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If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Review, Vol. 1, No. 11, November 1911 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: January 30, 2023 [eBook #69908] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Bob Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images - made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 11, -NOVEMBER 1911 *** - - - - - - Transcriber’s Note - Italic text displayed as: _italic_ - Bold text displayed as: =bold= - - - - - VOLUME I, No. 11. NOVEMBER, 1911 - - THE REVIEW - - A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE - =NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION= - AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY. - - TEN CENTS A COPY. ONE DOLLAR A YEAR - - T. F. Carver, President. - Wm. F. French, Vice President. - O. F. Lewis, Secretary, Treasurer - and Editor Review. - Edward Fielding, - Chairman Ex. Committee. - F. Emory Lyon, - Member Ex. Committee. - W. G. McClaren, - Member Ex. Committee. - A. H. Votaw, - Member Ex. Committee. - E. A. Fredenhagen, - Member Ex. Committee. - Joseph P. Byers, - Member Ex. Committee. - R. B. McCord, - Member Ex. Committee. - - - - - THE STATISTICS OF CRIME - - BY EUGENE SMITH - - PRESIDENT PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK - -=[Mr. Smith read a very carefully prepared paper on the above subject -at the Omaha meeting of the American Prison Association. The Review -would gladly print the address in full but space admits only of -certain abstracts, which follow.—EDITOR]= - - -In the deplorable and chaotic condition of the very sources from -which all statistical matter must be drawn, it is hopeless to look -for any improvement in our census statistics, unless a radical change -can be effected in state administration. The records of the police, -the courts, the prisons, can be made of statistical value only by the -action of the state itself; and there is apparent but one method by -which the state can act to this end. - -There should be established in each state a permanent board or bureau -of criminal statistics, whether as an independent body or as a -department of the office of the attorney general or of the secretary -of state. This bureau should be charged with the duty of prescribing -the forms in which the records of all criminal courts, police boards -and prisons shall be kept and specifying the items regarding which -entries shall be made. The law creating the bureau should direct that -the forms prescribed by it should be uniform as to all institutions -of the same class to which they respectively apply and be binding -upon all institutions within the state. - -The bureau should issue general instructions governing the collection -and verification of the facts to be stated in the record; it -should also be its duty, and it should be vested with power, to -inspect and supervise the records and to enforce compliance with its -requirements. Such a bureau might secure a collection of reliable -statistical matter, uniform in quality throughout the state. Indiana -is now, it is believed, the only state in the Union where such a -bureau exists. - -But even this result is not enough. Supposing all the criminal -records within each separate state to be made uniform without the -state, still they would not be available for comparison or for -the purposes of a national census, unless all the states could be -brought to adopt the same form and method, so that all criminal -records throughout the Union could be kept upon one uniform plan. -Here we encounter a serious obstacle. The diversity and conflict -of state laws are crying evils of our time, universally recognized -and denounced, and yet the most strenuous efforts to bring about -harmonious action between the legislatures of separate states have -always failed. No single statute, however skilfully drawn, proposed -for universal acceptance has ever yet been adopted by all the states -of the Union. Still the states _must_ act in unison upon this matter -of uniform criminal records or else our statistics of crime must -continue to be a national failure and a national reproach. - -Not the slightest reflection can be cast upon the federal census -bureau; on the contrary, when consideration is taken of the -fragmentary and chaotic state records with which the census bureau -had to deal, the systematic and orderly results and the general -deductions embraced in the census report of 1904 must be regarded as -a signal scientific triumph. - -Uniformity in criminal records throughout the Union we have seen -to be an imperative need. Is it a visionary ideal, impossible of -attainment? If there is any means through which the ideal can be -realized, it is through the agency of state bureaus of criminal -statistics, such as have just been suggested. Each of these state -bureaus, in preparing uniform plans and forms for its own state, -would naturally place itself in touch with the national census -bureau; while the national bureau would not be legally vested with -the slightest power to dictate to the state bureau or to direct its -action, _practically_ its wide experience and grasp of the entire -situation would enable the federal bureau to wield commanding -influence in shaping the action of every state bureau. If the -creation of efficient state bureaus, of the kind indicated, in the -several states could only be secured, it is not chimerical to believe -that through the dominating influence of the federal census bureau, -tactfully exerted, a uniform system of statistical records relating -to crime could ultimately be established throughout the United -States. It is the first step that counts. If a few of the leading -states in the Union could be induced to establish such a bureau; if -to Indiana could be added New York, Illinois, Nebraska, and in the -South Virginia, the force of example would be potent in the sister -states. * * * - -One exceedingly common and popular error needs special mention; a -marked increase in the number of convictions for crime indicates -to the public mind an increase necessarily in the volume of crime -committed. In fact, it may be owing to increased activity and -efficiency on the part of the police and detective officers, to -greater severity and thoroughness in the administration of the -courts, to a change in the economic conditions of the community, -to diminished care and skill on the part of offenders in escaping -detection; indeed, there are many possible factors that may have -combined to produce an unusual statistical result. A slight change -in the laws or methods of procedure, may cause startling statistical -fluctuations. - -For example, in the year 1890, the number of convictions for -drunkenness in Massachusetts was 25,582; two years later, the -number had fallen to 8,634. An amazing diminution of drunkenness in -Massachusetts—nearly 70%? Not at all; it was owing to a new statute -passed in 1891, the effect of which was that only those arrested for -the third time within a year were subject to conviction. - -The congestion of population in cities and the progress of invention -necessitates every year the enactment of numerous statutes and -municipal ordinances making certain acts, that are harmful to the -public, misdemeanors (that is, legally crimes); but these acts, -committed in large part through ignorance or negligence, are not -essentially of a criminal nature. Statistically, they swell the -number of crimes committed, but most of them are not crimes in the -meaning popularly attached to that word. These considerations suggest -that all attempts to draw conclusions from, and to explain the -significance of the rise or fall of the statistical barometer must be -conducted with extreme caution. - -An error into which speakers and writers upon crime are prone to -fall is that of regarding the statistics of crime as a measure of -the total volume of crime committed in the country, affording an -answer to the vital question: Is crime increasing? There are two -fundamental facts relating to crime that must never be forgotten. -First, that criminal statistics are, and must necessarily always be, -confined to those crimes that are known and are officially acted -upon by the police or the courts. Secondly, that there is a large -number of crimes that are committed secretly and are never divulged, -the perpetrators of which are never detected, and crimes that never -result in the apprehension of the offender. - -The crimes of this second class cannot possibly enter into any -criminal statistics and yet they form a very large part of the -total volume of crime committed. It does not seem to be commonly -appreciated that these unpublished, unpunished crimes, which can -never be included in any criminal statistics, probably far exceed in -number those that are followed by conviction and punishment. * * * - -In addition to unpublished crimes, there are numerous cases where -crime is committed and reported to the police, but proceed no -further. In these instances, the offender may be known, but has -escaped or the offender is unknown and eludes detection; in either -case there is no conviction and the crime remains unpunished. * * * - -Perhaps the highest value of criminal statistics consists in the -light they may throw upon the practical effects produced by penal -legislation, by judicial procedure and by the administration -of police and detective officers. For example, within the past -decade, radical changes in the administration of justice have been -established in this country by laws relating to juvenile offenders, -and by the extended use of the suspended sentence and probation. A -question has arisen in many minds whether the severity of the penal -law has not thus been unduly relaxed. It is a matter of supreme -importance to know whether and how far, the tenderness of the modern -law toward children serves to rescue them from a life of crime—to -know whether the clemency of the law toward adults by suspension of -sentence and probation promotes their rehabilitation, and to know to -what class of offenders this clemency may properly be extended—to -know whether these milder methods of treatment are affording adequate -protection to the public or whether sterner measures of restraint and -discipline may be made more effective in repressing crime. - -These vital questions can receive final answer only by following the -subsequent career of the offenders to whom these methods are applied -and thus gaining data for statistical tabulation. In the same way, -the virtue of the indeterminate sentence ought to be substantiated by -the statistical test. Statistics can be made to show what class of -crimes comes most frequently before the courts in a given community, -and whether an increase in the severity of punishment tends to -increase or diminish the number of convictions. - -A movement is now in progress which may greatly widen the scope of -criminal statistics. It has long been realized that many persons -sentenced for crime are feeble-minded and seriously defective; -mentally and physically but, within the past few years, the -conviction has been growing that our penal system is radically -imperfect in that it provides no adequate means for deciding whether -or not a person on trial for crime is really responsible criminally. -* * * - - - - - THE PAROLE SYSTEM IN CANADA - -=[In the current annual report of the Minister of Justice as to the -penitentiaries of Canada, appears an interesting account, partly -historical, of the Canadian parole system. We print portions of the -report.]= - - -Adult criminals seem to have been under a “ticket of leave” system -in England, as far back as the year 1666, in the reign of Charles -II, when a statute was passed, giving judges power of sentencing -offenders to “transportation to any of His Majesty’s dominions in -North America.” This authority was re-affirmed by another statute -passed in the year 1718, during the reign of Charles I. In England -and France, at that time, adult criminals, also juvenile or minor -offenders, were placed on a sort of parole, and given over to -societies, or orders, for supervision, while the state still held -custody of them, which custody was relaxed as the good effects of -their being thus placed became more apparent. The ticket of leave -system grew out of the transportation of criminals by England to her -colonial possessions. Transportation ceased temporarily in 1775, -because of the war with her American colonies, but it was revived in -1786, and a consignment of convicts was also sent in this year to New -South Wales. - -The control of this colony was not regulated by statute, but was left -to the wisdom of the colonial governor. The necessity of raising -crops for their sustenance, the construction of buildings, and the -making of homes for the colonists, induced the governor greatly to -modify the sentences of the well-disposed prisoners, that he might -have a needed moral and possibly a physical support from them in his -administration. He set many of them free, and gave them grants of -land, and afterwards assigned to these men, thus free, other convict -laborers who were being received from the mother country. Following -this precedent it became the custom for the governors of different -penal settlements to manage each according to his own ideas, and the -custom developed into granting such liberties as have been included -in the ticket of leave system. - -The holder of the ticket of leave, which was granted to the convict -who had satisfactorily fulfilled a certain period of his sentence in -the cellular prisons then adopted in the penal settlements, would -be granted the freedom of the colony during the remainder of his -sentence, but he was placed under certain restrictions, such as -being confined to certain districts unless he received a pass to go -elsewhere, and also being obliged to present himself for inspection -to the authorities monthly, quarterly or yearly, as provided for in -his license, and being prohibited from carrying fire-arms or weapons -of any kind, except under special permission. The ticket of leave was -first legalized during the reign of George IV, between 1820 and 1830, -and in 1834 it was regulated by a statute, which defined the minimum -periods of sentence by which a ticket of leave could be gained. -For example, it required a service of four years for a seven year -sentence, six years for a sentence of eight, and fourteen years for -a life sentence, in what was termed “assigned service or government -employed.” These periods could be increased by the slightest -misconduct on the part of the prisoner. - -Under this law a convict who had held a ticket of leave without -having been guilty of misconduct, and who was recommended by -responsible persons in the district where he resided, could have his -application for a full pardon transferred by the governor of the -colony for the consideration of the Crown, but Sir Robert Burke, -in a report made by him in 1838, intimates that convicts were -granted ticket of leave to some extent at the discretion of the -home government upon application of influential persons in England. -Under this system the convict on ticket of leave was entitled to -his earnings. In case of misconduct, the employer could complain to -the nearest magistrate, who could order the convict to be flogged, -condemned to work on the roads, or in the chain gang. Any magistrate -could order 150 lashes, until the year 1858, when the number was -limited to 50. A convict, if ill-treated, might lay a complaint -against his master, but for that purpose he must go before a bench of -magistrates, the majority of whom were owners of convict labor and -masters of assigned convict servants. Such abuses grew up under this -system as to make life a living hell for the convicts. - -In the year 1838 a committee of parliament condemned the system of -transportation, with its attached evils, as “being unequal, without -terrors to the criminal classes, corrupting both the criminal and -colonists, and very expensive.” They recommended the establishment of -penitentiaries instead. It was then ordered that no convicts should -be assigned for domestic service, and in the year 1840 transportation -to Australia was stopped entirely. - -Another advance was made in the year 1842, which was called the -“probation system.” It was founded on the idea of passing convicts -through various stages of control and discipline, by which it was -hoped to instill a more progressive system for their improvement. -Probation gangs were established in Van Dieman’s Land, through which -all convicts for transportation were to pass. These gangs were -scattered through the colony, and were employed on public works under -the control of the government. A school master or a clergyman was -to be attached to each gang. From the probation gang, the convict -passed into a stage during which he might, with the consent of the -governor, engage in private service for wages, but he was required -to pay the government a part of the wages, which was retained as -security, and forfeited if the convict was guilty of any misconduct. -Next followed a ticket of leave with the same privileges, save that -the freedom of the convict was greatly enlarged. The last stage was -that of a conditional pardon. This probation system failed, as Sir -Edmond Ducaine stated, for several reasons: 1st—that suitable means -were not provided for insuring proper order or discipline in the -probation gang; 2nd—that the officers of the gangs were characterized -by insubordination and vices, unnatural crimes being proven to exist -to a terrible extent; 3rd—that the demand for labor was found to -be very insufficient to employ the ticket of leave portion of the -men, so that idleness soon destroyed all the good that had been -accomplished under the probation system. The difficulty may be summed -up in one or two words—they did not get to the root of the matter -as regards discipline and labor, and there was an entire absence of -mental and moral training. - -In the year 1846, Mr. Gladstone decided that all transportation of -convicts to the outside colonies must be suspended, and in 1847 the -present system of imprisonment was adopted, under which convicts -must pass through the prisons before a conditional release will be -granted. Under the present system of penal servitude in England, -there are three distinct stages of operation. During the first, which -generally lasts nine months, recently greatly reduced in number, the -prisoner passes his whole time, except meetings and exercise, in his -cell apart from all other prisoners, working at some employment, but -always kept separate and alone. During the second stage he eats and -sleeps in his cell, but works in association with other prisoners. -During the third period he is conditionally released, but is kept -under the surveillance of the police, reports at stated periods, -and is returned to prison for any infraction of his licence. The -system is altogether automatic in its operation, and as far as I can -ascertain about one-half of the entire number released on ticket of -leave, lapse into crime again. - -The “Prevention of Crimes Act” passed in 1871 provides that any -person convicted a second time of an indictable offence may be -sentenced to be subject to the supervision of the police for seven -years after the expiration of his sentence. - -The system of conditional liberation was adopted by the king of -Saxony, in 1862. In the same year it was adopted by the grand duchy -of Oldenburg, by the Canton of Sargovie in Switzerland, in 1868; the -kingdom of Servia, in 1869, the German Empire, in 1871, Denmark, -in 1879; the Swiss Canton of Vaud, in 1875, also in the same year, -the Kingdom of Croatia in Hungary, the Canton of Unter Walden, in -1878, the Netherlands, in 1881, the Empire of Japan, in 1882, the -French Republic in 1885, and since these dates it has been adopted -in Austria, Italy and Portugal. The system of parole, or conditional -liberation, is also now in vogue in many of the United States. - -The Canadian parole system, first adopted for the penitentiaries in -the year 1899, and since extended to the jails and reformatories, -differs from any system now in operation in the entire world, and -will compare favorably with any of them. There is nothing automatic -in the operation of this system, and it does not conflict with -the remission earned in the penitentiaries, which applies to all -prisoners whose conduct and industry merit consideration. - -What, then, is the parole system? I do not like the general term -“ticket of leave,” which has been the outcome of many failures, and -resulted in the abuse of many systems, for the term ticket of leave -is one which handicaps the prisoner who carries this synonym of “jail -bird” printed in large letters on his license, but the word parole, -“my word of honor,” is a much better term, and more within the true -meaning of a conditional release. - -It can be said, in view of the various methods adopted in many -countries, that these systems all acknowledge the principle of -conditional liberty to the citizen who has forfeited it by crime, and -that a gradual restoration and rehabilitation is not only feasible, -but is expedient to the higher and best interests of the state. It -is a system which strengthens the weak, and fits them again for -contact with society, and when they are sufficiently strong, restores -them to full liberty and good citizenship. The parole system of -Canada not only gives the released prisoner police supervision, -which is an absolute necessity in keeping in touch with them, but -it makes provision for a parole officer, as Sir Charles Fitzpatrick -demonstrated to the house of parliament, as a “go-between” the police -and the prisoner, giving