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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1752af5 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69881 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69881) diff --git a/old/69881-0.txt b/old/69881-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index af20931..0000000 --- a/old/69881-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,768 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Preservation of forests as a measure -of public safety, by L. Baeta-Neves - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Preservation of forests as a measure of public safety - Address before the 17th National Irrigation Congress, Spokane, - Wash., August, 1909 - -Author: L. Baeta-Neves - -Release Date: January 26, 2023 [eBook #69881] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESERVATION OF FORESTS AS A -MEASURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY *** - - - - - - PRESERVATION OF FORESTS - AS A - MEASURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY - - - Address Delivered Before the - Seventeenth - National Irrigation Congress - - - HELD AT - SPOKANE, WASHINGTON, U. S. A. - AUGUST, 1909. - - - BY THE BRAZILIAN DELEGATE - L. BAETA-NEVES, Mining and Civil Engineer. - - - - - THE PRESERVATION OF FORESTS AS A MEASURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY. - - Address before the 17th National Irrigation Congress, Spokane, Wash., - August, 1909. - - by - - L. BAETA-NEVES - - Mining and Civil Engineer; Graduate of the Ouro Prete Mining - School, Brazil; Chief of the Technical Department of the - Directory of Railway and Public Works in Minas Geraes, Brazil; - Member of the Historic and Geographic Institute of the same - state; Member of the National Geographic Society of Washington; - Knight of Columbus; Honorary Member of the Rotary Club of Los - Angeles, Cal.; Representative of the Brazilian Government - before the Scientific Congresses 16th Irrigation and 3rd Dry - Farming in America, and Vice-President and Corresponding - Secretary of this Congress; Special Delegate of Brazil before - the 17th National Irrigation Congress at Spokane, Wash., where, - by selection, he addressed the meeting on behalf of the Foreign - Representatives. - - -I really feel glad and exceedingly honored in coming again before this -Congress and my pleasure is great in telling you once more how much I -appreciate the warm welcome of the North American people, and how much -I have enjoyed the pleasant stay in this most hospitable city. - -I come now with the same feelings and sentiment that I tried to -translate to you on the opening session of this most important meeting -full of very valuable lessons from any view point; on that day I had -the great honor of speaking to you on behalf of the foreign delegates -of this convention bringing greetings from the Brazilian Government and -from the different nations here represented. But now, allow me to say, -Americans, and distinguished representatives of foreign continents and -islands, that translating the good feelings and altruistic sentiment -of the people of the countries of Columbus, I am going to speak with -my whole soul, my whole heart, on behalf of the sacred rights of -humanity, addressing you on a subject very dear to me in which I have -been deeply interested since my childhood; a subject on which I have -learned a great deal from two men of universal reputation, who, for -the glory of the western hemisphere, were born under the purest sky -of America――I mean Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot. I stand for the -forest, for the preservation of forests as a measure of public safety. -My paper is in part an extract of a report that I sent to Brazil to be -read this week at the request of the 4th International American Medical -Congress, held now at Rio De Janeiro “on the most efficacious means -of preventing and lessening the effects of periodical droughts.” In -that paper I wrote about the lessons of the Irrigation Congress, which -lessons we are already profiting by, having improved the Irrigation -projects of which I wrote the address printed in the proceedings of -the 16th National Irrigation Congress, last year. I am pleased to say -that in this report I emphasized also the great work which has been -done by the dry farming Congress, whose lessons are the best to teach -the people of the arid district of the world, how to use profitably -by the water, almost always so expensive and difficult to be obtained -in such districts. You will find on the last proceedings of the dry -farming Congress at Cheyenne, a paper of mine on the combination of -irrigation and dry fanning processes, which combination I think will -give the best results in rendering more fit to sustain life a region -subject to drought. To the medical Congress, I suggested that a branch -of the dry farming of America should be established in Brazil according -to the wishes of its indefatigable secretary my good friend Mr. John T. -Burns. Being requested by his excellency Governor Norris, of Montana to -work in Brazil, as a vice-president and corresponding secretary of the -Congress I feel exceedingly honored in giving my very best service to -my brothers of North America, assuring them that they can count upon my -great admiration for your country, where I am living for one year with -my family always in close touch with the American family and people. -Allow me to say, ladies and gentlemen, that keeping the same love for -my native land, in