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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01edbaa --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69908 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69908) diff --git a/old/69908-0.txt b/old/69908-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ffe0d45..0000000 --- a/old/69908-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1534 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Review, Vol. 1, No. 11, November -1911, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Review, Vol. 1, No. 11, November 1911 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: January 30, 2023 [eBook #69908] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Bob Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images - made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 11, -NOVEMBER 1911 *** - - - - - - Transcriber’s Note - Italic text displayed as: _italic_ - Bold text displayed as: =bold= - - - - - VOLUME I, No. 11. NOVEMBER, 1911 - - THE REVIEW - - A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE - =NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION= - AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY. - - TEN CENTS A COPY. ONE DOLLAR A YEAR - - T. F. Carver, President. - Wm. F. French, Vice President. - O. F. Lewis, Secretary, Treasurer - and Editor Review. - Edward Fielding, - Chairman Ex. Committee. - F. Emory Lyon, - Member Ex. Committee. - W. G. McClaren, - Member Ex. Committee. - A. H. Votaw, - Member Ex. Committee. - E. A. Fredenhagen, - Member Ex. Committee. - Joseph P. Byers, - Member Ex. Committee. - R. B. McCord, - Member Ex. Committee. - - - - - THE STATISTICS OF CRIME - - BY EUGENE SMITH - - PRESIDENT PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK - -=[Mr. Smith read a very carefully prepared paper on the above subject -at the Omaha meeting of the American Prison Association. The Review -would gladly print the address in full but space admits only of -certain abstracts, which follow.—EDITOR]= - - -In the deplorable and chaotic condition of the very sources from -which all statistical matter must be drawn, it is hopeless to look -for any improvement in our census statistics, unless a radical change -can be effected in state administration. The records of the police, -the courts, the prisons, can be made of statistical value only by the -action of the state itself; and there is apparent but one method by -which the state can act to this end. - -There should be established in each state a permanent board or bureau -of criminal statistics, whether as an independent body or as a -department of the office of the attorney general or of the secretary -of state. This bureau should be charged with the duty of prescribing -the forms in which the records of all criminal courts, police boards -and prisons shall be kept and specifying the items regarding which -entries shall be made. The law creating the bureau should direct that -the forms prescribed by it should be uniform as to all institutions -of the same class to which they respectively apply and be binding -upon all institutions within the state. - -The bureau should issue general instructions governing the collection -and verification of the facts to be stated in the record; it -should also be its duty, and it should be vested with power, to -inspect and supervise the records and to enforce compliance with its -requirements. Such a bureau might secure a collection of reliable -statistical matter, uniform in quality throughout the state. Indiana -is now, it is believed, the only state in the Union where such a -bureau exists. - -But even this result is not enough. Supposing all the criminal -records within each separate state to be made uniform without the -state, still they would not be available for comparison or for -the purposes of a national census, unless all the states could be -brought to adopt the same form and method, so that all criminal -records throughout the Union could be kept upon one uniform plan. -Here we encounter a serious obstacle. The diversity and conflict -of state laws are crying evils of our time, universally recognized -and denounced, and yet the most strenuous efforts to bring about -harmonious action between the legislatures of separate states have -always failed. No single statute, however skilfully drawn, proposed -for universal acceptance has ever yet been adopted by all the states -of the Union. Still the states _must_ act in unison upon this matter -of uniform criminal records or else our statistics of crime must -continue to be a national failure and a national reproach. - -Not the slightest reflection can be cast upon the federal census -bureau; on the contrary, when consideration is taken of the -fragmentary and chaotic state records with which the census bureau -had to deal, the systematic and orderly results and the general -deductions embraced in the census report of 1904 must be regarded as -a signal scientific triumph. - -Uniformity in criminal records throughout the Union we have seen -to be an imperative need. Is it a visionary ideal, impossible of -attainment? If there is any means through which the ideal can be -realized, it is through the agency of state bureaus of criminal -statistics, such as have just been suggested. Each of these state -bureaus, in preparing uniform plans and forms for its own state, -would naturally place itself in touch with the national census -bureau; while the national bureau would not be legally vested with -the slightest power to dictate to the state bureau or to direct its -action, _practically_ its wide experience and grasp of the entire -situation would enable the federal bureau to wield commanding -influence in shaping the action of every state bureau. If the -creation of efficient state bureaus, of the kind indicated, in the -several states could only be secured, it is not chimerical to believe -that through the dominating influence of the federal census bureau, -tactfully exerted, a uniform system of statistical records relating -to crime could ultimately be established throughout the United -States. It is the first step that counts. If a few of the leading -states in the Union could be induced to establish such a bureau; if -to Indiana could be added New York, Illinois, Nebraska, and in the -South Virginia, the force of example would be potent in the sister -states. * * * - -One exceedingly common and popular error needs special mention; a -marked increase in the number of convictions for crime indicates -to the public mind an increase necessarily in the volume of crime -committed. In fact, it may be owing to increased activity and -efficiency on the part of the police and detective officers, to -greater severity and thoroughness in the administration of the -courts, to a change in the economic conditions of the community, -to diminished care and skill on the part of offenders in escaping -detection; indeed, there are many possible factors that may have -combined to produce an unusual statistical result. A slight change -in the laws or methods of procedure, may cause startling statistical -fluctuations. - -For example, in the year 1890, the number of convictions for -drunkenness in Massachusetts was 25,582; two years later, the -number had fallen to 8,634. An amazing diminution of drunkenness in -Massachusetts—nearly 70%? Not at all; it was owing to a new statute -passed in 1891, the effect of which was that only those arrested for -the third time within a year were subject to conviction. - -The congestion of population in cities and the progress of invention -necessitates every year the enactment of numerous statutes and -municipal ordinances making certain acts, that are harmful to the -public, misdemeanors (that is, legally crimes); but these acts, -committed in large part through ignorance or negligence, are not -essentially of a criminal nature. Statistically, they swell the -number of crimes committed, but most of them are not crimes in the -meaning popularly attached to that word. These considerations suggest -that all attempts to draw conclusions from, and to explain the -significance of the rise or fall of the statistical barometer must be -conducted with extreme caution. - -An error into which speakers and writers upon crime are prone to -fall is that of regarding the statistics of crime as a measure of -the total volume of crime committed in the country, affording an -answer to the vital question: Is crime increasing? There are two -fundamental facts relating to crime that must never be forgotten. -First, that criminal statistics are, and must necessarily always be, -confined to those crimes that are known and are officially acted -upon by the police or the courts. Secondly, that there is a large -number of crimes that are committed secretly and are never divulged, -the perpetrators of which are never detected, and crimes that never -result in the apprehension of the offender. - -The crimes of this second class cannot possibly enter into any -criminal statistics and yet they form a very large part of the -total volume of crime committed. It does not seem to be commonly -appreciated that these unpublished, unpunished crimes, which can -never be included in any criminal statistics, probably far exceed in -number those that are followed by conviction and punishment. * * * - -In addition to unpublished crimes, there are numerous cases where -crime is committed and reported to the police, but proceed no -further. In these instances, the offender may be known, but has -escaped or the offender is unknown and eludes detection; in either -case there is no conviction and the crime remains unpunished. * * * - -Perhaps the highest value of criminal statistics consists in the -light they may throw upon the practical effects produced by penal -legislation, by judicial procedure and by the administration -of police and detective officers. For example, within the past -decade, radical changes in the administration of justice have been -established in this country by laws relating to juvenile offenders, -and by the extended use of the suspended sentence and probation. A -question has arisen in many minds whether the severity of the penal -law has not thus been unduly relaxed. It is a matter of supreme -importance to know whether and how far, the tenderness of the modern -law toward children serves to rescue them from a life of crime—to -know whether the clemency of the law toward adults by suspension of -sentence and probation promotes their rehabilitation, and to know to -what class of offenders this clemency may properly be extended—to -know whether these milder methods of treatment are affording adequate -protection to the public or whether sterner measures of restraint and -discipline may be made more effective in repressing crime. - -These vital questions can receive final answer only by following the -subsequent career of the offenders to whom these methods are applied -and thus gaining data for statistical tabulation. In the same way, -the virtue of the indeterminate sentence ought to be substantiated by -the statistical test. Statistics can be made to show what class of -crimes comes most frequently before the courts in a given community, -and whether an increase in the severity of punishment tends to -increase or diminish the number of convictions. - -A movement is now in progress which may greatly widen the scope of -criminal statistics. It has long been realized that many persons -sentenced for crime are feeble-minded and seriously defective; -mentally and physically but, within the past few years, the -conviction has been growing that our penal system is radically -imperfect in that it provides no adequate means for deciding whether -or not a person on trial for crime is really responsible criminally. -* * * - - - - - THE PAROLE SYSTEM IN CANADA - -=[In the current annual report of the Minister of Justice as to the -penitentiaries of Canada, appears an interesting account, partly -historical, of the Canadian parole system. We print portions of the -report.]= - - -Adult criminals seem to have been under a “ticket of leave” system -in England, as far back as the year 1666, in the reign of Charles -II, when a statute was passed, giving judges power of sentencing -offenders to “transportation to any of His Majesty’s dominions in -North America.” This authority was re-affirmed by another statute -passed in the year 1718, during the reign of Charles I. In England -and France, at that time, adult criminals, also juvenile or minor -offenders, were placed on a sort of parole, and given over to -societies, or orders, for supervision, while the state still held -custody of them, which custody was relaxed as the good effects of -their being thus placed became more apparent. The ticket of leave -system grew out of the transportation of criminals by England to her -colonial possessions. Transportation ceased temporarily in 1775, -because of the war with her American colonies, but it was revived in -1786, and a consignment of convicts was also sent in this year to New -South Wales. - -The control of this colony was not regulated by statute, but was left -to the wisdom of the colonial governor. The necessity of raising -crops for their sustenance, the construction of buildings, and the -making of homes for the colonists, induced the governor greatly to -modify the sentences of the well-disposed prisoners, that he might -have a needed moral and possibly a physical support from them in his -administration. He set many of them free, and gave them grants of -land, and afterwards assigned to these men, thus free, other convict -laborers who were being received from the mother country. Following -this precedent it became the custom for the governors of different -penal settlements to manage each according to his own ideas, and the -custom developed into granting such liberties as have been included -in the ticket of leave system. - -The holder of the ticket of leave, which was granted to the convict -who had satisfactorily fulfilled a certain period of his sentence in -the cellular prisons then adopted in the penal settlements, would -be granted the freedom of the colony during the remainder of his -sentence, but he was placed under certain restrictions, such as -being confined to certain districts unless he received a pass to go -elsewhere, and also being obliged to present himself for inspection -to the authorities monthly, quarterly or yearly, as provided for in -his license, and being prohibited from carrying fire-arms or weapons -of any kind, except under special permission. The ticket of leave was -first legalized during the reign of George IV, between 1820 and 1830, -and in 1834 it was regulated by a statute, which defined the minimum -periods of sentence by which a ticket of leave could be gained. -For example, it required a service of four years for a seven year -sentence, six years for a sentence of eight, and fourteen years for -a life sentence, in what was termed “assigned service or government -employed.” These periods could be increased by the slightest -misconduct on the part of the prisoner. - -Under this law a convict who had held a ticket of leave without -having been guilty of misconduct, and who was recommended by -responsible persons in the district where he resided, could have his -application for a full pardon transferred by the governor of the -colony for the consideration of the Crown, but Sir Robert Burke, -in a report made by him in 1838, intimates that convicts were -granted ticket of leave to some extent at the discretion of the -home government upon application of influential persons in England. -Under this system the convict