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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..297b6c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69909 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69909) diff --git a/old/69909-0.txt b/old/69909-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 40b6c19..0000000 --- a/old/69909-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1116 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cork, by Armstrong Cork Company - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Cork - Being the story of the origin of cork, the processes employed in - its manufacture & its various uses in the world to-day - -Author: Armstrong Cork Company - -Release Date: January 30, 2023 [eBook #69909] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Carla Foust and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORK *** - - - -[Illustration: CORK - -ITS ORIGINS & USES] - - - - - Copyright, 1909 - - _by_ - - ARMSTRONG CORK COMPANY - - PITTSBURGH - - U. S. A. - - - - - Cork - - Being the Story o_f_ - the origin o_f_ Cork, - the processes - employed in its - manufacture & - its varied uses in - the world to-day - - - 1909 - - Armstrong Cork Company - - _of_ - - Pittsburgh - - U.S.A. - -[Illustration: A Monarch of the Cork Forest] - - - - -[Illustration: CORK] - - -Few things in general use in the great world to-day have the hall-mark -of approval of two thousand years set upon them. New materials, new -processes, new commodities have followed the train of advancing -civilization and the ensuing multiplication and alteration of man’s -economic needs. Even where the demand for a certain material to -fulfill a particular function has continued through the centuries, -widening knowledge of natural resources coupled with modern invention -has usually found some substitute cheaper, more efficient, and better -adapted for the purpose in question. Not so with cork. Recognized by -the ancients as peculiarly suited for certain uses, time has vindicated -their verdict; nothing has yet been discovered to supplant it in its -wide sphere of usefulness. - -Theophrastus, Greek philosopher and writer on botany, who flourished -in the fourth century before Christ, was evidently familiar with the -material, for he mentions the cork tree as being a native of the -Pyrenees. For decades before the time of Horace cork was used for -stoppers for wine vessels. In fact, the poet tells one of his friends, -about 25 B. C., that on the occasion of a coming anniversary banquet -he expects to “remove the cork sealed with pitch” from a jar of the -rare vintage of forty-six years previous, the first but not the last -proceeding of this character of which history makes record. - -[Illustration: - -Gnarled Trunk of an Old Cork Oak] - -It remained for the elder Pliny, however, in his wonderful work on -natural history, written in the first century of the Christian era, -to make the most remarkable reference to cork to be found in ancient -literature: “The cork oak is but a very small tree and its acorns of -the very worst quality * * *; the bark is its only useful product, -being remarkably thick, and if removed will grow again * * *. This -substance is employed more particularly attached as a buoy to the ropes -of ships’ anchors and the drag-nets of fishermen; it is used also for -the bungs of casks and as a material for the winter shoes of women.” -Cork jackets--life-preservers--are mentioned by Plutarch. Thus five -of the principal functions which cork fills in the world to-day were -recognized two thousand years ago. In the fifteenth century glass -bottles were introduced, which gave such great impetus to its general -use that the real beginning of the cork industry may properly be said -to date from that period. Some conception of its importance to-day may -be gathered from the fact that the importations of the United States of -crude and manufactured cork now aggregate almost $5,000,000 in value -annually. - -[Illustration: - -Cork Strippers’ Camp] - -[Illustration: Stripping the Trees] - -[Illustration: - -Gathering the Bark] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Tree’s Foliage] - -The word _cork_ is derived from the Latin _cortex_, meaning bark, -and the study of its origin and manufacture leads at once to those -romantic countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Spain and Portugal -divide honors among the nations of the world so far as yield of raw -material is concerned, with perhaps the advantage leaning slightly to -the latter. The cork-producing territory covers practically the whole -of Portugal, sweeps toward the east through the southern districts of -Spain known as Andalusia and Estremadura, thence northeast, embracing -thousands of acres of forests in Catalonia. Algeria, with Tunis, -ranks next in importance in yearly tribute of bark, southern France, -including Corsica, following closely after. Italy, too, with the help -of Sardinia and Sicily, continues to be quite a factor in meeting the -demand for the crude material, while across the Strait of Gibraltar -the sun-scorched forests of Morocco are as yet undeveloped. The -total area covered by cork forests is estimated at from four to five -million acres, while the annual production of bark is declared to be -not far from fifty thousand tons. Although no official statistics -are obtainable, these figures approximate the truth. In Portugal and -Spain, particularly in Catalonia, which is probably the greatest cork -manufacturing district in the world, a large portion of the corkwood -produced goes to supply domestic factories, where more and more -machinery is being introduced every year. With these exceptions, -however, the major part of the yield is exported to the United States, -England, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Denmark, or Sweden, to be -turned into finished form. - -[Illustration: - -Pile of Bark in the Forest] - -[Illustration: - -Weighing Bark in the Forest] - -The cork oak, known botanically as _Quercus suber_, attains a height of -from twenty to sixty feet and measures sometimes as much as four feet -in diameter. Its wide-spreading branches are rather closely covered -with small evergreen leaves, thick, glossy, slightly serrated, and -downy underneath. In April or May flowers of a yellowish color appear, -succeeded by acorns which ripen and fall to the ground in the late -fall. Pliny evidently knew whereof he wrote, for the cork oak’s acorns -are bitter and not at all pleasant to the taste. They form, however, -one of the forests’ chief sources of revenue, since, fed to swine, they -give a peculiarly piquant flavor to the meat, Spanish mountain hams -being noted for their excellence. Unfortunately, the herds in foraging -for food destroy the young trees and thus do serious and permanent -injury by preventing new growth. - -[Illustration: - -Virgin Cork and Second Stripping Bark] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Bark, “Back” and “Belly”] - -The “corkwood,” or cork of commerce, is the outer bark of the cork -oak. When it has attained a diameter of approximately five inches, -or, to be more exact, measures forty centimeters in circumference -according to the Spanish governmental regulations, which the tree -does usually by the time it is twenty years old, the virgin cork, as -the first stripping of bark is called, is removed. This virgin cork -is so rough, coarse, and dense in texture that it is of very little -commercial value. Fortunately its removal does not kill the tree, -but, on the other hand, seems to promote further development, for the -inner bark--the seat of the growing processes--undertakes at once the -formation of a new covering of finer texture. Each year this, the -real skin, with its life-giving sap, forms two layers of cells--one -within, increasing the diameter of the trunk; the other without, adding -thickness to the sheathing of bark. After eight or ten years this is -also removed, and, while more valuable than the virgin cork, it is not -as fine in quality as that of the third and subsequent strippings, -which follow at regular intervals of about nine years. At the age of -about forty years the oak begins to yield its best bark, continuing -productive as a rule for almost a century, although cork trees several -hundred years old are not unknown. Flourishing as it does in a hot, -semi-arid climate, there seems to be no reason why this valuable tree -should not be successfully introduced in the southern and southwestern -sections of the United States; in fact, in the year 1858 the United -States Government took certain steps in this direction, and even went -so far as to distribute seedlings to interested persons in several -states. The Civil War interfered, however, and the experiments were -never fully carried out. - -[Illustration: - -Preparing Bark for Carriage to the Boiling Station] - -[Illustration: - -Cork under the Microscope] - -[Illustration: - -Bark arriving at a Boiling Station] - -[Illustration: - -The Common Carrier] - -[Illustration: - -A Boiling Station] - -[Illustration: - -A Wagon Load of Bark] - -The stripping generally takes place during July and August, and is a -process which demands skill and care if injury to the tree is to be -avoided. In Algeria, the French strippers sometimes use crescent-shaped -saws; but under the usual Spanish method a hatchet with a long handle, -wedge-shaped at the end, is the only implement employed. The bark is -cut clear through around the base of the tree and a similar incision -is made around the trunk just below the spring of the main branches; -the two incisions are then connected by one or two longitudinal cuts, -following so far as possible the deepest of the natural cracks in -the bark. Inserting the wedge-shaped handle, the tree’s covering is -then pried off, care being taken not to injure the inner skin at any -stage of the process, for the life of the tree depends on its proper -preservation; and if it is injured at any point, growth there ceases -and the spot remains forever afterward scarred and uncovered. The -larger branches are stripped in the same manner, yielding thinner -but generally a finer grade of cork than that from the trunk. The -thickness of the bark is anywhere from one-half to two and a half -inches, while the yield also varies greatly--from forty-five to five -hundred pounds--depending on the size and age of the tree. As the -bark is removed it is gathered up in piles and left for a few days to -dry. Having