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diff --git a/old/69881-0.txt b/old/69881-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index af20931..0000000 --- a/old/69881-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,768 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Preservation of forests as a measure -of public safety, by L. Baeta-Neves - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Preservation of forests as a measure of public safety - Address before the 17th National Irrigation Congress, Spokane, - Wash., August, 1909 - -Author: L. Baeta-Neves - -Release Date: January 26, 2023 [eBook #69881] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESERVATION OF FORESTS AS A -MEASURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY *** - - - - - - PRESERVATION OF FORESTS - AS A - MEASURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY - - - Address Delivered Before the - Seventeenth - National Irrigation Congress - - - HELD AT - SPOKANE, WASHINGTON, U. S. A. - AUGUST, 1909. - - - BY THE BRAZILIAN DELEGATE - L. BAETA-NEVES, Mining and Civil Engineer. - - - - - THE PRESERVATION OF FORESTS AS A MEASURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY. - - Address before the 17th National Irrigation Congress, Spokane, Wash., - August, 1909. - - by - - L. BAETA-NEVES - - Mining and Civil Engineer; Graduate of the Ouro Prete Mining - School, Brazil; Chief of the Technical Department of the - Directory of Railway and Public Works in Minas Geraes, Brazil; - Member of the Historic and Geographic Institute of the same - state; Member of the National Geographic Society of Washington; - Knight of Columbus; Honorary Member of the Rotary Club of Los - Angeles, Cal.; Representative of the Brazilian Government - before the Scientific Congresses 16th Irrigation and 3rd Dry - Farming in America, and Vice-President and Corresponding - Secretary of this Congress; Special Delegate of Brazil before - the 17th National Irrigation Congress at Spokane, Wash., where, - by selection, he addressed the meeting on behalf of the Foreign - Representatives. - - -I really feel glad and exceedingly honored in coming again before this -Congress and my pleasure is great in telling you once more how much I -appreciate the warm welcome of the North American people, and how much -I have enjoyed the pleasant stay in this most hospitable city. - -I come now with the same feelings and sentiment that I tried to -translate to you on the opening session of this most important meeting -full of very valuable lessons from any view point; on that day I had -the great honor of speaking to you on behalf of the foreign delegates -of this convention bringing greetings from the Brazilian Government and -from the different nations here represented. But now, allow me to say, -Americans, and distinguished representatives of foreign continents and -islands, that translating the good feelings and altruistic sentiment -of the people of the countries of Columbus, I am going to speak with -my whole soul, my whole heart, on behalf of the sacred rights of -humanity, addressing you on a subject very dear to me in which I have -been deeply interested since my childhood; a subject on which I have -learned a great deal from two men of universal reputation, who, for -the glory of the western hemisphere, were born under the purest sky -of America――I mean Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot. I stand for the -forest, for the preservation of forests as a measure of public safety. -My paper is in part an extract of a report that I sent to Brazil to be -read this week at the request of the 4th International American Medical -Congress, held now at Rio De Janeiro “on the most efficacious means -of preventing and lessening the effects of periodical droughts.” In -that paper I wrote about the lessons of the Irrigation Congress, which -lessons we are already profiting by, having improved the Irrigation -projects of which I wrote the address printed in the proceedings of -the 16th National Irrigation Congress, last year. I am pleased to say -that in this report I emphasized also the great work which has been -done by the dry farming Congress, whose lessons are the best to teach -the people of the arid district of the world, how to use profitably -by the water, almost always so expensive and difficult to be obtained -in such districts. You will find on the last proceedings of the dry -farming Congress at Cheyenne, a paper of mine on the combination of -irrigation and dry fanning processes, which combination I think will -give the best results in rendering more fit to sustain life a region -subject to drought. To the medical Congress, I suggested that a branch -of the dry farming of America should be established in Brazil according -to the wishes of its indefatigable secretary my good friend Mr. John T. -Burns. Being requested by his excellency Governor Norris, of Montana to -work in Brazil, as a vice-president and corresponding secretary of the -Congress I feel exceedingly honored in giving my very best service to -my brothers of North America, assuring them that they can count upon my -great admiration for your country, where I am living for one year with -my family always in close touch with the American family and people. -Allow me to say, ladies and gentlemen, that keeping the same love for -my native