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diff --git a/old/69909-0.txt b/old/69909-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 40b6c19..0000000 --- a/old/69909-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1116 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cork, by Armstrong Cork Company - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Cork - Being the story of the origin of cork, the processes employed in - its manufacture & its various uses in the world to-day - -Author: Armstrong Cork Company - -Release Date: January 30, 2023 [eBook #69909] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Carla Foust and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORK *** - - - -[Illustration: CORK - -ITS ORIGINS & USES] - - - - - Copyright, 1909 - - _by_ - - ARMSTRONG CORK COMPANY - - PITTSBURGH - - U. S. A. - - - - - Cork - - Being the Story o_f_ - the origin o_f_ Cork, - the processes - employed in its - manufacture & - its varied uses in - the world to-day - - - 1909 - - Armstrong Cork Company - - _of_ - - Pittsburgh - - U.S.A. - -[Illustration: A Monarch of the Cork Forest] - - - - -[Illustration: CORK] - - -Few things in general use in the great world to-day have the hall-mark -of approval of two thousand years set upon them. New materials, new -processes, new commodities have followed the train of advancing -civilization and the ensuing multiplication and alteration of man’s -economic needs. Even where the demand for a certain material to -fulfill a particular function has continued through the centuries, -widening knowledge of natural resources coupled with modern invention -has usually found some substitute cheaper, more efficient, and better -adapted for the purpose in question. Not so with cork. Recognized by -the ancients as peculiarly suited for certain uses, time has vindicated -their verdict; nothing has yet been discovered to supplant it in its -wide sphere of usefulness. - -Theophrastus, Greek philosopher and writer on botany, who flourished -in the fourth century before Christ, was evidently familiar with the -material, for he mentions the cork tree as being a native of the -Pyrenees. For decades before the time of Horace cork was used for -stoppers for wine vessels. In fact, the poet tells one of his friends, -about 25 B. C., that on the occasion of a coming anniversary banquet -he expects to “remove the cork sealed with pitch” from a jar of the -rare vintage of forty-six years previous, the first but not the last -proceeding of this character of which history makes record. - -[Illustration: - -Gnarled Trunk of an Old Cork Oak] - -It remained for the elder Pliny, however, in his wonderful work on -natural history, written in the first century of the Christian era, -to make the most remarkable reference to cork to be found in ancient -literature: “The cork oak is but a very small tree and its acorns of -the very worst quality * * *; the bark is its only useful product, -being remarkably thick, and if removed will grow again * * *. This -substance is employed more particularly attached as a buoy to the ropes -of ships’ anchors and the drag-nets of fishermen; it is used also for -the bungs of casks and as a material for the winter shoes of women.” -Cork jackets--life-preservers--are mentioned by Plutarch. Thus five -of the principal functions which cork fills in the world to-day were -recognized two thousand years ago. In the fifteenth century glass -bottles were introduced, which gave such great impetus to its general -use that the real beginning of the cork industry may properly be said -to date from that period. Some conception of its importance to-day may -be gathered from the fact that the importations of the United States of -crude and manufactured cork now aggregate almost $5,000,000 in value -annually. - -[Illustration: - -Cork Strippers’ Camp] - -[Illustration: Stripping the Trees] - -[Illustration: - -Gathering the Bark] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Tree’s Foliage] - -The word _cork_ is derived from the Latin _cortex_, meaning bark, -and the study of its origin and manufacture leads at once to those -romantic countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Spain and Portugal -divide honors among the nations of the world so far as yield of raw -material is concerned, with perhaps the advantage leaning slightly to -the latter. The cork-producing territory covers practically the whole -of Portugal, sweeps toward the east through the southern districts of -Spain known as Andalusia and Estremadura, thence northeast, embracing -thousands of acres of forests in Catalonia. Algeria, with Tunis, -ranks next in importance in yearly tribute of bark, southern France, -including Corsica, following closely after. Italy, too, with the help -of Sardinia and Sicily, continues to be quite a factor in meeting the -demand for the crude material, while across the Strait of Gibraltar -the sun-scorched forests of Morocco are as yet undeveloped. The -total area covered by cork forests is estimated at from four to five -million acres, while the annual production of bark is declared to be -not far from fifty thousand tons. Although no official statistics -are obtainable, these figures approximate the