my heart, will have for ever a warm room for the -American people. But let me stop, ladies and gentlemen, of speaking of -my feeling that, in spite of my sincerity, I cannot express by words -as they come from the bottom of my heart; the whole session would be -too short for translating them and I must go back to the subject of my -paper. In my report to the International Medical Congress I wrote also -about the Cactus of Luther Burbank, of California, and incidentally I -called the attention of the Brazilian Engineers to the recent process -in which the English government is now interested, facilitating the -atmospheric precipitations for small water supply near the coast, -causing the deposit of dew as has been practiced in Gibraltar. I have -read something about this process on an interesting paper of Mr. George -Hurbard read this year on March 3rd, before the Royal Society of Arts, -London: I wrote too about the forests considering them like I am about -to do. - -The importance of forests as protectors of mankind is an incontrovertible -fact, and there is no spirit, less observing as it may be, that has not -noticed, even slightly, some influence of the trees in benefitting life. - -At different times I have treated this important subject that impressed -me so much, in the national and foreign press and in public addresses -here in America, several times discussing the influence of the trees -upon our life. Once speaking about the combined work of medicine and -engineering in the noble and humanitarian campaign to improve the means -of life on the surface of this planet, especially to preserve and -increase the vigor of the people, I said in part: - -“Life progressively is becoming very difficult to be preserved in -good conditions because of the incessant exhaustion of elements that -are favorable to it on the surface of the earth, where a continuous -transformation is observed all over. - -“The forests, the best protectors of our life, are going fast, and from -the modification that their disappearance is bringing to the climate -and to the natural conditions all over the earth, will come serious -troubles to the solution of the sanitary problems in the future. - -“It is necessary to use intelligently so important elements of life, -without so barbarous destructions, because so far as the present -scientific knowledge is concerned, there is no doubt, at all, that -from the lack of the forest will come the greatest modifications -in the meteorological conditions of the earth, and you know, the -meteorological conditions――the weather――has the most positive -influence on our life. This influence does not appear only on the -health conditions, but, too, in the most complicate social phenomena. - -“The old proverb――‘Man is the son of his environments’――is a translation -of a truth scientifically demonstrated, proving the weather’s influence. -It is true that it means the law of adaptation, but the environments of -man depend entirely upon the meteorological conditions. According to -this law we could, perhaps, live even under bad conditions of weather, -but such condition would bring an unhealthy condition of life, too. - -“Professor Dexter, of the University of Illinois, studying the mental -and physiological influence of the meteorological conditions, in one -of his books, gives a comprehensive study of the question, proving the -weather’s influence on the organic and intellectual life, the emotions, -the literary sentiments, the individual conduct. He proves principally -that the change of meteorological conditions affects the health more -than anything else. - -“Under bad meteorological conditions we never would have the necessary -reserve of energy for the complete activity of life. - -“And good meteorological conditions can be guaranteed only by the -preservation of forests, that, unhappily for our future, does not -receive from the people the deserved attention.” - -Since the colonial time many Brazilians have been considering the -forests from a sanitary viewpoint. The patriarch of our independence -José Bonifacio in 1815 wrote these phrases: - -“What other productions of Mother Nature ought to deserve greater -attention from the philosophers and statemen than the forests and -trees? Trees, wood and timber: Only these words, well meditated upon -and understood, are enough to awaken our whole sensibility.” - -Besides other reasons there is a powerful one that makes necessary -the protection of forest――its great influence upon health. Health is -all, and upon it reposes the happiness of people and the greatness and -prosperity of the countries. - -On account of a rapid progress we must not sacrifice the forests as it -has been done in many new countries. - -Any progress detrimental to the vital forces of nature, is negative, -ephemeral; if one generation profits by it, the following one fatally -will suffer its consequences. - -This axiom, in my humble opinion, translates better the decline -and disappearance of some nations that figured in antiquity than -any explanation given by the modern philosophy for the fact; and -forethought advises to profit by the practical lesson contained within -it, preserving our natural resources in order not to sacrifice to a -temporary greatness the best means of preserving life, which means are -represented by the forest. - -The trees are great regulators of many conditions of life, principally -facilitating the atmospheric precipitation and their profit. The -aqueous vapors penetrating the cool atmosphere of the forest at the -contact of the foliage of the trees, condense resolving into rain -or dew; and the water that falls on the soil, protected against -evaporation by the shade, having its surface-flow impeded and its -absorption facilitated by the roots, penetrates in greatest quantity -into the land, guaranteeing the permanency and abundance of the source -that it forms. - -The rainfall without the protecting vegetation rapidly flows on -the surface soil forming the run-off, which takes from the earth -the fertilizing humus, excavating the mountain and producing the -destructive overflow in the valley. - -In the countries where ice and snow do not appear the regimen of -the water courses in a great measure depends upon the vegetation -that covers the head of the streams; and such an influence is as -great as the porosity of the soil is small in the generative basin -of the sources. If there is yet controversy which is progressively -disappearing with more serious study about some forests’ influences, -there is not, all over the earth, any one who can scientifically -contest this truth that history and geography, the facts of the past -and the observation of the present so clearly confirm. The Nile, which -comes from the heart of Africa, born among the virgin forests where -fire and men never have penetrated, keeps today, in an average, the -same flow that it had when it fertilized Egypt at the time of the -Pharaohs. - -The effects of forests do not appear in confined zones. Their -influence is not bounded by a certain region, and the calamity coming -from their devastation passes over the individual property affecting -the public welfare. This is an incontestible truth that science -demonstrates and facts corroborate. Therefore there is no reason why -protection of forest must be concerned to a certain extension, not -affecting the private lands. - -The individual right ought not to affect the high interests of -the Union which ought to save its own future, guaranteeing by the -preservation of the natural resources of the country, the general -well-being of the present and future generations. - -This rational theory, applied to the case of forests, each day -gains assent in this country being already accepted in the higher -tribunals in favor of the legislation protecting such resources, which -legislation is earnestly advocated by President Roosevelt, accordingly -it was adopted on March 10, 1903 by the supreme court of Maine, and -on April 6th of the same year, the supreme court of the United States -sustained it, confirming the opinion of the court of errors and appeals -of New Jersey. - -To the glory of us Brazilians this principle is the confirmation of a -doctrine of which I spoke last here at Albuquerque, promulgated in 1892 -by the eminent Brazilian, Dr. Francisco Saturnino Rodrigues de Brito, -who wrote: - -“The argument against such laws has no reason for being, because the -owner of the land is only a steward of the soil that was entrusted to -him by the past generations; he is the depository of lands as he is a -depository of capital, and thus, as it has a social origin, territorial -property must have a social application, in attending to collective -interest; and these require the individual effort of each man to -preserve and improve on the planet the necessary means of living, among -which are the preservation and replantation of forests, that may keep -the necessary moisture for regular rainfall and the normal distribution -of water, detaining it among their roots and not permitting the -destructive overflows that take from the soil the fertilizing humus. -The argument has no reason for being, also, because the interest of -the family itself requires providence against the prodigal member who -steals from his own children the inheritance from the past, giving to -this improvident and egotistical father only the income of it; and as -it happens with the inheritance, legislative enactment must regulate -the question of lands for the interest of the social community that has -a great attainment from the Past, and comprehending the Present and the -Future.” - -The arguments of President Roosevelt are very similar to those of the -illustrious Brazilian engineer and the same thing can be said in regard -to the reasons presented by the Supreme Court of the United States as -quoted by the American President: - -“The State, as quasi-sovereign and representative of the interest of -the public, has a standing in court to protect the atmosphere, the -water and forests either in its territory, irrespective of the ascent -or descent of the private owner of the land most immediately concerned.” - -I am deeply convinced that the conscientious scruples of a great many -of our eminent legislators and loyal men in accepting this doctrine -lie only in the fact that they are always busy with something else, -never dedicating themselves to any serious study of the forests in -their relations to life and the progress of countries; they have never -considered that, on account of such relation, the sacred rights of -humanity, the life of our children and future generations require a -direct and immediate protection for the trees, which protection is -undoubtedly a measure of public safety. And really such a protection -is as important as any other measure that may prevent the invasion and -spread of some epidemic disease. - -To the 4th Latin-American Congress I moved that all possible effort -should be made to have Brazil and all nations represented at the -congress accept the proposition that is