land, in my heart, will have for ever a warm room for the -American people. But let me stop, ladies and gentlemen, of speaking of -my feeling that, in spite of my sincerity, I cannot express by words -as they come from the bottom of my heart; the whole session would be -too short for translating them and I must go back to the subject of my -paper. In my report to the International Medical Congress I wrote also -about the Cactus of Luther Burbank, of California, and incidentally I -called the attention of the Brazilian Engineers to the recent process -in which the English government is now interested, facilitating the -atmospheric precipitations for small water supply near the coast, -causing the deposit of dew as has been practiced in Gibraltar. I have -read something about this process on an interesting paper of Mr. George -Hurbard read this year on March 3rd, before the Royal Society of Arts, -London: I wrote too about the forests considering them like I am about -to do. - -The importance of forests as protectors of mankind is an incontrovertible -fact, and there is no spirit, less observing as it may be, that has not -noticed, even slightly, some influence of the trees in benefitting life. - -At different times I have treated this important subject that impressed -me so much, in the national and foreign press and in public addresses -here in America, several times discussing the influence of the trees -upon our life. Once speaking about the combined work of medicine and -engineering in the noble and humanitarian campaign to improve the means -of life on the surface of this planet, especially to preserve and -increase the vigor of the people, I said in part: - -“Life progressively is becoming very difficult to be preserved in -good conditions because of the incessant exhaustion of elements that -are favorable to it on the surface of the earth, where a continuous -transformation is observed all over. - -“The forests, the best protectors of our life, are going fast, and from -the modification that their disappearance is bringing to the climate -and to the natural conditions all over the earth, will come serious -troubles to the solution of the sanitary problems in the future. - -“It is necessary to use intelligently so important elements of life, -without so barbarous destructions, because so far as the present -scientific knowledge is concerned, there is no doubt, at all, that -from the lack of the forest will come the greatest modifications -in the meteorological conditions of the earth, and you know, the -meteorological conditions――the weather――has the most positive -influence on our life. This influence does not appear only on the -health conditions, but, too, in the most complicate social phenomena. - -“The old proverb――‘Man is the son of his environments’――is a translation -of a truth scientifically demonstrated, proving the weather’s influence. -It is true that it means the law of adaptation, but the environments of -man depend entirely upon the meteorological conditions. According to -this law we could, perhaps, live even under bad conditions of weather, -but such condition would bring an unhealthy condition of life, too. - -“Professor Dexter, of the University of Illinois, studying the mental -and physiological influence of the meteorological conditions, in one -of his books, gives a comprehensive study of the question, proving the -weather’s influence on the organic and intellectual life, the emotions, -the literary sentiments, the individual conduct. He proves principally -that the change of meteorological conditions affects the health more -than anything else. - -“Under bad meteorological conditions we never would have the necessary -reserve of energy for the complete activity of life. - -“And good meteorological conditions can be guaranteed only by the -preservation of forests, that, unhappily for our future, does not -receive from the people the deserved attention.” - -Since the colonial time many Brazilians have been considering the -forests from a sanitary viewpoint. The patriarch of our independence -José Bonifacio in 1815 wrote these phrases: - -“What other productions of Mother Nature ought to deserve greater -attention from the philosophers and statemen than the forests and -trees? Trees, wood and timber: Only these words, well meditated upon -and understood, are enough to awaken our whole sensibility.” - -Besides other reasons there is a powerful one that makes necessary -the protection of forest――its great influence upon health. Health is -all, and upon it reposes the happiness of people and the greatness and -prosperity of the countries. - -On account of a rapid progress we must not sacrifice the forests as it -has been done in many new countries. - -Any progress detrimental to the vital forces of nature, is negative, -ephemeral; if one generation profits by it, the following one fatally -will suffer its consequences. - -This axiom, in my humble opinion, translates better the decline -and disappearance of some nations that figured in antiquity than -any explanation given by the modern philosophy for the fact; and -forethought advises to profit by the practical lesson contained within -it, preserving our natural resources in order not to sacrifice to a -temporary greatness the best means of preserving life, which means are -represented by the forest. - -The trees are great