diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-25 09:59:52 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-25 09:59:52 -0800 |
| commit | 4baf065c4bc2ab2b2e85d7321c151525ed0b9e86 (patch) | |
| tree | e7cc373c4710fe878f2b99e079e91630934f5515 /old/69827-h/69827-h.htm | |
| parent | 81b3ee8f42ad6e1930a261b896ad6249557c8ac7 (diff) | |
Diffstat (limited to 'old/69827-h/69827-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69827-h/69827-h.htm | 15469 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 15469 deletions
diff --git a/old/69827-h/69827-h.htm b/old/69827-h/69827-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 792e15d..0000000 --- a/old/69827-h/69827-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15469 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - -<head> - <meta charset="UTF-8"> - <title> - A Manual on the Origin and Development of Washington, by H. Paul Caemmerer—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> - - <style> - - a - {text-decoration: none;} - a:hover - {text-decoration: underline;} - .allclear - {clear: both;} - .allsmcap - {text-transform: lowercase; font-variant: small-caps;} - .bb - {border-bottom: solid thin;} - .bl - {border-left: solid thin;} - body - {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; max-width: 65em;} - .br - {border-right: solid thin;} - .bt - {border-top: solid thin;} - .caption - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .75em; font-family: sans-serif; - font-size: .8em;} - .caption.long - {text-align: justify; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 5%; text-indent: -5%;} - .caption .subcaption - {font-size: 90%;} - .center - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} - .chapter - {page-break-before: always;} - .container - {margin: 1.25em auto; padding: 0; text-align: center; max-width: 100%; page-break-inside: avoid;} - .container.left - {margin: 0 .75em 0 0; float: left;} - .x-ebookmaker .container.left {float: left;} - .container.right - {margin: 0 0 0 .75em; float: right;} - .x-ebookmaker .container.right {float: right;} - .fnanchor - {vertical-align: top; font-size: .5em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;} - .footnote - {margin: .75em 2em .75em 4em; font-size: .9em;} - .x-ebookmaker .footnote {margin-left: 1em;} - .footnote .label - {float: left; font-size: .8em; vertical-align: top; margin: 0; text-indent: -4em; padding: 0;} - .x-ebookmaker .footnote .label {float: none; margin-left: 1em; text-indent: 0;} - .footnote p - {margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 0; text-indent: 1em;} - .fsize80 - {font-size: .8em;} - .fsize90 - {font-size: .9em;} - h1, - h2, - h3, - h4, - h5, - h6 - {text-align: center; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal;} - h1 - {line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 2em; font-size: 2.25em;} - h2 - {margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: .75em; font-size: 1.25em;} - h2.nobreak - {page-break-before: avoid;} - h2 .chapnum - {line-height: 2.5em;} - h2 .subtitle - {line-height: 1.25em; font-size: .8em;} - h2 .subtitle.hayden - {font-size: 80%;} - h2 .title - {font-size: 1.1em;} - h3 - {font-size: 1.1em; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: .75em;} - h3 .highline2 - {line-height: 2em;} - h4 - {font-size: .9em; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: .75em;} - hr - {width: 34%; margin: 2em 33%; color: black; clear: none;} - hr.chap - {width: 26%; margin: 3em 37%;} - hr.footnote - {width: 10%; margin: .5em 90% .5em 0;} - hr.full - {width: 100%; margin: 2em 0; clear: both;} - hr.regulations - {width: 70%; margin: .5em 15%;} - hr.sec - {width: 6%; margin: 1.5em 47%;} - img - {max-width: 100%; height: auto;} - img.bordered - {border: solid thin;} - .left - {text-align: left;} - p - {margin-top: 0; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0; text-indent: 1em;} - p.blankafter75 - {margin-bottom: .75em;} - p.blankafter6 - {margin-bottom: 6em;} - p.blankbefore75 - {margin-top: .75em;} - p.blankbefore2 - {margin-top: 2em;} - p.blankbefore4 - {margin-top: 4em;} - p.blankbefore6 - {margin-top: 6em;} - p.center - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} - p.highline2 - {line-height: 2em;} - p.highline4 - {line-height: 4em;} - p.hind02 - {text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 1em;} - p.inscription - {margin: .75em 10%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0; font-size: .8em; line-height: 1.75em;} - p.inscription.long - {text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em;} - p.inscription.unionstation - {font-size: .7em; line-height: 1.5em;} - p.noindent - {text-indent: 0;} - p.thinline - {line-height: .001em;} - .padl1 - {padding-left: .5em;} - .padl6 - {padding-left: 3em;} - .padl10 - {padding-left: 5em;} - .padr2 - {padding-right: 1em;} - .padr4 - {padding-right: 2em;} - .padr6 - {padding-right: 3em;} - .pagenum - {position: absolute; right: 2%; font-size: .75em; text-align: right; color: gray; text-decoration: none; - font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0;} - .photocredit - {font-size: .8em; text-indent: 0; margin: 0;} - .photocredit.lft - {text-align: left; margin-left: 1em;} - .poetry-container - {text-align: center;} - .poetry - {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; font-size: .9em; display: inline-block;} - .poetry .stanza - {margin: .75em auto;} - .poetry .verse - {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} - .poetry .verse.indent0 - {padding-left: 3em;} - .x-ebookmaker .poetry - {display: block;} - .quote - {margin-top: .75em; margin-bottom: .75em; font-size: .9em;} - .quote .pagenum - {font-size: .8em;} - .right - {text-align: right;} - .righttext - {float: right; text-align: right; padding-left: 1em; display: inline-block;} - .x-ebookmaker .righttext {float: right; display: block; white-space: nowrap;} - .senateresolution - {text-align: center; margin: 0 auto 6em auto; max-width: 25em;} - .senateresolution p - {text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.5em;} - .smcap - {font-variant: small-caps;} - .split5050 - {clear: both;} - .split5050 .left5050 - {float: left; clear: left; width: 49.5%;} - .x-ebookmaker .split5050 .left5050 {float: left;} - .split5050 .right5050 - {float: right; clear: right; width: 49.5%;} - .x-ebookmaker .split5050 .right5050 {float: right;} - sub - {font-size: .7em; vertical-align: -10%;} - sup - {font-size: .7em; vertical-align: 25%;} - table - {border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;} - table.signatories - {margin-top: .75em; margin-bottom: .75em; font-size: .9em;} - table.signatories td.descr - {text-align: left; padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: middle;} - table.signatories td.name - {text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; min-width: 10em;} - table.signatories .righttext - {padding-left: .2em;} - table.standard - {margin-top: .75em; margin-bottom: .75em;} - table.standard.lft - {margin-left: 0; text-align: left;} - table.standard td - {padding-left: .25em; padding-right: .25em;} - table.standard td.brace - {width: .001em; padding: 0;} - table.standard td.counter - {text-align: right; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;} - table.standard td.numbers - {text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;} - table.standard td.numbers.mdl - {vertical-align: middle;} - table.standard td.text - {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 1.25em; text-indent: -1em;} - table.standard td.text.noindent - {text-indent: 0; padding-left: .25em;} - table.statues - {margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; font-size: .9em;} - table.statues td - {padding: .5em .25em 0 1.25em; text-align: left; text-indent: -1em; vertical-align: top;} - table.statues td.center - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} - table.tocloi - {margin: 2em auto; text-align: center;} - table.tocloi td.pagnr - {text-align: right; padding-left: 1em; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;} - table.tocloi td.chapno - {text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;} - table.tocloi td.title - {text-align: left; padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;} - table.tocloi td.title.level2 - {padding-left: 3em;} - td.blankbefore75 - {padding-top: .75em;} - td.brace - {width: .001em; padding: 0;} - td.mdl - {vertical-align: middle;} - td.thinline - {line-height: .001em;} - th - {font-weight: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0; vertical-align: bottom; padding-left: .1em; - padding-right: .1em;} - .titlepage - {margin: 2em auto; padding: 2em; text-align: center; border: solid medium; max-width: 30em;} - .tnbot - {border: dashed thin; margin: 1em 10%; padding: .5em;} - .tnbot h2 - {font-size: 1em;} - .tnbot p - {text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 1em;} - .tnbox - {border: dashed thin; margin: 1em 20%; padding: 1em;} - .transcript - {text-align: right; font-size: .8em; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: .75em;} - .transcriptions - {text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; font-size: .9em;} - .transcriptions .textbox - {margin: .75em auto; text-align: center;} - .transcriptions .textbox p - {text-indent: 0; display: inline-block;} - .transcriptions p.pageref - {text-align: left; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0;} - ul.booklist - {list-style: none; margin: 2em 0; font-size: .9em;} - ul.booklist li - {text-align: justify; margin: 0 0 0 2em; text-indent: -2em;} - ul.embassies - {list-style: none; margin: .75em 0; font-size: .9em;} - ul.embassies li - {text-align: justify; margin: 0 0 0 2em; text-indent: -1em;} - ul.index - {list-style: none; margin: 2em 0; font-size: .9em;} - ul.index li - {text-align: justify; margin: .25em 0 0 2em; text-indent: -2em;} - ul.index li.level1 - {margin-left: 4em;} - ul.index li.level2 - {margin-left: 6em;} - ul.index li.newletter - {margin-top: 1.5em;} - ul.presidents - {list-style: none; margin: 2em 0; font-size: .9em;} - ul.presidents li - {text-align: justify; margin: 0 0 0 2em; text-indent: -2em; line-height: 1.75em;} - .w03emmax - {max-width: 3em;} - .w10emmax - {max-width: 10em;} - .w25emmax - {max-width: 25em;} - .w30emmax - {max-width: 30em;} - .w35emmax - {max-width: 35em;} - .w40emmax - {max-width: 40em;} - .w45emmax - {max-width: 45em;} - .w50emmax - {max-width: 50em;} - .w55emmax - {max-width: 55em;} - .w60emmax - {max-width: 60em;} - .w25pc - {width: 25%;} - .w40pcmax - {max-width: 40%;} - - </style> - -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A manual on the origin and development of Washington, by H. Paul Caemmerer</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: A manual on the origin and development of Washington</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: H. Paul Caemmerer</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 18, 2023 [eBook #69827]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Tim Lindell, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL ON THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WASHINGTON ***</div> - -<div class="tnbox"> -<p class="center">Please see the <a href="#TN">Transcriber’s Notes</a> at the end of this text.</p> -</div> - -<div class="x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="container w35emmax"> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover image"> - -</div><!--container--> - -</div><!--cover--> - -<hr class="chap"> - -<div class="container" id="Frontispiece"> - -<img src="images/illo001.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Fairchild Aerial Surveys (Inc.).</i></p> - -<p class="caption">THE HEART OF THE NATION’S CAPITAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="titlepage"> - -<p class="center highline2 fsize80"><span class="allsmcap">75TH</span> CONGRESS, <span class="allsmcap">3D</span> SESSION -<span class="padl6 padr6">·</span> SENATE DOCUMENT NO. 178</p> - -<h1>A MANUAL ON THE<br> -ORIGIN AND<br> -DEVELOPMENT OF<br> -WASHINGTON</h1> - -<p class="center highline4"><i>By</i> H. PAUL CAEMMERER, Ph. D.</p> - -<p class="center blankbefore2 fsize90">“The City of Washington—the central star of the constellation<br> -which enlightens the whole world.”</p> - -<p class="center blankbefore2 fsize80"><i>General Lafayette, as Guest of the Nation, October 12, 1824.</i></p> - -<p class="center highline2 blankbefore4 fsize90">UNITED STATES<br> -GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE<br> -WASHINGTON: 1939</p> - -</div><!--titlepage--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pageii">[ii]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">SENATE RESOLUTION NO. 280<br> -<span class="subtitle hayden">Submitted by Mr. <span class="smcap">Hayden</span></span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p class="center blankbefore2"><span class="smcap">In the Senate of the United States</span>,</p> - -<div class="senateresolution"> - -<p class="right padr2"><i>April 20 (calendar day, May 18), 1938.</i></p> - -<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the manuscript entitled “A Manual of -the Plan of Washington,” prepared by H. P. Caemmerer, -be printed in such style and manner as may be directed -by the Joint Committee on Printing, as a Senate Document.</p> - -<p>Attest:</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap padr4">Edwin A. Halsey,</span><br> -<span class="padr2"><i>Secretary</i>.</span></p> - -</div><!--senateresolution--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pageiii">[iii]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE</h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>This Manual on the Origin and Development of Washington is published for -the use of students, particularly in high schools, desiring to make a study of the -National Capital a part of their course in civics.</p> - -<p>The 25 chapters composing the book are of such interest and importance that -an hour a week may profitably be devoted to each, but the chapters on public -buildings and monuments require each two or three periods for effective presentation. -In this manner the Manual may serve as a textbook for a year’s work; it -will also be found helpful by the general reader interested in Washington.</p> - -<p>The Manual deals historically with the founding and development of the -National Capital. Beginning with the twentieth century we find a new impetus -given to the development of the city by the McMillan Park Commission of 1901. -Its work has been carried forward by the Commission of Fine Arts and the -National Capital Park and Planning Commission, in cooperation with the Government -of the District of Columbia, including the Zoning Commission; also, of -course, in cooperation with the President of the United States, officials of the -Government, and the Congress of the United States, which by virtue of the -Federal Constitution exercises “exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever” over -the District of Columbia.</p> - -<p>It should be kept in mind that in the study of the National Capital we are -studying the seat of government of the greatest nation in the world, a city that -was laid on a broad, firm foundation, and although neglected for decades during -the last century, the twentieth century has seen Washington transformed into a -city in keeping with the dignity, power, and wealth of this great Nation.</p> - -<p>The Plan of Washington is at the basis of city planning in the United States. -The organization of the National Conference on City Planning in 1907 was inspired -by the work of the McMillan Park Commission of 1901. Many of the -leading artists of the country—architects, sculptors, painters, and landscape -architects—have served in the work of beautifying the city. Washington is a -city that is ever growing and it is destined to be the most beautiful city in the -world.</p> - -<p>The writer wishes to express his grateful appreciation to Senator Carl Hayden -for having introduced the legislation to print this volume.</p> - -<p class="right highline2 padr2"><span class="smcap">H. Paul Caemmerer.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pageiv">[iv]</span></p> - -<p class="center blankbefore6 blankafter6 highline2 fsize80">THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PURCHASED FROM THE<br> -SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE<br> -WASHINGTON, D. C. AT $2.00 A COPY (BUCKRAM)</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pagev">[v]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<table class="tocloi"> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="left fsize80">Chapter</td> -<td class="right fsize80">Page</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">I</td> -<td class="title">The Federal City: Story of the Movement Which Established the Seat of Government Near the Potomac</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page1">1</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">II</td> -<td class="title">Establishment of the Temporary and Permanent Seats of Government</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page7">7</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="5" class="chapno">III</td> -<td class="title">Development of the National Capital—The Plan of the City</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page13">13</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title level2">Site of the Federal City</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page13">13</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title level2">Terms of Original Agreement</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page15">15</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title level2">Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page19">19</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title level2">Preliminary Studies</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page20">20</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">IV</td> -<td class="title">Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page23">23</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="chapno">V</td> -<td class="title">The L’Enfant Plan</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page25">25</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title level2">The Ellicott Plan—The L’Enfant Plan Enlarged</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page29">29</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">VI</td> -<td class="title">Early Washington</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page35">35</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">VII</td> -<td class="title">Washington 1810-1815</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page41">41</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">VIII</td> -<td class="title">Washington 1816-1839</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page45">45</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">IX</td> -<td class="title">Washington 1840-1859</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page49">49</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">X</td> -<td class="title">Washington 1860-1870</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page53">53</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XI</td> -<td class="title">Improvements Made During President Grant’s Administration</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page61">61</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XII</td> -<td class="title">The Influence of the Centennial Celebration and of the World’s Columbian Exposition on Art in the United States</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page65">65</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XIII</td> -<td class="title">Highway Plan of the District of Columbia</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page69">69</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XIV</td> -<td class="title">The McMillan Park Commission—The Plan of 1901</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page73">73</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XV</td> -<td class="title">National Commission of Fine Arts</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page95">95</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XVI</td> -<td class="title">Zoning of the Capital</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page101">101</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XVII</td> -<td class="title">The National Capital Park and Planning Commission</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page105">105</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XVIII</td> -<td class="title">The Lincoln Memorial and the Arlington Memorial Bridge</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page131">131</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XIX</td> -<td class="title">The Parks of the District of Columbia</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page143">143</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XX</td> -<td class="title">Architecture of Early Days</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page165">165</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XXI</td> -<td class="title">Public and Semipublic Buildings</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page219">219</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XXII</td> -<td class="title">The Public-Buildings Program</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page293">293</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XXIII</td> -<td class="title">The Government of the District of Columbia</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page305">305</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XXIV</td> -<td class="title">Arlington National Cemetery</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page309">309</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">XXV</td> -<td class="title">Statues and Monuments</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page319">319</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="6"> </td> -<td class="title">Appendix</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page347">347</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title level2">List of Statues and Monuments in Washington</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page347">347</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title level2">Bibliographical List of Books on Washington the National Capital</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page353">353</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title level2">List of Presidents of the United States</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page355">355</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title level2">Quotations from Great Americans on Washington the National Capital</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page357">357</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Index</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page359">359</a></td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pagevii">[vii]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pagevi">[vi]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<table class="tocloi"> - -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td class="right fsize80">Page</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">The heart of the Nation’s Capital</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Adams Memorial, the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page324">324</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Anacostia Park, plan of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page160">160</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Aqueduct Bridge, old</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page180">180</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Arboretum, National, map of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page162">162</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Arlington Cemetery, Arlington Mansion, and Fort Myer</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page308">308</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Arlington Mansion, reception hall</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page310">310</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Arlington Memorial Bridge</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page138">138</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Arlington Memorial Bridge, architect’s design</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page136">136</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Arlington Memorial Bridge development</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page141">141</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Arlington Memorial Bridge, eagle and fasces</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page139">139</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Arlington Memorial Bridge, eagle and bison head</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page137">137</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Arlington National Cemetery—Memorial Amphitheater</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page312">312</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Arlington National Cemetery—Maine Monument and the Memorial Amphitheater</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page316">316</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Arlington, plan for development of greater</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page142">142</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Station, old</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page73">73</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Boundary stone near Sixteenth Street NW.</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page19">19</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Boundary stones of the District of Columbia</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page17">17</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Boundary stones, three of the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page18">18</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">British Embassy</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page290">290</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Building regulations issued by President Washington</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page21">21</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Burke, statue of Edmund</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page344">344</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Burnham, Daniel H., on city planning</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page81">81</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Cabin John Bridge</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page214">214</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page220">220</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, the, 1840</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page49">49</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, the, 1870</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page60">60</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol at night</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page222">222</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, basement plan of, 1800</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page171">171</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, bronze doors to the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page225">225</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, bronze doors to the House of Representatives wing</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page229">229</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, bronze doors to the Senate wing</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page227">227</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, design by Thornton, 1800</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page165">165</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, from Pennsylvania Avenue, 1830</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page166">166</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, from the west, showing the Tripoli column</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page167">167</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol Grounds and Union Station Plaza, 1917</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page96">96</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol Grounds, treatment of the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page297">297</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol Prison, old</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page53">53</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, showing uncompleted dome, 1860</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page54">54</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, treatment for area west of the, plan of 1901</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page85">85</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol upon its restoration, 1827<span class="pagenum" id="Pageviii">[viii]</span></td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page164">164</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, view from dome of, looking east</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page106">106</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Capitol, view of dome of the, looking south</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page107">107</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Central composition of the National Capital</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page100">100</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, Georgetown, lock of the old</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page178">178</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, gatehouse</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page48">48</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Christ Church, Washington</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page189">189</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Christ Church, Alexandria, Va</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page120">120</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Christ Church burial ground, later known as Congressional Cemetery</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page44">44</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Columbia Island Plaza and Memorial Avenue</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page140">140</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Constitution Hall</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page278">278</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Dante, statue of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page337">337</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Decatur House</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page176">176</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Declaration of Independence and the Constitution</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page251">251</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Dermott map, the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page32">32</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">District of Columbia Supreme Court Building</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page194">194</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Dolly Madison House</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page175">175</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Dupont Memorial Fountain</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page335">335</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">East Capitol Street</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page111">111</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Ellicott plan, the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page30">30</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Ellicott map, the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page39">39</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Executive Building, 1820-66</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page267">267</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Fish market along the water front</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page115">115</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Folger Shakespeare Library</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page253">253</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Folger Shakespeare Library, exhibition hall</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page254">254</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Ford’s Theater</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page216">216</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Fort Drive</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page110">110</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Francis Scott Key Bridge</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page181">181</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Francis Scott Key House</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page183">183</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Freedom, statue of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page223">223</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Gatehouse by Bulfinch, formerly near the Capitol</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page72">72</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Gatepost designed by Bulfinch, near the Capitol</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page63">63</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">George Washington Memorial Parkway</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page114">114</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Georgetown, house of the early days in</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page184">184</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Government Printing Office, the United States</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page258">258</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Grand Army of the Republic Memorial</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page330">330</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Grand review of Union Army, May 1865</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page58">58</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Grant, Gen. U. S., memorial</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page338">338</a>, <a href="#Page342">342</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Grant, Gen. U. S., memorial, Artillery group</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page341">341</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Grant, Gen. U. S., memorial, Cavalry group</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page340">340</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Great Falls of the Potomac</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page116">116</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Hamilton, statue of Alexander</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page345">345</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Haymarket Square, old</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page59">59</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Horse cars, view showing</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page61">61</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">House of Representatives Chamber</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page231">231</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">House of Representatives about 1820, painting by Samuel F. B. Morse</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page46">46</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">House of Representatives Chamber, 1830<span class="pagenum" id="Pageix">[ix]</span></td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page169">169</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">House of Representatives Office Building, New</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page233">233</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">House of Representatives Office Building, Old</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page233">233</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Italian Embassy</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page291">291</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Jackson, statue of Gen. Andrew</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page323">323</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Jeanne d’Arc, statue of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page334">334</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Joaquin Miller Cabin in Rock Creek Park</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page159">159</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">King map, the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page33">33</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Lafayette Park, showing statue of Gen. Andrew Jackson</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page152">152</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Lafayette, statue of General</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page327">327</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">L’Enfant, Maj. Pierre Charles</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page23">23</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">L’Enfant plan, the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page26">26</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">L’Enfant plan, sketch of the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page22">22</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">L’Enfant, tomb of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page317">317</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Library of Congress</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page244">244</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Library of Congress addition</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page248">248</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Library of Congress, grand staircase</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page246">246</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Library of Congress, reading room</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page249">249</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Lincoln died, house in which President</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page217">217</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Lincoln, second inaugural of President, 1865</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page56">56</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial, the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page130">130</a>, <a href="#Page154">154</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial and approaches, the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page130">130</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Basin</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page134">134</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial, site of the, 1901</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page92">92</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial, statue of Abraham Lincoln</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page132">132</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial, Memorial Bridge, and Riverside Drive, plan of 1901</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page93">93</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Longfellow, statue of Henry Wadsworth</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page328">328</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mall about 1890, view of the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page64">64</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mall, the, 1930</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page97">97</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mall, view from the Washington Monument, looking east</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page295">295</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mall, view from the Capitol dome, looking west</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page294">294</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mall, the, inundated</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page79">79</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mall and Monument Gardens, plan of 1901</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page88">88</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mall, plan of the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page90">90</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mall, the, showing railroad tracks crossing it</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page78">78</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Meridian Hill Park, lower garden</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page156">156</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Meridian Hill Park, upper garden</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page156">156</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mount Vernon</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page125">125</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mount Vernon from the air</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page124">124</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mount Vernon Memorial Highway</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page118">118</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, bridge over Hunting Creek</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page121">121</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, north of Little Hunting Creek</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page117">117</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, bridge over Boundary Channel</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page119">119</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, underpass at highway bridge</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page121">121</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">National Archives Building</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page282">282</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">National Archives Building, mural paintings in<span class="pagenum" id="Pagex">[x]</span></td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page283">283</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">National Gallery of Art</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page281">281</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">National Geographic Society</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page278">278</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page287">287</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">New Hampshire Avenue</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page144">144</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Octagon House</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page174">174</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Old Tobacco Barn (old Christ Church)</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page188">188</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Park areas acquired to July 1, 1938</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page149">149</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Patent Office Building, Old</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page198">198</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Pennsylvania Avenue, plan of 1910, plan for developing south side</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page293">293</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Pennsylvania Avenue, between the Treasury and the Capitol</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page298">298</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Pennsylvania Railroad Station, old</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page77">77</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Pulaski, statue of Gen. Casimir</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page332">332</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Rock Creek Church</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page186">186</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Rock Creek Park, map of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page158">158</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Senate Chamber</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page230">230</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Senate Chamber, 1830</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page168">168</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Senate Office Building</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page232">232</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Six Buildings, the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page36">36</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Smithsonian Institution</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page255">255</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Soldiers’ Home, United States</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page212">212</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">St. John’s Church</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page191">191</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">St. John’s Church, early view of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page192">192</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">State Building, Department of, 1801</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page265">265</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">State Building, Department of, when remodeled</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page264">264</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Thornton, Dr. William</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page197">197</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Treasury Building, Department of the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page270">270</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Treasury Building, Department of the, 1855</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page52">52</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Treasury Building, site and material for, 1839</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page47">47</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Triangle group of public buildings along Constitution Avenue</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page280">280</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Tripoli Column, at Annapolis, Md</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page320">320</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Tudor Place, showing gardens on the east side</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page187">187</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Tudor Place, Thirty-first and Q Streets</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page185">185</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Unknown Soldier of the World War, the Tomb of the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page314">314</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Union Square, plan of 1901</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page86">86</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Union Station</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page234">234</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Union Station, concourse</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page236">236</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Union Station, waiting room</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page238">238</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Union Station and Plaza, looking north from the dome of the Capitol</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page300">300</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">United States Supreme Court Building</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page302">302</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">United States Supreme Court Chamber</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page303">303</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Van Ness Mansion</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page177">177</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Wakefield, at Popes Creek, Westmoreland County, Va</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page127">127</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Wakefield, Washington family burying ground</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page129">129</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington and Wakefield, map showing</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page128">128</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, 1852<span class="pagenum" id="Pagexi">[xi]</span></td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page50">50</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, 1890</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page62">62</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington and environs, regional plan of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page104">104</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington Cathedral</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page285">285</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington Cathedral, interior</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page286">286</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington City Post Office</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page242">242</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, early, showing the Jefferson poplars</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page38">38</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, view of early</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page34">34</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington from Arlington Heights, 1865</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page55">55</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington from Arlington, plan of 1901</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page76">76</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington from the President’s House, 1830</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page44">44</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, the future</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page94">94</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington in 1792</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page12">12</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington in embryo</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page14">14</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, looking north from the White House</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page70">70</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, looking south from Sixteenth Street and Columbia Road</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page71">71</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, model of the future, plan of 1901</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page75">75</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, model of, showing conditions in 1901</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page74">74</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, George, Houdon bust of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page122">122</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, George, statue of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page322">322</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, George, statue of Gen.