truth. In Portugal and -Spain, particularly in Catalonia, which is probably the greatest cork -manufacturing district in the world, a large portion of the corkwood -produced goes to supply domestic factories, where more and more -machinery is being introduced every year. With these exceptions, -however, the major part of the yield is exported to the United States, -England, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Denmark, or Sweden, to be -turned into finished form. - -[Illustration: - -Pile of Bark in the Forest] - -[Illustration: - -Weighing Bark in the Forest] - -The cork oak, known botanically as _Quercus suber_, attains a height of -from twenty to sixty feet and measures sometimes as much as four feet -in diameter. Its wide-spreading branches are rather closely covered -with small evergreen leaves, thick, glossy, slightly serrated, and -downy underneath. In April or May flowers of a yellowish color appear, -succeeded by acorns which ripen and fall to the ground in the late -fall. Pliny evidently knew whereof he wrote, for the cork oak’s acorns -are bitter and not at all pleasant to the taste. They form, however, -one of the forests’ chief sources of revenue, since, fed to swine, they -give a peculiarly piquant flavor to the meat, Spanish mountain hams -being noted for their excellence. Unfortunately, the herds in foraging -for food destroy the young trees and thus do serious and permanent -injury by preventing new growth. - -[Illustration: - -Virgin Cork and Second Stripping Bark] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Bark, “Back” and “Belly”] - -The “corkwood,” or cork of commerce, is the outer bark of the cork -oak. When it has attained a diameter of approximately five inches, -or, to be more exact, measures forty centimeters in circumference -according to the Spanish governmental regulations, which the tree -does usually by the time it is twenty years old, the virgin cork, as -the first stripping of bark is called, is removed. This virgin cork -is so rough, coarse, and dense in texture that it is of very little -commercial value. Fortunately its removal does not kill the tree, -but, on the other hand, seems to promote further development, for the -inner bark--the seat of the growing processes--undertakes at once the -formation of a new covering of finer texture. Each year this, the -real skin, with its life-giving sap, forms two layers of cells--one -within, increasing the diameter of the trunk; the other without, adding -thickness to the sheathing of bark. After eight or ten years this is -also removed, and, while more valuable than the virgin cork, it is not -as fine in quality as that of the third and subsequent strippings, -which follow at regular intervals of about nine years. At the age of -about forty years the oak begins to yield its best bark, continuing -productive as a rule for almost a century, although cork trees several -hundred years old are not unknown. Flourishing as it does in a hot, -semi-arid climate, there seems to be no reason why this valuable tree -should not be successfully introduced in the southern and southwestern -sections of the United States; in fact, in the year 1858 the United -States Government took certain steps in this direction, and even went -so far as to distribute seedlings to interested persons in several -states. The Civil War interfered, however, and the experiments were -never fully carried out. - -[Illustration: - -Preparing Bark for Carriage to the Boiling Station] - -[Illustration: - -Cork under the Microscope] - -[Illustration: - -Bark arriving at a Boiling Station] - -[Illustration: - -The Common Carrier] - -[Illustration: - -A Boiling Station] - -[Illustration: - -A Wagon Load of Bark] - -The stripping generally takes place during July and August, and is a -process which demands skill and care if injury to the tree is to be -avoided. In Algeria, the French strippers sometimes use crescent-shaped -saws; but under the usual Spanish method a hatchet with a long handle, -wedge-shaped at the end, is the only implement employed. The bark is -cut clear through around the base of the tree and a similar incision -is made around the trunk just below the spring of the main branches; -the two incisions are then connected by one or two longitudinal cuts, -following so far as possible the deepest of the natural cracks in -the bark. Inserting the wedge-shaped handle, the tree’s covering is -then pried off, care being taken not to injure the inner skin at any -stage of the process, for the life of the tree depends on its proper -preservation; and if it is injured at any point, growth there ceases -and the spot remains forever afterward scarred and uncovered. The -larger branches are stripped in the same manner, yielding thinner -but generally a finer grade of cork than that from the trunk. The -thickness of the bark is anywhere from one-half to two and a half -inches, while the yield also varies greatly--from forty-five to five -hundred pounds--depending on the size and age of the tree. As the -bark is removed it is gathered up in piles and left for a few days to -dry. Having been weighed, it is next carried either in wagons or on -the backs of burros to the boiling stations, where it is stacked and -allowed