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diff --git a/old/69895-0.txt b/old/69895-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a916353..0000000 --- a/old/69895-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1133 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The farm and the woodlot, by J. E. -Barton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The farm and the woodlot - -Author: J. E. Barton - -Release Date: January 29, 2023 [eBook #69895] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FARM AND THE -WOODLOT *** - - - - - -[Illustration: Black locust grove in pasture on poor soil. Seed sown -in plowed land, in rows four feet apart. Nine years ago cultivated one -year, and since thinned twice. 197 trees on one-half acre will make 514 -posts (7′-3″). Photo by U. S. Forest Service.] - - - - - The Farm and the Woodlot - - By J. E. BARTON, - State Forester of Kentucky. - - Published by the direction of the State Board of - Forestry. - - GOVERNOR JAMES B. MCCREARY, - Chairman. - - JOHN W. NEWMAN, - Commissioner of Agriculture. - - JOSEPH H. KASTLE, - Director, Kentucky Experiment Station. - - HON. JOHNSON N. CAMDEN, - Versailles. - - HON. W. H. MACKOY, - Covington. - - MRS. MASON MAURY, - Louisville. - - - - - THE FARM AND THE WOODLOT - - - INTRODUCTION. - -Undoubtedly, one of the most important phases of the forestry work, -so far as the individual States are concerned, is the question of the -woodlot and its improvement. In the Eastern States――that is, those east -of the Mississippi River――a very considerable portion of the forested -areas within each State is in the form of woodlots which are a part -of and an adjunct to the farm so that in any comprehensive forest -policy for the Eastern United States a great deal of attention must be -focused upon this phase of the work. This is, undoubtedly, true so far -as Kentucky is concerned where, as a whole, the land is held in fee -simple by the citizens of the State as farms from a few acres in size -up to several thousand acres. By the majority of the owners of these -farms, the value and importance of the woodlot is little understood -nor has the practice of forestry as it applies to these woodlots any -significance whatsoever. The object of this bulletin is to make clear -just what forestry is, the relation of scientific forestry to the -improvement of the woodlot and the economical part which the farm -woodlot plays in the industrial and social welfare of the State. As a -matter of fact, this is one of the most difficult features of the work -to present properly, because it is a hard matter to make clear to the -average individual just why a woodlot is an asset in connection with -his property and how the improvement and care of his woodlot concerns -him closely and means a proportional increase directly in the actual -money value of the material on hand and indirectly in ways which do not -present themselves readily unless the attention is focused on them――as -for example, the value of a woodlot as a wind-break in connection with -an orchard or in connection with the farm as a whole, or the value of -a wooded area on an easily eroded hillside as a fixative for the soil -and a preventative against the deterioration of the cultivated areas -below it. The effort then of this bulletin will be――first, to show -how the average woodlot may be brought to a standard of productivity -compatible with the complete utilization of the ground, and second, to -show in detail what the direct and indirect benefits of a woodlot in -connection with any farm will be under the best circumstances. In the -preparation of this bulletin, free use has been made of all bulletins -and publications on this subject, which the writer has been able to get -hold of and acknowledgment is made to these as a whole, since it would -be impracticable to make complete individual acknowledgement. - - - WHAT IS FORESTRY? - -To the average individual, forestry as a science does not mean -very much. The impression is that it has to do with the trees, but -to what extent and how it deals with this question is by no means -thoroughly understood. In the first place, forestry deals with trees -as a community and not as an individual――that is, it deals with them -in the bulk and in this respect differs from kindred sciences where -the individual tree is a matter of concern. The forester is often -called upon to answer questions and discuss matters with relation to -shade trees or ornamental trees, but this is not a matter within his -province properly, but is a matter for the landscape architect or -horticulturist. Forestry primarily concerns itself with the planting -and growing of trees for sale at a profit. Occasionally forestry may -concern itself with the growing and raising of trees for purposes -where the money value of the crop, while it may not be as evident as -where the trees are placed on the