</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page318">318</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington, tomb of</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page126">126</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington Monument, the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page208">208</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington Monument, as seen from the Mall grounds</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page206">206</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington Monument, plan of the, by Robert Mills</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page200">200</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington Monument, uncompleted, as it appeared from 1852-78</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page204">204</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington Monument, under construction, 1872</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page202">202</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Washington Monument, view northwest from the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page274">274</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Water front, plan for improvement of the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page112">112</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">White House, early view of the</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page170">170</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">White House, north side</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page262">262</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">White House, view showing terrace on south side, 1827</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page172">172</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Witherspoon, statue of John</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page329">329</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">World’s Columbian Exposition, Court of Honor, looking east</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page66">66</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">World’s Columbian Exposition, Court of Honor, looking west</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page67">67</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="title">Zero milestone</td> -<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page336">336</a></td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page1">[1]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pagexii">[xii]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter I</span><br> -<span class="title">THE FEDERAL CITY</span><br> -<span class="subtitle">STORY OF THE MOVEMENT WHICH ESTABLISHED THE SEAT -OF GOVERNMENT NEAR THE POTOMAC</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - - -<p>The problem of establishing a permanent seat of government for the United -States was most perplexing. The Continental Congress was obliged for its own -protection to travel from place to place to conduct its sessions. By the treaty of -Paris, in 1783, the independence of the Colonies had been recognized, but they -were then united simply as a confederation, and there was lacking Federal authority -through which the needs of the Government could be asserted and provided for. -This was felt keenly in the matter of obtaining the necessary revenue to maintain -the Government, for the Continental Congress did not have the power of taxation -and had to depend upon the good will of the Colonies.</p> - -<p>The demands upon the Continental Congress were many. The War of Independence -had impoverished the Colonies. There were the debts of war incurred -by the Continental Congress and also the debts of the Colonies themselves—in -all, $20,000,000, a huge sum in those days, and a factor which, as we shall see, -figured in the location of the Federal City south of the Mason and Dixon line. -Then, too, there was an army of soldiers being discharged, with no funds at hand -to pay them for their services.</p> - -<p>Prior to the establishment of the Federal City on the banks of the Potomac, -the Continental Congress met in eight different cities and towns, viz:</p> - -<p>Philadelphia, September 5, 1774, to December 12, 1776.</p> - -<p>Baltimore, December 20, 1776, to February 27, 1777.</p> - -<p>Philadelphia, March 4 to September 18, 1777.</p> - -<p>Lancaster, Pa., September 27, 1777.</p> - -<p>York, Pa., September 30, 1777, to June 27, 1778.</p> - -<p>Philadelphia, July 2, 1778, to June 21, 1783.</p> - -<p>Princeton, N. J., June 26, 1783, to November 4, 1783.</p> - -<p>Annapolis, Md., November 26, 1783, to June 3, 1784.</p> - -<p>Trenton, N. J., November, 1784, to December 24, 1784.</p> - -<p>New York City, January 11, 1785, to March 4, 1789.</p> - -<p>From March 2, 1781, the Continental Congress was also called by some the -Congress of the Confederation. The first Congress under the Constitution met -on March 4, 1789, and adjourned September 29, 1789. On December 6, 1790, -the third session of the First Congress began in Philadelphia, which was the -temporary seat of government until November, 1800.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page2">[2]</span></p> - -<p>The Continental Congress was seriously inconvenienced by this moving from -place to place. They could not take with them their records and files, were -required to seek protection, and there was lack of adequate accommodations in -some of the towns where they met. In Princeton the sessions were held in the -college building, Nassau Hall, where the average attendance was only 22 Members.</p> - -<p>The suggestion had been made in November, 1779, by some Members that -the Congress purchase a few square miles near Princeton village, whereon to -erect public offices and buildings for a permanent home for Congress.</p> - -<p>The two leading factors that entered into the question of establishment of a -seat of government of the United States were jurisdiction and geographical location. -It was deemed very important to give to the National Capital a central -location along the Atlantic coast. Debates on this question continued until 1790.</p> - -<p>On January 29, 1783, the trustees of the corporation of Kingston, N. Y., took -the first recorded action by sending a memorial to the New York State Legislature -that “their estate be erected into a separate district for the Honorable Congress -of the United States.” It was proposed to grant to Congress 1 square mile within -the limits of the town of Kingston, and the New York Legislature consented to -this by the adoption of a resolution on March 14, 1783. Upon the suggestion of -Alexander Hamilton and William Floyd this area was, in September, increased -to 2 square miles.</p> - -<p>On May 12, 1783, the corporation of Annapolis adopted a resolution calling -upon the Maryland Legislature to allow the establishment of the seat of government -at Annapolis, because of its central location along the Atlantic coast. The -Continental Congress took note of this on June 4, 1783. New Jersey, on June -19, 1783, offered a site anywhere in the State. On June 28, 1783, the Legislature -of Virginia offered to Congress the town of Williamsburg and agreed to present -the capitol, the palace, and all the public buildings, together with 300 acres of -land adjoining the city, and a sum of money not to exceed £100,000. This money -was to be expended in erecting 13 hotels for the Delegates to Congress. Also -the town would cede a district contiguous to it not exceeding 5 miles square. -The legislature also offered to cede a like district on the banks of the Potomac -and to assure a sum not exceeding £100,000 for the erection of hotels, and would -also purchase 100 acres of land for the erection of public buildings. Virginia -offered to cede land along the banks of the Potomac if Maryland would unite -and offer a similar tract on the opposite bank of the river; but should Congress -build on the Maryland side only the sum of £40,000 would be appropriated and -the State would be expected to supply the deficiency.</p> - -<p>The offers of New York and Maryland, as recorded in the proceedings of -Congress of June 4, 1783, having emphasized the importance of the subject to -establish a permanent seat of government, we are told in the annals of Madison<span class="pagenum" id="Page3">[3]</span> -that a day in October was named when the subject would be considered. However, -during that very month a mutiny of dissatisfied soldiers took place. A band -of soldiers started from Lancaster, Pa., on June 17, 1783, for Philadelphia, to -demand from the Continental Congress the money then due. Congress appointed -a committee to appeal to the executive council of the State of Pennsylvania, in -session in the same building, for protection against the threatened attack by the -soldiers, but the council refused, saying that the militia would doubtless not be -willing to take up arms “before their resentment should be provoked by some -actual outrages.” The soldiers, about 300 in number, proceeded to the state-house—Independence -Hall—where Congress and the executive council were in -session, surrounded that building, but attempted no violence. Occasionally some -soldier would use offensive language and point his musket at the windows of the -Halls of Congress, but at night the soldiers departed. Congress thereupon -adjourned hastily to meet in Princeton eight days later. General Washington -ordered a court-martial, in which two of the mutineers were sentenced to death -and four to receive corporal punishment; but the convicted men were all pardoned -by Congress. General Washington regarded the mutineers as “recruits and soldiers -of a day who have not borne the heat and burden of war, and who can have in -reality very few hardships to complain of.” The legislators were invited to return -to Philadelphia, but the offer was refused, for the reason that the armed soldiers -had grossly insulted Congress and it seemed useless to apply to the executive -council for protection. This led to the appointment of a committee, of which -James Madison was chairman, on the subject of a permanent seat of government. -They submitted a report on September 18, 1783.</p> - -<p>The committee reported on two questions: First, the extent of the district -necessary; second, the power to be exercised by Congress in that district. As -to the first question, it was reported that a district should not be less than 3 miles -or more than 6 miles square; and second, that Congress ought to have exclusive -jurisdiction. The report was referred to a committee as a whole, but there is no -record that further action was taken.</p> - -<p>When the question of a permanent seat of government was again taken up -by the Continental Congress, it was the question of location that predominated; -the question of exclusive jurisdiction had generally been conceded. The discussion -was finally limited to two sites: First, a location on the banks of the Potomac -at least as far south as Georgetown, which was favored particularly by the southern -Members of Congress as being the geographical center of the United States; -second, a site on the Delaware River near the falls above Trenton, which Pennsylvania, -Delaware, and the other States near by favored.</p> - -<p>On October 7, 1783, Congress decided that a permanent seat of government -should be established on the Delaware River site, and a committee was appointed<span class="pagenum" id="Page4">[4]</span> -to visit the location. Ten days later, on October 17, 1783, Congress decided that -there should be a National Capital at the lower falls of the Potomac, at Georgetown. -This is the first mention of the present location of the National Capital. -Pending the completion of necessary buildings, it was decided that the Continental -Congress would meet at Trenton and Annapolis. But the idea of having two -capitals was ridiculed by such men as Francis Hopkinson, who suggested that -there be one Federal town to be placed on a platform supported by wheels and -two places of residence. As to a statue of George Washington that had been -authorized by Congress at the same session, he suggested it be placed on wheels -and be taken to wherever Congress met. The idea of having two capitals was -abandoned by legislation adopted at Trenton on December 23, 1784.</p> - -<p>Two years elapsed before Congress took up the subject again. In the meantime -a movement began, under the leadership of George Washington, to promote -trade relations between Virginia and Maryland, and to establish trade with the -western frontier by the construction of a canal along the banks of the Potomac. -Washington became president of the Potomac Company at the time of its organization -in 1785, and was its guiding spirit for a period of four years, until 1789, -when he resigned from that office to take up his duties as first President of the -United States.</p> - -<p>A trade convention, held at Annapolis, led to the call for the Constitutional -Convention, February 21, 1787, to meet in Philadelphia in May of that year.</p> - -<p>On May 29,1787, the draft of the Constitution submitted by Charles Pinckney, -of South Carolina, first mentions the section relating to the Federal district in the -form in which it became a part of the Constitution of the United States (Art. I, -sec. 8, par. 17), under the powers of Congress—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding 10 -miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the -seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased -by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, -magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>There was objection on the part of some lest such a provision in the Federal -Constitution would create a government that would become despotic and tyrannical -and result in unjust discrimination in matters of trade and commerce between -the merchants within and outside of the district. But on the other hand the advocates -for a Federal City over which Congress would have exclusive jurisdiction -called attention to the great importance for the Government to have a permanent -residence for the Congress and the executive departments, with their files and -records properly housed, and cited the mutiny in Philadelphia as an illustration -as to what might happen to the Government again in the absence of such Federal -authority. On September 17, 1787, the Constitution of the United States was -adopted and soon after was ratified by a majority of the States.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page5">[5]</span></p> - -<p>When the time came for the inauguration of President Washington, on April -30, 1789, in New York City, the Continental Congress was completing its sessions, -having resided in that city from 1785, a period of four years. Of a population -of 25,000 in 1776, the city in 1789 had a population of only half that number, due -to the continuous occupation by the British Army for a period of seven years. -During the evacuation the city was partly ruined. But a new era began; trade -increased, and the city began to grow rapidly. The Continental Congress was -meeting in the old city hall, which had been used by the British as a prison and -was in a dilapidated condition. As Washington was to be inaugurated in New -York, the people thought that city would become the seat of government, so the city -hall was torn down and a new building erected on the site where the subtreasury -building on Wall Street now stands.</p> - -<p>It was recognized that the presence of that national body was a valuable asset -to the city. Pierre Charles L’Enfant, who late in 1791 made the plan for the Federal -City, was selected to design and construct the building. When the Members -of Congress assembled for the First Congress under the Federal Constitution, -they met in a building constructed with classical arches and columns, painted -ceilings and marble pavements, and furnished in a magnificent manner with crimson -damask canopies and hangings. The exterior was marked by a portico with arcaded -front and highly decorated pediments. But the building had been erected too -rapidly to endure permanently; poor work had been done, and in a few years it -was demolished.</p> - -<p>The building was called Federal Hall. Here on April 30, 1789, a date never -to be forgotten in the annals of American history, George Washington was inaugurated -first President of the United States of America. The spot where General -Washington stood is now marked, as nearly as possible, by the J. Q. A. Ward -statue of the first President, which stands in front of the subtreasury building on -Wall Street. Just inside the door, preserved under glass, is a brownstone slab -on which is inscribed:</p> - -<p class="inscription">STANDING ON THIS STONE, IN THE BALCONY OF FEDERAL HALL, APRIL 30, 1789, -GEORGE WASHINGTON TOOK THE OATH AS THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</p> - -<p>During the sessions of this Congress long and careful consideration was given -to the question of a permanent seat of government. It had its place with great -problems before Congress at the time—as the revenue bill, which would provide -money for the newly established Republic, creating executive departments, plans -for the funding of the public debt and the assumption of State debts, disposal of -public lands, and establishing a judicial system. At the opening of the last month -of the session the question of a residence for the United States Government was -brought up. Protest was made against consideration of the subject in view of the -other important questions pending before Congress that seemed to some to be<span class="pagenum" id="Page6">[6]</span> -more urgent, also because, they said, Congress was properly housed, and that -other towns like Trenton, Germantown, Carlisle, Lancaster, York, and Reading -would be glad to have Congress locate with them.</p> - -<p>However, the southern Members, led by Richard Bland Lee and James -Madison, Representatives from Virginia, argued for present consideration of the -subject. They favored the Potomac River site at least as far south as Georgetown, -which they asserted would be geographically the center of the United -States. They claimed for their section of the country in this matter the consideration -of justice and equality. They argued that there was no question more -important—one in which the people of the country were so deeply interested -and one on the settlement of which the peace and the permanent existence of -the country so much depended. The question of location finally resolved itself -into the consideration of two localities: First, a site near the falls of the Susquehanna, -at Wrights Ferry, Pa., 35 miles from tidewater; and second, a site at -Georgetown, Md., near the lower falls of the Potomac.</p> - -<p>Great stress was laid on the importance of a site that would place the seat of -government on a navigable stream far enough from the sea to be safe from hostile -attacks. But it was also deemed very important to select a place that would offer -means of communication with the western country, which was a subject, as we -have seen, in which George Washington was interested for years previously. -This argument was effective, as it offered advantages for carrying on trade with -the vast western country for which the Potomac Company had been established.</p> - -<p>The subject received the consideration of both the House and Senate in September, -1789, but its final consideration was deferred until the following year, in -June, 1790. The southern Members, especially the Representatives of Maryland -and Virginia, were particularly active, believing a decision on the Potomac River -site was in their favor. In December, 1789, Virginia had made a grant of -$120,000, and a sum equal to two-thirds of that amount had been voted by the -Legislature of the State of Maryland for the construction of buildings, in addition -to their willingness to cede the portion of the 10-mile square in their respective -States along the Potomac River desired for the Federal district.</p> - -<p>The final disposition of this question was settled by compromise.</p> - -<p>At the time Hamilton had the funding bill before Congress, and lacked one -vote in the Senate and five in the House to secure its passage, he came to an agreement -with Robert Morris, financier of the Revolution, on the question of location -of the seat of government. Also, Thomas Jefferson tells us, in his “Anas,” of a -dinner given by him at which the residence question was discussed and an -agreement reached whereby the southern Members agreed to the funding bill -in consideration of the designation of Philadelphia as the seat of government for -a 10-year period and thereafter along the Potomac.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page7">[7]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter II</span><br> -<span class="title">ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT -SEATS OF GOVERNMENT</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>The House of Representatives had proposed a bill naming Baltimore as the -site, but the Senate struck out this provision, and on July 1, 1790, voted 14 to 12 -for the Potomac River site between the mouth of the Eastern Branch and the -Connogochegue, a tributary of the Potomac, 20 miles south of the Pennsylvania -State line. The bill which became a law July 16, 1790, reads as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p class="center blankbefore75 blankafter75">An Act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the -Government of the United States</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> <i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of -America in Congress assembled</i>, That a district of territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be -located as hereafter directed on the river Potomac, at some place between the mouths of the Eastern -Branch and Connogochegue, be, and the same is hereby, accepted for the permanent seat of the government -of the United States. <i>Provided nevertheless</i>, That the operation of the laws of the state -within such district shall not be affected by this acceptance, until the time fixed for the removal of -the government thereto, and until Congress shall otherwise by law provide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> <i>And be it further -enacted</i>, That the President of the United States be authorized to -appoint, and by supplying vacancies happening from refusals to act or other causes, to keep in -appointment as long as may be necessary, three commissioners, who, or any two of whom, shall, -under the direction of the President, survey, and by proper metes and bounds define and limit a -district of territory, under the limitations above mentioned; and the district so defined, limited and -located, shall be deemed the district accepted by this act, for the permanent seat of the government -of the United States.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> <i>And be it further -enacted</i>, That the said commissioners, or any two of them, shall have -power to purchase or accept such quantity of land on the eastern side of the said river, within the -said district, as the President shall deem proper for the use of the United States, and according to -such plans as the President shall approve, the said commissioners, or any two of them, shall, prior -to the first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred, provide suitable buildings -for the accommodation of Congress, and of the President, and for the public offices of the government -of the United States.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> <i>And be it further -enacted</i>, That for defraying the expense of such purchases and buildings, -the President of the United States be authorized and requested to accept grants of money.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> <i>And be it further -enacted</i>, That prior to the first Monday in December next, all offices -attached to the seat of the government of the United States, shall be removed to, and until the said -first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred, shall remain at the city of -Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, at which place the session of Congress next ensuing the -present shall be held.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page8">[8]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> <i>And be it further -enacted</i>, That on the said first Monday in December, in the year one -thousand eight hundred, the seat of the government of the United States, shall, by virtue of this -act, be transferred to the district and place aforesaid. And all offices attached to the said seat of -government, shall accordingly be removed thereto by their respective holders, and shall, after the -said day, cease to be exercised elsewhere; and that the necessary expense of such removal shall be -defrayed out of the duties on imposts and tonnage, of which a sufficient sum is hereby appropriated.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>It is said that the loftiest minds of Congress were swayed by the judgment of -George Washington in this matter. They agreed with him that America should -establish the precedent of a nation locating and founding a city for its permanent -capital by legislative enactment. Furthermore, they wished to honor that first -President and great general and counselor, who had made their independence possible, -by conferring upon him the power to select for this Federal City the locality -he had in prophetic vision chosen as a suitable site for the capital of the Republic. -By this act Congress expressed its faith in President Washington by permitting -him to establish the capital anywhere along the Potomac between the Eastern -Branch and the Connogochegue, a distance of 80 miles. The boundaries of no -other city were ever fixed with more certainty. It is recorded that George -Washington was harassed by the importunities of anxious residents and aggressive -speculators, but that he never wavered in his purpose to select for the site -of the Federal City that which in former years he had chosen for the Federal -home upon the establishment of the Republic.</p> - -<p>By proclamation of January 24, 1791, President Washington directed that a -preliminary survey be made, or, in the President’s words, “lines of experiment” -were to be run. This survey was substantially in accord with the lines subsequently -adopted, moving the southern boundary point of the “ten miles square” -farther south so as to include a convenient part of the Eastern Branch and also -the town of Alexandria.</p> - -<p>The act of July 16, 1790, was thereupon amended accordingly by act approved -March 3, 1791, as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress -assembled</i>, That so much of the act, entitled “An act for establishing the temporary and -permanent seat of the government of the United States,” as requires that the whole of the district -of territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be located on the river Potomac, for the permanent -seat of the government of the United States, shall be located above the mouth of the Eastern Branch -be and is hereby repealed, and that it shall be lawful for the President to make any part of the territory -below the said limit, and above the mouth of Hunting Creek, a part of the said district, so as to -include a convenient part of the Eastern Branch, and of the lands lying on the lower side thereof -and also the town of Alexandria, and the territory so to be included, shall form a part of the district -not exceeding ten miles square, for the permanent seat of the government of the United States, in -like manner and to all intents and purposes, as if the same had been within the purview of the above -recited act: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing herein contained, shall authorize the erection of public buildings -otherwise than on the Maryland side of the river Potomac, as required by the aforesaid act.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page9">[9]</span></p> - -<p>Thus within a period of nine months the limits of the Federal territory were -established. The corner stone was set with appropriate ceremonies at Jones Point, -Alexandria, Va., April 15, 1791. Not a cent was advanced by Congress for buildings -or grounds. In fact, the Treasury was empty, and without credit Congress -was unable to give financial assistance. Washington himself drew up the original -agreement by which the owners were to convey the land to the Government -which the Cincinnatus of the West bought from the landholders at £25 per acre.</p> - -<p>Of George Washington, Daniel Webster said, at the ceremonies for enlarging -the Capitol to its present size, on July 4, 1851:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>He heads a short procession over naked fields, he crosses yonder stream on a fallen tree, he -ascends to the top of this eminence, where original oaks of the forest stood as thick around as if the -spot had been devoted to Druidical worship, and here he performed the appointed duty of the day.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>In earlier years Washington had noted the beauty of the broad eminence on -which the Capitol was destined to be reared, and had marked the breadth of the -picture and the strong colors of the landscape with its environing wall of wooded -heights, which rolled back against the sky as if to inclose a beautiful area fit for -the supreme deliberation of the governmental affairs of a great Republic in the -New World, founded on the truths “that all men are created equal; that they are -endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are -life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” These truths, as set forth in the -unanimous declaration of the thirteen original colonies of the United States of -America adopted July 4, 1776, formed the basis of the Magna Charta of American -liberty, known to us as the Declaration of Independence.</p> - -<h3>HISTORY OF EARLY SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE POTOMAC</h3> - -<p>Somewhat more than a century and a half before (in 1608) Capt. John Smith -and his men sailed up the Patawomeck and visited the site of the future Federal -City. The famous adventurer only partially explored the country, the principal -item in the log book of his voyage being that they found the river full of luscious -fish and its shores lined with ferocious savages. They met with opposition from -Chief Powhatan and were subject to continual attacks. Nevertheless the exploration -was continued up the Potomac as far as Little Falls, about 5 miles above -the city of Washington. At the time of this exploration there were about 30 -tribes, principal and subordinate, living along the shores of Chesapeake Bay in -Maryland and Virginia. The chief of these principal tribes were the Powhatans, -the Manahoacs, and the Monacans. The Powhatans lived along the shores of the -Chesapeake as far north as the Patuxent in Maryland, and the other two lived in -the territory contiguous to the York and Potomac Rivers. The Manahoacs and -the Monacans, who were continuously at war with the Powhatans in Virginia,<span class="pagenum" id="Page10">[10]</span> -inhabited the present District of Columbia. The Manahoacs were almost exterminated -by war, pestilence, and spirituous liquors, and about 1712 migrated to -the west, joining the Iroquois and the Tuscaroras. Among the smaller tribes -were the Nacotchants and the Toags, who were friendly to Capt. John Smith. -The Toags lived near Mount Vernon, as is shown by the name Tauxement on -Capt. John Smith’s map. The Moyaones lived directly opposite Mount Vernon, -in Maryland, at the mouth of the Piscataway. The Nacotchants lived just below -the Eastern Branch, within the District of Columbia.</p> - -<p>There is a tradition of the early settlers of Maryland that the valley at the foot -of Capitol Hill, drained by Tiber Creek, was a popular fishing ground of the Indians, -and that they gathered not far from there, at Greenleaf’s Point, for their councils. -The Indians of Maryland and Virginia closely resembled each other. Those of -Maryland were descendants of the same race as the Powhatans and spoke dialects -of the great Algonquin language. Powhatan claimed jurisdiction over the Patuxent, -but it is doubtful whether he ever enforced the claim.</p> - -<p>The Indians lived along the banks of the rivers in this part of the country, and -thus many Indian names, suggested by the suffixes “annock” and “any,” have -come down to us, as the Susquehanna, Rappahannock, Allegheny, and Chickahominy. -The name Chesapeake is said to have come from the Algonquin language, -and Potomac comes from the Indian name Patawomeck. The Powhatans were won -over to the English by the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe, but the marriage, -though notable in history, offered no advantages to the settlers. The original -inhabitants were finally driven out by the relentless Iroquois. Among the early -fighters against the Indians was Col. John Washington, who came to America -in 1657 and settled at Bridges Creek, Va., later called Wakefield. He led 1,000 -men against the Susquehannas. The Maryland tribes were gradually consolidated -with the Piscataways, and about 1700 they moved to a new settlement on the -lower Susquehanna, near Bainbridge, Pa. Here, in 1765, they numbered about -150 persons and were under the jurisdiction of the Iroquois. Thereafter they -moved to the Ohio Valley and joined the Delawares.</p> - -<p>To-day the name Anacostia, derived from the name of the small Indian tribe -of Nacotchants, reminds us of the occupation of the District of Columbia by -Indians. As has been said, they lived just below the Eastern Branch, in a suburb -of Washington known as Anacostia. The great Anacostia Park, in the immediate -vicinity, is named after them. They were a tribe of peaceful Indians, about 80 in -number, and were kind and well disposed to Capt. John Smith and his explorers. -The name of Anacostia was also given to an island near the shores of Virginia, at -Georgetown. Later it took the name Analostian and also Anacostian Island. -When George Mason, prominent delegate to the Virginia Legislature, purchased -it in 1777, it came to be known as Masons Island. Later it was called Analostan<span class="pagenum" id="Page11">[11]</span> -Island. Stone implements and fragments of pottery and traces of Indian villages -have been found in these locations, which give evidence of habitations of the -Indians in the District of Columbia in those days. It was a region favored by the -Indians for its game of all kinds, as well as fish. The soil was rich and fertile and -crops were plentiful. Then, too, the climate was agreeable; that is, it did not have -the extreme cold of the North, nor did the inhabitants suffer from the continued -heat of a tropical sun. The latitude of Washington is 38° 52′ 37″ N. and the -longitude 76° 55′ 30.54″ W.</p> - -<p>Weather reports of a hundred years ago give 97° for the average of maximum -in summer and 24° above zero for the winter. This mild climate has had its consequent -effect on the flora of the District of Columbia. A report of the Botanical -Society of Washington, made in 1825, gives us the names of 860 distinct species -and varieties of plants in the District of Columbia. To-day grow here the oak, -walnut, hickory, elm, maple, and other hardy trees; pine trees in all their -varieties, and magnolia, also the rhododendron, laurel, box bushes, privet hedges, -holly; and roses bloom in Washington almost the entire year. In spring the -beautiful Japanese cherry trees add charm to the city.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page12">[12]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo025.jpg" alt="" class="bordered"> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, 1792</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page13">[13]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter III</span><br> -<span class="title">DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL -THE PLAN OF THE CITY</span></h2> - -<h3>SITE OF THE FEDERAL CITY</h3> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>The first mention of the upper Potomac and adjacent regions to Indianhead, -about 35 miles south of Washington, is made by Capt. John Smith, who explored -this region from the Jamestown settlement in Virginia in 1608. In 1634 Henry -Fleet, who was taken captive by Indians, visited the falls of the Potomac. In 1635 -a tract of land (400 acres) called Rome was laid out for Francis Pope, gentleman. -The Capitol is said to be on this land. In 1790 the region in which the city -of Washington has been built was in the form of 17 large farm tracts, as is -shown on the following page. They were covered with woods and streams; -the arable portions were tilled and produced wheat, maize, and tobacco. Two -hamlets, Carrollsburg (where the War College now stands), and Hamburg -(about where the Naval Hospital is located), which was then southeast of the -thriving port of Georgetown, were within the limits of the early survey.</p> - -<p>On April 30, 1783, 19 days after the proclamation of peace between the -American Colonies and England, the subject of a permanent capital for the General -Government of the States was brought up in Congress. The act of July 16, 1790, -heretofore cited, provided for the selection of a permanent site on the upper -Potomac River for the National Capital—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p class="noindent">according to such plans as the President shall approve and prior to the first Monday in December, -1800, and suitable buildings for the accommodation of Congress, and of the President, and for -the public offices of the Government of the United States.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>On January 22, 1791, President Washington appointed three commissioners—Daniel -Carroll and Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, and David Stuart, of Virginia.</p> - -<p>By proclamation of January 24, 1791, President Washington directed that -the three commissioners appointed pursuant to the act approved July 16, 1790, -“proceed forthwith to run the said lines of experiment and, the same being run, to -survey and by proper metes and bounds to define and limit the part within the -same,” which were substantially in accord with the lines subsequently adopted, -moving the southern boundary point of the 10 miles square farther south, so as to -include a convenient part of the Eastern Branch and also the town of Alexandria.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page14">[14]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo027.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr01">Transcriptions</a></p> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON IN EMBRYO</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page15">[15]</span></p> - -<p>When President Washington arrived in the future National Capital he -found the great task before him was to bring into harmony the rival interests of -the Eastern Branch, or Carrollsburg, and of Georgetown. The property holders -of Carrollsburg appeared to be anxious that the new public buildings be located -in their town. David Burnes, who owned much of the land that now lies -between the White House and the Capitol, was keen to have, on condition that -he give up part of his property, the public buildings located there. Thus from -the beginning of the history of the city there has been rivalry between various -sections of the city while the Government was planning for its development.</p> - -<p>The controversy between the landholders led Thomas Jefferson to make a -rough outline plan for a city one-fourth less in size than that which George Washington -had in mind, to be built in the vicinity of Georgetown. This sketch -showed the Capitol building at the site of the town called Hamburg, about -where the Naval Hospital is now located; from there eastward public walks or -a Mall was planned, with the location of the President’s House at about the -present Nineteenth Street, south of Pennsylvania Avenue. Jefferson also proposed -a rectangular system of streets, in contrast with the open spaces and -radiating avenues planned by L’Enfant, who also reversed the position of the -Capitol by placing that to the east of the President’s House on Jenkin’s Hill.</p> - -<h3 class="fsize80">TERMS OF ORIGINAL AGREEMENT</h3> - -<p>The terms of the sale of land to the Government were agreed to on March 30, -1791, under which the original owners agreed to convey to the United States -Government, free of cost, such portions of their farms as were needed for streets, -parks, and other public reservations; and to sell such land as was needed for -Government buildings and public improvements at £25 per acre (about $67). -The remaining land was to be laid out in building lots and apportioned equally -between the Federal Government and the original owners. Rufus R. Wilson, in -Washington, the Capital City, says:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>In this way, without advancing a dollar and at a total cost of $36,000, the Government acquired -a tract of 600 acres in the heart of the city. The 10,136 building lots assigned to it ultimately -proved to be worth $850,000, and now represent a value of $70,000,000. Shrewd financier as he -was, it is doubtful if Washington ever made another so good a bargain as that with Burnes and -his neighbors.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The following is a copy of the agreement:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p class="center highline2">THE AGREEMENT OF PRESIDENT WASHINGTON WITH THE ORIGINAL PROPRIETORS</p> - -<p>We, the subscribers, in consideration of the great benefits we expect to derive from having the -Federal City laid off upon our Lands, do hereby agree and bind ourselves, heirs, executors, and -administrators, to convey, in Trust, to the President of the United States, or Commissioners, or -such person or persons as he shall appoint, by good and sufficient deeds, in Fee simple, the whole -of our respective Lands which he may think proper to include within the lines of the Federal City, -for the purposes and on the conditions following:</p> - -<p>The President shall have the sole power of directing the Federal City to be laid off in what manner -he pleases. He may retain any number of Squares he may think proper for public Improvements,<span class="pagenum" id="Page16">[16]</span> -or other public Uses, and the lots only which shall be laid off shall be a joint property between -the Trustees on behalf of the public, and each present proprietor, and the same shall be fairly and -equally divided between the public and the Individuals, as soon as may be, after the City shall -be laid off.</p> - -<p>For the streets the proprietors shall receive no compensation; but for the squares or Lands in -any form, which shall be taken for public buildings, or any kind of public improvements, or uses, -the proprietors, whose lands shall be so taken, shall receive at the rate of twenty-five pounds per -acre, to be paid by the public.</p> - -<p>The whole wood on the Lands shall be the property of the proprietors.</p> - -<p>But should any be desired by the president to be reserved or left standing, the same shall be -paid for by the public at a just and reasonable valuation, exclusive of the twenty-five pounds per -acre to be paid for the land, on which the same shall remain.</p> - -<p>Each proprietor shall retain the full possession and use of his land, until the same shall be sold -and occupied by the purchasers of the Lots laid out thereupon, and in all cases where the public -arrangements as to streets, lotts, &c., will admit of it, each proprietor shall possess his buildings -and other improvements, and graveyards, paying to the public only one-half the present estimated -value of the Lands, on which the same shall be, or twelve pounds ten shillings per acre. But in -cases where the arrangements of the streets, lotts, squares, &c., will not admit of this, and it shall -become necessary to remove such buildings, Improvements, &c., the proprietors of the same shall -be paid the reasonable value thereof, by the public.</p> - -<p>Nothing herein contained shall affect the Lotts which any of the parties to this Agreement may -hold in the Towns of Carrollsburgh or Hamburgh.</p> - -<p>In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and Seals, this thirtieth day of March, -1791.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<table class="signatories"> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3"> </td> -<td class="name">Signed</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="4" class="descr">Signed & sealed in presence of us—Mr. <span class="smcap">Thos. Beall</span>, -making an exception of the Lands he sold Abraham Young not yet conveyed.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace bt bb bl"> </td> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Robert Peter</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">David Burnes</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Jas. M. Lingan</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Uriah Forrest</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="descr">Witness to all the subscribers including <span class="smcap">William Young</span></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace bt bb bl"> </td> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Benj. Stoddert</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Notley Young</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="descr"><span class="smcap">William Bayly</span><br> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace bt bb bl"> </td> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Dan. Carroll</span> of Dn. -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span><br> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="descr"><span class="smcap">William Robertson</span><br> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Overton Carr</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="descr"><span class="smcap">John Suter</span></td> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Thos. Beall</span> of Geo. -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="descr"><span class="smcap">Samuel Davidson</span> -witness to <span class="smcap">Abraham Young</span>’s signing -<td rowspan="2" class="brace">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace bt bb bl"> </td> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Charles Beatty</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Anthony Holmead</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="descr"><span class="smcap">Benj. Stoddert</span> -witness to <span class="smcap">Edward Peirce</span>’s signing.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace bt bb bl"> </td> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Wm. Young</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Edward Peirce</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="descr"><span class="smcap">Joseph E. Rowles</span> for <span class="smcap">Jno. Waring</span>.</td> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Abraham Young</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="descr"><span class="smcap">Wm. Deakins</span> Junr. for <span class="smcap">Wm. Prout</span> -& <span class="smcap">William King</span> as attorney in fact.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace bt bb bl"> </td> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">James Peirce</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">William Prout</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" colspan="3"> </td> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Robert Peter</span>, as -attorney in fact for <span class="smcap">Eliphas Douglass</span>. -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Benj. Stoddert</span> for <span class="smcap">Jno. Waring</span> -by written authority from Mr. Waring. -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="name"><span class="smcap">William King</span> -<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page17">[17]</span></p> - -<div class="container w60emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo030.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr02">Transcriptions</a></p> - -<p class="caption">MAP OF BOUNDARY STONES OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page18">[18]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo031.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THREE OF THE BOUNDARY STONES</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page19">[19]</span></p> - -<p>The land which was being considered for the city proper consisted of about -6,000 acres. In laying out the streets 3,606 acres were taken, and about 540 acres -were bought by the United States as sites for the public buildings and grounds. -The lots laid out numbered 20,272. Of these the United States took half and the -property owners were given back the remainder. The United States sold its share -of the lots and from the proceeds paid for the 540 acres on which it was to put the -public buildings.