the prisoner protection, sympathy and care -in a time when he most needs a helping hand. - -The parole system came in vogue in Canada under the late Honorable -David Mills, then Minister of Justice, in the year 1899. He was -followed by Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, who not only took a deep -interest in the system, but he placed it on a well-organized plan -of operation, and the present minister of justice, the Honorable A. -B. Aylesworth, has been working out this organization with splendid -success. The minister of justice occupies a unique position, having -at his command the reports from the trial judges, the parole officer, -the wardens and jailors of the institutions and the dominion police, -for the investigation of complex cases. His position is a much -stronger one than that of a “board of pardons,” or any local system -operated in other countries, and it would be a step backward to even -consider an alteration of our Canadian system. The minister of -justice considers every application for a parole on its merits, and -free from local prejudice or influence. - -It has also been demonstrated that the Canadian parole system is -working harmoniously with the principles of law and order in every -community in which it is in operation, and that it has never been -governed by that mawkish sentimentality which would convert a -penitentiary into a summer resort, with perfumed baths, carpets, -paintings, or orchestras for the prisoners. The administration -realizes that the inmates are criminals, sentenced to confinement -on account of crime, and to convert a penitentiary into a place of -recreation and amusement would be to pervert the purposes for which -it was instituted. In our Canadian institutions, men are punished -for criminal offences, and on this fact or basis only the mercy of a -parole can be safely administered. One fact I desire to lay stress -upon is that our convicts receive a wholesome, humane treatment which -leads to the beneficial results of our parole system. - -As to the results of the parole system since 1899 in Canada, the -following facts are quoted: - - Paroles granted from penitentiaries 1,903 - Paroles granted from prisons, - jails and reformatories 1,276 - ————— 3,079 - Licenses cancelled 103 - Licenses forfeited 62 - ————— 165 - Sentences completed 1,915 - Still reporting 999 - ————— 2,914 - - - - - THE MASSACHUSETTS PRISON ASSOCIATION - - =[From a leaflet just issued by the Massachusetts Prison Association - we take the following facts:]= - - -The Association was formed in 1899 to enlighten public opinion -concerning the prevention and treatment of crime, to secure the -improvement of penal legislation, and to aid released prisoners in -living honorably. Until the Association was formed, there was no -organization in the state to do the work of “enlightening public -opinion concerning the prevention and treatment of crime.” The -literature of the Association has been distributed widely for -educational purposes. Its annual appeal for Prison Sunday has met -with a response from many churches, and a greatly improved public -sentiment has been developed. During 1910 the Association printed and -distributed 75,000 pages of printed matter. The public press and the -lecture platform has been used also. - -Three important changes have been made through the efforts of the -Association, in the probation laws. Arrested persons who, after -investigation by the probation officer, are found to be occasional -offenders, are released from the station, by his direction, with a -warning that a record has been made, and that another offense may be -followed by punishment, 38,813 being so released in 1910. Since the -time available before the opening of the court does not permit a full -investigation of all cases, doubtful ones are sent to the court which -has authority to release the occasional offender without arraignment. -The offender suffers from public exposure in court, but is saved from -the stigma of a trial and conviction; 25,295 were so released in 1910. - -Commitment to prison formerly followed immediately after the -imposition of a fine, if it was not paid on the spot. A new law, -secured by the Association, authorizes the court to give a prisoner -time to get his fine. He is placed under the supervision of a -probation officer, to whom he pays the fine. The receipts from fines -collected last year under the suspended sentence amounted to $25,379. - -In connection with the abolition or the establishment of correctional -institutions, the Association has succeeded in bringing about -the abolition of the South Boston house of correction, and the -establishment of the Shirley state industrial school for boys, a -reformatory on the farm school plan for boys between the ages of 15 -and 18. Through the efforts of the Association probation officers -have been appointed in the superior court. In 1906 the society -played a prominent part in bringing about the treatment of juvenile -offenders as delinquents rather than as criminals. Back in 1900 -the Association advocated a bill, which was passed providing for -a central probation bureau. Not until 1908, through another law, -was the principle of this bill put into execution. The Association -secured a law expediting criminal trials by giving the lower courts -jurisdiction over a greater number of offenses. - -Recently the society has secured the passage of a law requiring the -state inspectors of health to make an annual inspection of police -stations, lockups and houses of detention, and to make rules for -such places, relative to the care and use of drinking cups, dishes, -bedding and ventilation. The law requires that no such places shall -be built, hereafter, until the plans have been approved by the state -board. A supplementary law extended this provision to jails and -houses of correction. - -In the assisting of discharged prisoners the Association has often -filled the place of next friend. In 1910 the Association gave relief -to 335 different men. The receipts of the Association were in 1910 -$3,682, and the expenditures, $3,678. - - - - - A NEW KIND OF PRISON - - -At the annual meeting of the American prison association at Omaha, -Mr. W. C. Zimmerman, state architect of Illinois, presented to the -careful scrutiny of most of the principal wardens in the United -States a half-section model of the new cell house which is to be the -unit of construction in the proposed Illinois state prison of which -Mr. Zimmerman is the architect. In view of the novelty of the prison -plan proposed by Mr. Zimmerman and in view furthermore of the general -approval, often enthusiastic, which the wardens gave to the plan and -the model, a brief description is submitted herewith to the readers -of the Review. - -At present the prevailing construction of cell blocks in the United -States embodies the following features: (a) the walls of the -building; (b) the corridor next the wall; (c) the cell blocks, which -are back to back, except for the so-called utility corridor which -separate the rows of cells. In short, it is a cell block built within -a building known as the cell house. It is obvious that the natural -light for the cells must come through windows in the wall of the -building. - -[Illustration: Half-section Model