been weighed, it is next carried either in wagons or on -the backs of burros to the boiling stations, where it is stacked and -allowed to season for a few weeks. It is then ready for the boiling -process, which at times is postponed until the crude material reaches -Seville or some other shipping point. But if the forest is distant, the -water supply adequate, and the quantity of bark ample to justify such -procedure, the vats are erected at a convenient spot and this operation -carried out on the ground. The outside of the bark in its natural -state is, as may well be imagined, rough and woody, owing to exposure -to the weather. After boiling, this useless outer coating is readily -scraped off, thereby reducing the weight of the material almost twenty -per cent. The boiling process also serves to remove the tannic acid, -increases the volume and elasticity of the bark, renders it soft and -pliable, and flattens it out for convenient packing. - -[Illustration: - -Factory at Seville, covering Twenty Acres] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: - -Trimming the Sheets of Bark at Seville] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: - -Corner of One of the Sorting Rooms at Seville] - -After being roughly sorted as to quality and thickness the bark is then -ready for its first long journey, and, as the forests are generally -located in hilly or even mountainous country, the faithful burro must -again be called into service. Truly the Spaniard’s best friend, though -the worst treated of all, these patient little animals present a most -grotesque appearance when loaded from head to hind quarters with a -huge mass of the light bark. Down from the hills they go in trains of -thirty, forty, or even a hundred, threading the rocky bridle paths in -single file and wending their way through the narrow streets of quaint -villages, where traces of Moorish occupancy may still be seen, to the -nearest railway station, or even to Seville itself. Of course, if -conditions permit, wagons are used, but since Spain is not a country -famous for its good roads, it is probable that for many years to come -the burro will play his part in supplying the cork markets of the -world. [Illustration: - -Baling Corkwood at Seville] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: - -One of the Corkwood Warehouses, Seville Plant] - -[Illustration: - -The Giralda, Seville] - -Although large supplies of raw material are drawn from Portugal, the -principal foreign warehouse and Spanish factory of the Armstrong Cork -Company are situated in Seville; hence it is to that historic city -on the banks of the Guadalquivir that the bark from many hills and -valleys finds its way during the summer months. There the bales as -they come from the country are opened, the bark boiled and scraped, if -this has not already been done, and then, after the edges have been -trimmed, is sorted into a dozen or more grades of different quality and -thickness. The importance of this last mentioned operation cannot be -overemphasized, as the whole problem of the successful and economical -manufacture of cork centers about it. The expert Spanish sorters having -finished their work, the bark is ready to be rebaled for shipment to -America. Broad sheets are placed in a baling box to form the bottom of -the bale, and above them are laid smaller pieces, which are covered in -turn with larger sections; then the whole mass is subjected to pressure -to render it compact, afterward being bound up securely with steel -hoops or wire. Each bale is carefully stenciled with marks indicating -grade or quality. Loaded directly into ocean-going steamers alongside -the Seville docks, not infrequently a whole ship’s cargo of cork at a -time is transported to Philadelphia, New York, or Baltimore, and thence -freighted to the Pittsburgh factory. - -[Illustration: - -The Wharf at Seville. Loading Bales of Corkwood for America] - -[Illustration: - -Bale of Corkwood] - -[Illustration: - -Spaniards cutting Bark into Strips and Squares] - -[Illustration: - -Cutting Corks by Hand] - -[Illustration: - -The Factory at Pittsburgh] - -From the mountain of cork unloaded at its doors a host of different -articles are produced by means of wonderfully ingenious machinery -coupled with hundreds of keen brains, for the human element must always -play a large part in cork manufacture. Among them corks rank first in -importance; hence the greater part of the floor space of this factory, -the largest of its kind in the world, is given over to their production. - -[Illustration: - -Slicing into Strips] - -[Illustration: - -Bales of Cork being unloaded at Pittsburgh] - -For whatever purpose it is to be used, all bark removed from the -immense storage rooms is taken first to the sorting department, where, -under skilled eyes, the twenty-five or more foreign grades are resorted -into approximately one hundred and fifty different classes, according -to quality and thickness. The speed and skill with which this work is -done is astounding. So slight is the difference between some of the -grades that to the inexperienced eye none can be seen whatever, and yet -success hinges on the care and skill exercised in this and the other -sortings that follow. - -[Illustration: - -Corks punched from Strips] - -[Illustration: - -One of the Fourteen Storage Rooms, Pittsburgh Factory] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Punchings] - -[Illustration: - -One of the Corkwood Sorting Rooms at Pittsburgh] - -[Illustration: - -Cutting into Squares] - -In manufacturing corks it must be understood in the first place -that the thickness of a given piece of bark determines the maximum -diameter of the stopper which can be made from it, as the cutting -is done across and not with the grain. Leaving the sorting room the -corkwood is softened by placing it in a warm vapor bath. This process -increases its flexibility greatly, its bulk slightly, and prepares it -to undergo the various mechanical operations which follow in rapid -succession. The keen edge of the slicer first confronts the sheets of -bark, and it is at this point that the first mechanical obstacle in -cork manufacture has to be overcome, for the soft, light, elastic -material is, withal, very difficult to cut, as may be determined by -simple personal experiment. But before the onslaught of a circular -steel knife, revolving hundreds of revolutions every minute and kept -at razor-like sharpness, even this difficulty disappears, and the -sheets are readily cut into strips whose width is determined by the -length of the cork desired. From the slicer the strips pass to the -blocking machines, where, by means of a rapidly rotating tubular punch, -cylindrical pieces are bored out and released with almost incredible -speed. The operative, of course, must use care to avoid defective spots -in the bark, and also to cut the corks out as closely together as -possible so as to reduce waste to a minimum. The stoppers which come -from these machines are round with parallel sides. If tapered corks are -desired, larger at the upper end than at the lower, the cylindrical -or “straight” pieces must be passed through another machine, which -handles them deftly, holding them against the edge of another circular -knife. Seemingly motionless, the only outward indication of the speed -with which the keen blade is revolving is the delicate shaving which -curls upward for an instant, only to be drawn away through pipes by -powerful air-suction to the mill building a hundred yards distant, -where all such waste is ground up, to be disposed of in the form of -various by-products. Both “straights” and “tapers” next journey to the -washing rooms. There dumped in great vats, thousands at a time, they -are carefully washed and then dried by being whirled about dizzily in -great revolving cylinders of wire net located in heated chambers. - -[Illustration: - -Blocking Department at Pittsburgh] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Insoles] - -[Illustration: - -Making Tapered Corks at Pittsburgh] - -[Illustration: - -Washers and Gaskets] - -[Illustration: - -A Glimpse of Another Department, Pittsburgh Factory] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Balls] - -Not all of the bark, however, that is destined to be turned into corks -follows the course that has just been described; for certain varieties -a different process of manufacture, approximating in many respects the -original Spanish method, is found more practicable. The crude bark, -after being sorted, is cut into strips on the slicing machines, the -width as before depending on the length of the stopper to be made. To -remove the rest of the hard back, or outer crust, much of which still -remains despite the scraping before shipment to America, the pieces -are then passed beneath a revolving knife which shaves off the rough, -uneven portion. Free now from objectionable matter, the strips are cut -into small rectangular blocks of the dimensions of the cork desired. In -this process, just as in blocking, care must be taken to avoid defects -in the bark, and at the same time to prevent waste. Passing to another -department the rectangular pieces are rounded into proper shape. - -[Illustration: - -Sorting Tapered Corks at Pittsburgh Factory] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Polishing Wheels] - -In Spain, before the days of large cork factories employing labor -saving machinery, and even to a great extent at the present time, -all of these operations are carried out by hand. Whole families -participate, slicing the bark into strips, then into squares, -and finally cutting the corks from the square blocks slowly and -laboriously. This hand method of manufacture is gradually disappearing -as more and more machinery comes into general use. What are known as -hand cut corks are stoppers which are not exactly round, but of a shape -which might be appropriately described as a “square circle.” In the -judgment of some, they are better suited for certain purposes than -straights or tapers. - -[Illustration: - -Packing Department at Pittsburgh] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Paper] - -[Illustration: - -Putting Final Touches on Life-Preservers] - -[Illustration: - -Seine and Gill Corks] - -From the driers all corks are taken to the sorting rooms, where they -are subjected to the last of the actual manufacturing processes, and, -from many standpoints, the most interesting of all. Here, again, the -importance of proper grading is