to season for a few weeks. It is then ready for the boiling -process, which at times is postponed until the crude material reaches -Seville or some other shipping point. But if the forest is distant, the -water supply adequate, and the quantity of bark ample to justify such -procedure, the vats are erected at a convenient spot and this operation -carried out on the ground. The outside of the bark in its natural -state is, as may well be imagined, rough and woody, owing to exposure -to the weather. After boiling, this useless outer coating is readily -scraped off, thereby reducing the weight of the material almost twenty -per cent. The boiling process also serves to remove the tannic acid, -increases the volume and elasticity of the bark, renders it soft and -pliable, and flattens it out for convenient packing. - -[Illustration: - -Factory at Seville, covering Twenty Acres] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: - -Trimming the Sheets of Bark at Seville] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: - -Corner of One of the Sorting Rooms at Seville] - -After being roughly sorted as to quality and thickness the bark is then -ready for its first long journey, and, as the forests are generally -located in hilly or even mountainous country, the faithful burro must -again be called into service. Truly the Spaniard’s best friend, though -the worst treated of all, these patient little animals present a most -grotesque appearance when loaded from head to hind quarters with a -huge mass of the light bark. Down from the hills they go in trains of -thirty, forty, or even a hundred, threading the rocky bridle paths in -single file and wending their way through the narrow streets of quaint -villages, where traces of Moorish occupancy may still be seen, to the -nearest railway station, or even to Seville itself. Of course, if -conditions permit, wagons are used, but since Spain is not a country -famous for its good roads, it is probable that for many years to come -the burro will play his part in supplying the cork markets of the -world. [Illustration: - -Baling Corkwood at Seville] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: - -One of the Corkwood Warehouses, Seville Plant] - -[Illustration: - -The Giralda, Seville] - -Although large supplies of raw material are drawn from Portugal, the -principal foreign warehouse and Spanish factory of the Armstrong Cork -Company are situated in Seville; hence it is to that historic city -on the banks of the Guadalquivir that the bark from many hills and -valleys finds its way during the summer months. There the bales as -they come from the country are opened, the bark boiled and scraped, if -this has not already been done, and then, after the edges have been -trimmed, is sorted into a dozen or more grades of different quality and -thickness. The importance of this last mentioned operation cannot be -overemphasized, as the whole problem of the successful and economical -manufacture of cork centers about it. The expert Spanish sorters having -finished their work, the bark is ready to be rebaled for shipment to -America. Broad sheets are placed in a baling box to form the bottom of -the bale, and above them are laid smaller pieces, which are covered in -turn with larger sections; then the whole mass is subjected to pressure -to render it compact, afterward being bound up securely with steel -hoops or wire. Each bale is carefully stenciled with marks indicating -grade or quality. Loaded directly into ocean-going steamers alongside -the Seville docks, not infrequently a whole ship’s cargo of cork at a -time is transported to Philadelphia, New York, or Baltimore, and thence -freighted to the Pittsburgh factory. - -[Illustration: - -The Wharf at Seville. Loading Bales of Corkwood for America] - -[Illustration: - -Bale of Corkwood] - -[Illustration: - -Spaniards cutting Bark into Strips and Squares] - -[Illustration: - -Cutting Corks by Hand] - -[Illustration: - -The Factory at Pittsburgh] - -From the mountain of cork unloaded at its doors a host of different -articles are produced by means of wonderfully ingenious machinery -coupled with hundreds of keen brains, for the human element must always -play a large part in cork manufacture. Among them corks rank first in -importance; hence the greater part of the floor space of this factory, -the largest of its kind in the world, is given over to their production. - -[Illustration: - -Slicing into Strips] - -[Illustration: - -Bales of Cork being unloaded at Pittsburgh] - -For whatever purpose it is to be used, all bark removed from the -immense storage rooms is taken first to the sorting department, where, -under skilled eyes, the twenty-five or more foreign grades are resorted -into approximately one hundred and fifty different classes, according -to quality and thickness. The speed and skill with which this work is -done is astounding. So slight is the difference between some of the -grades that to the inexperienced eye none can be seen whatever, and yet -success hinges on the care and skill exercised in this and the other -sortings that follow. - -[Illustration: - -Corks punched from Strips] - -[Illustration: - -One of the Fourteen Storage Rooms, Pittsburgh