of Proposed Illinois State Prison -Cell Houses. (See “A New Kind of Prison,” page 7)] - -European prison construction is the exact opposite, in that the cells -are built on the “outside” principle, that is, up against the walls -of the cell house. The corridor, therefore, is in the middle of the -cell house and each cell has a room to itself with a barred window to -the outside air. - -The “inside” cell construction in the United States has been held -to have several distinct advantages, for the utility corridor, -containing the various pipes, wires, etc., is an economical form of -construction. The cells on the “inside” are furthermore safer in that -the cell door acts as a window and the prisoner in order to escape -must first go through the cell door, then through the wall of the -cell house and then over the wall of the prison grounds. - -[Illustration: Plan of Proposed Illinois State Prison. (See “A New -Kind of Prison,” page 7)] - -Prisons built on the “inside” plan are strongly criticised because -of the limited amount of direct sunlight and direct fresh air that -may be admitted to the cells. The importance of these two essentials -of life is obvious. A further objection to the “inside” cell plan -is that as the cells have no doors, the acts and the words of one -prisoner can be readily heard or learned throughout a good part of -the cell house. Supervision with either the “inside” or the “outside” -plan is at present carried on through the patrolling of the corridors -by a guard. - -The plan evolved by Mr. Zimmerman for the cell house of the new -Joliet prison seemingly overcomes the above objections in a most -careful manner. It is proposed by Mr. Zimmerman to build circular -shaped cell houses about 120 feet in diameter, placing the cells -against the cell house wall and thus assuring direct light and air. -Now comes the novelty. Instead of having an open front of steel -bars, heavy glass will be fitted into the open space between these -bars so as to make a completely closed room out of the cell. A full -view, however, of this room is possible from a central point. This -central point is a steel shaft in the center of the cell house, -enclosing a circular stairway. The stairway will be as high as the -highest tier of cells, and from a position half way up the circular -stairway, which is completely sheathed with steel, the guard within -the “conning tower” has a full view of each and every cell, at the -mere turn of his head. The shaft will be arranged with narrow slots -opposite the level of the eye so that it will be impossible for -inmates to see the guard and impossible to know at what time they are -under observation. The shaft will be bullet proof, which in case of -possible mutiny assures absolute safety for the guard. An armed guard -could undoubtedly from his secure position readily control a mob even -though the mob be fully armed. Entrance to the shaft will be possible -only through a tunnel which opens into the administration building -outside the prison enclosure. - -A number of these circular cell houses will be erected as indicated -in the group plan here published. That this arrangement lends itself -most readily to extension is evident. - -Another novel feature is the possibility of classification of -prisoners in different groups. Easily moving partitions will be -erected as high as the upper tier of rooms and placed with sufficient -frequency so that no prisoner can see from his cell into that of any -other cell, an arrangement which does not interfere with the view of -the guard in the “conning tower” into any room of the cell house. - -Escape seems practically impossible, for the guard in the “conning -tower” will have at his hand a complete system of levers, push -buttons, etc., electrically controlled in such a way that at any time -the locks of any or all of the tiers may be locked or unlocked and -the lights in any or all of the cells may be dimmed or increased. - -In order that all rooms may obtain direct sunlight the roof will -be made largely of glass and the diameter of the cell house is -sufficiently large to admit of the shining of the sun into the lowest -tier of rooms facing the north. Most of the rooms will enjoy direct -sunlight at some period of the day through the outside window. - -The building of this prison in Illinois will be watched with great -interest by all those in the United States interested in the -construction of prisons and in the proper housing of the delinquent. -The circular form of prison is not entirely new. In 1901 a circular -prison was built in Haarlem, Holland, to accommodate about 400 -inmates. The Haarlem prison, however, has wooden doors for each cell -which renders the supervision of the prisoners much more difficult. -The specially new features of Mr. Zimmerman’s plan are the glass -inside front, the circular form of construction, the central stairway -with its “conning tower,” the partition providing for the obstruction -of vision, for the classification of prisoners and the elimination -of a number of the attendants otherwise needed for supervision. Mr. -Zimmerman believes that this cell house can be built for ten per -cent. less than the familiar rectangular cell block. - - - - - OUR FIRST ANNUAL MEETING - - -The first annual meeting of the National Prisoners’ Aid Association -was held at Omaha, Nebraska, on Monday, October 16, while the members -of the Association were in attendance upon the American Prison -Association annual meeting in that city. That the National Prisoners’ -Aid Association meeting was encouraging to its members there can be -no doubt. In fact two meetings were held, one an adjourned meeting. -At each meeting from 30 to 40 members were present. - -In a report sent out by the secretary to the various prisoners’ aid -societies in the United States, the following paragraphs occur: - -Vice President F. Emory Lyon was in the chair. After Mr. Lyon had -stated the purpose of the annual meeting and had outlined briefly the -history of the Association, the Secretary, O. F. Lewis of New York, -was asked to report. The main business presented by Mr. Lewis was the -question of the publication of the Review, a monthly periodical of -sixteen or more pages, which has been published since January, 1911, -in the interest of the National Prisoners’ Aid Association by Mr. -Lewis as editor. - -Mr. Lewis showed that the receipts of the Review had been up to the -6th of October $503.67, that the disbursements for the same period -had been $445.97, leaving a balance of $57.70 in the treasury; that -the principal items had been - - Printing the Review $388.82 - Postage 46.50 - Other expenses 10.65 - ——————— - $445.97 - -Mr. Lewis then raised the question of the continuance of the -publication of the Review. The expression was unanimous that the -Review was a useful paper and should be continued and developed; -that the affiliating societies should so far as possible obtain -contributions and raise their own contributions to the Review; that -the Review should be continued to be published by Mr. Lewis; that the -affiliating societies should furnish more information for the Review -than during the last year. Mr. Lewis on his part stated that he would -gladly continue to be editor of the Review and would do what he could -to obtain