paramount, and when one considers that -almost five million corks pour into this department every working day, -the magnitude of the task can be partly grasped. When the further -fact is known that this enormous output is to be sorted into about -twenty regular besides numerous special grades, one can still further -appreciate what the problem involves. The work itself calls for such -a peculiar combination of faculties that only one out of every five -operatives who are given preliminary training in this department is -found satisfactory; but so highly skilled do the regular workers become -that the sorting of thirty-five thousand corks may be considered an -average day’s labor. Experts exercise careful supervision and actually -test each lot of corks as they come from the operatives in order that -uniform standards may be maintained from day to day and month to month. - -[Illustration: - -Circle A Corks] - -When past the keen eye of the tester, the cork, after its long journey -through the factory, passes either direct to the packing department or -to the warehouses. This last point involves a problem which is often -very puzzling and difficult of solution. Thousands of dollars’ worth -of corks are placed in the warehouses every year to remain there -indefinitely. An order for a quantity of corks of a certain size and -quality also involves, of necessity, the manufacture of a great many -corks of other grades. The reason for this is, of course, found in -the fact that the raw material, no matter how carefully sorted at the -outset, will not produce a finished product of uniform quality. Thus -frequently it becomes necessary to work over a given lot of corks for -which there is no demand into a smaller size for which orders are -pouring in. - -[Illustration: - -Circle B Corks] - -Into the packing department streams a bewildering array of corks of -every conceivable shape, grade, and size. The tapers appear in a dozen -qualities, at the head of which stand the peerless “Circle A” and -“Circle B,” prescription corks found in every first-class pharmacy in -the land. The straights have been separated into various classes, -running from the fine champagne corks down to the common soda water -corks. Besides, there are keg corks, hand cut corks, mustard and jar -corks of large diameter, shell corks, perforated through the center, -and glued corks made up of several layers, all of which must be put up -in packages of suitable size, ready to be delivered to the shipping -department for transportation to the consumer. - -[Illustration: - -Tapered Corks, X Grade] - -[Illustration: - -Bobbers for Fishing Lines] - -[Illustration: - -Large Tapered Corks] - -[Illustration: - -Instrument and Fishing Rod Handles] - -A host of other useful articles also find their way from the many -manufacturing departments to the shipping rooms. Of insoles thousands -of pairs are produced annually. Discs and washers by the million -are punched out for use in metal caps for bottles and jars, and as -gaskets in lubricator cups. Life-preservers, ring buoys, yacht fenders, -mooring and anchoring buoys are the specialties of one department, -while another pays particular attention to the manufacture of seine -and gill corks, and bobbers for fishing lines. So varied, in fact, -are the forms which cork assumes that the complete cataloguing of -the functions which it fills in the world to-day would be well-nigh -impossible. For instance, cork shapes may be found in animal heads on -rugs and fur garments, and, covered with suitable material, are used -as buttons on fur coats. Cork balls play their part in exhibiting -cutlery and in various games; the automobilist finds cork carburetor -floats indispensable; churn lids are made tight with cork gaskets; -pen holders have cork tips; hats are lined with thin sheets of cork; -friction clutches of cork are steadily growing in favor; the optician -employs small cork strips in connection with eyeglasses; the plasterer -uses cork floats; while the glass manufacturer knows no better medium -for polishing his wares than cork wheels. The finest pieces of bark -are made into cork paper, so thin that five hundred sheets measure but -one inch in thickness. Sorted into several different grades, this -beautiful, velvety material is practically all used in making cigarette -tips. Fishing rod, whip, bicycle, trowel, and pyrographic instrument -handles of cork are, of course, familiar to every one. - -[Illustration: - -Straight Wine Corks] - -[Illustration: - -Straight Soda Corks, D Grade] - -[Illustration: - -Granulated Cork] - -But the manufacture of corks and of all these other articles involves -waste, and waste to an extent little dreamed of. In producing corks, -for instance, fully sixty-five per cent of the raw material which -started out on its journey through the factory may be found later in -the form of scrap at the blocking and tapering machines; but even in -this mutilated state the bark is still valuable, and after proper -treatment in the Pittsburgh plant, or one of the other factories of -the Company, appears in the form of numerous by-products of great -value and importance. As a matter of fact, nothing is wasted; even the -smallest particles are utilized. Large quantities of scrap are ground -up, sifted, and made into composition cork with the aid of suitable -binders. From “Suberit,” as the finest variety of this material is -termed--light, close grained, and tough, without the large pores of the -natural cork--table mats to be placed under hot dishes, pin cushions, -fishing line floats, polishing wheels, and instrument handles are -manufactured; while from “Acme,” a somewhat coarser grade, are made -insoles, bath mats, washers, gaskets, and entomological cork--thin -sheets for mounting insects. - -[Illustration: - -Keg Corks] - -[Illustration: - -Plasterer’s Float] - -[Illustration: - -Hand Cut Corks, A Grade] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Carburetor Floats] - -Part of the waste is reduced to the form of cork shavings and used -to stuff mattresses and boat cushions, for packing eggs and other -fragile articles, and in making cork floor tiling. This material is -manufactured in three shades of brown, and its warmth of tone and -delicately mottled and veined appearance give it a distinctive charm -peculiarly its own. Smooth and soft as velvet to the touch, cork -tiling is nevertheless firm and resilient and able to stand years of -hard service. Thousands of square feet have been installed in hotels, -libraries, museums, clubs, and private residences. - -[Illustration: - -Hand Cut Corks, C Grade] - -Cork flour is another by-product, and is manufactured from the waste -bark by much the same method as that employed in grinding wheat. This -beautiful light brown dust is one of the chief constituents of high -grade linoleum. In the Company’s plant at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, -thousands of yards of this material are produced every day. - -[Illustration: - -Mooring and Anchoring Buoys] - -[Illustration: - -Jar, Mustard, and Shell Corks] - -[Illustration: - -Ring Buoy] - -[Illustration: - -Life-Preserver] - -The many different grades of granulated cork, made by grinding up -cork waste, find a wide sphere of usefulness for packing and heat -insulating purposes. In this last mentioned field, in fact, cork now -ranks preeminent. Its peculiar structure, which may be seen under -the microscope--myriads of sealed air cells, impervious to air and -water--renders it not only a splendid nonconductor of heat, but also -nonabsorbent of moisture. For loose filling between the walls of ice -boxes, water coolers, and cold storage rooms, and about the sides of -freezing tanks in ice factories, hundreds of tons of granulated cork -are employed every year. Comparatively recently, however, an insulating -material possessing permanency of form has been found desirable for -many reasons. To meet this demand granulated cork is transformed into -corkboard at the Company’s plants at Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, and -Camden, New Jersey. Using the pure cork, either with or without an -asphaltic binder, three grades of this material are made, known as -Nonpareil, Impregnated, and Acme Corkboard, respectively. The sheets -measure twelve by thirty-six inches, of various thicknesses, and, as -they possess ample structural strength, may be nailed into place in -buildings or rooms of frame construction, or put up with Portland -cement against brick, stone, or concrete walls and ceilings. A plaster -finish is readily applied. Owing to its freedom from progressive -deterioration, its constant efficiency, its slow burning and fire -retarding properties, and its sanitary qualities, corkboard insulation -is now recognized as the standard throughout the land, and may be -found installed almost everywhere refrigeration is employed. Hundreds -of cold storage warehouses, abattoirs, fur storage vaults, breweries, -ice plants, dairies, creameries, candy factories, and bakeries are -insulated with it, not to mention refrigerated rooms in hotels, clubs, -private residences, and aboard the ships of the United States, British, -and Italian navies. - -[Illustration: - -Cork Floor Tiling] - -Another by-product, and the last one of importance, is cork pipe -covering for insulating cold pipe lines. Made of pure granulated cork, -slightly compressed and molded in sectional form to fit the many -different sizes of pipe and kinds of fittings, it is a thoroughly -durable covering for brine and ammonia piping in refrigerating plants, -and for ice water lines in office buildings, hotels, and industrial -establishments. In this rôle the cork bark, after its devious career -in American factories, performs a service similar to that of its early -days in Spain, when, sheathing trunk and branches, it prevented the -sun’s rays and the parching winds from heating and drying up the cool, -life-giving sap of its parent tree. - -[Illustration: - -Nonpareil Corkboard] - -[Illustration: - -Cork Pipe Covering] - -[Illustration] - - Rogers & Company - Chicago and New York - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s note - - Minor punctuation errors have been changed without notice. All other - inconsistencies are as in the original. - - In this version, some Illustration tags have been moved beside the - relevant section of the text. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORK *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. 