colored -parachutes, or came in by glider.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 551px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_082.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DOUGLAS C-47 TRANSPORT TOWING GLIDER. The gliders carried -both men and equipment and could be landed in almost any flat -pasture. The C-47 aircraft—the work horse of the war—was -similar to the commercial DC-3, a standard type passenger -carrier in the United States for some years prior to the -war. The C-47, unarmed, was used during the war for carrying -personnel and cargo of all sorts, towing gliders, dropping -parachute troops, and parachuting supplies to isolated units and -equipment to partisans behind enemy lines. The British called it -the Dakota.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 506px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_083.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AIRBORNE TROOPS loading a 75-mm. pack howitzer into a cargo -glider during training. Although this form of air transport was -not used during the hostilities in northwest Africa, it was -employed in subsequent operations based in North Africa.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_084.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TESTING A WATERPROOFED SHERMAN TANK on an African beach. These -tanks were intended to go, during an assault, onto the beach -with the infantry whenever possible. The main body of tanks -would follow on LST’s as soon as the beachhead had been secured. -The follow-up tanks, landed from the ship via ponton piers -directly to shore, were not normally waterproofed. (Sherman tank -M4A1.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_085a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LEND-LEASE EQUIPMENT FOR THE FRENCH ARMY. Lockheed fighter plane -(top) and Sherman tank (bottom). In January 1943, it was agreed -that the United States would equip the French divisions formed -from units then in North Africa, but comparatively little modern -equipment became available for them in Tunisia until the summer -of 1943. (P-38; Sherman tank M4.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_085b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 551px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_086.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FRENCH TROOPS RECEIVING INSTRUCTIONS ON U. S. EQUIPMENT, in this -case on the 105-mm. high-explosive shell. During the summer of -1943 shipments of arms and equipment for the French arrived -in North African ports in increasing volume. Training was -accelerated and by the end of the year two fully equipped French -divisions were fighting side by side with the Americans and -British in Italy. As more equipment became available, additional -French divisions were sent to the front.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 493px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_087.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">QUARTERMASTER DUMP AT ORAN. Foodstuffs, stored in the open -sometimes for months, suffered very little in spite of the hot -African sun.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 511px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_088.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FREIGHTER BURNING IN THE HARBOR OF ALGIERS. The cause of the -fire was not determined. While air raids on Algiers caused -little damage to shipping and military installations, serious -accidents and fires, some of which aroused suspicion of -sabotage, were not infrequent.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_089a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">WAACS WITH FULL FIELD EQUIPMENT arriving at a North African -port. The bill establishing the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps -(WAAC) became effective on 14 May 1942 and on 1 July 1943 a -bill changing the status of the corps from an auxiliary serving -with the Army to a component of the Army, Women’s Army Corps -(WAC), became law. Most WAC duties in North Africa were of an -administrative nature in offices of the various headquarters. -Members of the Corps also worked in communications or other -activities that could be handled as efficiently by women as by -men.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_089b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 495px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_090.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AIR FORCE MEN AT BREAKFAST IN THE DESERT. The mornings were -often cold even in the summer and the men wore their heavy -leather jackets.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 518px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_091.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">REPAIRING MOTOR OF A HEAVY BOMBER, the Boeing Flying Fortress. -The sand and dust of the desert were hard on engines of all -kinds. On the nose of the plane, swastikas indicate number -of enemy aircraft shot down and bombs show number of bombing -missions flown. (B-17.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 576px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_092.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CREW OF A HEAVY BOMBER before taking off on a mission. During -the first few months after the landings, the Allied air forces -were handicapped in their operations from North African bases -through lack of suitable airfields. The lack of all-weather -facilities such as hard-surfaced runways, taxiways, and -hard-stands was particularly serious in the rainy winter season -of 1942–43. In the area from the Atlantic coast of Morocco -to the Tunisian border, there were only four air bases with -any kind of hard-surfaced runways: Port-Lyautey, north of -Casablanca; Tafaraoui, near Oran; Maison Blanche at Algiers; and -the Bone airfield on the coast near the Tunisian border. (B-24.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ALGERIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_093a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DIGGING OUT A MIRED FLYING FORTRESS from the mud of a North -African bomber base.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_093b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 566px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_094.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BOMBING THE RAILROAD YARDS IN ROME on 19 July 1943. Note bombs -bursting in railroad area at top of picture. More than 500 heavy -and medium bombers from bases in North Africa took part in the -first bombing of Rome. The heavy bombers concentrated on the -yards in the city and suburbs while the medium bombers attacked -airfields on the outskirts. Every precaution was taken to bomb -only targets of military significance. The crews had been -especially selected and carefully briefed and trained for this -mission, with the result that few bombs fell outside the target -area.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 535px"> - <p class="p2 right">IRAN</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_095.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE PORT OF KHORRAMSHAHR, one of two Iranian ports operated by -the United States, the other being Bandar Shahpur. These ports -served for entry of lend-lease supplies en route to the USSR. -By the fall of 1942, ports, highways, and railroads in Iran -were sufficiently ready to handle increased traffic over the -route through the Persian Gulf. The U. S. Army also operated the -lighterage port of the Cheybassi in Iraq.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 582px"> - <p class="p2 right">IRAN</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_096.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE PORT OF BANDAR SHAHPUR on the Persian Gulf. The voyage from -New York around South Africa to the Persian Gulf ports averaged -70 days. When the Mediterranean route became available in 1943, -the time was shortened to 42 days. This port, built on swampy -land where the river Jarrahi empties into the gulf, has a -semitropical climate. Both here and at Khorramshahr much of the -work was done at night, and even then the temperature was around -a hundred degrees Fahrenheit from March until October. The area -is subject to torrential rains in winter. Docking space at both -ports was often insufficient to accommodate all ships waiting to -be unloaded, which necessitated the use of lighters.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">IRAN</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_097a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TRUCK CONVOYS WITH SUPPLIES FOR RUSSIA. From the ports on the -Persian Gulf, shipments went to Kazvin and Tehran by road -and rail. From these points movements were regulated by the -Russians. During the entire period of active operations, from -August 1942 to May 1945, more than 5,000,000 long tons of -lend-lease cargo were moved through the Persian Corridor to -Russia. The greatest monthly movement of freight through the -corridor took place in July 1944, when approximately 282,000 -long tons were delivered. The bulk of this total was moved by -rail, the rest by truck and air.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_097b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">IRAN</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_098a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE MAIN RAILROAD STATION AT TEHRAN (top) and freight train -loaded with tanks bound for Tehran (bottom). U. S. troops -from early 1943 operated the southern sector of the Iranian -State Railway and the two Iranian ports. They constructed -additional roads, docks, and other installations, and continued -operation of aircraft and motor vehicle assembly plants. Diesel -locomotives and rolling stock were brought in from the United -States in large numbers.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_098b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 530px"> - <p class="p2 right">IRAN</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_099.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DELOUSING NATIVE WORKERS with DDT powder at Camp Atterbury, -Tehran. At the peak as many as 40,000 native workers were -employed by the U. S. Army, the majority as unskilled labor. -American responsibility for moving supplies to the USSR led to -the separation of the Persian Gulf activities of the U. S. Army -Forces in the Middle East and the establishment of a separate -organization called the Persian Gulf Command.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">IRAN</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_100a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">QUALEH MORGEH AIRPORT AT TEHRAN. This was jointly occupied by -U. S. and Russian air forces. Top picture shows a Douglas C-47 -transport and a B-24 bomber. Bottom picture shows a detachment -of Russian soldiers marching past U. S. transport planes.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_100b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 508px"> - <p class="p2 right">IRAN</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_101.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">RUSSIAN PILOTS arriving at Abadan Airport, Iran. This airport, -on an island in the Shatt al Arab near the head of the Persian -Gulf, was the main assembly field for U. S. planes going to the -Soviet Union through the Persian Corridor.</p> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span></p> - -<p class="center xl p2">SICILY, CORSICA, AND SARDINIA</p> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span></p> -</div> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_104.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION II<br /> -<span class="subhed">Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia</span></h2></div> - -<p>The decision to assault Sicily was made by the Chiefs of Staff at -Casablanca in January 1943. After the conclusion of the Tunisia -Campaign, plans were completed and preparations for the attack were -accelerated (Operation <span class="smcap">Husky</span>). The island of Pantelleria, -located between North Africa and Sicily, occupied mainly by Italian -troops, was bombarded by Air Forces and Navy units and fell on 11 June. -Troops for the invasion were embarked from the United States, United -Kingdom, Algeria, Tunisia, and the Middle East.</p> - -<p>On the night before D Day, a high wind of near gale proportions was -encountered as the convoys approached their rendezvous. Shortly after H -Hour, 10 July, airborne landings, although scattered by the high wind, -were to some extent successful in their effect on our beach assault. -Three hours after the landing, beachheads were established from Licata -to Scoglitti by the Americans and from Capo Passero to Syracuse by the -British.</p> - -<p>Despite the problem of supply during the first two days, by 12 July the -Allied armies had seized the port of Syracuse and ten other Sicilian -towns in addition to several airfields. By the 23d, American tanks and -infantry, driving across the western end of the island, took the key -port of Palermo. The enemy, in the east, lodged in rugged mountain -terrain, offered stiff resistance.</p> - -<p>On 25 July King Victor Emmanuel III had announced the resignation of -Premier Benito Mussolini and his cabinet, thereby exposing the weakness -of fascist Italy. Italian resistance had crumbled and in August the -German army started to withdraw to the mainland across the Strait of -Messina.</p> - -<p>The British Eighth Army succeeded in taking Catania on the east coast -early in August, and Messina was entered by both American and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span> British -units on the 16th. All organized resistance ceased on 17 August after -thirty-nine days of fighting.</p> - -<p>Allied Force Headquarters’ plan for the occupation of Corsica and -Sardinia was confirmed at the Quebec conference held in August 1943. -After the withdrawal of the German forces from Sardinia, the island -fell into Allied hands without a struggle. The French army, given -the mission of taking Corsica, met only slight resistance from the -retreating German troops in October 1943.</p> - -<p>Air bases established on both islands provided air coverage for future -operations in northern Italy and southern France.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 523px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_107.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY MEN WITH FULL EQUIPMENT boarding ship for the invasion -of Sicily. Extra clothing and personal effects were carried in -the unmanageable barracks bag. The only satisfactory way to -carry this bag was over the shoulder, an impossible feat for a -man with a pack on his back. Later the bag was redesigned; a -shoulder strap and a handle on the side were added. It was then -called a duffel bag.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 566px"> - <p class="p2 right">TUNISIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_108.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MEN MARCHING ABOARD LANDING CRAFT IN BIZERTE HARBOR. This port -was one of the embarkation points for the invasion of Sicily, an -island strategically important because its geographic location -between Africa and Italy almost divides the Mediterranean Sea in -two. In order to travel from one end of the Mediterranean to the -other it was necessary to pass through the ninety-mile strait -between Sicily and Tunisia. With Sicily in enemy hands, control -of this strait was divided and enemy aircraft and submarines -interfered with Allied shipping to the Middle East. (Landing -craft, infantry, large, LCI (L).)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 501px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_109.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FLYING FORTRESS BOMBING ENEMY INSTALLATIONS in Sicily. For weeks -prior to the invasion of the island, airfields, rail lines, and -ports had been under aerial bombardment by Allied planes. Note -black antiaircraft bursts.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_110a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">RESULT OF AERIAL BOMBARDMENT ON NAPOLA RAILROAD YARD, near -Trapani in western Sicily. By the time of invasion the railroad -net on the island was crippled and remained so throughout the -campaign.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_110b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 527px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_111.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PARATROOPERS HEADED FOR SICILY. On 9 July 1943 U. S. -paratroopers boarded their transports at Kairouan, Tunisia. They -were scheduled to land at 2330 on that day, but a forty-mile -wind blew the planes from their course, and parachutists -were strewn over a large part of southeastern Sicily, but -nevertheless aided in retarding the German counterattack against -the beachheads. (Douglas C-47.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_112.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GELA BEACH, SICILY. The invasion of the island took place on 10 -July 1943. Gela was the center of the American invasion area -which extended from Licata on the west to Scoglitti on the east. -The British Army landed in the region between Capo Passero and -Syracuse on the east coast of the island. Beach landings in both -areas were preceded by airborne assaults. By sunrise, three -hours after the first landings, the beaches were under control.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 512px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_114.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LICATA BEACHES, LOOKING WESTWARD ALONG THE COAST. The highway in -the foreground is the main coastal road. This was the western -portion of the U. S. assault area and Licata, located at the -foot of the hill in the distance, was occupied by 1130 on D Day.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 503px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_115.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SCOGLITTI, in the eastern section of the U. S. invasion area. -Troops landed here against little opposition and occupied the -important town of Vittoria, a few miles inland, on D Day.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 514px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_116.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AN AMERICAN CRUISER SHELLING DEFENSES in the Gela beach area -during the early morning of D Day. The naval bombardment, -which started at 0345, silenced the few coastal batteries that -protected the beaches. Large-scale enemy resistance on the -beaches did not materialize during the landings.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 503px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_117.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ALLIED SHIPS UNDER AERIAL BOMBARDMENT. At daybreak on D Day -enemy air forces launched a series of bombing and strafing -attacks on the ships offshore and on the troops along the -beaches.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 518px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_118.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">U. S. AMMUNITION SHIP EXPLODING as result of a direct hit by an -enemy bomb during the late afternoon of 11 July 1943. The ship -burned throughout the night, furnishing a brilliant beacon for -enemy aircraft. The Allies made several attempts to sink the -ship, but the water was too shallow.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 501px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_119.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LOWERING LANDING CRAFT OFF GELA BEACH. Troops boarded the -craft after it was afloat. (Foreground, landing craft, -vehicle-personnel, LCVP; background, LCM.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_120a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY LANDING ON GELA BEACH (top). Unloading equipment and -supplies from LCVP’s (bottom); in the background are two LST’s. -The sea ran so high during the morning of the landings that many -craft were washed up on the beach and could not be refloated in -time for turn-around to mother ships. (LCVP in top picture.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_120b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 555px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_121.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">A BATTERY OF ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS being unloaded from an L S T, -the largest type landing craft used during the operation. The -prototype of the landing ship, tank, was built by the British -and used in the invasion of North Africa. The LST shown is a -seagoing ship. Its payload was from 1,600 to 1,900 tons of which -400 tons were deck-loaded. The ship could carry on each side -sectional ponton ramps for inaccessible landings (in use above). -The first three vehicles are 6-ton 6 x 6 prime mover trucks. -(90-mm. guns.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_122a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LANDING CRAFT ON BEACH. Top picture from left to right: LCI, -LCM, and LCVP; on beach is a ¼-ton 4 x 4 truck, jeep. Bottom -picture: in middle distance is LST, with bow doors open, ramp -down, and unloading onto a sectional ponton ramp; in the -foreground are two LCT’s. (The LCI (L) (1-350) was an infantry -carrier with side ramps which could be lowered for unloading -directly on the beach. It carried a crew of 3 officers and 21 -men.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_122b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_123a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">A LOADED DUKW COMING ASHORE ON THE BEACH (top). Prisoners loaded -in a DUKW waiting to be evacuated (bottom). This amphibian -truck, the DUKW, was one of the planned surprises of the -operation. Until ports were captured and prepared for use, this -means of moving all types of fighting equipment from ship to -shore helped to solve a very pressing problem. (The term DUKW -is the manufacturer’s (GMC) code serial number which has no -meaning. The resemblance to the word duck and the purpose for -which this vehicle was used quickly brought about the common -name “duck.”)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_123b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 489px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_124.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AN LST DECK-LOADED WITH MEN AND EQUIPMENT off Gela awaiting -signal to approach the beach, while a U. S. cruiser fires on an -enemy strong point.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_125a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TROOPS ON THE BEACH. During the landing (top) and while -troops were moving inland (bottom), the beaches were strafed -sporadically. At one time, during the German tank-supported -counterattack on D plus 1 in the Gela area, it looked as if the -U. S. forces might be pushed back into the sea. (Top picture, -left to right, center of beach, LCV, LCVP; offshore, LCVP. -Bottom, a truck towing a 105-mm. howitzer is pulled through the -sand by a diesel tractor with angledozer.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_125b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 511px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_126.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">WOUNDED ARRIVING ON BOARD A TRANSPORT. During the first days -of the invasion the seriously wounded were brought back to -transports equipped with surgical and medical facilities. These -ships would then deliver the wounded to base hospitals in -Africa.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 511px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_127.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FLYING AMBULANCE. As soon as airfields had been captured many of -the U. S. wounded were evacuated by planes to hospitals in North -Africa. The Douglas C-47 transport was generally used for this -purpose. Medical personnel accompanied wounded.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 527px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_128.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FIRING A HOWITZER INTO ENEMY POSITIONS on the road to Palermo. -After securing the beaches the U. S. forces drove to the west -and north and began the advance on Messina along the north coast -road. Palermo, one of the most important ports in Sicily, fell -to U. S. forces on 22 July 1943. (75-mm. howitzer motor carriage -T30 with a .50-caliber antiaircraft gun mounted in rear.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_129.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">HALF-TRACK DETOURING THROUGH A SIDE STREET. When the enemy -retreated through the Sicilian villages he would often blow up -buildings on both sides of the main street, thus blocking the -passage for vehicles. If he had time he would also mine and -booby-trap the road and ruins. (The 75-mm. gun motor carriage -M3 was the first standardized American self-propelled antitank -weapon used in World War II.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_130a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TROINA. View from the northwest with Mt. Etna in the background. -The town is located on top and around the base of the hill in -the center of horizon line (top). View from Troina toward the -northwest showing Highway 120 winding over the hills to Cerami -(upper left corner) (bottom). Troina lies at the junction of -Highway 120 and the road to Adrano and Paterno. The U. S. -Seventh Army took Troina on 6 August after some of the fiercest -fighting of the campaign.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_130b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_131a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ENEMY ARTILLERY. At top is the famous German 88-mm. gun. The -pillbox in the background was sited to fire both toward the -sea and along the road. The coast of the island was ringed -with pillboxes, some of which had not been completed at the -time of the invasion. The self-propelled gun (bottom) of -Italian manufacture is a 90-mm. cannon. It was used in North -Africa as well as in Sicily. (Top, German 8.8-cm. Flak 18 with -single-piece barrel; bottom, 90/53 Ansaldo self-propelled (SP) -gun on redesigned M 13/40 Ansaldo chassis.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_131b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 505px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_132.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">HALF-TRACK MOVING THROUGH A SICILIAN TOWN. The gun is a 75-mm. -howitzer M1A 1 used generally as an infantry support weapon. -(75-mm. howitzer motor carriage T30.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 515px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_133.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SELF-PROPELLED HOWITZER. This is the M7 howitzer motor carriage -mounting a 105-mm. howitzer which was used for high angle as -well as direct fire. The .50-caliber machine gun is mounted in a -raised pulpit-like structure which gave the vehicle the nickname -Priest. (Mounted on M3 tank chassis.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_134a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE LONG TOM. This was the largest U. S. piece of artillery in Sicily. -A 7½-ton 6 x 6 prime mover truck towing a gun into position (top). -Firing from a camouflaged position in an orchard (bottom). (155-mm. gun -with standard carriage.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_134b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 579px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_135.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">OBSERVING FIRE ON SICILIAN TOWN. The officer at right is in -telephone communication with the artillery command post. The -man in the center is using a battery commander’s telescope -(BC scope). U. S. field glasses and artillery sights of all -kinds were greatly improved by the end of the Tunisian fight. -Fine sand managed to work its way into the moving parts of -optical equipment, obscuring the image and interfering with the -mechanical operation. Moisture condensed on the inside of the -lens elements and, combined with dust, cut down the optical -effectiveness. Corrections were made by sealing the instruments -wherever possible and by placing a moisture-absorbing chemical -between the elements.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 491px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_136.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SHERMAN TANKS ENTERING PALERMO on the day the city surrendered, -22 July 1943.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 525px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_137.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE CITY OF PALERMO. The port had been damaged by Allied bombing -raids, and the Germans before withdrawing had demolished some -of the installations. After the arrival of U. S. troops the -port was quickly made serviceable and was used as a supply base -for troops advancing from here eastward along the coast toward -Messina. It was later used as one of the embarkation ports for -the invasion of Italy.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 526px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_138.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SIGNAL CORPS MEN REPAIRING COMMUNICATIONS LINES. Maintaining -communications and other public utilities behind the lines -were problems that fell within the scope of Allied Military -Government. In Sicily the U. S. Army was called upon to furnish -personnel and supplies, though native labor and materials were -used whenever possible.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 506px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_139.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SICILIAN CHILDREN RECEIVING CANDY FROM A SOLDIER. U. S. soldiers -were universally popular with children of all classes. The -individual soldier gave a good portion of his ration of sweets -and chewing gum to native children.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_140.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SCENE FROM THE NORTHERN COAST OF SICILY, looking toward the -west. At left is the San Fratello Ridge; at right is the -village of Acquedolci. The fight for the San Fratello Ridge was -unusually severe. Highway 113, the main axis of advance along -the north coast from Palermo to Messina, follows the shore here. -The enemy would blow the bridges, mine the approaches, and hold -the top of each mountain ridge as long as possible, and then -retreat behind the next ridge.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_142a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SAN FRATELLO RIDGE. Top: the ridge is in the upper left of the -picture, Torrente Furiano in the right foreground; bottom: view -of the ridge on Highway 113 from the northwest. San Fratello -Ridge was taken on 8 August after bitter enemy resistance.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_142b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 514px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_143.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CORONIA VALLEY, typical of the valleys separating the mountain -ridges along the northern coast. The valleys provided little -concealment from the enemy in position on top of the ridges. The -bridge spans were usually long and easily demolished. Note that -both highway and railroad bridges are blown in this picture.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 503px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_144.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PROBING FOR MINES AT A BRIDGE-CROSSING SITE. The mine detector -reacts to metal; whether the metal was a mine or a shell -fragment had to be determined by probing and digging, usually -with a bayonet. (Mine detector SCR 625.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 544px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_145.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BRIDGE BUILDING. In the valleys this task presented no -particular problem once the enemy had been chased off the -mountain ridge overlooking the bridge site. However, near -Messina, where the road in some places is hewn out of the cliffs -overhanging the sea, the problem was more difficult. The air -compressor (Le Roi) mounted on a 2½-ton truck (in picture above) -was used for operating power-driven saws, hammers, and drills.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 517px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_146.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BROLO BEACH ON THE NORTH COAST OF SICILY. This is one of the -several localities where U. S. forces made amphibious landings -behind the enemy lines. Highway 113 runs along the hills, the -railroad near the beach. The village of Brolo is at upper part -of picture. The landing was supported by aircraft and naval -gunfire.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 503px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_147.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ENGINEERS REPAIRING A BREAK IN HIGHWAY 113, on the north coast, -caused by German demolition. The locality is Capo Calavâ where -the road practically overhangs the sea.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 501px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_148.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MEDIC TREATING A BLISTER on an infantryman’s foot. Medical aid -men were present at the scene of every action. They were unarmed -and were identified by an arm band with a red cross, or a red -cross painted on the helmet, or both.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 555px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_149.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MEDICAL AID MAN GIVING BLOOD PLASMA TO A WOUNDED MAN. Plasma -was dried human blood that could be kept almost indefinitely -under ordinary conditions. It was prepared for use by adding -the required amount of triple-distilled water or a saline -solution containing the same amount of salt as whole human -blood. It was not as effective as whole blood, which retained -its effectiveness for a maximum of only twenty-one days when -properly stored and refrigerated. This made whole blood -difficult to keep and use under field conditions.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 579px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_150.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DIGGING A FOXHOLE IN AN OLIVE GROVE using a helmet as a shovel. -These holes provided excellent protection against shell and bomb -fragments. The steel helmet was used for a variety of purposes -besides protecting the head. It made a fine wash basin, was used -as a basket to carry post exchange items (paper bags were not -available), and practically everyone used it as a seat while -living in the field. In some cases it was used as a cooking -utensil in violation of regulations, as excessive heat took the -temper out of the steel, making it useless for the purpose for -which it was originally intended. (The soldier in picture is -wearing the fiber liner while he digs with the steel helmet M1.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 537px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_151.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">A GOUMIER OF FRENCH MOROCCO. The goumiers, generally called -goums by American soldiers, formed part of the French colonial -troops. Serving with the Americans in Tunisia, Sicily, Italy, -and southern France, they were greatly respected for their -fighting ability. (The term “goum” literally means “company,” -and a goumier is a member of an infantry company. Not all native -infantrymen, however, were known as goumiers, the term applying -only to soldiers of certain Moroccan tribes.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 493px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_152.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GOUMIERS ADVANCING ACROSS THE HILLS IN SICILY. Their specialty -was mountain fighting, and they used horses and mules to carry -supplies.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 530px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_153.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIERS STERILIZING MESS KITS AFTER EATING. When possible this -was done before and after every meal. Such procedure was of the -greatest importance in Sicily where sanitation as we know it was -little practiced among the population as a whole. In spite of -every precaution, dysentery of one kind or another was common -among Allied forces.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 483px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_154.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRYMAN TURNED MULE SKINNER.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 508px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_155.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PACK MULE. The interior and northern coast of Sicily were -mountainous and had few roads fit for vehicles. Mules often had -to be used to bring supplies to troops in forward areas.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_156.