</p> - -<p>The United States also took a fee-simple title to the streets and avenues.</p> - -<h3>BOUNDARY STONES OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</h3> - -<p>A survey of an outline of the District of Columbia was made by Andrew Ellicott. -From the initial point at Jones Point, on Hunting Creek, at the Potomac (just -south of Alexandria), a line was run due northwest 10 miles; thence (into Maryland) -due northeast 10 miles to a northern boundary point (now called Sixteenth -Street Heights); thence due southeast 10 miles; thence due southwest 10 miles, or -back to Jones Point.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo032.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">BOUNDARY STONE NEAR SIXTEENTH STREET, NORTHWEST</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>This survey was approved by Congress with the amendment that all public -buildings should be erected on the Maryland side of the Potomac River.</p> - -<p>On March 29, 1791, President Washington arrived on a visit to the Potomac -and stayed at Suter’s Tavern in Georgetown. The next day, accompanied by<span class="pagenum" id="Page20">[20]</span> -the three commissioners and Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant and Andrew Ellicott, -he rode over the ground. Washington met the owners of the land the same night, -and the general terms were then agreed upon and signed by the 19 “original -proprietors.” The area of 100 square miles embraced about 64 square miles of -Maryland soil (ceded previously in 1788) and about 36 square miles of Virginia -soil (ceded in 1789).</p> - -<p>Thereupon the three city commissioners were ordered to have the boundary -lines permanently marked by monuments placed 1 mile apart. One of these -boundary stones can be seen to-day near the north corner of the District of -Columbia. Each stone was quite large, and this particular one is well preserved.</p> - -<h3>PRELIMINARY STUDIES</h3> - -<p>When the city of Washington was planned under the direct and minute supervision -of President Washington and Secretary of State Jefferson, the relations -that should exist between the Capitol and the President’s House were closely -studied. On August 7, 1791, L’Enfant sent a sketch to President Washington, -with a note, “the plan altered agreeable to your suggestion.” Indeed, the whole -city was planned with a view to the reciprocal relations that should be maintained -among public buildings. Vistas and axes; sites for monuments and -museums; parks and pleasure gardens; fountains and canals—in a word, all that -goes to make a city a magnificent and consistent work of art were regarded as -essential. Thus, aside from the pleasure and the positive benefits to health that -the people derive from public parks in a capital city like Washington, there is a -distinct use of public spaces as the indispensable means of giving dignity to -Government buildings and of making suitable connections between the great -departments.</p> - -<p>The original plans were prepared after due study of great models. The -stately art of landscape architecture had been brought oversea by royal governors -and wealthy planters, and both Washington and Jefferson were familiar with the -practice of that art.</p> - -<p>On September 8, 1791, it was decided by Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, -and James Madison, in conference with the Commissioners of the District of -Columbia—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p class="noindent">to name the streets of the Federal City alphabetically one way and numerically the other from -the Capitol and that the name of the City and Territory shall be the City of Washington and -the Territory of Columbia.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The city had also been divided into four sections—namely, northeast, northwest, -southeast, southwest—with the Capitol as the center and North and -South Capitol Streets dividing the east and west sections and East Capitol -Street and the Mall the north and south sections.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page21">[21]</span></p> - -<div class="container w30emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo034.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr03">Transcriptions</a></p> - -<p class="caption">BUILDING REGULATIONS ISSUED BY PRESIDENT WASHINGTON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page22">[22]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo035.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">SKETCH OF THE L’ENFANT PLAN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page23">[23]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter IV</span><br> -<span class="title">MAJ. PIERRE CHARLES L’ENFANT</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant was born in Paris August 2, 1754, the son of an -academician, who was “Painter in ordinary to the King in his Manufacture of the -Gobelins,” with a turn for landscape and especially for battles, as is shown by the -collections at Versailles and Tours. Trained as a French military engineer, young -L’Enfant at the age of 23 obtained a commission as a volunteer lieutenant in the -French colonial troops, serving at his own expense.</p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo036.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MAJ. PIERRE CHARLES L’ENFANT</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>L’Enfant preceded Lafayette to America by a month. Arriving in 1777, he -entered the Continental Army at his own expense. In February 1778 he was -made a captain of engineers and as such proved his valor in battles about Charleston, -where he was wounded and was included in the capitulation and exchanged. -He was made a major in 1783.</p> - -<p>He was “artist extraordinary” to the Army, drawing likenesses (including -one of Washington at Valley Forge), decorating ballrooms, and building banquet -halls. Then by turn he became a drillmaster, like Von Steuben. When peace -was declared he made a brief visit to France to see his father and, incidentally,<span class="pagenum" id="Page24">[24]</span> -to establish the Society of the Cincinnati in France and procure the gold eagles -he had designed as insignia of the organization. Then he returned to remodel -the New York City Hall for the reception of the first Congress of the United -States, a building of such beauty never before having been seen by the assembled -representatives of the people. L’Enfant was an artist, and this Washington -knew when he selected him to design the Federal City. He was imbued with -the artistic development of Paris, with its fine central composition from the -Tuileries to the Arch of Triumph, the beauty of the Champs Elysees, the Place -de la Concorde and adjacent great buildings as the Louvre; and with Versailles, -built by Louis XIV, with its fountains, terraces, gardens, and parks, which still -thrill thousands of visitors each year. He understood the art of city planning.</p> - -<p>L’Enfant was long maturing in his mind the plan he so quickly put on paper. -In September, 1789, while yet the idea of creating a capital city was still in the air, -he wrote to President Washington asking to be employed to design “the Capital -of this vast Empire.” The nations of Europe wondered at the probable future of -the new Republic. Visualizing the future, L’Enfant wrote:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>No nation ever before had the opportunity offered them of deliberately deciding upon the -spot where their capital city should be fixed, or of considering every necessary consideration in -the choice of situation; and although the means now within the power of the country are not -such as to pursue the design to any great extent, it will be obvious that the plan should be -drawn on such a scale as to leave room for that aggrandizement and embellishment which the -increase of the wealth of the Nation will permit it to pursue to any period, however remote.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>Major L’Enfant, a man of position and education and an engineer of ability, -was also familiar with those great works of the master Le Nôtre, which are still -the admiration of the traveler and the constant pleasure of the French people. -Moreover, from his well-stocked library Jefferson sent to L’Enfant plans “on a -large and accurate scale” of Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfort, Carlsruhe, Strasburg, -Orleans, Turin, Milan, and other European cities, at the same time felicitating -himself that the President had “left the planning of the town in such good hands.”</p> - -<p>Thereupon the name of L’Enfant became, and has since remained, inseparably -associated with the plan and development of the Nation’s Capital. He was gifted -but eccentric, a characteristic that got him into many and serious difficulties.</p> - -<p>President Washington had high regard for him and wrote of him as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>Since my first knowledge of the gentleman’s abilities in the line of his profession, I have viewed -him not only as a scientific man, but one who added considerable taste to professional knowledge, -and that, for such employment as he is now engaged in—for projecting public works and carrying -them into effect—he was better qualified than anyone who had come within my knowledge in this -country, or indeed in any other, the probability of obtaining whom could be counted upon. I had -no doubt at the same time that this was the light in which he considered himself; and of course he -would be tenacious of his plans as to conceive they would be marred if they underwent any change -or alteration. * * * Should his services be lost, I know not how to replace them.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page25">[25]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter V</span><br> -<span class="title">THE L’ENFANT PLAN</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>The L’Enfant plan, as before stated, was prepared for the Federal City under -the direction of President Washington and Thomas Jefferson in 1791 by Maj. -Pierre Charles L’Enfant, and applied to the 10 miles square set apart as Federal -territory and called the District of Columbia. This was the first and most -comprehensive plan ever designed for any city. It was a masterpiece of civic -design. As originally drawn it extended only to Florida Avenue NW. and was -designed for a city of 800,000, the size of Paris at the time. It was submitted to -Congress by President Washington on December 13, 1791.</p> - -<p>The original plan shows explanatory notes and references by Major L’Enfant, -among which he calls attention to the position of the main buildings and squares, -the leading avenues, and the plan of intersection of the streets and their width. -The avenues were to be 160 feet in width. No city designed merely for commercial -purposes would have avenues of such width; hence the whole plan indicates -that it was especially designed for the seat of government of the Nation.</p> - -<p>There are two great focal points in the L’Enfant plan—the Capitol and the -White House—each with its intersecting avenues, that add beauty and charm to -the city and at the same time make distant parts of the city easy of access.</p> - -<p>The methods and features of L’Enfant’s plan, which included the reports and -correspondence between L’Enfant and President Washington, in 1930 were given -intensive study by William T. Partridge, consulting architect of the National -Capital Park and Planning Commission. Mr. Partridge’s findings and his review -of the features of the plan, which are still possible of attainment, constitute a -notable contribution to the research in this field, and we quote at length:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>A study of L’Enfant’s plan, as well as a careful reading of his descriptions, shows the effort -made to model his design to the existing topography. No mention can be found of Versailles or -London as an inspiration. He reiterates again and again in his letters that this plan of his was -“original” and “unique.” In a letter to Jefferson requesting some Old World city maps he deprecates -any copying and asks for this information only as a means for comparison or to aid in refining -and strengthening his judgment.</p> - -<p>In order to investigate how far the existing conditions of the site for the Federal City dictated -the plan of present Washington, a topographical map of the terrain, as existing at that period, has -been carefully prepared from old maps and descriptions and an attempt made with an open mind -to follow L’Enfant’s procedure. Much was assumed, only to be corroborated by later study of -the original manuscripts and reports. All printed transcriptions of L’Enfant’s reports have -been altered by their editors in the effort to interpret L’Enfant’s strange English, a fact leading to -misinterpretation on the part of trained architectural commentators dependent solely on these -printed transcriptions.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page26">[26]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo039.jpg" alt="" class="bordered"> - -<p class="caption">THE L’ENFANT PLAN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page27">[27]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo040.jpg" alt="" class="bordered"> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr04">Transcriptions</a></p> - -<p class="caption">TRANSCRIPTION OF NOTES INSCRIBED ON L’ENFANT PLAN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page28">[28]</span></p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>At the convention of the American Institute of Architects held in Washington in 1929, the -history and development of the National Capital was the principal topic of discussion. The -merits of the plan of L’Enfant were duly acknowledged by all, though emphasis was laid upon the -progress of those modern projects sponsored and carried through largely by the efforts of the -institute or its individual members. The work of the McMillan Commission and the admirable -recommendations of that trained and experienced body, that the “central area” be restored with -some resemblance to L’Enfant’s original plan were generally acknowledged. There was no comparison, -however, attempted between the proposed plan of L’Enfant and the much-altered modern -plan, nor was there discussion in detail of the “public walk” of the original design. The real merit -of the original L’Enfant plan was sensed only by one speaker at the convention mentioned, -Mr. Medary, when he spoke of the early structures maintaining their places as dominating -elements in the original design and confirmed the judgment of L’Enfant “in fitting the plan of the -proposed city to the topography of the site.”</p> - -<p>There has come down to us only a single manuscript plan which students have accepted as the -original design and on which they have based all their comments. This drawing depicts only an -intermediate stage of the plan. The first plan was much altered by L’Enfant himself at the request -of President Washington, but by a careful study of internal evidence of the later drawing the -designer’s masterly original may be restored. Existing documents tell us that not only were -considerable changes made in the plan by order of President Washington, but alterations in the -layout were also made by L’Enfant’s successors, all of which disturbed considerably its skillful -symmetrical fitting to the irregular topography. If this submitted restoration proves correct, there -is no ground left for further accusation of his indebtedness to both Versailles and the London plan -for minor details. It is the writer’s conclusion that L’Enfant did exactly what he claimed—devised -an original plan, entirely unique. He arrived at his parti only after a careful study on the spot of the -best sites for the principal buildings, allocated in the order of their importance, and located with -consideration of both prominence and outlook. He tied these sites together by means of a rectangular -system of streets and again connected them by means of diagonal avenues. The principal -avenues followed closely the existing roads. Additional avenues were extended to the “outroads” -or city entrances and were laid out primarily for the purpose of shortening communication—an -engineering consideration. L’Enfant mentions that the diagonal avenues would afford a “reciprocity -of sight” and “a variety of pleasant ride and being combined to insure a rapide Intercourse -with all the part of the City to which they will serve as does the main vains in the animal body to -diffuse life through smaller vessels in quickening the active motion to the heart.”</p> - -<p>The similarity of the angles of the two principal avenues (Pennsylvania east, from Eastern -Branch Ferry to the Capitol, and Maryland east, from the Bladensburg Road entrance to the -Capitol) which followed closely for some distance the existing roads, doubtless suggested the -radial pair-avenue idea. This was entirely accidental and the outgrowth of existing conditions. -The system of a rectangular-street plan with radial avenues is not only borne out by the mention -he makes himself in his descriptions but was followed by Ellicott in his redrafting of the plan for the -engraver.</p> - -<p>Our artistic, hasty-tempered genius refused to give Ellicott any documents or any information. -Ellicott states in his letters on the subject that, although he was refused the original plan, he was -familiar with L’Enfant’s system and had many notes of the surveys he had made of the site himself, -so it is possible that the plan was recreated by Ellicott.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page29">[29]</span></p> - -<p>Space and time do not permit an excursion into the squabble over this engraved plan. Changes -were made in reduction to the proper size of the plate. These changes led to violent protests on -the part of L’Enfant, although in later years his memorial states that the changes were not so very -damaging. To an architectural mind the alterations in question destroyed the unity and symmetry -of the whole, and L’Enfant’s later softened protest can be explained by his desire for payment by -Congress. He could not afford at that time to imperil his chances.</p> - -<p>In the attempt to find the method by means of which L’Enfant arrived at the system underlying -his plan for the city, we are handicapped at the very start by lack of sufficient data for -identification of the various plans mentioned in the old records. There was made in Washington, -as the work progressed, a large map with numbered squares. Many references are made to this -“large plan” in the old correspondence, but it must not be confused with the layout of the original -design under discussion. A letter from the commissioners states it was in L’Enfant’s hands some -time after his dismissal.</p> - -<p>As far as we now know, there is but one original drawing in existence, which, after 100 years of -neglect and careless handling, is now sacredly preserved in the Library of Congress. The elaborateness -and care shown in the carefully lettered notes and profuse marginal references marks this a -presentation copy. This plan included “the alterations ordered by Washington and sent to -Philadelphia on August 19, 1791, for transmission to Congress.”</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<h3>THE ELLICOTT PLAN—THE L’ENFANT PLAN ENLARGED</h3> - -<p>The executed plan of the Federal City as redrawn by Andrew Ellicott -departs but little from the modified L’Enfant plan. The changes are perhaps an -improvement on the layout as modified by President Washington.</p> - -<p>Discussion recently has arisen in reference to the credit Ellicott should be given -for the executed plan of Washington. In 1802 a congressional committee found—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p class="noindent">that the plan of the city was originally designed by Major L’Enfant, but that in many respects -it was rejected by the President, and a plan drawn up by Mr. Ellicott, purporting to have been -made from actual survey, was engraved and published by order of General Washington in the -year 1792.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The chief alteration shown in Ellicott’s engraved plan is the straightening of -what is now Massachusetts Avenue. The suppression of the eastern portion -leading to the upper bridgehead made it end at what is now known as Lincoln -Square, the drawbridge over Eastern Branch being reached by what is now -Kentucky Avenue.</p> - -<p>By moving the marine hospital site north some distance and ignoring the Rock -Creek Ford at the other end, Ellicott was enabled to run Massachusetts Avenue -in nearly a direct line; the western end reached the road to Frederick, as it did -in L’Enfant’s plan.</p> - -<p>The settlement of this section of the city was at that date problematical, and -no serious attention was given to the change in plan. The area was marshy and -was a popular place for hunting snipe. This fact explains the meandering of -Florida Avenue to the northwestern boundary line of the old city.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page30">[30]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo043.jpg" alt="" class="bordered"> - -<p class="caption">THE ELLICOTT PLAN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page31">[31]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo044.jpg" alt="" class="bordered"> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr04">Transcriptions</a></p> - -<p class="caption">TRANSCRIPTION OF NOTES INSCRIBED ON ELLICOTT PLAN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page32">[32]</span></p> - -<p>In an overlay of the two plans of L’Enfant and Ellicott, prepared with great -accuracy by the hydrographic section of the Navy, only the main east-west and -north-south axes of the Capitol and White House coincide. An examination of -this drawing shows that the art of surveying had not at that period reached -present-day accuracy.</p> - -<div class="container w50emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo045.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE DERMOTT OR TIN CASE MAP OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON, 1797-98</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>Several suppressed sections of the L’Enfant plan were restored in the engraved -plan. Maryland Avenue was carried through to the “Grand Avenue,” and South -Carolina Avenue extended to New Jersey Avenue and the “Town House” site.</p> - -<p>The plan of James R. Dermott, the officially approved plan, had many more -city squares, and consequently more lots for sale. It is known as the Tin Case -Map, because about 50 years later it was thus found preserved. The cry of -grasping owners and voracious speculators was for more lots; and L’Enfant’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page33">[33]</span> -letter of warning to President Washington dated August 19, 1791, against this -evil proved more than justified. This city plan also indicated the names of the -avenues.</p> - -<p>What is known as the King Map was made by Robert King, a surveyor in the -office of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, and published in 1818.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo046.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE KING MAP</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The map is of interest in that we note in it the word <i>Judiciary</i> in what is -known as Judiciary Square. We learn from L’Enfant’s Memorial addressed to -Congress on December 7, 1800, that L’Enfant intended the third coordinate -branch of the Government, the Judiciary, be located there. To-day the Square -is largely occupied by court buildings.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page34">[34]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo047.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">VIEW OF EARLY WASHINGTON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page35">[35]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter VI</span><br> -<span class="title">EARLY WASHINGTON</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>While Major L’Enfant drew the plan of the Federal City, it was Andrew -Ellicott who afterward carried it out. The building of the city attracted many -speculators, who invested heavily. Robert Morris, James Greenleaf, Thomas -Law, John Nicholson, and Samuel Blodgett were among those who lost thereby.</p> - -<p>When Washington became the seat of government in 1800 there were 109 -brick and 263 frame houses, sheltering a total population of about 3,000. The -early years of the city’s development were difficult and too much praise cannot -be given the men who carried the burden. The departments of the government -that existed then were State, Treasury, War, Navy, the Office of the -Attorney General, and the Postal Service. They employed a total of 137 clerks.</p> - -<p>We have brief accounts of the appearance of Washington written by travelers -who visited the United States during the period from 1790 to 1800. There -is an interesting description by Duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, who wrote -an account of his “Voyage dans les États-Unis d’Amerique fait en 1795-97.” -The accounts of several inhabitants in Washington of the period is well summed -up by Albert J. Beveridge in his Life of John Marshall (vol. III, pp. 1-4):</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>A strange sight met the eye of the traveler who, aboard one of the little river sailboats of the -time, reached the stretches of the sleepy Potomac separating Alexandria and Georgetown. A -wide swamp extended inland from a modest hill on the east to a still lower elevation of land about -a mile to the west. Between the river and morass a long flat tract bore clumps of great trees, -mostly tulip poplars, giving, when seen from a distance, the appearance of a fine park.</p> - -<p>Upon the hill stood a partly constructed white stone building, mammoth in plan. The slight -elevation north of the wide slough was the site of an apparently finished edifice of the same material, -noble in its dimensions and with beautiful, simple lines, but “surrounded with a rough rail fence -5 or 6 feet high unfit for a decent barnyard.” From the river nothing could be seen beyond the -groves near the banks of the stream except the two great buildings and the splendid trees which -thickened into a seemingly dense forest upon the higher ground to the northward.</p> - -<p>On landing and making one’s way through the underbrush to the foot of the eastern hill, and up -the gullies that seamed its sides thick with trees and tangled wild grapevines, one finally reached -the immense unfinished structure that attracted attention from the river. Upon its walls laborers -were languidly at work.</p> - -<p>Clustered around it were fifteen or sixteen wooden houses. Seven or eight of these were -boarding-houses, each having as many as ten or a dozen rooms all told. The others were little -affairs of rough lumber, some of them hardly better than shanties. One was a tailor shop; in -another a shoemaker plied his trade; a third contained a printer with his hand press and types, while -a washerwoman occupied another; and in the others were a grocery shop, a pamphlets-and-stationery -shop, a little dry-goods shop, and an oyster shop. No other human habitation of any -kind appeared for three-quarters of a mile.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page36">[36]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo049.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit left"><i>Courtesy of National Photo Co.</i></p> - -<p class="caption">THE SIX BUILDINGS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page37">[37]</span></p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>A broad and perfectly straight clearing had been made across the swamp between the eastern -hill and the big white house more than a mile away to the westward. In the middle of this long -opening ran a roadway, full of stumps, broken by deep mud holes in the rainy season, and almost -equally deep with dust when the days were dry. On either border was a path or “walk” made firm -at places by pieces of stone; though even this “extended but a little way.” Alder bushes grew -in the unused spaces of this thoroughfare [the present notable Pennsylvania Avenue], and in the -depressions stagnant water stood in malarial pools, breeding myriads of mosquitoes. A sluggish -stream meandered across this avenue and broadened into the marsh.</p> - -<p>A few small houses, some of brick and some of wood, stood on the edge of this long, broad -street. Near the large stone building at its western end were four or five structures of red brick -looking much like ungainly warehouses. Farther westward on the Potomac hills was a small but -pretentious town with its many capacious brick and stone residences, some of them excellent -in their architecture and erected solidly by skilled workmen.</p> - -<p>Other openings in the forest had been cut at various places in the wide area east of the main -highway that connected the two principal structures already described. Along these forest -avenues were scattered houses of various materials * * *. Such was the City of Washington, -with Georgetown nearby, when Thomas Jefferson became President and John Marshall Chief -Justice of the United States—the Capitol, Pennsylvania Avenue, the “Executive Mansion” or -“President’s Palace,” the department buildings near it, the residences, shops, hostelries, and -streets.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The south lines of the 10-mile square—the Federal district in which the new -Capital lay—were to run from the intersection of the Potomac River and the -Eastern Branch, but, as has been related, by the act of March 3, 1791, these -boundary lines were moved south to include Alexandria and part of Virginia -within the Federal territory. The land lying within the bounds of the proposed -city was given by the proprietors to trustees appointed by the Government -under an agreement by which the Nation received the land necessary for streets -without charge, purchasing the areas for parks and building sites at the rate of -£25 per acre. The remaining land was divided equally with the original proprietors. -The first settlements were made on grants given chiefly to retired naval -officers who named their holdings after their camps—Mexico, Jamaica, and Port -Royal. There were two settlements on the site—Carrollsburg, named after its -founder, and Hamburg, an early real-estate development near and south of -Georgetown. A stream of considerable size known originally as Goose Creek ran -through the city. It later became known as Tiber Creek, because a resident -named Pope, whose estate he facetiously called Rome, contended that if there -was a Pope in Rome, his residence should be situated on the Tiber.</p> - -<p>As is noticed by reference to the plans, a canal extended from the point about -where the Lincoln Memorial is located, along B Street, now Constitution Avenue, -east to the Capitol; thence along James Creek, known to-day as Canal Street. In -those days Pennsylvania Avenue was a dusty road, lined with poplar trees, and -often so flooded that it was not an uncommon sight to see boats floating on -it. For a long time an isolated group of buildings known as the Six Buildings -at Twenty-first Street and Pennsylvania Avenue stood halfway between the -Capitol and Georgetown.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page38">[38]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo051.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">EARLY WASHINGTON, SHOWING THE JEFFERSON POPLARS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page39">[39]</span></p> - -<div class="container w50emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo052.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE ELLICOTT MAP</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>Washington as the infant city appeared in 1800 is best described by John -Cotton Smith, Member of Congress from Connecticut, in a letter written by him -at the time, as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>Our approach to the city was accompanied with sensations not easily described. One wing of -the Capitol only had been erected, which with the President’s House, 1 mile distant from it, both -constructed with white sandstone, were shining objects in dismal contrast with the scene around<span class="pagenum" id="Page40">[40]</span> -them. Instead of recognizing the avenues and streets, portrayed on the plan of the city, not one -was visible, unless we except a road, with two buildings on each side of it, called the New Jersey -Avenue. The Pennsylvania Avenue, leading, as laid down on paper, from the Capitol to the Presidential -Mansion, was nearly the whole distance a deep morass covered with alder bushes, which -were cut through to the President’s House; and near Georgetown a block of houses had been erected -which bore the name of the “six buildings” * * *. The desolate aspect of the place was not a -little augmented by a number of unfinished edifices at Greenleaf’s Point.</p> - -<p>There appeared to be but two really comfortable habitations, in all respects, within the bounds -of the city, one of which belonged to Dudley Carroll and the other to Notley Young. The roads -in every direction were muddy and unimproved. A sidewalk was attempted, in one instance, by a -covering formed of the chips hewed for the Capitol. It extended but a little way and was of little -value; for in dry weather the sharp fragments cut our shoes, and in wet weather covered them -with white mortar. In short, it was a new settlement.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>Newspapers in New York, Philadelphia, and New England and satirists everywhere -cracked many amusing jokes at the expense of the embryonic city. The -Capitol was called “the palace in the wilderness” and Pennsylvania Avenue “the -great Serbonian Bog.” Georgetown was declared “a city of houses without -streets” and Washington “a city of streets without houses.”</p> - -<p>The Abbe Correa de Serra, the witty minister from Portugal, bestowed upon -Washington the famous title of “the city of magnificent distances,” referring to -the great spaces between the scattered houses; while Thomas Moore, just then -coming into prominence as a poet, visited the city in 1804, and contributed to -the general fund of humor by the composition of this satire:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> - -<div class="poetry"> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse indent0">In fancy now beneath the twilight gloom,</div> -<div class="verse indent0">Come, let me lead thee o’er this second Rome,</div> -<div class="verse indent0">Where tribunes rule, where dusky Davi bow,</div> -<div class="verse indent0">And what was Goose Creek once is Tiber now.</div> -</div><!--stanza--> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse indent0">This fam’d metropolis, where fancy sees</div> -<div class="verse indent0">Squares in morasses, obelisks in trees;</div> -<div class="verse indent0">Which second sighted seers e’en now adorn</div> -<div class="verse indent0">With shrines unbuilt and heroes yet unborn.</div> -</div><!--stanza--> - -</div><!--poetry--> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>During the administrations of Adams and Jefferson the city improved considerably. -Jefferson secured money from Congress for public buildings. In 1803 -he appointed Benjamin Latrobe as the Architect of the Capitol, and by him -the construction of the Capitol was carried on so energetically that he gave -form to the old portion of the Capitol that Thornton had simply planned.</p> - -<p>Thomas Jefferson also secured money from Congress for the improvement -of Pennsylvania Avenue, which was then a dusty highway in the summer and -swampy place in winter; planted poplar trees and did what he could to redeem -that thoroughfare from its lamentable condition. He applied his artistic taste -and skill to the work of beautifying the city.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page41">[41]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter VII</span><br> -<span class="title">WASHINGTON, 1810-1815</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - - - -<p>An interesting account of Washington during this period is given by David -Baillie Warden in his book entitled “A Description of the District of Columbia,” -published in Paris in 1816, and dedicated to Mrs. George Washington Parke -Custis. He states:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>It is scarcely possible to imagine a situation more beautiful, healthy and convenient than of -Washington. The gentle undulated surface throws the water into such various directions, as -affords the most agreeable assemblage. The rising hills, on each side of the Potomac, are truly -picturesque; and as the river admits the largest frigates, their sails, gliding through the majestic -trees which adorn its banks, complete the scenery.</p> - -<p>The city extends from northwest to southeast about four miles and a half, and from northeast -to southwest about two miles and a half. The public buildings occupy the most elevated and convenient -situations, to which the waters of the Tiber Creek may be easily conducted, as well as to -every other part of the city, not already watered by springs.</p> - -<p>The streets run from north to south, and from east to west, crossing each other at right angles, -with the exception of fifteen, that point to the State of which each bears the name. The capitol -commands the streets called the Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania avenues; the President’s -House, those of Vermont, New York, and Connecticut; and all these different intersections form -eleven hundred and fifty squares. The Pennsylvania Street, or avenue, which stretches in a direct -line from the President’s house to the capitol, is a mile in length, and a hundred and sixty feet in -breadth. That of the narrowest streets is from ninety to a hundred feet, which will give a fine -appearance to the city; but in a region where the summer sun is so intensely hot, and the winter -winds so severely cold, narrow streets, affording shade and shelter, would be of great utility.</p> - -<p>The plan of the city of which we have prefixed an engraving (There is a plan by Major L’Enfant, -engraved at the expence of the Government, on the scale of a hundred poles to an inch), is -universally admired. The most eligible places have been selected for public squares and public -buildings. The capitol is situated on a rising ground, which is elevated about eighty feet above -the tide-water of the Potomac. This edifice will present a front of six hundred and fifty feet, with -a colonade of two hundred and sixty feet, and sixteen Corinthian columns thirty-one feet and a -half in height. The elevation of the dome is a hundred and fifty feet * * *.</p> - -<p>The President’s house consists of two stories, and is a hundred and seventy feet in length, and -eighty-five feet in breadth. It resembles Leinster-House in Dublin. * * * The view from the -windows fronting the river is extremely beautiful.</p> - -<p>The Public Offices, the Treasury, Department of State, and of War, are situated in a line with, -and at the distance of four hundred and fifty feet from the President’s House. These buildings, of -two stories, have a hundred and twenty feet in front, sixty in breadth, and sixteen feet in height, -and are ornamented with a white stone basement, which rises six or seven feet above the surface. -It was originally proposed to form a communication between these offices and the house of the -president, a plan which was afterwards abandoned.</p> - -<p>The Jail consists of two stories, and is a hundred by twenty-one feet.</p> - -<p>The Infirmary is a neat building.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page42">[42]</span></p> - -<p>There are three commodious Market-places built at the expence of the corporation.</p> - -<p>The public buildings at the Navy Yard are the barracks, a work-shop, and three large brick -buildings for the reception of naval stores. The Barracks, constructed of brick, are six hundred -feet in length, fifty in breadth, and twenty in height. At the head of the Barrack-yard is the -Colonel’s house, which is neat and commodious. The Workshop, planned by Latrobe, is nine -hundred feet in length.</p> - -<p>The Patent Office, constructed according to the plan of J. Hoban, esquire (who gained the -prize for that of the President’s house) consists of three stories, and is a hundred and twenty feet -long, and sixty feet wide. It is ornamented with a pediment, and six Ionic pilasters. From the -eminence (This eminence has the shape of a tortoise-shell) on which it stands, the richly-wooded -hills rise on every side, and form a scenery of unequaled beauty. It was erected by Mr. Blodgett -to serve as a public hotel * * *. In 1810 this edifice was purchased by the government.—Dr. -Thornton, director.</p> - -<p>In the summer of 1814 this metropolis was taken possession of by an English naval and land -force, which set fire to the Capitol, President’s house, Public Offices, and Navy Yard. The loss -sustained was $1,215,111.</p> - -<p>Two of the luxuries of life, pine-apples and ice, are found at Washington at a cheap rate. The -former, imported from the West Indies, are sold at twenty-five cents each. The latter article is -purchased, throughout the summer, at half a dollar per bushel. * * *</p> - -<p>It is deeply to be regretted, that the government or corporation did not employ some means -for the preservation of the trees which grew on places destined for the public walks. How agreeable -would have been their shade along the Pennsylvania Avenue where the dust so often annoys, -and the summer sun, reflected from the sandy soil, is so oppressive. The Lombardy poplar, which -now supplies their place, serves more for ornament than shelter.</p> - -<p>Water may be distributed to any part of Washington from several fine springs, and also from -the Tiber Creek, the source of which is 236 feet above the level of the tide in the same stream. * * *</p> - -<p>The canal, which runs through the centre of the city, commencing at the mouth of Tiber -Creek, and connecting the Potomac with its eastern branch, is nearly completed. Mr. Law -(Brother to Lord Ellenborough) the chief promoter of this undertaking, proposes to establish packet-boats -to run between the Tiber Creek and the Navy-Yard—a conveyance which may be rendered -more economical and comfortable than the hackney-coach. This canal is to be navigable for boats -drawing three feet of water.</p> - -<p>The population of the territory of Columbia, in 1810, amounted to 24,023. That of the city -was 8,208; of Georgetown, 4,948; of Alexandria, 7,227.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>On August 24, 1814, the British arrived in Washington at about 6 o’clock in -the evening. That night they burned the Capitol, the President’s House, the -Treasury, State and Navy Department Buildings, and a number of private houses -on Capitol Hill. The flames could be seen from the Francis Scott Key mansion at -Georgetown. Several wagonloads of valuable documents had been taken a few -days previously from the State Department to Leesburg, Va., 35 miles northwest -of Washington, to a place of safety.</p> - -<p>The British also intended to burn the Patent Office, but Commissioner -Thornton met them boldly, saying: “Are you Englishmen or Goths and vandals? -This is the Patent Office, the depository of the ingenuity of the American<span class="pagenum" id="Page43">[43]</span> -Nation, in which the whole civilized world is interested. Would you destroy -it? If so, fire away and let the charge pass through my body.” The British -allowed it to remain and withdrew.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Dolly Madison, having secured such property from the White House as -could be carried, including the Gilbert Stuart portrait of General Washington, -which she cut from the frame, went through Georgetown and that night slept in -a camp of soldiers with a guard about her tent. Later the President, who had -taken refuge in a tavern near McLean, in Virginia, joined Mrs. Madison. The -southwest end of the bridge over which they had crossed the Potomac—it was -then a pile bridge 1 mile long—was burned, and they were thereupon required -to make their return to Washington by boat. The residence of the President was -then established at the Octagon House at Eighteenth Street and New York -Avenue. In 1815 the residence of the President was removed to the “Seven -Buildings,” at the northwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Nineteenth -Street, one of the early homes of the Department of State. Here it remained -until the Executive Mansion was restored, March, 1817.</p> - -<p>After the withdrawal of the British the Blodgett Hotel building, acquired for -the use of the Patent Office, was for a time occupied by Congress for its sessions. -Later Congress moved into a building at First and A Streets NE., known later as -the Old Capitol Building and used during the Civil War as a military prison.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page44">[44]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo057a.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, FROM THE PRESIDENT’S HOUSE, 1830</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo057b.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">CHRIST CHURCH BURIAL GROUND, LATER KNOWN AS “CONGRESSIONAL CEMETERY”<br> -<span class="subcaption">SHOWING CENOTAPHS ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS IN EARLY DAYS</span></p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page45">[45]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter VIII</span><br> -<span class="title">WASHINGTON, 1816-1839</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>The administration of President Monroe, who served two terms (1817-1825) -is known as the “era of good feeling,” but so far as developing the plan of Washington -little was done. In 1820 the population of Washington was 13,247.</p> - -<p>During these years the Capitol was rebuilt and was reoccupied by Congress. -In 1820 the corner stone of the city hall on Judiciary Square was laid. In 1824 -General Lafayette made his memorable visit to Washington.</p> - -<p>In 1825 trees were planted on two squares of the filled lowlands south of Pennsylvania -Avenue. That year, also, the eastern portico of the Capitol was completed; -Pennsylvania Avenue was graded from Seventeenth to Twenty-second -Streets; the grounds of the White House, as the Executive Mansion came to be -known after the War of 1812, and the grounds of the city hall were also graded. -At that time there were about 13 miles of brick paving, average width 13 feet.</p> - -<p>Among churches that were built during this period was Foundry Methodist -Church, founded in 1816, at Fourteenth and G Streets NW. The site was given -by Henry Foxall, who operated a foundry about a mile above Georgetown, near -the site of the canal, in fulfillment of a vow that if his foundry were spared during -the attack on Washington he would make this gift.</p> - -<p>On January 27, 1824, the Legislature of Virginia granted a charter to the newly -organized Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Co., which was to supersede the old -Potomac Co., of which George Washington had been first president, and which -had developed commerce with the West. At Little Falls, on the north side of the -river, a canal 2¹⁄₂ miles long, with 4 masonry locks having a total elevation of 37 -feet, had been constructed. At Great Falls, on the south side, a canal 1,200 -yards long, with 5 locks having a total difference of level of 76 feet 9 inches, was -constructed. The two lower locks were cut in solid rock.</p> - -<p>On July 4, 1828, President John Quincy Adams turned the first spadeful of -earth for the new canal, which was completed to the first feeder at Seneca on -July 4, 1831. From this place to Point of Rocks work was delayed by a legal -contest with the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co., which extended its first 45 -miles along the same course as the canal. That railroad company, organized in -1828 at Baltimore, was the beginning of one of the great railroad systems of the -United States that were to revolutionize commerce and industry. To-day the -Chesapeake & Ohio Canal remains the property of the United States Government, -and is to be made into a great park.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page46">[46]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo059.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ABOUT 1820<br> -<span class="subcaption">FROM PAINTING MADE BY SAMUEL F. B. MORSE, SHORTLY -AFTER REBUILDING OF THE CAPITOL AFTER THE FIRE OF 1814 -ORIGINAL IN THE CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART</span></p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page47">[47]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo060.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of National Photo Co.</i></p> - -<p class="caption">SITE AND MATERIAL FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUILDING, 1839</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page48">[48]</span></p> - -<p>Georgetown had become a great trading center. From 1815 to 1835 products -to the value of $4,077,708 were exported from Georgetown to foreign markets, -and from 1826 to 1835 nearly $5,000,000 worth of products to other American -cities, including a million barrels of flour and 5,400 hogsheads of tobacco.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo061.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">GATEHOUSE, BUILT IN 1835, ALONG THE OLD CHESAPEAKE & OHIO CANAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>In the spring of 1828, shortly before what was called the corner stone of the -main line was laid, Congress enacted a law granting entrance of a railroad line -into the District. Some six years passed before the Washington branch reached -the District line. The first service began on Monday, July 20, 1835, with two -trains each way. A great celebration, in which 1,000 passengers and 2 bands on -4 trains took part, marked the entrance of the railroad service to the National -Capital. The steam cars passed through the city on their daily trips to the depot -at the northwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Second Street. October 1, -1835, it was reported that the average number of travelers per day was 200.