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- margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.x-ebookmaker body {margin: 0;} -.x-ebookmaker-drop {color: inherit;} - -.ph2, .ph4 { text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; } - -.ph2 { font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; } -.ph4 { font-size: medium; margin: 1.12em auto; } - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; - text-indent: 0; -} /* page numbers */ - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.caption {font-weight: bold; text-align: center;} -.captionl {font-weight: bold; text-align: left;} -.captionr {font-weight: bold; text-align: right;} - -/* Images */ -img.w100 {width: 100%;} - - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} -/* comment out next line and uncomment the following one for floating figleft on ebookmaker output */ -.x-ebookmaker .figleft {float: none; text-align: center; margin-right: 0;} -/* .x-ebookmaker .figleft {float: left;} */ - -img.drop-cap -{ - float: left; - margin: 0 0.5em 0 0; -} - -p.drop-cap:first-letter -{ - color: transparent; - visibility: hidden; - margin-left: -0.9em; -} - -.upper-case -{ - text-transform: uppercase; -} - -.x-ebookmaker-2 img.drop-cap - { - display: none; - } - -.x-ebookmaker-2 p.drop-cap:first-letter - { - color: inherit; - visibility: visible; - margin-left: 0; - } - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -/* Illustration classes */ -.illowp100 {width: 100%;} -.illowp20 {width: 20%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp20 {width: 100%;} -.illowp49 {width: 49%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp49 {width: 100%;} -.illowp52 {width: 52%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp52 {width: 100%;} -.illowp53 {width: 53%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp53 {width: 100%;} -.illowp57 {width: 57%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp57 {width: 100%;} -.illowp64 {width: 64%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp64 {width: 100%;} -.illowp66 {width: 66%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp66 {width: 100%;} -.illowp69 {width: 69%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp69 {width: 100%;} -.illowp71 {width: 71%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp71 {width: 100%;} -.illowp73 {width: 73%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp73 {width: 100%;} -.illowp76 {width: 76%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp76 {width: 100%;} -.illowp78 {width: 78%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp78 {width: 100%;} -.illowp79 {width: 79%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp79 {width: 100%;} -.illowp92 {width: 92%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp92 {width: 100%;} -.illowp94 {width: 94%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp94 {width: 100%;} -.illowp95 {width: 95%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp95 {width: 100%;} -.illowp96 {width: 96%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp96 {width: 100%;} -.illowp97 {width: 97%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp97 {width: 100%;} -.illowp98 {width: 98%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp98 {width: 100%;} -.illowp99 {width: 99%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp99 {width: 100%;} - - /* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cork, by Armstrong Cork Company</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Cork</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Being the story of the origin of cork, the processes employed in its manufacture & its various uses in the world to-day</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Armstrong Cork Company</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 30, 2023 [eBook #69909]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Carla Foust and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORK ***</div> - -<div class="transnote"> -<h2>Transcriber’s note</h2> - -<p>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -<p>In this version, the illustrations are placed differently on the page than in the -original. This was done to keep them on the same page as the original. -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="i_001" style="max-width: 64em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_001.jpg" alt=""> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<p class="ph4"> -Copyright, 1909<br> -<i>by</i><br> -<span class="smcap">Armstrong Cork Company</span><br> -PITTSBURGH<br> -U. S. A.<br> -</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<h1> -Cork<br> -<br> -Being the Story o<i>f</i><br> -the origin o<i>f</i> Cork,<br> -the processes<br> -employed in its<br> -manufacture &<br> -its varied uses in<br> -the world to-day</h1> - -<div class="figcenter illowp79" id="i_title_dec_a" style="width: 6.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_title_dec_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div> - -<p class="ph2">1909<br> -Armstrong Cork Company<br> -<i>of</i><br> -Pittsburgh<br> -U.S.A.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="figcenter illowp66" id="i_004" style="max-width: 79.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_004.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="caption">A Monarch of the Cork Forest</div> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_005" style="max-width: 79.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_005.jpg" alt=""> -</div> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_005_dropcap.jpg" width="75" height="65" alt=""> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"> -Few things in general use in the great world -to-day have the hall-mark of approval of two -thousand years set upon them. New materials, -new processes, new commodities have -followed the train of advancing civilization and the ensuing -multiplication and alteration of man’s economic needs. -Even where the demand for a certain material to fulfill -a particular function has continued through the centuries, -widening knowledge of natural resources coupled with -modern invention has usually found some substitute cheaper, -more efficient, and better adapted for the purpose in -question. Not so with cork. Recognized by the ancients -as peculiarly suited for certain uses, time has vindicated -their verdict; nothing has yet been discovered to supplant -it in its wide sphere of usefulness.</p> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>Theophrastus, Greek philosopher and writer on -botany, who flourished in the fourth century before -Christ, was evidently familiar with the material, for he -mentions the cork tree as being a native of the Pyrenees. -For decades before the time of Horace cork was used for -stoppers for wine vessels. In fact, the poet tells one of -his friends, about 25 B. C., that on the occasion of a coming -anniversary banquet he expects to “remove the cork -sealed with pitch” from a jar of the rare vintage of forty-six -years previous, the first but not the last proceeding of -this character of which history makes record.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp64" id="i_006" style="max-width: 64em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_006.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Gnarled Trunk of an Old Cork Oak</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_2" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>It remained for the elder Pliny, however, in his wonderful -work on natural history, written in the first century -of the Christian era, to make the most remarkable reference -to cork to be found in ancient literature: “The cork -oak is but a very small tree and its acorns of the very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> -worst quality * * *; the bark is its only useful -product, being remarkably thick, and if removed will grow -again * * *.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp66" id="i_007" style="max-width: 64em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_007.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Cork Strippers’ Camp</div> -</div> - -<p>This substance is employed more particularly -attached as a buoy to the ropes of ships’ anchors -and the drag-nets of fishermen; it is used also for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> -bungs of casks and as a material for the winter shoes of -women.” Cork jackets—life-preservers—are mentioned by -Plutarch. Thus five of the principal functions which cork -fills in the world to-day were recognized two thousand -years ago. In the fifteenth century glass bottles were introduced, -which gave such great impetus to its general use -that the real beginning of the cork industry may properly -be said to date from that period. Some conception of its -importance to-day may be gathered from the fact that the importations -of the United States of crude and manufactured -cork now aggregate almost $5,000,000 in value annually.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp95" id="i_008" style="max-width: 80em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_008.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Stripping the Trees</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_3" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>The word <i>cork</i> is derived from the Latin <i>cortex</i>, -meaning bark, and the study of its origin and manufacture -leads at once to those romantic countries bordering<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> -the Mediterranean Sea.</p> -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_009" style="max-width: 80em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_009.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Gathering the Bark</div> -</div> - -<p>Spain and Portugal divide -honors among the nations of the world so far as yield of -raw material is concerned, with perhaps the advantage -leaning slightly to the -latter.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp92" id="i_009_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_009_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Cork Tree’s Foliage</div> -</div> - -<p>The cork-producing -territory covers -practically the whole of -Portugal, sweeps toward -the east through -the southern districts -of Spain known as Andalusia -and Estremadura, -thence northeast, -embracing thousands<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> -of acres of forests in Catalonia.