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FIELD BAKERY. The men in the picture above are using a British -oven which was built into a trailer. Field ovens of U. S. -troops were separate units and not built in trailer form. In -some instances U. S. troops obtained the British type oven when -previously stationed in the British Isles. Others obtained them -in America. Every attempt was made to vary the rations of the -troops, and fresh bread was baked when possible.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 567px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_157.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FLYING FORTRESS DURING BOMBING OF MESSINA. In the first two -weeks of August the enemy started to withdraw to Italy across -the narrow Strait of Messina under heavy bombing attacks. By -concentrating antiaircraft guns in and around Messina as a means -of combating these attacks, the Germans managed to ferry across -thousands of their first-line armored and airborne troops, but -much of their heavy equipment was left behind. U. S. patrols -entered the city from the west on 16 August 1943 while British -units entered from the south on the same day. The campaign had -lasted thirty-nine days.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 555px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_158.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">UNLOADING EQUIPMENT IN PALERMO. Even before the fighting -in Sicily had ended, the build-up for the invasion of -Italy started. The crane (left center) unloading pipe is a -truck-mounted crane M2. Designed to handle 240-mm. howitzer -materiel and 8-inch gun materiel in the field, it was a -six-wheeled type with power supplied to all wheels and capable -of accompanying convoy vehicles at a maximum speed of about -thirty miles per hour. It was also used to facilitate unloading -as above. The crew consisted of a chassis operator and a crane -operator.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_159a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SMOKE SCREEN OVER PALERMO HARBOR AREA. This port, within easy -reach of enemy bombers based in Italy, was subjected to air -raids during the build-up period before the invasion of the -mainland. The smoke screen obscured the port area and kept the -bombardiers from aiming at any specific target.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_159b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 505px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_160.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LST’S IN PALERMO HARBOR. The very low altitude barrage balloons -(above) protected the ships from dive-bombing attacks. They were -flown at different altitudes from day to day.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 490px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_161.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AMMUNITION DUMP NEAR PALERMO during the build-up for the -invasion of Italy.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 496px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_162.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GLIDER TRAINING FIELD IN SICILY. (Douglas C-47 transport with -CG-4 gliders.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 505px"> - <p class="p2 right">SICILY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_163.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MESSINA WITH THE ITALIAN MAINLAND ACROSS THE STRAIT. On 3 -September 1943 British and Canadians of the British Eighth Army -crossed this channel into Italy.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 529px"> - <p class="p2 right">SARDINIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_164.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE SINKING OF THE ITALIAN HEAVY CRUISER TRIESTE in Maddalena -harbor, Sardinia. The cruiser was sunk by twenty-four B-17’s -coming from bases in Africa, 10 April 1943. (Top picture: -cruiser within its protective antitorpedo net; center: salvo of -bombs landing on and near ship; bottom: this photograph was made -within the next few days and shows oil rising from the sunken -cruiser.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 542px"> - <p class="p2 right">SARDINIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_165.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SEAPLANE BASE. The planes are captured Italian seaplanes at -Cagliari on Sardinia. Sardinia was not invaded by U. S. forces, -but the Germans evacuated the island in September 1943. Shortly -thereafter the Allies started basing aircraft there, chiefly -medium bombers. The bases were within range of all central -Italy. (Top plane is an Italian Cant. Z-506-B Airone (Heron) -three-engined bomber torpedo reconnaissance seaplane. The planes -have British RAF markings added after capture.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 510px"> - <p class="p2 right">CORSICA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_166.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AIR CORPS PERSONNEL SETTING UP CAMP on the French island of -Corsica. On 14 September 1943, French commandos landed to help -patriots who were fighting the Germans. On 4 October the island -was in Allied hands, and soon thereafter the airfields were -being used as bases for fighters and medium bombers.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 512px"> - <p class="p2 right">CORSICA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_167.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BOMBARDMENT SQUADRON REPAIR TENT in Corsica, riddled by bomb -fragments. U. S. medium bombers based here ranged over all -northern Italy and southern France. Fields in Corsica were -within range of enemy planes based in the Po Valley, and were -bombed and strafed periodically.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">CORSICA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_168a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MALARIA CONTROL IN CORSICA. Throughout the Mediterranean -campaign, the malaria problem was ever present. Vigorous -measures were taken to eliminate the disease-carrying mosquito. -Douglas A-20 Havoc light-bomber (top) spreading Paris green dust -over swampland near an Allied military installation; (bottom) -refilling hopper of plane with dust.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_168b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span></p> - -<p class="center xl p2">ITALY</p> -</div> - -<p class="center">(9 September 1943–4 June 1944)</p> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 515px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_170.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION III<br /> -<span class="subhed">Italy</span></h2></div> - -<p class="center">(9 September 1943–4 June 1944)</p> - -<p>The Allied victory in Sicily helped to bring about the surrender of -Italy. The terms of the Italian surrender were signed on 3 September -1943 and announced on the night of the 8th. Allied troops received the -news on shipboard while under way to invade Italy. Fighting did not -cease with the surrender. Instead, the Germans took over the country -with troops on the spot and sent reinforcements. The defeat of the -Germans in Italy would strengthen Allied control over the Mediterranean -shipping lanes and would provide air bases closer to targets in Germany -and enemy-occupied territory. The Allied troops in Italy would also -engage enemy troops which might otherwise have been employed against -the Russians.</p> - -<p>On 3 September, elements of the British Eighth Army crossed into Italy -and advanced up the Italian toe in pursuit of the retreating Germans. -On 9 September the main assault was launched when an Anglo-American -force, part of the U. S. Fifth Army, landed on the beaches near -Salerno, south of Naples. Since the enemy had expected landings in the -vicinity of Naples and had disposed his forces accordingly, the Allies -encountered prompt and sustained resistance. By 15 September, however, -the Germans started to withdraw up the Italian Peninsula, pursued on -the west by the Fifth Army and on the east by the Eighth Army. The port -of Naples fell on 1 October and the Foggia airfields about the same -time.</p> - -<p>After crossing the Volturno River against stiff resistance, the -Allies advanced to the Winter Line seventy-five miles south of Rome. -In bitterly cold weather the troops slogged through mud and snow to -breach the series of heavy defenses and advanced to the Gustav Line. -In midJanuary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span> the main Fifth Army launched a new offensive across the -Rapido and Garigliano Rivers to pierce the Gustav Line and advance up -the Liri Valley toward Rome. Bridgeheads were secured across the rivers -and footholds were obtained in Cassino and surrounding hills, but no -break-through of the main German positions was effected. A few days -after the initial attack against the Gustav Line, an Anglo-American -amphibious force landed at Anzio and struck inland with the purpose -of compelling the Germans on the southern front to withdraw. But the -Allied beachhead force was contained by the enemy’s unexpectedly rapid -build-up and was hard pressed to stave off several fierce German -counterattacks.</p> - -<p>After the Anzio front became stabilized and the effort to take Cassino -was abandoned, the AAI (Allied Armies in Italy) regrouped and launched -a new offensive on 11 May 1944. Fifth Army, led by French troops and -assisted by American troops, broke through the main German positions -in the Arunci Mountains west of the Garigliano River while the Eighth -Army advanced up the Liri Valley. A few days later the beachhead force -effected a junction with the troops from the southern front, and -advanced almost to Valmontone on Highway 6 before the axis of attack -was shifted to the northwest. After several unsuccessful attacks -toward Lanuvio and along the Albano road, the Fifth Army discovered an -unguarded point near Velletri, enveloped the German positions based on -the Alban Hills, and pushed on rapidly toward Rome, which fell on 4 -June 1944 with the Germans in full retreat. Meanwhile preparations were -being rushed for an invasion of southern France by Allied troops, most -of them drawn from forces in Italy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 516px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_173.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">RAILROAD YARDS IN NAPLES burning after bombardment by Allied -bombers from Africa. Before the invasion of Italy the bombing -of enemy rail communications leading into southern Italy had -high priority. Naples and Foggia were the most important rail -centers south of Rome and both were heavily bombed prior to the -landings.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 596px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_174.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GOLFO DI SALERNO. The plain of Salerno in Italy, ringed -and dominated by mountains, provided observation posts and -commanding positions for the enemy. Here, on 9 September 1943, -landed elements of the U. S. Fifth Army, an Anglo-American -force. The British 10 Corps of this army landed on the -beaches shown in the center of the picture, the U. S. VI -Corps on beaches at Paestum in distance. One division of the -British Eighth Army landed at Taranto in the heel of Italy -simultaneously with the main landings in the Golfo di Salerno. -Just six days before these landings two divisions of the British -Eighth Army had invaded Italy from Sicily. These two armies were -to advance northward: the U. S. army along the west and the -British army along the east side of the peninsula.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 518px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_175.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MAIORI BEACH, located a few miles west of the town of Salerno. -Three Ranger battalions landed here unopposed on the morning of -the invasion. Their mission to advance across the mountains and -into the Nocera plain to prevent reinforcements located around -Naples from reaching the invasion area was accomplished.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_176.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PAESTUM BEACH ON THE GOLFO DI SALERNO. At lower right is Paestum -tower, the most prominent landmark on the beach. This beach was -the scene of the first invasion of U. S. troops on the mainland -of Europe. The landing took place before daylight on 9 September -and the troops reached Monte Soprano before nightfall. The -area did not contain many fixed defenses, but the enemy had a -considerable number of tanks and mobile guns.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 505px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_178.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DUKW’S HEADING FOR SALERNO BEACHES. The one in the foreground is -carrying gasoline in five-gallon cans. The maintenance of Allied -forces for the first few days depended largely on craft such as -these “ducks.”</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_179a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INVASION SCENES AT PAESTUM BEACH. Infantry debarking from -assault craft (top) and naval personnel evacuating wounded -soldiers to a transport for medical care (bottom). The landing -craft shown are all LCVP’s.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_179b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 502px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_180.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DUKW LANDING AT PAESTUM BEACH. These amphibian trucks brought -light artillery and antitank guns ashore after the first assault -waves had landed and, later in the day, brought men and supplies -ashore.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 512px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_181.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIERS HUGGING THE BEACH during air strafing and bombing -attack on D Day. Five enemy air raids, each by a formation of -eight fighter-bombers, were made against U. S. troops along -the beach. Several smaller formations were sent against ships -offshore. Casualties and damage caused were relatively slight on -D Day.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 551px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_182.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">WRECKED SPITFIRE shot down by Allied antiaircraft fire over -Paestum beach. As several U. S. fighter squadrons were equipped -with British Spitfires, the planes bore U. S. markings. -Providing air cover from the Salerno area was a difficult -problem because Allied fighters were based in Sicily. The -longest-range fighter, the P-38, could stay over the beaches for -only one hour, the A-36 (modified North American P-51 Mustang) -thirty minutes, and the Spitfire about twenty minutes. (In -background: LST unloading equipment over sectional ponton ramp.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_183a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">REINFORCEMENTS COMING ASHORE at Paestum beach on D Day. Top: -bulldozer coming ashore—in background is a U. S. type LST, -two-davit design; bottom: infantry, armor, and medical aid -men—in background is British type tank landing ship (LST -(1)). This ship was one of three belonging to the Boxer class. -These were the first ships built specifically for tank landing -purposes after the successful experimentation with the converted -Maracaibo class oil tankers. They could land medium tanks over a -low ramp carried within the ship and extended through low gates -toward the beach. Load: thirteen 40-ton tanks or the equivalent. -(A DUKW also is shown in the top picture; the tanks in the -bottom picture are Sherman M4A1.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_183b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_184a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">HEAVY EQUIPMENT ROLLING ASHORE ON D DAY. Waterproofed medium -tanks (Shermans) rolling toward shore across sectional ponton -ramp from LST (top), and LST discharging fully loaded trucks -(bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_184b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 505px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_185.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FREIGHTER BURNING AFTER BOMBING ATTACK. The night of 10–11 and -the day of 11 September saw the greatest enemy air activity. -During that time about 120 hostile aircraft raided the beaches -and the transport area.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_186.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SALERNO, which fell to the British forces of the Fifth Army on -D Day. Until the port of Naples, which fell on 1 October, was -cleared, all reinforcements and supplies for the army came in -over the beaches or through the port of Salerno. On 19 September -the entire Salerno plain was securely in Allied hands. The -German counterattacks which had started on 12 September had been -checked by the 15th. On the 17th the Germans started to withdraw -from the area.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_187.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ENGINEERS REPAIRING A BRIDGE NEAR ACERNO. While part of the -invading forces advanced westward toward Naples, part proceeded -toward Benevento to the north. The enemy retreated slowly toward -the river Volturno, the next natural line of defense, leaving -rear guards to delay the advance, mine the roads, and blow the -bridges.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 512px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_188.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY ADVANCING ACROSS BYPASS TO BRIDGE near Avellino on the -way to the Volturno River. Blown bridges caused much delay; -infantry, after crossing, generally ran into opposition that -required the use of tanks, which had to wait until the engineers -could rebuild the bridges.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_189a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">U. S. TROOPS IN NAPLES. The city fell to the British 10 Corps, -assisted by elements of some U. S. units, on 1 October 1943. -When Naples fell, the Allies were in possession of three of -Italy’s best ports, Naples, Bari, and Taranto, as well as two of -the most important airport centers, the Naples area on the west -and the Foggia area on the east of the peninsula. The latter -had fallen to the Eighth Army on 27 September and soon became -the base for the biggest concentration of Allied bombers in the -entire Mediterranean theater.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_189b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 536px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_190.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">U. S. NURSES DEBARK FROM LCI in the Bay of Naples. Port -facilities in the city had been heavily bombed by the Allies for -months before the invasion and the damage had been increased -by the Germans as they retreated. Much of the cargo coming -into the harbor had to be discharged over beaches in the bay. -However, twelve days after the capture of the city the unloading -facilities were beginning to function and that day 3,500 tons -were discharged.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_191a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AIRFIELDS NEAR NAPLES. Capodichino (top) and Pomigliano (bottom) -after they had been put to use by the Allies. Both fields had -been severely damaged by Allied bombers before the invasion.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_191b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_192.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BARI AIRPORT, on the Adriatic just north of the heel of Italy, -was captured by the British on 22–23 September 1943. The enemy -had used this airport as a transport base and for staging -fighters on the way to Africa. The near-by town of Ban became -headquarters for the heavy Allied bombardment units based at -several airfields on the Foggia plain. Both the town of Ban and -the Bari airport were subject to attack by enemy aircraft.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 518px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_193.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FLYING FORTRESSES taxiing out to runway to take off on a -mission. This picture was taken early in the Italian campaign, -before this airfield in the Foggia area had been improved. Soon -after the Foggia airfields had been captured, Allied bombardment -groups started to move from the African bases.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 555px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_194.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LIBERATOR BOMBER taxiing along flooded runway on one of the -airfields in the Foggia area. When the fall rains started in -October 1943 most of these fields became muddy and some were -flooded. The flying of missions was continued while construction -was in progress, runways being lengthed and raised, and fields -drained. By the end of 1943 most of the fields had been put into -good shape and by that time two heavy bombardment groups, two -medium groups, and two fighter groups were operating out of ten -airfields in the Foggia area.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 501px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_195.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AIRMAN BAILING OUT HIS TENT after a rainstorm in southern Italy. -This was late fall 1943. As time went on conditions improved. By -the end of the year there were 35,000 U. S. combat airmen with -their supporting forces in Italy.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 544px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_196.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CASERTA, NEAR NAPLES. This area fell to the Fifth Army on 5 -October 1943. The palace shown at end of tree-lined road became -headquarters of the Fifth Army soon after the building was -captured. Later it also became headquarters of the 15th Army -Group (Fifth and Eighth Armies) and still later Allied Force -Headquarters, the last named having control over the entire -Mediterranean Theater of Operations. The German surrender in -Italy was signed in the palace.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 579px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_197.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">VOLTURNO RIVER ABOVE CAPUA. This was the first natural line of -defense north of the Naples area. The Fifth Army had reached the -southern bank of this river by 6 October. In the period between -the landings on 9 September and the arrival at the Volturno, -the Fifth Army had suffered 12,219 casualties of all kinds; -4,947 were U. S.; 7,272 were British. On 13 October the first -successful crossing of this river took place above and below the -hairpin loop. The river here is from 150 to 200 feet wide, its -depth from 3 to 5 feet. U. S. troops crossed in assault boats -or on rafts; some used life preservers, and some forded the icy -stream with the use of guide ropes.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 530px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_198.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIERS ENTERING CAIAZZO after crossing the Volturno River. The -two men in foreground are carrying the Springfield rifle with -telescopic sights; those in rear, the Garand. (The Springfield -rifle M1 903A 4, .30-caliber, bolt-action, manually operated, -became the standard U. S. Army rifle in 1903. Garand rifle M1, -.30-caliber, self-loading, semiautomatic, is at present the -standard U. S. Army rifle.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_199a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE GARIGLIANO RIVER AREA on the Golfo di Gaeta. The area shown -was the western anchor of the enemy Gustav Line as well as his -Winter Line. By 15 November 1943 the Fifth Army was halted in -front of the Winter Line, which consisted of well-prepared -positions across the waist of Italy from the mouth of the -Garigliano River on the west, through the mountains in the -center, to the mouth of the Sangro on the east coast. The more -formidable Gustav Line was located farther north except along -the lower Garigliano where the two defense lines generally -coincided. Little fighting took place in the area shown until -the British 10 Corps crossed the river on 17 January 1944 to -support the main Fifth Army effort to drive up the Liri Valley. -Garigliano River is located at right in top picture and at lower -left in bottom picture.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_199b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_200a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE CAMINO HILL MASS. Top picture is taken looking toward the -northwest from road fork of Highways 6 and 85. Bottom picture -shows the hill mass with the Rapido River Valley in distance. -The Winter Line continued along the south and east slopes of -these mountains. The Camino Hill area fell to British and -American troops on 9 December 1943, after several days of severe -fighting.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_200b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_201a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE MIGNANO GAP. Looking west through the gap toward Monte -Cairo, the snow-covered mountain in distance. Cassino is located -at the foot of this mountain (top). Looking north from the gap; -the village of Mignano, Highway 6, and the railroad are in lower -left hand corner (bottom). San Pietro Infine, the village on the -slope of Monte Sammucro, was the scene of one of the costliest -battles of the Winter Line campaign. Mignano Gap was one of the -few breaks in the mountains of the Winter Line and the main -effort to breach that line was made at this gap.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_201b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 586px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_202.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">VOLTURNO RIVER VALLEY NORTH OF VENAFRO. River is in foreground. -The valley had been cleared of enemy troops by the middle of -November 1943. While German rear guards carried out delaying -actions, the main enemy forces strengthened the Winter Line -defenses in these mountains, which separate the Volturno River -from the Rapido River. Hard fighting took place for control of -the road leading from Pozzilli through the mountains to San Elia -in the Rapido Valley. Initial attempts made by U. S. forces to -cross the mountains failed because of the exhaustion of the -troops, the difficulty of supply, the unfavorable weather, and -the determined resistance of the enemy. The U. S. units were -replaced by fresh French mountain troops, who in January 1944 -fought their way across the mountains.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 555px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_203.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE MONNA CASALE MOUNTAIN RANGE. These are the highest mountains -in the ridge separating the Volturno and Rapido Valleys. Two -roads across these mountains connect the two valleys: the Colli -al Volturn-Atina road on the north side of the range, the -Pozzilli-San Elia road on the south side. Both were relatively -poor. Hill mass at lower left is Monte Pantano. The battle for -this hill started on the night of 28–29 November and lasted -until 4 December. On that day the U. S. forces withdrew with the -enemy still in possession of most of the area. French troops -seized the rest of Monte Pantano on 17 December.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 548px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_204.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">COLLI AL VOLTURNO. This typical Italian mountain village is -located at the headwaters of the Volturno and was on the right -flank of the U. S. Fifth Army. The mountains between this area -and the left flank of the British Eighth Army fighting along -the east coast of Italy were so rugged that no fighting took -place there. Both Allied armies merely maintained small patrols -to keep in contact. The lower road on the left runs through the -mountains separating the Volturno and Rapido River Valleys and -leads to Atina north of Cassino.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 514px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_205.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PACK TRAIN IN THE MOUNTAINS. These pack trains consisted mainly -of mules, but horses and donkeys were also used. Without the use -of pack trains the campaign would have been much more difficult. -To supply the basic needs of an infantry regiment in the line -two hundred and fifty animals per day were required.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_206a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PACK TRAIN IN THE VENAFRO AREA. Top: first donkey is loaded with -an 81-mm. mortar, the second carries the ammunition; bottom: -strapping a light .30-caliber machine gun on a donkey. The pack -animals obtained by the Allies in the Mediterranean area were -of varying sizes, generally smaller than the ordinary American -mule, and standard U. S. pack equipment had to be modified in -the field. Most of the equipment, however, was purchased in -Italy.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_206b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 523px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_207.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FIRING A HOWITZER ON THE VENAFRO FRONT, with camouflage net -pulled back for firing. While the infantry crouched in foxholes -on the rocky slopes of the mountains, the artillery in the muddy -flats behind them gave heavy supporting fire on enemy positions. -To clear the masks presented by the high mountains ahead, -barrels had to be elevated. (105-mm. howitzer.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 534px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_208.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BRITISH SOLDIERS SEARCHING A HOUSE IN COLLE, a village on Monte -Camino. Soldier in foreground is covering his partner while the -latter kicks open the door. The stone houses, typical of those -in the mountain areas, with walls sometimes four feet thick, -made fine strong points. They could be reduced by artillery, -but in the Camino fighting, a joint British-American operation, -there was no close-support artillery.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_209a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PREPARING AIR DROP OF FOOD AND SUPPLIES. Packing food parcels -into belly tanks of a P-40 (top), and attaching tank to the bomb -rack of A-36 fighter-bomber (bottom). The tank is released like -a bomb. During the fighting on Monte Camino in December several -air drops were attempted, but poor visibility, poor recovery -grounds, and proximity to enemy positions combined to defeat the -attempts on that occasion.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_209b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 576px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_210.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FLYING FORTRESS RETURNING FROM A MISSION. Note part of the -pierced steel plank runway in the foreground. The moving of the -heavy bombers from their bases in Africa to the Foggia area in -Italy was a tremendous undertaking because of the equipment -necessary to establish new runways, pumping plants, pipelines, -repair shops, and warehouses. The move took place during the -late fall and winter of 1943 and required about 300,000 tons of -shipping. This was at a critical time of the ground fighting and -there was not enough shipping to take care of both the air and -the ground fighters. So heavy were the shipping requirements -that the build-up of Allied ground forces was considerably -delayed.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 563px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_211.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">OBSERVING SMOKE SHELLS FALLING on enemy-occupied Monte Lungo -during the second fight for the village of San Pietro Infine on -15 December 1943. The smoke was to prevent enemy observation on -the village, which at this time was under infantry attack. The -first attacks on San Pietro Infine, 8–9 December, were repulsed -by the enemy, as were the attacks of 15–17 December. By this -time, however, the Allies had launched an attack and taken -Monte Lungo, thus outflanking the Germans in the San Pietro -Infine area. This caused the Germans to evacuate the village and -withdraw to the next position a few hundred yards back.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_212a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">HOSPITAL TRAINS taking men wounded in the 1943–44 winter -campaign to base hospitals in the Naples area. Until the -fighting had advanced beyond Rome, the main Allied hospital area -in Italy was in and around Naples. The trains above have German -and Italian cars and U. S. locomotives. (Ambulances: truck, -¾-ton 4 x 4, crew of 2 with 4 litter patients or 7 sitting -patients.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_212b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 502px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_213.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CHRISTMAS TURKEY ON THE HOOD OF A JEEP, Christmas 1943. Every -effort was made to give the troops the traditional holiday -dinners, complete with trimmings.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 524px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_214.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">VEHICLES CAUGHT IN FLOODWATERS OF THE VOLTURNO. The fall rains -of 1943 started early and flooded the rivers and streams between -Naples, the main supply base, and the fighting area of the -Winter Line. Just behind the lines, mud, traffic, and enemy -shelling combined to keep roads and bridges in a condition that -required constant work.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 524px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_215.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FRONT-LINE SOLDIERS BEING BRIEFED on arrival in rest camp in -Naples. Because of lack of food and housing in Italy it was -found impossible to give a man a pass and let him seek his -own recreation. Military rest camps were set up in several -localities, where the men could sleep late in clean beds, have -good food, and some entertainment.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 526px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_216.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE TOWN OF ACQUAFONDATA UNDER ENEMY SHELLFIRE. This village was -located on the road between Pozzilli in the Volturno Valley and -San Elia, north of Cassino. The road was on the right flank of -the Fifth Army throughout the Winter Line fighting. Most of the -fighting along this road was done by French mountain troops of -the Fifth Army.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 537px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_217.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FIRING A MORTAR DURING A TRAINING PROBLEM near Venafro in the -Volturno River Valley. Mortars played an important part during -the drive through the Winter Line mountains and an intensive -training schedule was maintained prior to and during the -drive. (60-mm. mortar M 2, mount M 2, standard, developed by -the French, but manufactured in the United States under rights -obtained from the French.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 512px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_218.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ADJUSTING ELEVATION AND DEFLECTION of 4.2-inch chemical -mortar. This mortar had a rifled barrel and was designed for -high-angle fire. Because of its accuracy (insured by rifled -barrel), mobility, rate of fire, and ease of concealment, it was -particularly suited for close support of attacking units.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 501px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_219.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">RADAR IN OPERATION NEAR SAN PIETRO INFINE. The operating parts -were mounted on a semitrailer towed by a tractor or truck. A -van-body truck carried a complete stock of spare parts. (Radar -SCR 547.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 535px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_220.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CAMOUFLAGED MOBILE ANTIAIRCRAFT UNIT near San Pietro Infine. -Enemy air attacks were not very numerous during the Winter -Line fight; the Germans had few aircraft to spare and the -weather tended to restrict the use of enemy as well as Allied -aircraft. (Multiple-gun motor carriage M 15 composed mainly of a -half-track personnel carrier with a 37-mm. gun, two .50-caliber -machine guns, and M 6 sighting system.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 513px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_221.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">HOWITZER IN THE MIGNANO AREA. This model was the largest U. S. -artillery piece in Italy. It and the 8-inch howitzer were rushed -from the States to help reduce the strong enemy fortifications -of the Gustav Line; the most heavily fortified part of this line -was in the Cassino area. (240-mm. howitzer.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 504px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_222.