on ticket of leave was entitled to -his earnings. In case of misconduct, the employer could complain to -the nearest magistrate, who could order the convict to be flogged, -condemned to work on the roads, or in the chain gang. Any magistrate -could order 150 lashes, until the year 1858, when the number was -limited to 50. A convict, if ill-treated, might lay a complaint -against his master, but for that purpose he must go before a bench of -magistrates, the majority of whom were owners of convict labor and -masters of assigned convict servants. Such abuses grew up under this -system as to make life a living hell for the convicts. - -In the year 1838 a committee of parliament condemned the system of -transportation, with its attached evils, as “being unequal, without -terrors to the criminal classes, corrupting both the criminal and -colonists, and very expensive.” They recommended the establishment of -penitentiaries instead. It was then ordered that no convicts should -be assigned for domestic service, and in the year 1840 transportation -to Australia was stopped entirely. - -Another advance was made in the year 1842, which was called the -“probation system.” It was founded on the idea of passing convicts -through various stages of control and discipline, by which it was -hoped to instill a more progressive system for their improvement. -Probation gangs were established in Van Dieman’s Land, through which -all convicts for transportation were to pass. These gangs were -scattered through the colony, and were employed on public works under -the control of the government. A school master or a clergyman was -to be attached to each gang. From the probation gang, the convict -passed into a stage during which he might, with the consent of the -governor, engage in private service for wages, but he was required -to pay the government a part of the wages, which was retained as -security, and forfeited if the convict was guilty of any misconduct. -Next followed a ticket of leave with the same privileges, save that -the freedom of the convict was greatly enlarged. The last stage was -that of a conditional pardon. This probation system failed, as Sir -Edmond Ducaine stated, for several reasons: 1st—that suitable means -were not provided for insuring proper order or discipline in the -probation gang; 2nd—that the officers of the gangs were characterized -by insubordination and vices, unnatural crimes being proven to exist -to a terrible extent; 3rd—that the demand for labor was found to -be very insufficient to employ the ticket of leave portion of the -men, so that idleness soon destroyed all the good that had been -accomplished under the probation system. The difficulty may be summed -up in one or two words—they did not get to the root of the matter -as regards discipline and labor, and there was an entire absence of -mental and moral training. - -In the year 1846, Mr. Gladstone decided that all transportation of -convicts to the outside colonies must be suspended, and in 1847 the -present system of imprisonment was adopted, under which convicts -must pass through the prisons before a conditional release will be -granted. Under the present system of penal servitude in England, -there are three distinct stages of operation. During the first, which -generally lasts nine months, recently greatly reduced in number, the -prisoner passes his whole time, except meetings and exercise, in his -cell apart from all other prisoners, working at some employment, but -always kept separate and alone. During the second stage he eats and -sleeps in his cell, but works in association with other prisoners. -During the third period he is conditionally released, but is kept -under the surveillance of the police, reports at stated periods, -and is returned to prison for any infraction of his licence. The -system is altogether automatic in its operation, and as far as I can -ascertain about one-half of the entire number released on ticket of -leave, lapse into crime again. - -The “Prevention of Crimes Act” passed in 1871 provides that any -person convicted a second time of an indictable offence may be -sentenced to be subject to the supervision of the police for seven -years after the expiration of his sentence. - -The system of conditional liberation was adopted by the king of -Saxony, in 1862. In the same year it was adopted by the grand duchy -of Oldenburg, by the Canton of Sargovie in Switzerland, in 1868; the -kingdom of Servia, in 1869, the German Empire, in 1871, Denmark, -in 1879; the Swiss Canton of Vaud, in 1875, also in the same year, -the Kingdom of Croatia in Hungary, the Canton of Unter Walden, in -1878, the Netherlands, in 1881, the Empire of Japan, in 1882, the -French Republic in 1885, and since these dates it has been adopted -in Austria, Italy and Portugal. The system of parole, or conditional -liberation, is also now in vogue in many of the United States. - -The Canadian parole system, first adopted for the penitentiaries in -the year 1899, and since extended to the jails and reformatories, -differs from any system now in operation in the entire world, and -will compare favorably with any of them. There is nothing automatic -in the operation of this system, and it does not conflict with -the remission earned in the penitentiaries, which applies to all -prisoners whose conduct and industry merit consideration. - -What, then, is the parole system? I do not like the general term -“ticket of leave,” which has been the outcome of many failures, and -resulted in the abuse of many systems, for the term ticket of leave -is one which handicaps the prisoner who carries this synonym of “jail -bird” printed in large letters on his license, but the word parole, -“my word of honor,” is a much better term, and more within the true -meaning of a conditional release. - -It can be said, in view of the various methods adopted in many -countries, that these systems all acknowledge the principle of -conditional liberty to the citizen who has forfeited it by crime, and -that a gradual restoration and rehabilitation is not only feasible, -but is expedient to the higher and best interests of the state. It -is a system which strengthens the weak, and fits them again for -contact with society, and when they are sufficiently strong, restores -them to full liberty and good citizenship. The parole system of -Canada not only gives the released prisoner police supervision, -which is an absolute necessity in keeping in touch with them, but -it makes provision for a parole officer, as Sir Charles Fitzpatrick -demonstrated to the house of parliament, as a “go-between” the police -and the prisoner, giving the prisoner protection, sympathy and care -in a time when he most needs a helping hand. - -The parole system came in vogue in Canada under the late Honorable -David Mills, then Minister of Justice, in the year 1899. He was -followed by Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, who not only took a deep -interest in the system, but he placed it on a well-organized plan -of operation, and the present minister of justice, the Honorable A. -B. Aylesworth, has been working out this organization with splendid -success. The minister of justice occupies a unique position, having -at his command the reports from the trial judges, the parole officer, -the wardens and jailors of the institutions and the dominion police, -for the investigation of complex cases. His position is a much -stronger one than that of a “board of pardons,” or any local system -operated in other countries, and it would be a step backward to even -consider an alteration of our Canadian system. The minister of -justice considers every application for a parole on its merits, and -free from local prejudice or influence. - -It has also been demonstrated that the Canadian parole system is -working harmoniously with the principles of law and order in every -community in which it is in operation, and that it has never been -governed by that mawkish sentimentality which would convert a -penitentiary into a summer resort, with perfumed baths, carpets, -paintings, or orchestras for the prisoners. The administration -realizes that the inmates are criminals, sentenced to confinement -on account of crime, and to convert a penitentiary into a place of -recreation and amusement would be to pervert the purposes for which -it was instituted. In our Canadian institutions, men are punished -for criminal offences, and on this fact or basis only the mercy of a -parole can be safely administered. One fact I desire to lay stress -upon is that our convicts receive a wholesome, humane treatment which -leads to the beneficial results of our parole system. - -As to the results of the parole system since 1899 in Canada, the -following facts are quoted: - - Paroles granted from penitentiaries 1,903 - Paroles granted from prisons, - jails and reformatories 1,276 - ————— 3,079 - Licenses cancelled 103 - Licenses forfeited 62 - ————— 165 - Sentences completed 1,915 - Still reporting 999 - ————— 2,914 - - - - - THE MASSACHUSETTS PRISON ASSOCIATION - - =[From a leaflet just issued by the Massachusetts Prison Association - we take the following facts:]= - - -The Association was formed in 1899 to enlighten public opinion -concerning the prevention and treatment of crime, to secure the -improvement of penal legislation, and to aid released prisoners in -living honorably. Until the Association was formed, there was no -organization in the state to do the work of “enlightening public -opinion concerning the prevention and treatment of crime.” The -literature of the Association has been distributed widely for -educational purposes. Its annual appeal for Prison Sunday has met -with a response from many churches, and a greatly improved public -sentiment has been developed. During 1910 the Association printed and -distributed 75,000 pages of printed matter. The public press and the -lecture platform has been used also. - -Three important changes have been made through the efforts of the -Association, in the probation laws. Arrested persons who, after -investigation by the probation officer, are found to be occasional -offenders, are released from the station, by his direction, with a -warning that a record has been made, and that another offense may be -followed by punishment, 38,813 being so released in 1910. Since the -time available before the opening of the court does not permit a full -investigation of all cases, doubtful ones are sent to the court which -has authority to release the occasional offender without arraignment. -The offender suffers from public exposure in court, but is saved from -the stigma of a trial and conviction; 25,295 were so released in 1910. - -Commitment to prison formerly followed immediately after the -imposition of a fine, if it was not paid on the spot. A new law, -secured by the Association, authorizes the court to give a prisoner -time to get his fine. He is placed under the supervision of a -probation officer, to whom he pays the fine. The receipts from fines -collected last year under the suspended sentence amounted to $25,379. - -In connection with the abolition or the establishment of correctional -institutions, the Association has succeeded in bringing about -the abolition of the South Boston house of correction, and the -establishment of the Shirley state industrial school for boys, a -reformatory on the farm school plan for boys between the ages of 15 -and 18. Through the efforts of the Association probation officers -have been appointed in the superior court. In 1906 the society -played a prominent part in bringing about the treatment of juvenile -offenders as delinquents rather than as criminals. Back in 1900 -the Association advocated a bill, which was passed providing for -a central probation bureau. Not until 1908, through another law, -was the principle of this bill put into execution. The Association -secured a law expediting criminal trials by giving the lower courts -jurisdiction over a greater number of offenses. - -Recently the society has secured the passage of a law requiring the -state inspectors of health to make an annual inspection of police -stations, lockups and houses of detention, and to make rules for -such places, relative to the care and use of drinking cups, dishes, -bedding and ventilation. The law requires that no such places shall -be built, hereafter, until the plans have been approved by the state -board. A supplementary law extended this provision to jails and -houses of correction. - -In the assisting of discharged prisoners the Association has often -filled the place of next friend. In 1910 the Association gave relief -to 335 different men. The receipts of the Association were in 1910 -$3,682, and the expenditures, $3,678. - - - - - A NEW KIND OF PRISON - - -At the annual meeting of the American prison association at Omaha, -Mr. W. C. Zimmerman, state architect of Illinois, presented to the -careful scrutiny of most of the principal wardens in the United -States a half-section model of the new cell house which is to be the -unit of construction in the proposed Illinois state prison of which -Mr. Zimmerman is the architect. In view of the novelty of the prison -plan proposed by Mr. Zimmerman and in view furthermore of the general -approval, often enthusiastic, which the wardens gave to the plan and -the model, a brief description is submitted herewith to the readers -of the Review. - -At present the prevailing construction of cell blocks in the United -States embodies the following features: (a) the walls of the -building; (b) the corridor next the wall; (c) the cell blocks, which -are back to back, except for the so-called utility corridor which -separate the rows of cells. In short, it is a cell block built within -a building known as the cell house. It is obvious that the natural -light for the cells must come through windows in the wall of the -building. - -[Illustration: Half-section Model of Proposed Illinois State Prison -Cell Houses. (See “A New Kind of Prison,” page 7)] - -European prison construction is the exact opposite, in that the cells -are built on the “outside” principle, that is, up against the walls -of the cell house. The corridor, therefore, is in the middle of the -cell house and each cell has a room to itself with a barred window to -the outside air. - -The “inside” cell construction in the United States has been held -to have several distinct advantages, for the utility corridor, -containing the various pipes, wires, etc., is an economical form of -construction. The cells on the “inside” are furthermore safer in that -the cell door acts as a window and the prisoner in order to escape -must first go through the cell door, then through the wall of the -cell house and then over the wall of the prison grounds. - -[Illustration: Plan of Proposed Illinois State Prison. (See “A New -Kind of Prison,” page 7)] - -Prisons built on the “inside” plan are strongly criticised because -of the limited amount of direct sunlight and direct fresh air that -may be admitted to the cells. The importance of these two essentials -of life is obvious. A further objection to the “inside” cell plan -is that as the cells have no doors, the acts and the words of one -prisoner can be readily heard or learned throughout a good part of -the cell house. Supervision with either the “inside” or the “outside” -plan is at present carried on through the patrolling of the corridors -by a guard. - -The plan evolved by Mr. Zimmerman for the cell house of the new -Joliet prison seemingly overcomes the above objections in a most -careful manner. It is proposed by Mr. Zimmerman to build circular -shaped cell houses about 120 feet in diameter, placing the cells -against the cell house wall and thus assuring direct light and air. -Now comes the novelty. Instead of having an open front of steel -bars, heavy glass will be fitted into the open space between these -bars so as to make a completely closed room out of the cell. A full -view, however, of this room is possible from a central point. This -central point is a steel shaft in the center of the cell house, -enclosing a circular stairway. The stairway will be as high as the -highest tier of cells, and from a position half way up the circular -stairway, which is completely sheathed with steel, the guard within -the “conning tower” has a full view of each and every cell, at the -mere turn of his head. The shaft will be arranged with narrow slots -opposite the level of the eye so that it will be impossible for -inmates to see the guard and impossible to know at what time they are -under observation. The shaft will be bullet proof, which in case of -possible mutiny assures absolute safety for the guard. An armed guard -could undoubtedly from his secure position readily control a mob even -though the mob be fully armed. Entrance to the shaft will be possible -only through a tunnel which opens into the administration building -outside the prison enclosure. - -A number of these circular cell houses will be erected as indicated -in the group plan here published. That this arrangement lends itself -most readily to extension is evident. - -Another novel feature is the possibility of classification of -prisoners in different groups. Easily moving partitions will be -erected as high as the upper tier of rooms and placed with sufficient -frequency so that no prisoner can see from his cell into that of any -other cell, an arrangement which does not interfere with the view of -the guard in the “conning tower” into any room of the cell house. - -Escape seems practically impossible, for the guard in the “conning -tower” will have at his hand a complete system of levers, push -buttons, etc., electrically controlled in such a way that at any time -the locks of any or all of the tiers may be locked or unlocked and -the lights in any or all of the cells may be dimmed or increased. - -In order that all rooms may obtain direct sunlight the roof will -be made largely of glass and the diameter of the cell house is -sufficiently large to admit of the shining of the sun into the lowest -tier of rooms facing the north. Most of the rooms will enjoy direct -sunlight at some period of the day through the outside window. - -The building of this prison in Illinois will be watched with great -interest by all those in the United States interested in the -construction of prisons and in the proper housing of the delinquent. -The circular form of prison is not entirely new. In 1901 a circular -prison was built in Haarlem, Holland, to accommodate about 400 -inmates. The Haarlem prison, however, has wooden doors for each cell -which renders the supervision of the prisoners much more difficult. -The specially new features of Mr. Zimmerman’s plan are the glass -inside front, the circular form of construction, the central stairway -with its “conning tower,” the partition providing for the obstruction -of vision, for the classification of prisoners and the elimination -of a number of the attendants otherwise needed for supervision. Mr. -Zimmerman believes that this cell house can be built for ten per -cent. less than the familiar rectangular cell block. - - - - - OUR FIRST ANNUAL MEETING - - -The first annual meeting of the National Prisoners’ Aid Association -was held at Omaha, Nebraska, on Monday, October 16, while the members -of the Association were in attendance upon the American Prison -Association annual meeting in that city. That the National Prisoners’ -Aid Association meeting was encouraging to its members there can be -no doubt. In fact two meetings were held, one an adjourned meeting. -At each meeting from 30 to 40 members were present. - -In a report sent out by the secretary to the various prisoners’ aid -societies in the United States, the following paragraphs occur: - -Vice President F. Emory Lyon was in the chair. After Mr. Lyon had -stated the purpose of the annual meeting and had outlined briefly the -history of the Association, the Secretary, O. F. Lewis of New York, -was asked to report. The main business presented by Mr. Lewis was the -question of the publication of the Review, a monthly periodical of -sixteen or more pages, which has been published since January, 1911, -in the interest of the National Prisoners’ Aid Association by Mr. -Lewis as editor. - -Mr. Lewis showed that the receipts of the Review had been up to the -6th of October $503.67, that the disbursements for the same period -had been $445.97, leaving a balance of $57.70 in the treasury; that -the principal items had been - - Printing the Review $388.82 - Postage 46.50 - Other expenses 10.65 - ——————— - $445.97 - -Mr. Lewis then raised the question of the continuance of the -publication of the Review. The expression was unanimous that the -Review was a useful paper and should be continued and developed; -that the affiliating societies should so far as possible obtain -contributions and raise their own contributions to the Review; that -the Review should be continued to be published by Mr. Lewis; that the -affiliating societies should furnish more information for the Review -than during the last year. Mr. Lewis on his part stated that he would -gladly continue to be editor of the Review and would do what he could -to obtain further contributions in New York and vicinity. - -The meeting then proceeded to consider the nomination and election of -officers for the ensuing year. After a frank and sincere discussion -as to the proportional representation on the board of officers and -executive committee of the various associations represented in the -national association, it was voted on motion of Mr. Lewis that a -nominating committee of five be appointed from the floor and the -following persons were named: - -Mr. Parsons of Minnesota, Mr. Lewis of New York, Mr. Cornwall of -Massachusetts, Mr. McClaren of Oregon and Mr. Messlein of Illinois. - -The meeting was then adjourned until 5.30 of the same date. - -The adjourned meeting of the National Prisoners’ Aid Association was -held at 5.30 P. M., October 16, 1911, at the Hotel Rome, Omaha. Vice -President Lyon in the chair. - -The nominating committee brought in the following list of officers -and executive committee for election: President: Judge Carver of -Topeka, Kansas; Vice President: William R. French of Chicago; -Secretary and Treasurer: O. F. Lewis of New York; Executive -Committee: General Edward Fielding, Chicago; F. Emory Lyon, Chicago; -E. A. Fredenhagen, Kansas City; Joseph P. Byers, Newark, N. J.; W. G. -McClaren, Portland, Oregon; R. B. McCord, Atlanta. Georgia; and A. H. -Votaw, Philadelphia, Pa. - -On motion of Mr. Fredenhagen, the above persons were elected officers -and members of the executive committee respectively. - -A brief discussion followed on methods of supporting the Review. - -It was voted that the executive committee of the National Prisoners’ -Aid Association should in their discretion ask of the American -Prison Association that the National Prisoners’ Aid Association be -recognized as a section of the American Prison Association, and that -it should have on the program of the 1912 American Prison Association -one of the sessions. - -Adjourned at 6:30 P. M. - - - - - NEW YORK CITY’S BOARD OF INEBRIETY - - -The city of New York has taken initial steps to make more adequate -provision for dealing with inebriates and persons arrested for -public intoxication. Following the enactment of a law authorizing -the city to establish such a board, the board of estimate and -apportionment of the city appointed a special committee to inquire -into the feasibility and advisability of undertaking such a work. -As a result of the report of the committee the board of estimate -and apportionment decided to initiate the work. In accordance with -provisions of the law, the mayor appointed a board of five members. -The commissioner of public charities and the commissioner of -correction are ex-officio members of the board. - -This board has started its preliminary work. Possible sites for -institutions have been studied and a request for funds for carrying -on the work of the board has been made to the city authorities. In -the budget for the coming year, provision is made for a sufficient -amount of money for the board to secure a secretary and necessary -office assistance. The appointment of a secretary, who can give his -whole time to the work, will enable the board to study the problem -further and formulate more in detail their plans and present them to -the city for its ratification by providing the necessary funds for -carrying them out. - -This board has been established to do a most important piece of -work. It will provide not only a hospital and industrial colony for -the care of inebriates, but will establish under its jurisdiction a -system of special probation work for cases of intoxication. The work -of the board will doubtless be watched by persons interested in this -work all over the country. A measure similar to the New York city -law, giving authority to any city of the first or second class in -the state of New York to make provision for the care and treatment -of inebriates, was enacted at the last session of the legislature, -and a committee has been formed in the city of Buffalo to secure the -adoption of the plan in that city. - - - - - EVENTS IN BRIEF - -=[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of -general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of -the delinquent.]= - - -_The American Prison Association._—Under the title, “The Problem of -Prisons.” the Outlook describes thus the recent annual meeting: - -“A noteworthy interest in the proper employment of the prisoners -in American prisons, reformatories, and jails was the keynote -of the annual congress of the American prison association held -recently at Omaha. This interest resulted in the appointment of -a special committee, in which the name of the president of the -American federation of labor is found among others, to investigate -thoroughly prison labor conditions in this country and to report -recommendations at the next year’s congress in Baltimore as to the -best labor methods to be pursued in the correctional institutions -of the various states. No more far-reaching action has been taken -by the American prison association in the last decade. The sessions -of the Omaha congress teemed with aspects of the labor problem. -From New Zealand the success of reforestation by prisoners was -reported: from Toronto, the remarkable working of convicts on a wide -prison farm without armed guards. From the District of Columbia -came reports of several successful years of collection of important -sums from convicted offenders on probation, for the benefit and -support of their families. Colorado has built almost half a hundred -miles of state road by prisoners in the open, and other states have -emulated the record. The congress was permeated with the feeling -that prisoners should be steadily and profitably employed, not -exploited by state or corporation or individual, and that so far as -possible the families of prisoners should receive some portion of -their earnings. Two other currents were strongly felt: one for the -rational development of recreation in correctional institutions, the -other for the more careful study of the mental and physical condition -of each inmate. Baseball, lectures, concerts, prison schools, and -other educational features were warmly advocated. Outdoor sports on -a week-end half-day were held to be not only a valuable ‘exhaust -pipe’ for pent-up spirits and emotions developed in a necessarily -abnormal condition of living, but also a distinct part of the plan -of re-creation that is a prominent purpose of imprisonment. As to -mental and physical defectives, the testimony of specialists was -strong, not only that a considerable percentage of prison inmates are -mentally backward and deficient, thus requiring special treatment -rather than ordinary prison discipline, but that many industrial and -living conditions, in which offenders, young and old, have found -themselves, tend predominantly to crime. In several sessions emphasis -was laid also on the deplorable absence of statistics regarding crime -in the United States, it being shown to be impossible to-day to tell -whether crime is increasing or decreasing or what the general results -of imprisonment in prisons or reformatories are. Encouraging indeed -was the frank introspection that the prison wardens and boards of -managers gave to this and their own work. Of special interest was -the report of Attorney-General Wickersham on the success up to the -present time of the parole system for United States prisoners, who -now may be paroled, if first offenders, at the end of a third of -the maximum term of their imprisonment, by the action of a board of -parole consisting of the warden of the penitentiary in which the -prisoner is confined and representatives of the Federal department -of justice. The Attorney-General advocated the extension of the -parole system to cover the cases of life prisoners, details of -administration of which would naturally be worked out in legislation.” - -The following officers were chosen: - -President—Frederick G. Pettigrove, Boston. - -General Secretary—Joseph P. Byers, Newark, N. J. - -Financial Secretary—H. H. Shirer, Columbus, Ohio. - -Treasurer—Frederick H. Mills, New York city. - - * * * * * - -_Convicts on Roads._—Warden Wolfer of the Minnesota state prison is -quoted in the Des Moines, Iowa, Capital as follows: - -“The use of convicts in building roads is wrong in principle. In -the first place the sight of convicts upon the public highways has -a detrimental effect upon the young people, it is apt to inspire in -them any but the purest of thoughts. But the worst effect is upon the -convict himself. He is subject to public shame and humiliation, and -if he is making an effort to reform, he becomes easily discouraged. -I have no objection to preparing the stone and other materials for -road building by the prisoners, provided it is done within the prison -walls. The talk that the use of convicts upon the highway will -eliminate the conflict between convict labor and free labor does -not prove out. The exhibition of the convict upon the highway only -tends to aggravate the conflict, as it gives the lazy free laborer a -chance to claim that he would work on the roads if it wasn’t for the -convict. It is too expensive a method of road building.” - - * * * * * - -_The Occoquan Workhouse._—The entire supervision of the District of -Columbia workhouse at Occoquan probably will soon be given to the -Board of Charities. Under the law charitable, correctional, and penal -institutions in the District come under the board’s supervision. The -workhouse will, it is believed, shortly emerge from the engineering -stage and be ready to pass under the control of the board, as is the -jail at present. - - * * * * * - -_Grim Humor._—The Germans describe that grim humor that emanates from -cynics in distress as “gallows humor.” Here is a bit of it from the -monthly prison paper of the inmates of the Charlestown (Mass.) state -prison. It is a drama synopsis. - - Act I. Incarceration - Commutation - On probation - “Fine!” - - Act II. Animation - Expectation - Situation - “Wine.” - - Act III. Condescension - False Pretension - Apprehension - “Bats.” - - Act IV. Judication - Condemnation - Long Vacation - “Rats.” - - * * * * * - -_Antiquated Methods at Fall River._—The citizens of Fall River, -Mass., have recently been aroused by a revelation of conditions -prevailing in the central station house of that city. Because of -the lack of modern detention quarters, children, women and men of -all degrees of vice are crowded together in a common compartment. A -clergyman, who investigated the place, says: - -“I found two children there, a boy and a girl, about twelve years -of age. At night the station filled up with its inevitable horde -of drunkards and offending women, whose language, if not immediate -presence, was forced upon these children. I called upon the boy on -Sunday and found him the companion of the loose women whose cases -were to be heard in court Monday morning. I have nothing to say in -regard to the accommodation of the men and women who must needs be -shut up. But I think the treatment accorded to these children was -outrageous. - -“Why were they there? For the inexcusable, the damnable reason, that -there was nothing else to be done with them. I am not criticising -the officers of the central station. They are extremely kind to -these children. It is the city of Fall River that is responsible. The -community is committing an offence against children. If the city, as -by all means it should, will take in hand either to punish or reform -little children, it ought to make provision to properly accommodate -such.” - - * * * * * - -_Convict Labor in Colorado._—The rapidly spreading custom of -employing convict labor on the roads is strongly indorsed by the -experience of Governor Shafroth of Colorado. Under the Colorado -system, Governor Shafroth says: - -“The prisoners, in large gangs and with but two overseers in charge, -work on the state roads, and at times are two hundred miles distant -from the penitentiary. There is no confinement, guards or other -precaution, yet during the past year there was a net loss of only -two men by escape. In one instance a piece of road was constructed -through solid rock for $6,000, that would have cost $30,000 under the -contract system.” - -That the convicts are reconciled to the conditions, the Governor -explains is due to a law providing that the time of every prisoner is -commuted ten days for every thirty he works upon the roads, and the -penalty of three years added to the original term of very convict who -escapes, in case he is recaptured. The convicts are in better health -than they can possibly be when kept in prison, and work harder than -men who are paid by the day. - - * * * * * - -_Prison Verse._—“Verses of Hope” is the title given to a book of -poems, written by prisoners at the Kansas state prison, and published -under the direction of the chaplain. - - I wonder now that parents ever fret - At little children clinging to their feet; - Or that the racket, when the day is spent, - Brings angry words to them so pure and sweet; - Oh, if I could find a muddy shoe, - Or cap or jacket on my prison floor; - If I could mend a broken cart today, - Tomorrow make a kite to reach the sky, - There is no man in all God’s world could be - More blissfully content than I. - - * * * * * - - I sometimes think I’d rather be forgot - Than be remembered by the things I’ve done - I’ve often wished my name was but a blot, - On mortal scrolls of battles lost and won. - Or rather still I’d like to be a child, - As innocent as in those other days, - If from stern duty’s path I was beguiled, - Ere I had reached the parting of the ways. - But still I see the folly of my fears, - For something seems to say: “It’s not too late; - For to whatever port the pilot steers, - He may return. It is not left to Fate.” - - * * * * * - - Turn failure into victory, - Don’t let your courage fade; - And even if you get a lemon, - Just make the lemon aid. - - * * * * * - -_Night Court Proposed for Baltimore._—A night court, modeled after -the Night Court of New York city, should be incorporated in the -proposed reform of the police magistracy system of Baltimore, -according to Justice Alva H. Tyson. He believes that the numerous -instances of innocent people having to spend a night in a cell in -a police station is a relic of a crude governmental system, beyond -which Baltimore should have passed years ago. - -Another great field in Baltimore for charitable endeavor has been -exploited in New York—that is probationary systems for women. Under -the present magistracy system of Baltimore, almost all women who -are arrested on minor charges, unless hardened criminals, have to -be dismissed. What is a magistrate today to do with a woman on her -first offense of having too much to drink in the opinion of a police -officer? There should be a probationary official to whom she could be -released and who could look after her future conduct. - - * * * * * - -_Farm Work for “Convalescent” Offenders._—A new plan, intended to -give Kansas convicts a new idea of life, has been put into effect -at the Kansas penitentiary, according to the report of Warden J. K. -Codding to Governor Stubbs. Every man that is sent to the prison is -given six months’ work on the farm just previous to his release. -The men get out in the open. They are tanned and sunburned, have -more liberty, less discipline, get close to nature and leave the -prison with the hatred of men and laws gone and really wanting to -try to live better lives. Since the new system has been tried not -one released convict has come back. Warden Codding believes that -through this system Kansas may gain a record for a minimum number of -second-term men which will be lower than that of any other state. - -Many years ago an island in the Missouri river was sold to the -state. The island has never been used, and the lands owned by the -state around the prison have never been used to any great extent for -farming. Warden Codding began work two years ago, and the first thing -he did was to give the prisoners half an hour’s liberty each day in -the prison yard. The men can do anything they wish during that half -hour. They can talk to each other and the guard, play ball, pitch -horse shoes, play croquet or a dozen other games. - -The prisoners had been morose and sullen, and there were twenty-two -insane prisoners in the hospital and a half dozen tuberculosis -patients. The plan was adopted to see if the insanity and -tuberculosis could not be stopped. Not a new patient has developed -in 14 months, and there is not a single prisoner in the tuberculosis -hospital at this time. - -“The farm does two things of great importance,” says Warden Codding. -“The first is that it gives the men a new aspect of life as they are -about to leave the prison. The farm work and a half hour recreation -period have reduced the ordinary prison vices seventy per cent. The -plan of working the men on the farm has not been going long enough to -make any figures, but I believe that there will be a less percentage -of men returned to prison for second terms now than under the old -plan of keeping them confined all the time.” - - * * * * * - -_The State of Jails in Massachusetts._—The state board of health -of Massachusetts finds 45 jails in the commonwealth unfit for -occupancy. They are unsanitary and not properly managed. Describing -his incarceration in the Middlesex county house of correction in -Somerville, Mass., Rev. E. E. Bayliss said in the Boston American of -September 24th, that - -“When prisoners are admitted they are given no medical examination -whatever. The weak, the strong, the sick and the well are all one in -the eyes of the prison officials. All receive the same food and the -same treatment. - -“The result is that there are any number of prisoners suffering from -very serious and shocking diseases, who receive either no treatment -or treatment of the most perfunctionory sort. In addition all these -men use the same knives and forks, the same drinking cups, and the -same towels as the rest of the men. They are shaved every day with -the same razor. - -“In other words no precautions whatever are taken to guard healthy -individuals from contamination from diseases, the virulence and -contagiousness of which are only too well known. - -“The sanitary conditions of the jail are abominable. They are not -fit to describe in print, and they nauseate me when I think of -them. The bedding, walls and floors swarm with vermin, and the -half-hearted attempt to get rid of them by an occasional sprinkling -of ill-smelling powder only emphasizes their presence. - -“Humanity, common courtesy, the slightest sympathetic realization -that we are all human beings, after all, is unknown. There is no one -to say a good word to the prisoners. During the three months I was -there we had only two sermons, and these were perfunctory in the -extreme, and delivered without the slightest idea of appropriateness -and of crying spiritual needs of the listeners.” - - * * * * * - -_Alien Criminals._—A study recently made by Joseph P. Byers, general -secretary of the state charities and prison reform association of New -Jersey shows that 35 per cent. of the prisoners in that state are -foreign born. Of the inmates of the state reformatory, 23 per cent. -are foreign-born and 45 per cent. are either foreign-born or of -foreign parentage. - -Alien prisoners in 1909-10 comprised one-fourth of all the inmates of -the state prison of New York. - - * * * * * - -_Prison Philosophy._—From the Charlestown (Mass.) state prison paper, -the Mentor, come the following verses, written by a prisoner. - - - CHANCE - - He made us all of flesh and blood, - And we, in troth, are kin; - You in your place as ruler stood, - I in my place of sin. - - A turn in the mould, a spot in the clay, - Would have changed our spheres of life; - Mine would have been the glorious day, - And yours the bitter strife. - - Brothers in spirit and brothers in form, - Only a step apart; - One life was lost in a raging storm, - One saved by a fairer start. - - * * * * * - -_What Miss Jane Addams Says._—“More and more our reformatories are -filled, not with criminals, but with the boys who have in them the -basis of play unsatisfied, the basis of art unfulfilled, even those -beginnings of variation from types which we call genius. - -“It is these children, our brightest and best, whom we are spoiling -by giving them no proper chance for development. The city offers -adventurous children nothing to satisfy their desire for pleasure, -nothing which will allow them to cherish their determination to -conquer the world and make it a better one. - -“So these children go out and get into trouble, or else they stay in -their poor houses and factories and turn into stupid dullards, all -initiative, all ambition stamped out of them.” - - * * * * * - -A commission, one of whose members is Governor Harmon, is seeking a -site for a new reformatory in Ohio. - -The commission wants 300 acres of land, and an appropriation -of $200,000 was made for purchasing the site and beginning the -preliminary work. The commission proposes to locate the prison within -a radius of 50 or 60 miles of Columbus. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - pg 1 Added periods after the word Committee, 4 times - pg 4 Changed criminal classes, corruping to: corrupting - pg 6 Changed jails and refomatories to: reformatories - pg 10 Removed repeated word than from: less than than the familiar - pg 11 Changed a nominating commitee to: committee - pg 11 Added period after letter R in: R B. McCord - pg 15 Changed things of great importance. to: importance, - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 11, -NOVEMBER 1911 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Review, Vol. 1, No. 11, November 1911</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 30, 2023 [eBook #69908]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Bob Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 1911 ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 65%"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover"> -</div> -<hr class="chap"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> - -<div> -<p style="float: left;">VOLUME I, No. 11. -<p style="float: right;">NOVEMBER, 1911</p> -</div> -<div style="clear:both;"></div> - -<h1>THE REVIEW</h1> - -<p class="center wsp">A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE</p> -<p class="center wsp"><b>NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION</b></p> -<p class="center fs70 wsp lh">AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.</p><br> - -<hr class="full"> -<p class="center wsp fs80">TEN CENTS A COPY. <span style="margin-left: 10em;">ONE DOLLAR A YEAR</span></p> -<hr class="full"> -<br> - -<table class="autotable fs80"> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx">T. F. Carver, President.</td> -<td class="tdlx">F. Emory Lyon, Member Ex. Committee.</td> -<td class="tdlx">E. A. Fredenhagen, Member Ex. Committee.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx">Wm. F. French, Vice President.</td> -<td class="tdlx">W. G. McClaren, Member Ex. Committee.</td> -<td class="tdlx">Joseph P. Byers, Member Ex. Committee.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx">O. F. Lewis, Secretary, Treasurer and Editor Review.</td> -<td class="tdlx">A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee.</td> -<td class="tdlx">R. B. McCord, Member Ex. Committee.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdlx">Edward Fielding, Chairman Ex. Committee.</td> -<td></td> -<td></td> -</tr> -</table> -<br> - -<hr class="full"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_STATISTICS_OF_CRIME">THE STATISTICS OF CRIME</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Eugene Smith</span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">President Prison Association of New York</span></p> - -<p class="fs80"><b>[Mr. Smith read a very carefully prepared paper on the above subject at the Omaha meeting of the American -Prison Association. The Review would gladly print the address in full but space admits only of certain abstracts, -which follow.—<span class="smcap">Editor</span>]</b></p> - - -<p>In the deplorable and chaotic condition -of the very sources from which all statistical -matter must be drawn, it is hopeless -to look for any improvement in our -census statistics, unless a radical change -can be effected in state administration. -The records of the police, the courts, the -prisons, can be made of statistical value -only by the action of the state itself; -and there is apparent but one method by -which the state can act to this end.</p> - -<p>There should be established in each -state a permanent board or bureau of -criminal statistics, whether as an independent -body or as a department of the -office of the attorney general or of the -secretary of state. This bureau should -be charged with the duty of prescribing -the forms in which the records of all -criminal courts, police boards and prisons -shall be kept and specifying the items -regarding which entries shall be made. -The law creating the bureau should direct -that the forms prescribed by it -should be uniform as to all institutions -of the same class to which they respectively -apply and be binding upon all institutions -within the state.</p> - -<p>The bureau should issue general instructions -governing the collection and -verification of the facts to be stated in -the record; it should also be its duty, -and it should be vested with power, to -inspect and supervise the records and to -enforce compliance with its requirements. -Such a bureau might secure a collection -of reliable statistical matter, uniform in -quality throughout the state. Indiana is -now, it is believed, the only state in the -Union where such a bureau exists.