</p> - -<p>During this period the construction of the present Treasury Department, -Patent Office, and old Post Office Department Buildings was authorized. They -conformed to the Capitol and the White House in their fine style of classical -architecture, and emphasized the fact that Washington is the National Capital.</p> - -<p>Unfortunately, it was during this period that great mistakes were made—such -as giving over part of the Mall to garden purposes and in letting Government -areas, so much desired now, go for private purposes; also in the location of certain -public buildings, as erecting the Treasury Department in the center of -Pennsylvania Avenue.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page49">[49]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter IX</span><br> -<span class="title">WASHINGTON, 1840-1859</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>In 1840 Washington had a population of 23,364. The city was still in a very -much undeveloped state, though the fact that it was the National Capital was -not lost sight of. In 1846 the construction of the Smithsonian Institution -Building was begun, and on July 4, 1848, the corner stone of the Washington -Monument was laid. On July 4, 1851, the corner stone for the enlargement of -the Capitol according to plans as we see it to-day, was laid.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo062.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL, 1840</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>However, so far as city development was concerned, little was done during this -period. The L’Enfant plan seemed either forgotten or entirely too large for the -National Capital. In the city of Washington not a street was lighted up to 1860 -excepting Pennsylvania Avenue. Pigs roamed the principal thoroughfares. -Pavements, save for a few patches here and there, were altogether lacking. An -open sewer carried off common refuse, and the police and fire departments might -have sufficed for a small village rather than for a nation’s capital.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page50">[50]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo063.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, 1852</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page51">[51]</span></p> - -<p>In 1846 the part of the District of Columbia on the west bank of the Potomac, -including Alexandria, was re-ceded to Virginia. This was done pursuant to an -act of Congress of July 9 of that year, and with the assent of the people of the -county and town of Alexandria, at an election on the first and second days of -September, 1846, by a vote of 763 for retrocession and 222 against it. On -September 7, 1846, President Polk issued a proclamation giving notice that the -portion derived from the State of Virginia, about 36 square miles, was re-ceded to -that State. The action of Congress and the President was based upon petitions of -the people of the town and county of Alexandria. The chief reasons were two: -First, that the United States did not need Alexandria County for the purpose -of the seat of government; the public buildings were all erected on the north side -of the river, as required by law—none on the south side—and it was declared -that so far as it could be foreseen the United States would never need that part -of the District of Columbia for the purpose of the seat of government. Secondly, -the petitioners said that the people of Alexandria had failed to derive or share in -the benefits which had been enjoyed by the residents of the Maryland portion -of the District of Columbia in the disbursements for public improvements, etc., -while on the other hand they were deprived of those political rights incident to -citizenship in a State.</p> - -<p>Since then the United States has acquired something over 2 square miles of -this territory for use as a military post, a national cemetery, a Signal Corps -station, and the Department of Agriculture Experiment Farm.</p> - -<p>The constitutionality of the retrocession has often been questioned. But -Congress had expressed itself clearly on the subject, and the majority of the -voters had their way in the matter. In a test case before the Supreme Court of -the United States in 1875 (Phillips v. Payne), the court, while not directly ruling -on the question, held that an individual is estopped from raising the question. -According to an opinion rendered by an attorney general about 1900, it would -now take the consent of the State of Virginia to reinclude the Virginia portion as -part of the District of Columbia.</p> - -<p>In the development of the National Capital the portion in Virginia is properly -included in the metropolitan area of Washington. The National Capital Park -and Planning Commission is, by authority of Congress, cooperating with similar -commissions of the States of Maryland and Virginia. The great object is to -secure for the remote regions of the National Capital area the same harmonious -development as there is in the heart of the city. Both the States of Maryland and -Virginia are cooperating to the fullest extent in this matter.</p> - -<p>On December 16, 1852, the first issue of the Washington Evening Star, -which has grown into one of the great national dailies, appeared.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page52">[52]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo065.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUILDING, 1855</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page53">[53]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter X</span><br> -<span class="title">WASHINGTON 1860-1870</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>Washington in 1860 was still a comparatively small and undeveloped city, -with a population of 61,122. But the people were soon aroused to intense -excitement because of the strife between the States. When the Civil War began, -the eyes of the Nation were turned on Washington. The city increased in -population to over 100,000 in a few months time and was the center of great -war-time activities. On April 18, 1861, 500 Pennsylvania troops, the first to -answer President Lincoln’s call for volunteers, entered the city, and the day -following they were joined by the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. Soon thousands -of additional men were here from all the States in the North. Washington -became an armed camp. Schools, churches, and public halls were turned into -hospitals to care for the sick and wounded. A chain of forts and batteries was -erected about the city to protect it, and by October 1862 there were 252,000 -soldiers encamped around Washington on both sides of the river. There were -70 hospitals, caring for 30,000 sick and wounded men.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo066.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">OLD CAPITOL PRISON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page54">[54]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo067.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL, SHOWING UNCOMPLETED DOME, 1860</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page55">[55]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo068.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, FROM ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, 1865</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page56">[56]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo069.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">SECOND INAUGURAL OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN, 1865</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page57">[57]</span></p> - -<p>On the morning of July 11, 1864, great fear spread over the city as Gen. Jubal -A. Early reached a point about 6 miles to the north of the city where the Walter -Reed General Hospital now stands. General Grant sent the Sixth and part of the -Nineteenth Corps to Washington, and their arrival on the afternoon of that day -saved the city. On the following day a skirmish of troops and sharp engagement -took place, which President Lincoln witnessed as a spectator at Fort Stevens, -exposing himself for a time to the fire. That evening General Early, finding himself -opposed by a greater force than he was prepared to meet, withdrew, recrossing -the Potomac at White Fords, Va.</p> - -<p>During the four years of the war thousands of troops passed through Washington -on their way to the front, thrilled by the thought of being in the Nation’s -Capital. Even though the Civil War was a great handicap to the carrying out of -improvements in the city, still several notable improvements were made, among -these being the work of enlarging the Capitol and completing the Dome as we see -it to-day. In that period also the first street-car line was opened, the Long Bridge -was rebuilt, and work on the Washington Aqueduct developed so that from that -time water has been brought from the Potomac at Great Falls to the city.</p> - -<p>In 1861 the number of employees of the Government was 3,466, and in 1865 -they numbered 7,184.</p> - -<p>On October 2, 1862, the first horse-drawn street cars commenced operation, -running from the Navy Yard to Georgetown; they continued in use for 40 years.</p> - -<p>On April 14, 1865, occurred the great tragedy when President Lincoln was -assassinated at Ford’s Theater by the actor John Wilkes Booth. The funeral procession -was a great solemn occasion, for Abraham Lincoln, on whom the Nation -had depended during four years of war to guide it safely through the bitter conflict, -had given his life for the cause that the Union might be preserved. On -May 23 and 24 took place the Grand Review on Pennsylvania Avenue of 200,000 -men, requiring six hours for General Meade’s army on the first day and seven -hours for General Sherman’s army on the second day to pass before President -Johnson and General Grant. In a few days those who made up these armies -passed from military life and resumed their places among their fellow citizens.</p> - -<p>Buildings that had been used as hospitals were again given over to peaceful -pursuits, and the forts that surrounded the city were dismantled. Lumber from -temporary buildings that were torn down was used to begin the construction of -houses in a new subdivision called Mount Pleasant. But the great era for civic -improvements was not to take place for another five years, until the administration -of President Grant.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page58">[58]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo071.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Photograph by courtesy of the Oldest Inhabitants Association</i></p> - -<p class="caption">GRAND REVIEW OF UNION ARMY, MAY, 1865</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page59">[59]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo072.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">OLD HAYMARKET SQUARE, LOUISIANA AVENUE BETWEEN NINTH AND TENTH STREETS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page60">[60]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo073.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL, 1870</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page61">[61]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XI</span><br> -<span class="title">IMPROVEMENTS MADE DURING PRESIDENT GRANT’S -ADMINISTRATION</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>The year 1870 marked the beginning of a new and effective movement for -the development of the National Capital. Washington was then a city of 109,199.</p> - -<p>Great efforts to relocate the National Capital in some other city, preferably -farther to the west, were made by some who were familiar with conditions in -Washington. St. Louis offered to spend several millions of dollars for the erection -of public buildings. Congress settled this agitation by appropriating $500,000 -as an initial sum for the construction of the State, War, and Navy Building.</p> - -<p>By an act of Congress approved February 21, 1871, a Territorial form of -government, consisting of a governor, a board of public works, and a legislative -assembly, was created. Alexander R. Shepherd, better known as “Boss” -Shepherd, a native of Washington, was appointed a member of the board of -public works and, later, governor of the new Territory.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo074.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">VIEW SHOWING HORSE CARS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page62">[62]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo075.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, 1890</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page63">[63]</span></p> - -<p>Great projects were placed under way for the development of the city. One -hundred and eighty of the 300 miles of half-made streets and avenues were improved, -and nearly all the thickly settled streets of the city were paved with -wood, concrete, or macadam; 128 miles of sidewalks were built and 3,000 gas -lamps were installed. A general and costly system of sewers was begun. Old -Tiber Creek was filled in, and the greatest nuisance of Washington thereby -put out of sight. Scores of new parks were graded, fenced, and planted with trees -and beautified by fountains. A special park commission was appointed for this -work. It planted 60,000 trees, and a movement was thus begun which has given -to Washington one of its most characteristic features. To-day there are 114,000 -trees along street curbs because of the custom that has prevailed to plant trees -along curbs when new streets are opened for traffic. Many of the small triangles -for which Washington is noted were transformed from rubbish heaps into beautiful -reservations and planted with trees. There were soon more paved streets -here than in any other city of the country, and President Grant, in his message -to Congress, said, “Washington is rapidly becoming a city worthy of the -Nation’s Capital.”</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo076.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">GATEPOST DESIGNED BY BULFINCH, NEAR THE CAPITOL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>However, the public took issue with Governor Shepherd, whose drastic measures -paved the way for modern Washington. Bonds were issued to meet the -expenses incurred by these improvements, taxes piled up to the point of confiscation, -and Shepherd was banished from the city. Yet without the support of -President Grant it would have been impossible for Governor Shepherd to have -brought about those civic improvements for which he is remembered.</p> - -<p>The Territorial form of government lasted three years, or until June 20, 1874, -when Congress provided that a new form of municipal government with three -commissioners appointed by the President, with the consent of the Senate, should -be established in the District of Columbia. This, known as the temporary form -of government, lasted until July 1, 1878, when the present form was established.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page64">[64]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo077.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">VIEW OF THE MALL ABOUT 1890</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page65">[65]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XII</span><br> -<span class="title">THE INFLUENCE OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION -AND OF THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION -ON ART IN THE UNITED STATES</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 at Philadelphia marked a century of progress. -It aroused the country to its opportunities, after a period of lethargy and -unrest that followed the Civil War. A decade had elapsed since the end of that -terrible conflict, and a new day dawned. President Grant gave the people confidence -that he would guide the affairs of the Nation safely as their Chief Executive. -Industries were established, commerce and trade developed, and prosperity -followed. The Philadelphia Centennial of 1876 brought a sense of the -power of the United States in material resources, coupled with an admission -of poverty in the things of the spirit, and a determination to remedy shortcomings -in this respect. The people then turned their attention to the -finer things of life and became interested in erecting monuments and establishing -art galleries. Thus, the Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington, D. C., the Metropolitan -Museum in New York, and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts were -chartered about the time of the centennial celebration.</p> - -<p>Again, in 1893, the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, had a great effect -on art in the United States. It stirred the whole world by the production of -beautiful and impressive groups of buildings, so arranged and coordinated as to -create the sense of unity in the whole composition. The White City along the -shores of Lake Michigan still lives in the minds of many people to-day. The use -of landscape effects, of canals and basins, of statuary and paintings, all contributed -to impress the public and to lift people to new standards and ideals of achievement. -It marked the beginning of a new era of civic development. In Chicago, for the -first time, men saw the advantage of teamwork to produce a result finer than anything -before dreamed of. A number of the great artists in the United States -to-day served their apprenticeship during the preparation of the World’s Columbian -Exposition, Chicago. Several of the artists served on the decorations of -the Congressional Library, which was completed in 1897. A considerable -number of the beautiful creations in architecture and sculpture in Washington -during the past 35 years by great artists reflect the experience and inspiration -received during that period.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page66">[66]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo079.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO—COURT OF HONOR, LOOKING EAST</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page67">[67]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo080.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO—COURT OF HONOR, LOOKING WEST</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page68">[68]</span></p> - -<p>A most remarkable result of the aesthetic achievements of the World’s -Columbian Exposition was the influence it had on the architecture of several -national expositions which were held at the close of the nineteenth and the -beginning of the twentieth centuries. The first of these expositions was the -Trans-Mississippi Exposition, which was held at Omaha, Nebr., 1897-1898. -Several classical buildings were erected for it, as were erected also for the -Pan-American Exposition, held at Buffalo, N. Y., in 1901, to emphasize the -progress of Americans of the western continents during the nineteenth century. -Then followed the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which ranks as the third great -World’s Fair held in this country in 1904, in celebration of the one hundredth -anniversary of the transfer of the Louisiana Territory by France to the United -States, during the administration of President Jefferson. It is significant that -as Thomas Jefferson had introduced the classical style of architecture into this -country, so at this Exposition most of the 15 largest buildings resembled in -character the classical buildings of the Chicago World’s Fair. The next exposition -in which architecture had an important part was the Alaska-Yukon -Pacific Exposition, held at Seattle, Wash., in 1909. Again the classical style -of architecture was emphasized, and, as at the Chicago Exposition, the buildings -had an ivory-white appearance. It was stated at the time:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>The influences of an Exposition are of course many, but one of the most palpable influences of -our American expositions has been their power to stimulate a powerful interest in architecture -and building.</p> - -<p>The beneficent influence of the Chicago World’s Fair on our architecture is of inestimable -value, not only for the architects but for the entire country. Many Americans owe their interest -in buildings and architecture to a visit to Chicago in 1893, just as many cities and towns recall in -their municipal and government structures the revival of classic splendor seen in the stucco palaces -of the World’s Fair.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The next exposition of importance was the Panama-Pacific Exposition at -San Francisco, Calif., held in 1915. In 1906 almost the entire central part of the -city had been destroyed by a frightful earthquake and fire. In less than a decade -the city was rebuilt, and by 1915 there had also been planned and constructed -the great Exposition. Its principal buildings were built in the classical style of -architecture.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page69">[69]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XIII</span><br> -<span class="title">HIGHWAY PLAN OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>The street-planning process has experienced several stages of development.</p> - -<p>1. The narrow streets of Georgetown are typical of the first stage.</p> - -<p>2. The wide avenues and streets of the area included in the L’Enfant plan -are appropriately referred to as outstanding proof of the value of proper planning. -The merit of this generous street plan was never more widely appreciated than -at present, when other cities are spending millions of dollars to have their streets -widened to meet traffic requirements.</p> - -<p>3. The dark days of the National Capital, as far as its circulation system is -concerned, were those during which, outside the city planned by L’Enfant, -streets were dedicated without reference to any comprehensive plan. This -period was from about 1866 to 1893. The lack of authority to enforce a plan -allowed land-owners, insensible to the superior qualities of the L’Enfant scheme, -to do as they pleased. Prior to 1893 no city plan existed beyond the original -city limits. Streets could be created entirely at the will of the subdivider by -the simple recording of a plat, for there was no authority to control or coordinate -subdivisions. Sixteenth Street was blocked at Florida Avenue, just as -Seventeenth Street is today. Vermont, Connecticut, New Jersey, New Hampshire, -North Carolina, and Tennessee Avenues were ignored. Widths of important -streets were reduced, and a method of land subdivision came into vogue -wholly out of keeping with a capital city.</p> - -<p>4. The reaction brought the so-called highway plan outside of the original -city limits of Washington and Georgetown. It was in effect an extension of -the plan of the original city to apply to all parts of the District of Columbia, -with such changes as were influenced by the topography. All subdivisions -subsequent to 1893 conform, by requirement of law, to this official plan. This -highway plan, first made effective in 1898, was a belated but praiseworthy -effort to extend the L’Enfant plan with its scheme of streets and avenues beyond -the old city. Considering the period in which it was prepared, and the state of -city-planning science at the time, it was a notable achievement. The work was -done by a board on street extensions, with a membership entirely ex officio, -known as the Highway Commission, established by the act of Congress of 1893.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page70">[70]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo083.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy Army Air Corps</i></p> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, LOOKING NORTH FROM THE WHITE HOUSE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page71">[71]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo084.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy Army Air Corps</i></p> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, LOOKING SOUTH FROM SIXTEENTH STREET AND COLUMBIA ROAD</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page72">[72]</span></p> - -<p>5. Since then the Surveyor’s Office of the District of Columbia and the -National Capital Park and Planning Commission, which superseded the Highway -Commission of 1893, have made an intensive study of the highway problems -of the District of Columbia, including street railroad problems. This has -required a differentiation of street functions, and an application of the best -methods of modern land subdivision to the remaining undeveloped areas; also -an attempt to restate the L’Enfant ideal in the terms of a motor age. The results -achieved appear in the changes in the highway plan already approved by the -Commission or being recommended to the Commissioners of the District of -Columbia from time to time. Many changes in the highway plan have thus -been made, each case having required careful study of effects on topography, -trees, drainage, lot depths and sizes, etc. The acts of Congress of 1914 and 1925 -authorized additional changes in the Highway Plan. The act approved December -15, 1932 (Public, No. 307, 72d Cong.), authorizes the Commissioners of the -District of Columbia “to readjust and close streets, roads, highways, or alleys -in the District of Columbia rendered useless or unnecessary.” The desirability -of discontinuing streets which have never been opened and which exist only on a -map and only part of which are in public ownership, when a better and cheaper -way of giving the same traffic connection can be found, seems so manifest as to -require no further justification.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo085.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">GATEHOUSE BY BULFINCH WHICH FORMERLY STOOD NEAR THE CAPITOL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>With a view to creating direct arteries in which the vital traffic flow of the -community may freely move, a major thoroughfare scheme, extending into the -metropolitan area of Washington, has also been studied. The District Commissioners -have an interesting map illustrating the Highway Plan. The Highway -Department of the District of Columbia has charge of upkeep and maintenance -of highways in the District of Columbia. Out of 1,020 miles of streets in -the District of Columbia 855 miles are paved.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page73">[73]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XIV</span><br> -<span class="title">THE McMILLAN PARK COMMISSION—THE PLAN OF 1901</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>In 1900 a great celebration commemorating the one-hundredth anniversary -of the removal of the seat of government to the District of Columbia was held -in Washington. The keynote of the celebration was the improvement of the -District of Columbia in a manner and to the extent commensurate with the -dignity and the resources of the American Nation. The population was 218,196.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo086.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">OLD BALTIMORE & OHIO RAILROAD STATION</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>While the centennial exercises were in progress the American Institute of -Architects, in session in Washington, discussed the subject of the development -of parks and the placing of public buildings; the tentative ideas of a number of -the leading architects, sculptors, and landscape architects of the country were -heard; and as a result the Institute appointed a committee on legislation. Consultations -between that committee and the Senate Committee on the District -of Columbia were followed by the order of the Senate for the preparation and -submission of a general plan for the development of the entire park system of -the District of Columbia.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page74">[74]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo087.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MODEL OF WASHINGTON SHOWING CONDITIONS IN 1901</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page75">[75]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo088.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MODEL OF THE FUTURE WASHINGTON, PLAN OF 1901</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page76">[76]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo089.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, FROM ARLINGTON, PLAN OF 1901</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page77">[77]</span></p> - -<p>Thus, Hon. James McMillan, of Michigan, chairman of the Senate Committee -on the District of Columbia, submitted the following resolution, which -was adopted by the United States Senate on March 8, 1901:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Committee on the District of Columbia be, and it is hereby, directed to consider -the subject and report to the Senate plans for the development and improvement of the entire -park system of the District of Columbia. For the purpose of preparing such plans the committee -may sit during the recess of Congress and may secure the services of such experts as may be necessary -for a proper consideration of the subject. The expenses of such investigation shall be paid -from the contingent fund of the Senate.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo090.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">OLD PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STATION</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>On March 19, 1901, the subcommittee of the District Committee having the -matter in charge met the representatives of the American Institute of Architects -and agreed to their proposition that Daniel H. Burnham, architect, and Frederick -Law Olmsted, jr., landscape architect, be selected as experts, with power to add -to their number. These gentlemen accepted, and subsequently invited Charles -F. McKim, architect, and Augustus Saint-Gaudens, sculptor, to act with them -in the preparation of plans. The services of men who had won the very highest -places in their several professions had thus been secured.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page78">[78]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo091.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE MALL, SHOWING RAILROAD TRACKS CROSSING IT</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page79">[79]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo092.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE MALL INUNDATED</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page80">[80]</span></p> - -<p>The nature and scope of the work having been outlined to the commission, -they entered upon their task, but not without hesitation and misgivings. The -problem was both difficult and complex. Much had to be done; much, also, had -to be undone. Also the aid and advice of the commission was sought immediately -in relation to buildings and memorials under consideration, and thus the importance -and usefulness of the commission were enhanced.</p> - -<p>The commission, in order to make a closer study of the practice of landscape -architecture as applied to parks and public buildings, made a brief trip to Europe, -visiting Rome, Venice, Vienna, Budapest, Paris, London, and their suburbs. Attention -was directed principally to ascertaining what arrangement of park areas best -adapts them to the uses of the people and what are the elements that give pleasure -from generation to generation, and even from century to century. The many -and striking results of this study were given in the Park Commission Report, -including plans and illustrations. The Committee on the District of Columbia -submitted the report to the Senate on January 15, 1902. It was adopted and -ordered to be printed as Senate Report No. 166, Fifty-seventh Congress, first -session.</p> - -<h3>McMILLAN PARK COMMISSION</h3> - -<p>The members of the McMillan Park Commission were:</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Daniel H. Burnham</span>, architect, of Chicago. He became head of the firm of -Burnham & Root, one of the first great architectural firms of the country, and -later of D. H. Burnham & Co. Designer of many buildings, among them the Railway -Exchange and Marshall Field’s retail store in Chicago, and the Wanamaker -stores in New York and Philadelphia; in 1893 he became chief architect and director -of works of the World’s Columbian Exposition. Mr. Burnham was instrumental -in securing the adoption of a scheme of construction which placed that exhibition -in the very front rank of international exhibitions, and by the display of rare -executive ability he brought about and maintained the effective cooperation of the -architects and artists, who then and there gave to American art both a new -direction and a tremendous impetus. In 1901 he became chairman of the McMillan -Park Commission for beautifying the National Capital; in 1908 he built the Union -Station at Washington; in 1910 he became a member of the National Commission -of Fine Arts and its first chairman. He also laid out plans for Chicago, Cleveland, -and Manila. He died in 1912 while on a trip abroad.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Charles F. McKim</span>, architect, of New York City, studied architecture at -Harvard University and at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. He organized the -firm of McKim, Mead & White, architects, of New York City, who for half a -century have led the architectural profession in the design of classical buildings, -such as the Boston Public Library, Harvard University buildings, the Columbia<span class="pagenum" id="Page81">[81]</span> -University Library, the Morgan Library, the Rhode Island Capitol, the Pennsylvania -Railroad Station in New York City, the restoration of the White House, -and are the architects of the Arlington Memorial Bridge. Mr. McKim, as a member -of the McMillan Park Commission, designed the Mall plan, and also made a -sketch for the Lincoln Memorial. Mr. McKim was president of the American -Institute of Architects in 1902 and 1903, and was instrumental in the purchase of -the Octagon House as the headquarters of the American Institute of Architects. -In 1903 he was awarded the royal gold medal given by King Edward VII for the -promotion of architecture. Mr. McKim was a champion of good architecture and -keenly interested in the development of the National Capital. He deplored the -appearance of the State, War, and Navy Building, and said he would find pleasure -during leisure hours in raking off the columns—a work that is contemplated in the -remodeling of the building as the State Department Building. He died in 1909.</p> - -<div class="container w50emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo094.jpg" alt="Burnham quote"> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr06">Transcription</a></p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="smcap">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</span>, sculptor, born in Dublin, Ireland, on March 1, -1848, came to the United States in infancy and learned the trade of a cameo -cutter. He studied drawing at the Cooper Institute in 1861, and in 1865 and 1866 -was a student of the National Academy of Design. From 1867 to 1870 he studied<span class="pagenum" id="Page82">[82]</span> -at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. Mr. Saint-Gaudens was the greatest American -sculptor, and, indeed, one of the greatest of all time. His great works of art -are numerous and inspiring. Among them are The Puritan; the statue of -Abraham Lincoln, Chicago; the Farragut, the Peter Cooper, and the Sherman -Victory monuments in New York; the Shaw Memorial in Boston; the Amor -Caritas at the Luxembourg Gallery in Paris; and the celebrated Adams Memorial -in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington. He also designed a $20 gold piece. As a -member of the McMillan Park Commission he wrote that part of the report pertaining -to Arlington National Cemetery and advised in the matter of location of -the Grant Memorial at the head of the Mall. He died in 1907.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Frederick Law Olmsted</span>, landscape architect, from the time that he became -a member of the McMillan Park Commission of 1901 has given uninterrupted -service in the development of the National Capital. He was one of the original -members of the National Commission of Fine Arts, appointed in 1910, and served -as landscape architect member until 1918. From 1924 he served as landscape -architect member of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Mr. -Olmsted was president of the American Society of Landscape Architects and from -its organization in 1907 a member of the National Conference on City Planning.</p> - -<p>His father laid out Central Park, New York City, about 1858 (2,300 men were -employed on it in September of that year), and in 1872 he prepared the landscape -plan for the United States Capitol Grounds as they have existed since then. -Mr. Olmsted and his firm have in more recent years laid out the Metropolitan -Park System of Boston, the Vanderbilt Estate in North Carolina, the Baltimore -Park System, and Redondo Beach, Los Angeles County, Calif. The smaller park -areas which Mr. Olmsted has designed are too numerous to mention.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Charles Moore</span> has devoted fully 50 years to the development of the National -Capital, and is a former chairman of the National Commission of Fine Arts. -Mr. Moore was for many years clerk to the Senate Committee on the District of -Columbia, rendering most valuable service to the committee, of which Senator -McMillan was chairman, as well as to the National Capital. The reports on -the elimination of grade crossings in the District of Columbia and on the charitable -institutions of the District of Columbia, as well as the Park Commission -Report of 1901, are memorable documents of that period which were largely prepared -by him. His influence has always been strong with Members of Congress -in favor of the development of the District of Columbia upon a noble scale. His -appointment as one of the original members of the National Commission of Fine -Arts was a fitting recognition not only of past services but of his preeminent -qualifications to pass upon subjects relating to the beautification of the National -Capital. He was chairman from 1915 to 1937. Mr. Moore also helped prepare the<span class="pagenum" id="Page83">[83]</span> -plan of Chicago. He is the author of a number of books, among them being Under -Three Flags, the Life of Daniel H. Burnham, the Life of Charles F. McKim, the -Family Life of George Washington, Washington Past and Present; and has -contributed also innumerable articles to magazines in the course of the years.</p> - -<h3>PLANS OF THE McMILLAN PARK COMMISSION</h3> - -<p>The plans prepared by the McMillan Park Commission and submitted, with -its report, to the Senate, constituted the first and most notable proposal for -grouping of public buildings ever put forward in the United States. The outlying -sections of the District of Columbia were studied in relation to a system of -parks, both large and small areas being indicated; the most convenient and the -most picturesque connections between the various parks were mapped; the individual -treatment which each important park should undergo was recommended; -an extension of the park system to Great Falls and to Mount Vernon was discussed. -Primarily, however, the development of the Mall received detailed and -elaborate treatment, and the location of new public buildings, whether legislative, -executive, or municipal in character, was arranged according to a rational -system of grouping; and those memorials which mark distinct epochs in our -national history were brought into harmonious relation with the general scheme -of development.</p> - -<p>As a result of this study, the desirability of making every considerable undertaking -within the District of Columbia a part of a general plan was made evident, -so that each undertaking should contribute its part to enhancing the value of the -whole; and no undertaking would be allowed to invade, to mutilate, or to mar -the symmetry, simplicity, and dignity of the one great composition designed to -comprehend the entire area.</p> - -<p>In working out the plans the park commission found it necessary to have prepared -two models, one showing the existing disturbed conditions in the section -from the Library of Congress westward to the Potomac, and the other showing -the arrangement proposed. These models, constructed with the utmost attention -to the details of topography by George C. Curtis, were accurate maps of the section -they so graphically depicted, and served as guides in carrying the plans to -completion. To present in graphic fashion particular features of the plans, the -accurate architectural drawings were rendered in color by leading artists, and by -means of these pictures a clear and distinct idea of the completed work was -obtained.</p> - -<p>One of the greatest obstacles to a restoration of the Mall as provided for in -the L’Enfant plan was the fact that since 1872 the Mall had been occupied by -railroad tracks, the board of aldermen and the board of common council having -on March 20, 1871, granted the Mall site to the Baltimore Potomac Railroad<span class="pagenum" id="Page84">[84]</span> -Co., later the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., which action was confirmed by act of -Congress May 21, 1872. The Mall was then no better than a common pasture. -The railroad had taken the place of the canal, which it paralleled, and held the -right to use the property by a title good in law and in equity; also by virtue of an -act of Congress adopted in 1890 the railroad space had been enlarged, in consideration -of the surrender of street trackage and the proposed elevation of the tracks -within the city of Washington.</p> - -<p>It so happened that the chairman of the commission, Mr. Burnham, was the -architect of the new Pennsylvania Railroad Station at Pittsburgh, and he had also -drawn for the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. the preliminary plans for the Baltimore -& Potomac Railroad Station in Washington. After consultation, Mr. Burnham -proposed to the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. that the station be -built on the south side of the Mall and the adjoining lands; and, while the matter -received serious consideration, no action was taken. It was during the stay of the -commission in London that President Cassatt announced to Mr. Burnham his -willingness to consider the question, not of moving the Baltimore & Potomac -Railroad Station to the south side of the Mall but of withdrawing altogether -from that region and uniting with the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. in the -erection of a union station on the site established by legislation for the new -depot of that road, provided suitable legislation be secured to make compensation -for the increased expense such a change would involve, and provided, also, that -the approaches to the new site be made worthy of the building the railroads proposed -to erect.</p> - -<p>Subsequent examination convinced the commission that from an esthetic -standpoint there were insuperable objections to the depot site provided by law; -the chief objection being that were the station to front on C Street a train shed -800 feet long would be thrown across Massachusetts Avenue, one of the great -thoroughfares of the city. Not only would the vista be blocked by a commercial -building, but also the street would be carried underneath this enormous structure -in a tunnel so long as to cause the avenue to be avoided by traffic. The commission -thereupon proposed a site fronting on Massachusetts Avenue, and that was -the one adopted for the Union Station. The plans called for a station 8 feet and -8 inches longer than the Capitol, the building to be of white marble, the façade -Roman in style of architecture, and the construction and arrangements so planned -as to make this station superior to any structure ever erected for railway purposes. -Facing the Capitol, and yet not too near that building, the new station was designed -to front upon a plaza 600 feet in width and 1,200 feet in length, where bodies of -troops or large organizations could be formed during inaugural times or on other -like occasions. Thus located and so constructed, the Union Station makes a great -and impressive gateway to Washington.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page85">[85]</span></p> - -<p>In considering the views of the commission, and in reaching his decision, the -president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. looked at the matter from the standpoint -of an American citizen, saying in substance that he appreciated the fact that -if Congress intended to make of the Mall what the founders of the city intended -it to be, no railroad should be allowed to cross it, and that he was willing to vacate -the space provided the matter could be arranged without sacrificing the interests -of the stockholders of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. This conditional consent -on the part of the railroad, which was later agreed to by Congress, removed the -one great obstacle to the preparation of adequate plans for the improvement of the -city. Lesser obstacles, such as the lack of surveys of the oldest parks in the District -and the difficulties of getting together the widely scattered data, were surmounted. -On the other hand, the work was much lightened by the excellent -topographical maps of the District outside of the city prepared by the Coast and -Geodetic Survey.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo098.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">TREATMENT FOR AREA WEST OF THE CAPITOL, PLAN OF 1901</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<h3>THE CAPITOL GROUP</h3> - -<p>Naturally the plan of 1901 began at the Capitol. It was recommended that -the chief legislative building of the Nation be surrounded by structures dependent -on or supplementary to legislative work. The Library of Congress had been -completed in 1897. The enjoyment and satisfaction taken in the Library by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page86">[86]</span> -thousands of persons from all parts of the country who visit it daily is an indication -of the manner in which the American people regard the upbuilding of their -Capital. Since the Library Building was designed we have learned lessons of -subordination in grouping (as shown in the Senate and House Office Buildings -and in the Union Station), and also of restraint in decoration; but the Library -contains individual work of the leading painters and sculptors of its era.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo099.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">UNION SQUARE, PLAN OF 1901</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The idea of office buildings for the Members of the Senate and the House of -Representatives was in mind when the plan was being made, and therefore the -areas these buildings would naturally occupy were marked. The three buildings -were designed and constructed in such manner as to make them an integral -part of the Capitol group. Simple, elegant, and dignified, the Senate and House -of Representatives Office Buildings carry on the great tradition established by -Washington and Jefferson in the selection of the Thornton design for the original -building, and persistently maintained by President Fillmore in the extension of -the Capitol by Thomas U. Walter.</p> - -<p>By common consent the remaining space facing the Capitol on the east was -assigned to a building for the Supreme Court of the United States, which since -the removal of the seat of government to the District of Columbia in 1800 occupied -the same building with the Congress.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page87">[87]</span></p> - -<p>On the south below the House of Representatives Office Buildings the frontage -is occupied by nondescript buildings, all undignified and unsightly. The -obvious use of this land is building sites and house gardens to balance Union -Station Plaza on the north. This also is a project for the future.</p> - -<h4>THE HEAD OF THE MALL</h4> - -<p>The area directly west of the Capitol grounds was marked on the L’Enfant map -as an open plaza, affording an approach to that building similar to the one on the -east. Owing to the slow development of Washington the west front underwent -various vicissitudes. The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. tracks once were located -about on a line with the Peace and Garfield Monuments. The Botanic Garden -area was reclaimed from an alder swamp, and the James Creek Canal wound its -way through it. A quarter of a century ago the House passed a bill for the -removal of the Botanic Garden fence, with the view of giving the public access to -that park in the same manner that other parks are open.</p> - -<p>The plan of 1901 aimed to restore this area to its intended uses as a broad -thoroughfare so enriched with parterres as to form an organic connection between -the Capitol Grounds and the Mall. Anticipating the improvement of this square, -named Union Square, as outlined in the plan, Congress located therein the memorial -to General Grant, the base of which was designed to be used as a reviewing -stand, and later a site in the same area was designated for the monument to -General Meade. The Grant Memorial was completed a number of years ago, the -Meade Monument is also in place, and the Botanic Garden has been relocated -south of Maryland Avenue, near the Capitol. The new plan for Union Square -as carried out, was made by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1935.</p> - -<h4>DEVELOPMENT OF THE MALL</h4> - -<p>That section of the Mall between Third and Four-and-a-half Streets has -been laid out and planted with elms in accordance with the plan of 1901, and -Congress has provided for putting in the roadways. The temporary buildings in -the Mall were so located that upon removal the roadways will be in accordance -with the Mall plan, and as fast as the buildings are razed the planting of trees can -be made. The space between Four-and-a-half and Sixth Streets was so improved -and restored during the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1921.</p> - -<p>Congress has authorized the occupation of the north side of the Mall between -Third and Seventh Streets (former site of the Pennsylvania Station) by the -National Gallery of Art, designed by John Russell Pope. Plans for the building -approved by the Commission of Fine Arts are classical in style of architecture.</p> - -<p>Auditoriums, both large and small, designed for the uses of conventions, -inaugural exercises, and meetings of patriotic societies are among the prime -necessities of Washington. Such gathering places would meet governmental and -semipublic needs and be advantageous to the growth of American feeling.