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CAPTURED GERMAN ARTILLERY. The standard medium gun of the German -Army. It was a World War I model which was used on all German -fronts and was part of the corps artillery. The caliber was -10-cm.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_223.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CHANGING TRACKS ON A SHERMAN TANK at Presenzano. This village is -located near Highway 6 a few miles behind the lines in Mignano -Gap. Tanks had not played a big role during the Winter Line -fight because of the mountainous terrain and the muddy lowlands. -Tank units were kept ready for use once the infantry had cleared -the way through Mignano Gap to Cassino and the entrance to the -Liri Valley, the so-called Gateway to Rome.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 576px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_224.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LOADING A CURTISS P-40 Kittybomber for a bombing mission. This -was one of the first U. S. fighter types to get into combat, The -many variations and modifications of this early fighter of World -War II had many names. Those Army planes transported by naval -aircraft carrier to the coast of Africa during the invasion -there were called Tomahawks, those sold by the United States to -the British were called Kittyhawks. Later in the war, as faster -fighters arrived to protect bomber formations, the P-40 became a -fighter-bomber and was called the Kittybomber. The P-40 groups -in Italy were being re-equipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolt -fighters early in 1944.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 507px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_225.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LOADING A MITCHELL MEDIUM BOMBER, North American B-25, with -1,000-pound bombs. Tail fins were attached to the bombs after -they were in position in the bomb bay.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 550px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_226.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY PATROL ENTERING CERVARO on 12 January 1944. The man at -left is carrying a tommy gun and covering the two men in front -as they hunt for snipers. A few minutes after this picture was -made two men of this patrol were killed by Germans hidden in the -ruins. Cervaro is on the western slopes of the Rapido Valley. -By this time the Fifth Army had fought its way through the -Winter Line mountains. Fighting in this area had lasted from 15 -November 1943 to 15 January 1944.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 579px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_227.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SMOKE POTS USED TO SCREEN INFANTRY crossing the Rapido River -near Cassino. The first attempt to cross was made south of -Highway 6 by a U. S. division on 20 January 1944. It was a -failure. Crossings attempted in the next two days by this -division also failed. By afternoon of 22 January all assault -boats had been destroyed, efforts to bridge the stream had been -unsuccessful, the troops who had managed to cross were isolated, -and supply or evacuation had become impossible. On 23 January -the attack in the sector was ordered halted. Casualties were -1,681: 143 killed, 663 wounded, and 875 reported missing. On 24 -January another U. S. division managed to cross the Rapido north -of Highway 6.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 550px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_228.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LITTER BEARERS TAKE SHELTER ALONG ROAD near the Rapido River -during the first crossing attempt. Casualties among medics -were high during the Rapido River crossings. Visibility was -generally poor because of mist or artificial smoke and enemy -automatic weapons had been zeroed in on likely crossing sites -and the surrounding areas. The only means of protection for the -litter bearers was the red cross markings on their helmets and -sleeves, but at night and during periods of poor visibility in -the daytime these identifications were not easily seen.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 591px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_229.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FIRING A MORTAR during the successful Rapido River crossing on -24 January. The attack was made north of Highway 6 and directed -toward the mountains north of Cassino. The outskirts of the -town were entered for the first time on the morning of 26 -January. Tanks were not able to help during the first few days -as the ground was too soggy and the engineers were unable to -construct bridges. The entire area was under observation from -Montecassino and the adjacent hills. Four tanks finally managed -to cross during the morning of the 27th, but by noon they were -all out of action. Two days later thirty tanks were across, the -infantry had taken the village of Cairo high in the hills north -of Cassino, and the Allies had made the first dent in the Gustav -Line in the Cassino area. (81-mm. mortar.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 499px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_230.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ARMORED CAR FIRING ITS CANNON IN THE CASSINO AREA. (Armored car -M8; principal weapon, 37-mm. gun. The one above is also equipped -with a .50-caliber M2 Browning machine gun in AA mount.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_231.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ITALIAN SOLDIERS preparing to fire one of their railway guns -against targets in the Gustav Line. On 7 December 1943, Italian -units first entered the fight on the side of the Allies under -command of Fifth Army. The Italians took over a narrow section -in Mignano Gap with 5,486 combat troops. In addition to the -combat personnel the Italians also provided various service -companies and pack units which proved valuable in solving the -difficult supply problem in the mountains.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 550px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_232.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BURNING AMMUNITION DUMP in the Mignano Gap area near Highway 6. -The dump was located about seven miles behind Cassino front. The -fire was accidental and not due to enemy action. Dumps in this -area were not camouflaged because they were too large and Allied -air forces had most of the enemy air grounded. Huge quantities -of ammunition were needed to reduce the defenses of the Gustav -Line. Dispersion was difficult because of the muddy ground. -Vehicles became mired as soon as they left the road.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 608px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_233.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LOADING LST’S IN NAPLES FOR THE INVASION OF ANZIO. Everything -was combat-loaded for quick removal, as plans required the -convoy to be unloaded in twenty-four hours. The slow advance -of the Allies late in 1943 led to the revival of plans for an -amphibious operation south of Rome. Early in January 1944 the -Allies broke through the Winter Line and unless some movement -could be devised to breach the more formidable Gustav Line they -faced another difficult mountain campaign. Enough landing craft -for Anzio were finally assembled, though resources were limited -by requirements for the coming Normandy invasion. (Note LST in -center, with take-off runway for cub observation planes. Planes -could not land on these runways. Two ships were thus equipped -with six planes each which landed on the beachhead shortly after -dawn on D Day, 22 January 1944.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 467px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_234.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_235a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE ANZIO BEACH AREA. Top: looking westward, Astura tower lower -right; bottom: looking eastward. The beach shown in these -pictures was the U. S. zone of the landing area. The British -landing beach, about six miles northwest of Anzio, proved too -shallow for unloading supplies. It was closed soon after the -British forces had landed there, and supplies were handled -mostly through the port of Anzio. The Anglo-American assault -force consisted of almost 50,000 men and 5,200 vehicles.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_235b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_236a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MORNING OF D DAY. Top: men coming ashore from LCI’s. Enemy air -raids started at 0850 and consisted of three separate attacks by -an estimated 18–28 fighter-bombers. One LGI was hit and is shown -burning. Bottom: LST backing away from portable ponton causeway -after having unloaded. Bulldozer is holding causeway in place. -In background is an LGI with a deckload of soldiers waiting to -go ashore.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_236b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_237a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MEN AND EQUIPMENT COMING ASHORE on Anzio beaches on D Day -morning. The first assault craft hit the beaches at 0200, -22 January 1944. There was practically no opposition to the -landings as the enemy had been caught by surprise. Men with -full equipment wading ashore from LCI (top); in foreground are -two DUKW’s near beach, at right is LST unloading equipment over -portable causeway pontons (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_237b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 548px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_238.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ARTILLERY OBSERVATION PLANE taking off from LST carrier to land -at Anzio beachhead shortly after dawn on D Day. The first use -of an LST carrier for this purpose was during the invasion of -Sicily. Two planes were launched and directed naval fire to the -vicinity of Licata, Sicily. Cub planes were to play an important -part at Anzio. The area of the beachhead and surroundings is -generally flat and featureless and in such terrain observation -was at a premium and it was vital to secure or deny that -observation.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 562px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_239.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">B-26 BOMBING ROADS IN THE LIRI VALLEY behind the Gustav Line on -22 January 1944 in order to hamper the enemy in sending troops -to the Anzio area. The hill at lower left is Montecassino. -The mountains immediately above the plane were the scene of -bitter fighting during the winter of 1943–44. While the Anzio -landing was still in preparation the Allied air forces had been -bombing airfields and communication centers, and the army had -started its drive (on 17 January 1944) to penetrate the Gustav -Line. By the 22d, the date of the Anzio invasion, the attempt -to penetrate the Gustav Line had bogged down in front of the -Cassino defenses.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 515px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_240.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DOUGLAS HAVOC BOMBING RAILROAD BRIDGE and enemy installations at -Cisterna di Littoria. This town became one of the enemy strong -points surrounding the beachhead. It was shelled and bombed for -months, and when it finally fell, on 25 May 1944, it was nothing -but a mass of rubble.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 577px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_241.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE PORT OF ANZIO, which was taken intact with very little -opposition on the morning of D Day, 22 January 1944. The -enemy had placed demolition charges to destroy the port and -its facilities, but the assault was so sudden and unexpected -that there was no opportunity to set off the charges. By -early afternoon the port was ready to receive four LST’s -and three LCT’s simultaneously. By midnight on D Day 36,034 -men, 3,069 vehicles, and large quantities of supply had been -brought ashore, either through the port or over the beaches. -The unloading area of the port (upper right) was not suitable -for Liberty ships or other freighters; these continued to be -unloaded offshore, mostly by DUKW’s.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 526px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_242.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FREIGHTER UNLOADING CARGO INTO DUKW’S. Supplies for Anzio were -carried by two methods: in truck-loaded LST’s from Naples and in -bulk-loaded Liberty ships or other freighters from Africa. After -its capture, the port of Anzio sustained regular shelling by -enemy artillery. The LST’s docked at the port and the freighters -unloaded into smaller craft or DUKW’s offshore.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 550px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_243.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MEN WORKING ON A BARRAGE BALLOON. A number of balloons were -used at the beachhead, chiefly in and around the port area. -Floated at the end of a steel cable, their purpose was to -prevent low-level strafing and dive-bombing attacks and to force -the bombers high enough to give the antiaircraft gunners time -to get on the target. Up to forty balloons were flown at one -time over the port. These were filled with highly inflammable -hydrogen gas, which was manufactured in the field. Helium gas -was sometimes used but was harder to obtain.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[244]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 589px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_244.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CAMOUFLAGED MULTIPLE-GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE M16 mounting four -.50-caliber machine guns in Maxson turret. Allied antiaircraft -artillery faced its first major test in Italy with the -establishment of the beachhead. The enemy air force now started -on a large-scale, continuous offensive. The offshore shipping, -port, and beach congestion in the Anzio area offered easy -targets. Allied fighter aircraft were based about one hundred -miles to the south and they found it difficult to counter the -enemy’s quick sneak raids and night attacks. Antiaircraft -artillery units were mainly responsible for combatting these -attacks and keeping the flow of supplies constant. By May 1944, -1,051 pieces of antiaircraft artillery were on the beachhead, -including sixty-four 90-mm. guns.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 534px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_245.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIER SHARING HIS C RATION WITH NATIVE BOY. A few days after -the landing most of the civilian population, about 22,000, were -evacuated by sea to Naples, leaving only about 750 able-bodied -civilians. Later, as the need for workers increased, an office -was set up in Naples to recruit Italian civilians for work at -the beachhead. (Soldier is wearing a combat jacket, initially -issued with trousers to members of armored units.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[246]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 593px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_246.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CAMPOLEONE STATION near the Albano highway leading from Anzio -to the Colli Laziali, the mountain mass overlooking the plains -of the beachhead. By 31 January 1944 the Allies had advanced to -Campoleone station, the front line being the railroad bed in -foreground above, but the available forces could not hold the -area. The enemy was bringing reserves toward the Gustav Line -where the Allied drive had stalled. These enemy reserve troops -were rerouted to contain the Anzio beachhead and, if possible, -force the Allies back to the sea. The picture above, looking -toward the sea, gives an idea of the flat, featureless terrain -in the area. The group of buildings in the distance at right is -the “Factory,” scene of hard fighting.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 593px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_247.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CISTERNA DI LITTORIA. A thrust toward Cisterna di Littoria -was made by the Allies on 25–27 January 1944, but was stopped -about three miles southwest of the town. Another attempt made -on 30 January-1 February met even less success. In the distance -are the Colli Laziali overlooking the beachhead. Below the -mountains is the town of Velletri. Highway 7 through Cisterna -di Littoria leads past the mountains to Rome. Attempts to -extend the beachhead failed: the first attempt along the Albano -road was stopped at Campoleone; the second, the effort to cut -Highway 7 at Cisterna di Littoria, was stopped within sight -of the village. By this time the enemy outnumbered the Allies -and the latter consolidated their positions and waited for the -counterattacks.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 529px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_248.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CAMOUFLAGED FOXHOLES AND ARTILLERY POSITIONS along the Mussolini -Canal. On 2 February 1944, after the unsuccessful attempt to -extend the beachhead, the Anzio force received orders to dig in -and prepare for defense. By this date casualties totaled 6,487. -Allied troops were on the defensive in Italy for the first time -since the invasion at Salerno.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[249]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 559px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_249.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LAYING AN ANTITANK MINE. The man at left is arming the mine by -pulling the safety fork. This type of mine contained 6 pounds of -cast TNT and had a total weight of 10⅔ pounds. The pressure of a -man stepping on the mine would not detonate it, but any vehicle -hitting it would set it off. Mines were generally laid at night -or on foggy days behind a smoke screen. The task of laying mine -fields at night in the open, almost featureless terrain resulted -at first in many improperly marked fields causing accidents. -The practice was finally adopted of first marking a field, then -recording it, and only then laying the mines. (Antitank mine -M1A1.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 555px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_250.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LONG TOM FIRING AT GERMAN POSITIONS. On 3 February 1944 the -enemy started a series of counterattacks to wipe out the -beachhead. There were three main attacks: 3–12 February, 16–20 -February, and 28 February–4 March. The stalemate began on the -latter date and lasted until the offensive to break out of the -beachhead got under way on 23 May 1944. Enemy prisoners taken -during the February fighting always commented on the heavy -artillery fire, which caused numerous casualties, shattered -nerves, and demoralized many enemy units.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[251]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 525px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_251.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SIGNAL CORPS MEN working in the main frame room of headquarters -switchboard installation. The beach area at Anzio-Nettuno was on -a slightly higher level than the rest of the beachhead area and -was honeycombed with tunnels and caves so far underground that -they were bombproof. Wherever possible the installations along -the shore were put underground.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 579px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_252.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">RADAR SET IN OPERATION. By 24 February 1944 the first sets of -this type were in position on the Anzio beachhead. They were -brought in to cope with enemy jamming techniques and “window” -(small strips of metallic paper dropped from attacking planes) -which had reduced the effectiveness of earlier types of radar. -During the night of 24 February a flight of twelve bombers -approached in close formation, using the “window” method of -jamming. Forty-eight 90-mm. guns directed by radar of the -improved type caught them at extreme range over enemy territory -and brought down five with the first salvo. The remainder of the -formation jettisoned their bombs and fled. (Radar SCR 584.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 574px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_253.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FIRING ANTIAIRCRAFT GUN at ground targets. The enemy -counterattack down the Albano road on 16–20 February 1944 was -the most severe and dangerous of the three main attacks the -Germans made on the Allies at Anzio beachhead. On the 17th -it looked as if the enemy might succeed in driving down the -Albano road from the Campoleone area to Anzio and thus split -the beachhead forces. To aid the hard-pressed infantry, all -the artillery in the area was brought to bear on the enemy. -In addition to 432 guns representing corps and divisional -artillery and three companies of tanks, four batteries of 90-mm. -antiaircraft guns were employed against ground targets. Two -cruisers assisted with fire on the flank of the beachhead.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 538px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_254.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN PRISONERS TAKEN NEAR THE ALBANO ROAD on 19 February 1944. -The German attack started in the morning hours of 16 February -and relied on smoke to conceal the advancing troops. By 18 -February the enemy infantry, strongly supported by tanks, had -pushed the defenders back about three miles. The next day the -Allies counterattacked and halted the advance. Never again was -the enemy to come so close to rolling up the final beachhead -line.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 550px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_255.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TANK DESTROYER DUG IN BEHIND HAY STACK. These weapons were used -well forward, sometimes dug in, but more often placed behind -a house or other means of concealment. Tanks were also used -well forward, particularly after the front became somewhat -stabilized at the beginning of March. The distribution was about -one company of tanks to one regiment in the line. This practice -violated the principle of employing tanks in mass, but their -usefulness in support of the infantry outweighed the loss of -mobility and dispersion of strength.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[256]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_256a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE GERMAN PANTHER TANK. This heavy tank was probably the -most successful armored vehicle the Germans developed, having -relatively high speed and maneuverability, combined with heavy -armor and a rapid-fire, high-velocity gun. It first appeared on -the Russian front in the summer of 1943, and soon thereafter -on the Italian front. No U. S. tank comparable to it appeared. -The frontal armor could not be penetrated by Sherman tank -guns at ordinary fighting range. In constructing this vehicle -the Germans were influenced by the Russian tank, the T34. The -corrugated surface (top picture) is a plastic coating to prevent -magnetic mines from sticking to the metal. (Pz. Kpfw. Panther, -7.5-cm. Kw. K. 42 (L/70) gun. After Action Reports indicate that -there were a total of 165 enemy tanks surrounding the beachhead -as of 28 February 1944. Of these 32 were Tigers and 53 Panthers, -the rest being mostly Mark IV.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_256b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[257]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_257a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ANZIO ANNIE, 280-mm. railway gun (top). The beachhead faced a -heavy concentration of German artillery. During enemy attacks -in February this was employed mostly in direct support of the -infantry. Standard German divisional medium howitzer (bottom). -The caliber was 150-mm. (15-cm. s. F. H. 18.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_257b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[258]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 593px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_258.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LANDING CRAFT BRINGS WOUNDED TO HOSPITAL SHIP in Anzio bay. On -the night of 24 January 1944 a fully illuminated and marked -British hospital ship was bombed and sunk while taking wounded -on board. All evacuation from the beachhead was by sea. Air -transportation could not be used, since the dust raised by -planes landing or taking off brought on enemy shelling. Hospital -ships were used whenever possible, but as these could not dock -in the shallow port, LCT’s were used to transfer patients from -shore to ships. When storms and high seas interrupted this -procedure the wounded were loaded on board LST’s at the Anzio -docks for the 30-hour trip to Naples. For the period 22 January -to 22 May, 33,063 patients were evacuated by sea.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[259]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 566px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_259.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">NURSE GIVING INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF PLASMA to a wounded -soldier. In the period 22 January to 22 May 1944, 18,074 -American soldiers suffering from disease, 4,245 from injuries, -and 10,809 battle casualties—33,128 in all—were given medical -care and attention in evacuation hospitals at the beachhead. If -recovery required fourteen days or less, the casualty remained -in the evacuation hospital; if the recovery period was estimated -to take more than two weeks, the patient was evacuated to one -of several base hospitals in the Naples area as soon as he was -strong enough to be moved.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[260]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 559px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_260.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">NURSE DIGGING FOXHOLE. The confined area of the beachhead and -the lack of distinction between the front lines and rear areas -were nowhere more noticeable than in the locality of the U. -S. evacuation hospitals. For more than sixteen weeks medical -personnel healed and comforted the sick and wounded in an area -within range of enemy artillery. Soldiers called the hospital -zone “Hell’s Half Acre” and admitted their preference for the -protection of a front-line foxhole to a cot in a hospital tent. -Of the medical personnel at the beachhead, 82 were killed in -action, 387 were wounded, 19 were captured, and 60 were reported -missing in action.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[261]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 516px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_261.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">WRECKAGE OF EVACUATION HOSPITAL ON THE BEACHHEAD. Most of the -hospitals were located in the vicinity of Nettuno, and all were -within easy range of enemy artillery. It was impossible, within -the confined area of the beachhead, to locate hospitals in an -area out of reach of enemy artillery.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[262]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 552px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_262.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MECHANICAL SMOKE GENERATOR IN ACTION. Generators of this type -were used at ports to prevent accurate bombing and in the field -to conceal movements of troops. Large quantities of oil, about -two 53-gallon drums per hour, were consumed. The generator was -capable of converting hydrocarbon oils of low volatility into a -fog of relatively great persistence. The special oil, usually -referred to as fog oil and used for the generation of large area -screens, was a petroleum by-product. The fog would frequently -extend five miles or more downwind. (Smoke generator M1.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[263]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 531px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_263.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SMOKE SCREEN SHIELDING ALLIED POSITIONS. Smoke was used to a -great extent on the beachhead because the flat terrain which -the Allies occupied was under constant observation from the -enemy-held Colli Laziali. The harbor area was screened by smoke -starting one-half hour before sunset, the time the enemy bombers -usually appeared, and on every air raid alarm.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[264]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 490px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_264.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BATHING FACILITIES at the beachhead were limited but those -available were used to the fullest extent.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[265]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 494px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_265.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PRIMITIVE SHOWER BATH. Some of the more hardy souls took their -showers directly from the well in winter.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[266]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 575px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_266.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FIRING A PACK HOWITZER. From the establishment of the beachhead -the Allied artillery surpassed that of the enemy. Even with -limitations imposed on some types of ammunition, the artillery -was firing about 25,000 rounds per day. At the same time the -enemy fire falling in the port and the rest of the beachhead -was estimated to be not more than 1,500 rounds. The amount of -Allied artillery increased month by month. At the end of March -a battalion of 8-inch howitzers was brought in with the primary -mission of demolishing houses used by the enemy as observation -posts and strong points. In April a battery of 240-mm. howitzers -was added to the beachhead forces. (75-mm. pack howitzer.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[267]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 491px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_267.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">USED SHELL CASES BOUND FOR THE UNITED STATES as scrap are loaded -into a freighter from an LCT.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[268]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 593px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_268.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIER FIRING A SUBMACHINE GUN at a haystack suspected of -concealing enemy soldiers. After the last German attempt to -reduce the beachhead had died out during the first days of March -1944 there began a period of stalemate on the Anzio plain. This -did not mean the end of fighting; it meant the end of pitched -battles by large numbers of men and armor. Artillery duels still -continued and enemy aircraft bombed and strafed positions as -before. There were frequent clashes and fire fights between -infantry patrols. To provide protection against enemy infantry -attacks, stress was laid on the development of self-sustaining, -mutually supporting points of resistance, usually centered on -Italian farmhouses. (.45-caliber Thompson submachine gun.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[269]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 551px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_269.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIER TESTING “STICKY GRENADE” on an armored vehicle. This -was a British weapon used against tanks. It had a hollow-type -charge, and was held to the metal by magnets. Unlike the real -sticky grenade which could be thrown and which stuck to the -target by means of a glue substance, this antitank grenade had -to be hand-placed. During the stalemate period the front-line -troops were equipped with this type of grenade in addition to -bazookas. The charge was a delayed action type and the grenade -was set off by pulling the string attached to it.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[270]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 608px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_270.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BEACHHEAD RATION DUMP. The failure of the main part of the -army in the south to break through the Gustav Line and join -the troops at Anzio necessitated maintaining the beachhead -by sea for a longer period than planned. Shipping schedules -were revised to take care of the gradually growing forces and -to build up a reserve of food, fuel, ammunition, and other -supplies. Food could be kept in a large dump, but fuel and -ammunition presented problems. The beachhead area was so small -that fuel and ammunition dumps, no matter where placed, were -within enemy artillery range. These dumps were kept small and -dispersed in order to keep losses to a minimum. Between 22 -January and 10 March 1944 a little more than 1,000 tons of -ammunition were destroyed, mostly by enemy bombing. Losses never -became critical.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[271]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 535px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_271.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIERS BUTCHERING A COW. Cattle and sheep would frequently -wander into mine fields and be wounded or killed. The carcasses -presented a welcome change from regular rations. During the -stalemate some soldiers had their own chicken pens, others -bought fresh eggs from the few remaining farmers. Foraging -patrols for homeless livestock and poultry were as carefully -planned as patrols against the enemy.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[272]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 533px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_272.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LISTENING TO A CONCERT BY A SOLDIER ORCHESTRA. This is in a -recreation area established by one of the divisions on the -beachhead in March 1944. Only a limited audience could attend -because of the ever-present danger of enemy artillery fire. -During the critical period of enemy counterattacks in February -all troops were needed for defense, but as soon as the front had -become stabilized 750 men every four days were sent by LST to -the rest center at Caserta.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[273]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 506px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_273.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">OPEN AIR BARBERSHOP AT THE BEACHHEAD located in one of the -few wooded sectors of the area. Barber service, because of -its uplifting effect on morale, was made available whenever -possible.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[274]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 579px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_274.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MALARIA CONTROL. Soldier pouring diesel oil in water-filled bomb -crater to kill mosquito larvae. The Pontine Marshes near the -beachhead had for centuries been notorious for the prevalence -of malaria. In April 1944 large-scale draining projects were -started, and patrols were sent out to dust or pour oil on -canals, ditches, and pools. This activity was even carried -right into no man’s land at night. The program, combined with -preventive measures taken by the individual soldier, such as -the use of head nets, mosquito bars, insect repellents, and -atabrine, kept malaria from becoming a medical problem. The -division stationed in the worst area did not develop a single -new case of the disease.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[275]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_275a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFLATING RUBBER DUMMY TANK (top). Placing dummy tank in -camouflaged position which had been vacated by a tank moving -toward the front for the coming offensive (bottom). The dummy -tank was designed by the British and manufactured in the United -States.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_275b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[276]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 562px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_276.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">WATCHING THE BATTLE FROM OBSERVATION POINT. The offensive from -the beachhead started at 0545, 23 May 1944, when the artillery -began firing. Allied medium and fighter bombers strafed and -bombed enemy positions. At 0630 the infantry and tanks moved -out. The artillery preparations, the most intensive thus far at -the beachhead, had searched out command posts, assembly areas, -and dumps with the result that enemy communications and supply -lines were severely damaged. The Germans recovered and put up -a strong fight, but they could not make up for the initial -disorganization.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[277]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 593px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_277.