</p> - -<p>But even this result is not enough. -Supposing all the criminal records within -each separate state to be made uniform -without the state, still they would not be -available for comparison or for the purposes -of a national census, unless all the -states could be brought to adopt the -same form and method, so that all criminal -records throughout the Union could -be kept upon one uniform plan. Here -we encounter a serious obstacle. The -diversity and conflict of state laws are -crying evils of our time, universally recognized -and denounced, and yet the most -strenuous efforts to bring about harmonious -action between the legislatures of -separate states have always failed. No -single statute, however skilfully drawn, -proposed for universal acceptance has -ever yet been adopted by all the states<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span> -of the Union. Still the states <em>must</em> act -in unison upon this matter of uniform -criminal records or else our statistics of -crime must continue to be a national failure -and a national reproach.</p> - -<p>Not the slightest reflection can be cast -upon the federal census bureau; on the -contrary, when consideration is taken of -the fragmentary and chaotic state records -with which the census bureau had -to deal, the systematic and orderly results -and the general deductions embraced -in the census report of 1904 must -be regarded as a signal scientific triumph.</p> - -<p>Uniformity in criminal records -throughout the Union we have seen to -be an imperative need. Is it a visionary -ideal, impossible of attainment? If there -is any means through which the ideal -can be realized, it is through the agency -of state bureaus of criminal statistics, -such as have just been suggested. Each -of these state bureaus, in preparing uniform -plans and forms for its own state, -would naturally place itself in touch with -the national census bureau; while the national -bureau would not be legally vested -with the slightest power to dictate to the -state bureau or to direct its action, <em>practically</em> -its wide experience and grasp of -the entire situation would enable the -federal bureau to wield commanding influence -in shaping the action of every -state bureau. If the creation of efficient -state bureaus, of the kind indicated, in -the several states could only be secured, -it is not chimerical to believe that -through the dominating influence of the -federal census bureau, tactfully exerted, -a uniform system of statistical records -relating to crime could ultimately be established -throughout the United States. -It is the first step that counts. If a few -of the leading states in the Union could -be induced to establish such a bureau; -if to Indiana could be added New York, -Illinois, Nebraska, and in the South Virginia, -the force of example would be -potent in the sister states. * * *</p> - -<p>One exceedingly common and popular -error needs special mention; a marked -increase in the number of convictions for -crime indicates to the public mind an -increase necessarily in the volume of -crime committed. In fact, it may be owing -to increased activity and efficiency -on the part of the police and detective officers, -to greater severity and thoroughness -in the administration of the courts, -to a change in the economic conditions of -the community, to diminished care and -skill on the part of offenders in escaping -detection; indeed, there are many possible -factors that may have combined to -produce an unusual statistical result. A -slight change in the laws or methods of -procedure, may cause startling statistical -fluctuations.</p> - -<p>For example, in the year 1890, the -number of convictions for drunkenness -in Massachusetts was 25,582; two years -later, the number had fallen to 8,634. -An amazing diminution of drunkenness -in Massachusetts—nearly 70%? Not at -all; it was owing to a new statute passed -in 1891, the effect of which was that -only those arrested for the third time -within a year were subject to conviction.</p> - -<p>The congestion of population in cities -and the progress of invention necessitates -every year the enactment of numerous -statutes and municipal ordinances making -certain acts, that are harmful to the -public, misdemeanors (that is, legally -crimes); but these acts, committed in -large part through ignorance or negligence, -are not essentially of a criminal -nature. Statistically, they swell the number -of crimes committed, but most of -them are not crimes in the meaning popularly -attached to that word. These considerations -suggest that all attempts to -draw conclusions from, and to explain -the significance of the rise or fall of the -statistical barometer must be conducted -with extreme caution.</p> - -<p>An error into which speakers and writers -upon crime are prone to fall is that -of regarding the statistics of crime as a -measure of the total volume of crime -committed in the country, affording an -answer to the vital question: Is crime -increasing? There are two fundamental -facts relating to crime that must never -be forgotten. First, that criminal statistics -are, and must necessarily always -be, confined to those crimes that are -known and are officially acted upon by -the police or the courts. Secondly, that -there is a large number of crimes that -are committed secretly and are never divulged, -the perpetrators of which are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span> -never detected, and crimes that never result -in the apprehension of the offender.</p> - -<p>The crimes of this second class cannot -possibly enter into any criminal statistics -and yet they form a very large part -of the total volume of crime committed. -It does not seem to be commonly appreciated -that these unpublished, unpunished -crimes, which can never be included in -any criminal statistics, probably far exceed -in number those that are followed -by conviction and punishment. * * *</p> - -<p>In addition to unpublished crimes, -there are numerous cases where crime is -committed and reported to the police, -but proceed no further. In these instances, -the offender may be known, but -has escaped or the offender is unknown -and eludes detection; in either case there -is no conviction and the crime remains -unpunished. * * *</p> - -<p>Perhaps the highest value of criminal -statistics consists in the light they may -throw upon the practical effects produced -by penal legislation, by judicial -procedure and by the administration of -police and detective officers. For example, -within the past decade, radical -changes in the administration of justice -have been established in this country by -laws relating to juvenile offenders, and -by the extended use of the suspended -sentence and probation. A question has -arisen in many minds whether the severity -of the penal law has not thus been -unduly relaxed. It is a matter of supreme -importance to know whether and -how far, the tenderness of the modern -law toward children serves to rescue -them from a life of crime—to know -whether the clemency of the law toward -adults by suspension of sentence and probation -promotes their rehabilitation, and -to know to what class of offenders this -clemency may properly be extended—to -know whether these milder methods of -treatment are affording adequate protection -to the public or whether sterner -measures of restraint and discipline may -be made more effective in repressing -crime.</p> - -<p>These vital questions can receive final -answer only by following the subsequent -career of the offenders to whom these -methods are applied and thus gaining -data for statistical tabulation. In the -same way, the virtue of the indeterminate -sentence ought to be substantiated by -the statistical test. Statistics can be made -to show what class of crimes comes most -frequently before the courts in a given -community, and whether an increase in -the severity of punishment tends to increase -or diminish the number of convictions.</p> - -<p>A movement is now in progress which -may greatly widen the scope of criminal -statistics. It has long been realized that -many persons sentenced for crime are -feeble-minded and seriously defective; -mentally and physically but, within the -past few years, the conviction has been -growing that our penal system is radically -imperfect in that it provides no adequate -means for deciding whether or not -a person on trial for crime is really responsible -criminally. * * *</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_PAROLE_SYSTEM_IN_CANADA">THE PAROLE SYSTEM IN CANADA</h2> -</div> - -<p class="fs80"><b>[In the current annual report of the Minister of Justice as to the penitentiaries of Canada, appears an interesting -account, partly historical, of the Canadian parole system. We print portions of the report.]</b></p> - - -<p>Adult criminals seem to have been -under a “ticket of leave” system in England, -as far back as the year 1666, in the -reign of Charles II, when a statute was -passed, giving judges power of sentencing -offenders to “transportation to any -of His Majesty’s dominions in North -America.” This authority was re-affirmed -by another statute passed in the -year 1718, during the reign of Charles -I. In England and France, at that time, -adult criminals, also juvenile or minor -offenders, were placed on a sort of parole, -and given over to societies, or orders, -for supervision, while the state still -held custody of them, which custody -was relaxed as the good effects of their -being thus placed became more apparent. -The ticket of leave system grew -out of the transportation of criminals by -England to her colonial possessions. -Transportation ceased temporarily in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span> -1775, because of the war with her American -colonies, but it was revived in 1786, -and a consignment of convicts was also -sent in this year to New South Wales.</p> - -<p>The control of this colony was not -regulated by statute, but was left to the -wisdom of the colonial governor. The -necessity of raising crops for their sustenance, -the construction of buildings, -and the making of homes for the colonists, -induced the governor greatly to -modify the sentences of the well-disposed -prisoners, that he might have a -needed moral and possibly a physical -support from them in his administration. -He set many of them free, and gave them -grants of land, and afterwards assigned -to these men, thus free, other convict -laborers who were being received from -the mother country. Following this precedent -it became the custom for the governors -of different penal settlements to -manage each according to his own ideas, -and the custom developed into granting -such liberties as have been included in -the ticket of leave system.</p> - -<p>The holder of the ticket of leave, -which was granted to the convict who -had satisfactorily fulfilled a certain period -of his sentence in the cellular prisons -then adopted in the penal settlements, -would be granted the freedom of the colony -during the remainder of his sentence, -but he was placed under certain -restrictions, such as being confined to -certain districts unless he received a pass -to go elsewhere, and also being obliged -to present himself for inspection to the -authorities monthly, quarterly or yearly, -as provided for in his license, and being -prohibited from carrying fire-arms or -weapons of any kind, except under special -permission. The ticket of leave was -first legalized during the reign of George -IV, between 1820 and 1830, and in 1834 -it was regulated by a statute, which defined -the minimum periods of sentence -by which a ticket of leave could be -gained. For example, it required a service -of four years for a seven year sentence, -six years for a sentence of eight, -and fourteen years for a life sentence, -in what was termed “assigned service or -government employed.” These periods -could be increased by the slightest misconduct -on the part of the prisoner.</p> - -<p>Under this law a convict who had held -a ticket of leave without having been -guilty of misconduct, and who was recommended -by responsible persons in the -district where he resided, could have his -application for a full pardon transferred -by the governor of the colony for the -consideration of the Crown, but Sir Robert -Burke, in a report made by him in -1838, intimates that convicts were -granted ticket of leave to some extent at -the discretion of the home government -upon application of influential persons -in England. Under this system the convict -on ticket of leave was entitled to -his earnings. In case of misconduct, the -employer could complain to the nearest -magistrate, who could order the convict -to be flogged, condemned to work on the -roads, or in the chain gang. Any magistrate -could order 150 lashes, until the -year 1858, when the number was limited -to 50. A convict, if ill-treated, might lay -a complaint against his master, but for -that purpose he must go before a bench -of magistrates, the majority of whom -were owners of convict labor and masters -of assigned convict servants. Such -abuses grew up under this system as to -make life a living hell for the convicts.</p> - -<p>In the year 1838 a committee of parliament -condemned the system of transportation, -with its attached evils, as “being -unequal, without terrors to the criminal -classes, corrupting both the criminal -and colonists, and very expensive.” They -recommended the establishment of penitentiaries -instead. It was then ordered -that no convicts should be assigned for -domestic service, and in the year 1840 -transportation to Australia was stopped -entirely.</p> - -<p>Another advance was made in the year -1842, which was called the “probation -system.” It was founded on the idea of -passing convicts through various stages -of control and discipline, by which it was -hoped to instill a more progressive system -for their improvement. Probation -gangs were established in Van Dieman’s -Land, through which all convicts for -transportation were to pass. These gangs -were scattered through the colony, and -were employed on public works under -the control of the government. A school -master or a clergyman was to be attached<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span> -to each gang. From the probation -gang, the convict passed into a stage -during which he might, with the consent -of the governor, engage in private service -for wages, but he was required to -pay the government a part of the wages, -which was retained as security, and forfeited -if the convict was guilty of any -misconduct. Next followed a ticket of -leave with the same privileges, save that -the freedom of the convict was greatly -enlarged. The last stage was that of a -conditional pardon. This probation system -failed, as Sir Edmond Ducaine -stated, for several reasons: 1st—that -suitable means were not provided for insuring -proper order or discipline in the -probation gang; 2nd—that the officers -of the gangs were characterized by insubordination -and vices, unnatural crimes -being proven to exist to a terrible extent; -3rd—that the demand for labor was -found to be very insufficient to employ -the ticket of leave portion of the men, -so that idleness soon destroyed all the -good that had been accomplished under -the probation system. The difficulty may -be summed up in one or two words—they -did not get to the root of the matter -as regards discipline and labor, and -there was an entire absence of mental -and moral training.