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page88">[88]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo101.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MALL AND MONUMENT GARDENS, PLAN OF 1901</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page89">[89]</span></p> - -<p>The space between Third and Seventh Streets, on the south side of the Mall -is being considered for the Smithsonian Gallery of Art, authorized by Congress, -to house the collections of works of art that have been given to the Nation. -The planting and roadways continuous with those already in place on the Mall -can then be put in.</p> - -<p>The new National Museum Building was the first structure to be located and -erected according to the plan of 1901, having been aligned in conformity to the -new Mall axis. On the south side of the Mall the new Freer Gallery also conforms -to the revised axis. This gallery is a constituent portion of the National -Gallery of Art. It represents one of the largest gifts ever made by an individual -to the Government. Although comparatively small in extent, both the building -itself and the collections now being arranged within it represent the very highest -standards of art. Moreover, the Freer Gallery is a type of the small, adequately -housed, and well-endowed gallery which doubtless will be established from time -to time by private individuals and given to the Nation to be administered by the -Smithsonian Institution for the instruction and gratification of the people.</p> - -<p>The section of the Mall between Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets is occupied -by the Department of Agriculture. The location of the two wings of the building -designed to accommodate the administrative offices of the department precipitated -a contest, on the result of which depended the fate of the plan of 1901. It -was due to the firm stand taken by President Roosevelt and Secretary of War -Taft that the location was made in accordance with the plan. That crisis having -been met satisfactorily, the future of the Mall scheme was assured, and since then -the plan for park connection between the Capitol and the White House has -become an established fact.</p> - -<p>While L’Enfant had planned a driveway through the center of the Mall, the -Mall Plan of 1901 consists of an expanse of undulating green park, a mile in -length and 300 feet wide, extending from the Capitol to the Monument. This -central green space is bordered by park roads, flanked by four rows of American -elms, under the shade of which are walks and resting places. Back of these rows -of trees are other roads furnishing access to public buildings like the National -Museum, the Department of Agriculture Building, the Freer Gallery, and the -National Gallery of Art, which have been located according to the plan.</p> - -<h4>RESTORING THE MALL AXIS</h4> - -<p>According to the L’Enfant plan the Monument to George Washington was -to be located at the point where a line drawn due west from the center of the -Capitol would intersect a line drawn due south from the center of the White -House. On these axial relations the Mall composition depended for its effect. -The builders of the Washington Monument, despairing of securing adequate -foundations in the lowlands at the intersection of the main and the cross axes, -located the Monument without regard to points fixed in the plan. Feeling the -absolute necessity of restoring these relationships, the Park Commission boldly -determined to create a new main axis by drawing a line from the Capitol Dome -through the Washington Monument and prolonging it to the shore of the Potomac, -where they proposed, on the then unimproved lands dredged from the river -to form Potomac Park, a site for a new memorial. Here they placed the long-contemplated -memorial to Abraham Lincoln. This they did with full comprehension -of the fact that by common consent Lincoln is the one man in the history -of this Nation worthy to stand with Washington in the great central composition.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page90">[90]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo103.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">PLAN OF THE MALL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page91">[91]</span></p> - -<p>The original intersection had been marked by Thomas Jefferson by a small -monument known as the Jefferson Pier. In the McMillan Park Commission plan -of 1901 this pier is indicated by a circular pool. That commission, as has been -said, restored the cross axis of the Mall, and from the Mall plan of 1901 by actual -measurement the Washington Monument is 371.6 feet east of the north and -south axis of the White House, and 123.17 feet south of the Capitol axis.</p> - -<h4>EXTENDING THE MALL AXIS TO THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL</h4> - -<p>While this location of the Lincoln Memorial commended itself to men like -Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay, Elihu Root, and William H. Taft, it was opposed -by many others, who had regard to the immediate future and who did not consider -either the historical significance of the situation or the prospective development -of Potomac Park, then far from the more populous parts of the city and thus -seemingly isolated and remote. The struggle over this location, and indeed over -any memorial of an ideal character, was long and bitter. Nor was it ended during -the lifetime of Mr. McKim and Mr. Saint-Gaudens. Happily, however, the result -was determined in accordance with the commission plan, and to-day no other site -seems possible. This was a distinct victory for the plan, virtually insuring the -realization of the large scheme as laid out in 1901.</p> - -<p>The Park Commission wrote as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>From the Monument garden westward a canal 3,600 feet long and 200 feet wide, with central -arms and bordered by stretches of green walled with trees, leads to a concourse raised to the height -of the Monument platform. Seen from the Monument this canal, similar in character to the canals -at Versailles and Fontainebleau in France and Hampton Court in England, introduces into the -formal landscape an element of repose and great beauty. At the head of the canal a great rond-point, -placed on the main axis of the Capitol and the Monument, becomes a gate of approach to the park -system of the District of Columbia. Centering upon it as a great point of reunion are the drives -leading southeast to Potomac Park and northwest by the Riverside Drive to the Rock Creek system -of parks. From this elevation of 40 feet the Memorial Bridge leads across the Potomac directly to -the base of the hill crowned by the mansion house of Arlington.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page92">[92]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo105.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">SITE OF THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL, 1901</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page93">[93]</span></p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>Crowning the rond-point, as the Arc de Triomphe crowns the Place de l’Etoile at Paris, should -stand a memorial erected to the memory of that one man in our history as a nation who is worthy -to stand with George Washington—Abraham Lincoln. Whatever may be the exact form selected -for the memorial to Lincoln, in form it should possess the quality of universality, and also it should -have a character essentially distinct from that of any other monument either now existing in the -District or hereafter to be erected. The type which the commission has in mind is a great portico -of Doric columns rising from an unbroken stylobate.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The foregoing recommendations were among the fundamentals of the plan of -1901. Ten years were required to embody them in legislation. To-day the Lincoln -Memorial and the Arlington Memorial Bridge are completed along the general -lines suggested.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo106.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL, MEMORIAL BRIDGE, AND RIVERSIDE DRIVE, PLAN OF 1901</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>There are many other features of the McMillan plan that the report of 1901 -describes to which attention is called in the subsequent pages of this volume; -thus there is the Rock Creek Parkway, the Anacostia Park development, the Fort -Drive, the parkway along the Palisades of the Potomac to Great Falls, and the -Mount Vernon Highway. The plans for these projects required authorization -by Congress and time to make necessary land purchases; but at the present time -there is indication that they will be completed in the near future. The day has -come when the Greater Washington, or the metropolitan area of Washington, is -being brought into the scheme of development of the National Capital.</p> - -<p>The plan of 1901 reasserted the authority of the original plan of L’Enfant, -extended to meet the needs of the Nation after a century of growth in power, -wealth, and dignity, and also marked the path for future development.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page94">[94]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo107.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE FUTURE WASHINGTON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page95">[95]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XV</span><br> -<span class="title">NATIONAL COMMISSION OF FINE ARTS</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>Immediately after abolishing the Council of Fine Arts President Taft undertook -to interest Congress in the establishment of a permanent Commission of -Fine Arts. A bill was accordingly presented in the United States Senate by -Hon. Elihu Root. In the House of Representatives the bill was sponsored by -Hon. Samuel W. McCall. Various amendments were made to the measure in -both the Senate and House of Representatives and it was finally adopted by the -act approved May 17, 1910, as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in -Congress assembled</i>, That a permanent Commission of Fine Arts is hereby created to be composed -of seven well-qualified judges of the fine arts, who shall be appointed by the President, and shall -serve for a period of four years each, and until their successors are appointed and qualified. The -President shall have authority to fill all vacancies. It shall be the duty of such Commission to -advise upon the location of statues, fountains, and monuments in the public squares, streets, and -parks in the District of Columbia, and upon the selection of models for statues, fountains, and -monuments, erected under the authority of the United States and upon the selection of artists for -the execution of the same. It shall be the duty of the officers charged by law to determine such -questions in each case to call for such advice. The foregoing provisions of this act shall not apply -to the Capitol Building of the United States and the building of the Library of Congress. The -Commission shall also advise generally upon questions of art when required to do so by the President, -or by any committee of either House of Congress. Said Commission shall have a secretary -and such other assistance as the Commission may authorize, and the members of the Commission -shall each be paid actual expenses in going to and returning from Washington to attend the -meetings of said Commission and while attending the same.</p> - -<p>Sec. 2. That to meet the expenses made necessary by this act an expenditure of not exceeding -$10,000 a year is hereby authorized.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The duties of the Commission of Fine Arts have been enlarged since then -from time to time by Executive orders. Congress has also stipulated in many -recent enactments that the plans for certain designated buildings, monuments, -etc., must be approved by the Commission before they can be accepted by the -Government. The act of May 16, 1930, gives the Commission control over certain -portions of the District of Columbia in the matter of private buildings, -under what is known as the Shipstead-Luce Act. Reports are published -periodically.</p> - -<p>The duties of the Commission, therefore, now embrace not only advising upon -the location of statues, fountains, and monuments in the public squares, streets, -and parks in the District of Columbia, etc., but in fact all questions involving -matters of art with which the Federal Government is concerned.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page96">[96]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo109.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">CAPITOL GROUNDS AND UNION STATION PLAZA, 1917</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page97">[97]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo110.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE MALL, 1930</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page98">[98]</span></p> - -<p>The Commission has been in existence 29 years, during which time many -great artists of this country have served as its members. The membership comprises -three architects, a sculptor, a painter, a landscape architect, and a lay -member. Congress permits the Commission to hold meetings, including committee -meetings, both in and outside of the District of Columbia, thus enabling -it to give attention to works of art in any part of the country in which the -Government is interested. A meeting of the Commission is usually held in -Washington each month, where the public-buildings program and other great -projects under way for the development of the National Capital are requiring -its particular attention.</p> - -<p>In the work of the Commission of Fine Arts we see the splendid results -achieved through the collaboration of architects, sculptors, painters, and landscape -architects. The Commission exists primarily to serve the Congress and -its committees, the President, and the heads of the Government Departments. -There are exceptional cases when the Commission of Fine Arts is called upon -to advise with reference to fine arts projects submitted by individuals. The -Commission aims to maintain standards of taste. The members themselves are -prominent in their respective professions and are “well-qualified judges of the -fine arts.”</p> - -<p>Prior to the establishment of the Commission of Fine Arts it was the practice -of Congress when legislation was enacted providing for a public building, a -monument, or other work of art to authorize the appointment of a committee to -advise it concerning the specific fine arts project. Such a committee was as a -rule composed of laymen, unqualified to give advice on matters of art. Thereupon -money was appropriated to meet the expenses of a jury of award, in addition -to those of the committee; and when the project was completed, the committee -disbanded, leaving Congress without a recognized body to whom matters pertaining -to the fine arts could be referred, and requiring a repetition of the appointment -of a new committee for procuring some new work of art desired by Congress. -It was just such a situation as this that existed in 1910 when Senator Root was -a member of the Committee on the Library. In a letter addressed to the Chairman -of the Commission of Fine Arts at the twenty-fifth anniversary of its establishment -in May 1935, Senator Root stated:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>Sometime about the early spring of 1910 some Senator had introduced in the Senate a resolution -providing for the purchase by the Government of a number of paintings that nobody wanted -to buy and under the rule that resolution was referred to the Committee on the Library. The -responsibility for protecting the Government against a waste of money was thus thrown upon -the Committee.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page99">[99]</span></p> - -<p>A little discussion developed the fact that all the members of the Committee had an uncomfortable -feeling that the pictures were probably worthless and no such purchase ought to be made -but that no member of the Committee felt any such confidence in his own knowledge and judgment -about such things as to feel like making a report to the Senate based on his opinion, and -maintaining that opinion on the floor. We all felt that the Committee ought to have some way -of getting an expert opinion to guide it in making its report.</p> - -<p>In the discussion we recalled Theodore Roosevelt’s appointment of a Fine Arts Council, which -fell to the ground because it had no legal standing, and we recalled also the advantage received -from the report of park development of the informal commission selected by the McMillan Committee, -and we finally determined to ask Congress to provide for the appointment of a fine arts -commission which would meet the need that our Committee was then experiencing and a similar -need which was liable to occur in a multitude of cases under which Government officers had to pass -on questions of art without being really competent to perform such a duty. * * * I drafted a -very brief statute * * * and a little informal explanation of the need which the Committee felt -for expert assistance in the performing of its duties carried the bill through.</p> - -<p>And so, without creation of any power of legal compulsion, there was brought to the service -of the Government the authority of competent opinion upon questions of art arising in the course -of administration, and widespread and habitual deference to such an opinion has saved the Government -and the community from God knows how many atrocities.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>From the time of its establishment, the Commission has been consulted about -every detail of the progress of the Plan of Washington, and also about many -works of art for which the Government makes appropriations. This includes also -works of art which our Government, as a result of congressional enactment, -presents to the governments and the peoples of other countries to express our -friendship and good will, or erects for the use of our diplomatic corps abroad, or to -perpetuate the memory of our soldiers’ deeds of daring and courage. Good -examples are the statue of Leif Ericsson to Iceland, the statue of Henry Clay -to Venezuela, the American Embassy Building in Japan, and the World War -Memorials in Europe.</p> - -<p>In creating the National Capital Park and Planning Commission by act of -April 30, 1926, Congress provided that purchases of lands made thereunder shall -have the advice of the Commission of Fine Arts. During the years all proposed -purchases have been approved. The two Commissions have acted harmoniously -in the work of developing the District of Columbia according to carefully devised -plans for parks, playgrounds, and highways.</p> - -<p>The first project that came before the Commission of Fine Arts, in 1910, was -the Lincoln Memorial. The memorial during a period of 12 years had the continual -attention of this Commission, and since its dedication on May 30, 1922, it -has been recognized as one of the great memorials of the world. In the past 15 -years the row of beautiful white marble buildings near the Lincoln Memorial -have been built, as also the new Department buildings on Constitution Avenue. -These are a part of the great public buildings program that is in progress in the -National Capital.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page100">[100]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo113.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr07">Transcription</a></p> - -<p class="caption">THE CENTRAL COMPOSITION OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page101">[101]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XVI</span><br> -<span class="title">ZONING OF THE CAPITAL</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>Our first President, by proclamation of October 17, 1791 (illustrated on <a href="#Page21">page -21</a>), established a height restriction of 40 feet on buildings in the new Capital. -Although not a regulation by zones, it might have been the beginning of a zoning -policy if the growth of the Capital had been foreseen. However, the restriction -was suspended under President Monroe in 1822, and it was not until 1910 that a -comprehensive height regulation became effective. The act of 1910 established -height limits, depending upon the width of adjacent streets.</p> - -<p>The first zoning ordinance for an American city was adopted by New York -City in 1916. The World War held the problem of zoning our cities in abeyance. -Washington was zoned by the act of 1920. Since then fully 1,500 towns and -cities throughout the United States, ranging from 5,000 to 6,000,000 (New York -City) in population, have adopted zoning ordinances.</p> - -<p>Zoning not only controls the use and development of land but also regulates -the height and bulk of buildings, the open spaces which must be provided for -light and ventilation, and the density and distribution of population. It is a -legislative function under the police power. The usual procedure in establishing -zoning control in our cities has been to pass an ordinance under the authority of -the State Zoning Enabling Act, dividing the city into use, height, and area districts, -throughout each of which the governing regulations are the same. Separate -districts are provided for residence, business, and industry. Thus business -and industry are excluded from the residence districts. There may or may not -be separate districts provided for light and heavy industry, or for local business -and general business. The residence district is usually subdivided according to -types of dwellings into areas for single-family dwellings, two-family dwellings, -multiple-family dwellings, or apartment houses. Multiple-family dwellings are -usually excluded from the single-family areas. This practice has received the -hearty approval of home owners. Undeveloped land in suburban sections is -usually placed in the residence district and restricted to single-family use. If -conditions warrant, and there is no opposition from the owners, it may later be -rezoned for more profitable multiple-family or business use.</p> - -<h3>ARCHITECTURAL STANDARDS ABSENT</h3> - -<p>The zoning ordinance has not attempted to regulate buildings, except as to -height and size, nor set any standard of architectural fitness to -the surroundings.<span class="pagenum" id="Page102">[102]</span> -If it had attempted any such thing, it could never have become a law. Only -in recent years have citizens begun to think that attractiveness may add a cash -value to houses, or that insistence on beauty is becoming in a democracy.</p> - -<p>The Shipstead-Luce Act, adopted May 16, 1930, gives the Commission -of Fine Arts a limited control over private buildings in the District of -Columbia and provides that private buildings facing important Government -buildings and parks, in areas specified in the act, must harmonize in appearance -with the latter. Although not affecting the Zoning Act, it is, like the height law -of 1910, part of the zoning restrictions.</p> - -<p>The provisions of the Zoning Act of 1938 do not apply to Federal public -buildings.</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>However, the location, height, bulk, number of stories, and size of Federal public buildings -and the provision for open space in and around the same, will be subject to the approval of the -National Capital Park and Planning Commission.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>Approximately one-half of the area of the Capital is under Government control -and one-half is open to private development. That private development -should proceed in harmony with the plans of the local and Federal Governments -was acceptable as an ideal, and a determined effort was made in 1918 to introduce -zoning into Washington. In that year and the year following congressional committees, -the District Commissioners, and others formulated plans, and a zoning -bill became a law effective August 30, 1920. After a period of 18 years, during -which several important changes in the law had suggested themselves, Congress -adopted a new Zoning Act, which was approved by the President on June 20, -1938 (Public, No. 684, 75th Congress).</p> - -<p>The act provides that the regulations heretofore adopted by the Zoning Commission -under the authority of the act of March 1, 1920, including official maps, -shall be deemed to have been made and adopted and in force under this present -act. The act empowers the Zoning Commission “to regulate the location, -height, bulk, number of stories, and size of buildings and other structures, the -percentage of lot which may be occupied, the sizes of yards, courts, and other -open spaces, the density of population, and the uses of buildings, structures, and -land for trade, industry, residence, recreation, public activities, or other purposes -* * *.”</p> - -<p>Many people do not understand the importance and necessity of a zoning law -in a city; they think it deprives them of private rights. Yet without a good -zoning law living conditions in cities of the present day become chaotic. Section -2 of the act of June 20, 1938, sets forth the purpose of the zoning regulations and -also points out the benefits to be derived from zoning, as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>Such regulations shall be made in accordance with a comprehensive plan and designed to lessen -congestion in the street, to secure safety from fire, panic, and other -dangers, to promote health and<span class="pagenum" id="Page103">[103]</span> -the general welfare, to provide adequate light and air, to prevent the undue concentration of -population and the overcrowding of land, and to promote such distribution of population and of -the uses of land as would tend to create conditions favorable to health, safety, transportation, -prosperity, protection of property, civic activity, and recreational, educational, and cultural -opportunities, and as would tend to further economy and efficiency in the supply of public services. -Such regulations shall be made with reasonable consideration, among other things, of the character -of the respective districts and their suitability for the uses provided in the regulations, and with a -view to encouraging stability of districts and of land values therein.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The Zoning Commission may from time to time amend the regulations and -the maps, but before doing so a public hearing must be held, and at least 30 days’ -notice of the time and place of the hearing must be published at least once in a -daily newspaper in the District of Columbia, giving full information concerning -the proposed amendment. A favorable vote of not less than a full majority of -the members is necessary for the adoption of an amendment.</p> - -<p>The Zoning Commission consists of five members, namely, the three Commissioners -of the District of Columbia, the Director of the National Park Service, -and the Architect of the Capitol.</p> - -<p>The act of 1938 provides for a Zoning Advisory Council, to which suggested -amendments to the regulations are submitted for consideration and recommendation. -The act also provides for a Board of Zoning Adjustment, which shall have -the power to hear and decide appeals where it is alleged a hardship will be -imposed by carrying out and enforcing any regulation adopted under the Zoning -Act, and to hear and decide on complaints regarding zoning, as also requests for -special exceptions or map interpretations. In exercising its powers, “the Board -of Adjustments may, in conformity with the provisions of this act, reverse or -affirm, wholly or partly, or may modify the order, requirement, decision, determination, -or refusal appealed from or may make such order as may be necessary to -carry out its decision or authorization, and to that end shall have all the powers -of the officer or body from whom the appeal is taken.” The concurring vote of -not less than a full majority of the members of the Board is necessary for any -decision or order.</p> - -<h3>HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS RESTRICTED BY THE CAPITOL DOME</h3> - -<p>The preeminence of the Dome of the Capitol has dominated the height of both -public and private buildings. The 110-foot-height limit is found in a small section -of the center of the downtown business district. On streets 110 feet wide in -the 110-foot-height district, 130 feet is allowed under set-back provisions, and -this maximum height cannot be exceeded by buildings (except spires, penthouses, -or other excrescences) erected under the zoning regulations. Before 1929 but -few buildings exceeded this height. The act of 1910 limited the height of buildings -to front or abut Union Station Plaza to 80 feet.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page104">[104]</span></p> - -<div class="container w45emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo117.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr08">Transcriptions</a></p> - -<p class="caption">REGIONAL PLAN OF WASHINGTON AND ENVIRONS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page105">[105]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XVII</span><br> -<span class="title">THE NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING -COMMISSION</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>A new period in the development of the city may be said to date from 1901 -with the filing of the report of the McMillan Park Commission, for since that -time there has been a constant increase in the interest taken by the public. The -outstanding dates recording the progress of this increased interest are 1910, 1912, -1920, and 1924. The Fine Arts Commission was established in 1910. A new -beginning of control of private property was made in 1910 after many years’ -lapse of the original restrictions imposed by President Washington. This new -beginning consisted in control of the height of buildings, the passage of a height -law, and was followed in 1920 by a comprehensive zoning law.</p> - -<p>In 1924 the lack of provision of public parks and the failure to carry out the -proposals of the plan of 1901, in so far as park areas were concerned, led to the -formation of the National Capital Park Commission, with authority to purchase -lands for park purposes. The organization of the Commission was the result of -combined efforts of many nation-wide organizations.</p> - -<p>The new Commission soon found that an intelligent choice of park lands could -not be made without knowledge of the interrelation of parks, highways, zoning, -public buildings, and other elements of city and regional planning. The authority -of the Commission was therefore increased in 1926, and its membership enlarged. -The new National Capital Park and Planning Commission was charged—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p class="noindent">with the duty of preparing, developing, and maintaining a comprehensive, consistent, and coordinated -plan for the National Capital and environs (an area of some 1,539 square miles, lying -roughly within 20 miles of the White House, and involving the cooperation of 2 States, 4 counties, -2 cities, and numerous incorporated places), which plan shall include recommendations to the proper -executive authorities as to traffic and transportation; plats and subdivisions; highways, parks, and -parkways; school and library sites; playgrounds, drainage, sewerage, and water supply; housing, -building, and zoning regulations; public and private buildings; bridges and water fronts; commerce -and industry; and other proper elements of city and regional planning.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The largest single factor in determining the extent and character of the development -of the National Capital will be the extent, character, and wisdom of the -permanent investments by the public in public areas and improvements. This -Commission has, therefore, considered as of primary importance the proper location -and extent of public lands, whether used for streets, parks, public buildings, -or other public services; and the timely acquisition and development of these -areas for their particular purposes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page106">[106]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo119.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">VIEW FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL, LOOKING EAST</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page107">[107]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo120.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">VIEW OF THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL, LOOKING SOUTH</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page108">[108]</span></p> - -<p>Since the areas needed for public use can not be chosen without regard to the -use and extent of private developments, it follows that some control over the -use of private property—as by zoning—is an essential part of city or regional -planning.</p> - -<p>When city planning is mentioned most people think first of streets. In this -field the commission has been active in three ways—first, in an effort to make the -streets fit the land and to follow along the hills and valleys instead of across them; -second, in establishing a major thoroughfare system guiding the development of -the main highways within the District of Columbia and extending the principles -of the original L’Enfant plan to the limits of the District; and third, in securing -public support of a regional highway system which will provide more adequately -for traffic both into the city and between suburban areas.</p> - -<p>With the first of these aims in view many changes in the highway plan of the -District have been made in cooperation with the District officials. These changes -were advantageous to preserve natural topography, to fit the streets to property -lines, to save trees, to provide drainage, or for like reasons. Several important -street openings and widenings have been undertaken in accordance with the commission’s -major thoroughfare plan, such as New York Avenue beyond the limits -of the L’Enfant plan, the opening of a new Louisiana Avenue from the Union -Station to Pennsylvania Avenue at Union Square, straightening of Michigan -Avenue, and extension of Sixteenth Street to the District line. The plan which -follows the recommendations of the commission has been recognized by the District -officials in the adoption of a 5-year highway program.</p> - -<p>Several new regional highway projects are now complete or going forward in -accordance with the regional plan. The Mount Vernon Memorial Highway and -the Lee Boulevard establish new standards in highway design. The extension of -Rhode Island and Massachusetts Avenues fits the plan. The Maryland-National -Capital Park and Planning Commission has adopted practically all of the suggestions -made by the Commission for the Maryland area as part of the Maryland -master plan.</p> - -<p>Where parks are concerned the Commission has a special responsibility. The -plans for parks both in the District of Columbia and out of it have received the -indorsement of Congress in the Capper-Cramton Act.</p> - -<p>For the District the Commission is now acquiring parks of three types: (1) A -parkway (the Fort Drive) around the city, 28 miles long and connecting the sites -of the Civil War forts on the second row of hills; (2) a system of recreation centers -and playgrounds distributed throughout the area in association with the -schools and so far as possible providing a play area within a quarter of a mile of -every child; (3) preservation of stream valleys and correction of the boundaries -of Rock Creek Park.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page109">[109]</span></p> - -<p>The principal physical feature of the region is the Potomac River, so it is -natural that the corresponding feature of the park system is along the river -banks. Below Washington, where the broad lakelike scenery exists, parkways are -under construction or contemplated on the Virginia side to Mount Vernon and -on the Maryland shore to Fort Washington. Above Washington a park is projected -to preserve the natural scenery of the Palisades, rapids, woodlands, and -Great Falls of the Potomac, together with the Patowmack Canal, built by George -Washington, and the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal on the Maryland side of the river.</p> - -<p>The Commission has taken an active part in the effort to have the public -buildings of Washington grouped and arranged not only for the convenience and -beauty of the result but also that they may fit into the future plans for streets, -highways, and parks, and thus promote the orderly development of the city and -region. When the first important step in the public-buildings program was taken -in 1926 the Commission urged the purchase of all of the land necessary for a -plan of the group as a whole instead of undertaking individual building projects -as separate units in the scheme. The problems of parking and transit facilities in -relation to the public-buildings groups have caused the Commission great concern, -and efforts have been made to secure the cooperation of the architects in charge of -the building program in order to solve these problems. In all of its activities -concerning the public-buildings program the Commission has been guided by the -principles announced by the plan of 1901, under which Federal buildings will be -concentrated along the axis of the Mall and about the White House. The Commission -has given favorable consideration to an enlargement of this program by -which semipublic buildings and possibly State buildings might be located along -East Capitol Street in order to help the balance between the northwest and the -eastern portions of the city of Washington.</p> - -<p>In the same way the Commission advises the appropriate authorities on matters -of zoning and control of use of private property. Zoning has now been adopted -not only in the District but also in the Maryland suburban area and in Arlington -County and Fairfax County, Va. Also Alexandria has prepared a zoning plan. -It is hoped that in the not distant future other portions of the Maryland and -Virginia areas may be added to this list. In matters relating to zoning in the District, -the Commission has contributed statistical data and expert opinion, and was -particularly active in the segregation of single-family houses from 2-family and -community groups.</p> - -<p>In brief, it is the function of the Commission to revive, review, and revise the -efforts of past generations toward a “great and effective city for the seat of our -Government” and to keep that ideal constantly before the public, to the end that -each separate undertaking by the countless public and private agencies concerned -may be coordinated and related to produce a result in which future generations -may take pride.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page110">[110]</span></p> - -<div class="container w50emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo123.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr09">Transcriptions</a></p> - -<p class="caption">FORT DRIVE CONNECTING THE CIVIL WAR FORTS ENCIRCLING WASHINGTON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page111">[111]</span></p> - -<h3>EAST CAPITOL STREET—EXTENDING THE MALL AXIS -EASTWARD</h3> - -<p>Some one has said “the beauty of Washington is its trees.” No one who has -seen the thousands of trees in Washington and in the country adjacent to the city -can deny this. There is no national capital in the world that has more beautiful -trees than Washington. Those seen on East Capitol Street are typical of the large -massive trees throughout the city. Thousands of them were planted during the -Presidency of General Grant, and it has been the policy of the District of Columbia -government to plant trees along streets opened for residential sections.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo124.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">EAST CAPITOL STREET</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The climate of Washington, which is semitropical, permits the growth of trees -found both in the North and the South. Thus there are oak, walnut, maple, and -cedar trees amidst magnolias, Japanese cherry trees, and the mountain laurel, to -mention only a few. Congress has authorized the establishment of a national -arboretum in the National Capital, which will comprise at least 500 acres and -will be a most interesting place for the planting of many varieties of trees and the -study of them. A plan to widen East Capitol Street and build a stadium on the -axis of the street in Anacostia Park is being made by the National Capital Park -and Planning Commission.</p> - -<h3>THE FORT DRIVE</h3> - -<p>The citizens’ movement to connect by a boulevard a considerable part of the -Civil War defenses of Washington was incorporated in the plan of 1901. These -old defenses, occupying strategic positions, are capable of being converted into -small parks of high excellence and availability, and a connecting boulevard will -have an added historic interest. Of these so-called forts a number are already -in possession of the Government. Among those that have been purchased is -Fort Stevens, near the Army Medical Center, where during General Early’s raid, -on July 12, 1864, President Lincoln was under fire until ordered to the rear by -the officer in command. The Fort Drive is being developed by the National -Capital Park and Planning Commission. There will be a continuous parkway of -suitable width connecting the sites of the following old forts: Fort Greble, Fort -Carroll, Battery Ricketts, Fort Stanton, Fort Wagner, Fort Baker, Fort Davis -(United States owned), Fort Dupont (United States owned), Fort Shaplin, A -Battery, Fort Mahan, Fort Bunker Hill, Fort Totten, Fort Slocum, Fort Stevens -(United States owned), Fort De Russye, Fort Bayard, Battery Kemble, Battery -Vermont (United States owned), and Battery Parrott. There is another Civil -War fortification in the Arlington National Cemetery, called Fort McPherson, -which is being preserved for its historic character. From it a commanding view -of the cemetery and of the river is obtained.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page112">[112]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo125.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">PLAN FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE WATER FRONT</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page113">[113]</span></p> - -<h3>WASHINGTON CHANNEL AND THE WATER FRONT</h3> - -<p>The water front of Washington is to be similar to the magnificent water fronts -of large cities of Europe. The plan provides for a quay, with space for commercial -piers, warehouses, steamboat offices, commercial houses, boathouses, and recreational -piers. There will be a beautiful boulevard drive along “Water Street” -which will connect with Anacostia Park, also adequate street-railway accommodations. -Washington has 18 miles of water front, and this will be a most interesting -part of it.</p> - -<p>It is proposed to replace all existing structures on the water front at “Water -Street,” with the exception of the Municipal Fish Wharf, with modern buildings. -Head houses and transit sheds are to be of brick and tile, with slate roofs and of -a modified colonial architecture. A total of six wharves is projected for immediate -construction and a portion of the frontage available is to be reserved for future -additions. Yacht basins and small-boat anchorage are included in the plan. The -plan has been prepared by the United States Engineer Office, with the idea that -Washington is not primarily an industrial city, nor will it ever be, so that railroad -connections with the piers and slips were omitted. Such industrial developments -as might require ship-to-rail transfers can be accommodated in other locations. -Buzzards Point is to be developed for maritime commercial uses.</p> - -<p>Under the improvement program “Water Street” is to be made a 160-foot -boulevard, with separate lanes for traffic, street cars, and trucks, and marginal and -central landscaping. The old 4-line street-car lanes on a portion of the street -have been removed. To permit of direct connection with East Potomac Park and -the Highway Bridge, a bridge is to be built just below the railroad crossing at the -head of the Washington Channel. Water Street is now Maine Avenue.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page114">[114]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo127.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr10">Transcriptions</a></p> - -<p class="caption">GEORGE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL PARKWAY</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page115">[115]</span></p> - -<p>The cost of the entire project is estimated at $3,691,600. The report was -submitted by the Secretary of War to the Speaker of the House of Representatives -on November 26, 1929, and then was referred to the Committee on Rivers -and Harbors. The project is now under development.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo128.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">FISH MARKET ALONG THE WATER FRONT</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<h3>GEORGE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL PARKWAY</h3> - -<p>The George Washington Memorial Parkway, designed by the National Capital -Park and Planning Commission, was authorized by the Capper-Cramton Act, -approved May 29, 1930, and carrying with it an authorization of $33,500,000 for -the development of a comprehensive park, parkway, and playground area in the -District of Columbia and the surrounding regions of Maryland and Virginia. This -parkway is designed “to include the public control of both banks of the river -between Mount Vernon and Great Falls on the Virginia side and between Fort -Washington and Great Falls on the Maryland side, with the exception of areas at -Alexandria and in Washington which are reserved for commercial development.”</p> - -<p>This is a project in which both residents of the District of Columbia and of the -States of Maryland and Virginia may take equal pride—namely, to preserve -Great Falls and the banks of the Potomac, so that the Potomac River, as it flows -through the National Capital, may flow through a continuous park from Great -Falls to Mount Vernon. Washington is to be envied in having so near to it such -beautiful scenery as the Palisades of the Potomac and Great Falls, which are said -to be “the finest specimens of nature in this part of the country.” Already, along -the Palisades of the Potomac, quarries have been established and beautiful -timber is being converted into lumber and firewood. These invasions will in -time destroy natural beauties that can not be restored.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page116">[116]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo129.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">GREAT FALLS OF THE POTOMAC</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page117">[117]</span></p> - -<h3>THE MOUNT VERNON HIGHWAY ROUTE</h3> - -<h4>THE MOUNT VERNON HIGHWAY TRAVERSES HISTORIC TERRITORY</h4> - -<p>The route traverses a territory full of historic associations and reminiscent -of the days of Washington. About halfway between Washington and Alexandria -it passes close to the site of Abingdon, the home of John Parke Custis, -Mrs. Washington’s son. Here Nellie Custis, Washington’s adopted daughter, -was born. A beautiful view of the river and a panorama of Washington and the -north shore is seen from this point. Also here the Potomac is being dredged, -making new land for Washington National Airport, to be the finest in the -United States. Work will be completed in 1941.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo130.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY, NORTH OF LITTLE HUNTING CREEK</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>Passing on to Alexandria the route enters the city by Washington Street and -passes directly by Christ Church, where the Washington pew may still be seen.</p> - -<p>Alexandria was Washington’s own town. It was his market place, his post -office, and his voting place. It was the meeting place of the lodge of Masons to -which he belonged, and the lodge hall is now the repository of a great many articles -and paintings associated with him. The trowel, square, and plumb bob used in<span class="pagenum" id="Page118">[118]</span> -laying the corner stone of the Capitol may be seen here, as also the Bible used -in the Masonic lodge of which Washington was a member. Among many other -things of historical interest is a portrait of George Washington painted by W. -Williams for the lodge.</p> - -<p>There is scarcely a foot of ground in Alexandria that Washington did not -tread. The old quarters of the volunteer fire company to which he belonged -still stand. In Gadsby’s Inn, now the City Hotel, he recruited the first company -of provincial troops authorized by Governor Dinwiddie, and with which -he fought the Battle of Great Meadows.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo131.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>In the ballroom of Gadsby’s Inn in 1798 was held the first celebration of Washington’s -birthday. From the steps of the same building he gave his last military -command to the Alexandria Light Infantry Blues; and here, also, in November, -1799, less than 30 days before his death, he cast his last vote.</p> - -<p>At the Carlyle House, still standing, he received his appointment as an officer -in the British Army on General Braddock’s staff; and in this house also, at the -Convention of the Five Governors assembled to confer with General Braddock, -the first suggestion of colonial taxation was made—a step which ultimately led -to the revolt of the Colonies.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page119">[119]</span></p> - -<p>A short side trip from Washington Street down King Street takes the traveler -to the George Washington National Masonic Memorial, which has been erected -at the western outskirts of the town on Shooters Hill. It is 333 feet high, and -was designed by Harvey W. Corbett, architect.</p> - -<p>Returning to Washington Street and proceeding southward the traveler passes -the Confederate Monument, and soon reaches the southern limits of the town -and passing within a stone’s throw of the first corner stone of the District of -Columbia, still standing on Jones Point.</p> - -<p>Leaving Alexandria the route crosses Hunting Creek to Fort Hunt, thence to -the entrance gates of Mount Vernon.