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">WALKING WOUNDED ON THEIR WAY FROM THE FRONT to a hospital. Tags -tell the nature of the wound and what has been done for it in -the field or at the first aid station. On the first day of the -fight to break out of the beachhead, the Allies suffered the -heaviest casualties of the Anzio Campaign. American combat -casualties for the whole army on that day were 334 killed, -1,513 wounded, and 81 missing, a total of 1,928 and the high -point in the entire Italian campaign. The U. S. and British -combat casualties at the beachhead between 22 January and 22 -May numbered about 30,000, including at least 4,400 killed -and 18,000 wounded. The enemy captured about 6,800 prisoners. -The noncombat casualties during this period amounted to about -37,000.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[278]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_278a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">RECOVERING ARMOR. Tank recovery vehicle pulling disabled tank -destroyer M10 out of mine field near Cisterna di Littoria (top). -Many Allied tanks were disabled by running into their own mine -fields. Front of tank destroyer is still smoking from effect of -mine blast. In the left background is a disabled Sherman tank. -To the right are a ruined German Mark IV tank and a personnel -carrier. During the first day’s attack the Allies lost heavily -in tanks and tank destroyers. Those that ran on mines were -generally repairable, those lost as a result of enemy fire were -often wrecked beyond repair. Tank recovery vehicle M31 (same as -at top) towing German 75-mm. assault gun (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_278b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[279]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 538px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_279.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY SOLDIER IN GISTERNA DI LITTORIA. This town on Highway -7 had been one of the German strong points facing the beachhead -forces. It fell to tanks and infantry on 25 May. The main -Allied drive had been launched in the direction of Cisterna di -Littoria with the object of continuing straight north to capture -Valmontone on Highway 6 and cut off the enemy forces retreating -toward Rome from the shattered Gustav Line defenses.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[280]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 591px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_280.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE VILLAGE OF CAMPOLEONE with Campoleone station in upper -left. The station area was reached on 31 January, when the -first attempt to break out of the beachhead was made, but was -soon lost to enemy counterattacks. It was not retaken by the -Allies until 29 May 1944 during the drive on Rome. Starting -on that day a tank-infantry attack fought a two-day action to -penetrate the German defenses here, but without success. The -area was heavily defended by infantry weapons supported by enemy -tanks, self-propelled guns, artillery, and flak guns. On 31 May -the U. S. armored division making the attack was withdrawn for -maintenance purposes. Losses in both tanks and personnel had -been severe. The break-through, when it came, was made across -the eastern side of the Colli Laziali.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[281]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 562px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_281.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MONTECASSINO ABBEY. Liri Valley, the so-called Gateway to Rome, -is on the left. On 15 February the abbey was bombed and shelled -for the first time. Before that Allied soldiers had orders not -to fire even a rifle shot at the structure. Enemy ammunition -dumps were located close to the building, and gun emplacements -in the vicinity were numerous. It had become a legitimate -military objective. The bombing and shelling destroyed the abbey -as a work of art, but its usefulness to the enemy was scarcely -impaired. The rubble caused by the destruction of the upper -parts of the building only served to strengthen the remaining -lower parts.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[282]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_282a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE BOMBING OF CASSINO on 15 March. Although it had been -repeatedly bombed before, the town was heavily bombed and -shelled that day in preparation for the attack by the New -Zealand Corps, at this time part of the Fifth Army. About 1,200 -tons of bombs were dropped and 195,969 rounds were fired by -artillery ranging in size from 3-inch guns to 240-mm. howitzers. -The enemy’s defenses were not destroyed. Protected by cellars, -steel and concrete pillboxes, caves, and tunnels, the German -troops suffered comparatively few casualties. The bombing and -shelling neither overcame the enemy’s resistance nor noticeably -reduced his morale. When the infantry moved in for the attack -they were met by heavy mortar fire; when the Allied tanks -appeared they could not advance because of bomb craters and -debris. The attack was repulsed.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_282b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[283]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 577px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_283.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CASSINO AREA, looking along Highway 6. “Castle Hill,” in left -foreground topped by tower, was in Allied hands for weeks -before the town of Cassino fell. Below cliff are ruins of -the town. The picture, made from the vicinity of the abbey, -gives some indication of the enemy’s observation over Allied -positions. The main drive through the Winter Line defenses -started above San Pietro Infine. U. S. forces began the advance -on 15 November 1943 and had fought their way to the outskirts -of Cassino by 26 January 1944, a distance of eight miles in -seventy days. The town fell on 18 May to the Eighth Army after -several unsuccessful attacks. The drive on the southern front, -to penetrate the Gustav Line, started on 11 May 1944, while that -out of the Anzio beachhead started on 23 May.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[284]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_284a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">HOWITZER. These pieces fired their first mission in Italy in -Mignano Gap, 30 January 1944. They were used with good effect -during the Gustav Line fight in and around Cassino. Vehicle -towing weapon is converted General Grant tank M3 (top). Howitzer -in position near San Vittore del Lazio, five miles southeast of -Cassino (bottom). (240-mm. howitzer.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_284b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[285]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 506px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_285.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS in March 1944 damaged a number of -aircraft on fields in the vicinity. Fuselages and wings were -pierced by fragments of rock hurled from the volcano. In -foreground is a P-40 fighter-bomber.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[286]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 514px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_286.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BAILEY BRIDGE over bypass on Highway 7 near Sessa Aurunca. This -is the coastal road between Rome and Naples; the inland road, -through the Mignano Gap, past Cassino and up the Liri Valley -to Rome, is Highway 6. The Bailey bridge was invented by the -British, from whom the U. S. forces obtained it.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[287]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 517px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_287.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE RUINS OF SANTA MARIA, INFANTE. This village between the -Aurunci Mountains and the Golfo di Gaeta fell to U. S. forces on -14 May, three days after the attack that was to carry the Allies -to Rome started. The village had been demolished by air and -artillery bombardment. (57-mm. antitank gun.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[288]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_288.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GOLFO Dl GAETA. The high mountain at the right is Monte -Petrella, which is 4,600 feet high; the one in the center is -Monte Ruazzo, which is 4,000 feet high. The drive through the -Gustav Line, started by the left flank of the Fifth Army, had -reached Monte Petrella by 15 May and had advanced to the Itri -Valley on the left of the picture. U. S. forces in general -advanced along the slopes facing the sea.</p> - -<p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">The French mountain troops advanced across the mountains farther -to the north, then turned right into the Liri Valley on the -other side and threatened to cut off the German forces around -Cassino and in the lower part of Liri Valley. This action by the -French made the German position untenable and the enemy started -a general withdrawal from the Gustav Line.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[290]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 503px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_290.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GOUMIERS OF THE FRENCH FORCES leading a pack train into the -Aurunci Mountains during the drive that started 11 May. Tank -is U. S. M5 light tank manned by French crew, and armed with a -75-mm. howitzer.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[291]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 512px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_291.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">U. S. TANKS IN CORENO AUSONIO on 14 May. The same tanks, manned -by Americans, were attached to the French mountain troops making -a drive from the Castelforte area on the right flank of the -Fifth Army, through the Aurunci Mountains and into the Liri -Valley. (Left, light tank M5; right, medium tank M4.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[292]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_292.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SWEEPING THE TERRACINA BEACH FOR MINES. Terracina is located -on Highway 7. During the drive the road became so overcrowded -that some supplies had to be shipped by sea. Since the small -harbor was cluttered with wreckage of ships, the beach had to be -cleared for landing and unloading. (Mine detector SCR 625.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[293]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_293a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN PORTABLE PILLBOXES. Some of these were found in the -Gustav Line around Cassino and others were later found in -the Hitler Line in the Liri Valley. These steel pillboxes, -camouflaged and usually connected by communication trenches to -well constructed bunkers, were impregnable to all but direct -hits from artillery fire. (German mobile steel pillbox, being -removed by tank recovery vehicle M31.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_293b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[294]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_294.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">VALMONTONE ON HIGHWAY 6, twenty-five miles southeast of Rome. -This was the main escape route of the enemy forces trying to -retreat toward Rome from the Cassino-Liri Valley area. The enemy -kept the road open until 1 June. U. S. forces found the village -unoccupied on the morning of 2 June when a battle patrol entered -the town.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[295]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_295a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">A TANK-INFANTRY TEAM entering Rome on 4 June. The burning -vehicle is a German Tiger tank. The enemy had been evacuating -the city for several days, but had left a strong rear guard -equipped with tanks and artillery to hold the Allies in and -below the city as long as possible. Since the streets of Rome -were not suitable for conventional infantry attacks, small -tank-infantry teams entered the city from several directions and -by early morning of 5 June were in possession of the bridges -across the Tiber.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_295b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[296]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 502px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_296.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRYMEN OF ONE OF THE TANK-INFANTRY TEAMS to enter Rome on 4 -June. Soldier on left has a Browning automatic rifle. The one on -right holds a bazooka (rocket launcher M1).</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[297]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 494px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_297.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY AWAITING SIGNAL TO ENTER ROME on 4 June. At this time -the city was being cleared by small tank-infantry teams.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[298]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 526px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_298.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FIFTH ARMY ENTERING ROME on 5 June only to continue through the -city in pursuit of the enemy retreating along the roads north -of Rome. During this retreat the Germans were under constant -bombing and strafing attacks by Allied air forces. The roads of -retreat were littered with vehicles of all kinds. (3-inch gun -motor carriage M10.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[299]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 501px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_299.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN GRIZZLY BEAR on a street in Rome. This is a close-support -weapon and mounts a short-barreled howitzer in a high, armored -superstructure (15-cm Stu. H. 43 on Pz. Kpfw. IV chassis.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[300]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 548px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_300.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY IN PURSUIT OF THE ENEMY north of Rome. Note dead horse -on left. Much of the German equipment was horse-drawn, limiting -the speed of withdrawal. During the pursuit of the enemy from -Rome to the Arno River whole divisions both American and French -were gradually withdrawn from the Fifth Army to train for the -coming invasion of southern France. Army strength dropped from -248,989 on 1 June to 153,323 on 1 August 1944. Three U. S. -divisions, veterans of the Italian campaign, were sent to the -Naples area for invasion training. (57-mm. antitank gun.)</p> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[301]</span></p> - -<p class="center xl p2">SOUTHERN FRANCE</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[302]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 468px"> - <p class="p2 right">SOUTHERN FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_302.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[303]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION IV<br /> -<span class="subhed">Southern France</span></h2></div> - -<p>The offensive operation in southern France, originally scheduled to -be executed simultaneously with the Normandy landings, was conceived -with the aim of pushing northward from the southern coast, creating -a diversion of enemy troops from the northern assault, and generally -weakening the German Army in France. This operation was given the code -name <span class="smcap">Anvil</span>.</p> - -<p>A serious shortage of landing craft delayed the invasion until 15 -August 1944. Meanwhile preparations for such a landing served as a -threat and held a large number of German forces on the southern coast. -Craft, used first for the Normandy landings, were then rushed to the -Mediterranean for use in mounting <span class="smcap">Anvil</span>.</p> - -<p>During June and July three divisions which formed the bulk of the U. S. -VI Corps were withdrawn from the battle in Italy and sent to port areas -for training and for participation in Operation <span class="smcap">Anvil</span>. At the -same time all the French troops with U. S. Fifth Army were withdrawn -to prepare for the invasion. The Allied strategic air forces began the -process of neutralizing vital enemy communications and installations in -southern France. As D Day approached, a large naval force was amassed -in the Mediterranean, and the ground forces, American and French -troops, were embarked from Italy, North Africa, and Corsica.</p> - -<p>An airborne task force of American and British units, with the -mission of preventing the enemy from reinforcing the coastal defense, -successfully jumped astride the Argens River behind the German -lines before H Hour. Landings took place on 15 August 1944 in the -Cannes-Toulon sector against scattered and disorganized resistance -from the enemy. The assault forces, assisted by members of the French -Resistance forces, pressed their attack rapidly, defeated the enemy -along the coast line, and pushed inland. The troops were met with -enthusiasm by the French population.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[304]</span></p> - -<p>Toulon and Marseille were captured by units of the French forces. By -the end of August the combined American and French forces had broken -German resistance in southern France, destroyed and put to flight -the enemy, and advanced to Lyons. On 11 September 1944 they made -junction with the Normandy forces west of Dijon, thereby sealing all of -southwestern France.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[305]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 525px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_305.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SMOKE RISING FROM WATERFRONT INSTALLATIONS as Liberators bomb -Genoa, Italy, prior to the invasion of southern France. This -was part of a plan to keep the enemy guessing as to where the -assault would come. At the time of the Normandy landings most -of the Allied troops intended for the simultaneous invasion of -southern France were fighting in Italy.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[306]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 515px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_306.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DOCKS AND U-BOAT PENS during an air attack at Toulon, a major -French naval base. Allied air attacks destroyed U-boats awaiting -repairs in their pens and crippled production facilities. By the -end of July 1944 the Mediterranean Sea was almost cleared of -German naval power.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[307]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_307.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BOMBING OF RHÔNE RIVER BRIDGES at Tarascon by Allied planes. -Pre-D-Day bombardment wrecked all but one bridge across the -Rhône, which helped to hamper large-scale movement of enemy -troops. The Allied forces were to advance through the Rhône -River Valley which passes between two mountain masses, the -Massif Central and the Alps, and forms a great natural corridor -connecting the Mediterranean coast with the Paris basin.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[308]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 566px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_308.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">B-24 0VER THE GOLFE DE LA NAPOULE. Smoke rising in distance, -near village of Théoule-sur-Mer, is caused by bombing of -railroad, highway, and bridges. At right is Cannes. The air -offensive in support of the invasion actually began as early as -28 April 1944 when heavy bombers attacked Toulon. Between that -time and August, the Mediterranean Allied air force dropped -more than 12,500 tons of bombs on southern France. Beginning -on 10 August the offensive was continued by attacking coastal -batteries and radar stations, harassing coastal defense troops, -and isolating the target area by destroying bridges across the -Rhône.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[309]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 517px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_309.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">WATERPROOFED PRIEST undergoing test in preparation for the -invasion. The invasion training center at Salerno, Italy, -established a school of one week’s instruction in waterproofing -vehicles for the coming assault. The 105-mm. howitzer motor -carriage M7 was the principal artillery weapon of the U. S. -armored division.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[310]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 514px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_310.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">VEHICLES ASSEMBLED AT THE PORT OF NAPLES for the invasion of -southern France. The troop list of those landing during the -first four days included over 155,000 personnel and 20,000 -vehicles of all types, including personnel and cargo carriers as -well as armored vehicles.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[311]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 513px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_311.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LOADED LST’S IN NAPLES HARBOR in August 1944 before the -invasion. By this time the Germans had been pushed north of -Florence, their air force had been greatly reduced, and their -airfields in the Po Valley were under constant air attacks by -medium and heavy bombers.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[312]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 541px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_312.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MEN ON A BEACH NEAR NAPLES waiting for water transportation to -take them to near-by landing craft and transports in the Bay of -Naples. This was the final loading before the invasion. Although -the Germans were aware of the concentration of troops and -shipping and knew that the invasion was in preparation, no enemy -bombings interfered with the loading operations. The Allied air -forces had rendered most of their airfields within range of -Naples inoperative for all practical purposes.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[313]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 514px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_313.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MEN RECEIVING CARTRIDGES OF CARBON DIOXIDE for their life -preservers, prior to boarding ships for the invasion. Rations -for the first days were also issued, each man receiving one K -ration, one D ration, one small bottle of Halazone tablets to -purify water, one bottle of salt tablets, and two packages of -cigarettes.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[314]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 505px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_314.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FULLY EQUIPPED INFANTRY SOLDIER, armed with both a carbine and -a rocket launcher, boarding a transport. (2.36-inch rocket -launcher M1A1, known as the bazooka.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[315]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 562px"> - <p class="p2 right">EN ROUTE TO SOUTHERN FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_315.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LST’S APPROACHING THE COAST OF FRANCE. Ships carrying men and -equipment for the invasion sailed from ports in Africa, Italy, -and Corsica, the most important loading port being Naples. In -all, 853 vessels from the Allied navies formed the task force -with an additional 1,267 small landing craft, deck-loaded. -Several hours prior to the main assault amphibious landings were -made on both flanks of the invasion area and airborne landings -were made in the rear in order to isolate the beachhead from the -enemy. French commandos landed at Cap Nègre and French marines -landed near Cannes.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[316]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 529px"> - <p class="p2 right">EN ROUTE TO SOUTHERN FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_316.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ON BOARD AN AMERICAN CRUISER men pass ammunition to gunners -firing on the beaches of southern France. Naval ships commenced -long-range bombardment of prearranged targets at 0530 on D Day. -Until 0800 this fire was almost continuous, lifting only when -Allied bombers were over the targets. In all, naval guns fired -over 15,900 projectiles into the beach area prior to the assault -landings.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[317]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 553px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_317.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DROPPING SUPPLIES TO PARATROOPERS on D Day, 15 August 1944. An -Anglo-American airborne task force landed at various hours on D -Day beginning at 0430 near le Muy and le Luc to establish road -blocks, to prevent enemy movement toward the beaches, and to -help reduce the defenses in the Frejus area. No air opposition -was encountered and the paratroopers landed and came in contact -with the enemy immediately, but resistance was light, primarily -small arms fire. Preparations were made by the paratroopers for -the landing of the glider-borne elements.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[318]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 554px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_318.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DUST RISING FROM FIELDS AS GLIDERS LAND. The tow planes and -gliders took off from airfields in the Rome area. No gliders -were lost from enemy action, but many were wrecked in landing, -causing some casualties. The first glider serial landed about -0930 on 15 August 1944, and by late afternoon the whole force -had landed. By nightfall four small villages had been occupied -and 103 prisoners taken. A protective screen was established -over the road net connecting the invasion coast with the -interior.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[319]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 513px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_319.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">WOUNDED AND INJURED AIRBORNE TROOPS in an aid station at la -Motte. The enemy opposition to the Anglo-American air drops -and glider landings was relatively slight but this method of -warfare, in itself dangerous, resulted in unavoidable accidents -such as broken arms and legs and, in some cases, more serious -injuries.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[320]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 523px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_320.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ROCKET SHIP CONVERTED FROM AN LCT. Ahead of the first wave of -assault troops in landing craft were rocket ships mounting tiers -of rocket launchers. As these drew within range of the beach -defenses they discharged their rockets. The first troops landed -immediately afterward. Rocket ships were equipped with launchers -for up to 1,000 rockets.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[321]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_321.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIERS DESCENDING A LADDER into waiting assault craft. -Climbing down along the high vertical side of a transport into -a heaving and swaying assault craft while loaded down with -ammunition, equipment, and rations was in itself a difficult -task. The ladder shown here, constructed of chains separated by -wooden pieces, was a great improvement over the old rope nets. -The latter tended to bunch and stretch, making the descent -extremely difficult and slow.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[322]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 514px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_322.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY MAN AND MEDICS in the LCVP nearing a beach. Advancing -at full speed, the assault craft approached the beaches in the -immediate wake of the rocket ships. Other landing craft can -be seen on the beach. At right is an LST. Overhead are three -barrage balloons.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[323]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_323.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PART OF THE BEACH ON BAIE DE CAVALAIRE. On the left of the -invasion coast in the U. S. sector, one division was to assault -the beach area from Cap Cavalaire to the Cap de Saint-Tropez, -including the town of Saint-Tropez. One battalion landing on the -beach shown above advanced along the coastal road and cleared -the town of Cavalaire-sur-Mer (portion of town is at left in -photo), and by 1330 on D Day reached a road block, in the -vicinity of Cap Negre, held by the French.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[324]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_324.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BEACH ON THE ANSE DE PAMPELONE. All beach defenses were reduced -in forty minutes after landings were made. The engineers started -clearing the beaches of mines and laying beach pontons since the -gradient was too shallow for ships to come up to the beach. One -battalion attacked inland and seized the high ground north of -the town of Rainatuelle (upper left). Two battalions moved north -and northeast and seized the hills (upper right). Saint-Tropez -is just behind these hills.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[326]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 548px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_326.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE CAP SARDINEAU BEACHES. Another of the three assault -divisions landed here in the center of the corps invasion area -at H Hour (0800) on D Day. The three small beaches (shown above) -lay along a curving bay between Cap Sardineau and Pointe de -l’Arpillon. The divisional area extended inland 15 to 20 miles -to le Luc and le Muy where the airborne troops had previously -landed. After clearing the beaches, the division’s mission was -to contact the paratroopers to the north and the divisions on -each flank.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[327]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 555px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_327.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">POINTE D’ANTHÉOR BEACH. On the extreme right of the invasion -coast, this beach at an inlet near Pointe d’Anthéor was small -and not well suited for a major landing. The landings took place -on the beaches on both sides of the inlet which ends where -the highway runs beside the railroad bridge. Here the Germans -directed their fire upon the assault boats and made several -direct hits, causing casualties. The assault troops placed a -road block across the coastal highway and occupied the ground -northwest of Rade-d’Agay.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[328]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_328.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">CAP DRAMMONT BEACH. The third division of the three in the U. -S. assault area had the mission of securing the right of the -invasion beaches. The divisional area extended from Pointe de -Saint-Aygulf along the coast line to Théoulesur Mer on the Golfe -de la Napoule. The first assault was over this beach west of Cap -Drammont and was considered large enough only for the initial -operations. The beach consisted of narrow strips of rocky shale -between the water and steep embankments.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[330]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 544px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_330.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DUPLEX-DRIVE TANK. Amphibian tanks were launched from LCT’s -about 2,000 yards offshore to support infantry on the -Saint-Tropez peninsula assault. By means of the duplex drive -a regular medium tank was converted into an amphibian. When -the canvas screen was raised and held in place by mechanical -means the tank floated. The DD tank was vulnerable to mines and -underwater obstacles. Offshore at right an amphibian 2½-ton -truck is bringing a 105-mm. howitzer to the beach.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[331]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 514px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_331.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRYMEN LANDING ON BEACH FROM AN LCI. In the center of the -U. S. assault area troops landed under almost ideal amphibious -conditions, four battalions abreast with little hindrance by -mines and underwater obstacles and with light enemy resistance.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[332]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 515px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_332.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">A SMOKE SCREEN is laid to cover landing operations on the left -flank of the American assault area. While engineers, using a -mine detector (SCR 625), clear the beach of enemy mines, a DUKW -with a 105-mm. howitzer approaches the shore.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[333]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 538px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_333.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">EXPLODING MINE. On D Day morning no fire on ships or craft from -coast defense guns was reported, and on the beaches resistance -consisted mostly of small arms and mortar fire. Underwater -obstacles and land and marine mines were insufficient to delay -the landings materially. The first waves of assault troops -located and removed many of these obstacles. Note wire matting -in lower left used to form a roadbed over loose sand.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[334]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 551px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_334.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ENEMY TRENCHES ON BEACH and two American casualties. A -waterproofed 2½-ton 6 x 6 truck offshore. Shortly after U. S. -troops landed the enemy came out of shelters and opened fire -with small arms and mortars. However, amphibian tanks, tank -destroyers, and howitzers which had landed from DUKW’s were -in position to meet this fire, and the infantry continued to -advance inland against scattered and light opposition. The first -enemy prisoners seemed dazed and well shaken by the preliminary -naval and aerial bombardment.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[335]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 523px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_335.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AID MEN ADMINISTER PLASMA TO A FRENCH WOMAN wounded during the -invasion, using the rear of a DD tank for shelter. Men and women -of the French Forces of the Interior assisted the advancing -troops and made the countryside untenable for the isolated -enemy detachments. By midnight, the corps reported that 2,041 -prisoners had been taken.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">[336]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 515px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_336.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LITTER BEARERS EVACUATING WOUNDED MAN. A medical battalion -attached to the beach group set up collecting, clearing, and aid -stations. The wounded were evacuated from the beach by Army and -Navy medical personnel to hospital ships by LCVP’s. The casualty -rates were low and the inland advance of troops rapid.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[337]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 521px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_337.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ENEMY PILLBOX. On the morning of 16 August 1944 troops moved -through Saint-Raphaël clearing most of the resistance. There -was considerable improvisation on the part of the enemy, such -as the mounting of tank turrets on concrete to form pillboxes. -(Schmeiser machine gun and 20-mm. cannon mounted in pillbox.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[338]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_338.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE FIRST FRENCH PARTISANS (French Forces of the Interior) to -meet the invading U. S. troops at the beach in the Saint-Tropez -area. The partisans had been given a list of priority targets -to be attacked on and after D Day. They were to intensify -their activities in the rear of the enemy forces, with special -emphasis on the destruction of bridges, cutting and blocking -highways and railroads, and seizing or controlling telephone and -telegraph centers.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[339]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 575px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_339.