regulators of many conditions of life, principally -facilitating the atmospheric precipitation and their profit. The -aqueous vapors penetrating the cool atmosphere of the forest at the -contact of the foliage of the trees, condense resolving into rain -or dew; and the water that falls on the soil, protected against -evaporation by the shade, having its surface-flow impeded and its -absorption facilitated by the roots, penetrates in greatest quantity -into the land, guaranteeing the permanency and abundance of the source -that it forms. - -The rainfall without the protecting vegetation rapidly flows on -the surface soil forming the run-off, which takes from the earth -the fertilizing humus, excavating the mountain and producing the -destructive overflow in the valley. - -In the countries where ice and snow do not appear the regimen of -the water courses in a great measure depends upon the vegetation -that covers the head of the streams; and such an influence is as -great as the porosity of the soil is small in the generative basin -of the sources. If there is yet controversy which is progressively -disappearing with more serious study about some forests’ influences, -there is not, all over the earth, any one who can scientifically -contest this truth that history and geography, the facts of the past -and the observation of the present so clearly confirm. The Nile, which -comes from the heart of Africa, born among the virgin forests where -fire and men never have penetrated, keeps today, in an average, the -same flow that it had when it fertilized Egypt at the time of the -Pharaohs. - -The effects of forests do not appear in confined zones. Their -influence is not bounded by a certain region, and the calamity coming -from their devastation passes over the individual property affecting -the public welfare. This is an incontestible truth that science -demonstrates and facts corroborate. Therefore there is no reason why -protection of forest must be concerned to a certain extension, not -affecting the private lands. - -The individual right ought not to affect the high interests of -the Union which ought to save its own future, guaranteeing by the -preservation of the natural resources of the country, the general -well-being of the present and future generations. - -This rational theory, applied to the case of forests, each day -gains assent in this country being already accepted in the higher -tribunals in favor of the legislation protecting such resources, which -legislation is earnestly advocated by President Roosevelt, accordingly -it was adopted on March 10, 1903 by the supreme court of Maine, and -on April 6th of the same year, the supreme court of the United States -sustained it, confirming the opinion of the court of errors and appeals -of New Jersey. - -To the glory of us Brazilians this principle is the confirmation of a -doctrine of which I spoke last here at Albuquerque, promulgated in 1892 -by the eminent Brazilian, Dr. Francisco Saturnino Rodrigues de Brito, -who wrote: - -“The argument against such laws has no reason for being, because the -owner of the land is only a steward of the soil that was entrusted to -him by the past generations; he is the depository of lands as he is a -depository of capital, and thus, as it has a social origin, territorial -property must have a social application, in attending to collective -interest; and these require the individual effort of each man to -preserve and improve on the planet the necessary means of living, among -which are the preservation and replantation of forests, that may keep -the necessary moisture for regular rainfall and the normal distribution -of water, detaining it among their roots and not permitting the -destructive overflows that take from the soil the fertilizing humus. -The argument has no reason for being, also, because the interest of -the family itself requires providence against the prodigal member who -steals from his own children the inheritance from the past, giving to -this improvident and egotistical father only the income of it; and as -it happens with the inheritance, legislative enactment must regulate -the question of lands for the interest of the social community that has -a great attainment from the Past, and comprehending the Present and the -Future.” - -The arguments of President Roosevelt are very similar to those of the -illustrious Brazilian engineer and the same thing can be said in regard -to the reasons presented by the Supreme Court of the United States as -quoted by the American President: - -“The State, as quasi-sovereign and representative of the interest of -the public, has a standing in court to protect the atmosphere, the -water and forests either in its territory, irrespective of the ascent -or descent of the private owner of the land most immediately concerned.” - -I am deeply convinced that the conscientious scruples of a great many -of our eminent legislators and loyal men in accepting this doctrine -lie only in the fact that they are always busy with something else, -never dedicating themselves to any serious study of the forests in -their relations to life and the progress of countries; they have never -considered that, on account of such relation, the sacred rights of -humanity, the life of our children and future generations require a -direct and immediate protection for the trees, which