</p> - -<h4>FEATURES OF THE HIGHWAY DESCRIBED</h4> - -<p>The making of surveys, preparation of plans, and supervision of construction -have all been done by the Bureau of Public Roads of the United States Department -of Agriculture, and Gilmore D. Clarke, Consulting Landscape Architect.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo132.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY—BRIDGE OVER BOUNDARY CHANNEL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The location selected for the highway required the construction of fills across -approximately 2³⁄₄ miles of open water, which was accomplished by pumping -gravel and sand from the Potomac River.</p> - -<p>The highway throughout its entire length, with the exception of the section -through Alexandria, has been designed to provide for a free flow of traffic over a -surface with a minimum width of 40 feet, and where there is any volume of cross -traffic it passes either under or over the highway.</p> - -<p>Except through the city of Alexandria, the highway follows closely the shore -of the Potomac River for the greater portion of the distance. This situation -affords beautiful vistas of Washington and the Potomac River, which, in combination -with the landscaping and development of the project itself, make this -highway a fitting tribute to the memory of George Washington.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page120">[120]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo133.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VA.</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page121">[121]</span></p> - -<p>Below Alexandria the highway has been widened at points of outstanding -beauty, so that motorists can stop for a few minutes to enjoy the view.</p> - -<p>The bridges in general are of reinforced-concrete arches, faced with native -stone laid in random bond. Special attention has been given to harmonizing their -lines with the general plan of development.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo134a.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY—UNDERPASS AT HIGHWAY BRIDGE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The intersection of the memorial highway with U. S. Highway No. 1 near the -beginning of the project has been so designed that a large volume of traffic can flow -from one highway to the other without crossing the center line of either route.</p> - -<p>A large parking area at Mount Vernon that will accommodate the thousands -of visitors to this national shrine has been provided, and a concession building of -colonial design has been erected to provide for their comfort.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo134b.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY—BRIDGE OVER HUNTING CREEK</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<h3>MOUNT VERNON</h3> - -<p>Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington the greater part of his life, is -situated along the historic Potomac, 14.7 miles south of the city of Washington, -which he was instrumental in founding, though referring to it as the Federal City.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page122">[122]</span></p> - -<div class="container w45emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo135.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">GEORGE WASHINGTON<br> -<span class="subcaption">FROM THE HOUDON BUST, MODELED FROM LIFE AT MOUNT VERNON IN 1785</span></p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page123">[123]</span></p> - -<p>The history of Mount Vernon goes back to the time of Capt. John Smith, -who explored the regions of the Potomac River in 1608. Some 40 years later -Scotch and Irish emigrants settled along the banks of the Potomac, both on the -Virginia and Maryland sides. In 1674 a tract of 5,000 acres, 15 miles south of -Washington on the Virginia side of the river, was granted by Lord Culpeper to -John Washington and Nicholas Spencer. Half of this tract was inherited by -the half-brother of George Washington, Lawrence Washington. Mount Vernon -was built in 1743 by Lawrence Washington, who named it after Admiral Vernon, -under whom he served. It occupies a most picturesque spot on high ground -overlooking the river, which it faces.</p> - -<p>The mansion is well built. Its foundations are of stone and brick. The framework -is of oak and the sheathing of pine wood. Also much copper was used in its -construction. On the main floor is a central hall, a music room, a family dining -room, a sitting room, and parlor; also a library and a banquet room, which were -added by George Washington. On the second floor is the room in which Washington -died; also, among several others, the Lafayette room. There are six bedrooms -on the third floor. The house is 96 feet long and 30 feet wide, with a -portico 25 feet high; the height of the building to the cupola is about 50 feet. -Beautiful gardens are near by.</p> - -<p>In 1752 Lawrence Washington died. Augustine Washington had provided -that in the case of Lawrence’s death without heirs Mount Vernon should pass to -George, and this provision Lawrence incorporated in his own will. To his widow -he left a life interest in the property, with a reversion to his infant daughter, Sarah, -who, as it happened, survived her father only a few weeks. Thus there was only -the widow’s life interest to be considered. Anne Fairfax Washington lived until -1761, and at her death George Washington became the proprietor of Mount Vernon. -The mansion was then enlarged for its new mistress, Martha Dandridge -Custis, whom he had married in 1759.</p> - -<p>During Washington’s years of public life he longed for the day when he could -be at home at Mount Vernon with his beloved Martha and the family. It was -undoubtedly one of the very best-managed estates in the Colonies, and Washington -himself was regarded one of the richest men. The main entrance to Mount -Vernon was from the west, which gateway was flanked by two porters’ lodges. -The large portico on the east side of the mansion was used for outdoor gatherings -and entertainment of visitors. Among the many guests entertained at Mount -Vernon was the distinguished young French patriot, General Lafayette. On the -main floor in a glass case hangs a key to the Bastille, sent by Lafayette to Washington -in 1790, with the message: “That the principles of America opened the -Bastille is not to be doubted, therefore the key comes to the right place.”</p> - -<p>Washington was called from Mount Vernon to serve his country on three -most noteworthy occasions, and each time after an interval of several years: In -1775, when he was made Commander in Chief of the Continental Army; in 1787, -when he became president of the convention in Philadelphia that framed the -Federal Constitution; and in 1789, when he became first President of the United -States of America.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page124">[124]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo137.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Army Air Corps.</i></p> - -<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page125">[125]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo138.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page126">[126]</span></p> - -<p>Washington died at Mount Vernon on December 14, 1799. Martha Washington -lived there during the remainder of her lifetime. On her death in 1802 -the property was inherited by her nephew, Bushrod Washington, an Associate -Justice of the Supreme Court. Thereafter the estate suffered for need of repairs. -In 1858 the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union was organized. -The association purchased the property for $200,000 and to-day own and control -Mount Vernon, including about 400 acres of the old estate.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo139.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">TOMB OF WASHINGTON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>Mount Vernon each day is the place of pilgrimage of hundreds of American -and foreign visitors, who go there by motor or steamboat to visit the mansion -and see the many historical articles of interest that once belonged to George -Washington and his family and are now there on exhibition, but more particularly -do they go to Mount Vernon to pay homage at the Washington tomb, -which is near the mansion. Here also Lafayette came on his second visit to the -United States during 1824-25, after an interval of almost 40 years.</p> - -<p>The number of visitors at Mount Vernon for the year ended December 31, -1938, was 633,514.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page127">[127]</span></p> - -<h3>WAKEFIELD, THE BIRTHPLACE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON</h3> - -<p>After more than a century and a half of neglect, a group of patriotic persons -have within recent years taken steps to restore Wakefield, the birthplace of -George Washington, situated about 50 miles south of Mount Vernon, along the -Potomac, amidst beautiful landscapes between Popes Creek and Bridges Creek. -The Government erected a monument at the site in 1895 to mark the birthplace -and provided a watchman to care for the grounds. Until within the past few -years the little Government reservation of 11 acres, acquired in 1882, was inaccessible -because the Government dock was washed away and the road leading -into Wakefield from the main highway was almost impassable. The State of -Virginia recently completed a sand and gravel road to the place. The new road, -about 2 miles in length, intersects the George Washington Highway from Fredericksburg, -between Oak Grove and Potomac Mills. The Wakefield National -Memorial Association (Inc.) has been organized to purchase the lands at Wakefield -and thus save them from threatened encroachments of hunting and fishing -clubs, which are now securing valuable sites along the Potomac River. Thus -the association is doing for Wakefield what the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association -of the Union accomplished for the preservation of Mount Vernon.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo140.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WAKEFIELD, AT POPES CREEK, WESTMORELAND COUNTY, VA.</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>Congress early in 1930 appropriated $50,000 toward erecting a colonial house, -typical of the Virginia houses at the time of George Washington. Bricks for the -house were made from the clay at Wakefield. The construction work was carried -out under the supervision of the National Park Service of the Department -of the Interior, which has jurisdiction over the maintenance of Wakefield -since the project of restoration was completed. John D. Rockefeller, jr., gave -$115,000 for the purchase of 267 acres, and the association purchased approximately -100 additional acres. The association raised about $200,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page128">[128]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo141.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MAP SHOWING WASHINGTON AND WAKEFIELD</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page129">[129]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo142.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WAKEFIELD—WASHINGTON FAMILY BURYING GROUND</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The money, aside from the amounts spent to buy land, was expended in erecting -a house that is as nearly a replica of the original birth house as could be -planned on the basis of available data, in restoring the gardens, and in protecting -the ancient graveyard where lie the remains of 31 members of the Washington -family, including his great-grandfather, grandfather, father, and brother, and to -build a resthouse at the site. The original house was built between 1717 and -1720, and was burned Christmas, 1780. From pieces of china found in the ruins -the celebrated Lenox china, showing the Washington coat of arms, has been -reproduced and made available to the public by the Wakefield National Memorial -Association. In the work of restoration the association was led by its president, -the late Mrs. Harry Lee Rust, of Washington, D. C., who was a native of Westmoreland -County, Va., and spent her childhood days in the vicinity of the Washington -estate. She was a most indefatigable worker toward the realization of this -project.</p> - -<p>Wakefield was dedicated on February 11, 1932, the birthday of George -Washington (old style), which month marked the beginning of the George Washington -bicentennial celebration. Wakefield is known to-day as the George -Washington Birthplace National Monument.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page130">[130]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo143a.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL AND APPROACHES</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo143b.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page131">[131]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XVIII</span><br> -<span class="title">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL<br> -THE ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE</span></h2> - -<h3>THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL</h3> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>At the west end of the Mall is the Lincoln Memorial. The site was fixed by -the McMillan Park Commission in 1901, which extended the Mall area of the -original L’Enfant plan west three-fourths of a mile to the Potomac River. The site -and surrounding area is known as Potomac Park. The reclaimed land, about 640 -acres, comprises West Potomac Park and East Potomac Park (the island park).</p> - -<p>Congress provided for the construction of the memorial to Abraham Lincoln -by an act approved February 9, 1911, following the centennial year of the birth of -Lincoln. The corner stone was laid February 12, 1915. The memorial is built of -Colorado marble and cost $2,940,000. It was dedicated May 30, 1922. Lincoln -died in 1865, so that it was 57 years later that this memorial to him in the National -Capital was built. Henry Bacon, who died February 16, 1924, was the architect.</p> - -<p>Very nearly 300,000 persons visited the Lincoln Memorial in the year 1923, -and more than 1,000,000 in 1930. At present the daily average of visitors is 3,000. -It is a shrine in which those who love God and country can find inspiration -and repose.</p> - -<p>The following is part of a technical description by the architect:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>From the beginning of my study I believed that this memorial to Abraham Lincoln should be -composed of four features—a statue of the man, a memorial of his Gettysburg speech, a memorial -of his second inaugural address, and a symbol of the Union of the United States, which he stated -it was his paramount object to save—and which he did save. Each feature should be related to -the other by means of its design and position, and each should be so arranged that it becomes an -integral part of the whole, in order to attain a unity and simplicity in the appearance of the -monument.</p> - -<p>Surrounding the walls inclosing these memorials of the man is planned a colonnade forming a -symbol of the Union, each column representing a State—36 in all—for each State existing at the -time of Lincoln’s death, and on the walls appearing above the colonnade, and supported at intervals -by eagles, are 48 memorial festoons, one for each State existing at the present time.</p> - -<p>The colonnade is 188 feet long and 118 feet wide, the columns being 44 feet high and 7 feet -8 inches in diameter at their base. The outside of the Memorial Hall is 84 feet wide and 156 feet -long; the total height of the structure above the finished grade at the base of the terrace is 99 feet. -The steps are 132 feet wide, leading to the entrance, which is flanked by tripods, each 11 feet high.</p> - -<p>The central hall, where the statue stands, is 60 feet wide, 70 feet long, and 60 feet high. The -interior columns are of the Ionic order and are 50 feet high.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page132">[132]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo145.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN AS SEEN THROUGH THE COLUMNS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page133">[133]</span></p> - -<h3>THE STATUE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN</h3> - -<p>The statue of Abraham Lincoln, in the center of the Lincoln Memorial, is by -Daniel Chester French.</p> - -<p>It represents Abraham Lincoln as the great war President, with mental and -physical strength and confidence in his ability to bring the Nation safely through -the great conflict.</p> - -<p>President Lincoln is seated in a great armchair 12¹⁄₂ feet high, over the back of -which a flag has been draped. The figure of Lincoln is 19 feet high from the top of -his head to the sole of his boot. The head measures 3 feet in height. The boot is -3¹⁄₂ feet long, and from the boot to the kneecap the distance is 8 feet. The pedestal, -which is 18 feet 2 inches wide and 19 feet deep, rests on a marble platform 34¹⁄₂ -feet wide and 28 feet deep. The statue weighs 150 tons; with its pedestal and base -it rises to a height of 30 feet; and without the pedestal it is 21 feet in height.</p> - -<p>The statue is of Georgia marble, was cut by Piccirilli Bros., marble-cutters, of -New York City, and four years were required for its completion. The pedestal -and base are of Tennessee marble.</p> - -<p>Over the head of Lincoln is the inscription—</p> - -<p class="inscription"> -IN THIS TEMPLE<br> -AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE<br> -FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION<br> -THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN<br> -IS ENSHRINED FOREVER</p> - -<p>The interior is lighted through translucent panels of marble and by the great -front opening. Recently a special system of lighting was installed.</p> - -<h4>DECORATIONS</h4> - -<p>The two decorations by Jules Guerin representing Emancipation and Reunion -are painted on canvas. Each canvas weighs 600 pounds and is 60 feet long and -18 feet wide. The figures, of which there are 46 in the two panels, are 8¹⁄₂ feet -high and were painted by the artist without assistance. Almost as many models -as figures were used. The head of Mr. Bacon, the architect, appears in the decoration -on the north wall, being the fourth figure in the group at the left of the angel.</p> - -<p>The decorations are absolutely weatherproof, the paint being mixed with -white wax and kerosene. The wax hardens but does not allow the paint to -crack. Chemically it is similar to the wax, still pliable, which was found in the -tombs of the Kings of Egypt. The decorations are affixed to the wall with a -mixture of white lead and Venetian varnish.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page134">[134]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo147.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL REFLECTING BASIN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page135">[135]</span></p> - -<h3>THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL AND SURROUNDING AREA</h3> - -<p>The Lincoln Memorial, while it terminates the Mall composition, has a -position similar to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, in that from it radiate drives -and parkways in all directions—the Rock Creek Parkway to the north; westward -across the Memorial Bridge to the Arlington National Cemetery, connecting also -with the Mount Vernon Highway, the Lee Highway, and the George Washington -Memorial Parkway; southward to East Potomac Park; and eastward along -the Mall to the Capitol. The whole area is a remarkable achievement in city -planning and shows what can be done with reclaimed land, for 20 to 25 years ago -all the land surrounding the Lincoln Memorial was swampy.</p> - -<p>The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Basin is 2,000 feet long and 160 feet wide. -It has an average depth of about 3¹⁄₂ feet and reflects the entire Washington -Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. It is lined with trees and walks that will -ultimately extend to the Capitol. The beauty of the future Mall treatment -between the Capitol and the Washington Monument is indicated by the development -between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.</p> - -<p>The water gate is a part of the great Lincoln Memorial composition. It -consists of granite steps 206 feet wide at the top and 230 feet wide at the bottom.</p> - -<p>Constitution Avenue will be the great “Memorial Boulevard” from the -Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial, and thence to Arlington National Cemetery.</p> - -<p>Immediately to the south of the reflecting basin on the north and south axis is -the marble band stand erected as the District of Columbia World War Memorial.</p> - -<h3>THE ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE</h3> - -<p>The Arlington Memorial Bridge was built under the supervision of the -Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission, of which the President is chairman. -The Commission of Fine Arts was consulted and advised as to the plans.</p> - -<p>The project of building the Arlington Memorial Bridge has been before Congress -since 1884. Previous to that time Daniel Webster, in an address on July 4, -1851, at the laying of the corner stone for enlarging the United States Capitol, -referred to it as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>Before us is the broad and beautiful river, separating two of the original thirteen States, which -a late President, a man of determined purpose and inflexible will, but patriotic heart, desired to -span with arches of ever-enduring granite, symbolical of the firmly established union of the North -and the South. That President was General Jackson.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page136">[136]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo149.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE, ARCHITECTS’ DESIGN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page137">[137]</span></p> - -<p>The need of a bridge direct to Arlington National Cemetery was most -urgently felt on Armistice Day, November 11, 1921, when the remains of the -Unknown Soldier were entombed. Led by President Harding and officials of this -Government and of many foreign countries, thousands of people who made the -trip to Arlington did so under most difficult circumstances, because of the crowded -traffic conditions. The Commission of Fine Arts was in session at the time, and -at once recommended to Congress the -preparation of plans for an Arlington -Memorial Bridge, with an initial appropriation -of $25,000. Congress -responded quickly and made the appropriation -available for expenditure -by the Arlington Memorial Bridge -Commission, by act approved June -12, 1922. On April 22, 1924, the commission -submitted to Congress a comprehensive -report on the subject and -a set of approved plans that contemplated -an expenditure of $14,750,000 -for the project. Congress adopted -the report and plans and has made the -necessary funds available for the construction -work as fast as the project -developed. The architects of the bridge are McKim, Mead & White, of New York -City, who are noted for the many great and beautiful classical structures they -have built throughout the United States, -as the Boston Public Library, the library -at Columbia University, the Pennsylvania -Railroad Station in New York City, -and the McKinley Memorial at Niles, -Ohio. This firm also had charge of the -building of additions to the White House -during the administration of President -Roosevelt.</p> - -<div class="split5050"> - -<div class="left5050"> - -<div class="container w30emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo150b.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">EAGLE SURMOUNTING PYLONS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -</div><!--leftsplit--> - -<div class="right5050"> - -<div class="container w30emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo150a.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">BISON HEAD</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -</div><!--rightsplit--> - -</div><!--split--> - -<p class="allclear">The bridge extends from the Lincoln -Memorial to Columbia Island, has a -length of 2,138 feet, and is 90 feet wide, -the width of Fifth Avenue in New York -City. The bridge has been built as low -as possible, consistent with good proportions, -in order not to interfere with the -view of the Lincoln Memorial from -Columbia Island. There are 6 lanes on the bridge, each 10 feet wide, and 2 sidewalks, -each 15 feet wide. The balustrade is 4 feet high. Suitable lighting is also provided.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page138">[138]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo151.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Horydczak</i></p> - -<p class="caption">ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page139">[139]</span></p> - -<p>The bridge has 9 segmental arches of 166-foot span at the ends of the bridge -and spreading gradually to 184 feet at the center. The terminal arches rise to a -point 28 feet above average water height, increasing gradually to 35 feet in the -central arch. The piers are 32 feet wide and are firmly embedded in rock 35 feet -below water. The superstructure is built of North Carolina granite.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo152.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">EAGLE AND FASCES</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>At the entrance to the bridge at the Lincoln Memorial there will be two large -sculptural groups, each 16 feet high. The pylons at the Columbia Island end of the -bridge, which are 35 feet high, are surmounted by eagles 8 feet high, each cut out of -a solid block of granite, according to the design of C. Paul Jennewein, sculptor.</p> - -<p>At the sides of the bridge appear large sculptured disks, each 12 feet in diameter, -and at the keystone of the arches there are buffalo heads 6 feet in height. -These were also designed by Mr. Jennewein.</p> - -<p>The two sculptural groups at the entrance to the bridge will be symbolic of -War. They were designed by Leo Friedlander, sculptor. At the entrance to the -Rock Creek Parkway there will be two sculptural groups symbolic of Peace and -the arts of Peace, designed by James E. Fraser, sculptor. There will be appropriate -inscriptions carved on the bridge.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page140">[140]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo153.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">COLUMBIA ISLAND PLAZA AND MEMORIAL AVENUE TO ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page141">[141]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo154.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE DEVELOPMENT, LOOKING TOWARDS THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page142">[142]</span></p> - -<p>At the center of the bridge is a drawspan, each leaf of which has a length -of 92 feet, the height of an 8-story building. One minute is required for opening -and closing the drawspan, which is operated by electricity. Each leaf weighs -6,000 tons. It is in itself an interesting achievement in bridge engineering.</p> - -<p>From Columbia Island westward there is the boundary channel bridge. From -there to the Arlington National Cemetery is a memorial parkway 240 feet -wide, 2,200 feet in length, lighted, lined with planting, and providing space at -intervals for memorials.</p> - -<p>At Arlington National Cemetery there is a large memorial entrance, from -which walks and driveways lead to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the -Memorial Amphitheater and to Arlington House.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo155.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREATER ARLINGTON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>Not only was the Arlington Memorial Bridge built in a period of 7 years, -but one of the finest compositions in city planning has been carried out in connection -with it. In addition to the treatment on Columbia Island Plaza and the -approach to Arlington National Cemetery, there is also the great plaza at the -approach to the bridge at the Lincoln Memorial, a sea wall for the Riverside -Drive leading to it, and the water gate—steps of granite 215 feet wide—nearby.</p> - -<p>The bridge was dedicated and opened for travel in 1932.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page143">[143]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XIX</span><br> -<span class="title">THE PARKS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>The park system of the National Capital is under the jurisdiction of the -National Park Service, Department of the Interior.</p> - -<p>Since 1871 in many ways, particularly municipal affairs, the National Capital -has been in the lead among American cities. Having begun with a logical and -well-thought-out plan for the original city, the new Federal City was provided -with an ample system of public reservations and parks.</p> - -<p>However, in the early days of the city there was so much unoccupied land -that it was hard to believe there would ever be any necessity for parks and open -spaces developed and maintained at public expense. For three-quarters of a -century Washington was so spread out within the borders of the original plan -that the street rights-of-way and public grounds reserved by the L’Enfant plan -seemed to be entirely out of scale with the needs of the city and were looked -upon by some as a burden rather than as a benefit. It was not until the increase -in population, which has continued steadily since the Civil War, and the congestion -of the streets in recent years with automobiles and a great volume of traffic, -that the building lots have been occupied with structures and the full width of -the streets needed for traffic, so that the public reservations have become the -only refuge for the play of children and the recreation of older people.</p> - -<p>It is, therefore, easy to understand the lack of appreciation of the city park -system during the first half of the nineteenth century. A few far-sighted individuals -only realized the necessity for preserving these reservations until they -would be needed as breathing spaces in a thickly settled city, and they had to -wage a persistent and hard-fought campaign through the years against those who -constantly wanted to sell off the public reservations for building development -of some kind or other, or to have the Government itself use them for buildings. -In the two or three cases in which the latter was done we now have reason to -regret it; in a few cases in which the reservations were sold the Government is -now having to buy them back at considerable cost. It was not a matter of -little importance which led President Thomas Jefferson to exclaim: “How I -wish that I possessed the power of a despot.” The company at the table -stared at a declaration so opposed to his disposition and principles. “Yes,” continued -he, in reply to their inquiring looks, “I wish I was a despot, that I might -save the noble, the beautiful trees that are daily falling sacrifices to the cupidity -of their owners, or the necessity of the poor.” “And have you not authority -to save those on the public grounds?” asked one of the company. “No,” -answered Mr. Jefferson, “only an armed guard could save them. The unnecessary -felling of a tree, perhaps the growth of centuries, seems to me a crime little -short of murder; it pains me to an unspeakable degree.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page144">[144]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo157.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">NEW HAMPSHIRE AVENUE, NORTHWEST</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page145">[145]</span></p> - -<p>The same desire to cut down trees in order to make room for more concrete -and masonry persists to this day and can only be controlled by constant vigilance. -The importance of open spaces and city parks, developed into beauty spots by -the art of the landscape architect, should be evident to all.</p> - -<p>As a matter of fact, perhaps the most unusual and original feature of the -L’Enfant plan was the idea of building the city about two coordinate axes of -parks—one a park system nearly a third of a mile wide, leading from the Capitol -westward to the Potomac River, and the other the same width, leading from -the White House south to the river, with the Washington Monument at their -intersection. This was an innovation and a departure from the usual development -of a city about a commercial street—a main street or a market street. -Provision was made in the plan for such a great commercial street on the diagonal -of the triangle, the avenue joining the Capitol with the White House, and -named Pennsylvania Avenue, for the State in which the Federal Government -had up to then spent the greater part of its life.</p> - -<p>Much of the Mall leading westward from the Capitol was unfortunately -taken up by the estuary of Tiber Creek, which overflowed at high tide. It was -the intention of Major L’Enfant and his urgent recommendation that this creek -be confined to a canal which he proposed to construct along the northern part -of the proposed park. This canal would not only afford water transportation for -heavy and bulky materials to and from the business part of the city but at the -same time would be a water feature of the proposed park. Unfortunately, -while the canal was built, Tiber Creek was not entirely confined to it, and its -estuary was allowed to continue to overflow the Mall area and thus delay its -development.</p> - -<p>When the Washington Monument was located, instead of being placed at the -exact intersection of the two park axes, it was placed on a natural hill near by -which was safely above tide level. The idea of an avenue from the Capitol to -the Washington Monument seems to have been abandoned for many years, and -when the Smithsonian Institution was built in the Mall the plan made by A. J. -Downing was adopted for the entire Mall, superseding that of L’Enfant. These -were the days when the so-called naturalistic park development was in vogue, -and everything had to be consciously picturesque. No road or path could be -straight, and no regularity in planting or plan was tolerated. The L’Enfant plan -was again disregarded in laying out the Department of Agriculture grounds in -1867. With the avenue of the Mall out of the picture, there was no reason<span class="pagenum" id="Page146">[146]</span> -apparent to those in authority for refusing permission to the Pennsylvania -Railroad Co. to run its tracks across the Mall and build its passenger station in -the Mall itself, at Sixth Street.</p> - -<p>It was this station, however, which brought about the restudy of the plan -of Washington and the return to the Mall development in accordance with -L’Enfant’s principles, for Col. Theodore A. Bingham, then in charge of Public -Buildings and Grounds, on hearing that legislation was about to be passed -authorizing the railroad to build a viaduct across the Mall to this station, and -realizing that this expensive structure would probably make the carrying out of -L’Enfant’s plan impossible, got the plan out of the files and started a campaign -to prevent the legislation from passing and to rehabilitate the authority of the -L’Enfant plan. He was fortunate in finding those among his superiors who appreciated -the situation, and in securing the very wise and effective help of Senator -McMillan and of the American Institute of Architects.</p> - -<p>Indeed, the interest in the National Capital, excited in this way and more or -less focused upon it by the centenary of its occupation as the seat of the Federal -Government, resulted in the McMillan Park Commission of 1901 and its very -valuable recommendations for the development and beautification of the National -Capital. In recent years the development of the Mall in accordance with the plan -of 1901 has been authorized by Congress and is being carried on step by step as -it becomes possible in connection with the public-buildings program.</p> - -<p>The smaller reservations and parks suffered neglect equally, as was to be -expected. In making his plan L’Enfant had located public reservations at various -important street and avenue intersections. Where more than two streets crossed -at one point, a circle or square to take up and distribute the traffic among the -various streets was almost necessary, or at least would be necessary to-day, and -it is fortunate that what L’Enfant did for appearance should now be proving to -have real utilitarian value. His own ideas about the purpose and function of -these squares are expressed in his report, as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>The center of each Square will admit of Statues, Columns, Obelisks, or any other ornament -such as the different States may choose to erect: to perpetuate not only the memory of such individuals -whose counsels or Military achievements were conspicuous in giving liberty and independence -to this Country; but also those whose usefulness hath rendered them worthy of general -imitation, to invite the youth of succeeding generations to tread in the paths of those sages, or -heroes whom their country has thought proper to celebrate.</p> - -<p>The situation of these Squares is such that they are the most advantageously and reciprocally -seen from each other and as equally distributed over the whole City district, and connected by -spacious avenues round the grand Federal Improvements and as contiguous to them, and at the -same time as equally distant from each other, as circumstances would admit. The Settlements -round those Squares must soon become connected.</p> - -<p>This mode of taking possession of and improving the whole district at first must leave to -posterity a grand idea of the patriotic interest which prompted it.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page147">[147]</span></p> - -<p>While Lafayette Park, in front of and north of the White House, was graded as -early as 1826, it was not planted and really developed as a park for some time after -that. In 1853 the Clark Mills statue of Jackson was placed in it as its central feature.</p> - -<p>Similarly, the equestrian statue of Washington brought about the improvement -of Washington Circle at the westerly end of Pennsylvania Avenue. Garfield -Park, now one of the most beautiful parks in the city, was graded and to some -extent improved in 1838, in connection with its use as a nursery for trees to -ornament the public grounds and Pennsylvania Avenue.</p> - -<p>A botanic garden, which had been talked about from the very first, and was -finally brought to a head by the necessity for providing for the botanic collection -of the Smithsonian Institution, was gradually established at the east end of the -Mall between First and Third Streets. It did not become a really important feature -of public benefit to the city until 1852, when it was placed in the hands of -William R. Smith, who had had experience in Kew Gardens in England and made -sufficient progress for the Botanic Garden to be described in 1859 “as a pleasant -place to visit, with gravel walks, bordered with box, rare plants, and trees.”</p> - -<p>How little these parks were needed then to give the requisite touch of nature -in urban surroundings and to what extent the National Capital still retained its -character of a few scattered settlements in the midst of farm land is shown by the -fact that the one or two which had been improved had to be fenced in to protect -their young trees and shrubs against the cattle, goats, and sheep that roamed the -streets. As late as 1870 the danger to pedestrians from the domestic animals -allowed at large was the subject of protest in formal speeches in Congress. During -the Civil War many of the public reservations were used for camps, hospitals, -and drill grounds, which use naturally did not help their appearance.</p> - -<p>While the parks and reservations not used by the Federal Government remained -relatively unimproved and in the condition of unsightly village commons, the -grounds around the public buildings of the Federal Government were given a little -more attention and were gradually improved. The north grounds of the White -House were fixed up in Jefferson’s administration and rearranged from time to -time subsequently, but so little importance was attached to appearances that the -south grounds of the White House remained unimproved through the first half of -the century. It was not until after the Civil War that real importance was -attached to the beautification of the grounds and the systematic planting of trees -in the streets. The public buildings and grounds were turned over to the Chief -of Engineers in 1867, and since that time have received a great deal more attention -than ever before. In 1898 the municipal parks were transferred from the city -government to the Chief of Engineers and have been systematically improved since.</p> - -<p>With the street trees and the improved city parks scattered about the central -part of the city, Washington has acquired a characteristic appearance of its own<span class="pagenum" id="Page148">[148]</span> -and offers the charm and amenities which other American cities were not wise -enough to provide for themselves.</p> - -<p>As the city grew outside of the original plan, a few projects for large and extensive -parks were adopted. The beautiful Rock Creek Valley was purchased for a -park and for the Zoological Garden under the act approved September 27, 1890; -and provision was made by the act approved August 2, 1882, for the filling in of -the Potomac tidal flats. This latter project has developed nearly 1,000 acres of -reclaimed park land extensively used for recreation of all kinds. It also extended -the axis of the Mall about three-fourths of a mile beyond what was originally -planned, thus affording a suitable terminal in the site for the Lincoln Memorial.</p> - -<p>In 1893 the evils of new, rapidly growing subdivisions outside the limits of the -L’Enfant plan—laid out without any regard to the latter—were sufficiently recognized -to bring about the passage of legislation for making a highway or street plan -of the entire District of Columbia. This law was further amended in 1898 and resulted -in a street layout followed ever since, with modifications from time to time. -But this, being a street plan, made no provision for the extension of the system of -city parks into the new territory, nor for merging the newly authorized major -park projects with the street system. Hence one of the major duties with which -the McMillan Commission was charged in 1901 was the design of appropriate -parks outside of the L’Enfant plan.</p> - -<p>The high talents and national reputation of the members of this commission -insured that their recommendations for the beautification and development of the -Capital would really be a new, grand, basic plan. After mature study, in the light -of the finest examples the world had produced, this commission reinstated the -authority of the L’Enfant plan and carried it to its logical conclusions in new territory. -This action reflected credit not only on the genius of L’Enfant but also on -the commission itself, which had the wisdom to recognize the supreme merit of -the original plan and the good sense, and modesty, to build upon it.</p> - -<p>However, the 1901 commission’s plan never received general legislative sanction, -and approval of some of its individual major projects was obtained only -after great effort and much urging by the executive authorities and some far-sighted -Members of the Congress. First, the railroads arranged for a Union -Station (1903), and the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. removed its tracks and station -from the Mall, so that to-day the traveler by rail enters the city through a great -monumental portal and finds himself in sight of the Capitol. In 1913 the Rock -Creek and Potomac Parkway was authorized, to connect the Rock Creek Valley -with the Potomac Park system. In 1911 the Lincoln Memorial and the development -of the Mall between it and the Washington Monument were provided for. A -law approved in 1901 provided for construction of the General Grant Memorial -at the east end of the Mall at the base of Capitol Hill, while a memorial to -Gen. George G. Meade, located in relation to the Grant Memorial, was subsequently -(1926) accepted from the State of Pennsylvania. In 1924 the Arlington -Memorial Bridge was approved.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page149">[149]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo162.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr11">Transcription</a></p> - -<p class="caption">PARK AREAS ACQUIRED TO JULY 1, 1938</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page150">[150]</span></p> - -<p>In 1910 the National Commission of Fine Arts was set up to—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p class="noindent">advise upon the location of statues, fountains, and monuments in the public squares, streets, and -parks in the District of Columbia, and upon the selection of models for statues, fountains, and -monuments erected under the authority of the United States and upon the selection of the artists -for the execution of the same.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>This commission, which has numbered in its membership the greatest architects -and artists of the country, has helped greatly not only in raising the standard -of the public works of art but also in securing the adoption of important parts of -the 1901 plan.</p> - -<p>With the general paving of streets, the filling of vacant lots with houses, and -the increasing automobile traffic, it became necessary to provide safe play -places for children and necessary recreation facilities for adults. In response to -this demand, a system of playgrounds was adopted and a playgrounds department -set up in 1911.</p> - -<p>While all these projects were good and necessary, they failed to keep pace -with the needs of the rapidly growing city. Intrusted to different executive -authorities, these efforts could not be properly coordinated, and occasionally -were designed without the fullest consideration of other projects affected by -them. The proposed system of playgrounds was not extended as intended, and -even if it had been would have proved inadequate. Lands recommended for -park use in 1901 were built on with expensive improvements and put to private -or commercial uses.</p> - -<p>The progress made in the quarter century 1901 to 1926 was so unsatisfactory -that a Park and Planning Commission was established (1924, amended 1926)—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p class="noindent">to develop a comprehensive, consistent, and coordinated plan for the National Capital and its -environs in the States of Maryland and Virginia, to preserve the flow of water in Rock Creek, -to prevent pollution of Rock Creek and the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers, to preserve forests -and natural scenery in and about Washington, and to provide for the comprehensive, systematic, -and continuous development of park, parkway, and playground systems of the National Capital -and its environs * * *.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>Besides its city-planning work, this commission recommended a complete system -of city parks, playgrounds, and recreation centers, as well as a system of -regional parks.</p> - -<p>The main new city park feature is a circumferential parkway joining the old -Civil War forts built to defend the city against attack, but now too near urban -development to be of any military efficacy. But the sites of the forts themselves, -besides the interest of the remains of the military works, -are excellently suited<span class="pagenum" id="Page151">[151]</span> -for local parks, and because of their commanding positions afford many unique -and magnificent views, while the drive joining them, besides giving opportunity -for an unusually picturesque pleasure drive, will provide very much-needed -cross connections of great traffic value between the radial streets entering the city.</p> - -<p>There is to be a series of neighborhood recreation centers from 10 to 20 acres -in size for each residential community, with playgrounds for small children interspersed -at intervals of about half a mile. The recreation system is to comprise -fields for major sports and swimming pools and constitutes a reasonable effort to -meet the policy that “every child shall have a place to play.”</p> - -<p>The regional park system contemplates the acquisition of the shores of the -Potomac from Mount Vernon to and including Great Falls as a memorial park -in memory of George Washington. This will include an area of unique historical -and scenic value of such picturesque attractiveness as can not be found in such -close proximity to any other great city, and a possible natural playground within -reach of millions of the city dwellers of the Atlantic seaboard.</p> - -<p>The new memorial highway to Mount Vernon is an important element of -this project, which was completed in 1932. In the north end of the project, near -Great Falls, are the remains of the Old Potomack Canal, of which George Washington -himself supervised the construction, while on the Maryland shore is the -Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, formally initiated by President John Quincy Adams -in 1828, and a most perfect example of the type of canal which brought about the -development of our country in the first half of the nineteenth century. Its quiet -waters and overgrown towpath and banks have unusual charm and afford a most -charming and interesting contrast with the torrential river below in its rugged -canyon.</p> - -<p>As a natural terminal on the Maryland bank of the river, nearly opposite -Mount Vernon, is picturesque old Fort Washington designed by Major -L’Enfant after the War of 1812, and one of the best-preserved forts of this type -in the South Atlantic States. From its parapet one can enjoy one of the best views -of the Capital City L’Enfant so gloriously and successfully planned.</p> - -<p>The regional park system also proposes the extension of Rock Creek Park -into Maryland and various other similar connections with projects in the District -of Columbia. Perhaps the most important is the opportunity for a parkway, like -the Bronx Parkway, between Washington and Baltimore, following up the Anacostia -Valley, Northwest Branch, and Indian Creek.