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FRENCH TROOPS TAKE OVER A GERMAN GUN IN TOULON. At 2000 -on D plus 1 a French army, consisting of seven divisions, -began landing on the beaches in the Saint-Tropez area, with -the initial mission of capturing the port cities of Toulon -and Marseille. The divisions assigned the taking of Toulon -began the encirclement of the city on 20 August. Because of -formidable enemy defenses, the combined efforts of the French -army, the tactical air command, and the Allied naval task -force were required before complete occupation of the city was -accomplished. The German garrison surrendered to the French army -on 28 August 1944. (German gun, 7.5-cm. Pak. 40.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">[340]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_340.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE FRENCH BATTLESHIP STRASBOURG. This ship was scuttled and -then damaged by Allied bombing on D plus 3, 18 August 1944, -in Toulon harbor. The enemy made maximum use of artillery for -coastal defense purposes. Batteries included railway guns, heavy -coast artillery, German field pieces, old French and Italian -equipment, and even naval guns transferred from French warships -scuttled in Toulon harbor.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[341]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_341.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DAMAGED DOCKS AT MARSEILLE, the second largest city in -France, the most important port on the Mediterranean, and one -of the three cities in southern France with facilities for -handling 10,000-ton Liberty ships. (The others are Toulon and -Nice.) Marseille capitulated to the French army on 28 August -1944, particular emphasis being placed on preserving port -installations which the Germans had hoped to render useless by -large-scale demolitions.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">[342]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 582px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_342.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY AND TANKS ADVANCE ALONG A COASTAL HIGHWAY. Failure -of the defending forces to hold the invaders in the immediate -coastal area was due to several facts: the enemy had disposed -his divisions too far west; additional troops were committed -in a piecemeal fashion; coastal units in general were weak, -and lacked air support, armor, and heavy artillery. It is -also estimated that about half the enemy troops were Russian, -Czech, Turkish, Polish, and other non-Germanic people who were -not inclined to put up a determined stand. The German corps -headquarters, near Draguignan, became isolated from its command. -The French Forces of the Interior constantly harassed the -defending troops from the rear.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">[343]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_343a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRYMEN PATROL NORTH OF MONTELIMAR (top). An American tank -passes wrecked German equipment north of Montelimar (bottom). -American troops advanced on Montelimar from the south and -northeast in an attempt to cut off and destroy the German army -in that area. After eight days of hard fighting the town was -taken, but a large portion of the enemy troops had succeeded in -escaping north from the triangle formed by the Rhone, Drome, and -Roubion Rivers, along Highway 86 west of the Rhone River and -Highway 7 east of the river.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_343b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">[344]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_344a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN EQUIPMENT BURNING IN THE MONTELIMAR AREA as U. S. -artillery shells enemy convoys attempting to withdraw to the -north (top). Wreckage of enemy vehicles after being hit by -artillery fire (bottom). By the end of August the Germans had -succeeded in withdrawing the greater part of their personnel -north of the Drome River, but left behind were destroyed -vehicles, guns, and heavy equipment, which reflected the eight -days of heavy fighting. American destruction of enemy equipment -included between 2,000 and 3,000 vehicles, over 80 artillery -pieces, and 5 large-caliber railway guns.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_344b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">[345]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 493px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_345.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">A LITTLE FRENCH GIRL giving a soldier a bottle of wine as a -gesture of welcome as U. S. troops march through the streets of -a liberated French town.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_346">[346]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_346.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIERS OF THE SOUTHERN INVADING ARMY meeting soldiers from -the northern invading army. At 1500, 11 September, elements -of a French armored division of the southern forces made -junction with a French armored division near Sombernon, 150 -miles southeast of Paris. The two invasion forces thus joined -to form a continuous Allied front from the North Sea to the -Mediterranean.</p> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">[347]</span></p> - -<p class="center xl p2">ITALY</p> -</div> - -<p class="center xl p2">(5 June 1944–2 May 1945)</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">[349]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION V<br /> -<span class="subhed">Italy</span></h2></div> - -<p class="center">(5 June 1944–2 May 1945)</p> - -<p>The Allies did not halt after taking Rome, but their northward progress -was soon slowed by skillful delaying tactics of the retreating enemy -and by the fact that all the French and some of the American divisions -were being withdrawn from the U. S. Fifth Army for the operation in -southern France. The Germans speeded construction of the Gothic Line -in the north Apennines, and early in August 1944 the Allies paused for -reorganization on a line running approximately from ten miles north -of Ancona on the east through Pisa to the west coast. The Fifth Army -held the territory south of the Arno River from the sea to a few miles -east of Florence; the British Eighth Army was north of Ancona on the -Adriatic.</p> - -<p>During August preparations were made by the Allied armies in northern -Italy to penetrate the heavily fortified Gothic Line. This defensive -system of the enemy extended in general from southeast of La Spezia -through the mountains to Rimini. After regrouping and building up -supplies, the Allied armies started their offensive on 26 August. They -succeeded in breaching the Gothic Line in the center and along the -coast, but fierce enemy resistance, bad weather, and a shortage of -ammunition and replacements halted the offensive south of the Po River -plain by the late fall of 1944. The winter of 1944–45 was spent in the -mountains overlooking the Po Valley.</p> - -<p>The spring drive by the Allied armies started on 9 April 1945. Bologna -fell on 20 April, and armor and infantry overran the plain and divided -the German forces. On 2 May 1945 the enemy in Italy surrendered -unconditionally.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[351]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_351.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIER LOADING WING GUNS OF A FIGHTER with .50-caliber -ammunition. In Italy these tough and maneuverable fighters -were used for a variety of purposes, particularly after other -fighter planes with a higher speed and longer range were -available for escorting and protecting bombers. The P-47’s -became fighter-bombers, and were also equipped to use rockets. -(4.5-inch 3-tube AC rocket launcher M15 of a P-47.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[352]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 507px"> - <p class="p2 right">CORSICA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_352.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FRENCH COMMANDOS AND SENEGALESE TROOPS on an LCI in a Corsican -harbor prior to the attack on the island of Elba. The troops -were taken to Elba on 17 June 1944 in U. S. landing craft and in -two days the island had been secured.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">[353]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 529px"> - <p class="p2 right">CORSICA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_353.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GOUMIERS BOARDING AN LST in Corsica for the attack on Elba. -The attack, though not carried out by Fifth Army troops, was -co-ordinated by Allied Force Headquarters with the advance on -the Italian mainland and was launched when the forces driving -up the mainland were nearly opposite the island. The attacking -force consisted of French, goumiers, and Senegalese.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[354]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 497px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_354.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BRAZILIAN SOLDIERS ARRIVING IN NAPLES, July 1944, to serve -with the Fifth Army during the 1944–45 winter campaign in the -northern Apennines.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[355]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 504px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_355.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION POINT. Oil tankers brought gasoline into -major ports. From there it was transported to storage tanks at -distribution points by pipeline, trucks, or tankers where it was -transferred to five-gallon cans for pickup.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_356">[356]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 523px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_356.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">A TIGER TANK, such as was encountered in Tunisia and Sicily, but -with a non-magnetic plastic coating. It is believed that most of -the tanks thus coated were originally destined for the Russian -front where the Germans were greatly troubled by delayed-action -magnetic mines which were stuck onto the armor of their tanks by -Russian infantry.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[357]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_357a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN ARMOR. Medium tank is the Mark IV (top). Of the four tank -types with which the Germans started the war, only this survived -in service until the end. Originally it had a short-barreled -75-mm. gun which changed its role from a close-support vehicle -to a fighting tank. Assault gun (bottom). The Germans used -this in great numbers, and it was often called a tank, but was -actually an assault gun and tank destroyer on the chassis of a -Mark III tank. (Top: Pz. Kpfw. IV tank with 7.5-cm. Kw. K. 40 -(L/43) gun; bottom: Stu. G. III with 7.5-cm. Stu. K. 40 gun.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_357b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">[358]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 504px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_358.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN AMPHIBIAN JEEP, a version of the light Army car, -Volkswagen. Both versions were inferior in every respect to the -U. S. jeep except in the comfort of the seating accommodations. -(Schwimmwagen, le.P.K w.K.2s.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_359">[359]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 562px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_359.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ENGINEERS SETTING OFF ENEMY MINES in a street in Leghorn on -19 July 1944, the day the city fell. The soldier at left is -guarding engineers against snipers. The Germans had destroyed -all the port facilities, mined the buildings in the harbor -area, and made the latter unusable by blocking the entrance -with sunken ships. The drive from Rome to the Arno River was -a pursuit action in which the Germans, by skillful delaying -tactics, slowed the Allied advance so that completion of -the Gothic Line defenses in the northern Apennines could be -expedited. The mouth of the Arno River was reached by 23 July -1944.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[360]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 548px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_360.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TROOPS IN PISA. The southern outskirts of this town on the Arno -River were entered on 23 July 1944. The enemy had destroyed all -bridges across the river and when the infantry entered the town -they were met by heavy fire from across the river. The southern -half of the city was found heavily mined and booby-trapped. -During the approach to the Arno River plans were being completed -for introduction of antiaircraft units into the lines as -infantry since enemy air activity had decreased to the extent -that many AA units could be more profitably used as infantry.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_361">[361]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 513px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_361.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FIRING HOWITZERS across the Arno River in August. The men of -this unit were part of an American all-Negro regimental combat -team, the first to appear in Italy. They entered the line south -of the Arno on 23 August. A few weeks later an entire Negro -infantry division was at the front. (105-mm. howitzer.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[362]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 553px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_362.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MEMBERS OF AN ARMORED FIELD ARTILLERY UNIT firing a 105-mm. -howitzer during training south of the Arno River. The howitzer -is mounted on a Priest. The Fifth Army reached the Arno at -Pontedera on 18 July and the first week in August found the -forces grouped along the southern bank on a thirty-five-mile -front reaching from the sea on the west to Florence. The month -of August was used for resupplying, resting, and training the -units. (105-mm. howitzer; M7 gun motor carriage.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[363]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 566px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_363.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">NEGRO TROOPS CROSSING THE ARNO near Pontedera on 1 September, -during the drive toward the Gothic Line. The attack on this line -was started by the Eighth Army along the east coast on the night -of 25–26 August. On 1 September the line had been breached in -that sector but by the 6th the advance had been stopped a few -miles below Rimini on the Adriatic coast. This advance by the -British caused the German High Command to shift three divisions -opposing the Americans to the British sector. The forces -directly opposite the Arno drew back into the Gothic Line, a -distance of about twenty miles.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">[364]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 541px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_364.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SHERMAN TANK FORDING THE ARNO in the Cascina area on 1 -September. Little opposition was met until the Gothic Line -was reached. The Germans had started to withdraw into this -line during the last days of August. Before the withdrawal, -it was estimated that the area between the Arno River and the -Gothic Line contained about 350 enemy tanks, half of which were -Panthers and Tigers. (Sherman tank M 4A 1.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[365]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 551px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_365.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TOP OF IL GIOGO PASS IN THE GOTHIC LINE, looking toward the -north. The Fifth Army broke through this pass in the Gothic Line -defenses outflanking the heavier prepared fortifications at Futa -Pass on Highway 65. The scarcity of roads through the mountains -made it possible for the Germans to concentrate their defensive -works at a few key points such as the Futa and Il Giogo Passes. -Highway 6524 branches off Highway 65 thirteen miles north of -Florence, winds through Il Giogo Pass, and ends at Highway 9 in -Imola (Po Valley).</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">[366]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 562px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_366.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY ADVANCING OVER THE HILLS in the area of Il Giogo Pass -on 18 September, the day the pass was taken. The fight for the -area started on the morning of 12 September. The mountains on -each side of Il Giogo Pass are too steep to require antitank -defenses other than road blocks, but other defenses such as -underground fortresses were numerous and well prepared. Barbed -wire and antipersonnel mine fields guarded approaches. Many of -the hills were covered with pine woods which made it difficult -to locate enemy defenses by the use of aerial photographs. Some -information was obtained from partisans who had worked on the -Gothic Line.]</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_367">[367]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 512px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_367.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PACK MULE TRAIN approaching the Gothic Line in the area of Il -Giogo Pass. For the difficult task of supplying their troops -through the mountains the Allied forces had 9 Italian Army mule -pack companies, each containing 260 mules. (2½-ton U. S. truck -overturned.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">[368]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 527px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_368.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">HIGHWAY 65 AT FUTA PASS. This pass, at an altitude of 2,962 -feet, is one of the lowest through the northern Apennines. -Highway 65, the most direct route to Bologna and the Po Valley, -became the main supply route and a principal axis of advance in -the Fifth Army area, although the breach in the Gothic Line was -not made here. Futa Pass fell on 22 September.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[369]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 501px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_369.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY PACK TEAMS bringing supplies to units fighting in the -Gothic Line near Futa Pass. Mule pack teams were available but -some of the paths were too steep even for pack animals.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">[370]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 526px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_370.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ANTITANK DITCH AT FUTA PASS. This ditch, about three miles long, -crossed the road south of the pass. The ditch was covered with -a network of infantry positions and bunkers for antitank guns. -The area in front of the ditch was mined. Two of the bunkers in -this area were topped by Panther tank turrets with long-barreled -75-mm. tank guns.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[371]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 502px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_371.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">A PANTHER TURRET CASEMATE in the Gothic Line near Futa Pass. The -turret could not be penetrated by the guns of any of our tanks, -but was vulnerable to artillery fire.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_372">[372]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 512px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_372.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">REPAIRING PONTON TREADWAY BRIDGE over the Arno at Pontedera. -The supply situation of Fifth Army troops at the Gothic Line -was made difficult by fall rains which raised the Arno River to -flood level and washed out most of the bridges between Florence -and Pontedera.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_373">[373]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 514px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_373.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MACHINE GUNNERS FIRING AT GERMANS in the Monticelli area near Il -Giogo Pass. Note flash hider attached to front of machine gun. -The Americans occupied Firenzuola on 21 September. (.30-caliber -Browning machine gun M1917A1, a development of the M1917 which -proved its worth in World War I.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[374]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 512px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_374.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AMERICAN ENGINEERS CONSTRUCTING A BYPASS in the Firenzuola -area during the pursuit of the Germans. The combat engineers, -prepared to bulldoze a bypass or to install temporary bridges, -followed closely behind the leading elements of the infantry and -armor. (Jeep; crawler type diesel tractor with angledozer.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">[375]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 513px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_375.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BAILEY BRIDGE in the Firenzuola area. This is the same site as -the scene of the bulldozer constructing a bypass, the picture -being taken two days later. The Bailey bridge was particularly -suitable for operations in the mountains of Italy where sudden -rains would swell the rivers and wash out ponton bridges.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_376">[376]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 542px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_376.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AMERICAN ARTILLERYMEN firing captured German 150-mm. gun near -Lucca. Note small amount of smoke. German ammunition was charged -with smokeless, flash-less powder which in both night and day -fighting helped the enemy tremendously in concealing his fire -positions. All U. S. guns, from the rifle to the large howitzer, -left telltale puffs of smoke during daytime or showed relatively -large and brilliant muzzle flashes at night.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_377">[377]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 518px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_377.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">A GROUP OF ARMORED VEHICLES at a salvage yard of a heavy -maintenance company in Italy. (1, 2, and 3, light tanks M5; 4, -medium tank M4; 5, gun motor carriage M10; 6, medium tank M4. A -tractor and tank recovery trailer are partially visible, upper -right.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_378">[378]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 555px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_378.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIERS IN THE APENNINES receiving an issue of woolen -underwear, September 1944. Some of the peaks in the northern -Apennines rise to well over 5,000 feet and the weather is -unpleasantly cold in winter. Fall rains, often turning to sleet, -start in September and the higher peaks are usually snow-covered -by late October. Highway 65, the main axis of advance, runs -mostly on top of the mountain ridges. Here the cold is -particularly severe. There is nothing to break the winter winds -and part of the road is so high that it is often cloud-covered.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_379">[379]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 551px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_379.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LOADING MULES WITH AMMUNITION for 155-mm. howitzers in the -Castel del Rio area on Highway 6524, between Firenzuola and the -town of Imola in the Po Valley. After breaching the Gothic Line -at Il Giogo Pass an attempt to reach the Po Valley at Imola -was made along the route above. Because of the exposed salient -and stiff enemy resistance, the axis of attack was changed to -Highway 65. On 1 October, the day the picture was made, bloody -fighting for possession of the controlling height of Monte -Battaglia, east of Castel del Rio, was in progress.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">[380]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 512px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_380.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">A TANK BATTALION PREPARING TO ATTACK along Highway 65 toward -the village of Monghidoro. The attack started on the morning of -1 October and by evening of the 2d the village was securely in -Allied hands. The Sherman tanks pictured here are all armed with -76-mm. guns.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[381]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 505px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_381.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TRUCK TOWING HOWITZER along Highway 65 during the beginning of -the 1 October drive. Smoke is from M2 smoke generators. (6-ton -truck; 155-mm. howitzer.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">[382]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 551px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_382.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TERRAIN OF THE WINTER STALEMATE in the northern Apennines, -looking toward the southeast. The high mountain peak in distance -is Monte Vigese. This mountain was taken by the South Africans -of the Fifth Army on 6 October 1944 after a three-day fight. -The territory in the foreground was in enemy hands until the -beginning of March 1945 when it was taken by American and -Brazilian troops in a limited offensive to obtain better jumping -off places for the main attack toward the Po Valley.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_383">[383]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 525px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_383.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">NEGRO TROOPS ADVANCING ON HIGHWAY 12 along the Torrente -Lima. Jeeps with trailers were used and in danger areas the -windshields were folded forward and covered with canvas to -prevent light reflection. The sort of road demolition shown was -common during the fighting in the northern Apennines. Valley -roads were subject to natural landslides, and large-scale -destruction was easy to accomplish.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_384">[384]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 579px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_384.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ROAD IN THE APENNINES during the October drive. After the first -week, weather was a contributing factor to the slow pace of the -offensive. Rainy and foggy days worked almost entirely to the -benefit of the enemy. Artillery observation planes were grounded -and few of the planned air missions could be flown. Finally, -with each mile that the troops advanced over the rain-soaked -trails and dirt roads, the problem of keeping supplies moving -forward increased. Engineers kept working night and day pouring -gravel and crushed rock on the roads. They managed to keep -highways open for all types of vehicles and side roads passable -for the four-wheel-drive jeep and the powerful 2½-ton truck. -(Jeep; 2½-ton truck.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_385">[385]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 569px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_385.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE WEASEL, officially cargo carrier M29, came into its own -during the campaign in the northern Apennines. It operated -satisfactorily off the roads under mud or snow conditions and -helped to provide lateral communications. Most roads in the -Fifth Army sector of the Apennines ran more or less parallel -in a northerly direction; the area of the winter fighting -was almost completely devoid of east-west roads. The Weasel, -originally designed for use over snow and ice, had low ground -pressure and proved suitable for operation across fields or poor -trails. It had a crew of two and a pay load of approximately -1,000 pounds.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_386">[386]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_386a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">JEEPS ALONG THE SUPPLY ROADS in the northern Apennines. This -vehicle was capable of operating over unimproved roads and -trails and could be shifted into four-wheel drive for steep -grades and muddy or sandy terrain. It could climb a 60 percent -grade and attain a speed of 65 miles per hour over level -highways. The jeep could also ford a stream 18 inches deep while -fully loaded and a deeper stream when especially equipped with -exhaust and air-intake extensions. The jeep, truck, and pack -mule were always important in the advances made.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_386b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_387">[387]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 551px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_387.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">APPROACH TO LIVERGNANO ON HIGHWAY 65, looking from the south -along the highway. The village is the small cluster of ruined -houses below cliff on left. The Germans occupied the houses -as well as the tops and sides of the two hills. The latter -were honeycombed with caves which the enemy had enlarged and -strengthened. The fighting lasted from 9 to 14 October. On the -14th the enemy was still in possession of most of the village -and the two hills but retreated because he had been outflanked -from the west.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_388">[388]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 565px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_388.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE RUINS OF LIVERGNANO. The main highway through the village -runs to Florence (upper right), and to Bologna (center left). -Livergnano, taken in a five-day fight, became known as “Liver -and Onions.” During the final attack of this fall offensive -toward Bologna, which started on 16 October and bogged down in -mud toward the end of the month, the enemy concentrated his -artillery fire on this village in an attempt to demolish the -houses along the road and thus block the highway, the supply -road for the area. The enemy managed to knock down some of the -houses but did not succeed in stopping traffic. Bulldozers -filled the craters in the road and pushed aside the rubble.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_389">[389]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 515px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_389.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MONTE BELLA FORMICHE, taken after a three-day fight starting on -10 October. This mountain, located east of Highway 65, is 2,092 -feet high, the highest of the terrain features in the chain -of enemy defenses stretching east and west across Highway 65 -through the village of Livergnano.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_390">[390]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 569px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_390.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LIGHTNING FIGHTERS. This twin-engined fighter was the first -successful long-range bomber escort developed by the United -States. Most Allied fighter planes in Italy gradually came to -be used as fighter-bombers as the need for protecting bomber -formations from hostile aircraft diminished. In August 1943 -the Germans had only about six hundred combat aircraft, mostly -fighters, in Italy. About a third of these were of limited use. -Demands for fighters on the Russian front and the need for -protecting production centers in Germany from Allied bombings -caused some withdrawal of enemy fighters based in Italy. (P-38.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_391">[391]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 549px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_391.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THUNDERBOLT FIGHTER-BOMBERS over the northern Apennines. Note -belly tank to increase range, and bombs under wings. Beginning -in October 1944, extensive use of the 110-gallon fuel tank -incendiary bombs containing a jelly-like mixture called napalm -was made for the first time on the Italian front. The bombs -proved particularly effective against enemy bivouacs and troop -installations in wooded areas where the highly inflammable -fuel, scattered over a wide area, could start numerous fires. -Fighter-bombers co-operated closely with the ground forces. -(P-47.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_392">[392]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 542px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_392.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MUSTANG FIGHTERS. This plane, the P-51, was originally made -for the British and was used by the Royal Air Force as early -as November 1941. The Army Air Forces started to use it in -July 1942. The A-36 version of the P-51 was a fighter-bomber, -and except for diving brakes and differences in armament, the -two ships were alike. With the addition of wing tanks the P-51 -became a long-range fighter used to escort bombers.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_393">[393]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 540px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_393.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LIBERATOR BOMBERS from Italian bases bombing the Munich area -in southern Germany. Smoke-making generators in operation to -blanket vital areas. Note black bursts of antiaircraft fare. -Heavy bombers from Foggia could easily strike at the passes -in the Alps and attack enemy installations and factories in -southern Germany and Austria as these targets were closer to -Allied bases in Italy than they were to those in England.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_394">[394]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 545px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_394.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">LIBERATOR BEING SHOT DOWN by flak over the Po Valley in northern -Italy. As the war in the Mediterranean progressed the size -and effectiveness of the enemy air forces decreased, while -the antiaircraft defenses increased and became more and more -concentrated around the remaining enemy targets. As various -enemy targets were damaged beyond usefulness, antiaircraft -units defending them were sent to strengthen defenses around -industrial plants still in production.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_395">[395]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 518px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_395.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FLAK-DAMAGED FUSELAGE OF A FLYING FORTRESS. This plane received -a direct antiaircraft shell hit while on a mission over Hungary -but managed to fly back to Italy where it collapsed on landing. -In spite of damage to the bomber none of the crew was hurt.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_396">[396]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 584px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_396.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">COREGLIA ANTELMINELLI in the mountains west of the Serchio -River. This region was being held by an American Negro infantry -division. On the morning of 26 December 1944 a mixed enemy force -of Germans and Italians started an attack in this vicinity and -pushed the division back several miles. An Indian brigade was -rushed up to halt the advance of the enemy. Since it was feared -that the enemy might break through and threaten the Allied -supply base at Leghorn, reinforcements were rushed to the area -to protect the vital base. On the night of the 27th the Indians -made contact with the enemy who started to retreat. By 31 -December almost all the lost territory had been regained and the -line was again stabilized.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_397">[397]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 529px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_397.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">A SOUTH AFRICAN ARMORED UNIT in the Reno River valley firing at -German positions across the river, November 1944. Combat action -in the Fifth Army sector during November and the first half of -December was largely confined to patrol activities and artillery -duels. The South African armored division had been transferred -from the Eighth Army to the Fifth Army in late August 1944.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_398">[398]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 553px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_398.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TANK MAINTENANCE POST in abandoned Italian farmhouse. During the -long winter stalemate time was utilized to make major repairs -on armored vehicles. Minor repairs, such as thrown tracks, were -made at forward maintenance posts such as the above which was -located only about 400 yards behind the front lines. (1, medium -tank M4A1; 2 and 3, 76-mm. gun motor carriage M18; 4, medium -tank M4A1; 5, medium tank M4, with 76-mm. gun (note different -gun mount); 6, tank recovery vehicle M31.