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_010" style="max-width: 76.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_010.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Pile of Bark in the Forest</div> -</div> - -<p>Algeria, with Tunis, ranks -next in importance in yearly tribute of bark, southern -France, including Corsica, following closely after. Italy, -too, with the help of Sardinia and Sicily, continues to be -quite a factor in meeting the demand for the crude material, -while across the Strait of Gibraltar the sun-scorched forests -of Morocco are as yet undeveloped. The total area covered -by cork forests is estimated at from four to five million -acres, while the annual production of bark is declared -to be not far from fifty thousand tons. -Although no official -statistics are obtainable, these figures approximate the -truth. In Portugal and Spain, particularly in Catalonia, -which is probably the greatest cork manufacturing district -in the world, a large portion of the corkwood produced<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> -goes to supply domestic factories, where more and more -machinery is being introduced every year. With these -exceptions, however, the major part of the yield is exported -to the United States, England, France, Germany, Austria, -Russia, Denmark, or Sweden, to be turned into finished form.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_011" style="max-width: 76.5625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_011.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Weighing Bark in the Forest</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_4" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>The cork oak, known botanically as <i>Quercus suber</i>, -attains a height of from twenty to sixty feet and -measures sometimes as much as four feet in diameter. Its -wide-spreading branches are rather closely covered with -small evergreen leaves, thick, glossy, slightly serrated, and -downy underneath. In April or May flowers of a yellowish -color appear, succeeded by acorns which ripen and fall -to the ground in the late fall. Pliny evidently knew whereof -he wrote, for the cork oak’s acorns are bitter and not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> -at all pleasant to the taste.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_012" style="max-width: 74em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_012.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Virgin Cork and Second Stripping Bark -</div> -</div> - -<p>They form, however, one of -the forests’ chief sources of revenue, since, fed to swine, -they give a peculiarly piquant flavor to the meat, Spanish -mountain hams being noted for their excellence. Unfortunately, -the herds in foraging for food destroy the young -trees and thus do serious and permanent injury by preventing -new growth.</p> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_5" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>The “corkwood,” or cork of commerce, is the outer -bark of the cork oak. When it has attained a diameter -of approximately five inches, or, to be more exact, -measures forty centimeters in circumference according to -the Spanish governmental regulations, which the tree does -usually by the time it is twenty years old, the virgin cork, -as the first stripping of bark is called, is removed. This<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span> -virgin cork is so rough, coarse, and dense in texture that -it is of very little commercial value.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp95" id="i_013" style="max-width: 73.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_013.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Cork Bark, “Back” and “Belly”</div> -</div> - -<p>Fortunately its removal -does not kill the tree, but, on the other hand, seems -to promote further development, for the inner bark—the -seat of the growing processes—undertakes at once the -formation of a new covering of finer texture. -Each year -this, the real skin, with its life-giving sap, forms two layers -of cells—one within, increasing the diameter of the trunk; -the other without, adding thickness to the sheathing -of bark. -After eight or ten years this is also removed, -and, while more valuable than the virgin cork, it is not as -fine in quality as that of the third and subsequent strippings, -which follow at regular intervals of about nine years. -At the age of about forty years the oak begins to yield its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> -best bark, continuing productive as a rule for almost a -century, although cork trees several hundred years old are -not unknown.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_014" style="max-width: 75.5625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_014.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Preparing Bark for Carriage to the Boiling Station</div> -</div> - -<p>Flourishing as it does in a hot, semi-arid -climate, there seems to be no reason why this valuable tree -should not be successfully introduced -in the southern and -southwestern sections of the -United States; in fact, in the -year 1858 the United States -Government took certain -steps in this direction, and -even went so far as to distribute -seedlings to interested persons -in several states.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp76" id="i_014_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_014_left.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Cork under the Microscope</div> -</div> - -<p>The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> -Civil War interfered, however, and the experiments were -never fully carried out.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp98" id="i_015" style="max-width: 74.6875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_015.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Bark arriving at a Boiling Station</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_6" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div> -<p>The stripping generally takes place during July and -August, and is a process -which demands skill and care -if injury to the tree is to be -avoided. In Algeria, the French -strippers sometimes use crescent-shaped -saws; but under -the usual Spanish method a -hatchet with a long handle, -wedge-shaped at the end, is the -only implement employed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp49" id="i_015_right" style="width: 12.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_015_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">The Common Carrier</div> -</div> - -<p>The -bark is cut clear through around<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> -the base of the tree and a similar incision is made around -the trunk just below the spring of the main branches; the -two incisions are then connected by one or two longitudinal -cuts, following so far as possible the deepest of the natural -cracks in the bark.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp98" id="i_016_2" style="max-width: 76.0625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_016.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">A Boiling Station</div> -</div> - -<p>Inserting the wedge-shaped handle, -the tree’s covering is then pried off, care being taken not to -injure the inner skin at any stage of the process, for the life -of the tree depends on its proper preservation; and if it is -injured at any point, growth there ceases and the spot remains -forever afterward scarred and uncovered.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_016_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_016_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">A Wagon Load of Bark</div> -</div> - -<p>The larger branches are -stripped in the same manner, -yielding thinner but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span> -generally a finer grade of cork than that from the trunk.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_017" style="max-width: 73.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_017.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Factory at Seville, covering Twenty Acres</div> -</div> - -<p>The thickness of the bark is anywhere from one-half to two -and a half inches, while the yield also varies greatly—from -forty-five to five hundred -pounds—depending on the -size and age of the tree.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp69" id="i_017_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_017_left.jpg" alt=""> -</div> - -<p>As -the bark is removed it is gathered -up in piles and left for a -few days to dry. Having been -weighed, it is next carried -either in wagons or on the -backs of burros to the boiling -stations, where it is stacked -and allowed to season for a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> -few weeks. It is then ready for the boiling process, which -at times is postponed until the crude material reaches -Seville or some other -shipping point.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_018" style="max-width: 76.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_018.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Trimming the Sheets of Bark at Seville</div> -</div> - -<p>But if -the forest is distant, the -water supply adequate, -and the quantity of bark -ample to justify such -procedure, the vats are -erected at a convenient -spot and this operation -carried out on the -ground.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp76" id="i_018_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_018_right.jpg" alt=""> -</div> - -<p>The outside of -the bark in its natural<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> -state is, as may well be imagined, rough and woody, owing -to exposure to the weather. -After boiling, this useless -outer coating is readily scraped off, thereby reducing the -weight of the material almost twenty per cent. The boiling -process also serves to remove the tannic acid, increases the -volume and elasticity of the bark, renders it soft and pliable, -and flattens it out for convenient packing.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_019" style="max-width: 77em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_019.