protection is -undoubtedly a measure of public safety. And really such a protection -is as important as any other measure that may prevent the invasion and -spread of some epidemic disease. - -To the 4th Latin-American Congress I moved that all possible effort -should be made to have Brazil and all nations represented at the -congress accept the proposition that is found in my address of forests -last year, which proposition I write now as follows: - -“_Preservation of forests in many ways necessary, must be considered as -a measure of public safety and it is of urgent necessity to maintain -the permanency and abundance not only of the stream flow, but, of the -underground waters._”[1] - -This proposition, ladies and gentlemen, will do some good for our -forests when thoroughly accepted in the countries where the question -of right of property has been an obstacle to the protection laws for -saving the trees on the private lands. - -I make an appeal to you, gentlemen, of all different nations here -represented to bring with you the ideas contained in this paper whose -value lies only on the strong conviction with which I wrote it. - -Let us be united all over the world in this great and noblest campaign -for the life of mankind, for the life of our own children, the water, -the pure air, the shade of relief of fatigue, the timber, in resume, -the life itself. Let us profit by the great lessons of Gifford Pinchot, -accepting the wise advice of greatest men of the past and present -generations. And may this alarm-cry arouse the energies of the present -for the solution of the great problem of the future. - - - MEANS ADVISED TO PREVENT THE CUTTING OF FORESTS IN BRAZIL. - -After the approbation of the proposition contained in the first part -of my address considering the protection of the forests as a measure -of public safety, we must have some restriction from the states in -regard to the use of the generative land of courses, establishing the -protective areas, even approximately, according to the good sense, -putting them under a provisory police of the tax collectors and the -patriotism of the people, until we can get the resources for a most -effective police. - -We must get annually from the Federal Congress some appropriation, -however small, to start the National Forestry Reservation at the -head of the great and navigable rivers, progressively enlarging such -reservation until it has a sufficient extension. - -I think that in general the forests would be preserved if the people -knew how to use them systematically if efficient means of preservation -of timber could be obtained, in order to use the softer and light -wood as good material, avoiding, as said by the illustrious engineer, -Joaquim Julio Proenca, the devastation of the virgin forests for -hardwoods to be employed in construction of certain importance, -principally railroads; if we could plant good species, growing fast -to be used as fuel and good timber, for instance, the eucalyptus as -is being done in California, and was advised in Minas Geraes by the -distinguished botanist engineer, Alvaro da Silveira, and if we could -stop or diminish the clearing of forests or old process of burning the -forests for fuel and agricultural purposes by divulging the scientific -processes of cultivation, and profit by using green wood as a fuel -in great factories, using dry stoves heated by the furnace gases, as -established by the deceased President Joao Pinheiro in his factory at -Caeté, Minas Geraes, Brazil. - -From these considerations we have many suggestions how to protect the -trees, but, certainly, the suggested measures and those profitable ones -found in many forestry codes in our states, must not be taken only -by the Union, whose service, as I said before, must be as simple and -economic as possible in order to be stable. - -The Federal Government in accordance with the states must help the -development of the instruction on forestry, establishing special -forestry gardens, however small, connected with botanical branch in -the engineering courses, for better knowledge and trial of species -of rapid growth, suitable for construction and railroad ties; must -promote replantation of resistant trees such as eucalyptus in the -arid region, principally where the sources permanently or temporarily -appear; must promote the employing of light and white soft timber by -giving premiums to the inventor of the best and most economic process -for its preservation, and finally, must make every possible propaganda -by publication of short and practical papers and so on among farmers on -the influence and value of the forests. - - [1] In my book on the water supply and sewers of Caxambu, - Minas Geraes, Brazil, I explained the influence of the forests - upon the underground water in a chapter under the title - “Preservation of the sources.” - - - * * * * * - - - Transcriber’s Notes: - - ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). - - ――Obvious printer’s, punctuation, and spelling inaccuracies were - silently corrected. - - ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved. - - ――Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved. - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESERVATION OF FORESTS AS A -MEASURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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