market and sold, is nevertheless, a -real money consideration. This is the case, where certain areas are -planted for the purification and conservation of a city water supply. -Here the actual worth of the forest is the value to the people of the -city or community of pure drinking water. This will be the case in -the Catskill Mountains where enormous expenditures are being made for -supplying New York City with pure water and where the purity of this -water supply depends upon the maintenance of certain areas in forest -growth. Forestry then, so far as it relates to the farm and woodlot, -may be defined as dealing with trees as communities and the growing and -marketing of these trees for a profit. It is a simple proposition, the -same as raising corn. In raising corn, the ground is prepared, the seed -is planted at a certain time in the spring, the necessary attention is -given during the growing season and in the fall it is harvested and -sold. A certain price is obtained for the grain and a certain price for -the stalks, usually in the form of fodder for stock. The chief value -of the corn crop depends upon the number of bushels per acre of corn -(grain) that have been produced and the kind and quality of corn there -is to market. The kind and quality of the corn crop depends on the -selection of seed. All this is accomplished within a year’s time――the -planting, the harvesting, the cultivation and the sale of the product. -Forestry is exactly the same proposition. The stock is selected, the -trees are planted, the necessary attention is given them during the -growing period, and eventually the crop is harvested and marketed for -the best price obtainable. The value of the timber crop depends on -how much material you raise to the acre, the kind and quality of the -product you have to market and the demand in the market for the class -of material to which the timber crop is particularly adapted. The chief -difference is this: that, whereas, the corn crop has been planted, -harvested and marketed within one growing season, a forest crop takes -a period of growing seasons before it is ready to market. The precise -length of this period depends on the kind of material you are to raise, -as fence posts, ties, lumber, etc. - - - IMPROVEMENT OF THE WOODLOT. - -What then can be done to show the man most concerned, the farmer, the -importance of the improvement of his woodlot? First, an attempt will be -made to set forth the matter as clearly as possible in print, which is -the object of this bulletin; and the necessary steps will then be taken -to furnish an ocular demonstration of the facts herein set forth by -the establishment of nurseries and the maintenance of model woodlots. -On the big majority of farms in Kentucky, there are certain areas which -are not good farm land and never will be for a variety of reasons -(inferior soil, rocky soil, too steep a slope, etc.); but these lands -in most cases can produce timber crops and should be producing them, -since they are a commercial adjunct to the farm and bring in a revenue. -As Mr. W. F. Cook, of Hickman County, says, “It is a great deal more -valuable than giving the land over to weeds and wild briars.” - -Ordinarily, there is little or no attention paid to the woodlot on a -farm, and without attention a woodlot is in much the same condition -as a corn field in which no attention was paid to the kind of corn -planted, and which was not cultivated during the growing season. You -commonly find in a woodlot a great variety of trees, some of a valuable -species and some of more or less worthless species. You also find -crooked and defective and diseased trees, and further you ordinarily do -not find in any particular woodlot one-half the trees that the ground -will support, which is about the worst feature of all, since here is an -economic waste. - - - PURPOSES OF THE WOODLOT. - -When the improvement of the woodlot is seriously under consideration, -one of the first propositions is to determine just what purpose the -woodlot will serve in the economy of the farm. Ordinarily a woodlot -will be maintained for the following reasons: 1. To furnish fence -posts; 2. To furnish fuel; 3. As a shelter belt for certain areas -or for the whole farm; 4. As a protection on steep up-lands against -erosion; 5. As a means of regeneration of worn out land; 6. As an -investment pure and simple, without regard to immediate returns; 7. -For the aesthetic value. Any combination of these reasons may prevail -for the maintenance of a woodlot; however, each one of them will be -discussed in its turn as separate propositions. - -1. Probably one of the chief reasons for maintaining the woodlot on -farms in Kentucky from the purely utilitarian standpoint will be to -obtain fence posts. These are a commodity on the farm which cannot be -dispensed with and for which the demand is staple. Concrete may and -will at some future