further contributions in New York and vicinity. - -The meeting then proceeded to consider the nomination and election of -officers for the ensuing year. After a frank and sincere discussion -as to the proportional representation on the board of officers and -executive committee of the various associations represented in the -national association, it was voted on motion of Mr. Lewis that a -nominating committee of five be appointed from the floor and the -following persons were named: - -Mr. Parsons of Minnesota, Mr. Lewis of New York, Mr. Cornwall of -Massachusetts, Mr. McClaren of Oregon and Mr. Messlein of Illinois. - -The meeting was then adjourned until 5.30 of the same date. - -The adjourned meeting of the National Prisoners’ Aid Association was -held at 5.30 P. M., October 16, 1911, at the Hotel Rome, Omaha. Vice -President Lyon in the chair. - -The nominating committee brought in the following list of officers -and executive committee for election: President: Judge Carver of -Topeka, Kansas; Vice President: William R. French of Chicago; -Secretary and Treasurer: O. F. Lewis of New York; Executive -Committee: General Edward Fielding, Chicago; F. Emory Lyon, Chicago; -E. A. Fredenhagen, Kansas City; Joseph P. Byers, Newark, N. J.; W. G. -McClaren, Portland, Oregon; R. B. McCord, Atlanta. Georgia; and A. H. -Votaw, Philadelphia, Pa. - -On motion of Mr. Fredenhagen, the above persons were elected officers -and members of the executive committee respectively. - -A brief discussion followed on methods of supporting the Review. - -It was voted that the executive committee of the National Prisoners’ -Aid Association should in their discretion ask of the American -Prison Association that the National Prisoners’ Aid Association be -recognized as a section of the American Prison Association, and that -it should have on the program of the 1912 American Prison Association -one of the sessions. - -Adjourned at 6:30 P. M. - - - - - NEW YORK CITY’S BOARD OF INEBRIETY - - -The city of New York has taken initial steps to make more adequate -provision for dealing with inebriates and persons arrested for -public intoxication. Following the enactment of a law authorizing -the city to establish such a board, the board of estimate and -apportionment of the city appointed a special committee to inquire -into the feasibility and advisability of undertaking such a work. -As a result of the report of the committee the board of estimate -and apportionment decided to initiate the work. In accordance with -provisions of the law, the mayor appointed a board of five members. -The commissioner of public charities and the commissioner of -correction are ex-officio members of the board. - -This board has started its preliminary work. Possible sites for -institutions have been studied and a request for funds for carrying -on the work of the board has been made to the city authorities. In -the budget for the coming year, provision is made for a sufficient -amount of money for the board to secure a secretary and necessary -office assistance. The appointment of a secretary, who can give his -whole time to the work, will enable the board to study the problem -further and formulate more in detail their plans and present them to -the city for its ratification by providing the necessary funds for -carrying them out. - -This board has been established to do a most important piece of -work. It will provide not only a hospital and industrial colony for -the care of inebriates, but will establish under its jurisdiction a -system of special probation work for cases of intoxication. The work -of the board will doubtless be watched by persons interested in this -work all over the country. A measure similar to the New York city -law, giving authority to any city of the first or second class in -the state of New York to make provision for the care and treatment -of inebriates, was enacted at the last session of the legislature, -and a committee has been formed in the city of Buffalo to secure the -adoption of the plan in that city. - - - - - EVENTS IN BRIEF - -=[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of -general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of -the delinquent.]= - - -_The American Prison Association._—Under the title, “The Problem of -Prisons.” the Outlook describes thus the recent annual meeting: - -“A noteworthy interest in the proper employment of the prisoners -in American prisons, reformatories, and jails was the keynote -of the annual congress of the American prison association held -recently at Omaha. This interest resulted in the appointment of -a special committee, in which the name of the president of the -American federation of labor is found among others, to investigate -thoroughly prison labor conditions in this country and to report -recommendations at the next year’s congress in Baltimore as to the -best labor methods to be pursued in the correctional institutions -of the various states. No more far-reaching action has been taken -by the American prison association in the last decade. The sessions -of the Omaha congress teemed with aspects of the labor problem. -From New Zealand the success of reforestation by prisoners was -reported: from Toronto, the remarkable working of convicts on a wide -prison farm without armed guards. From the District of Columbia -came reports of several successful years of collection of important -sums from convicted offenders on probation, for the benefit and -support of their families. Colorado has built almost half a hundred -miles of state road by prisoners in the open, and other states have -emulated the record. The congress was permeated with the feeling -that prisoners should be steadily and profitably employed, not -exploited by state or corporation or individual, and that so far as -possible the families of prisoners should receive some portion of -their earnings. Two other currents were strongly felt: one for the -rational development of recreation in correctional institutions, the -other for the more careful study of the mental and physical condition -of each inmate. Baseball, lectures, concerts, prison schools, and -other educational features were warmly advocated. Outdoor sports on -a week-end half-day were held to be not only a valuable ‘exhaust -pipe’ for pent-up spirits and emotions developed in a necessarily -abnormal condition of living, but also a distinct part of the plan -of re-creation that is a prominent purpose of imprisonment. As to -mental and physical defectives, the testimony of specialists was -strong, not only that a considerable percentage of prison inmates are -mentally backward and deficient, thus requiring special treatment -rather than ordinary prison discipline, but that many industrial and -living conditions, in which offenders, young and old, have found -themselves, tend predominantly to crime. In several sessions emphasis -was laid also on the deplorable absence of statistics regarding crime -in the United States, it being shown to be impossible to-day to tell -whether crime is increasing or decreasing or what the general results -of imprisonment in prisons or reformatories are. Encouraging indeed -was the frank introspection that the prison wardens and boards of -managers gave to this and their own work. Of special interest