found in my address of forests -last year, which proposition I write now as follows: - -“_Preservation of forests in many ways necessary, must be considered as -a measure of public safety and it is of urgent necessity to maintain -the permanency and abundance not only of the stream flow, but, of the -underground waters._”[1] - -This proposition, ladies and gentlemen, will do some good for our -forests when thoroughly accepted in the countries where the question -of right of property has been an obstacle to the protection laws for -saving the trees on the private lands. - -I make an appeal to you, gentlemen, of all different nations here -represented to bring with you the ideas contained in this paper whose -value lies only on the strong conviction with which I wrote it. - -Let us be united all over the world in this great and noblest campaign -for the life of mankind, for the life of our own children, the water, -the pure air, the shade of relief of fatigue, the timber, in resume, -the life itself. Let us profit by the great lessons of Gifford Pinchot, -accepting the wise advice of greatest men of the past and present -generations. And may this alarm-cry arouse the energies of the present -for the solution of the great problem of the future. - - - MEANS ADVISED TO PREVENT THE CUTTING OF FORESTS IN BRAZIL. - -After the approbation of the proposition contained in the first part -of my address considering the protection of the forests as a measure -of public safety, we must have some restriction from the states in -regard to the use of the generative land of courses, establishing the -protective areas, even approximately, according to the good sense, -putting them under a provisory police of the tax collectors and the -patriotism of the people, until we can get the resources for a most -effective police. - -We must get annually from the Federal Congress some appropriation, -however small, to start the National Forestry Reservation at the -head of the great and navigable rivers, progressively enlarging such -reservation until it has a sufficient extension. - -I think that in general the forests would be preserved if the people -knew how to use them systematically if efficient means of preservation -of timber could be obtained, in order to use the softer and light -wood as good material, avoiding, as said by the illustrious engineer, -Joaquim Julio Proenca, the devastation of the virgin forests for -hardwoods to be employed in construction of certain importance, -principally railroads; if we could plant good species, growing fast -to be used as fuel and good timber, for instance, the eucalyptus as -is being done in California, and was advised in Minas Geraes by the -distinguished botanist engineer, Alvaro da Silveira, and if we could -stop or diminish the clearing of forests or old process of burning the -forests for fuel and agricultural purposes by divulging the scientific -processes of cultivation, and profit by using green wood as a fuel -in great factories, using dry stoves heated by the furnace gases, as -established by the deceased President Joao Pinheiro in his factory at -Caeté, Minas Geraes, Brazil. - -From these considerations we have many suggestions how to protect the -trees, but, certainly, the suggested measures and those profitable ones -found in many forestry codes in our states, must not be taken only -by the Union, whose service, as I said before, must be as simple and -economic as possible in order to be stable. - -The Federal Government in accordance with the states must help the -development of the instruction on forestry, establishing special -forestry gardens, however small, connected with botanical branch in -the engineering courses, for better knowledge and trial of species -of rapid growth, suitable for construction and railroad ties; must -promote replantation of resistant trees such as eucalyptus in the -arid region, principally where the sources permanently or temporarily -appear; must promote the employing of light and white soft timber by -giving premiums to the inventor of the best and most economic process -for its preservation, and finally, must make every possible propaganda -by publication of short and practical papers and so on among farmers on -the influence and value of the forests. - - [1] In my book on the water supply and sewers of Caxambu, - Minas Geraes, Brazil, I explained the influence of the forests - upon the underground water in a chapter under the title - “Preservation of the sources.” - - - * * * * * - - - Transcriber’s Notes: - - ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). - - ――Obvious printer’s, punctuation, and spelling inaccuracies were - silently corrected. - - ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved. - - ――Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved. - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESERVATION OF FORESTS AS A -MEASURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Baeta-Neves</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Preservation of forests as a measure of public safety</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Address before the 17th National Irrigation Congress, Spokane, Wash., August, 1909</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: L. Baeta-Neves</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 26, 2023 [eBook #69881]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESERVATION OF FORESTS AS A MEASURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY ***</div> - - -<div class="figcenter" id="cover_sm"> - <img src="images/cover_sm.jpg" alt="cover" title="cover"> -</div> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h1 class="nobreak">PRESERVATION OF FORESTS<br> -<span class="noi works">AS A</span><br> -<small>MEASURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY</small></h1> - -<p class="p2 noic"><span class="author">Address Delivered Before the</span><br> -<span class="subtitle">Seventeenth<br> -National Irrigation Congress</span></p> - -<p class="p4 noi works">HELD AT</p> - -<p class="noic">SPOKANE, WASHINGTON, U. S. A.