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_399">[399]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 550px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_399.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MOBILE FIELD ARTILLERY MAINTENANCE UNIT near the front. These -units were used a great deal during the winter. Artillery off -the main roads could be moved only with difficulty after the -rains started and repairs that were normally made in shops -behind the front had to be done in the field. The first two -vehicles shown above are tank recovery vehicles M32, and are -modifications of the M4 designed primarily for recovery of tanks -from battlefields. The fixed turret replaces the customary tank -turret. Third vehicle is weapons carrier, ¾-ton 4 x 4 truck.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_400">[400]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 629px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_400.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BRITISH ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNNERS protecting U. S. engineers -constructing a Bailey bridge on Highway 64 crossing the Reno -River. This was in preparation for an attack on Monte Belvedere -west of the highway. The 3,600-foot mountain was taken on 24 -November 1944 by elements of a U. S. Negro infantry regiment -and members of British and U. S. antiaircraft units serving as -infantry. The enemy counterattacked for five days and the Allies -had to give up the position. During the fall and winter of 1944 -most U. S. and British antiaircraft units were being trained -for infantry duty as rapidly as training and the issuance of -appropriate weapons would permit. (The gun shown is the 40-mm. -automatic antiaircraft type, originally made in Sweden and used -by the Allies and the enemy. The gun could be towed at 50 miles -per hour and transferred from traveling to firing position in 25 -seconds.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_401">[401]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 579px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_401.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PATROL ACTIVITY, December 1944. During the relatively quiet -period of the first half of December, both sides sent patrols -to probe the front lines and bring back prisoners. When the -cold weather set in, winter clothing was issued, including the -reversible, hooded coat known as the parka shown above. One -side was the conventional olive drab, the other side white for -camouflage in snow. New type shoepacs, combination wool sweaters -and cotton field jackets, and sleeping bags left the troops -better prepared for inclement weather than they were during the -previous winter, but there would be no possibility of keeping -dry at the front during an attack when the rain lasted for days -on end.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_402">[402]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 555px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_402.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INSPECTING FRONT-LINE TROOPS FOR TRENCH FOOT. The second winter -of fighting in Italy found the Allies better equipped to handle -the trench foot problem which in November 1943 accounted for -20 percent of the casualties at its peak incidence. Units were -gradually being equipped with shoepacs, an important item -in the prevention of trench foot. The shoepac consisted of -a moccasin-shaped foot of rubber, and a laced, waterproofed -leather top, which extended well up the calf of the leg. It was -worn with felt inner soles or woolen ski socks.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_403">[403]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 517px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_403.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PIPELINE PUMPING STATION AT LEGHORN. Construction of this line -started soon after the capture of the port. By 23 November 1944 -the pipeline had reached Highway 65 just a few miles behind the -front, eliminating the trucking of gasoline over this already -overcrowded road.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_404">[404]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 513px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_404.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">DOUBLE PIPELINE which carried gasoline from the port of -Leghorn to the army front in the Apennines. “Pipeline walking” -to inspect for leakage was done by jeep whenever possible. -Because of hilly terrain several booster pumping stations were -necessary. (4-inch double pipeline.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_405">[405]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 516px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_405.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FILLING CANS WITH GASOLINE at the Raticosa Pass on Highway 65, -terminal of the pipeline from Leghorn. These cans were picked -up by truck and distributed to individual units. As the front -moved, the pipeline was extended to keep up with the troops. -(Five-gallon gasoline cans.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_406">[406]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 539px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_406.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MEMBERS OF A SOUTH AFRICAN UNIT firing a Long Tom. This unit was -stationed along Highway 64. During the winter of 1944–45 the -U. S. Fifth Army roster included Brazilians, South Africans, -British, and Italians as well as U. S. white and Negro troops, -while the British Eighth Army along the east side of the -peninsula contained New Zealanders, Canadians, Poles, Indians, -Italians, and Jewish troops from Palestine in addition to United -Kingdom units.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_407">[407]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 531px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_407.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TRUCK WITH ROTARY SNOWPLOW clearing Highway 64 near Collina. -The first snow fell in the mountains on 11 November. Snow, -rain, sleet, and ice-coated curves on the roads leading to the -front made the supply situation a difficult one. The constant -work by snowplows and the hand labor of thousands of soldiers -and Italian civilians kept the main roads open throughout the -winter.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_408">[408]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 563px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_408.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AMBULANCE EVACUATING WOUNDED from the front lines near Highway -65, between Loiano and Livergnano. The flow of wounded from -the battlefield was carefully controlled. Evacuation hospitals -were kept as free of patients as possible, thereby affording -immediate facilities for the most urgent cases. It was found -desirable in daylight hours to direct the main stream of -casualties to hospitals located farther in the rear, while -during the night most of the patients were brought to the -forward hospital units in order to reduce the delay caused -by blackout ambulance driving over icy roads. (¾-ton 4 x 4 -ambulance.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_409">[409]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 540px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_409.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TRUCK ON HIGHWAY 65 near Loiano receives near miss, January -1945. This highway had been the main axis of advance during the -October offensive in the U. S. sector and was the only good road -in this area. During the winter stalemate and build-up for the -spring offensive, a period of about five months, this road was -under observed enemy artillery fire directed from Monte Adone, a -commanding position between Highways 64 and 65.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_410">[410]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 512px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_410.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MEN RESTING IN THEIR QUARTERS in an old barn after a day in -foxholes at the front. During cold weather, winterization of -living quarters was carried out on a large scale, although men -in the extreme forward positions usually had to improvise with a -raincoat and a blanket in a foxhole.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_411">[411]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 558px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_411.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TROOPS IN A DEFENSE POSITION near Highway 65. This area was -thinly populated and houses were few and far between. Those -still standing drew fire, and troops in support or reserve -positions would dig in on the reverse slope of hills and make -their foxholes as comfortable as possible. Roofs and walls were -constructed from empty shell cases, food containers, and the -like and reinforced with sand bags. Keeping warm was a problem: -the area is almost bare of trees; most of the heating of the -foxholes was done by gasoline stoves, sometimes issued, often -improvised.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_412">[412]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 578px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_412.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIERS AT THE ROMAN FORUM during a rest and recreation period -away from the front. The rest-center idea, which had proved -highly successful during the winter fighting of 1943–44, was -carried out on a much larger scale in Rome and in the cities -of the Arno Valley in the fall and winter of 1944–45. Hundreds -of thousands of troops were rotated through the rest and leave -centers set up under military supervision to provide a place -of relaxation where men could forget the rigors and dangers -of the front line, sleep in beds, take baths, visit places of -historic interest, and generally indulge in the pleasures and -entertainment of civilization, if only for a brief period.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_413">[413]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 590px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_413.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FIRING ROCKET PROJECTILES from a tank mount. Experiments were -carried out in January 1945 in the Arno Valley. Of the several -different mounts tested, one had 54 tubes placed on top of a -medium tank turret, another had 18 tubes mounted on the same -carriage as a towed 37-mm. gun. Because of the great variation -in deflection and range the weapon was not practical against -a point target and the smoke and flame given off when fired -tended to disclose its position. It proved effective for a heavy -concentration over a wide area for a short period. The short -range of the rocket, slightly less than 4,000 yards, was a -limiting factor. (Each cluster of 3 magnesium tubes is a rocket -launcher, aircraft M15, mounted on M17 (T40) modified rocket -launcher frame. 4.5-inch rockets were used.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_414">[414]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 502px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_414.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">AN INFANTRY COMPANY moves into the line under a smoke screen to -relieve another company. During the five-month static period -starting at the beginning of November 1944, rotation of units -for rest and recreation was a regular procedure.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_415">[415]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 565px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_415.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">JEEP PASSING A TRAFFIC CONTROL POINT in the northern Apennines. -Rigid supervision of transportation over the crowded mountain -roads was necessary if proper supply was to be made, tactical -movements carried out, and vehicles conserved. To accomplish -this, traffic control points were set up. Road movement -approval was required for all convoys of ten or more vehicles. -The traffic posts also served as a check on unnecessary or -unauthorized use of military vehicles. Military police operated -“chain points” where vehicles going into the mountains were -stopped and beyond which the use of chains was mandatory.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_416">[416]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 503px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_416.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">RESTACKING HOWITZER AMMUNITION. German air activity by this time -was so slight that dumps a few miles behind the front were not -camouflaged. (Ammunition for 155-mm. howitzer.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_417">[417]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 493px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_417.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SIGNAL CORPS MEN checking wires outside the telephone exchange -in a cave at Livergnano.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_418">[418]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 548px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_418.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MAN CARRYING HOWITZER AMMUNITION to a battery high in the hills. -These men were members of a division especially trained for -mountain fighting. On 18 February 1945 this division, together -with the Brazilian division under Fifth Army command, started an -assault on German positions in the Monte Belvedere area west of -Highway 64. The Monte Belvedere area dominated about ten miles -of this highway. After severe fighting that lasted until 5 March -1945, the mountain mass was in Allied hands. (Ammunition for -75-mm. howitzer.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_419">[419]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 500px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_419.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">REINFORCEMENTS MOVE UP toward the fighting in the Monte -Belvedere area. The men are equipped with M1 rifles and -carbines, special shoes, and rucksack type pack.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_420">[420]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 526px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_420.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">EVACUATING WOUNDED FROM MONTE BELVEDERE. As vehicles could not -negotiate the mountain trails, stretcher bearers had to carry -the wounded. Casualties from mines were numerous as the enemy -had been in position on this dominating hill for several months -and had mined and booby-trapped every likely avenue of approach -as well as many of the farmhouses on the mountain slopes.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_421">[421]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 540px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_421.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">RED CROSS GIRL writing letter for wounded soldier. In addition -to performing duties such as this, the American Red Cross -operated clubs and motion picture theaters for the soldiers. The -clubs served coffee, doughnuts, and ice cream, and sponsored -musical programs, vaudeville shows, and dances. All was free of -charge. The estimated attendance at the Red Cross clubs in the -Arno Valley during February 1945 was 896,000.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_422">[422]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 523px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_422.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIERS DURING A LULL IN THE FIGHTING on Monte Grande which was -taken on 20 October 1944 after a tough two-day fight. The city -of Bologna was only about nine miles away and could be plainly -seen from the summit. Because of its commanding position, -the Germans made several local attacks during the winter to -recapture the mountain but were repulsed each time.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_423">[423]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 513px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_423.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY COLUMN passing a supply-transfer point in the Monte -Grande area east of Highway 65, February 1945. Supplies were -transferred from trucks to the tracked Weasels at this point. -Higher in the mountains the mule pack train took over from the -tracked vehicles.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_424">[424]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 499px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_424.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">Members of an American Engineer Company working on a trail in -the vicinity of Monte Grande. An Indian pack mule convoy is -returning after taking supplies to the front line.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_425">[425]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_425a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BRIDGING EQUIPMENT. “Ark” with end sections of treadway in -raised position (top). Medium tank M4, crossing canal on Ark -(bottom). With a total span of 54 feet, the treadway would -span a canal about 45 feet wide. After November 1944, when -the offensive in the mountains bogged down, most of the armor -with the Fifth Army was gradually withdrawn to the Arno Valley -where training for the spring offensive took place. New methods -and techniques were developed and tried. The Ark above was -constructed by an ordnance company for use in crossing canals in -the Po Valley.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_425b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_426">[426]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 540px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_426.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SIGNAL CORPS LINEMEN stringing communication wire in preparation -for the coming spring offensive. During the winter stalemate -many new lines were strung and hookups were made to the Italian -state underground cable system. Circuits linked all units of the -Fifth Army and an eight-mile line containing eight open-wire -circuits was started in February 1945 from Filigare on Highway -65 near Monghidoro to the village of Lagaro Highway 6620.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_427">[427]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 516px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_427.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIERS IN LIVERGNANO watch the shelling of the village by the -enemy, March 1945. Livergnano was taken on 14 October 1944 after -a five-day fight along Highway 65 in an attempt to break through -into the Po Valley. The advance was halted a few miles beyond -this village. (Garand M1, .30-caliber rifle.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_428">[428]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 523px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_428.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY ACTION during the attack toward Monte della Spe. The -soldier in the foreground is covering the house with his rifle -while the other members of his squad approach it. A few minutes -after this picture was made the house and the knoll behind it -were taken, netting 57 German prisoners. Monte della Spe, west -of Highway 64, was taken on 5 March 1945.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_429">[429]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 568px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_429.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">MONTE DELLA SPE AREA, looking toward the east. Highway 64 -parallels the Reno River (in distance). The village of Vergato -is shown on the west bank of the river. Monte della Spe is the -rounded hill in foreground. It was taken on 5 March 1945 during -an attack to secure a suitable jumping off place for the spring -offensive. Vergato, which was an enemy strong point, and most -of the surrounding territory remained in enemy hands after the -capture of Monte della Spe. The main offensive, the attack -toward the Po Valley, started from here on 14 April 1945 and by -the 20th Allied troops had broken into the valley.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_430">[430]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 479px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_430.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">EASTER SERVICE 1 APRIL 1945.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_431">[431]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 490px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_431.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">RETURNING PATROL. As the spring offensive became imminent, -patrol activities increased.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_432">[432]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 492px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_432.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOLDIERS MOVING UP into the line a few days before the start of -the attack toward the Po Valley.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_433">[433]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_433.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SELF-PROPELLED GUNS of a South African armored unit firing -a mission a few days before the attack to break into the Po -Valley. These vehicles are American Sherman tanks modified by -the British as self-propelled guns. Prior to the jump-off, the -units along the Fifth Army front had been engaged in a series of -deceptive artillery fires.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_434">[434]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 513px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_434.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">NEGRO SOLDIERS FIRING HOWITZERS in support of the Nisei who were -making an attack northward along the mountain ridges toward the -towns of Massa and Carrara. The attack started on 5 April 1945. -The Nisei were American soldiers of Japanese ancestry. (75-mm. -howitzers.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_435">[435]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 515px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_435.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BODIES OF AMERICAN INFANTRYMEN killed during the opening of the -spring offensive. Note stretcher bearer in background looking -for casualties. The infantry was making an attack across the -mountains toward Massa and Carrara on the west coast.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_436">[436]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 501px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_436.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TANK DESTROYER speeding along Highway 1 through the town of -Querceta during the spring offensive. The main effort of the -army was along Highways 64 and 65.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_437">[437]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 503px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_437.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">BRINGING IN THE FIRST PRISONERS taken at the start of the main -drive to reach the Po Valley. On 14 April at 0945 the offensive -was started by U. S. mountain troops in the hills west of -Vergato on Highway 64.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_438">[438]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_438.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PIANORO ON HIGHWAY 65, looking south toward the hills occupied -by the Allies for almost six months. Pianoro, at lower left, was -one of the keys of the German defense systems barring entrance -to Bologna and the Po Valley. The fight for Pianoro started on -16 April. Entering what was left of the town on the evening of -the 18th, the infantry found it booby-trapped.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_439">[439]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 551px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_439.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">SOUTH AFRICAN ARMOR waiting along Highway 64 for a U. S. -infantry division to pass on its way to the Po Valley, 20 -April. On this date the troops in the U. S. zone broke through -the mountains into the Po Valley just west of Bologna. The two -highways in this area, 64 and 65, became congested with troops -and vehicles in pursuit of the fleeing enemy. (Sherman medium -tanks.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_440">[440]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 569px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_440.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">U. S. ARMY MOTION-PICTURE CAMERAMAN photographing the first -tank of the South African armored force to cross the Reno River -southwest of Bologna, 20 April. The practice of infantrymen -riding on tanks while advancing was included in training for -armored units in the United States early in 1944. (Sherman M4A3 -tank with British 17-pounder; camera: PH-330 (Sig C), Eyemo, -Bell, and Howell, 35-mm., three lenses mounted in turret.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_441">[441]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 502px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_441.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">WEARY U. S. TROOPS IN BOLOGNA on the morning of 21 April. The -city, entered from the south by U. S. forces and from the east -by Poles of the Eighth Army, fell that day. Pressing forward the -troops pursued the fleeing Germans.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_442">[442]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 543px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_442.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ITALIAN PARTISANS WATCHING FOR SNIPERS. During the winter of -1944–45 Allied officers, arms, and ammunition were dropped -behind the enemy lines to assist partisans in the Po Valley. -Although partisans, armed with equipment obtained from Italian -arsenals or seized from the Germans, first appeared north of -Rome, it was not until the Allies reached Bologna that they met -the efficiently organized groups from the Po Valley. As troops -entered the city, where the Germans were numerous, the partisans -struck, seizing government agencies and public utilities.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_443">[443]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 565px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_443.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">THE PANARO RIVER BRIDGES near Bomporto. After the breakout into -the Po Valley, the next objective was the Po River. The area -south of this river is broken by small streams and numerous -canals. Most of the bridges had been destroyed by the Allied air -forces during the winter. Later air reconnaissance found these -undamaged bridges at Bomporto. A task force, sent to secure -them, passed through the fleeing and disorganized enemy. So -sudden was its appearance that, by 1600 on 21 April, it captured -the bridges before the Germans could detonate previously laid -demolition charges.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_444">[444]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 547px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_444.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TREADWAY BRIDGE ACROSS THE PO RIVER at San Benedetto. Opened on -the afternoon of 25 April, it was the first bridge across the -river. The infantry had started to cross in this area on the -morning of the 23d in assault boats under heavy machine gun, -mortar, and rifle fire as well as fire from enemy antiaircraft -guns lowered to fire airbursts on a flat trajectory. Casualties -were high, but by 1745 a bridgehead of 2,000 square yards had -been established on the north bank of the Po. The bridge above -is 915 feet long. (Floating treadway bridge M2, class 18.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_445">[445]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 528px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_445.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">ACTION DURING THE PO RIVER CROSSING at Ostiglia, 24 April. A -57-mm. antitank gun firing in support of an infantry assault -across the railroad bridge to the north bank of the river. (The -British 6-pounder was the forerunner of the 57-mm. gun. It was -adapted for U. S. use and also manufactured for other United -Nations under the lend-lease agreement as the 57-mm. antitank -gun.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_446">[446]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 525px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_446.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY CROSSING PO RIVER UNDER FIRE, Ostiglia railroad bridge, -24 April. The crossing in this zone was opposed by enemy machine -guns and 20-mm automatic weapons. The patrol above worked its -way to the other side and knocked out enemy guns and crews. The -railroad bridge was partially demolished and unfit for vehicles.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_447">[447]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 548px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_447.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">“ALLIGATORS” ABOUT TO CROSS PO RIVER near Ostiglia. Developed by -the U. S. Navy, the first shipment of these amphibian tracked -vehicles arrived in December 1944 and training was begun. -Great secrecy surrounded them and they were kept thoroughly -camouflaged before the dash to the Po. They were armored and -each had socket mounts at four locations for either .30-or -.50-caliber machine guns. A stern ramp could be lowered to take -on a vehicle. Maximum capacity was 8,000 pounds and a crew of -three. (LVT(4).)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_448">[448]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 530px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_448.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">FERRYING EQUIPMENT ACROSS THE PO in support of the infantry -assault, Ostiglia, 25 April. The large vehicle is a 76-mm. -gun motor carriage M18, designed for tank destroyer use. It -was a full track-laying type, using a torsion bar independent -suspension, and was front-sprocket driven. The vehicle was -lightly armored, had a low silhouette, and was highly mobile.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_449">[449]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 497px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_449.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PONTON BRIDGE under construction across the Po River near -Ostiglia. This bridge was opened on 25 April. (M2 treadway -bridge.)</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_450">[450]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 565px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_450.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">INFANTRY ACTION AT VICENZA, in the foothills of the Alps. The -advance of the Allies across the plain was too fast for the -Germans to halt, reorganize, and make a determined stand behind -either the Po or the other rivers in the Po plain. Speedy -thrusts by infantry-armor columns split the enemy forces and -severed communications. After the crossing of the Po, the action -on both sides developed into a race to the Alps, the enemy -hoping to escape into Germany, the Allies determined to prevent -them. Many isolated pockets of resistance developed behind the -advancing columns and special task forces were organized on 23 -April to deal with them.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_451">[451]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 504px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_451.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">TANK DESTROYER on the shore of Lake Garda blocking one of the -escape routes to Brenner Pass. Heavy fighting took place in the -demolished tunnels on the road along the east shore of this -lake, but on 30 April the area was under Allied control.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_452">[452]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 550px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_452.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">GERMAN PRISONERS and their equipment captured on the Po plain. -For the first time in the Italian campaign, the enemy was -retreating over terrain suitable for swift pursuit. Since the -Germans lacked vehicles and gasoline, they had to rely to a -great extent on horse-drawn transportation. They retreated -across an open valley having a fine network of roads for -mechanized forces and were forced to cross wide rivers by -ferries and ponton bridges under constant attack by Allied air -forces. The retreat became a rout.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_453">[453]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">ITALY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_453a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 p-left smaller p-small">PRISONERS WERE CAPTURED by the tens of thousands in the Po -Valley and marched to the rear, often unguarded, or guarded only -by one or two men. On 2 May 1945, the Germans signed the terms -of the unconditional surrender of their forces in Italy. One -week later the war in Europe was concluded with complete victory -for the Allies. The Italian campaign had been a bitter one, -lasting 607 days (3 September 1943 to 2 May 1945). Casualties of -the Fifth Army, including all nationalities serving with that -army, totaled 188,546. United States losses were 19,475 killed, -80,530 wounded, and 9,637 missing.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_453b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_455">[455]</span></p> - -<h2>Appendix A</h2> -</div> - -<h3>List of Abbreviations</h3> - -<table summary="abbreviations" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="cht">AA</td> - <td class="cht1">Antiaircraft</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">AC</td> - <td class="cht1">Air Corps</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">AT</td> - <td class="cht1">Antitank</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">cm.</td> - <td class="cht1">Centimeter</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">DD</td> - <td class="cht1">Duplex drive</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">DDT</td> - <td class="cht1">Dichloro-Dithenyl-Trichloroethane</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Flak</td> - <td class="cht1">Fliegerabwehrkanone (antiaircraft artillery gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">JU.</td> - <td class="cht1">Junkers (designation of airplane built by company of that name)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">K.</td> - <td class="cht1">Kanone (gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Kw.</td> - <td class="cht1">Kraftwagen (motor vehicle)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Kw.K.</td> - <td class="cht1">Kampfwagenkanone (tank gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">LCI</td> - <td class="cht1">Landing craft, infantry</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">LCI (L)</td> - <td class="cht1">Landing craft, infantry (large)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">LCM</td> - <td class="cht1">Landing craft, mechanized</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">LCP</td> - <td class="cht1">Landing craft, personnel</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">LCP (R)</td> - <td class="cht1">Landing craft, personnel (ramp)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">LCT</td> - <td class="cht1">Landing craft, tank</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">LCV</td> - <td class="cht1">Landing craft, vehicle</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">LCVP</td> - <td class="cht1">Landing craft, vehicle-personnel</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">le.P.Kw.K.2s</td> - <td class="cht1">Leichter Personen Kraftwagen, K.2, Schwimmend<br /> - (light personnel vehicle, K.2, amphibian)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">LST</td> - <td class="cht1">Landing ship, tank</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">LVT</td> - <td class="cht1">Landing vehicle, tracked</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">mm.</td> - <td class="cht1">Millimeter</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Pak.</td> - <td class="cht1">Panzerabwehrkanone (antitank gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Pz. Kpfw.</td> - <td class="cht1">Panzerkampfwagen (tank)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">SCR</td> - <td class="cht1">Signal Corps Radio</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">S.F.H.</td> - <td class="cht1">Schwere Feld Haubitze (medium field howitzer)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Sig C</td> - <td class="cht1">Signal Corps</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">SOC</td> - <td class="cht1">Scout Observation Curtis</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">SP</td> - <td class="cht1">Self-propelled<span class="pagenum" id="Page_456">[456]</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Stu. G.