</p> - -<p>In the year 1846, Mr. Gladstone decided -that all transportation of convicts -to the outside colonies must be suspended, -and in 1847 the present system -of imprisonment was adopted, under -which convicts must pass through the -prisons before a conditional release will -be granted. Under the present system -of penal servitude in England, there are -three distinct stages of operation. During -the first, which generally lasts nine -months, recently greatly reduced in number, -the prisoner passes his whole -time, except meetings and exercise, in -his cell apart from all other prisoners, -working at some employment, but always -kept separate and alone. During -the second stage he eats and sleeps in -his cell, but works in association with -other prisoners. During the third period -he is conditionally released, but is kept -under the surveillance of the police, reports -at stated periods, and is returned -to prison for any infraction of his licence. -The system is altogether automatic -in its operation, and as far as I can -ascertain about one-half of the entire -number released on ticket of leave, lapse -into crime again.</p> - -<p>The “Prevention of Crimes Act” -passed in 1871 provides that any person -convicted a second time of an indictable -offence may be sentenced to be subject -to the supervision of the police for seven -years after the expiration of his sentence.</p> - -<p>The system of conditional liberation -was adopted by the king of Saxony, in -1862. In the same year it was adopted -by the grand duchy of Oldenburg, by the -Canton of Sargovie in Switzerland, in -1868; the kingdom of Servia, in 1869, -the German Empire, in 1871, Denmark, -in 1879; the Swiss Canton of Vaud, in -1875, also in the same year, the Kingdom -of Croatia in Hungary, the Canton -of Unter Walden, in 1878, the Netherlands, -in 1881, the Empire of Japan, in -1882, the French Republic in 1885, and -since these dates it has been adopted in -Austria, Italy and Portugal. The system -of parole, or conditional liberation, is -also now in vogue in many of the United -States.</p> - -<p>The Canadian parole system, first -adopted for the penitentiaries in the year -1899, and since extended to the jails and -reformatories, differs from any system -now in operation in the entire world, and -will compare favorably with any of them. -There is nothing automatic in the operation -of this system, and it does not conflict -with the remission earned in the -penitentiaries, which applies to all prisoners -whose conduct and industry merit -consideration.</p> - -<p>What, then, is the parole system? I -do not like the general term “ticket of -leave,” which has been the outcome of -many failures, and resulted in the abuse -of many systems, for the term ticket of -leave is one which handicaps the prisoner -who carries this synonym of “jail -bird” printed in large letters on his license, -but the word parole, “my word of -honor,” is a much better term, and more -within the true meaning of a conditional -release.</p> - -<p>It can be said, in view of the various -methods adopted in many countries, that -these systems all acknowledge the principle<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> -of conditional liberty to the citizen -who has forfeited it by crime, and that -a gradual restoration and rehabilitation -is not only feasible, but is expedient to -the higher and best interests of the state. -It is a system which strengthens the -weak, and fits them again for contact -with society, and when they are sufficiently -strong, restores them to full liberty -and good citizenship. The parole system -of Canada not only gives the released -prisoner police supervision, which is an -absolute necessity in keeping in touch -with them, but it makes provision for a -parole officer, as Sir Charles Fitzpatrick -demonstrated to the house of parliament, -as a “go-between” the police and the -prisoner, giving the prisoner protection, -sympathy and care in a time when he -most needs a helping hand.</p> - -<p>The parole system came in vogue in -Canada under the late Honorable David -Mills, then Minister of Justice, in the -year 1899. He was followed by Sir -Charles Fitzpatrick, who not only took -a deep interest in the system, but he -placed it on a well-organized plan of -operation, and the present minister of -justice, the Honorable A. B. Aylesworth, -has been working out this organization -with splendid success. The minister of -justice occupies a unique position, having -at his command the reports from the -trial judges, the parole officer, the wardens -and jailors of the institutions and -the dominion police, for the investigation -of complex cases. His position is a much -stronger one than that of a “board of pardons,” -or any local system operated in -other countries, and it would be a step -backward to even consider an alteration -of our Canadian system. The minister of -justice considers every application for a -parole on its merits, and free from local -prejudice or influence.</p> - -<p>It has also been demonstrated that the -Canadian parole system is working harmoniously -with the principles of law and -order in every community in which it is -in operation, and that it has never been -governed by that mawkish sentimentality -which would convert a penitentiary -into a summer resort, with perfumed -baths, carpets, paintings, or orchestras -for the prisoners. The administration -realizes that the inmates are criminals, -sentenced to confinement on account of -crime, and to convert a penitentiary into -a place of recreation and amusement -would be to pervert the purposes for -which it was instituted. In our Canadian -institutions, men are punished for criminal -offences, and on this fact or basis -only the mercy of a parole can be safely -administered. One fact I desire to lay -stress upon is that our convicts receive -a wholesome, humane treatment which -leads to the beneficial results of our parole -system.</p> - -<p>As to the results of the parole system -since 1899 in Canada, the following facts -are quoted:</p> - - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Paroles granted from penitentiaries</td> -<td class="tdr">1,903</td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Paroles granted from prisons, jails and reformatories</td> -<td class="tdr">1,276</td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"></td> -<td class="tdr">————</td> -<td class="tdrp">3,079</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Licenses cancelled</td> -<td class="tdr">103</td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Licenses forfeited</td> -<td class="tdr">62</td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"></td> -<td class="tdr">————</td> -<td class="tdrp">165</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Sentences completed</td> -<td class="tdr">1,915</td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Still reporting</td> -<td class="tdr">999</td> -<td class="tdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"></td> -<td class="tdr">————</td> -<td class="tdrp">2,914</td> -</tr> -</table> - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_MASSACHUSETTS_PRISON_ASSOCIATION">THE MASSACHUSETTS PRISON ASSOCIATION</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center fs80"><b>[From a leaflet just issued by the Massachusetts Prison Association we take the following facts:]</b></p> - - -<p>The Association was formed in 1899 -to enlighten public opinion concerning -the prevention and treatment of crime, -to secure the improvement of penal legislation, -and to aid released prisoners in -living honorably. Until the Association -was formed, there was no organization -in the state to do the work of “enlightening -public opinion concerning the prevention -and treatment of crime.” The -literature of the Association has been -distributed widely for educational purposes. -Its annual appeal for Prison Sunday -has met with a response from many -churches, and a greatly improved public -sentiment has been developed. During -1910 the Association printed and distributed -75,000 pages of printed matter. -The public press and the lecture platform -has been used also.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p> - -<p>Three important changes have been -made through the efforts of the Association, -in the probation laws. Arrested persons -who, after investigation by the probation -officer, are found to be occasional -offenders, are released from the station, -by his direction, with a warning that a -record has been made, and that another -offense may be followed by punishment, -38,813 being so released in 1910. Since -the time available before the opening of -the court does not permit a full investigation -of all cases, doubtful ones are -sent to the court which has authority to -release the occasional offender without -arraignment. The offender suffers from -public exposure in court, but is saved -from the stigma of a trial and conviction; -25,295 were so released in 1910.</p> - -<p>Commitment to prison formerly followed -immediately after the imposition of -a fine, if it was not paid on the spot. A -new law, secured by the Association, authorizes -the court to give a prisoner time -to get his fine. He is placed under the supervision -of a probation officer, to whom -he pays the fine. The receipts from fines -collected last year under the suspended -sentence amounted to $25,379.</p> - -<p>In connection with the abolition or the -establishment of correctional institutions, -the Association has succeeded in bringing -about the abolition of the South Boston -house of correction, and the establishment -of the Shirley state industrial school -for boys, a reformatory on the farm -school plan for boys between the ages -of 15 and 18. Through the efforts of -the Association probation officers have -been appointed in the superior court. In -1906 the society played a prominent part -in bringing about the treatment of juvenile -offenders as delinquents rather than -as criminals. Back in 1900 the Association -advocated a bill, which was passed -providing for a central probation bureau. -Not until 1908, through another -law, was the principle of this bill put -into execution. The Association secured -a law expediting criminal trials by giving -the lower courts jurisdiction over a greater -number of offenses.</p> - -<p>Recently the society has secured the -passage of a law requiring the state -inspectors of health to make an annual -inspection of police stations, lockups and -houses of detention, and to make rules -for such places, relative to the care and -use of drinking cups, dishes, bedding -and ventilation. The law requires that -no such places shall be built, hereafter, -until the plans have been approved by the -state board. A supplementary law extended -this provision to jails and houses -of correction.</p> - -<p>In the assisting of discharged prisoners -the Association has often filled the -place of next friend. In 1910 the Association -gave relief to 335 different men. -The receipts of the Association were in -1910 $3,682, and the expenditures, $3,678.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="NEW_PRISON">A NEW KIND OF PRISON</h2> -</div> - - -<p>At the annual meeting of the American -prison association at Omaha, Mr. W. -C. Zimmerman, state architect of Illinois, -presented to the careful scrutiny -of most of the principal wardens in the -United States a half-section model of -the new cell house which is to be the -unit of construction in the proposed Illinois -state prison of which Mr. Zimmerman -is the architect. In view of the -novelty of the prison plan proposed by -Mr. Zimmerman and in view furthermore -of the general approval, often enthusiastic, -which the wardens gave to -the plan and the model, a brief description -is submitted herewith to the readers -of the Review.</p> - -<p>At present the prevailing construction -of cell blocks in the United States -embodies the following features: (a) -the walls of the building; (b) the corridor -next the wall; (c) the cell blocks, -which are back to back, except for the -so-called utility corridor which separate -the rows of cells. In short, it is a -cell block built within a building known -as the cell house. It is obvious that the -natural light for the cells must come -through windows in the wall of the -building.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span></p> - -<figure class="figcenter illowp75" id="i_008" style="max-width: 44.8125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_008.jpg" alt=""> - <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center fs80">Half-section Model of Proposed Illinois State Prison Cell Houses. -(See “A New Kind of Prison,” <a href="#NEW_PRISON">page 7</a>)</p></figcaption> -</figure> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span></p> - -<p>European prison construction is the -exact opposite, in that the cells are built -on the “outside” principle, that is, up -against the walls of the cell house. The -corridor, therefore, is in the middle of -the cell house and each cell has a room -to itself with a barred window to the -outside air.</p> - -<p>The “inside” cell construction in the -United States has been held to have several -distinct advantages, for the utility -corridor, containing the various pipes, -wires, etc., is an economical form of construction. -The cells on the “inside” are -furthermore safer in that the cell door -acts as a window and the prisoner in order -to escape must first go through the -cell door, then through the wall of the -cell house and then over the wall of the -prison grounds.</p> - -<figure class="figcenter illowp75" id="i_009" style="max-width: 91.6875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_009.jpg" alt=""> - <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center fs80">Plan of Proposed Illinois State Prison. (See “A New Kind of Prison,” <a href="#NEW_PRISON">page 7</a>)</p></figcaption> -</figure> - -<p>Prisons built on the “inside” plan are -strongly criticised because of the limited -amount of direct sunlight and direct -fresh air that may be admitted to -the cells. The importance of these two -essentials of life is obvious. A further -objection to the “inside” cell plan is that -as the cells have no doors, the acts and -the words of one prisoner can be readily -heard or learned throughout a good part -of the cell house. Supervision with -either the “inside” or the “outside” plan -is at present carried on through the patrolling -of the corridors by a guard.</p> - -<p>The plan evolved by Mr. Zimmerman -for the cell house of the new Joliet prison<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> -seemingly overcomes the above objections -in a most careful manner. It -is proposed by Mr. Zimmerman to build -circular shaped cell houses about 120 feet -in diameter, placing the cells against the -cell house wall and thus assuring direct -light and air. Now comes the novelty. -Instead of having an open front of steel -bars, heavy glass will be fitted into the -open space between these bars so as to -make a completely closed room out of -the cell. A full view, however, of this -room is possible from a central point. -This central point is a steel shaft in the -center of the cell house, enclosing a -circular stairway. The stairway will be -as high as the highest tier of cells, and -from a position half way up the circular -stairway, which is completely sheathed -with steel, the guard within the “conning -tower” has a full view of each and -every cell, at the mere turn of his head. -The shaft will be arranged with narrow -slots opposite the level of the eye so -that it will be impossible for inmates -to see the guard and impossible to -know at what time they are under observation. -The shaft will be bullet proof, -which in case of possible mutiny assures -absolute safety for the guard. An -armed guard could undoubtedly from -his secure position readily control a mob -even though the mob be fully armed. -Entrance to the shaft will be possible -only through a tunnel which opens into -the administration building outside the -prison enclosure.