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Corner of One of the Sorting Rooms at Seville</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_7" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>After being roughly sorted as to quality and thickness -the bark is then ready for its first long journey, and, -as the forests are generally located in hilly or even mountainous -country, the faithful burro must again be called -into service. Truly the Spaniard’s best friend, though the -worst treated of all, these patient little animals present a -most grotesque appearance when loaded from head to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> -hind quarters with a huge mass of the light bark.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_020" style="max-width: 75.375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_020.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Baling Corkwood at Seville</div> -</div> - -<p>Down -from the hills they go in trains of thirty, forty, or even a -hundred, threading the rocky bridle paths in single file and -wending their way through the narrow -streets of quaint villages, where -traces of Moorish occupancy may still -be seen, to the nearest railway station, -or even to Seville itself.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp52" id="i_020_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_020_left.jpg" alt=""> -</div> - -<p>Of course, -if conditions permit, wagons are used, -but since Spain is not a country famous -for its good roads, it is probable -that for many years to come the -burro will play his part in supplying -the cork markets of the world.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_021" style="max-width: 77.1875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_021.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">One of the Corkwood Warehouses, Seville Plant</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_8" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>Although large supplies of raw material are drawn -from Portugal, the principal foreign warehouse and -Spanish factory of the Armstrong Cork Company -are situated in Seville; hence it is to that -historic city on the banks of the Guadalquivir -that the bark from many hills and valleys finds -its way during the summer months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp20" id="i_021_right" style="width: 12.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_021_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="caption">The Giralda, Seville</div> -</div> - -<p>There -the bales as they come from the country are -opened, the bark boiled and scraped, if this -has not already been done, and then, after the -edges have been trimmed, is sorted into a dozen -or more grades of different quality and thickness. -The importance of this last mentioned -operation cannot be overemphasized, as the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> -whole problem of the successful and economical manufacture -of cork centers about it.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_022" style="max-width: 76.9375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_022.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">The Wharf at Seville. Loading Bales of Corkwood for America</div> -</div> - -<p>The expert -Spanish sorters having finished their work, -the bark is ready to be rebaled for shipment -to America.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="i_022_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_022_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Bale of Corkwood</div> -</div> - -<p>Broad sheets are -placed in a baling box to form -the bottom of the bale, and -above them are laid smaller -pieces, which are covered in -turn with larger sections; then -the whole mass is subjected to -pressure to render it compact, -afterward being bound up securely -with steel hoops or wire.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_023_2" style="max-width: 76.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_023.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Spaniards cutting Bark into Strips and Squares</div> -</div> - -<p>Each bale is carefully stenciled with marks indicating grade -or quality. Loaded directly into ocean-going steamers -alongside the Seville docks, not infrequently a whole ship’s -cargo of cork at a time is transported -to Philadelphia, New York, or Baltimore, -and thence freighted to the -Pittsburgh factory.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp57" id="i_023_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_023_left.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Cutting Corks by Hand</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_9" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>From the mountain of cork unloaded -at its doors a host of -different articles are produced by -means of wonderfully ingenious machinery -coupled with hundreds of -keen brains, for the human element -must always play a large part in cork<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> -manufacture.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_024" style="max-width: 76.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_024.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">The Factory at Pittsburgh</div> -</div> - -<p>Among them corks rank first in importance; -hence the greater part of the floor space of this -factory, the largest of its kind in the world, is given -over to their production.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_024_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_024_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Slicing into Strips</div> -</div> - - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_10" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>For whatever purpose it is to be used, all bark removed -from the immense storage rooms is taken first -to the sorting department, -where, -under skilled eyes, -the twenty-five or -more foreign -grades are resorted -into -approximately one<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span> -hundred and fifty different classes, according to quality and -thickness.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_025" style="max-width: 78.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_025.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Bales of Cork being unloaded at Pittsburgh</div> -</div> - -<p>The speed and skill with which this work is -done is astounding. So slight is the difference between -some of the grades that to the inexperienced eye none can -be seen whatever, and yet success hinges on the care and -skill exercised in this and the other sortings that follow.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_025_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_025_left.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl"><p>Corks punched from Strips</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_11" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>In manufacturing -corks it must -be understood -in the first place -that the thickness -of a given -piece of bark<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span> -determines the maximum diameter of the stopper which -can be made from it, as the cutting is done across and not -with the grain.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_026" style="max-width: 77.0625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_026.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">One of the Fourteen Storage Rooms, Pittsburgh Factory</div> -</div> - -<p>Leaving the sorting room the corkwood is -softened by placing it in a warm vapor bath. This process -increases its flexibility greatly, its bulk slightly, and prepares -it to undergo the various mechanical operations which -follow in rapid succession.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_026_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_026_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="caption">Cork Punchings</div> -</div> - -<p>The keen edge of the slicer -first confronts the -sheets of bark, and -it is at this point -that the first mechanical -obstacle in -cork manufacture -has to be overcome,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> -for the soft, light, elastic material is, withal, very difficult to -cut, as may be determined by simple personal experiment.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_027" style="max-width: 76.625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_027.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">One of the Corkwood Sorting Rooms at Pittsburgh</div> -</div> - -<p>But before the onslaught of a circular steel knife, revolving -hundreds of revolutions every minute and kept at razor-like -sharpness, even this difficulty disappears, and the sheets -are readily cut into strips whose width is determined by the -length of the cork desired.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_027_left_2" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_027_left.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Cutting into Squares</div> -</div> - -<p>From the slicer the strips pass -to the blocking machines, -where, by -means of a rapidly -rotating tubular -punch, cylindrical -pieces are bored out -and released with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> -almost incredible speed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_028" style="max-width: 76.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_028.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Blocking Department at Pittsburgh</div> -</div> - -<p>The operative, of course, must -use care to avoid defective spots in the bark, and also -to cut the corks out as closely together as possible so as -to reduce waste to a minimum. The stoppers which come -from these machines are round with parallel sides. If -tapered corks are desired, larger at the upper end than -at the lower, the cylindrical or “straight” pieces must be -passed through another machine, which handles them deftly, -holding them against -the edge of another -circular knife.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_028_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_028_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Cork Insoles</div> -</div> - -<p>Seemingly -motionless, the -only outward indication -of the speed with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span> -which the keen blade is revolving is the delicate shaving -which curls upward for an instant, only to be drawn away -through pipes by powerful air-suction to the mill building a -hundred yards distant, where all such waste is ground up, to -be disposed of in the form of various by-products.