date, supersede wood as fence posts, especially -in rich easily accessible agricultural regions where farming is very -profitable and conducted as a business, but it will do this only -slowly in remote regions, and at the present time concrete posts are -not extensively used in any locality. A woodlot can then be reasonably -maintained for the production of fence posts. Ordinarily the posts -are largely consumed on the home farm, since they are more valuable -to the producer at this point than if he should sell them; however, -if there is a surplus, a market for this will not be lacking and the -price obtained will more than justify the cost of the establishment of -the woodlot and its maintenance up to the time of harvesting the crop. -In considering the species which lend themselves most readily to the -production of this class of products in Kentucky, undoubtedly, black -locust (Robinia pseudacacia) sometimes locally called yellow locust, -lends itself most readily to this purpose. It is indigenous to the -State, grows fairly rapidly and lasts a long time in contact with the -soil, three prime requisites of any species which is to be used in the -growing of this class of material. Other species which may be used are -catalpa (Catalpa speciosa), walnut, osage orange, chestnut and juniper -(also known locally as cedar or red cedar). - -2. As a general proposition, it appears that the maintenance of a -woodlot for the growing of fuel, so far as Kentucky is concerned, -is not an important consideration. So far as my observation goes -throughout the State――even in the rural districts――coal is the general -fuel in use on account of the abundance of supply and is in a large -number of ways cheaper and preferable to wood as a fuel. On this -account the woodlot will supply only a very small amount of fuel and -consideration of this matter is not important. If it does happen that a -supply of fuel wood is desirable or necessary on the farm, undoubtedly, -hickory and oak lend themselves most readily for this purpose. Any -species of hickory grows fairly rapidly, and certain species of oak, as -for instance red oak, makes a reasonably rapid growth. A woodlot for -this purpose would be managed as a sprout forest. - -3. The removal of forests and wooded areas of Kentucky has undoubtedly -resulted in certain climatic changes. These are principally to be -noticed in the prevalence of high winds which formerly did not exist, -and such winds have a marked effect on certain farm activities, as for -instance the handling of an orchard or the handling of stock. A shelter -belt, therefore, offers protection to the farm house and surrounding -buildings. To be of use, the shelter belt or wind break must be in the -direction of the prevailing winds. Further, since in all probability -a shelter belt is of most use and is most desirable in the winter -time, the component species in the shelter belt should be, to a large -extent, evergreens, so that the effectiveness may be as great in winter -as in summer. In connection with an orchard, a shelter belt or wind -break, undoubtedly, protects against cold and destructive currents of -air which injure the orchard in various ways either by injuring the -blossoms of the fruit, or at a later period, by injuring the fruit, -which is blown from the trees by the wind and left in bad condition for -shipping. - -The species then which should compose a shelter belt should, as far as -possible, have these characteristics. They should grow fast to furnish -the maximum amount of protection in the shortest space of time, and -should have as wide a usefulness as possible. So far as the majority -of instances are concerned, the shelter belt might have two objects. -The production of useful material for the farm as fence posts as well -as a wind break. In this case, it would be well to plant black locust -in conjunction with some evergreens, as white pine or Norway spruce, -hemlock or yellow pine. The number of evergreens which may be utilized -for this purpose in Kentucky are limited, but the number of hardwoods -which lend themselves to this purpose is very great, as for instance, -the hickories, ashes, black locust, poplars, tulip poplar, osage orange -and others. Beech also makes a good tree for the composition of a -shelter belt. - -[Illustration: Chestnut plantation, thirty years old. Photo by U. S. -Forest Service.] - -4. As a protection on a steep up-lands against erosion, the chief thing -is to establish a forest cover. The composition of the stand is more or -less immaterial although it is always desirable that the most readily -marketable species shall be used so that the woodlands in addition to -performing their protective function may also supply an actual revenue. -Therefore, as far as possible, the trees to be used should be the -ashes, oak, chestnut, hickories, maples and other species, whose value -in the lumber market is