</p> - -<p>The recommendations of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission -as to parks were given legislative sanction by the act approved May 29, 1930, -and are being carried out as fast as funds are made available. The opportunities -here for a nearly ideal park and playground system are so unusual that the entire -country must be interested in seeing their early completion. Other cities can -have monumental buildings, but no other large city can still have at reasonable -cost the park and recreational facilities essential to the amenities of life and the -raising of a new generation under conditions assuring, for poor and rich alike, a -sound mind in a sound body.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page152">[152]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo165.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">LAFAYETTE PARK, SHOWING STATUE OF GEN. ANDREW JACKSON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page153">[153]</span></p> - -<h3>LAFAYETTE PARK</h3> - -<p>The L’Enfant plan shows the ground now known as Lafayette Park, or -Lafayette Square, comprising about 7 acres, to have been a part of the President’s -Park, extending on the north side from H Street southward to the Monument -Grounds, between Fifteenth and Seventeenth Streets. Similarly, the subsequent -Ellicott plan and the Dermott plan make provision for such a spacious park to -surround the President’s House. These plans show no street dividing Lafayette -Park from the White House Grounds.</p> - -<p>When L’Enfant prepared his plan this was a neglected area, a common -without trees. A race course was laid out, in 1797, on the west side of the -grounds, extending westward to Twentieth Street. Huts for workmen who -helped build the President’s House were erected on the grounds, and when these -were removed a market was established there. This was later relocated farther -to the center of the town, on Pennsylvania Avenue, between Seventh and Ninth -Streets. Thomas Jefferson first undertook really to improve the grounds and -marked the east and west limits as they are to-day, called Madison Place and -Jackson Place, respectively.</p> - -<p>Until 1816 the only important building that had been erected adjacent to -Lafayette Park was St. John’s Church. Then, in 1818, the Dolly Madison House -was built, and in 1819 the Decatur House. From then on and for more than 50 -years following Lafayette Park became the center of social life in Washington. -Nearly every house surrounding it became noted for its historical associations. -However, the park seems to have been neglected the greater part of this period. -In 1840 there was an ordinary fence around it.</p> - -<p>Just when this park area took the name of Lafayette Park is not definitely -known. As has been said, originally this area was a part of the President’s Park, -and D. B. Warden, in his volume entitled “Description of the District of Columbia,” -published in 1816, refers to it as such by saying, in connection with rates of -fare for hackney carriages—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>From the President’s Square to Greenleaf’s Point, and also to Hamburg Wharf, or to the -western limits of the city, the rate is but 25 cents, and half the distance one-half that sum.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>In his voluminous history of Lafayette Square, Gist Blair states—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>Its name has come from the people and arose after this visit of Lafayette to the city in 1824.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page154">[154]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo167.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page155">[155]</span></p> - -<p>Again, speaking of the many social events held in Washington during this -visit of Lafayette, Mr. Blair says:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>Socially, the season of 1824-25 was the most brilliant Washington had seen, so it is natural to -understand how everyone at this time may have started to call this square Lafayette Square.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>In the office of the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, there is -a map dated 1852, on which Lafayette Park is shown to be separated from the -White House Grounds. The first printed report of the Commissioner of Public -Buildings, on file in that office, is of the year 1857. In that report there is a -reference to Lafayette Square with an account of certain work being done there -in that year.</p> - -<p>During more than a quarter of a century past the grounds have been properly -maintained as a park. To-day there are five notable monuments in Lafayette -Park; namely, the Jackson, Lafayette, Rochambeau, Von Steuben, and the -Kosciuszko.</p> - -<h3>POTOMAC PARKS</h3> - -<p>It is of interest to note from the L’Enfant plan of 1791 the absence of land in -the area known to-day as West and East Potomac Parks. Seventy-five years ago -the area had developed into a marshy region, which became so malarial as to -affect seriously the health of residents of the city. In 1901 the McMillan Park -Commission decided to extend the axis of the Mall westward three-fourths of -a mile, and as a result one of the greatest and most remarkable developments in -city planning has been accomplished, for at that time, in connection with the -park improvement project, the location of the Lincoln Memorial and the Arlington -Memorial Bridge was determined upon in plan, together with the Rock -Creek and Potomac Parkway development. The dredging of these swampy -regions by the United States Engineer Office resulted in the creation of West -Potomac Park, comprising 394 acres.</p> - -<p>East Potomac Park is located along the Potomac River not far from the -Lincoln Memorial and has developed during the past few years into the most -prominent recreational park of the city. The golf course, field house, and picnic -groves are features of the park. It is one of the three great island parks of the -world and comprises 327 acres of land reclaimed from the Potomac River, with -a water front of 3⁵⁄₈ miles. The park is bounded by a motor drive, which is -lined with Japanese cherry trees. A canal to cross the park, connecting Washington -Channel with the Potomac River, is in plan.</p> - -<h4>JAPANESE CHERRY TREES</h4> - -<p>The Japanese cherry trees along the Tidal Basin and the Potomac Park -Driveway attract thousands of visitors to Washington during the cherry -blossom season, which is early in April of each year. They are the gift of the city -of Tokyo to the National Capital. Upon arrival the first consignment of 2,000 -trees was found to be infected by fungous diseases and insect pests, and thereupon -they were destroyed. In the winter of 1911-12 the city of Tokyo renewed -the gift, and in March, 1912, a consignment of 3,020 trees arrived in Washington. -These were examined by experts of the Department of Agriculture and pronounced -healthy specimens.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page156">[156]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo169a.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MERIDIAN HILL PARK—UPPER GARDEN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo169b.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MERIDIAN HILL PARK—LOWER GARDEN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page157">[157]</span></p> - -<p>Arrangements were made immediately for planting them. Mrs. William -Howard Taft planted the first tree and Viscountess Chinda the second early in -April. When the news was received in Japan that the trees had been successfully -planted, the following message from Mayor Ozaki, of Tokyo, was received:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>It will remain to the citizens of Tokyo a pleasing memory as well as civic pride that their small -offering will be permitted to contribute to the advancement of the beautiful Capital of the great -Republic which they all admire.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The cherry trees of Washington are almost entirely of the flowering species, -of the single and double blossom varieties; the former, planted at the edge of the -Tidal Basin, appear first. There they are near, also, to the Washington Monument -and the Lincoln Memorial, and with their tinted blossoms present a -charming vista. The double-flowering variety in East Potomac Park appears -about two weeks later.</p> - -<h3>MERIDIAN HILL PARK</h3> - -<p>Meridian Hill Park is located between Fifteenth and Sixteenth and W and -Euclid Streets NW. It comprises about 12 acres. The design for improving the -park has been completed and approved and a large-scale model of the southern -portion prepared for special study in carrying out the details.</p> - -<p>In design Meridian Hill Park is similar to an Italian garden, containing an -upper and a lower garden, and as a formal garden of its kind there is no other like -it in the United States. The upper garden extends from Euclid Street about 900 -feet south on a practically level stretch of mall to the grand terrace, which forms -the cross axis of the park. Concert groves and promenades, with niches for -statues and monuments in the hemlock hedge, are features of the upper garden. -This part of the park has been for the most part completed.</p> - -<p>From the terrace a commanding view of the city is obtained. Immediately to -the south is a cascade, descending to a pool in the lower garden. East of the pool -there is a statue of President Buchanan, erected by authority of Congress as the -gift of Harriet Lane Johnston to the United States. In the lower garden there -is also a great exedra, forming the main point from which to view the cascades. -Along the sides of the lower garden are walks amidst planting, leading to the -upper garden. The main entrance to Meridian Hill Park is on Sixteenth Street. -A tablet here suggests the name given to the park. It bears this inscription:</p> - -<p class="inscription">THE STONE MARKING THE WASHINGTON MERIDIAN WAS FORMERLY LOCATED 52 FEET -9 INCHES WEST OF THIS TABLET, WHICH WAS PRESENTED BY THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPTER -OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1804-1923.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page158">[158]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo171.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr12">Transcriptions</a></p> - -<p class="caption">MAP OF ROCK CREEK PARK</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page159">[159]</span></p> - -<p>On the grand terrace is a copy of the famous Dubois statue of Jeanne d’Arc, -given by the Société des Femmes de France à New York to the National Capital. -There is also a statue of Dante in the lower garden, the gift of Chevalier Carlo -Barsotti, editor of a leading Italian newspaper of New York City. An armillary -sphere is in the great exedra of the lower garden.</p> - -<p>While a million dollars could not buy the land occupied by Meridian Hill -Park, it is of interest to know that for the 110 acres, which extended from what -is now Florida Avenue to Columbia Road and east of Sixteenth Street, Commodore -Porter paid $13,000 in 1816.</p> - -<h3>ROCK CREEK PARK</h3> - -<p>One of the largest and most beautiful natural parks in the world is Rock -Creek Park, extending from the William Howard Taft Bridge northward to the -boundary line of the District of Columbia, and comprising 1,632 acres. Congress -authorized the creation of the park in 1890, with an appropriation of -$10,000. Adjacent to the park is the National Zoological Park.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo172.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">JOAQUIN MILLER CABIN IN ROCK CREEK PARK</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page160">[160]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo173.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">PLAN OF ANACOSTIA PARK</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page161">[161]</span></p> - -<h3>ANACOSTIA PARK</h3> - -<p>The plan for the development of this project provides for the reclamation of -what are known as the Anacostia Flats, along the Anacostia River, on the east -side of the District of Columbia, into Anacostia Park, of 1,100 acres. The distance -from the point near the War College to the District line is about 6 miles. The -park will be one of the largest and most beautiful waterside parks in this country. -The breaking of ground for the park took place August 2, 1923.</p> - -<p>As has been related, more than three centuries ago, or in the summer of 1608, -Capt. John Smith, in an exploration of the tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay, -landed on these very banks. He found a tribe of peaceful Indians, the Nacotchtant -(Anacostans), numbering some 80 men, kind and well disposed, who did their -best to content Captain Smith and his fellow explorers. These Indians no doubt -made their home in this neighborhood on account of the abundance of game.</p> - -<p>One of the largest water-lily gardens, the Shaw Lily Gardens, is situated opposite -Mount Hamilton, on the east side of the Anacostia River. It is thought -these ultimately will become part of the Anacostia Park. The Anacostia is -also a popular place for fishing, and it is expected fish ponds will be established -there later.</p> - -<p>A large stadium and playground at the end of East Capitol Street, adjoining -Anacostia Park, is proposed. The National Arboretum will be adjacent to it -from Mount Hamilton eastward.</p> - -<h3>NATIONAL ARBORETUM</h3> - -<p>The movement to establish a National Arboretum was first definitely proposed -by Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, in his report for the fiscal -year 1899—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>One in which can be brought together for study all the trees that will grow in Washington, -D. C., * * * furnishing complete material for the investigations of the Department of Agriculture, -and so managed as to be a perennial means of botanical education.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>In 1918 the Commission of Fine Arts, at the request of the House Committee -on the Library, made a study of the problem of the location of a proposed botanical -garden and arboretum. After an elaborate study, conducted with the help of the -Department of Agriculture, the commission recommended the purchase of Mount -Hamilton and adjacent land, and Hickey Hill, together with the lands between -those heights and the Anacostia marshes, in northeast Washington. The report -of the commission encountered opposition, but its logic has prevailed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page162">[162]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo175.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">MAP OF NATIONAL ARBORETUM PREPARED BY THE NATIONAL COMMISSION OF FINE ARTS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page163">[163]</span></p> - -<p>The act providing for the establishment of the National Arboretum, approved -March 4, 1927, is one of the few measures that survived the filibuster in the -Senate on the closing day of that session, because of the untiring efforts of Senator -Charles L. McNary, of Oregon, chairman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture -and Forestry. Hon. Robert Luce, chairman of the Committee on the Library, -handled the bill in the House of Representatives. The sum of $300,000 was -authorized by the act for the National Arboretum, and this amount was subsequently -appropriated. The act provided also for the appointment by the Secretary -of Agriculture of an advisory council in relation to the plan and development of -the National Arboretum. To serve on this council the Secretary of Agriculture -appointed the following persons:</p> - -<p>Frederic A. Delano, Washington, D. C., member of the Board of Regents, -Smithsonian Institution.</p> - -<p>Henry S. Graves, New Haven, Conn., dean of the School of Forestry, Yale -University; fellow of the Society of American Foresters; and formerly president -of the American Forestry Association.</p> - -<p>Harlan P. Kelsey, Salem, Mass., member and former president of the American -Association of Nurserymen.</p> - -<p>John C. Merriam, Washington, D. C., president of the Carnegie Institution -of Washington; member of the National Academy of Sciences and of the National -Research Council.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Frank B. Noyes, Washington, D. C., chairman of the District of -Columbia committee of the Garden Club of America.</p> - -<p>Frederick Law Olmsted, Brookline, Mass., member and former president of -the American Society of Landscape Architects.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Glen Cove, Long Island, N. Y., secretary of the Garden -Club of America.</p> - -<p>Robert Pyle, West Grove, Pa., president of the American Horticultural -Society and a director of the Society of American Florists and Ornamental -Horticulturists.</p> - -<p>Vernon Kellogg, permanent secretary of the National Research Council.</p> - -<p>It is proposed to purchase about 500 acres, 400 of which, including Mount -Hamilton and adjacent portions of Anacostia Park, have already been secured. -Thirty-two distinct varieties of soils suited to the growth of trees and plants -have been found in this area.</p> - -<p>Due to mild climatic conditions in Washington, at the gateway of the South, -where there is neither the extreme cold of the North nor the extreme heat of -the South, many varieties of trees and plants of both North and South will -grow, making it one of the most favorable localities in the United States for -the establishment of a National Arboretum. Many countries which have -established an arboretum in their capital cities have provided not only an -attractive place of public interest but also the source of millions of dollars -in revenue.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page164">[164]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo177.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL UPON ITS RESTORATION, 1827</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page165">[165]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XX</span><br> -<span class="title">ARCHITECTURE OF EARLY DAYS</span></h2> - -<h3>THE CAPITOL</h3> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo178.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">DESIGN OF THE CAPITOL, BY THORNTON, 1800</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>When the seat of government was moved from Philadelphia to Washington -in the year 1800 there had been erected for the purposes of the Government a -small rectangular building, familiarly known to-day as the Supreme Court section -of the Capitol, and in this building were housed the Senate, the House of Representatives, -the Supreme Court, the courts of the District of Columbia, and the -library, now known as the Library of Congress. South of this building was a -large vacant space, practically the extension of East Capitol Street. Through -this area people from the western and eastern parts of the city passed to and fro. -Conveniently located in that section now occupied by the central portion were -two wells, which for many years furnished water to citizens residing in that -vicinity, for the Capitol Grounds were then occupied by residences. South of -this vacant space were the foundations of another building, equal in area and -intended to compare in cubic contents with the portion already erected and occupied. -For some time after the inauguration of President Jefferson but little was -done toward the erection of the southern building, now known as the Statuary -Hall section, except that the foundation walls progressed slowly, and within the -area of these walls there was built a 1-story elliptical-shaped building of brick -construction, known to the people of that period as “The Oven,” designed for -the accommodation of the House of Representatives and occupied until 1807, -when the Hall of the House of Representatives was completed. In 1800 there -were 32 Senators and 106 Members of the House.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page166">[166]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo179.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL, FROM PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, 1830</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page167">[167]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo180.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">CAPITOL, FROM THE WEST, SHOWING THE TRIPOLI COLUMN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>Thomas Jefferson sought the assistance of the best talent of the country to -complete the Capitol, and on March 6, 1803, appointed Benjamin H. Latrobe, -whose fame as an architect had caused his services to be in such great demand in -several cities that he could not immediately take up his residence in Washington. -But he arranged to assume the duties of Architect of the Capitol by personal -visits to the city and made a thorough study of the plans for the Capitol. The -plans for the Hall of the House of Representatives as developed by Mr. Latrobe -required sculptural decoration, and this was made the subject of an interesting -letter on March 6, 1805, addressed to Philip Mazzei, an Italian physician, asking -for assistance in selecting a sculptor:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>By direction of the President of the United States I take the liberty to apply to you for your -assistance in procuring for us the services of a good sculptor in the erection of the public buildings -in this city, especially the Capitol.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page168">[168]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo181.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">SENATE CHAMBER, 1830</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page169">[169]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo182.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CHAMBER, 1830</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page170">[170]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo183.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">EARLY VIEW OF THE WHITE HOUSE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page171">[171]</span></p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>The Capitol was begun at a time when the country was entirely destitute of artists, and even -of good workmen in the branches of architecture, upon which the superiority of public over private -buildings depends. The north wing, therefore, which is carried up, although the exterior is -remarkably well finished as to the masonry, is not a good building. For two or three years after -the removal of Congress to this city the public works were entirely discontinued. In the year -1803, however, they were resumed, and under the patronage of the President and the annual appropriations -by Congress the south wing of the Capitol has been begun and carried on. It is now so -far advanced as to make it necessary that we should have as early as possible the assistance of a -good sculptor of architectural decorations * * *.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The principal sculpture required was 24 Corinthian capitals, 2 feet 4 inches -in diameter at their feet and open enriched entablatures of 147 feet (both English -measure) in length. Also five panels (tavole) enriched with foliage and an eagle -of colossal size in the frieze, the distance between the tips of the extended wings -to be 12 feet 6 inches. As to material, yellowish sandstone of fine grain was to -be used.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo184.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr13">Transcription</a></p> - -<p class="caption">PLAN, IN BLACK, SHOWING PART FIRST OCCUPIED BY CONGRESS, 1800</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The later history of the Capitol will be found on <a href="#Page219">page 219</a>.</p> - -<h3>THE WHITE HOUSE</h3> - -<p>The most definite description of the White House as it existed during its -earlier days is to be found in American Scenery, published in London in 1840 -and edited by Nathaniel Parker Willis, who writes as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>The residence of the Chief Magistrate of the United States resembles the country seat of an -English nobleman in its architecture and size; but it is to be regretted that the parallel ceases when -we come to the grounds. By itself it is a commodious and creditable building, serving its purpose -without too much state for a republican country, yet likely, as long as the country exists without -primogeniture and rank, to be sufficiently superior to all other dwelling houses to mark it as the -residence of the Nation’s chief.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page172">[172]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo185.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">VIEW SHOWING TERRACE ON SOUTH SIDE OF THE WHITE HOUSE, 1827</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page173">[173]</span></p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>The President’s House stands near the center of an area of some 20 acres, occupying a very -advantageous elevation, open to the view of the Potomac and about 44 feet above high water, and -possessing from its balcony one of the loveliest prospects in our country—the junction of the two -branches of the Potomac which border the District and the swelling and varied shores beyond of -the States of Maryland and Virginia. The building is 170 feet front and 86 deep and is built of -white freestone, with Ionic pilasters, comprehending two lofty stories, with a stone balustrade. -The north front is ornamented with a portico sustained by four Ionic columns, with three columns -of projection, the outer intercolumniation affording a shelter for carriages to drive under. The -garden front on the river is varied by what is called a rusticated basement story, in the Ionic style, -and by a semicircular projecting colonnade of six columns, with two spacious and airy flights of -steps leading to a balustrade on the level of the principal story.</p> - -<p>The interior of the President’s House is well disposed and possesses one superb reception room -and two oval drawing-rooms (one in each story) of very beautiful proportions. The other rooms are -not remarkable, and there is an inequality in the furniture of the whole house (owing to the unwillingness -and piecemeal manner with which Congress votes any moneys for its decoration) which -destroys its effect as a comfortable dwelling. The oval rooms are carpeted with Gobelin tapestry, -worked with the national emblems, and are altogether in a more consistent style than the other -parts of the house. It is to be hoped that Congress will not always consider the furniture of the -President’s House as the scapegoat of all sumptuary and aristocratic sins, and that we shall soon -be able to introduce strangers not only to a comfortable and well-appointed, but to a properly -served and nicely kept, Presidential Mansion.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The White House as it is at present is described on <a href="#Page261">page 261</a>.</p> - -<h3>OCTAGON HOUSE</h3> - -<p>Octagon House is a beautiful example of early American architecture. It -is situated at the corner of Eighteenth Street and New York Avenue NW., two -blocks west of the White House, and was built in the year 1800 by Col. John -Tayloe from designs by the Architect of the United States Capitol, Dr. William -Thornton. It is said President Washington himself selected the site for his -friend.</p> - -<p>The building is a fine, octagonal brick structure, Georgian in design, with a -central circular hall and a noteworthy staircase. The materials used in its construction, -including beautiful sculptured mantels, were brought from England. -Gardens surrounded it, and the old brick stables and smokehouse still close the -vista from the stair landing.</p> - -<p>The house was the center of official and social life as the home of the Tayloe -family. It achieved particular distinction when used as the Executive Mansion -by President Madison for more than a year after the burning of the White House -by the British in 1814.</p> - -<p>The building was later used at various times as a Government office building. -The Government Hydrographic Office, with its drafting rooms, was located -there, and the building was also used for storage. During the 139 years it -appears to have suffered little from damage and deterioration.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page174">[174]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo187.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">OCTAGON HOUSE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page175">[175]</span></p> - -<p>The Octagon House became the home of the American Institute of Architects -on January 1, 1899, through the particular efforts of Charles F. McKim, Cass -Gilbert, and Frank Miles Day, former presidents of the institute, and complete -ownership of the property was acquired in the year 1902.</p> - -<p>One of its present treasures is the table on which the treaty of Ghent was -signed by President Madison.</p> - -<h3>DOLLY MADISON HOUSE</h3> - -<p>The Dolly Madison House, at the corner of H Street and Madison Place NW., -adjacent to Lafayette Square, was built by Dolly Madison’s brother-in-law in 1818.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo188.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">DOLLY MADISON HOUSE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>After the death of President Madison in 1833 Mrs. Madison returned to -Washington and resided in the house until her death in 1849. In her day it was -a little gray residence, but a place where she presided as a charming hostess for -many years. The purchase by Congress of the Madison Papers for $30,000 made -it possible for her to live there. Born in the year 1768, she became intimately -acquainted with many who took part in the Revolutionary War, and through her -long life linked her generation with that of the present day.</p> - -<p>Among the men and women of importance who were frequent visitors in her -home, who exerted an influence to strengthen the seat of government and became<span class="pagenum" id="Page176">[176]</span> -noted characters in American history, were Mr. and Mrs. John Quincy Adams, -Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Mrs. Alexander Hamilton, Mrs. Stephen Decatur, -Mrs. William Thornton, Mrs. Tobias Lear, and Gen. John Peter Van Ness.</p> - -<p>During the Civil War the house was occupied by Gen. George B. McClellan, -at that time in command of the Army of the Potomac, and about the year 1885 -the house was purchased by the Cosmos Club, which now occupies it.</p> - -<h3>DECATUR HOUSE</h3> - -<p>The Decatur House, located at the corner of H Street and Jackson Place NW., -was designed by Benjamin Latrobe and built about 1819 by Commodore Stephen -Decatur, it is said, from Barbary pirates’ prize money.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo189.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">DECATUR HOUSE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>Scarcely had the house been completed and through the trophies of the naval -hero made a place of great interest when, on March 22, 1820, Decatur was mortally -wounded in a duel with Commodore James Barron which took place at -Bladensburg, Md. Decatur died in his home that night and was buried at Kalorama, -a prominent estate in those days in northwest Washington.</p> - -<p>Thereupon Henry Clay, who was then a Member of the House of Representatives -and subsequently Secretary of State in the Cabinet of John Quincy Adams, -occupied the Decatur House. After the Civil War the house was bought by -Gen. Edward H. Beale, a friend of General Grant. It was inherited by Truxton -Beale, who resided there many years.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page177">[177]</span></p> - -<h3>OTHER HISTORICAL HOUSES</h3> - -<p>Other houses adjacent to Lafayette Square and the White House grounds -which became historically important were:</p> - -<p>The Cameron House, adjacent to the Dolly Madison House, was built in 1828 -by Benjamin Ogle Tayloe. Later it was altered somewhat to suit the fine taste of -Mrs. Cameron, wife of James Donald Cameron, who served as a Senator from the -State of Pennsylvania from 1877 to 1897. The Cameron House to-day is occupied -by the Cosmos Club, which, as has been stated, also occupies the Dolly Madison -House. The beautiful gardens surrounding it are a source of much pleasure.</p> - -<p>The Van Ness Mansion formerly stood on the site now occupied by the -Pan American Building, near Seventeenth Street and Constitution Avenue.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo190.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">VAN NESS MANSION</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The Rodgers House was occupied by Secretary of State Seward at the time -he and his son were nearly fatally stabbed on the night President Lincoln was -assassinated. In 1895 the house was torn down to make way for an opera house, -called the Lafayette Square Opera House, and later the Belasco Theater.</p> - -<p>John Hay, Secretary of State under Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt, lived -at Sixteenth and H Streets.</p> - -<p>The home of George Bancroft was at No. 1623 H Street. Here he completed -his History of the United States.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page178">[178]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo191.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">LOCK OF THE OLD CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL, GEORGETOWN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page179">[179]</span></p> - -<p>The historian Henry Adams, grandson of President John Quincy Adams, -lived at 1605 H Street.</p> - -<p>Lord Ashburton lived in the large square house next to the old Arlington -Hotel, at H Street and Vermont Avenue. Charles Sumner also lived near by.</p> - -<p>The Corcoran House stood at the corner of H Street and Connecticut Avenue, -where now stands the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. In that -house Daniel Webster lived while Secretary of State under Presidents William -Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor.</p> - -<p>The original Corcoran Gallery of Art Building stands at the corner of Pennsylvania -Avenue and Seventeenth Street.</p> - -<p>No. 22 Jackson Place, now the home of the Women’s City Club, was the -house of President Polk’s Secretary of War, William L. Marcy. The house was -occupied by President and Mrs. Roosevelt for a few months while the White -House was being restored in 1901.</p> - -<h3>GEORGETOWN</h3> - -<p>Georgetown was laid out pursuant to an act of the Province of Maryland -dated June 8, 1751, passed in response to a petition of a number of inhabitants, -who stated that “there was a convenient place for a town on the Potomac River -above the mouth of Rock Creek,” and recommended that 60 acres be there laid -out for a town. The town was never incorporated as a city, but was commonly -called the city of Georgetown as a consequence of the casual reference to it by -that title in numerous acts of Congress.</p> - -<p>The general supposition is that Georgetown was so named in honor of -George II, then the reigning sovereign of Great Britain, but it is also contended -that it was named as a compliment to George Gordon and George Beall, the -owners of the 60-acre tract, and from whom the site was obtained. The town -was subsequently surveyed and divided into 80 lots. On December 25, 1789, -the town was incorporated by an act of the General Assembly of Maryland, -with a mayor, recorder, aldermen, and common council. The first mayor was -appointed for a term of one year, to commence January 1, 1790.</p> - -<p>The streets in the part of Georgetown laid out under the act of June 8, 1751, -were acquired by the public in practically the same manner in which the title -to the original streets of the city of Washington was derived.</p> - -<p>Georgetown was enlarged by numerous additions, until, as calculated by the -surveyor of the District of Columbia, it embraced about 543 acres. Its charter -was revoked by the act of Congress of February 21, 1871, by which its name was -retained as a topographical designation until its consolidation with Washington -by the act of February 11, 1895, which stated it “shall be known as and shall -constitute a part of the city of Washington.” By this act the Commissioners -of the District of Columbia were authorized to change the names of the streets -and avenues of Georgetown to conform to those of Washington as far as practicable. -At the time of the consolidation the population of Georgetown was -about 15,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page180">[180]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo193.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">OLD AQUEDUCT BRIDGE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page181">[181]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo194.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">FRANCIS SCOTT KEY BRIDGE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page182">[182]</span></p> - -<p>Soon after its establishment Georgetown became a prominent port, and one -of the interesting places there to-day is the old customhouse. A number of mills, -the ruins of which can still be seen, were there. It is said that flour shipped in -colonial times from Georgetown to Europe was so good that consignees did not -think it necessary to open the barrels for inspection. Tobacco and corn were -the two other chief exports. Georgetown University was established in 1789, -the year George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the Republic. -The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 182 miles long, commenced in 1828, had its -beginning in Georgetown. It cost $13,000,000. Georgetown’s exports in 1792 -amounted to $348,539. Much coal was also shipped to Alexandria for towns on -the Atlantic coast.</p> - -<p>Georgetown also became noted for the many fine houses which were built -there, such as Tudor Place, Woodley, the Oaks, Montrose, the Bowie Mansion, -and Bellevue, later known as the Rittenhouse Mansion. In the early days, while -houses in the new Federal City were being built, many Members of Congress -preferred to travel the dusty road from the Capitol to Georgetown because of -the suitable residences there in which they could live.</p> - -<p>Among the mansions near Georgetown, to be mentioned here, is Arlington -Mansion (described fully on <a href="#Page309">page 309</a>), built in 1802 by George Washington -Parke Custis, the adopted son of President Washington. The original Arlington -estate comprised 6,000 acres. The design of the portico of the house resembles -that of the Temple of Theseus at Athens, which stands to-day one of the -best-preserved buildings of antiquity. Mr. Custis lived there till his death in -1857. He entertained Lafayette at Arlington during his visit to the United -States in 1824.</p> - -<h3>FRANCIS SCOTT KEY MANSION</h3> - -<p>The Francis Scott Key Mansion, at Georgetown, stands remodeled as a store -building on old Bridge Street, now M Street, one-half block from the Francis -Scott Key Bridge. Originally it was a 3-story “colonial” brick building, which -stood there as such until about the year 1917, when the Francis Scott Key -Bridge was built to replace the old Aqueduct Bridge.</p> - -<p>Entering the front door at the left of the building, there was a spacious hall -extending through the entire house. At the right of the hall were two large -parlors. In the basement was the dining room, kitchen, and “cold room,” a room -bricked up and used as a refrigerator and pantry. In the second story were -two large bedrooms and a large hall. The third story contained four bedrooms.<span class="pagenum" id="Page183">[183]</span> -The window frames were small, 4 by 6 inches, supported in heavy sashes, as was -the custom in building such houses.</p> - -<p>In the rear of the house was a beautiful garden, which sloped gracefully to -the river. The Chesapeake & Ohio Canal was later built through it. This area -is now occupied by factories, warehouses, and store buildings.</p> - -<div class="container w55emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo196.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">FRANCIS SCOTT KEY HOUSE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>Mr. Key, an attorney and poet, lived here with his family many years, and -resided here at the time of the bombardment of Fort McHenry. Near by was -his law office, a little brick building.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page184">[184]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo197.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">HOUSE OF THE EARLY DAYS IN GEORGETOWN ON OLD BRIDGE (M) STREET</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page185">[185]</span></p> - -<p>In 1814, while the British fleet was in Chesapeake Bay, Mr. Key attempted -to secure the release of his friend Dr. William Beane, of Marlboro, Md., who had -been captured. He was held on shipboard during the shelling of Fort McHenry -on the night of September 13. Key’s anxiety became intense. With the first -approach of dawn Mr. Key turned his eyes in the direction of the fort and its flag, -but darkness had given place to a heavy fog. Finally, through a vista in the smoke -and vapor he could dimly see the flag of his country. Overjoyed and inspired by -the sight, he composed The Star-Spangled Banner. This is now our national anthem -by an act of Congress approved March 3, 1931, as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in -Congress assembled</i>, That the composition consisting of words and music known as The Star-Spangled -Banner is designated the national anthem of the United States of America.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The historic flag that flew over Fort McHenry is on exhibition at the Historical -Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.</p> - -<h3>TUDOR PLACE</h3> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo198.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">TUDOR PLACE, THIRTY-FIRST AND Q STREETS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>Tudor Place, located at Thirty-first and Q Streets NW., is one of the fine -examples of the architecture of the early days of the Republic in Washington. -It was designed by Dr. William Thornton, Architect of the Capitol, and built -about 1805 by Thomas Peter, who was one of the original landowners of the -District of Columbia. Mr. Peter married Martha Parke Custis, Mrs. Washington’s -granddaughter. Tudor Place is still the residence of lineal descendants of -Martha Washington and contains many heirlooms of the family. General -Lafayette and other distinguished visitors were entertained here.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page186">[186]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo199.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">ROCK CREEK CHURCH</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page187">[187]</span></p> - -<p>Tudor Place to-day is well preserved, and its gardens give it added beauty.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo200.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">TUDOR PLACE, SHOWING GARDENS ON THE EAST SIDE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<h3>ROCK CREEK CHURCH (ST. PAUL’S) IN -ROCK CREEK CEMETERY</h3> - -<p>Rock Creek Church is to the north of the Soldiers’ Home. The original building -was erected by the people of the Eastern Branch and Rock Creek in 1719 in -what was then St. Paul’s Parish, and was for many years the oldest parish -church in the District of Columbia. It was rebuilt in 1775 and remodeled in -1868. It burned on April 6, 1921, but was again rebuilt.</p> - -<p>In 1726 the separation of this parish from St. John’s (Georgetown) marked a -religious era in the future National Capital. Of the seven men appointed to -establish the town of Georgetown, five were officers of this parish.</p> - -<p>In the cemetery surrounding the church is the famous Adams Memorial by -Saint-Gaudens.</p> - -<h3>CHRIST CHURCH</h3> - -<p>Although Washington had been planned as a city in 1791, it did not become -the actual seat of government until 1800. It was necessary, therefore, for those -desiring a Protestant Episcopal Church in Washington to apply to the Maryland<span class="pagenum" id="Page188">[188]</span> -Assembly. This application was made and an act passed to form a new parish to -be known as Washington Parish.</p> - -<p>On May 25, 1795, a meeting was held, and the parish of Christ Church, -Washington Parish, was incorporated and vestrymen elected. At this meeting -Rev. George Ralph was appointed the first rector.</p> - -<p>The first services were held in an old building, originally used as a tobacco -barn, located on New Jersey Avenue near D Street SE.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo201.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">OLD TOBACCO BARN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>On May 6, 1806, two offers of sites for a new church were made. The one by -William Prout—the present site—was accepted, and in 1807 the present building -was erected. Three free pews were set aside—one for the use of the President of -the United States; one for Mr. Prout, the donor of the land; and the third for -the rector. The church stands on G Street, near Seventh SE.</p> - -<p>For many years each incoming President was notified that a pew had been -reserved for his use. During their terms of office Presidents Jefferson, Madison, -and Monroe worshiped in Christ Church. During all these years the fame of the -church has grown, from its antiquity as the mother church of the Capital and -from its spiritual work and ministrations.</p> - -<p>A history of the parish would not be complete without some notice of its -burying ground (illustrated on <a href="#Page44">page 44</a>).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page189">[189]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo202.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">CHRIST CHURCH</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page190">[190]</span></p> - -<p>On March 30, 1812, Henry Ingle deeded to Christ Church vestry a square of -ground known as square 1115, and the name of Washington Parish Burial Ground -was given it. On May 30, 1849, the vestry changed it to Washington Cemetery. -Yet in popular nomenclature it is known as Congressional Cemetery. -Title can be traced back to its early connection with the National Legislature.</p> - -<p>On April 15, 1816, the vestry assigned 100 sites for the interment of deceased -Members of Congress. On December 15, 1823, 300 more sites were donated for -the same purpose. Congress afterwards bought more sites and erected small -freestone cenotaphs, which form a conspicuous feature, made sundry appropriations -for improvements, and began to add its name to the cemetery. Many -Congressmen and Government officials are buried there, including Tobias Lear, -private secretary and friend of George Washington, who died in 1816; Dr. -William Thornton, who drew the original plans of the Capitol, and died -March 28, 1828; George Hadfield, an assistant architect of the Capitol; George -Clinton, of New York, and Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, Vice Presidents -of the United States. The cemetery, located at Eighteenth Street and Pennsylvania -Avenue SE., is adjacent to the Anacostia River and comprises 30 acres.</p> - -<h3>ST. JOHN’S CHURCH</h3> - -<p>St. John’s Church, sometimes called the President’s Church, while not the -oldest in the city, has a history which is unique. Probably no other church of -any denomination in the United States has had throughout its history such a -distinguished roster of communicants as has St. John’s, located at Sixteenth and -H Streets NW.</p> - -<p>The title, the “President’s Church,” was derived in this way: In 1816, -before the church was consecrated or any pews sold, a committee from the vestry -was instructed to make the offer of a pew to President Madison. He accepted -and thereafter occupied pew No. 28 even more frequently than his pew in -Christ Church. The custom of preserving a pew for the President has been -continued, and a number have regularly worshiped there.</p> - -<p>Situated in the heart of official Washington, for a century it has been the -place of worship of Presidents, Cabinet officers, distinguished soldiers and diplomats, -and leaders in the professional life of the city. In the year 1812 there were -two Episcopal churches within the present city limits—Christ Church, Navy -Yard, and St. John’s, Georgetown. There was need for a third, caused by the -fact that the White House and departmental buildings were erected at a point -almost midway between these two. Washington in those days undoubtedly -seemed a city of magnificent distances. So, on April 6, 1812, a committee was -appointed by the vestry of the mother parish of Christ Church to meet the -situation. Then came the War of 1812, when both the city and the public -buildings suffered, and it was not until September 14, 1815, that the corner -stone of St. John’s, Washington, was laid.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page191">[191]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo204.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">ST. JOHN’S CHURCH</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page192">[192]</span></p> - -<p>Jonathan Elliott, in his history of the District published in 1831, said of -St. John’s Church:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>It was built of brick, covered with rough stucco, in the form of a Grecian cross; but being -too small for its congregation, in 1820 it was enlarged by lengthening its western arm, to the form -of a Latin cross; and a portico and tower were also added.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo205.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">EARLY VIEW OF ST. JOHN’S CHURCH</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The most notable changes were made in 1863, when a sanctuary was added, -the interior remodeled, and many fine additions put in place. Since that time -there have been few changes of importance save in the interior decorations and -sanctuary beautification. The eye can not glance in any direction without seeing -some memorial. Over the altar is a brass cross, commemorating President Arthur. -In the west wall is a window commemorating Presidents Madison, Monroe, and -Van Buren. A window in the east wall commemorates Presidents Tyler, Harrison, -and Taylor. Over the south gallery is a memorial window to Gen. Winfield Scott. -The atmosphere of the old church is vibrant of memories. But St. John’s is -far from being entirely a church of memories. It has made possible several -undertakings of institutional character in the diocese.