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp98" id="i_029" style="max-width: 76.9375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_029.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Making Tapered Corks at Pittsburgh</div> -</div> - -<p>Both -“straights” and “tapers” next journey to the washing rooms. -There dumped in great vats, thousands at a time, they are -carefully washed and -then dried by being -whirled about dizzily -in great revolving -cylinders of wire net -located in heated -chambers.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_029_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_029_left.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Washers and Gaskets</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_030" style="max-width: 76.375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_030.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">A Glimpse of Another Department, Pittsburgh Factory</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_12" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>Not all of the bark, however, that is destined to be -turned into corks follows the course that has just been -described; for certain varieties a different process of manufacture, -approximating in many respects the original -Spanish method, is found more practicable.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_030_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_030_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Cork Balls</div> -</div> - -<p>The crude -bark, after being sorted, is cut into strips on the slicing -machines, the width as before depending on the length of -the stopper to be -made. To remove -the rest of the hard -back, or outer crust, -much of which still -remains despite the -scraping before shipment -to America, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> -pieces are then passed beneath a revolving knife which -shaves off the rough, uneven portion.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_031_2" style="max-width: 77.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_031.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Sorting Tapered Corks at Pittsburgh Factory</div> -</div> - -<p>Free now from -objectionable matter, the strips are cut into small -rectangular blocks of the dimensions of the cork desired. -In this process, just as in blocking, care must be -taken to avoid defects in the bark, and at the same -time to prevent waste. Passing to another department -the rectangular pieces are rounded into proper shape.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_031_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_031_left.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Cork Polishing Wheels</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_13" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>In Spain, before -the days -of large cork factories -employing labor -saving machinery, -and even to a -great extent at the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span> -present time, all of these operations are carried out by -hand.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_032_2" style="max-width: 76.375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_032.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Packing Department at Pittsburgh</div> -</div> - -<p>Whole families participate, slicing the bark into -strips, then into squares, and finally cutting the corks -from the square blocks slowly and laboriously. This hand -method of manufacture is gradually disappearing as more -and more machinery comes into general use.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_032_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_032_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Cork Paper</div> -</div> - -<p>What are -known as hand cut corks are stoppers which are not -exactly round, but of a shape which might be appropriately -described as a -“square circle.” In -the judgment of -some, they are better -suited for certain -purposes than -straights or tapers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp95" id="i_033" style="max-width: 75.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_033.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Putting Final Touches on Life-Preservers</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_14" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>From the driers all corks are taken to the sorting -rooms, where they are subjected to the last of the -actual manufacturing processes, and, from many standpoints, -the most interesting of all. Here, again, the importance -of proper grading is paramount, and when one -considers that almost five million corks pour into this department -every working day, the magnitude of the task can -be partly grasped.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_033_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_033_left.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Seine and Gill Corks</div> -</div> - -<p>When the further fact is known that -this enormous output is -to be sorted into about -twenty regular besides -numerous special -grades, one can still further -appreciate what the -problem involves. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span> -work itself calls for such a peculiar combination of faculties -that only one out of every five operatives who are given preliminary -training in this department is found satisfactory; -but so highly skilled do the regular workers become that -the sorting of thirty-five thousand corks may be considered -an average day’s labor.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_034" style="max-width: 75.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_034.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Circle A Corks</div> -</div> - -<p>Experts exercise careful supervision -and actually test each lot of corks as they come from -the operatives in order that uniform standards may be -maintained from day to day and month to month.</p> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_15" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>When past the keen eye of the tester, the cork, after -its long journey through the factory, passes either -direct to the packing department or to the warehouses. -This last point involves a problem which is often very -puzzling and difficult of solution. Thousands of dollars’ -worth of corks are placed in the warehouses every year to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span> -remain there indefinitely.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp98" id="i_035" style="max-width: 76.0625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_035.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Circle B Corks</div> -</div> - -<p>An order for a quantity of corks -of a certain size and quality also involves, of necessity, the -manufacture of a great many corks of other grades. The -reason for this is, of course, found in the fact that the raw -material, no matter how carefully sorted at the outset, will -not produce a finished product of uniform quality. Thus -frequently it becomes necessary to work over a given lot -of corks for which there is no demand into a smaller size for -which orders are pouring in.</p> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_16" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>Into the packing department streams a bewildering -array of corks of every conceivable shape, grade, and -size. The tapers appear in a dozen qualities, at the head -of which stand the peerless “Circle A” and “Circle B,” -prescription corks found in every first-class pharmacy in the -land. The straights have been separated into various<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span> -classes, running from the fine champagne corks down to the -common soda water corks.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_036" style="max-width: 78em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_036.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Tapered Corks, X Grade</div> -</div> - -<p>Besides, there are keg corks, -hand cut corks, mustard and jar corks of large diameter, -shell corks, perforated through the center, and glued corks -made up of several layers, all of which must be put up in -packages of suitable size, ready to be delivered to the -shipping department for transportation to the consumer.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_036_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_036_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Bobbers for Fishing Lines</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_17" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>A host of other -useful articles also -find their way from -the many manufacturing -departments to -the shipping rooms. -Of insoles thousands -of pairs are produced<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span> -annually.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_037" style="max-width: 76.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_037.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Large Tapered Corks</div> -</div> - -<p>Discs and washers by the million are punched -out for use in metal caps for bottles and jars, and as gaskets -in lubricator cups. Life-preservers, ring buoys, yacht fenders, -mooring and anchoring buoys are the specialties of one -department, while another pays particular attention to the -manufacture of -seine and gill -corks, and bobbers -for fishing -lines.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_037_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_037_left.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Instrument and Fishing Rod Handles</div> -</div> - -<p>So varied, -in fact, -are the forms -which cork -assumes that -the complete<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span> -cataloguing of the functions which it fills in the world to-day -would be well-nigh impossible.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_038" style="max-width: 75.9375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_038.