Factory] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Punchings] - -[Illustration: - -One of the Corkwood Sorting Rooms at Pittsburgh] - -[Illustration: - -Cutting into Squares] - -In manufacturing corks it must be understood in the first place -that the thickness of a given piece of bark determines the maximum -diameter of the stopper which can be made from it, as the cutting -is done across and not with the grain. Leaving the sorting room the -corkwood is softened by placing it in a warm vapor bath. This process -increases its flexibility greatly, its bulk slightly, and prepares it -to undergo the various mechanical operations which follow in rapid -succession. The keen edge of the slicer first confronts the sheets of -bark, and it is at this point that the first mechanical obstacle in -cork manufacture has to be overcome, for the soft, light, elastic -material is, withal, very difficult to cut, as may be determined by -simple personal experiment. But before the onslaught of a circular -steel knife, revolving hundreds of revolutions every minute and kept -at razor-like sharpness, even this difficulty disappears, and the -sheets are readily cut into strips whose width is determined by the -length of the cork desired. From the slicer the strips pass to the -blocking machines, where, by means of a rapidly rotating tubular punch, -cylindrical pieces are bored out and released with almost incredible -speed. The operative, of course, must use care to avoid defective spots -in the bark, and also to cut the corks out as closely together as -possible so as to reduce waste to a minimum. The stoppers which come -from these machines are round with parallel sides. If tapered corks are -desired, larger at the upper end than at the lower, the cylindrical -or “straight” pieces must be passed through another machine, which -handles them deftly, holding them against the edge of another circular -knife. Seemingly motionless, the only outward indication of the speed -with which the keen blade is revolving is the delicate shaving which -curls upward for an instant, only to be drawn away through pipes by -powerful air-suction to the mill building a hundred yards distant, -where all such waste is ground up, to be disposed of in the form of -various by-products. Both “straights” and “tapers” next journey to the -washing rooms. There dumped in great vats, thousands at a time, they -are carefully washed and then dried by being whirled about dizzily in -great revolving cylinders of wire net located in heated chambers. - -[Illustration: - -Blocking Department at Pittsburgh] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Insoles] - -[Illustration: - -Making Tapered Corks at Pittsburgh] - -[Illustration: - -Washers and Gaskets] - -[Illustration: - -A Glimpse of Another Department, Pittsburgh Factory] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Balls] - -Not all of the bark, however, that is destined to be turned into corks -follows the course that has just been described; for certain varieties -a different process of manufacture, approximating in many respects the -original Spanish method, is found more practicable. The crude bark, -after being sorted, is cut into strips on the slicing machines, the -width as before depending on the length of the stopper to be made. To -remove the rest of the hard back, or outer crust, much of which still -remains despite the scraping before shipment to America, the pieces -are then passed beneath a revolving knife which shaves off the rough, -uneven portion. Free now from objectionable matter, the strips are cut -into small rectangular blocks of the dimensions of the cork desired. In -this process, just as in blocking, care must be taken to avoid defects -in the bark, and at the same time to prevent waste. Passing to another -department the rectangular pieces are rounded into proper shape. - -[Illustration: - -Sorting Tapered Corks at Pittsburgh Factory] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Polishing Wheels] - -In Spain, before the days of large cork factories employing labor -saving machinery, and even to a great extent at the present time, -all of these operations are carried out by hand. Whole families -participate, slicing the bark into strips, then into squares, -and finally cutting the corks from the square blocks slowly and -laboriously. This hand method of manufacture is gradually disappearing -as more and more machinery comes into general use. What are known as -hand cut corks are stoppers which are not exactly round, but of a shape -which might be appropriately described as a “square circle.” In the -judgment of some, they are better suited for certain purposes than -straights or tapers. - -[Illustration: - -Packing Department at Pittsburgh] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Paper] - -[Illustration: - -Putting Final Touches on Life-Preservers] - -[Illustration: - -Seine and Gill Corks] - -From the driers all corks are taken to the sorting rooms, where they -are subjected to the last of the actual manufacturing processes, and, -from many standpoints, the most interesting of all. Here, again, the -importance of proper grading is paramount, and when one considers that -almost five million corks pour into this department every