was -the report of Attorney-General Wickersham on the success up to the -present time of the parole system for United States prisoners, who -now may be paroled, if first offenders, at the end of a third of -the maximum term of their imprisonment, by the action of a board of -parole consisting of the warden of the penitentiary in which the -prisoner is confined and representatives of the Federal department -of justice. The Attorney-General advocated the extension of the -parole system to cover the cases of life prisoners, details of -administration of which would naturally be worked out in legislation.” - -The following officers were chosen: - -President—Frederick G. Pettigrove, Boston. - -General Secretary—Joseph P. Byers, Newark, N. J. - -Financial Secretary—H. H. Shirer, Columbus, Ohio. - -Treasurer—Frederick H. Mills, New York city. - - * * * * * - -_Convicts on Roads._—Warden Wolfer of the Minnesota state prison is -quoted in the Des Moines, Iowa, Capital as follows: - -“The use of convicts in building roads is wrong in principle. In -the first place the sight of convicts upon the public highways has -a detrimental effect upon the young people, it is apt to inspire in -them any but the purest of thoughts. But the worst effect is upon the -convict himself. He is subject to public shame and humiliation, and -if he is making an effort to reform, he becomes easily discouraged. -I have no objection to preparing the stone and other materials for -road building by the prisoners, provided it is done within the prison -walls. The talk that the use of convicts upon the highway will -eliminate the conflict between convict labor and free labor does -not prove out. The exhibition of the convict upon the highway only -tends to aggravate the conflict, as it gives the lazy free laborer a -chance to claim that he would work on the roads if it wasn’t for the -convict. It is too expensive a method of road building.” - - * * * * * - -_The Occoquan Workhouse._—The entire supervision of the District of -Columbia workhouse at Occoquan probably will soon be given to the -Board of Charities. Under the law charitable, correctional, and penal -institutions in the District come under the board’s supervision. The -workhouse will, it is believed, shortly emerge from the engineering -stage and be ready to pass under the control of the board, as is the -jail at present. - - * * * * * - -_Grim Humor._—The Germans describe that grim humor that emanates from -cynics in distress as “gallows humor.” Here is a bit of it from the -monthly prison paper of the inmates of the Charlestown (Mass.) state -prison. It is a drama synopsis. - - Act I. Incarceration - Commutation - On probation - “Fine!” - - Act II. Animation - Expectation - Situation - “Wine.” - - Act III. Condescension - False Pretension - Apprehension - “Bats.” - - Act IV. Judication - Condemnation - Long Vacation - “Rats.” - - * * * * * - -_Antiquated Methods at Fall River._—The citizens of Fall River, -Mass., have recently been aroused by a revelation of conditions -prevailing in the central station house of that city. Because of -the lack of modern detention quarters, children, women and men of -all degrees of vice are crowded together in a common compartment. A -clergyman, who investigated the place, says: - -“I found two children there, a boy and a girl, about twelve years -of age. At night the station filled up with its inevitable horde -of drunkards and offending women, whose language, if not immediate -presence, was forced upon these children. I called upon the boy on -Sunday and found him the companion of the loose women whose cases -were to be heard in court Monday morning. I have nothing to say in -regard to the accommodation of the men and women who must needs be -shut up. But I think the treatment accorded to these children was -outrageous. - -“Why were they there? For the inexcusable, the damnable reason, that -there was nothing else to be done with them. I am not criticising -the officers of the central station. They are extremely kind to -these children. It is the city of Fall River that is responsible. The -community is committing an offence against children. If the city, as -by all means it should, will take in hand either to punish or reform -little children, it ought to make provision to properly accommodate -such.” - - * * * * * - -_Convict Labor in Colorado._—The rapidly spreading custom of -employing convict labor on the roads is strongly indorsed by the -experience of Governor Shafroth of Colorado. Under the Colorado -system, Governor Shafroth says: - -“The prisoners, in large gangs and with but two overseers in charge, -work on the state roads, and at times are two hundred miles distant -from the penitentiary. There is no confinement, guards or other -precaution, yet during the past year there was a net loss of only -two men by escape. In one instance a piece of road was constructed -through solid rock for $6,000, that would have cost $30,000 under the -contract system.” - -That the convicts are reconciled to the conditions, the Governor -explains is due to a law providing that the time of every prisoner is -commuted ten days for every thirty he works upon the roads, and the -penalty of three years added to the original term of very convict who -escapes, in case he is recaptured. The convicts are in better health -than they can possibly be when kept in prison, and work harder than -men who are paid by the day. - - * * * * * - -_Prison Verse._—“Verses of Hope” is the title given to a book of -poems, written by prisoners at the Kansas state prison, and published -under the direction of the chaplain. - - I wonder now that parents ever fret - At little children clinging to their feet; - Or that the racket, when the day is spent, - Brings angry words to them so pure and sweet; - Oh, if I could find a muddy shoe, - Or cap or jacket on my prison floor; - If I could mend a broken cart today, - Tomorrow make a kite to reach the sky, - There is no man in all God’s world could be - More blissfully content than I. - - * * * * * - - I sometimes think I’d rather be forgot - Than be remembered by the things I’ve done - I’ve often wished my name was but a blot, - On mortal scrolls of battles lost and won. - Or rather still I’d like to be a child, - As innocent as in those other days, - If from stern duty’s path I was beguiled, - Ere I had reached the parting of the ways. - But still I see the folly of my fears, - For something seems to say: “It’s not too late; - For to whatever port the pilot steers, - He may return. It is not left to Fate.” - - * * * * * - - Turn failure into victory, - Don’t let your courage fade; - And even if you get a lemon, - Just make the lemon aid. - - * * * * * - -_Night Court Proposed for Baltimore._—A night court, modeled after -the Night Court of New York city, should be incorporated in the -proposed reform of the police magistracy system of Baltimore, -according to Justice Alva H. Tyson. He believes that the numerous -instances of innocent people having to spend a night in a cell in -a police station is a relic of a crude governmental system, beyond -which Baltimore should have passed years ago. - -Another great field in Baltimore for charitable endeavor has been -exploited in New York—that is probationary systems for women. Under -the