standard. The chief feature in regard to this -protective woodland is that the forest cover shall remain unbroken. - -5. As a means of regeneration of worn out land, especially hillsides, -which are liable to erosion and do not lend themselves easily to a -scientific rotation of crops, a forest cover is a very important factor -since it furnishes to the soil the essential humus and, when such -species as the black locust or honey locust are planted, it furnishes -the nitrogenous elements to the soil, since the locusts are legumes and -produce on their roots nodules of nitrifying organisms similar to those -found on the roots of alfalfa, cow-peas or soy beans. - -6. As a general proposition, the raising of lumber or timber by an -individual is out of the question on account of the length of time -which it takes to grow the better grades of this material. Ordinarily, -a tree fifty years old will furnish only the poorest grades of lumber -and usually only small dimension stock. Generally speaking, one hundred -years is not too small a calculation for the length of rotation when -lumber is the aim. In the event that any individual plants trees for -the production of the lumber, such planting is done as an investment -purely and simply since he can not expect to see the crop harvested -within his life time. The only monetary benefit that could possibly -accrue to the owner is from the material which may have to be thinned -out or in the event that he should desire to sell his farm when the -existence of a grove or woodland of healthy young trees would represent -an actual money value to the purchaser. In case planting for this -reason is made, the trees should be those which are the most valuable -lumber producing species, as for instance, the oaks, the ashes, -hickory, sweet gum, tulip poplar, white and yellow pines, basswood and -a few others. - -7. It may be that in connection with the farm the presence of a -grove of trees thereon will represent a value from the aesthetic and -science standpoint where the beauty of the landscape is a matter of -consideration to the owner of the land, or to any one who might desire -to purchase it. In this event the kind of tree is not so important as -the actual presence of trees of some kind. The general effect is the -main consideration, without regard to the individual features which -compose this effect. - - - FOREST TAXATION. - -One of the most important factors in connection with the consideration -of woodlots is the matter of taxation, and this is a matter which -so far as Kentucky is concerned, has had little attention. In the -first place, there is no classification of land within the State for -taxation purposes. It is a generally accepted theory among experts in -this matter at the present time that there is only one fair method -of taxation which may be applied to land maintained by the owner in -forest growth and that is that there should be a tax placed on the land -which shall be an annual tax, and another tax placed on the forest -crop =when it is harvested=. In no other manner does it seem probable -that reforestation of suitable areas throughout the State may be -accomplished, since in the first place, on account of the character of -the investment the owner of the land must be assured before hand just -what his taxes on the land are to be, and in the second place the risks -attendant upon the raising of a forest crop, because of the long period -of years before it reaches maturity, make it essential that the crop of -forest products shall be taxed at maturity when it is harvested, rather -than that an annual tax shall be imposed. Certain States have already -gone a long ways in this direction and Pennsylvania has recently -passed three laws dealing with the matter of forest taxation and the -classification of forest land which embrace the best features of recent -thought on this subject. The essentials of the recent Pennsylvania laws -are as follows: - -1. Classification of suitable land set aside by the owner for forest -purposes as auxiliary forest reserves. - -2. Agreement with the State to maintain such land in forest growth and -penalties for failure to carry out agreement. - -3. Assessment of land classified as auxiliary forest reserves at $1.00 -per acre annual tax. - -4. Payment by owner of 10 per cent of the value of the forest products -when harvested to the county to be distributed among the proper county -funds. - -5. Fixed charge on auxiliary forest reserve land of two cents per acre -for schools and two cents per acre for roads. - -Under these provisions it is obvious that the growing of timber on -suitable areas would be reduced to a practical business basis. - -Providing the tax question is sufficiently settled and definite for a -period of years the regeneration of the woodlot or the establishment -of one may be undertaken as a safe investment. So far as Kentucky -is concerned, the