</p> - -<p>A number of these circular cell houses -will be erected as indicated in the group -plan here published. That this arrangement -lends itself most readily to extension -is evident.</p> - -<p>Another novel feature is the possibility -of classification of prisoners in different -groups. Easily moving partitions -will be erected as high as the upper tier -of rooms and placed with sufficient frequency -so that no prisoner can see from -his cell into that of any other cell, an arrangement -which does not interfere with -the view of the guard in the “conning -tower” into any room of the cell house.</p> - -<p>Escape seems practically impossible, -for the guard in the “conning tower” -will have at his hand a complete system -of levers, push buttons, etc., electrically -controlled in such a way that at any -time the locks of any or all of the tiers -may be locked or unlocked and the lights -in any or all of the cells may be dimmed -or increased.</p> - -<p>In order that all rooms may obtain direct -sunlight the roof will be made -largely of glass and the diameter of the -cell house is sufficiently large to admit of -the shining of the sun into the lowest -tier of rooms facing the north. Most -of the rooms will enjoy direct sunlight -at some period of the day through the -outside window.</p> - -<p>The building of this prison in Illinois -will be watched with great interest by all -those in the United States interested in -the construction of prisons and in the -proper housing of the delinquent. The -circular form of prison is not entirely -new. In 1901 a circular prison was -built in Haarlem, Holland, to accommodate -about 400 inmates. The Haarlem -prison, however, has wooden doors for -each cell which renders the supervision -of the prisoners much more difficult. -The specially new features of Mr. Zimmerman’s -plan are the glass inside front, -the circular form of construction, the -central stairway with its “conning tower,” -the partition providing for the obstruction -of vision, for the classification -of prisoners and the elimination of a -number of the attendants otherwise -needed for supervision. Mr. Zimmerman -believes that this cell house can be -built for ten per cent. less than the -familiar rectangular cell block.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="OUR_FIRST_ANNUAL_MEETING">OUR FIRST ANNUAL MEETING</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The first annual meeting of the National -Prisoners’ Aid Association was -held at Omaha, Nebraska, on Monday, -October 16, while the members of the -Association were in attendance upon -the American Prison Association annual -meeting in that city. That the National -Prisoners’ Aid Association meeting was -encouraging to its members there can -be no doubt. In fact two meetings were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> -held, one an adjourned meeting. At -each meeting from 30 to 40 members -were present.</p> - -<p>In a report sent out by the secretary -to the various prisoners’ aid societies in -the United States, the following paragraphs -occur:</p> - -<p>Vice President F. Emory Lyon was -in the chair. After Mr. Lyon had stated -the purpose of the annual meeting and -had outlined briefly the history of the -Association, the Secretary, O. F. Lewis -of New York, was asked to report. The -main business presented by Mr. Lewis -was the question of the publication of -the Review, a monthly periodical of sixteen -or more pages, which has been published -since January, 1911, in the interest -of the National Prisoners’ Aid Association -by Mr. Lewis as editor.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lewis showed that the receipts of -the Review had been up to the 6th of -October $503.67, that the disbursements -for the same period had been $445.97, -leaving a balance of $57.70 in the treasury; -that the principal items had been</p> - - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Printing the Review</td> -<td class="tdr">$388.82</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Postage</td> -<td class="tdr">46.50</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Other expenses</td> -<td class="tdr">10.65</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"></td> -<td class="tdr">—————</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"></td> -<td class="tdr">$445.97</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p>Mr. Lewis then raised the question of -the continuance of the publication of the -Review. The expression was unanimous -that the Review was a useful paper and -should be continued and developed; that -the affiliating societies should so far as -possible obtain contributions and raise -their own contributions to the Review; -that the Review should be continued to -be published by Mr. Lewis; that the -affiliating societies should furnish more -information for the Review than during -the last year. Mr. Lewis on his part -stated that he would gladly continue to -be editor of the Review and would do -what he could to obtain further contributions -in New York and vicinity.</p> - -<p>The meeting then proceeded to consider -the nomination and election of officers -for the ensuing year. After a -frank and sincere discussion as to the -proportional representation on the board -of officers and executive committee of -the various associations represented in -the national association, it was voted on -motion of Mr. Lewis that a nominating -committee of five be appointed from the -floor and the following persons were -named:</p> - -<p>Mr. Parsons of Minnesota, Mr. Lewis -of New York, Mr. Cornwall of Massachusetts, -Mr. McClaren of Oregon and -Mr. Messlein of Illinois.</p> - -<p>The meeting was then adjourned until -5.30 of the same date.</p> - -<p>The adjourned meeting of the National -Prisoners’ Aid Association was held -at 5.30 P. M., October 16, 1911, at the -Hotel Rome, Omaha. Vice President -Lyon in the chair.</p> - -<p>The nominating committee brought in -the following list of officers and executive -committee for election: President: -Judge Carver of Topeka, Kansas; Vice -President: William R. French of Chicago; -Secretary and Treasurer: O. F. -Lewis of New York; Executive Committee: -General Edward Fielding, Chicago; -F. Emory Lyon, Chicago; E. A. -Fredenhagen, Kansas City; Joseph P. -Byers, Newark, N. J.; W. G. McClaren, -Portland, Oregon; R. B. McCord, Atlanta. -Georgia; and A. H. Votaw, Philadelphia, -Pa.</p> - -<p>On motion of Mr. Fredenhagen, the -above persons were elected officers and -members of the executive committee respectively.</p> - -<p>A brief discussion followed on methods -of supporting the Review.</p> - -<p>It was voted that the executive committee -of the National Prisoners’ Aid -Association should in their discretion -ask of the American Prison Association -that the National Prisoners’ Aid Association -be recognized as a section of the -American Prison Association, and that -it should have on the program of the -1912 American Prison Association one -of the sessions.</p> - -<p>Adjourned at 6:30 P. M.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="NEW_YORK_CITYS_BOARD_OF_INEBRIETY">NEW YORK CITY’S BOARD OF INEBRIETY</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The city of New York has taken initial -steps to make more adequate provision -for dealing with inebriates and -persons arrested for public intoxication. -Following the enactment of a law authorizing -the city to establish such a -board, the board of estimate and apportionment -of the city appointed a special -committee to inquire into the feasibility -and advisability of undertaking such a -work. As a result of the report of the -committee the board of estimate and apportionment -decided to initiate the -work. In accordance with provisions of -the law, the mayor appointed a board of -five members. The commissioner of -public charities and the commissioner of -correction are ex-officio members of the -board.</p> - -<p>This board has started its preliminary -work. Possible sites for institutions -have been studied and a request for -funds for carrying on the work of the -board has been made to the city authorities. -In the budget for the coming year, -provision is made for a sufficient amount -of money for the board to secure a secretary -and necessary office assistance. -The appointment of a secretary, who -can give his whole time to the work, will -enable the board to study the problem -further and formulate more in detail -their plans and present them to the city -for its ratification by providing the necessary -funds for carrying them out.</p> - -<p>This board has been established to do -a most important piece of work. It will -provide not only a hospital and industrial -colony for the care of inebriates, -but will establish under its jurisdiction a -system of special probation work for -cases of intoxication. The work of the -board will doubtless be watched by persons -interested in this work all over the -country. A measure similar to the New -York city law, giving authority to any -city of the first or second class in the -state of New York to make provision -for the care and treatment of inebriates, -was enacted at the last session -of the legislature, and a committee has -been formed in the city of Buffalo to -secure the adoption of the plan in that -city.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="EVENTS_IN_BRIEF">EVENTS IN BRIEF</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center fs80"><b>[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of general interest, relating to the prison field -and the treatment of the delinquent.]</b></p> - - -<p><cite>The American Prison Association.</cite>—Under -the title, “The Problem of Prisons.” -the Outlook describes thus the recent -annual meeting:</p> - -<p>“A noteworthy interest in the proper -employment of the prisoners in American -prisons, reformatories, and jails was -the keynote of the annual congress of -the American prison association held recently -at Omaha. This interest resulted -in the appointment of a special committee, -in which the name of the president -of the American federation of labor is -found among others, to investigate thoroughly -prison labor conditions in this -country and to report recommendations -at the next year’s congress in Baltimore -as to the best labor methods to be pursued -in the correctional institutions of -the various states. No more far-reaching -action has been taken by the American -prison association in the last decade. -The sessions of the Omaha congress -teemed with aspects of the labor problem. -From New Zealand the success of -reforestation by prisoners was reported: -from Toronto, the remarkable working -of convicts on a wide prison farm without -armed guards. From the District of -Columbia came reports of several successful -years of collection of important -sums from convicted offenders on probation, -for the benefit and support of -their families. Colorado has built almost -half a hundred miles of state road -by prisoners in the open, and other -states have emulated the record. The -congress was permeated with the feeling -that prisoners should be steadily and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span> -profitably employed, not exploited by -state or corporation or individual, and -that so far as possible the families of -prisoners should receive some portion of -their earnings. Two other currents -were strongly felt: one for the rational -development of recreation in correctional -institutions, the other for the more -careful study of the mental and physical -condition of each inmate. Baseball, lectures, -concerts, prison schools, and other -educational features were warmly advocated. -Outdoor sports on a week-end -half-day were held to be not only a valuable -‘exhaust pipe’ for pent-up spirits -and emotions developed in a necessarily -abnormal condition of living, but also a -distinct part of the plan of re-creation -that is a prominent purpose of imprisonment. -As to mental and physical defectives, -the testimony of specialists was -strong, not only that a considerable percentage -of prison inmates are mentally -backward and deficient, thus requiring -special treatment rather than ordinary -prison discipline, but that many industrial -and living conditions, in which offenders, -young and old, have found -themselves, tend predominantly to crime. -In several sessions emphasis was laid -also on the deplorable absence of statistics -regarding crime in the United -States, it being shown to be impossible -to-day to tell whether crime is increasing -or decreasing or what the general results -of imprisonment in prisons or reformatories -are. Encouraging indeed was the -frank introspection that the prison wardens -and boards of managers gave to -this and their own work. Of special interest -was the report of Attorney-General -Wickersham on the success up to -the present time of the parole system for -United States prisoners, who now may -be paroled, if first offenders, at the end -of a third of the maximum term of -their imprisonment, by the action of a -board of parole consisting of the warden -of the penitentiary in which the prisoner -is confined and representatives of the -Federal department of justice. The Attorney-General -advocated the extension of the parole system to cover the cases -of life prisoners, details of administration -of which would naturally be worked -out in legislation.”</p> - -<p>The following officers were chosen:</p> - -<p>President—Frederick G. Pettigrove, -Boston.</p> - -<p>General Secretary—Joseph P. Byers, -Newark, N. J.</p> - -<p>Financial Secretary—H. H. Shirer, -Columbus, Ohio.</p> - -<p>Treasurer—Frederick H. Mills, New -York city.</p> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p><em>Convicts on Roads.</em>—Warden Wolfer -of the Minnesota state prison is quoted -in the Des Moines, Iowa, Capital as follows:</p> - -<p>“The use of convicts in building roads -is wrong in principle. In the first place -the sight of convicts upon the public -highways has a detrimental effect upon -the young people, it is apt to inspire in -them any but the purest of thoughts. But -the worst effect is upon the convict himself. -He is subject to public shame and -humiliation, and if he is making an effort -to reform, he becomes easily discouraged. -I have no objection to preparing -the stone and other materials for -road building by the prisoners, provided -it is done within the prison walls. The talk -that the use of convicts upon the highway -will eliminate the conflict between convict -labor and free labor does not prove out. -The exhibition of the convict upon the -highway only tends to aggravate the conflict, -as it gives the lazy free laborer a -chance to claim that he would work on -the roads if it wasn’t for the convict. It -is too expensive a method of road building.”</p> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p><em>The Occoquan Workhouse.</em>—The entire -supervision of the District of Columbia -workhouse at Occoquan probably -will soon be given to the Board of Charities. -Under the law charitable, correctional, -and penal institutions in the -District come under the board’s supervision. -The workhouse will, it is believed, -shortly emerge from the engineering -stage and be ready to pass under -the control of the board, as is the jail -at present.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span></p> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p><em>Grim Humor.