present magistracy system of Baltimore, almost all women who -are arrested on minor charges, unless hardened criminals, have to -be dismissed. What is a magistrate today to do with a woman on her -first offense of having too much to drink in the opinion of a police -officer? There should be a probationary official to whom she could be -released and who could look after her future conduct. - - * * * * * - -_Farm Work for “Convalescent” Offenders._—A new plan, intended to -give Kansas convicts a new idea of life, has been put into effect -at the Kansas penitentiary, according to the report of Warden J. K. -Codding to Governor Stubbs. Every man that is sent to the prison is -given six months’ work on the farm just previous to his release. -The men get out in the open. They are tanned and sunburned, have -more liberty, less discipline, get close to nature and leave the -prison with the hatred of men and laws gone and really wanting to -try to live better lives. Since the new system has been tried not -one released convict has come back. Warden Codding believes that -through this system Kansas may gain a record for a minimum number of -second-term men which will be lower than that of any other state. - -Many years ago an island in the Missouri river was sold to the -state. The island has never been used, and the lands owned by the -state around the prison have never been used to any great extent for -farming. Warden Codding began work two years ago, and the first thing -he did was to give the prisoners half an hour’s liberty each day in -the prison yard. The men can do anything they wish during that half -hour. They can talk to each other and the guard, play ball, pitch -horse shoes, play croquet or a dozen other games. - -The prisoners had been morose and sullen, and there were twenty-two -insane prisoners in the hospital and a half dozen tuberculosis -patients. The plan was adopted to see if the insanity and -tuberculosis could not be stopped. Not a new patient has developed -in 14 months, and there is not a single prisoner in the tuberculosis -hospital at this time. - -“The farm does two things of great importance,” says Warden Codding. -“The first is that it gives the men a new aspect of life as they are -about to leave the prison. The farm work and a half hour recreation -period have reduced the ordinary prison vices seventy per cent. The -plan of working the men on the farm has not been going long enough to -make any figures, but I believe that there will be a less percentage -of men returned to prison for second terms now than under the old -plan of keeping them confined all the time.” - - * * * * * - -_The State of Jails in Massachusetts._—The state board of health -of Massachusetts finds 45 jails in the commonwealth unfit for -occupancy. They are unsanitary and not properly managed. Describing -his incarceration in the Middlesex county house of correction in -Somerville, Mass., Rev. E. E. Bayliss said in the Boston American of -September 24th, that - -“When prisoners are admitted they are given no medical examination -whatever. The weak, the strong, the sick and the well are all one in -the eyes of the prison officials. All receive the same food and the -same treatment. - -“The result is that there are any number of prisoners suffering from -very serious and shocking diseases, who receive either no treatment -or treatment of the most perfunctionory sort. In addition all these -men use the same knives and forks, the same drinking cups, and the -same towels as the rest of the men. They are shaved every day with -the same razor. - -“In other words no precautions whatever are taken to guard healthy -individuals from contamination from diseases, the virulence and -contagiousness of which are only too well known. - -“The sanitary conditions of the jail are abominable. They are not -fit to describe in print, and they nauseate me when I think of -them. The bedding, walls and floors swarm with vermin, and the -half-hearted attempt to get rid of them by an occasional sprinkling -of ill-smelling powder only emphasizes their presence. - -“Humanity, common courtesy, the slightest sympathetic realization -that we are all human beings, after all, is unknown. There is no one -to say a good word to the prisoners. During the three months I was -there we had only two sermons, and these were perfunctory in the -extreme, and delivered without the slightest idea of appropriateness -and of crying spiritual needs of the listeners.” - - * * * * * - -_Alien Criminals._—A study recently made by Joseph P. Byers, general -secretary of the state charities and prison reform association of New -Jersey shows that 35 per cent. of the prisoners in that state are -foreign born. Of the inmates of the state reformatory, 23 per cent. -are foreign-born and 45 per cent. are either foreign-born or of -foreign parentage. - -Alien prisoners in 1909-10 comprised one-fourth of all the inmates of -the state prison of New York. - - * * * * * - -_Prison Philosophy._—From the Charlestown (Mass.) state prison paper, -the Mentor, come the following verses, written by a prisoner. - - - CHANCE - - He made us all of flesh and blood, - And we, in troth, are kin; - You in your place as ruler stood, - I in my place of sin. - - A turn in the mould, a spot in the clay, - Would have changed our spheres of life; - Mine would have been the glorious day, - And yours the bitter strife. - - Brothers in spirit and brothers in form, - Only a step apart; - One life was lost in a raging storm, - One saved by a fairer start. - - * * * * * - -_What Miss Jane Addams Says._—“More and more our reformatories are -filled, not with criminals, but with the boys who have in them the -basis of play unsatisfied, the basis of art unfulfilled, even those -beginnings of variation from types which we call genius. - -“It is these children, our brightest and best, whom we are spoiling -by giving them no proper chance for development. The city offers -adventurous children nothing to satisfy their desire for pleasure, -nothing which will allow them to cherish their determination to -conquer the world and make it a better one. - -“So these children go out and get into trouble, or else they stay in -their poor houses and factories and turn into stupid dullards, all -initiative, all ambition stamped out of them.” - - * * * * * - -A commission, one of whose members is Governor Harmon, is seeking a -site for a new reformatory in Ohio. - -The commission wants 300 acres of land, and an appropriation -of $200,000 was made for purchasing the site and beginning the -preliminary work. The commission proposes to locate the prison within -a radius of 50 or 60 miles of Columbus. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - pg 1 Added periods after the word Committee, 4 times - pg 4 Changed criminal classes, corruping to: corrupting - pg 6 Changed jails and refomatories to: reformatories - pg 10 Removed repeated word than from: less than than the familiar - pg 11 Changed a nominating commitee to: committee - pg 11 Added period after letter R in: R B. McCord - pg 15 Changed things of great importance. to: importance, - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 11, -NOVEMBER 1911 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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