present tax laws and the manner of handling the -assessments in the counties are not such as to bear heavily on timbered -or wooded areas. In the event that a new classification of land is made -and new tax laws enacted every effort should be made to bring about -such a classification of forest land and such a system of taxation as -will encourage the reforestation of suitable areas and the regeneration -of the present woodlands. - - - REGENERATION OF THE WOODLOT. - -When the question of the regeneration of the woodlot is seriously -considered there are several points which stand out prominently as -follows: - - 1. Protection. - 2. Taking of stock. - 3. Removal of undesirable species. - 4. Selection of desirable species. - 5. Method of regeneration. - 6. Care and management. - -1. =Protection.= It is essential that a woodlot shall be protected if -it is to be an asset to the owner and brings him financial returns. -There are two destructive agencies against which he must make -special efforts, fire and stock. It may seem unnecessary to point -out the various bad effects which fire and stock have on woodlands, -but they are nevertheless here set forth in brief. =Fire= destroys -timber utterly, injures it so that it is subject to insect and fungi -attacks, lowers the grade of the timber, destroys or seriously injures -reproduction, destroys humus and lowers the productive capacity of the -soil. There is no way in which burning over a woodland improves the -character of the forest. =Stock= have a very injurious effect on trees, -especially young growth. Some stock eat up the nuts and berries and -seeds which are the means of reproducing the forest. Other stock browse -on the young trees which have started, destroying the young growth -altogether or seriously gnawing other trees thereby leaving them badly -malformed and depleted in vitality. By rubbing against small trees -stock also do a great deal of harm. So stock should be rigidly excluded -from the woodlot, or at least until all the trees are well developed -and even then no good is accomplished. If possible, the woodlot should -be well fenced. The other destructive agencies against which protection -may become necessary are insects and disease. If fire and stock are -excluded, the chances of insects and disease doing serious damage is -materially decreased. Diseases and insects are best kept in check by -keeping the wooded area clean of dead and decaying material. In case of -serious insect infestation it may in some cases pay to spray the trees, -but under ordinary conditions this is not practical. The common way of -fighting disease and insects is to cut down and burn all affected trees. - -2. =Taking of Stock.= The next step in the regeneration of our woodland -is to find out the extent and character of the stock on hand, for we -can not proceed intelligently without this knowledge. This taking of -stock may be a purely ocular process or it may be a detailed estimate -and description, depending on the extent of the woodland and the -desires of the owner. All reproduction should be accounted for as -well as the older stock on hand. The taking of stock should also -involve the division of species into desirable and undesirable species, -by desirable species being meant such species as it is desired to -encourage because of the demand for it in the local market or because -of the use which may be made of it by the owner on his farm. The -desirable species will usually include the fast growing species. - -3. =Removal of Undesirable Species and Trees.= The first actual work -in connection with the regeneration of the woodlot is the removal of -undesirable species. When this is undertaken the local market and other -markets should be carefully studied in order that, if possible, a sale -may be found for the material which is removed, so that the work may -pay for itself. In determining what are undesirable species there are -several factors which will govern and no specific list of trees can be -cited. The desire of the owner, the market for the material, rapidity -of growth and other features are among the important considerations. -Such trees as blue beach, horn beam, red bud, service berry and others -have no rightful place in a woodlot since they take up space without -furnishing any product of value, unless the wooded area is desired for -its aesthetic features. In a woodlot which is maintained for fence -posts and fuel it would be poor policy to retain any but those species -which make good fence post material and fuel and grow rapidly. In this -matter, common sense will go a long way. Also badly suppressed trees, -malformed and diseased or infected individuals should be removed as far -as practicable. - -4. =Selection of Desirable Species.