</em>—The Germans describe -that grim humor that emanates from cynics -in distress as “gallows humor.” -Here is a bit of it from the monthly -prison paper of the inmates of the -Charlestown (Mass.) state prison. It is -a drama synopsis.</p> - - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Act I. Incarceration</div> - <div class="verse indent8">Commutation</div> - <div class="verse indent10">On probation</div> - <div class="verse indent12">“Fine!”</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Act II. Animation</div> - <div class="verse indent8">Expectation</div> - <div class="verse indent10">Situation</div> - <div class="verse indent12">“Wine.”</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Act III. Condescension</div> - <div class="verse indent8">False Pretension</div> - <div class="verse indent10">Apprehension</div> - <div class="verse indent12">“Bats.”</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Act IV. Judication</div> - <div class="verse indent8">Condemnation</div> - <div class="verse indent10">Long Vacation</div> - <div class="verse indent12">“Rats.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p><em>Antiquated Methods at Fall River.</em>—The -citizens of Fall River, Mass., have -recently been aroused by a revelation of -conditions prevailing in the central station -house of that city. Because of the -lack of modern detention quarters, children, -women and men of all degrees of -vice are crowded together in a common -compartment. A clergyman, who investigated -the place, says:</p> - -<p>“I found two children there, a boy -and a girl, about twelve years of age. At -night the station filled up with its inevitable -horde of drunkards and offending -women, whose language, if not immediate -presence, was forced upon these -children. I called upon the boy on Sunday -and found him the companion of the -loose women whose cases were to be -heard in court Monday morning. I have -nothing to say in regard to the accommodation -of the men and women who -must needs be shut up. But I think the -treatment accorded to these children was -outrageous.</p> - -<p>“Why were they there? For the inexcusable, -the damnable reason, that there -was nothing else to be done with them. -I am not criticising the officers of the -central station. They are extremely kind -to these children. It is the city of Fall -River that is responsible. The community -is committing an offence against children. -If the city, as by all means it -should, will take in hand either to punish -or reform little children, it ought -to make provision to properly accommodate -such.”</p> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p><em>Convict Labor in Colorado.</em>—The rapidly -spreading custom of employing convict -labor on the roads is strongly indorsed -by the experience of Governor -Shafroth of Colorado. Under the Colorado -system, Governor Shafroth says:</p> - -<p>“The prisoners, in large gangs and with -but two overseers in charge, work on the -state roads, and at times are two hundred -miles distant from the penitentiary. -There is no confinement, guards or other -precaution, yet during the past year there -was a net loss of only two men by escape. -In one instance a piece of road -was constructed through solid rock for -$6,000, that would have cost $30,000 under -the contract system.”</p> - -<p>That the convicts are reconciled to the -conditions, the Governor explains is due -to a law providing that the time of every -prisoner is commuted ten days for every -thirty he works upon the roads, and the -penalty of three years added to the original -term of very convict who escapes, -in case he is recaptured. The convicts -are in better health than they can possibly -be when kept in prison, and work -harder than men who are paid by the -day.</p> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p><em>Prison Verse.</em>—“Verses of Hope” is -the title given to a book of poems, written -by prisoners at the Kansas state -prison, and published under the direction -of the chaplain.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">I wonder now that parents ever fret</div> - <div class="verse indent2">At little children clinging to their feet;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Or that the racket, when the day is spent,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Brings angry words to them so pure and sweet;</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Oh, if I could find a muddy shoe,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Or cap or jacket on my prison floor;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">If I could mend a broken cart today,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Tomorrow make a kite to reach the sky,</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> - <div class="verse indent0">There is no man in all God’s world could be</div> - <div class="verse indent2">More blissfully content than I.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">I sometimes think I’d rather be forgot</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Than be remembered by the things I’ve done</div> - <div class="verse indent0">I’ve often wished my name was but a blot,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">On mortal scrolls of battles lost and won.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Or rather still I’d like to be a child,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">As innocent as in those other days,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">If from stern duty’s path I was beguiled,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Ere I had reached the parting of the ways.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">But still I see the folly of my fears,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">For something seems to say: “It’s not too late;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">For to whatever port the pilot steers,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">He may return. It is not left to Fate.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Turn failure into victory,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Don’t let your courage fade;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And even if you get a lemon,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Just make the lemon aid.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p><em>Night Court Proposed for Baltimore.</em>—A -night court, modeled after the Night -Court of New York city, should be incorporated -in the proposed reform of -the police magistracy system of Baltimore, -according to Justice Alva H. Tyson. -He believes that the numerous instances -of innocent people having to -spend a night in a cell in a police station -is a relic of a crude governmental -system, beyond which Baltimore should -have passed years ago.</p> - -<p>Another great field in Baltimore for -charitable endeavor has been exploited in -New York—that is probationary systems -for women. Under the present magistracy -system of Baltimore, almost all -women who are arrested on minor -charges, unless hardened criminals, have -to be dismissed. What is a magistrate -today to do with a woman on her first -offense of having too much to drink -in the opinion of a police officer? -There should be a probationary official to -whom she could be released and who -could look after her future conduct.</p> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p><em>Farm Work for “Convalescent” Offenders.</em>—A -new plan, intended to give -Kansas convicts a new idea of life, has -been put into effect at the Kansas penitentiary, -according to the report of Warden -J. K. Codding to Governor Stubbs. -Every man that is sent to the prison is -given six months’ work on the farm just -previous to his release. The men get -out in the open. They are tanned and -sunburned, have more liberty, less discipline, -get close to nature and leave the -prison with the hatred of men and laws -gone and really wanting to try to live -better lives. Since the new system has -been tried not one released convict has -come back. Warden Codding believes -that through this system Kansas may -gain a record for a minimum number of -second-term men which will be lower -than that of any other state.</p> - -<p>Many years ago an island in the Missouri -river was sold to the state. The -island has never been used, and the lands -owned by the state around the prison -have never been used to any great extent -for farming. Warden Codding began -work two years ago, and the first thing -he did was to give the prisoners half an -hour’s liberty each day in the prison yard. -The men can do anything they wish during -that half hour. They can talk to -each other and the guard, play ball, pitch -horse shoes, play croquet or a dozen other -games.</p> - -<p>The prisoners had been morose and -sullen, and there were twenty-two insane -prisoners in the hospital and a half dozen -tuberculosis patients. The plan was -adopted to see if the insanity and tuberculosis -could not be stopped. Not a new -patient has developed in 14 months, and -there is not a single prisoner in the tuberculosis -hospital at this time.</p> - -<p>“The farm does two things of great -importance,” says Warden Codding. -“The first is that it gives the men a new -aspect of life as they are about to leave -the prison. The farm work and a half -hour recreation period have reduced the -ordinary prison vices seventy per cent. -The plan of working the men on the farm -has not been going long enough to make -any figures, but I believe that there will -be a less percentage of men returned to -prison for second terms now than under -the old plan of keeping them confined all -the time.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span></p> - -<p><em>The State of Jails in Massachusetts.</em>—The -state board of health of Massachusetts -finds 45 jails in the commonwealth -unfit for occupancy. They are -unsanitary and not properly managed. -Describing his incarceration in the Middlesex -county house of correction in -Somerville, Mass., Rev. E. E. Bayliss -said in the Boston American of September -24th, that</p> - -<p>“When prisoners are admitted they are -given no medical examination whatever. -The weak, the strong, the sick and the -well are all one in the eyes of the prison -officials. All receive the same food and -the same treatment.</p> - -<p>“The result is that there are any number -of prisoners suffering from very serious -and shocking diseases, who receive -either no treatment or treatment of the -most perfunctionory sort. In addition all -these men use the same knives and forks, -the same drinking cups, and the same -towels as the rest of the men. They are -shaved every day with the same razor.</p> - -<p>“In other words no precautions whatever -are taken to guard healthy individuals -from contamination from diseases, -the virulence and contagiousness of which -are only too well known.</p> - -<p>“The sanitary conditions of the jail -are abominable. They are not fit to describe -in print, and they nauseate me -when I think of them. The bedding, -walls and floors swarm with vermin, and -the half-hearted attempt to get rid of -them by an occasional sprinkling of ill-smelling -powder only emphasizes their -presence.</p> - -<p>“Humanity, common courtesy, the -slightest sympathetic realization that we -are all human beings, after all, is unknown. -There is no one to say a good -word to the prisoners. During the three -months I was there we had only two -sermons, and these were perfunctory in -the extreme, and delivered without the -slightest idea of appropriateness and of -crying spiritual needs of the listeners.”</p> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p><em>Alien Criminals.</em>—A study recently -made by Joseph P. Byers, general secretary -of the state charities and prison -reform association of New Jersey shows -that 35 per cent. of the prisoners in that -state are foreign born. Of the inmates -of the state reformatory, 23 per cent. are -foreign-born and 45 per cent. are either -foreign-born or of foreign parentage.</p> - -<p>Alien prisoners in 1909-10 comprised -one-fourth of all the inmates of the state -prison of New York.</p> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p><em>Prison Philosophy.</em>—From the -Charlestown (Mass.) state prison paper, -the Mentor, come the following verses, -written by a prisoner.</p> - - -<p class="center">CHANCE</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">He made us all of flesh and blood,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And we, in troth, are kin;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">You in your place as ruler stood,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">I in my place of sin.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">A turn in the mould, a spot in the clay,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Would have changed our spheres of life;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Mine would have been the glorious day,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">And yours the bitter strife.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Brothers in spirit and brothers in form,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Only a step apart;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">One life was lost in a raging storm,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">One saved by a fairer start.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p><em>What Miss Jane Addams Says.</em>—“More -and more our reformatories are -filled, not with criminals, but with the -boys who have in them the basis of play -unsatisfied, the basis of art unfulfilled, -even those beginnings of variation from -types which we call genius.</p> - -<p>“It is these children, our brightest and -best, whom we are spoiling by giving -them no proper chance for development. -The city offers adventurous children -nothing to satisfy their desire for pleasure, -nothing which will allow them to -cherish their determination to conquer -the world and make it a better one.</p> - -<p>“So these children go out and get into -trouble, or else they stay in their poor -houses and factories and turn into stupid -dullards, all initiative, all ambition -stamped out of them.”</p> - -<hr class="r5"> - -<p>A commission, one of whose members -is Governor Harmon, is seeking a site -for a new reformatory in Ohio.</p> - -<p>The commission wants 300 acres of -land, and an appropriation of $200,000 -was made for purchasing the site and -beginning the preliminary work. The -commission proposes to locate the prison -within a radius of 50 or 60 miles of Columbus.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - - -<div class="transnote"> - -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<ul> -<li>pg <a href="#Page_1">1</a> Added periods after the word Committee, 4 times</li> -<li>pg <a href="#Page_4">4</a> Changed criminal classes, corruping to: corrupting</li> -<li>pg <a href="#Page_6">6</a> Changed jails and refomatories to: reformatories</li> -<li>pg <a href="#Page_10">10</a> Removed repeated word than from: less than than the familiar</li> -<li>pg <a href="#Page_11">11</a> Changed a nominating commitee to: committee</li> -<li>pg <a href="#Page_11">11</a> Added period after letter R in: R B. McCord</li> -<li>pg <a href="#Page_15">15</a> Changed things of great importance. to: importance,</li> -</ul> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 1911 ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. 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