</p> - -<p class="noi works">AUGUST, 1909.</p> - -<p class="p4 noi works">BY THE BRAZILIAN DELEGATE</p> - -<p class="noic">L. BAETA-NEVES, Mining and Civil Engineer.</p> -</div> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PRESERVATION">THE PRESERVATION OF FORESTS AS A MEASURE OF -PUBLIC SAFETY.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="noic">Address before the 17th National Irrigation Congress, Spokane, Wash.,<br> -August, 1909.</p> - -<p class="noi works">by</p> - -<p class="noic">L. BAETA-NEVES</p> - -<p class="hang">Mining and Civil Engineer; Graduate of the Ouro Prete Mining School, Brazil; Chief of -the Technical Department of the Directory of Railway and Public Works in Minas -Geraes, Brazil; Member of the Historic and Geographic Institute of the same state; -Member of the National Geographic Society of Washington; Knight of Columbus; -Honorary Member of the Rotary Club of Los Angeles, Cal.; Representative of the -Brazilian Government before the Scientific Congresses 16th Irrigation and 3rd -Dry Farming in America, and Vice-President and Corresponding Secretary of this -Congress; Special Delegate of Brazil before the 17th National Irrigation Congress -at Spokane, Wash., where, by selection, he addressed the meeting on behalf of -the Foreign Representatives.</p> - - -<p class="p2">I really feel glad and exceedingly honored in coming again -before this Congress and my pleasure is great in telling you -once more how much I appreciate the warm welcome of the -North American people, and how much I have enjoyed the -pleasant stay in this most hospitable city.</p> - -<p>I come now with the same feelings and sentiment that I -tried to translate to you on the opening session of this most -important meeting full of very valuable lessons from any view -point; on that day I had the great honor of speaking to you -on behalf of the foreign delegates of this convention bringing -greetings from the Brazilian Government and from the different -nations here represented. But now, allow me to say, -Americans, and distinguished representatives of foreign continents -and islands, that translating the good feelings and altruistic -sentiment of the people of the countries of Columbus, I -am going to speak with my whole soul, my whole heart, on -behalf of the sacred rights of humanity, addressing you on a -subject very dear to me in which I have been deeply interested -since my childhood; a subject on which I have learned a great -deal from two men of universal reputation, who, for the glory<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span> -of the western hemisphere, were born under the purest sky -of America—I mean Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot. I stand -for the forest, for the preservation of forests as a measure of -public safety. My paper is in part an extract of a report that -I sent to Brazil to be read this week at the request of the -4th International American Medical Congress, held now at Rio -De Janeiro “on the most efficacious means of preventing and -lessening the effects of periodical droughts.” In that paper I -wrote about the lessons of the Irrigation Congress, which -lessons we are already profiting by, having improved the Irrigation -projects of which I wrote the address printed in the proceedings -of the 16th National Irrigation Congress, last year. -I am pleased to say that in this report I emphasized also the -great work which has been done by the dry farming Congress, -whose lessons are the best to teach the people of the arid -district of the world, how to use profitably by the water, almost -always so expensive and difficult to be obtained in such districts. -You will find on the last proceedings of the dry farming -Congress at Cheyenne, a paper of mine on the combination -of irrigation and dry fanning processes, which combination I -think will give the best results in rendering more fit to sustain -life a region subject to drought. To the medical Congress, I -suggested that a branch of the dry farming of America should -be established in Brazil according to the wishes of its indefatigable -secretary my good friend Mr. John T. Burns. Being -requested by his excellency Governor Norris, of Montana to -work in Brazil, as a vice-president and corresponding secretary -of the Congress I feel exceedingly honored in giving my very -best service to my brothers of North America, assuring them -that they can count upon my great admiration for your country, -where I am living for one year with my family always in -close touch with the American family and people. Allow me to -say, ladies and gentlemen, that keeping the same love for my -native land, in my heart, will have for ever a warm room for -the American people. But let me stop, ladies and gentlemen, of -speaking of my feeling that, in spite of my sincerity, I cannot -express by words as they come from the bottom of my heart; -the whole session would be too short for translating them and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span> -I must go back to the subject of my paper. In my report to -the International Medical Congress I wrote also about the -Cactus of Luther Burbank, of California, and incidentally I -called the attention of the Brazilian Engineers to the recent -process in which the English government is now interested, -facilitating the atmospheric precipitations for small water -supply near the coast, causing the deposit of dew as has been -practiced in Gibraltar. I have read something about this process -on an interesting paper of Mr. George Hurbard read this -year on March 3rd, before the Royal Society of Arts, London: I -wrote too about the forests considering them like I am about to -do.