= In the selection of desirable -species there are a large number of considerations, and the first of -these is the purpose of the owner in maintaining the woodlot. For -instance, if the owner desires fence posts, and fencing material, his -woodlot will, in Kentucky, be confined to those species which produce -such material =quickly=, as for example black locust, catalpa, chestnut -and walnut, also it will be well to have a percentage of red cedar -(juniper) in the mixture, for since red cedar grows comparatively -slowly, it may be reserved to be cut as the second crop and will serve -to shade the ground and prevent erosion when the faster growing -species have been cut and during the restocking of the area. If fuel as -well as fence post material is desired, a mixture including hickory, -oak and chestnut would be desirable. If ties, posts, poles or other -products are an object, certain species are desirable and are easily -grown. A list of trees suitable for various purposes is herewith given. -No species are included in this list which will not produce marketable -material repeatedly within the lifetime of a single individual. Only -in unusual cases is the raising of trees for lumber recommended as a -feasible or profitable venture for the individual farm owner. - -Fence posts and fencing material――Black locust, catalpa, chestnut, -walnut, oak, red cedar (juniper). - -Fuel――Oak, hickory, maple, chestnut. - -Poles――Chestnut, catalpa, red cedar. - -Ties――Black locust, catalpa, chestnut, walnut, oak. - -Vehicle material and handle stock――Hickory. - -5. =Methods of Regeneration.= There are several things which must be -done to secure a good forest over the area. If natural seeding is to -be depended upon for reproduction, the ground must be prepared to -receive the seed. Sometimes the sod will be so thick over the area -that seeds get no chance to generate. In this case, the sod should -be plowed up, if possible, or harrowed so that the seeds may have a -suitable opportunity to start. To do well, it is necessary that the -seeds and seedlings have easy access to the mineral soil. It may -be that the ground is so shaded that seedlings do not receive the -necessary sunlight. If this be so, sufficiently large openings should -be made in the forest cover to admit the required light. It may be that -natural seeding does not proceed rapidly enough and that this must be -supplemented by the sowing of seed artificially. When artificial sowing -is resorted to it will be found that there are several methods of -sowing which recommend themselves: broadcast, sowing in prepared rows, -sowing in prepared seed spots and sowing with a corn planter either in -rows or spots. This last method is recommended as being usually most -satisfactory and economical. Sowing with a corn planter can be resorted -to only in the case of small seeds. Large seeds, such as walnuts, -hickory nuts, etc., must be planted by hand, but when this is done they -are liable to be eaten by squirrels or other rodents, in which case it -may be necessary to plant such seeds in small protected seed beds and -then transplant the seedlings to the place where they are desired. - -If planting is to be depended upon for reforesting, the nursery stock -obtained should be small seedlings not over one or two years old or -transplants two to three years old. If the amount of planting to be -done is large, it may be wise to start seed beds close to the ground -where the planting is to be done and not to depend on commercial -nurseries for stock. - -6. =Care and Management.= It will be found that the care and management -of the woodlot is relatively a simple matter after the forest is -well established and that the character of the stock and the amount -and quality of the products will improve materially with management. -There are certain systems of management which recommend themselves -for woodlots such as the (1) simple coppice (2) pole wood coppice (3) -coppice with standards or variations of these. The three methods here -cited are briefly described. - -=Simple Coppice.= This is a system of management wherein all the stand -is cut and the restocking of the area is secured by sprouts from the -old stumps. Under this system the stand should be cut at an age not to -exceed twenty-five years and preferably about fifteen years, although -this is usually impossible from a commercial standpoint. The cutting -should be done in the late fall, winter or early spring. The stumps -should be cut low, smooth and slanting so as to shed water and prevent -decay. After a time under this system the sprouting capacity of the -stump is greatly reduced and arrangement must be made to secure new -individuals either by direct seeding or by planting. - -=Pole Wood Coppice.= This system involves the leaving of certain trees -until they reach the pole wood stage and are suitable for such products -as ties, poles, etc. It is a favorite method of handling woodlots. - -=Pole Wood Standards.