</td> - <td class="cht1">Sturmgeschuetz (self-propelled assault gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Stu. H.</td> - <td class="cht1">Sturmhaubitze (self-propelled assault howitzer)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">Stu. K.</td> - <td class="cht1">Sturmkanone (self-propelled assault gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">TD</td> - <td class="cht1">Tank destroyer</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">TNT</td> - <td class="cht1">Trinitrotoluene; trinitrotoluol (high explosive)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">WAC</td> - <td class="cht1">Women’s Army Corps</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">USAFIME</td> - <td class="cht1">U. S. Army Forces in the Middle East</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="cht">USSR</td> - <td class="cht1">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_457">[457]</span></p> - -<h2>Appendix B</h2> -</div> - -<h3>Acknowledgments</h3> - - -<p>The photographs in this volume came from the Department of Defense. All -are from the U. S. Army files except the following:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>U. S. Navy: pp. 13, 14, 15, 19, 20b, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 30, 77, -107, 116, 122b, 125b, 139, 190, 258, 316, 339, 354.</p> - -<p>U. S. Air Forces: pp. 10, 12, 18, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 64, 71, -73, 80, 90, 91, 92, 94, 97a, 101, 109, 111, 157, 162, 164, 165, -166, 167, 168, 173, 182, 185, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 224, 225, -239, 240, 257, 285, 305, 306, 307, 308, 317, 318, 323, 324–25, -326, 327, 328–29, 351, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395.</p> - -<p>U. S. Coast Guard: pp. 117, 118, 126, 181, 183a, 315, 333, 334, -336.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_459">[459]</span></p> - -<h2>Index</h2> -</div> - -<ul> - <li>Acquafondata, Italy, - <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - - <li>Acquedolci, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_140">140–41</a></li> - - <li id="Air_attacks">Air attacks. See also <a href="#Bombardment">Bombardment, aerial</a>.</li> - <li class="hangingindent1">[Allied, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, - <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, - <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, - <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, - <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, - <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, - <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, - <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - - <li>Airbases. See <a href="#Airfields">Airfields</a>.</li> - - <li>Aircraft, Allied</li> - <li class="hangingindent1">[bombers, heavy, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, - <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, - <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, - <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, - <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li> - <li class="i1">[bombers, light, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, - <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> - <li class="i1">[bombers, medium, - <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, - <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, - <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - <li class="i1">[cub planes, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, - <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> - <li class="i1">[damaged, - <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - <li class="i1">[fighter-bomber, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - <li class="i1">[fighters, P-38, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, - <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, - <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li> - <li class="i1">[fighters, P-40, - <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li class="i1">[fighters, P-47, - <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, - <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> - <li class="i1">[fighters, P-51, - <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li> - <li class="i1">[gliders, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, - <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> - <li class="i1">[naval, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">[transport planes, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, - <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, - <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, - <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> - - <li>Aircraft carriers, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - <li class="i1">[converted LST, - <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> - - <li>Aircraft, German</li> - <li class="i1">[dive bomber, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - <li class="i1">[fighter planes, - <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - <li class="i1">[transports, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - - <li>Aircraft, Italian</li> - <li class="i1">[seaplanes, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - - <li id="Airfields">Airfields</li> - <li class="i1">[Bari, Italy, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Cagliari, Sardinia, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Capodichino, Italy, - <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Comiso, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Foggia, Italy, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Foggia area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Pomigliano, Italy, - <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Port-Lyautey, North Africa, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Qualeh Morgeh, Tehran, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Youks-Les-Bains, Algeria, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - - <li>Airports. See <a href="#Airfields">Airfields</a>.</li> - - <li>Algiers, Algeria, - <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - - <li>Ammunition</li> - <li class="i1">[Allied, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, - <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li> - <li class="i1">[loading of, - <a href="#Page_379">379</a></li> - <li class="i1">[salvage of, - <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - - <li>Ammunition dumps</li> - <li class="i1">[on fire, - <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_416">416</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Sicily, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - - <li>Ammunition ship on fire, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - - <li>Amphibian craft</li> - <li class="i1">[“Alligators,” - <a href="#Page_447">447</a></li> - - <li>Amphibian tanks, duplex-drive, - <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, - <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li> - - <li id="Amphibian_trucks">Amphibian trucks, DUKW, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, - <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, - <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, - <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, - <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - - <li>Amphibious landings. See <a href="#Landing_operations">Landing operations</a>.</li> - - <li id="Antiaircraft_guns">Antiaircraft guns</li> - <li class="i1">[37-mm., - <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - <li class="i1">[90-mm., - <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - <li class="i1">[British, - <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, - <a href="#Page_371">371</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, 88-mm., - <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, - <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italian, 75-mm., - <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Self-propelled, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - - <li>Antiaircraft tracer fire, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - - <li>Antiaircraft unit, mobile, - <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - - <li>Antitank ditch, - <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li> - - <li>Antitank grenade, - <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - - <li>Antitank guns</li> - <li class="i1">[37-mm., - <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - <li class="i1">[57-mm., - <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, - <a href="#Page_445">445</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, - <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, 50-mm., - <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, 75-mm., - <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, 88-mm., - <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, - <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, self-propelled, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - - <li>Antisubmarine net, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - - <li>“Anzio Annie,” - <a href="#Page_257">257</a>. See also <a href="#Railway_guns">Railway guns</a>.</li> - - <li>Anzio, Italy, - <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, - <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - - <li>Armored vehicles. See <a href="#Vehicles">Vehicles</a>.</li> - - <li>Army nurse, - <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - - <li>Army post office, Algeria, - <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - - <li>Arno River, Italy, - <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, - <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, - <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li> - - <li id="Artillery">Artillery</li> - <li class="i1">[fire, directing, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li class="i1" id="Artillery_German">[German, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, - <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, - <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li class="i1">[guns, 155-mm., - <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, - <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, - <a href="#Page_406">406</a></li> - <li class="i1">[howitzers, 75-mm., - <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, - <a href="#Page_434">434</a></li> - <li class="i1">[howitzers, 105-mm., - <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, - <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, - <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, - <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li> - <li class="i1">[howitzer, 155-mm., - <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - <li class="i1">[howitzers, 240-mm., - <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italian, gun, 90-mm., - <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - <li class="i1">[mortars. See <a href="#Mortars">Mortars</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[observation planes, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, - <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> - <li class="i1">[pack howitzers, 75-mm., - <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, - <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - <li class="i1">[positions, camouflaged, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - - <li id="Assault_guns">Assault guns, German, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, - <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, - <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Bailey bridges, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, - <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li> - <li class="i1">[construction of, - <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li> - - <li>“Bald Hill,” Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - - <li>Barbershop, Anzio, Italy, - <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - - <li>Bari airbase, Italy, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - - <li>Barracks bag, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li>Barrage balloons, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, - <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, - <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, - <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> - - <li>Bathing facilities, Italy, - <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, - <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - - <li>Battleship, French, damaged, - <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, - <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li> - - <li>Bay of Cavalaire, southern France, - <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li> - - <li>Bay of Pampelonne, southern France, - <a href="#Page_324">324–25</a></li> - - <li>Bazookas, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, - <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[See also <a href="#Rocket_launchers">Rocket launchers</a>.</li> - - <li>Beaches. See <a href="#Invasion_beaches">Invasion beaches</a>.</li> - - <li>Bivouac area, Corsica, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - - <li>Bizerte, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_74">74–75</a></li> - - <li>Blood plasma. See <a href="#Plasma">Plasma.</a></li> - - <li>Bologna, Italy, - <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li> - - <li>Bomb damage</li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, - <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - <li class="i1">[railroad, - <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - <li class="i1">[repair shop, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li id="Bombardment">Bombardment, aerial, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, - <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, - <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> - <li class="i1">[See also <a href="#Air_attacks">Air attacks</a>.</li> - - <li>Bombers</li> - <li class="hangingindent1">[heavy, B-17, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, - <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, - <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, - <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - <li class="i1">[heavy, B-17, damaged, - <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li> - <li class="i1">[heavy, B-24, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, - <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, - <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, - <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, - <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, - <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li> - <li class="i1">[heavy, B-24, damaged, - <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li> - <li class="i1">[light, A-20, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, - <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> - <li class="i1">[medium, B-25, - <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, - <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - <li class="i1">[medium, B-26, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, - <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - - <li>Bombs, loading of, - <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, - <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - - <li>Bomporto, Italy, - <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li> - - <li>“Bouncing Betty,” - <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[See also <a href="#Mines">Mines</a>.</li> - - <li>Brazilian troops, - <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li> - - <li>Bridges</li> - <li class="i1">[construction of, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, - <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, - <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li> - <li class="i1">[destroyed, - <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, - <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Highway 7, Italy, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Panaro River, Italy, - <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li> - <li class="i1">[ponton, treadway, - <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, - <a href="#Page_449">449</a></li> - <li class="i1">[railroad, damaged, - <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li> - <li class="i1">[treadway, - <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, - <a href="#Page_444">444</a></li> - - <li>Bridging equipment, - <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li> - - <li>British troops, - <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, - <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li> - - <li>Brolo beach, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - - <li>Bulldozers, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, - <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, - <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[See also <a href="#Tractor">Tractor, diesel</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Cagliari field, Sardinia, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - - <li>Caiazzo, Italy, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - - <li>Cameraman, motion picture, - <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li> - - <li>Camino Hill mass, Italy, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - - <li>Camouflage</li> - <li class="i1">[aircraft, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li class="i1">[antiaircraft gun, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - <li class="i1">[foxhole, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - <li class="i1">[howitzers, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, - <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, - <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li class="i1">[“Long Tom,” - <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> - <li class="i1">[radar, - <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - <li class="i1">[tank destroyer, - <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - <li class="i1">[vehicle, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - - <li>Campoleone, Italy, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - - <li>Campoleone station, Italy, - <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - - <li>Cannes area, France, - <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> - - <li>Cape Drammont beach, southern France, - <a href="#Page_328">328–29</a></li> - - <li>Cape Sardineau beach, southern France, - <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> - - <li>Capodichino air base, Italy, - <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - - <li>Carbines. See <a href="#Small_arms">Small arms</a>.</li> - - <li>Cargo gliders. See <a href="#Gliders">Gliders</a>.</li> - - <li>Cargo ships. See <a href="#Transport_planes">Transport planes</a>.</li> - - <li>Caronia Valley, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - - <li>Casablanca, French Morocco, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - - <li>Caserta, Italy, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Cassino, Italy, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - - <li id="Casualties">Casualties, - <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, - <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, - <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, - <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">[evacuation of, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, - <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, - <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, - <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, - <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, - <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li> - <li class="i1">[treatment of, - <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - - <li>Cavalaire beach, southern France, - <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li> - - <li>Cerami, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - - <li>Cervaro, Italy, - <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - - <li>Cheylus area, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - - <li>Christmas dinner, Italy, - <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - - <li>Cisterna di Littoria, Italy, - <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, - <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - - <li>Civilians</li> - <li class="i1">[French, - <a href="#Page_345">345</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italian, - <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Sicilian, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, - <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - - <li>Clothing, winter, - <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, - <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li> - - <li>Colli al Volturno, Italy, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - - <li>Comiso air base, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - - <li id="Communications">Communications</li> - <li class="i1">[repair of, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - <li class="i1">[telephone lines, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, - <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, - <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li> - <li class="i1">[telephone switchboard, - <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li> - - <li>Construction</li> - <li class="i1">[bridges, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, - <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, - <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li> - <li class="i1">[detour, - <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> - <li class="i1">[road, - <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - - <li>Convoy</li> - <li class="i1">[en route to North Africa, - <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - <li class="i1">[en route to southern France, - <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> - <li class="i1">[motor, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, - <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> - - <li>Coreglia Antelminelli, Italy, - <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li> - - <li>Crane, truck-mounted, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - - <li>Crew</li> - <li class="i1">[heavy bomber, - <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> - <li class="i1">[machine gun, - <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> - <li class="i1">[mortar, - <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - <li class="i1">[tank, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - - <li>Cruiser, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, - <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, - <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, - <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italian, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - - <li>Cub planes, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, - <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Delousing of native labor, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li>Destroyer escort, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - - <li>Detour, - <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, - <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li> - - <li>Distribution points, gasoline, - <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, - <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li> - - <li>Djebel Azag, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - - <li>Djebel el Ajred, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - - <li>Djebel Ksaira, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - - <li>Djebel Tahent, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li>Docks</li> - <li class="i1">[Bandar Shahpur, Iran, - <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Khorramshahr, Iran, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - - <li>“Duck.” See <a href="#Amphibian_trucks">Amphibian trucks</a>.</li> - - <li>Dugout, German, - <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li> - - <li>DUKW. See <a href="#Amphibian_trucks">Amphibian trucks</a>.</li> - - <li>Dump</li> - <li class="i1">[ammunition, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, - <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, - <a href="#Page_416">416</a></li> - <li class="i1">[gasoline, - <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, - <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Easter service, Italy, - <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li> - - <li>Enclosure, prisoner of war, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - - <li>Equipment, German</li> - <li class="i1">[damaged, - <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, - <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li> - <li class="i1">[on fire, - <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li> - - <li>Evacuation of wounded, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, - <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, - <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, - <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li> - - <li>Evacuation hospital, Italy, - <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Faïd Pass, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - - <li>Fedala harbor, French Morocco, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - - <li>Ferry, Siebel, German, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - - <li>Field bakery, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - - <li>Field hospital. See <a href="#Hospitals">Hospitals</a>.</li> - - <li>Fighter-bomber, A-36, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - - <li>Fighter planes</li> - <li class="i1">[P-38, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, - <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, - <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li> - <li class="i1">[P-40, - <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li class="i1">[P-47, - <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, - <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> - <li class="i1">[P-51, - <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li> - - <li>First aid, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, - <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, - <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li> - - <li>Flooded areas, Italy, - <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, - <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - - <li>Foggia air base, Italy, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - - <li>Formia, Italy, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - - <li>Foxholes, - <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, - <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, - <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, - <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li> - <li class="i1">[camouflaged, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - - <li>Freighters, - <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Allied, on fire, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, - <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">French colonial troops, goumier, - <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, - <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, - <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li> - - <li>French commandos, Corsica, - <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li> - - <li>French train, captured, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - - <li>French troops, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, - <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li> - - <li>Furiano Stream, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - - <li>Futa Pass, Italy, - <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Gaeta, Italy, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - - <li>Garet Hadid, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - - <li>Garigliano River, Italy, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - - <li>Gasoline cans, - <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li> - - <li>Gela, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_112">112–13</a></li> - - <li>Generators, smoke, - <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - - <li>Genoa, Italy, - <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> - - <li>Gibraltar, - <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - - <li id="Gliders">Gliders, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, - <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> - - <li>“Green Hill,” Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - - <li>Grenade, antitank, - <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - - <li>“Grizzly Bear,” - <a href="#Page_299">299</a>. See also <a href="#Artillery_German">Artillery, German</a>.</li> - - <li>Gulf of Gaeta, Italy, - <a href="#Page_288">288–89</a></li> - - <li>Gulf of Salerno, Italy, - <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - - <li id="Gun">Gun motor carriages, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, - <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, - <a href="#Page_398">398</a></li> - - <li>Gunnery practice, aboard transport, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Guns. See also <a href="#Artillery">Artillery</a>, <a href="#Antiaircraft_guns">Antiaircraft guns</a>, and <a href="#Assault_guns">Assault guns</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[37-mm., - <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - <li class="i1">[antitank, - <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - - <li>German, - <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li> - - <li>German, 88-mm., - <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, - <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - - <li>German, 150-mm., - <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li> - <li class="i1">[naval, 3-inch, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - <li class="i1">[railway, German, - <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - <li class="i1">[railway, Italian, - <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li id="Half_tracks">Half-tracks, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, - <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - - <li id="Harbors">Harbors</li> - <li class="i1">[Algiers, Algeria, - <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Anzio, Italy, - <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Bizerte, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Casablanca, French Morocco, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Fedala, French Morocco, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Genoa, Italy, - <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Maddalena, Sardinia, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Marseille, France, - <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Naples, Italy, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Oran, Algeria, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Palermo, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, - <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Safi, French Morocco, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - - <li>Hatab River, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - - <li>Headquarters, underground, - <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li> - - <li>Heliopolis Ordnance Repair Depot, Egypt, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - - <li>Highway bridge, demolished, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - - <li id="Highways">Highways. See also <a href="#Roads">Roads</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[Albano, Italy, - <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - <li class="i1">[6, Italy, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li class="i1">[7, Italy, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, - <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - <li class="i1">[12, Italy, - <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li> - <li class="i1">[64, Italy, - <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, - <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, - <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li> - <li class="i1">[65, Italy, - <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, - <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, - <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, - <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, - <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li> - <li class="i1">[85, Italy, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - <li class="i1">[113, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_140">140–41</a>, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, - <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - <li class="i1">[120, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - <li class="i1">[6524, Italy, - <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li> - - <li>“Hill 609,” Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li>Hospital, evacuation, Italy, - <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li> - - <li>Hospital ship, - <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - - <li>Hospital train, - <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - - <li id="Hospitals">Hospitals</li> - <li class="i1">[field, - <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - <li class="i1">[field, damaged, - <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - - <li id="Howitzer">Howitzer motor carriages, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> - - <li>Howitzers. See <a href="#Artillery">Artillery</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Il Giogo Pass, Italy, - <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li> - - <li>Immunization of native, Egypt, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - - <li>Infantry</li> - <li class="hangingindent1">[column, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, - <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, - <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, - <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, - <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, - <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, - <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, - <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, - <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li> - <li class="i1">[patrol, - <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Infantrymen, - <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, - <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, - <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, - <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, - <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, - <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, - <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, - <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, - <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, - <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, - <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, - <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, - <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, - <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, - <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, - <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, - <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, - <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, - <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, - <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, - <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, - <a href="#Page_450">450</a></li> - <li class="i1">[debarking, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, - <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li> - <li class="i1">[embarking, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li id="Invasion_beaches">Invasion beaches</li> - <li class="i1">[Algeria, North Africa, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Anzio, Italy, - <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, - <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Brolo, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Cape Drammont, southern France, - <a href="#Page_328">328–29</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Cape Sardineau, southern France, - <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Cavalaire, southern France, - <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li> - <li class="i1">[French Morocco, North Africa, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Gela, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_112">112–13</a>, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Les Andalouses, Algeria, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Licata, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Paestum, Italy, - <a