</p> - -<p>The importance of forests as protectors of mankind is an -incontrovertible fact, and there is no spirit, less observing as it -may be, that has not noticed, even slightly, some influence of -the trees in benefitting life.</p> - -<p>At different times I have treated this important subject -that impressed me so much, in the national and foreign press -and in public addresses here in America, several times discussing -the influence of the trees upon our life. Once speaking -about the combined work of medicine and engineering in the -noble and humanitarian campaign to improve the means of -life on the surface of this planet, especially to preserve and -increase the vigor of the people, I said in part:</p> - -<p>“Life progressively is becoming very difficult to be preserved -in good conditions because of the incessant exhaustion -of elements that are favorable to it on the surface of the earth, -where a continuous transformation is observed all over.</p> - -<p>“The forests, the best protectors of our life, are going fast, -and from the modification that their disappearance is bringing -to the climate and to the natural conditions all over the earth, -will come serious troubles to the solution of the sanitary problems -in the future.</p> - -<p>“It is necessary to use intelligently so important elements -of life, without so barbarous destructions, because so far as -the present scientific knowledge is concerned, there is no doubt, -at all, that from the lack of the forest will come the greatest -modifications in the meteorological conditions of the earth, -and you know, the meteorological conditions—the weather—has<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span> -the most positive influence on our life. This influence does -not appear only on the health conditions, but, too, in the most -complicate social phenomena.</p> - -<p>“The old proverb—‘Man is the son of his environments’—is -a translation of a truth scientifically demonstrated, proving -the weather’s influence. It is true that it means the law -of adaptation, but the environments of man depend entirely -upon the meteorological conditions. According to this law we -could, perhaps, live even under bad conditions of weather, but -such condition would bring an unhealthy condition of life, too.</p> - -<p>“Professor Dexter, of the University of Illinois, studying -the mental and physiological influence of the meteorological -conditions, in one of his books, gives a comprehensive study of -the question, proving the weather’s influence on the organic -and intellectual life, the emotions, the literary sentiments, the -individual conduct. He proves principally that the change of -meteorological conditions affects the health more than anything -else.</p> - -<p>“Under bad meteorological conditions we never would have -the necessary reserve of energy for the complete activity of life.</p> - -<p>“And good meteorological conditions can be guaranteed -only by the preservation of forests, that, unhappily for our -future, does not receive from the people the deserved attention.”</p> - -<p>Since the colonial time many Brazilians have been considering -the forests from a sanitary viewpoint. The patriarch -of our independence José Bonifacio in 1815 wrote these phrases:</p> - -<p>“What other productions of Mother Nature ought to deserve -greater attention from the philosophers and statemen -than the forests and trees? Trees, wood and timber: Only -these words, well meditated upon and understood, are enough -to awaken our whole sensibility.”</p> - -<p>Besides other reasons there is a powerful one that makes -necessary the protection of forest—its great influence upon -health. Health is all, and upon it reposes the happiness of -people and the greatness and prosperity of the countries.</p> - -<p>On account of a rapid progress we must not sacrifice the -forests as it has been done in many new countries.</p> - -<p>Any progress detrimental to the vital forces of nature, is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -negative, ephemeral; if one generation profits by it, the following -one fatally will suffer its consequences.</p> - -<p>This axiom, in my humble opinion, translates better the -decline and disappearance of some nations that figured in -antiquity than any explanation given by the modern philosophy -for the fact; and forethought advises to profit by the -practical lesson contained within it, preserving our natural -resources in order not to sacrifice to a temporary greatness -the best means of preserving life, which means are represented -by the forest.</p> - -<p>The trees are great regulators of many conditions of life, -principally facilitating the atmospheric precipitation and -their profit. The aqueous vapors penetrating the cool atmosphere -of the forest at the contact of the foliage of the trees, -condense resolving into rain or dew; and the water that falls -on the soil, protected against evaporation by the shade, having -its surface-flow impeded and its absorption facilitated by the -roots, penetrates in greatest quantity into the land, guaranteeing -the permanency and abundance of the source that it forms.