= This system involves the leaving of a certain -few trees until they are of large size. Such trees should usually be -from the seed. - -In the management of the woodland, it will be necessary to make several -cuttings before the final cutting at the end of the rotation, usually -one or two. A thinning may early become necessary to give the best -specimens a better chance for growth. Sometimes two thinnings may be -required. Often a thinning may be required to secure reproduction by -opening up the forest cover and exposing the ground so that young -growth may have the opportunity to get started. - -In the final cutting, when all or the major part of the crop is cut, -the material should be removed from the ground as rapidly as possible -and the brush disposed of when practical. The disposal of brush will -usually take the form of lopping the limbs from the tops and scattering -them, so as to secure early decay of the waste material. Sometimes the -brush may be advantageously piled and burned. - - - CONCLUSION. - -No attempt has been made in this bulletin to deal exhaustively with -the woodlot problem. The desire has been to point the way for the -improvement of the woodlots in Kentucky. Individual cases deserve -specific consideration, and only the main features of the proposition -have been touched upon. The State Forester will cheerfully answer by -mail all questions relating to this subject so far as it is possible to -do so, and will give such personal advice and direction as the time at -his disposal and the circumstances warrant. A list of books, bulletins -and articles treating this subject is appended for those who desire to -go more deeply into the matter than is possible in a publication of -this character. The illustrations are from photographs loaned by the -Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. - - -Akerman, A. Practical protection and improvement of the farm woodlot, -illustrated. (Bailey, L. H. Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, 1907, -v. 2: 330–33.) - -Akerman, Alfred. Spring work in the woodlot; planting white pine -seedlings. (New England Farmer, Montpelier, Vt., April 7, 1906, v. 85, -No. 14: 4.) - -Akerman, Alfred. Spring work in the woodlot. (New England Farmer, -Montpelier, Vt., April 28, 1906, v. 85, No. 17: 6.) - -Akerman, Alfred. Winter work in the woodlot. (New England Farmer, -Montpelier, Vt., March 3, 1906, v. 85, No. 9: 6.) - -Akerman, Alfred. Farm forestry. 22 p. Athens. Ga., 1909. (Georgia -Forest Association. Publication.) - -Ames, G. W. Practical forestry for farmers. (Society for Protection of -New Hampshire Forests. 7th annual report, 1909, p. 42–6.) - -Atkeson, T. C. The farmer’s woodlot. (West Virginia State Board of -Agriculture Report, 1908, p. 97–103.) - -Ayres, P. W. The care of the woodlot. (Society for the protection of -New Hampshire Forests. Fourth annual report, 1905–6, p. 50–1.) - -Baker, H. P. The farm woodlot in Pennsylvania. (Forest Leaves, -Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 1908, v. 11: 163–7.) - -Baker, J. Fred. The Michigan woodlot. 14 p., illustrated. East Lansing, -Mich., 1912. (Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. Circular 17.) - -Balderson, R. W. The farm woodlot. (Forest Leaves, Philadelphia, Pa., -April 1905, v. 10: 25.) - -Besley, F. W. Woodlot forestry for Maryland farmers. 7 p. Baltimore, -Md. (Maryland State Board of Forestry leaflet No. 5.) - -Bogue, E. E. The farm woodlot. (Garfield, C. W. The Michigan forestry -commission and its work, 1905, p. 10–14.) - -Bogue, E. E. Woodlot thinning, illustrated. (Forestry and Irrigation, -Aug. 1906, v. 12: 385–8.) - -Bradfield, W. Standing timber in woodlots. (National Conservation -Commission. Report, 1909, p. 181–7.) - -Bryner, H. E. The improvement of farm woodlots. (Forest Leaves, -Philadelphia, Pa., June 1910, v. 12, No. 9: 133–5.) - -Campbell, M. E. The farm woodlot. (Michigan Forestry Commission. -Report, 1905–6, p. 87–90.) - -The care of the woodlot. 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(Northwoods, St. Paul, April -1913, v. 2: 7–14.) - -Record, Samuel James. What is the woodlot worth? illustrated. (Country -Gentleman, Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 7, 1912, p. 5–8.) - -Reynolds, L. C. Protect the farm woodlot. (New York Tribune Farmer, -July 16, 1908, p. 9.) - -Schwartz, G. F. Productive possibilities, common deficiencies and how -to improve the woodlot, illustrated. (In United States Department of -Agriculture, Forest Service. Bulletin 44, p. 21–7.) - - - * * * * * - - - Transcriber’s Notes: - - ――Text in bold is enclosed by equals signs (=bold=). - - ――Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected. - - ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved. - - ――Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved. - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FARM AND THE WOODLOT *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. 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