working day, -the magnitude of the task can be partly grasped. When the further -fact is known that this enormous output is to be sorted into about -twenty regular besides numerous special grades, one can still further -appreciate what the problem involves. The work itself calls for such -a peculiar combination of faculties that only one out of every five -operatives who are given preliminary training in this department is -found satisfactory; but so highly skilled do the regular workers become -that the sorting of thirty-five thousand corks may be considered an -average day’s labor. Experts exercise careful supervision and actually -test each lot of corks as they come from the operatives in order that -uniform standards may be maintained from day to day and month to month. - -[Illustration: - -Circle A Corks] - -When past the keen eye of the tester, the cork, after its long journey -through the factory, passes either direct to the packing department or -to the warehouses. This last point involves a problem which is often -very puzzling and difficult of solution. Thousands of dollars’ worth -of corks are placed in the warehouses every year to remain there -indefinitely. An order for a quantity of corks of a certain size and -quality also involves, of necessity, the manufacture of a great many -corks of other grades. The reason for this is, of course, found in -the fact that the raw material, no matter how carefully sorted at the -outset, will not produce a finished product of uniform quality. Thus -frequently it becomes necessary to work over a given lot of corks for -which there is no demand into a smaller size for which orders are -pouring in. - -[Illustration: - -Circle B Corks] - -Into the packing department streams a bewildering array of corks of -every conceivable shape, grade, and size. The tapers appear in a dozen -qualities, at the head of which stand the peerless “Circle A” and -“Circle B,” prescription corks found in every first-class pharmacy in -the land. The straights have been separated into various classes, -running from the fine champagne corks down to the common soda water -corks. Besides, there are keg corks, hand cut corks, mustard and jar -corks of large diameter, shell corks, perforated through the center, -and glued corks made up of several layers, all of which must be put up -in packages of suitable size, ready to be delivered to the shipping -department for transportation to the consumer. - -[Illustration: - -Tapered Corks, X Grade] - -[Illustration: - -Bobbers for Fishing Lines] - -[Illustration: - -Large Tapered Corks] - -[Illustration: - -Instrument and Fishing Rod Handles] - -A host of other useful articles also find their way from the many -manufacturing departments to the shipping rooms. Of insoles thousands -of pairs are produced annually. Discs and washers by the million -are punched out for use in metal caps for bottles and jars, and as -gaskets in lubricator cups. Life-preservers, ring buoys, yacht fenders, -mooring and anchoring buoys are the specialties of one department, -while another pays particular attention to the manufacture of seine -and gill corks, and bobbers for fishing lines. So varied, in fact, -are the forms which cork assumes that the complete cataloguing of -the functions which it fills in the world to-day would be well-nigh -impossible. For instance, cork shapes may be found in animal heads on -rugs and fur garments, and, covered with suitable material, are used -as buttons on fur coats. Cork balls play their part in exhibiting -cutlery and in various games; the automobilist finds cork carburetor -floats indispensable; churn lids are made tight with cork gaskets; -pen holders have cork tips; hats are lined with thin sheets of cork; -friction clutches of cork are steadily growing in favor; the optician -employs small cork strips in connection with eyeglasses; the plasterer -uses cork floats; while the glass manufacturer knows no better medium -for polishing his wares than cork wheels. The finest pieces of bark -are made into cork paper, so thin that five hundred sheets measure but -one inch in thickness. Sorted into several different grades, this -beautiful, velvety material is practically all used in making cigarette -tips. Fishing rod, whip, bicycle, trowel, and pyrographic instrument -handles of cork are, of course, familiar to every one. - -[Illustration: - -Straight Wine Corks] - -[Illustration: - -Straight Soda Corks, D Grade] - -[Illustration: - -Granulated Cork] - -But the manufacture of corks and of all these other articles involves -waste, and waste to an extent little dreamed of. In producing corks, -for instance, fully sixty-five per cent of the raw material which -started out on its journey through the factory may be found later in -the form of scrap at the blocking and tapering machines; but even in -this mutilated state the bark is still valuable, and after proper -treatment in the Pittsburgh plant, or one of the other factories of -the Company, appears in the form of numerous by-products of great -value and importance. As a matter of fact, nothing is wasted; even the -smallest particles are utilized. Large quantities of scrap are ground -up, sifted, and made into composition cork with the aid of suitable -binders. From “Suberit,” as the finest variety of this material is -termed--light, close grained, and tough, without the large pores of the -natural cork--table mats to be placed under hot dishes, pin cushions, -fishing line floats, polishing wheels, and instrument handles are -manufactured; while from “Acme,” a somewhat coarser grade, are made -insoles, bath mats, washers, gaskets, and entomological cork--thin -sheets for mounting insects. - -[Illustration: - -Keg Corks] - -[Illustration: - -Plasterer’s Float] - -[Illustration: - -Hand Cut Corks, A Grade] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Carburetor Floats] - -Part of the waste is reduced to the form of cork shavings and used -to stuff mattresses and boat cushions, for packing eggs and other -fragile articles, and in making cork floor tiling. This material is -manufactured in three shades of brown, and its warmth of tone and -delicately mottled and veined appearance give it a distinctive charm -peculiarly its own. Smooth and soft as velvet to the touch, cork -tiling is nevertheless firm and resilient and able to stand years of -hard service. Thousands of square feet have been installed in hotels, -libraries, museums, clubs, and private residences. - -[Illustration: - -Hand Cut Corks, C Grade] - -Cork flour is another by-product, and is manufactured from the waste -bark by much the same method as that employed in grinding wheat. This -beautiful light brown dust is one of the chief constituents of high -grade linoleum. In the Company’s plant at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, -thousands of yards of this material are produced every day. - -[Illustration: - -Mooring and Anchoring Buoys] - -[Illustration: - -Jar, Mustard, and Shell Corks] - -[Illustration: - -Ring Buoy] - -[Illustration: - -Life-Preserver] - -The many different grades of granulated cork, made by grinding up -cork waste, find a wide sphere of usefulness for packing and heat -insulating purposes. In this last mentioned field, in fact, cork now -ranks preeminent. Its peculiar structure, which may be seen under -the microscope--myriads of sealed air cells, impervious to air and -water--renders it not only a splendid nonconductor of heat, but also -nonabsorbent of moisture. For loose filling between the walls of ice -boxes, water coolers, and cold storage rooms, and about the sides of -freezing tanks in ice factories, hundreds of tons of granulated cork -are employed every year. Comparatively recently, however, an insulating -material possessing permanency of form has been found desirable for -many reasons. To meet this demand granulated cork is transformed into -corkboard at the Company’s plants at Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, and -Camden, New Jersey. Using the pure cork, either with or without an -asphaltic binder, three grades of this material are made, known as -Nonpareil, Impregnated, and Acme Corkboard, respectively. The sheets -measure twelve by thirty-six inches, of various thicknesses, and, as -they possess ample structural strength, may be nailed into place in -buildings or rooms of frame construction, or put up with Portland -cement against brick, stone, or concrete walls and ceilings. A plaster -finish is readily applied. Owing to its freedom from progressive -deterioration, its constant efficiency, its slow burning and fire -retarding properties, and its sanitary qualities, corkboard insulation -is now recognized as the standard throughout the land, and may be -found installed almost everywhere refrigeration is employed. Hundreds -of cold storage warehouses, abattoirs, fur storage vaults, breweries, -ice plants, dairies, creameries, candy factories, and bakeries are -insulated with it, not to mention refrigerated rooms in hotels, clubs, -private residences, and aboard the ships of the United States, British, -and Italian navies. - -[Illustration: - -Cork Floor Tiling] - -Another by-product, and the last one of importance, is cork pipe -covering for insulating cold pipe lines. Made of pure granulated cork, -slightly compressed and molded in sectional form to fit the many -different sizes of pipe and kinds of fittings, it is a thoroughly -durable covering for brine and ammonia piping in refrigerating plants, -and for ice water lines in office buildings, hotels, and industrial -establishments. In this rôle the cork bark, after its devious career -in American factories, performs a service similar to that of its early -days in Spain, when, sheathing trunk and branches, it prevented the -sun’s rays and the parching winds from heating and drying up the cool, -life-giving sap of its parent tree. - -[Illustration: - -Nonpareil Corkboard] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Pipe Covering] - -[Illustration] - - Rogers & Company - Chicago and New York - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s note - - Minor punctuation errors have been changed without notice. All other - inconsistencies are as in the original. - - In this version, some Illustration tags have been moved beside the - relevant section of the text. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORK *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. 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