</p> - -<p>The rainfall without the protecting vegetation rapidly -flows on the surface soil forming the run-off, which takes from -the earth the fertilizing humus, excavating the mountain and -producing the destructive overflow in the valley.</p> - -<p>In the countries where ice and snow do not appear the -regimen of the water courses in a great measure depends upon -the vegetation that covers the head of the streams; and such -an influence is as great as the porosity of the soil is small in -the generative basin of the sources. If there is yet controversy -which is progressively disappearing with more serious -study about some forests’ influences, there is not, all over the -earth, any one who can scientifically contest this truth that history -and geography, the facts of the past and the observation -of the present so clearly confirm. The Nile, which comes from -the heart of Africa, born among the virgin forests where fire -and men never have penetrated, keeps today, in an average, -the same flow that it had when it fertilized Egypt at the time -of the Pharaohs.</p> - -<p>The effects of forests do not appear in confined zones.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> -Their influence is not bounded by a certain region, and the -calamity coming from their devastation passes over the individual -property affecting the public welfare. This is an incontestible -truth that science demonstrates and facts corroborate. -Therefore there is no reason why protection of forest must -be concerned to a certain extension, not affecting the private -lands.</p> - -<p>The individual right ought not to affect the high interests -of the Union which ought to save its own future, guaranteeing -by the preservation of the natural resources of the country, the -general well-being of the present and future generations.</p> - -<p>This rational theory, applied to the case of forests, each -day gains assent in this country being already accepted in the -higher tribunals in favor of the legislation protecting such -resources, which legislation is earnestly advocated by President -Roosevelt, accordingly it was adopted on March 10, 1903 by the -supreme court of Maine, and on April 6th of the same year, the -supreme court of the United States sustained it, confirming -the opinion of the court of errors and appeals of New Jersey.</p> - -<p>To the glory of us Brazilians this principle is the confirmation -of a doctrine of which I spoke last here at Albuquerque, -promulgated in 1892 by the eminent Brazilian, Dr. Francisco -Saturnino Rodrigues de Brito, who wrote:</p> - -<p>“The argument against such laws has no reason for being, -because the owner of the land is only a steward of the soil -that was entrusted to him by the past generations; he is the -depository of lands as he is a depository of capital, and thus, -as it has a social origin, territorial property must have a social -application, in attending to collective interest; and these require -the individual effort of each man to preserve and improve -on the planet the necessary means of living, among which are -the preservation and replantation of forests, that may keep -the necessary moisture for regular rainfall and the normal distribution -of water, detaining it among their roots and not -permitting the destructive overflows that take from the soil the -fertilizing humus. The argument has no reason for being, also, -because the interest of the family itself requires providence -against the prodigal member who steals from his own children<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> -the inheritance from the past, giving to this improvident and -egotistical father only the income of it; and as it happens with -the inheritance, legislative enactment must regulate the question -of lands for the interest of the social community that has -a great attainment from the Past, and comprehending the Present -and the Future.”</p> - -<p>The arguments of President Roosevelt are very similar -to those of the illustrious Brazilian engineer and the same -thing can be said in regard to the reasons presented by the -Supreme Court of the United States as quoted by the American -President:</p> - -<p>“The State, as quasi-sovereign and representative of the -interest of the public, has a standing in court to protect the -atmosphere, the water and forests either in its territory, irrespective -of the ascent or descent of the private owner of the -land most immediately concerned.”</p> - -<p>I am deeply convinced that the conscientious scruples of -a great many of our eminent legislators and loyal men in accepting -this doctrine lie only in the fact that they are always -busy with something else, never dedicating themselves to any -serious study of the forests in their relations to life and the -progress of countries; they have never considered that, on -account of such relation, the sacred rights of humanity, the life -of our children and future generations require a direct and immediate -protection for the trees, which protection is undoubtedly -a measure of public safety. And really such a protection -is as important as any other measure that may prevent the -invasion and spread of some epidemic disease.