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Straight Wine Corks</div> -</div> - -<p>For instance, cork shapes -may be found in animal heads on rugs and fur garments, -and, covered with suitable material, are used as buttons on -fur coats. Cork balls play their part in exhibiting cutlery -and in various games; the automobilist finds cork carburetor -floats indispensable; churn lids are made tight with cork -gaskets; pen holders have cork tips; hats are lined with -thin sheets of cork; friction clutches of cork are steadily -growing in favor; the optician employs small cork strips -in connection with eyeglasses; the plasterer uses cork floats; -while the glass manufacturer knows no better medium for -polishing his wares than cork wheels. The finest pieces of -bark are made into cork paper, so thin that five hundred -sheets measure but one inch in thickness. Sorted into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span> -several different grades, this beautiful, velvety material is -practically all used in making cigarette tips.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_039" style="max-width: 72.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_039.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Straight Soda Corks, D Grade</div> -</div> - -<p>Fishing rod, -whip, bicycle, trowel, and pyrographic instrument handles -of cork are, of course, familiar to every one.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_039_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_039_left.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="caption">Granulated Cork</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_18" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>But the manufacture of corks and of all these other -articles involves waste, and waste to an extent little -dreamed of. In producing corks, for instance, fully sixty-five -per cent of the raw material which started -out on its journey through the factory may -be found later in the form of scrap at the -blocking and tapering machines; -but even in this -mutilated state the bark -is still valuable, and after -proper treatment in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span> -Pittsburgh plant, or one of the other factories of the Company, -appears in the form of numerous by-products of -great value and importance.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_040" style="max-width: 75.8125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_040.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Keg Corks</div> -</div> - -<p>As a matter of fact, nothing -is wasted; even the smallest particles are utilized. Large -quantities of scrap are ground up, sifted, and made into -composition cork with the aid of suitable binders.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_040_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_040_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Plasterer’s Float</div> -</div> - -<p>From -“Suberit,” as the finest variety of this material is termed—light, -close grained, and -tough, without the large -pores of the natural cork—table -mats to be placed under -hot dishes, pin cushions, -fishing line floats, -polishing wheels, and -instrument handles are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span> -manufactured; while from “Acme,” a somewhat coarser -grade, are made insoles, bath mats, washers, gaskets, and -entomological cork—thin sheets for mounting insects.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp97" id="i_041" style="max-width: 76.8125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_041.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Hand Cut Corks, A Grade</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_19" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>Part of the waste is reduced to the form of cork shavings -and used to stuff mattresses and boat cushions, -for packing eggs and other fragile -articles, and in making cork floor -tiling.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp78" id="i_041_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_041_left.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Cork Carburetor Floats</div> -</div> - -<p>This material is manufactured -in three shades of brown, -and its warmth of tone and delicately -mottled and veined appearance -give it a distinctive charm -peculiarly its own. Smooth and -soft as velvet to the touch, cork -tiling is nevertheless firm and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span> -resilient and able to stand years of hard service.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp99" id="i_042" style="max-width: 77.5625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_042.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Hand Cut Corks, C Grade</div> -</div> - -<p>Thousands -of square feet have been installed in hotels, libraries, -museums, clubs, and private residences.</p> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_20" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>Cork flour is another by-product, and is manufactured -from the waste bark by much the same method as that -employed in grinding wheat. This beautiful light brown -dust is one of the chief constituents -of high grade -linoleum. In the Company’s -plant at Lancaster, -Pennsylvania, thousands -of yards of this material -are produced every day.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp94" id="i_042_left" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_042_left.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="caption">Mooring and Anchoring Buoys</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_22" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>The many different -grades of granulated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span> -cork, made by grinding up cork waste, find a wide sphere -of usefulness for packing and heat insulating purposes. In this last mentioned field, in fact, cork now ranks preeminent. -Its peculiar structure, which may be seen under -the microscope—myriads of -sealed air cells, impervious to -air and water—renders it not -only a splendid nonconductor -of heat, but also nonabsorbent -of moisture.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp94" id="i_043" style="max-width: 76.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_043.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Jar, Mustard, and Shell Corks</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp73" id="i_043_right" style="width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_043_right.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="caption">Ring Buoy</div> -</div> - -<p>For loose filling -between the walls of ice boxes, -water coolers, and cold storage -rooms, and about the -sides of freezing tanks in ice -factories, hundreds of tons of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> -granulated cork are employed every year. -Comparatively -recently, however, an insulating material possessing permanency -of form has been found desirable for many reasons.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp95" id="i_044" style="max-width: 76em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_044.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Life-Preserver</div> -</div> - -<p> -To meet this demand granulated cork is transformed -into corkboard at the Company’s plants at Beaver Falls, -Pennsylvania, and Camden, New Jersey. Using the pure -cork, either with or without an asphaltic binder, three -grades of this material are made, known as Nonpareil, -Impregnated, and Acme Corkboard, respectively. The -sheets measure twelve by thirty-six inches, of various thicknesses, -and, as they possess ample structural strength, may -be nailed into place in buildings or rooms of frame construction, -or put up with Portland cement against brick, -stone, or concrete walls and ceilings. A plaster finish is -readily applied. Owing to its freedom from progressive<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span> -deterioration, its constant efficiency, its slow burning and -fire retarding properties, and its sanitary qualities, corkboard -insulation is now recognized as the standard throughout -the land, and may be found installed almost everywhere -refrigeration is employed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_045" style="max-width: 78.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_045.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionr">Cork Floor Tiling</div> -</div> - -<p>Hundreds of cold storage warehouses, -abattoirs, fur storage vaults, breweries, ice plants, -dairies, creameries, candy factories, and bakeries are insulated -with it, not to mention refrigerated rooms in -hotels, clubs, private residences, and aboard the ships of -the United States, British, and Italian navies.</p> - -<div class="figleft illowp71" id="i_para_a_21" style="width: 2.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_para_a.jpg" alt=""> -</div><p>Another by-product, and the last one of importance, -is cork pipe covering for insulating cold pipe lines. -Made of pure granulated cork, slightly compressed and -molded in sectional form to fit the many different sizes of -pipe and kinds of fittings, it is a thoroughly durable covering<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span> -for brine and ammonia piping in refrigerating plants, -and for ice water lines in office buildings, hotels, and industrial -establishments.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="i_046" style="max-width: 76.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_046.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Nonpareil Corkboard</div> -</div> - -<p>In this rôle the cork bark, after its -devious career in American factories, performs a service -similar to that of its early days in Spain, when, sheathing -trunk and branches, it prevented the sun’s rays and the -parching winds from heating and drying up the cool, life-giving -sap of its parent tree.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_046_2" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_046_2.jpg" alt=""> - <div class="captionl">Cork Pipe Covering</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_048" style="width: 3.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_048.png" alt=""> -</div> - -<p class="ph4"> -Rogers & Company<br> -Chicago and New York<br> -</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="transnote"> -<h2>Transcriber’s note</h2> - -<p>Minor punctuation errors have been changed without notice. All other -inconsistencies are as in the original.</p> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORK ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. 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