href="#Page_176">176–77</a>, - <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Point Anthéor, southern France, - <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Ramatuelle, southern France, - <a href="#Page_324">324–25</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Scoglitti, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - - <li>Invasions, preparations for</li> - <li class="i1">[Anzio, - <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Elba, - <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, - <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li> - <li class="i1">[southern France, - <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, - <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, - <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, - <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> - - <li>Invasion fleet, for Sicily, - <a href="#Page_74">74–75</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Jefna area, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> -</ul> - - -<ul> - <li>Kasserine Pass area, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Ladder, chain, - <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li> - - <li>La Goulette, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - - <li>Lake Carda, Italy, - <a href="#Page_451">451</a></li> - - <li>Landing craft</li> - <li class="i1">[LCI, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, - <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, - <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, - <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, - <a href="#Page_331">331</a></li> - <li class="i1">[LCI on fire, - <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - <li class="i1">[LCM, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - <li class="i1">[LCP, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li class="i1">[LCT, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, - <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, - <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - <li class="i1">[LCV, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - <li class="i1">[LCVP, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, - <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">[LST, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, - <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, - <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, - <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, - <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, - <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, - <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li> - <li class="i1">[LVT, - <a href="#Page_447">447</a></li> - - <li id="Landing_operations">Landing operations</li> - <li class="i1">[Algeria, North Africa, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Anzio, Italy, - <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, - <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - <li class="i1">[French Morocco, North Africa, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Salerno area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, - <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Sicily, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - <li class="i1">[southern France, - <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, - <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, - <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, - <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, - <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li> - - <li>Leghorn, Italy, - <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li> - - <li>Les Andalouses beach, Algeria, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Liberty ships, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - - <li>Licata, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - - <li>Lifebelts, rubber, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Lima River, Italy, - <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li> - - <li>Linemen, Signal Corps, - <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li> - - <li>Liri Valley area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, - <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - - <li>Litter bearers, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, - <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, - <a href="#Page_420">420</a>. See also <a href="#Casualties">Casualties</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[taking cover, - <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - - <li>Livergnano, Italy, - <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, - <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, - <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li> - - <li>Livergnano area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li> - - <li>Living conditions, Italy, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, - <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, - <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li> - - <li>“Long Tom,” - <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, - <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, - <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[See also <a href="#Artillery">Artillery</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Machine guns. See also <a href="#Small_arms">Small arms</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[.30-caliber, - <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, - <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> - <li class="i1">[.50-caliber, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, - <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, - <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, - <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li> - - <li>Maddalena, Sardinia, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - - <li>Maiori beach, Italy, - <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - - <li>Malaria control operations, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, - <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - - <li>Maps</li> - <li class="i1">[Anzio area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Sicily, - <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - <li class="i1">[southern France area, - <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li> - - <li>Marseille, France, - <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Medical aid men, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, - <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, - <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, - <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, - <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, - <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, - <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, - <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li> - - <li>Medical aid station, southern France, - <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li> - - <li>Medical inspection, Italy, - <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li> - - <li>Mehdia, French Morocco, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li>Mess, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, - <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, - <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, - <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - - <li>Mess kits, sterilization of, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - - <li>Mess line, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - - <li>Messina, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, - <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - - <li>Mignano, Italy, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li>Mignano Gap area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - - <li>Military police, - <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li> - - <li id="Mines">Mines</li> - <li class="i1">[antipersonnel, German, - <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - <li class="i1">[antitank, - <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - <li class="i1">[detector, SCR 625, - <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, - <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li> - <li class="i1">[sweeping, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, - <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, - <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li> - - <li>Minturno, Italy, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - - <li>Monna Casale, Italy, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, - <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - - <li>Monte Cairo, Italy, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, - <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - - <li>Monte Camino, Italy, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - - <li>Monte Cannavinelle, Italy, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li>Monte Corno, Italy, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li>Monte della Spe area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li> - - <li>Monte delle Formiche, Italy, - <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li> - - <li>Monte Lungo, Italy, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li>Monte Pantano, Italy, - <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - - <li>Monte Petrella, Italy, - <a href="#Page_288">288–89</a></li> - - <li>Monte Porchia, Italy, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - - <li>Monte Ruazzo, Italy, - <a href="#Page_288">288–89</a></li> - - <li>Monte Sammucro, Italy, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - - <li>Monte Soprano, Italy, - <a href="#Page_176">176–77</a></li> - - <li>Monte Trocchio, Italy, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - - <li>Monte Vigese, Italy, - <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li> - - <li>Montecassino, Italy, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, - <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, - <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - - <li id="Mortars">Mortars</li> - <li class="i1">[4.2-inch, - <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - <li class="i1">[60-mm., - <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - <li class="i1">[81-mm., - <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, - <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - <li class="i1">[crew, - <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - - <li>Mt. Etna, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li>Mt. Vesuvius, eruption of, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - - <li>Mountains. See also <a href="#Terrain">Terrain</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[Colli Laziali, Italy, - <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - <li class="i1">[northern Apennines, Italy, - <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, - <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - - <li>Mud</li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, - <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, - <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, - <a href="#Page_424">424</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - - <li>Mussolini Canal, Italy, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Naples, Italy, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, - <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, - <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li> - - <li>Native laborers, Tehran, Iran, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li>Naval aircraft, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - - <li>Naval fire support, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, - <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li>Negro troops, - <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, - <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, - <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, - <a href="#Page_434">434</a></li> - - <li>Night firing, - <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li> - - <li>Nurse, Army, - <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - <li class="i1">[digging foxhole, - <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Observation posts</li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, - <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Sicily, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - - <li>Obstacle, antitank, - <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li> - - <li>Oil tanker, refueling aircraft carrier, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> - - <li>Oran, Algeria, - <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - - <li>Oran harbor, Algeria, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Ordnance Repair Depot, Egypt, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Pack mules, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, - <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, - <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, - <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, - <a href="#Page_424">424</a></li> - - <li>Pack trains, Italy, - <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, - <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, - <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> - - <li>Paestum beach, Italy, - <a href="#Page_176">176–77</a></li> - - <li>Palace, Caserta, Italy, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - - <li>Palermo, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, - <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, - <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - - <li>Panaro River, Italy, - <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li> - - <li>Parachute troops, - <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, - <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - - <li>Partisans</li> - <li class="i1">[Free French, - <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italian, - <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li> - - <li>Patroling, - <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, - <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li> - - <li>Pianoro, Italy, - <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li> - - <li>Pierced steel planks, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, - <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - - <li>Pillboxes, German, - <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, - <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li> - <li class="i1">[cast iron, - <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - <li class="i1">[portable, - <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - - <li>Pipelines, Italy, - <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, - <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> - - <li>Pisa, Italy, - <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> - - <li id="Plasma">Plasma, - <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - - <li>Ploesti oil refineries, on fire, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - - <li>Po River, Italy, - <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, - <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, - <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, - <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, - <a href="#Page_449">449</a></li> - - <li>Point Anthéor, southern France, - <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li> - - <li>Pomigliano air base, Italy, - <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - - <li>Ponton causeways, portable, - <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, - <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - - <li>Ponton treadway bridges, - <a href="#Page_449">449</a></li> - - <li>Ports. See also <a href="#Harbors">Harbors</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[Bandar Shahpur, Iran, - <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Khorramshahr, Iran, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Lyautey, North Africa, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li>Pozzilli, Italy, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - - <li>Prato, Italy, - <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li> - - <li>“Priest,” - <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, - <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[See also <a href="#Vehicles_armored">Vehicles armored</a>.</li> - - <li>Prisoners of war</li> - <li class="i1">[French, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, - <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, - <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, - <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, - <a href="#Page_453">453</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italian, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - - <li>Pumping station, pipeline, Italy, - <a href="#Page_403">403</a></li> - - <li>Pyramids, Egypt, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Quarters</li> - <li class="i1">[aboard transport ship, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li> - - <li>Querceta, Italy, - <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Radar</li> - <li class="i1">[SCR 268, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - <li class="i1">[SCR 547, - <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - <li class="i1">[SCR 584, - <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - - <li>Railroads</li> - <li class="i1">[Iran, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, - <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - <li class="i1">[North Africa, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Sicily, - <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - - <li>Railroad bridges</li> - <li class="i1">[demolished, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li> - - <li>Railroad station, Iran, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li>Railroad yards</li> - <li class="i1">[on fire, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Sicily, - <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - - <li id="Railway_guns">Railway guns</li> - <li class="i1">[German, 280-mm., - <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italian, - <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - - <li>Ramatuelle, southern France, - <a href="#Page_324">324–25</a></li> - - <li>Ramatuelle beach, southern France, - <a href="#Page_324">324–25</a></li> - - <li>Ramp, ponton, sectional, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - - <li>Rapido River area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - - <li>Ration depot, Anzio, Italy, - <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - - <li>Recreation</li> - <li class="i1">[concert, - <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - <li class="i1">[sight-seeing, - <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li> - - <li>Red Cross worker, Italy, - <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li> - - <li>Refueling of aircraft carrier, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> - - <li>Reno River, Italy, - <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, - <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li> - - <li>Repair of aircraft, - <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - - <li>Repair depot, Italy, - <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - - <li>Repair shop, electrical, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - - <li>Rhone River, France, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> - - <li>Rifles. See also <a href="#Small_arms">Small arms.</a></li> - <li class="i1">[.30-caliber Garand M1, - <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li class="i1">[.30-caliber M1903A 4, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Browning automatic, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - - <li>River crossings, Italy, - <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, - <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, - <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, - <a href="#Page_448">448</a></li> - - <li>Rivers</li> - <li class="i1">[France, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> - <li class="i1">[French Morocco, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, - <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, - <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, - <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, - <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, - <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, - <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, - <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, - <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, - <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, - <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, - <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, - <a href="#Page_449">449</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - - <li id="Roads">Roads. See also <a href="#Highways">Highways</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[Iran, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, - <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, - <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, - <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, - <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, - <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, - <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, - <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Sicily, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li>Rocket gun, German, 150-mm., - <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - - <li id="Rocket_launchers">Rocket launchers, - <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, - <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, - <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li> - - <li>Rocket ship, converted LCT, - <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> - - <li>Rome, Italy, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, - <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, - <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li> - <li class="i1">[outskirts of, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - - <li>Russian pilots, - <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - - <li>Russian troops, Iran, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Safi harbor, French Morocco, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - - <li>Salerno, Italy, - <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - - <li>Salvage depot, Italy, - <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li> - - <li>Salvage of shell cases, - <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - - <li>San Fratello ridge, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_140">140–41</a>, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - - <li>San Pietro Infine, Italy, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - - <li>Santa Maria Infante, Italy, - <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - - <li>Scoglitti, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - - <li>Scout observation plane, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li>Seaplane base, Sardinia, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - - <li>Searchlight for radar, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - - <li>Sebou River, French Morocco, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li>Semaphore flags, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - - <li>Shell, German, explosion of, - <a href="#Page_409">409</a></li> - - <li>Shell fire, German, - <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - - <li id="Small_arms">Small arms, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, - <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, - <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, - <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, - <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li> - - <li>Smoke pots, - <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - - <li>Smoke screens, - <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, - <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, - <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, - <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li> - - <li>Snowplow, - <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li> - - <li>Staging area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> - - <li>Submachine gun, .45-caliber, - <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - - <li>Submarine base, Toulon, France, - <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> - - <li>Supply depot, - <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - - <li>Supply operations</li> - <li class="i1">[aerial drop, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, - <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, - <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, - <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, - <a href="#Page_423">423</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li id="Tank_destroyers">Tank destroyers, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, - <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, - <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, - <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, - <a href="#Page_451">451</a></li> - <li class="i1">[damaged, - <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, - <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li> - - <li>Tank recovery vehicles, - <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, - <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, - <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[See also <a href="#Tanks">Tanks</a>.</li> - - <li id="Tanks">Tanks</li> - <li class="i1">[damaged, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, - <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, heavy, - <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, - <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, - <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, medium, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, - <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Italian, medium, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - <li class="i1">[light, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, - <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, - <a href="#Page_434">434</a></li> - <li class="i1">[maintenance of, - <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">[medium, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, - <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, - <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, - <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, - <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, - <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, - <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, - <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, - <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, - <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, - <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li> - <li class="i1">[medium with “Scorpion” attachment, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - <li class="i1">[medium, waterproofed, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, - <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, - <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li> - <li class="i1">[on fire, - <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - <li class="i1">[rubber, dummy, - <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - <li class="i1">[turret, German, - <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li> - - <li>Tarascon, France, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> - - <li>Telephone lines. See <a href="#Communications">Communications</a>.</li> - - <li>Terracina beach, Italy, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - - <li id="Terrain">Terrain</li> - <li class="i1">[Camino Hill mass area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Campoleone area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Cassino area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Futa Pass area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Garigliano area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Gothic Line area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, - <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, - <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Gulf of Gaeta, Italy, - <a href="#Page_288">288–89</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Gulf of Salerno, Italy, - <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, - <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Middle East, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Mignano Gap area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Monna Casale area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Monte Belvedere area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Monte della Spe area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Monte del le Formiche area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Montecassino area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li class="i1">[North Africa, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, - <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, - <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - <li class="i1">[northern Apennines, Italy, - <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, - <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Paestum area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_176">176–77</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Pianoro area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Salerno area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Serchio Valley area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Sicily, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, - <a href="#Page_140">140–41</a>, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - <li class="i1">[southern France, - <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, - <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, - <a href="#Page_324">324–25</a>, - <a href="#Page_328">328–29</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Volturno Valley area, Italy, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - - <li>Toulon, France, - <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, - <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li> - - <li id="Tractor">Tractors, diesel, - <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, - <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> - <li class="i1">[with angledozer, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li>Traffic control point, Italy, - <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li> - - <li>Trains</li> - <li class="i1">[freight, Iran, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - <li class="i1">[French, captured, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - <li class="i1">[hospital, - <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - - <li>Training</li> - <li class="i1">[Italy, - <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li class="i1">[North Africa, - <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, - <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - <li class="i1">[of British, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li class="i1">[of French, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li id="Transport_planes">Transport planes</li> - <li class="i1">[C-47, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, - <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, - <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> - <li class="i1">[C-54, - <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - - <li>Transport ships, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - <li class="i1">[en route to French Morocco, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li>Troina, Sicily, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - - <li>Tufo, Italy, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - - <li>Tunis, Tunisia, - <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Unloading operations, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, - <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, - <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Lend-lease, - <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Valmontone, Italy, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - - <li id="Vehicles">Vehicles, - <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, - <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li> - <li class="i1">[ambulances, - <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, - <a href="#Page_408">408</a></li> - <li class="i1">[amphibian. See <a href="#Amphibian_trucks">Amphibian trucks</a>.</li> - <li class="i1" id="Vehicles_armored">[armored, - <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, - <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, - <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> - <li class="hangingindent2">See also <a href="#Howitzer">Howitzer motor carriages</a> and <a href="#Gun">Gun motor carriages</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[armored, waterproofed, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li class="i1">[bogged down, - <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - <li class="i1">[bulldozer, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a>. See also <a href="#Tractor">Tractors, diesel</a>.</li> - <li class="i1" id="cargo_carriers">[cargo carriers, - <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, - <a href="#Page_423">423</a></li> - <li class="i1">[caterpillar, - <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - <li class="i1">[German, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, - <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li> - <li class="i1">[half-tracks. See <a href="#Half_tracks">Half-tracks</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[jeep, waterproofed, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - <li class="i1">[jeeps, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, - <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, - <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, - <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, - <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li> - <li class="i1">[snowplow, - <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li> - <li class="i1">[tank destroyers. See <a href="#Tank_destroyers">Tank destroyers</a>,</li> - <li class="i1">[tank recovery, - <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, - <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, - <a href="#Page_399">399</a>. See also <a href="#Tanks">Tanks</a>,</li> - <li class="i1">[tanks. See <a href="#Tanks">Tanks</a>,</li> - <li class="i1">[tractors. See <a href="#Tractor">Tractors, diesel</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[trucks, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, - <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, - <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, - <a href="#Page_409">409</a></li> - <li class="i1">[truck, waterproofed, - <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li> - <li class="i1">[truck, wrecked, - <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> - - <li>Velletri, Italy, - <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - - <li>Venafro, Italy, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - - <li>Vicenza, Italy, - <a href="#Page_450">450</a></li> - - <li>Volturno River, Italy, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, - <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>“Weasel,” - <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, - <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">[See also <a href="#cargo_carriers">Vehicles, cargo carriers</a>.</li> - - <li>Women</li> - <li class="i1">[Army nurses, - <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, - <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, - <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - <li class="i1">[Red Cross worker, - <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li> - - <li>Wac’s, North Africa, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li>Wounded. See <a href="#Casualties">Casualties</a>.</li> -</ul> - - -<p class="right sm">U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1988 0-194-423: QL 3</p> - - -<p class="right sm">PIN: 039020-000</p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> See George F. Howe, Operations in Northwest Africa, -1941–1943, in the series U. S. ARMY IN WORLD WAR II; and T. H. Vail -Motter, The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia, Washington, 1951, in -the same series.</p> - -</div> -</div> - - -<p class="transnote">Transcriber’s Note:<br /> -<br /> -Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected -silently.</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR AGAINST GERMANY AND ITALY: MEDITERRANEAN AND ADJACENT AREAS; PICTORIAL RECORD ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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