</p> - -<p>To the 4th Latin-American Congress I moved that all -possible effort should be made to have Brazil and all nations -represented at the congress accept the proposition that is -found in my address of forests last year, which proposition -I write now as follows:</p> - -<p>“<i>Preservation of forests in many ways necessary, must be -considered as a measure of public safety and it is of urgent -necessity to maintain the permanency and abundance not only -of the stream flow, but, of the underground waters.</i>”<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span><a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<p>This proposition, ladies and gentlemen, will do some good -for our forests when thoroughly accepted in the countries -where the question of right of property has been an obstacle -to the protection laws for saving the trees on the private lands.</p> - -<p>I make an appeal to you, gentlemen, of all different nations -here represented to bring with you the ideas contained in this -paper whose value lies only on the strong conviction with -which I wrote it.</p> - -<p>Let us be united all over the world in this great and noblest -campaign for the life of mankind, for the life of our own -children, the water, the pure air, the shade of relief of fatigue, -the timber, in resume, the life itself. Let us profit by the -great lessons of Gifford Pinchot, accepting the wise advice of -greatest men of the past and present generations. And may -this alarm-cry arouse the energies of the present for the solution -of the great problem of the future.</p> - - -<h3>MEANS ADVISED TO PREVENT THE CUTTING OF FORESTS -IN BRAZIL.</h3> - -<p>After the approbation of the proposition contained in the -first part of my address considering the protection of the forests -as a measure of public safety, we must have some restriction -from the states in regard to the use of the generative land of -courses, establishing the protective areas, even approximately, -according to the good sense, putting them under a provisory -police of the tax collectors and the patriotism of the people, -until we can get the resources for a most effective police.</p> - -<p>We must get annually from the Federal Congress some -appropriation, however small, to start the National Forestry -Reservation at the head of the great and navigable rivers, -progressively enlarging such reservation until it has a sufficient -extension.</p> - -<p>I think that in general the forests would be preserved if -the people knew how to use them systematically if efficient -means of preservation of timber could be obtained, in order -to use the softer and light wood as good material, avoiding, as -said by the illustrious engineer, Joaquim Julio Proenca, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -devastation of the virgin forests for hardwoods to be employed -in construction of certain importance, principally railroads; -if we could plant good species, growing fast to be used as fuel -and good timber, for instance, the eucalyptus as is being done -in California, and was advised in Minas Geraes by the distinguished -botanist engineer, Alvaro da Silveira, and if we -could stop or diminish the clearing of forests or old process -of burning the forests for fuel and agricultural purposes by -divulging the scientific processes of cultivation, and profit by -using green wood as a fuel in great factories, using dry stoves -heated by the furnace gases, as established by the deceased -President Joao Pinheiro in his factory at Caeté, Minas -Geraes, Brazil.</p> - -<p>From these considerations we have many suggestions how -to protect the trees, but, certainly, the suggested measures -and those profitable ones found in many forestry codes in our -states, must not be taken only by the Union, whose service, -as I said before, must be as simple and economic as possible -in order to be stable.</p> - -<p>The Federal Government in accordance with the states -must help the development of the instruction on forestry, establishing -special forestry gardens, however small, connected with -botanical branch in the engineering courses, for better knowledge -and trial of species of rapid growth, suitable for construction -and railroad ties; must promote replantation of resistant -trees such as eucalyptus in the arid region, principally -where the sources permanently or temporarily appear; must -promote the employing of light and white soft timber by giving -premiums to the inventor of the best and most economic process -for its preservation, and finally, must make every possible -propaganda by publication of short and practical papers and -so on among farmers on the influence and value of the forests.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noi"><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> In my book on the water supply and sewers of Caxambu, Minas -Geraes, Brazil, I explained the influence of the forests upon the underground -water in a chapter under the title “Preservation of the -sources.”</p> - -</div> - - - - -<hr class="chap"> -<div class="tnote"> -<p class="noi tntitle">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> - -<p class="smfont">Obvious printer’s, punctuation, and spelling inaccuracies were - silently corrected.</p> - -<p class="smfont">Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.</p> - -<p class="smfont">Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved.</p> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESERVATION OF FORESTS AS A MEASURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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