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page193">[193]</span></p> - -<h3>THE COURTS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</h3> - -<p>The District of Columbia Courthouse is situated in Judiciary Square, along -Indiana Avenue, facing south, with John Marshall Place immediately in front -of it, leading down a slope of 30 feet to Pennsylvania Avenue. It is the old -city hall, now used for the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and is one -of the oldest buildings in the city. Designed by the English architect, George -Hadfield, the corner stone was laid August 22, 1820. The building is 250 feet long, -47 feet high, and 166 feet deep. Each of the wings is 50 feet wide. Its style resembles -the classical type of architecture which received an impetus during the period -from 1830 to 1840, when the Patent Office, the old Post Office, and the Department -of the Treasury Buildings were erected. It was remodeled by the Architect -of the Capitol, and in 1920, a century after the corner stone was laid, was -officially rededicated as the United States Courthouse. It will be at the head of -the new municipal center which has been authorized by Congress to occupy four -squares, two on each side of John Marshall Place.</p> - -<p>The District of Columbia as the seat of the Federal Government of the -United States of America was without a court from 1791 until February 9, 1801. -In the latter year the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia was organized -under the provisions of the act of Congress providing a judiciary for the said -District. From 1790 until the year 1801 all litigation arising within the District -was disposed of by the Maryland courts, at Annapolis.</p> - -<p>The first session of the circuit court was held in Market Square, Alexandria, -situated in the territory ceded by Virginia. The first session on the Maryland -side was held in Washington on March 23, 1801, in the old brick Capitol, occupying -a room adjoining the Senate Chamber which had been assigned to the -Supreme Court of the United States. The circuit court was rather nomadic, -occupying a number of sites before the city hall was finally built in 1820 as its -permanent home. It was in the Capitol at the time of the War of 1812 and was -removed to “Mr. Carroll’s house” near the Capitol. After the war the court -returned to the Capitol and sat continuously until 1819. After passing through -many heartbreaking annoyances, the court finally settled in the building erected -for municipal affairs and for the local courts, located in what is now known as -Judiciary Square.</p> - -<p>As time progressed the judicial system expanded, the local government underwent -radical changes, and the edifice erected to house a dual tenancy was acquired -by the United States and assigned to the circuit court as a permanent home. It -remained there until the court was abolished by Congress on March 3, 1863.</p> - -<p>When President Lincoln entered the White House just before the rupture -between the North and South, he was not satisfied with the personnel of the -circuit court. He prevailed upon Congress to abolish the circuit court and -provide for its successor—history hints this was a political move—and also -that the President be supported by a judicial system upon which he could rely -for complete loyalty to his administration. He believed that at least two of the -justices were in sympathy with the South and would use means to embarrass -his administration. The thought in his mind was that more satisfaction could -be derived by the abolition of the court and the enactment of a new judicial -system entirely friendly to his ideas of personal liberty and justice than through -the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page194">[194]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo207.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SUPREME COURT BUILDING, BY GEORGE HADFIELD.</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page195">[195]</span></p> - -<p>Congress complied with President Lincoln’s wishes, and on March 3, -1863, created the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, giving him the -appointment of the new justices and the clerk. This court was to have all the -jurisdiction of its predecessor—which by statute and decisions of the Supreme -Court of the United States had greater powers than any of the United States -circuit courts—not only a court of local jurisdiction, but also a court of admiralty, -equity between residents and nonresidents, common-law jurisdiction, and the -right of mandamus and common-law certiorari over all Government officials, -with an appellate branch to be composed of three of the five justices to review -the decisions of its special terms.</p> - -<p>On May 4, 1863, the court organized and promulgated rules of practice. -From that date until February 9, 1893, it held its appellate jurisdiction. The -members of the bar previous to that date had interceded with Congress for a -separate court of appeals in order to circumvent any comment against the -supreme court owing to the close association of its justices sitting as an appellate -tribunal to review the decisions of their brothers holding the special terms. This -was accomplished. On February 9,1893, the court of appeals was created. It is -now composed of five justices, as against three provided for in the organic act.</p> - -<p>With its probate court—district court, embracing admiralty, condemnation -of adulterated articles under the pure-food act; the widening of streets, and the -condemnation of alleys and privately owned property for carrying out the -enlargement and beautification of Washington; its purely local jurisdiction to -settle disputes in equity and law; the jurisdiction over Government officials and -inferior courts of the District—it is taxed to the limit of human endeavor to keep -up with the tide of modern requirements and hold all who come within its jurisdiction -to an orderly and legal course of conduct. Its opinions have always -received wide notice and are continually quoted in State and Federal courts.</p> - -<p>Many noted cases have been disposed of, as disclosed by its records. President -Grant was sued for damages for false arrest of an individual. When the case was -tried the verdict of the jury was in favor of the President. The trial of Charles J. -Guiteau for the assassination of President Garfield was held here, and after a long-drawn-out -and stormy session covering many weeks the assassin was convicted.<span class="pagenum" id="Page196">[196]</span> -The famous oil-scandal cases against Doheny and Sinclair, involving the bribery -of Albert B. Fall, a former Secretary of the Interior, were tried by this court. -Many other cases of note could be mentioned, but space will not permit.</p> - -<p>Under the various acts of Congress, the number of justices has gradually -increased until at the present time the destiny of this court is in the control of -ten justices. The bench as constituted to-day is composed of a chief justice, the -Hon. Alfred A. Wheat, and the following associate justices, the Hon. Jennings -Bailey, the Hon. Peyton Gordon, the Hon. Jesse Corcoran Adkins, the Hon. -Oscar R. Luhring, the Hon. Joseph W. Cox, the Hon. James M. Proctor, the -Hon. F. Dickinson Letts, the Hon. Daniel W. O’Donoghue, and the Hon. Bolitha -J. Laws.</p> - -<p>The orphans’ court in the District of Columbia, as constituted by the act of -1801, continued until 1870, when its functions were transferred to one of the -justices of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia holding a special term -for probate business; the register of wills is also clerk of the probate court.</p> - -<p>Justice-of-the-peace courts continued until 1912, when they were superseded -by the present municipal court, with a jurisdiction in debt and landlord and tenant -cases, replevin and tort actions not exceeding $1,000, and the right of litigants to -apply to the court of appeals for a writ of error if they feel aggrieved.</p> - -<p>A police court, divided into two branches—municipal and Federal—with -appeal to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, is presided over -by judges.</p> - -<div class="container right w40pcmax"> - -<img src="images/illo210.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">DR. WILLIAM THORNTON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<h3>OLD LAND OFFICE BUILDING</h3> - -<p>One of the interesting historic landmarks in the National Capital is the old -Land Office Building at Seventh and Eighth and E and F Streets NW., where it -occupies an entire square. It was designed by Robert Mills in 1830 and -constructed of marble from New York and Maryland under the supervision of -Thomas U. Walter, Architect of the Capitol, at a cost exceeding $2,000,000. It was -built during that decade when the Patent Office and the Department of the Treasury -Buildings, similar in their classical type of architecture, were authorized by -Congress and placed under way during the administration of President Jackson.</p> - -<p>This building was erected as the first permanent building for the Post Office -Department and of the city post office.</p> - -<p>Here, in 1844, the first telegraph office in the United States and of the world -was opened and operated by S. F. B. Morse, the site being marked by a bronze -plaque in the wall on the east side of the building.</p> - -<p>The first attempt to determine longitude by telegraph also was made in -this building in 1846. Earlier in the century a building stood here in -which the<span class="pagenum" id="Page197">[197]</span> -first theatrical performance in the National Capital was given. The site, too, was -at one time considered for the Botanic Garden. Until 1880 this section was the -residential district of the city.</p> - -<p>During the World War the building was occupied by Gen. Enoch Crowder, -in charge of the National Selective Draft Board. On his return from France, -General Pershing made it his headquarters. Since his retirement the building -has been occupied in part by the United States Tariff Commission.</p> - -<h3>OLD PATENT OFFICE BUILDING</h3> - -<p>The original two buildings burned, whereupon Congress authorized the -erection of a new Patent Office Building according to the designs of Robert -Mills, architect. The present building -was begun in 1837 and completed -in 1867. Doctor Thornton was the -first Commissioner. It occupies -two squares, at Seventh and Ninth -and F and G Streets NW., at the site -where L’Enfant had indicated in his -plan there should be a great national -church. It is a monumental marble -building, Doric in its style of architecture, -and with its large pediments -and columns—in design and size like -those of the Parthenon—creates the -impression of simple dignity and -beauty that is eternal. Models of -American inventions to the number -of 200,000 were kept in this building -until the new National Museum was -built. The Patent Office has been -moved into the new Department of Commerce Building. It is one of the large -bureaus of the Department of Commerce.</p> - -<h3>THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT</h3> - -<p>On August 7, 1783, the year that witnessed the treaty of peace at Paris, -Congress ordered—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>That an equestrian statue of General Washington be erected at the place where Congress -shall be established, * * * in honor of George Washington, the illustrious Commander in Chief -of the Armies of the United States of America during the War which vindicated and secured their -liberty, sovereignty, and independence.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page198">[198]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo211.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">OLD PATENT OFFICE BUILDING, NOW CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION BUILDING</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page199">[199]</span></p> - -<p>But no action was taken to carry out this legislation. The monument was to -have been executed by Ceracchi, a Roman sculptor, and paid for by contributions -of individuals. As has been mentioned, a site for it was marked on the L’Enfant -map of the city of Washington at the intersection on the Mall of the axis of the -Capitol and the White House.</p> - -<p>As President, by his wise administration of the affairs of the new Republic, -General Washington so added to his fame and so won the gratitude of his countrymen -that on his death a select joint committee of both Houses of Congress was -appointed to consider a suitable manner of paying honor to his memory. Thus, -on December 23, 1799, on motion of John Marshall in the House of Representatives, -it was resolved by Congress—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>That a marble monument be erected by the United States in the Capitol, at the city of Washington, -and that the family of General Washington be requested to permit his body to be deposited -under it; and that the monument be so designed as to commemorate the great events of his military -and political life.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>It was then proposed to make an area in front of the Capitol available for the -monument, and an appropriation of $100,000 was proposed to carry the resolution -into effect. Instead of an equestrian statue, by the terms of this resolution -the monument was to take the form of a “mausoleum of American granite and -marble, in pyramidal form, 100 feet square at the base and of a proportionate -height.”</p> - -<p>On January 1, 1801, the House of Representatives passed a bill appropriating -$200,000 for the monument. The Senate, however, did not concur in this act, -due, it is thought, to political questions that absorbed the attention of Congress -and the people until the War of 1812.</p> - -<p>In 1816 the General Assembly of Virginia endeavored to secure the consent -of Judge Bushrod Washington, then proprietor of Mount Vernon, to have the -remains of President Washington removed to Richmond, there to be marked by a -fitting monument to his memory.</p> - -<p>When this came to the attention of Congress a select joint committee was -appointed which recommended that a tomb should be prepared in the foundations -of the Capitol for the remains of George Washington and that a monument -should be erected to his memory. But this plan failed, because Judge Bushrod -Washington declined to consent to the removal of the body of George Washington -from the vault at Mount Vernon, where it had been placed in accordance -with Washington’s express wish. Nevertheless, a vault appears to have been -prepared beneath the center of the Dome and Rotunda of the Capitol and beneath -the floor of the crypt.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page200">[200]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo213.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">PLAN OF THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT, BY ROBERT MILLS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page201">[201]</span></p> - -<p>In 1833 a group of public-spirited citizens organized the Washington National -Monument Society, for the purpose of erecting “a great National Monument to -the memory of Washington at the seat of the Federal Government.” The first -meeting was held on September 26, 1833, in the city hall, now the District of -Columbia Supreme Court Building. Chief Justice John Marshall, then 78 years -of age, was chosen the first president of the society. The population of the United -States had grown from 3,329,214 in 1790 to 12,866,020 in 1830, with 28 States in -the Union at that time. In 1835 the president of the society, John Marshall, died -and was succeeded in the office by ex-President James Madison, who took steps to -inaugurate a national campaign to secure contributions through agents appointed -to collect funds. Upon the death of Mr. Madison the society amended its constitution -so that thereafter the President of the United States should be ex officio -its president. The first to so occupy the office was Andrew Jackson.</p> - -<p>The progress of the society was at first slow, and in 1836 only about $28,000 -had been collected. In 1836 advertisements were published by order of the society -inviting designs from American artists, but no limitation was placed upon the form -of the design. It was determined by the society, and so recommended, that any -plans submitted should “harmoniously blend durability, simplicity, and grandeur.” -The estimated cost for the proposed monument was not less than $1,000,000. A -great many designs were submitted, but the one selected among the number was -that of Robert Mills, a well-known and eminent architect of that period. This -plan was published. It is the design of an obelisk 500 feet high and 70 feet at the -base, rising from a circular colonnaded building 100 feet high and 250 feet in diameter, -surrounded by 30 columns of massive proportions, being 12 feet in diameter -and 45 feet high. There was to be an equestrian group over the portal. The interior -was designed to be “a spacious gallery and rotunda,” which was to be a -national pantheon, adorned by statues of the Colonial Fathers, paintings commemorative -of battle scenes of the Revolution, and a colossal statue of George -Washington. The feature of the pantheon surrounding the shaft was never formally -adopted by the society as a part of the Monument. Its first purpose was to -secure the necessary funds for the shaft.</p> - -<p>By December 10, 1838, the funds of the society had reached $30,779.84, and -the following year a restriction of a contribution to the sum of $1 appears to -have been removed. In 1846 the society, through its ex officio president, James -K. Polk, made another appeal, stating the society wished to proceed with the -erection of the Washington Monument, and it was hoped legislation would be -enacted at the following session of Congress to provide a location for it. By a -resolution adopted February 29, 1847, the United States consuls abroad were also -invited to solicit subscriptions “for the erection of a suitable National Monument -to the memory of Washington from American citizens, seamen, and others of liberal -patriotic feelings.” In that year the fund was increased to $70,000. Congress -thereupon, in January, 1848, granted authority for the erection of the Washington<span class="pagenum" id="Page202">[202]</span> -Monument on public reservation No. 3, on the plan of the city of Washington, -containing upward of 30 acres, where the Monument now stands, near the Potomac -River, west of the Capitol and south of the President’s house. As has been -related, the actual location of the Monument was fixed at a point more east and -south of the position indicated in the plan of L’Enfant, because it was somewhat -more elevated ground and regarded more secure for the foundation. The original -intersection had been marked by Thomas Jefferson by a small monument, known -as the Jefferson pier. In the McMillan Park Commission plan of 1901 the site of -this pier is indicated for a circular pool.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo215.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT UNDER CONSTRUCTION, 1872</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>On July 4, 1848, under a bright sky, in the presence of the President and Vice -President of the United States, Senators and Representatives in Congress, heads -of the executive departments and other officers of the Government, the judiciary, -representatives of foreign governments, military organizations, associations of -many descriptions, delegations from the States and Territories and from several -Indian tribes, the corner stone was laid. Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Speaker of -the House of Representatives, delivered the oration. Three distinguished persons -of George Washington’s time were present on this notable occasion: Mrs. Dolly<span class="pagenum" id="Page203">[203]</span> -Madison; Mrs. Alexander Hamilton, widow of the first Secretary of the Treasury; -and George Washington Parke Custis, the adopted son of George Washington.</p> - -<p>The corner stone laid, the society began operations to lay foundations and to -raise the shaft. Every precaution was taken to test the understrata where the -foundations were laid. At a depth of 20 feet a solid bed of gravel was reached; -the strata were found to be very compact, requiring a pick to break them up.</p> - -<p>By January, 1853, the Monument was 126 feet high, and in about six years -from the date of the laying of the corner stone it had reached the height of 152 -feet. During this period the society continued most actively at work in the raising -of funds to carry the Monument forward. In 1854, however, an act occurred at -the Monument which created much indignation and public discussion through -the country. A block of marble, which had originally stood in the Temple of -Concord at Rome, and which had been sent by the Pope to be set in the wall of -the Monument, was stolen, and no trace of it was ever found. At the time contributions -of stones from societies, municipalities, and the several States were being -encouraged, so the Pope’s stone was not an unusual gift. The disappearance of -the stone angered and estranged a large body of citizens and discouraged the collection -of public contributions, so that all construction work ceased. By 1854, -$230,000 had been spent on the structure, and funds for it were now exhausted. -In 1859 Congress passed an act incorporating the Washington National Monument -Society for the purpose of completing the Monument. In 1869 Senator -Nye introduced a bill to insure completion of the Monument, and several like -bills were introduced during the next few years. On February 22, 1873, a -committee of the House of Representatives recommended an appropriation of -$200,000. It was estimated that $700,000 would be required to finish the shaft, -constructing also a suitable base, and that the work would be completed by -July 4, 1876, the one hundredth anniversary of American independence. -This gave the needed impetus to the completion of the project.</p> - -<p>Vigorous campaigns for funds were conducted in the States, and campaign -meetings were held in several large cities. In June, 1876, the society published -a further appeal, signed by its officers. President Grant was ex officio president -of the society at the time. On August 2, 1876, Senator John Sherman offered a -concurrent resolution in the Senate that the Monument to commemorate the -achievements of George Washington in behalf of the Republic be completed -during the centennial year. A bill appropriating $200,000 for the project was -approved by the President that day. At the same time a special board of officers -was detailed from the Corps of Engineers to investigate and report on the -sufficiency of the foundations.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page204">[204]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo217.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">UNCOMPLETED WASHINGTON MONUMENT AS IT APPEARED FROM 1852 TO 1878</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page205">[205]</span></p> - -<p>The board appointed in 1876 reported that the foundations were not sufficient, -and the first work undertaken by the Government consisted in underpinning -the structure. This was accomplished under the direction of Lieut. Col. Thomas -Lincoln Casey, afterwards Chief of Engineers, United States Army, who was -the engineer in charge of construction of the State, War, and Navy Building -at the time, and later of the Congressional Library Building. Colonel Casey was -assisted by Capt. George W. Davis, United States Infantry, later major general, -who was afterwards relieved by Bernard R. Green, C. E. The work of excavating -beneath the Monument was commenced January 28, 1879, and the new foundation -was finished May 29, 1880. Colonel Casey stated in his report:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>The project or design of the work is an obelisk 550 feet in height, faced with white marble and -backed with dressed granite rock. Of this structure 156 feet is already finished.</p> - -<p>The base of the Monument is 55 feet square, the top will be 34 feet 6 inches square, and it will -be crowned with a pyramidion, or roof, 50 feet in height.</p> - -<p>The proportions of the parts of this obelisk are in exact accordance with the classic proportions -of parts of this style of architecture, as determined after careful research by Hon. George P. -Marsh, American minister at Rome.</p> - -<p>The shaft as proportioned, both in dimensions and weight, will be entirely stable as against -winds that could exert a pressure of 100 pounds or more per square foot upon any face of the -structure.</p> - -<p>The project includes the preparation of the foundation so as to enable it to carry this structure. -This preparation or strengthening consists in making the existing foundation wider and deeper, in -order to distribute the weight over a greater area, and in bringing upon each square foot of the -earth pressed no greater weight than it is known to be able to sustain.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The mass of concrete beneath the old foundation is 126 feet 6 inches square, -13 feet 6 inches in depth, and extends 18 feet within the outer edge of the old -foundation and 23 feet 3 inches beyond this line. In placing this work, 70 per cent -of the area of the earth upon which the Monument was standing was removed.</p> - -<p>The second part of the strengthening of the foundation consisted in constructing -a continuous buttress beneath the shaft and extending out upon the concrete -slab, so as to distribute the pressure over the foundation. In this operation sections -of the rubble masonry were removed and replaced with concrete. As compared -with the original bulk of the old foundation, 51 per cent of its contents was -removed and 48 per cent of the area of the base of the shaft undermined. The -new foundation rests on a bearing surface 126 feet 6 inches square, or 16,002 -square feet, as compared with 6,400 square feet for the old foundation.</p> - -<p>The entire work of underpinning was accomplished without causing the -slightest crack or the least opening in any joint of that portion of the Monument -already constructed, which, including the foundation, was 80 feet square at its -base. The new foundation rests upon a bed of fine sand 2 feet in thickness, below -which is a bed of bowlders and gravel. Borings were made in this deposit for a -depth of 18 feet without passing through it. Thus, as completed, the new foundation -covers two and a half times as much area and extends 13¹⁄₂ feet deeper -than the old one, being 36 feet 10 inches in depth. The bottom of the work is -only 2 feet above the level of high tide in the Potomac. No settlement has -occurred to date.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page206">[206]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo219.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT AS SEEN FROM THE MALL GROUNDS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page207">[207]</span></p> - -<p>Work was resumed on the shaft in 1880. The first 13 courses—26 feet—were -faced with white marble from Massachusetts. The remainder is Maryland -white marble similar to that used in the lower section. The new work was -backed with dressed New England granite to the 452-foot elevation, above -which the walls are entirely of marble, of through-and-through blocks, and from -the 470-foot level, where the ribs of the pyramidion begin, the courses are secured -to each other by mortise and tenon joints cut in the builds and beds of the stone. -During the working season of 1880, 26 feet were added to the shaft; in 1881 there -were added 74 feet; in 1882, 90 feet; in 1883, 70 feet; in 1884, 90 feet. These -additions brought the walls of the shaft to a height of 500 feet on August 9, 1884. -The pyramidion topping the shaft is supported on 12 marble ribs, which spring -from the interior faces of the walls of the well, beginning at the 470-foot level. -The covering slabs are 7 inches in thickness and are supported upon projections -or spurs on the marble ribs. The pyramidion has a vertical height of 55 feet 5¹⁄₈ -inches and consists of 262 separate stones. The weight of the pyramidion is -300 tons. The capstone, which weighs 3,300 pounds, was set in place on December -6, 1884. Over it is a small pyramid of pure aluminum 5.6 inches at its base, 8.9 -inches high, and weighs 100 ounces, the largest piece of this metal ever cast in -any country to that time. The following inscriptions appear on the four faces -of the aluminum capstone:</p> - -<p class="inscription">JOINT COMMISSION AT SETTING OF CAPSTONE:<br> -CHESTER A. ARTHUR, M. E. BELL, EDWARD CLARK, JOHN NEWTON,<br> -ACT OF AUGUST 2, 1876.</p> - -<p class="inscription">CORNER STONE LAID ON BED OF FOUNDATION JULY 4, 1848.<br> -FIRST STONE AT HEIGHT OF 152 FEET LAID AUGUST 7, 1880.<br> -CAPSTONE SET DECEMBER 6, 1884.</p> - -<p class="inscription">CHIEF ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT, COL. THOMAS LINCOLN CASEY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS.<br> -ASSISTANTS: GEORGE W. DAVIS, CAPTAIN FOURTEENTH INFANTRY;<br> -BERNARD GREEN, CIVIL ENGINEER; MASTER MECHANIC, P. H. MCLAUGHLIN.</p> - -<p class="inscription">LAUS DEO.</p> - -<p>The entire height has been made slightly greater than ten times the breadth of -the base, producing an obelisk that for grace and delicacy of outline is not excelled -by any of the larger Egyptian monoliths, while in dignity and grandeur it surpasses -any that can be mentioned. The Monument tapers one-fourth of an inch to -the foot, being 15 feet thick at the base and 18 inches thick at the top of the shaft. -When the capstone was set in place a salute was fired by artillery stationed near -the base, while the national flag was unfurled to the breeze in the rigging far -above. The cost of the Monument was $1,300,000. To the criticism that the -obelisks of old were monoliths, the reply was made that this Monument to Washington -will not be less significant or stately because of being made up of many -separate stones, for our country has been proud to give examples of both political -and material structures which owe their strength to union; and this Monument -embodies the idea of our national motto, E Pluribus Unum.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page208">[208]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo221.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page209">[209]</span></p> - -<p>With a view of having the States of the Union properly represented in the -Monument the society extended an invitation for each State to furnish for insertion -in the interior walls a block of marble or other durable stone—a production -of its soil—of the following dimensions: 4 feet long, 2 feet high, and with a bed of -from 12 to 18 inches, the name of the State to be cut thereon in large letters, and if -desirable to the donor, the State’s coat of arms also. Later, this invitation to -contribute memorial blocks of stone was extended to embrace such a gift from a -foreign government. In response to these invitations many rich and durable -blocks of stone were received which now adorn the interior walls of the shaft (in -1929 the memorial stones numbered 187) from all parts of the world, including -one from the Parthenon at Athens, the ruins of ancient Carthage, and the tomb -of Napoleon at St. Helena. These memorial stones begin at a height of 30 feet -and end at 290 feet.</p> - -<p>Great preparations were made for dedication of the Monument. This took -place on February 21, 1885, with Hon. John Sherman, chairman of the commission, -presiding. Several descendants and relatives of the Washington family -were present. The orator of the day was again the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, -who as Speaker of the House of Representatives had delivered the -oration at the laying of the corner stone July 4, 1848. His oration on this occasion -was read, as illness prevented him from being present. Among those in Washington -to-day who witnessed the dedication is Hon. William Tyler Page, then -serving as a page in the House; later becoming Clerk of the House of Representatives -and executive secretary of the George Washington Bicentennial Commission. -Thus when we are reminded of the three friends of George Washington -who were present at the corner-stone laying of the Washington Monument we -must indeed admit that we even of this day are not far removed from him and his -times, and that our Republic is still young, though greater achievements have -been wrought in the past 100 years than in the previous 1,000 years of the -world’s history.</p> - -<p>The efforts of the Washington National Monument Society had at last been -realized, and the American people beheld the consummation of their desire—a -great monument erected at the seat of the Federal Government to the name and -memory of George Washington.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page210">[210]</span></p> - -<p>The interior is lighted by electricity, affording an opportunity to see the -memorial stones. Ascent is made by means of an elevator and an iron stairway, -supported by 8 vertical iron columns—4 columns terminating at a height of -500 feet and 4 within the roof at 517 feet—which sustain the elevator machinery -above. The iron stairway consists of short flights, strung along the -north and south sides of the wall, connecting with iron platforms 4 feet 8 inches -wide (to a height of 150 feet) and 7 feet 10³⁄₄ inches wide, 20 feet apart on a side, -and extending along the east and west walls. There are 50 flights and 900 -steps. From these steps and platforms the inscriptions may be read.</p> - -<p>In 1926 a new elevator was installed. It is of the electrically driven, gearless, -single wrap, traction type, with a speed of 500 feet per minute and a lifting -capacity of 6,000 pounds, exclusive of the weight of the car and cables. It is -equipped with a micro-leveling device, which insures exact leveling of the car at -landings and also makes possible the operation of the elevator at slow speed in -case of failure of the main motor, thus eliminating the danger of stalling the car -between landings. It accommodates 30 persons and makes 12 trips per hour. -There are 8 windows at a height of 504 feet above ground—2 windows in each -of the 4 faces of the pyramidion—4 feet above the 500-foot landing. These -windows measure 18 inches by 3 feet on three sides, and on the east side 2 feet -by 3 feet. Looking to the east from the windows one sees the stately Capitol; to -the north, across the President’s Park, the beautiful mansion of the Chief Magistrate; -to the northeast, the Soldiers’ Home; to the northwest, the great residential -section, the Naval Observatory, and the Washington Cathedral; to the west -the beautiful Potomac River, as it winds its way for miles past the city, and -Arlington National Cemetery, the Nation’s most sacred resting place for those -who served in defense of their country; and as we follow the Potomac southward -there is Alexandria, 6 miles beyond, and in the faint distance Mount Vernon, -where is the tomb of the immortal Washington. And on that lofty height, the -greatest single piece of masonry in the world, we think also of other high structures—the -Empire State Building, with 86 stories, 1,248 feet; Chrysler Building, -68 stories, 1,046 feet; Bank of Manhattan, 65 stories, 838 feet; Woolworth Tower -60 stories, 792 feet; Metropolitan Life Insurance Building, 700 feet; The New -York Life Insurance Building, 610 feet, at the site of the former famous Madison -Square Garden; Singer Tower, 612 feet; spires of Cologne Cathedral, 524 feet; -spire of Old St. Paul’s, London, 508 feet; Pyramids of Cheops, 480 feet; Book -Tower, Detroit, 472 feet; Victoria Tower, Westminster, 325 feet; Statue of Liberty, -317 feet; Bennington Battle Monument, 306 feet; the Capitol, 287 feet; -Bunker Hill Monument at Boston, 221 feet. In 1890 Daniel H. Burnham completed -the Masonic Temple, in Chicago, “the tallest building in the world,” 21 -stories high, among the first of all-steel construction. In New York City the<span class="pagenum" id="Page211">[211]</span> -caisson for high-building foundation work was first adopted in the Manhattan -Life Insurance Building, near Exchange Place on Broadway, in 1894. Built on a -foundation of bedrock 55 feet below the surface, the structure of 18 stories was -built 350 feet in height from the sidewalk.</p> - -<p>The masonry constructed by the Government is the best known to the engineering -art, and the weight is so distributed that, subject to a wind pressure of -100 pounds per square foot on any face, corresponding to a wind velocity of 145 -miles per hour, the Monument would have a large factor of safety against overturning. -The entire weight is 81,120 tons. The weight of the foundations is -36,912 tons, and there is a maximum pressure on the underlying soil of 9 tons -per square foot.</p> - -<p>In the morning the Monument catches the first rays of the sun. In stormy -weather the top stands like a mountain peak, immovable, as seen amidst clouds. -So, indeed, does the great and noble Washington overtower all of his contemporaries -of the Revolutionary War and the formative period of this Republic. The -Washington Monument has been fittingly described as typifying the character of -George Washington—lofty in its grandeur, plain in its simplicity, and white in -its purity. The following is a quotation from the oration of Speaker Winthrop -delivered at the laying of the corner stone on July 4, 1848:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>Lay the corner stone of a monument which shall adequately bespeak the gratitude of the whole -American people to the illustrious Father of his Country. Build it to the skies; you can not outreach -the loftiness of his principles! Found it upon the massive and eternal rock; you can not make -it more enduring than his fame. Construct it of peerless Parian marble; you can not make it purer -than his life. Exhaust upon it the rules and principles of ancient and modern art; you can not make -it more proportionate than his character.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<h3>SOLDIERS’ HOME</h3> - -<p>In the United States the founding of a soldiers’ home dates from March 3, -1851, when an act of Congress was passed and approved “to found a military -asylum for the relief and support of invalid and disabled soldiers of the Army of -the United States.” For years before this, however, the principal officers of the -Army, particularly Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott, had given the subject attention -and had made special efforts to procure the needed legislation. In February, 1848, -General Scott transmitted to the Secretary of War a draft for $100,000 as part of -the tribute levied by him on the City of Mexico for the benefit of the Army, and -he expressed the hope that it might be allowed to go to the credit of an Army -asylum.</p> - -<p>This home for the Regular Army was established in the District of Columbia -in 1851-52. It is located about 3 miles due north from the Capitol. The -original purchase of land was 256 acres. Additional tracts added since the -original purchase make a total of 500³⁄₄ acres.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page212">[212]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo225.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">UNITED STATES SOLDIERS’ HOME</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page213">[213]</span></p> - -<p>The south part of the main building is named for Gen. Winfield Scott, the -founder of the home; the addition on the north for Gen. William T. Sherman. -Constructed of white marble; it was commenced in 1852 and completed in 1891; -is of Norman Gothic design, 251¹⁄₂ feet long by 158¹⁄₂ feet wide, and has a clock -tower; it will accommodate 370 members and contains a library and billiard hall.</p> - -<p>The old homestead building near to and west of the Scott Building is named -after Gen. Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter renown, to commemorate the fact -of his early advocacy of and great interest in the establishment of the home. It -was the home of the first members and has frequently been used as the summer -residence of the President. President Buchanan occupied it in 1856-1860, President -Lincoln in 1861-1864, President Hayes in 1877-1880, and President Arthur -in 1882-1884. President Garfield thought of occupying it in the summer of 1881.</p> - -<p>The eastern building—especially for members—was the first erected and is -called the King Building, after Surg. B. King, for 13 years the attending surgeon -and secretary and treasurer of the home.</p> - -<p>The brick quarters northwest of the Sherman Building, erected in 1883, is -called the Sheridan Building, in honor of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, who was the -president of the board of commissioners when the building was erected.</p> - -<p>More recently built structures are the Grant Building, completed in 1911, of -white marble, accommodating 272 members and containing the hall of the general -mess, mess kitchen, and cold storage.</p> - -<p>Stanley Hall, named for a former governor of the home, was completed in -1897, and is the general amusement hall, seating about 700 persons.</p> - -<p>A neat chapel, built of red stone, was completed in 1871. Religious worship—Protestant -and Roman Catholic—is regularly observed.</p> - -<p>A well-designed hospital was completed in 1876 and is known as the Barnes -Building. The Forwood Building and the La Garde Building have since been -added. The maximum capacity of the present hospital is 500 beds. It is not only -for the sick, but is an infirmary for the aged and helpless members.</p> - -<p>The home maintains a library of 20,385 volumes, with newspapers and magazines, -which are added to yearly as funds will permit.</p> - -<p>A portion of the spacious grounds is cultivated for the benefit of the home; -but the largest part is woodland, and through it all, taking advantage of its topography, -nearly 10 miles of graded macadamized roads have been constructed, winding -through groves of selected trees of native and foreign varieties and over the -open ground, commanding fine views of the city, the Potomac River, and the -surrounding country for miles. The park is open to the public.</p> - -<p>Soldiers of 20 years’ service, and men, whether pensioners or not, who disabled -by wounds or disease in the service and in the line of duty and have been -honorably discharged from the Army are admitted to the home.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page214">[214]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo227.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">CABIN JOHN BRIDGE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page215">[215]</span></p> - -<h3>CABIN JOHN BRIDGE</h3> - -<p>Erected about 1860 by Gen. Montgomery G. Meigs, this bridge spans Cabin -John Run, about 7 miles northwest of Washington. It is a part of the aqueduct -system, and the arch spanning the stream is 220 feet across at the base and 105 -feet in height. The entire length of the bridge is 584 feet. The thickness of the -bridge above the arch is 14¹⁄₂ feet, and it is 20 feet in width. Until a few years ago -it was the largest stone arch in the world.</p> - -<h3>FORD’S THEATER</h3> - -<p>Ford’s Theater Building, in which President Lincoln was assassinated while -attending a performance on the night of April 14, 1865, is on the east side of -Tenth Street between E and F Streets NW.</p> - -<p>The building was originally a Baptist Church and used as such for more than -15 years. It was used as a theater less than three years—from 1862 to 1865—and -never as such after the night of the assassination. Taken over immediately by -Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, it was made over into a 3-story building for -use of the War Department and was so used for many years. Now it is a Government -building, housing in part a portion of the Oldroyd collection from the -Lincoln museum. On April 9, 1893, while repairs were being made, the three -floors collapsed, killing 22 clerks and injuring 68.</p> - -<p>The residence of Harry C. Ford, who was manager of the theater for his -father, John T. Ford, stood adjacent to the theater on the right.</p> - -<h3>LINCOLN MUSEUM AND THE OLDROYD -COLLECTION OF LINCOLNIANA</h3> - -<p>Across the street from Ford’s Theater stands a red brick house (No. 516 -Tenth Street NW.) to which President Lincoln, after being shot about 10.30 -o’clock on the night of April 14, 1865, was carried and where, after an interval of -9 hours, he died at 22 minutes after 7 o’clock the following morning without -regaining consciousness.</p> - -<p>The room to which the martyred President was brought is a little front one -on the main floor. In size and simplicity it was a room like that of the log cabin -in Kentucky in which the great man was born. As a man of the people, though -they had elevated him to the highest position the Nation could bestow on any of -its citizens, he died amidst simple surroundings as one of them.</p> - -<p>The house was purchased by the United States Government in 1897 for $30,000; -the Oldroyd Lincoln Memorial Collection was purchased for $50,000 and taken -over by the Government September 1, 1926. It is now under the jurisdiction -of the National Park Service, and is visited by many thousands each year.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page216">[216]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo229.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Leet Brothers</i></p> - -<p class="caption">FORD’S THEATER</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page217">[217]</span></p> - -<div class="container w35emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo230.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE HOUSE IN WHICH PRESIDENT LINCOLN DIED</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page218">[218]</span></p> - -<p>Mr. Oldroyd gathered in the course of 50 years upward of 3,000 articles pertaining -to the martyred President. These can be seen by visitors to the house. -The room in which Abraham Lincoln died has been kept as nearly as possible -as it was when Lincoln passed away and when Stanton said, “Now he belongs -to the ages.”</p> - -<p>The following are some of the articles that can be seen: Wreaths that lay upon -the casket in Washington and at the final burial in Springfield, Ill., and a rose -taken from his bosom just before the casket was closed—faded, but hermetically -sealed in a small glass case, it still appears a rose. There is also in the house furniture -used by Mrs. Lincoln in Springfield, including her cookstove; the plain office -desk and chair Abraham Lincoln used while practicing law with William H. -Herndon; a plain black and white shawl that he wore in place of an overcoat, as -men did in those days; the last bit of writing he did; the Bible his mother, Nancy -Hanks, gave to him before she died, when he was not yet 9 years of age, and from -which he was taught to read; the desk upon which much of the Emancipation -Proclamation was written; also many documents, prints, and books describing -his life.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page219">[219]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XXI</span><br> -<span class="title">PUBLIC AND SEMIPUBLIC BUILDINGS</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<h3>THE CAPITOL</h3> - -<p>The site for the Capitol, or the Federal House, as selected by L’Enfant, is on -what was then known as Jenkin’s Hill, 88 feet above the level of the Potomac -River.</p> - -<p>The northwest cornerstone of the main building was laid on September -18, 1793, by President Washington with Masonic ceremonies. The building is -of Virginia sandstone from quarries on Aquia Creek.</p> - -<p>The north wing was finished in 1800 and the south wing in 1811. A wooden -passageway connected them. Congress convened there for the first time at the -second session of the Sixth Congress, which began November 17, 1800, and ended -March 3, 1801.</p> - -<p>The original designs were prepared by Dr. William Thornton, and the work -was done under the direction of Stephen H. Hallet, James Hoban, and George -Hadfield. Benjamin H. Latrobe was the architect. Washington and Jefferson -favored the classical type of architecture for the building, and it was adopted.</p> - -<p>On August 24, 1814, the interior of both wings was destroyed by fire set by -the British. Many books of the small Library of Congress housed in the building -at that time were burned, whereupon Congress purchased the library of Thomas -Jefferson at Monticello. The damage to the Capitol was immediately repaired.</p> - -<p>In 1818 the central portion of the building was commenced under the architectural -superintendence of Charles Bulfinch, architect, of Boston. The original -building was finally completed in 1827. Its cost, including the grading of the -grounds, alterations, and repairs, up to 1827, was $2,433,844.13.</p> - -<p>Because of the growth of the Republic, after half a century it became necessary -to build a Senate Chamber on the north and a House of Representatives -Chamber on the south. The cornerstone of the extensions to the Capitol which -increased it to its present size was laid on July 4, 1851, by President Fillmore. -Daniel Webster was the orator of the day. This work was prosecuted under the -direction of Thomas U. Walter, Architect of the Capitol until 1865, when he -resigned, and was completed under the supervision of Edward Clark. The -House extension was first occupied for legislative purposes December 16, 1857, -and the Senate extension January 4, 1859.</p> - -<p>The white marble used in the walls is from Massachusetts and that in the -columns from Maryland.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page220">[220]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo233.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Commercial Photo Co.</i></p> - -<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page221">[221]</span></p> - -<p>The entire length of the building from north to south is 751 feet 4 inches and -its greatest dimension from east to west is 350 feet. The area covered by the -building is 3¹⁄₂ acres.</p> - -<p>The Dome of the original central building was constructed of wood, covered -with copper. The present structure of cast iron was commenced in 1856, and -completed in 1865. The entire weight of iron used is 8,909,200 pounds.</p> - -<p>The Dome is crowned by the bronze Statue of Freedom, 19 feet 6 inches high -and weighing 14,985 pounds. It was modeled by the sculptor Thomas Crawford. -The height of the Dome above the base line of the east front is 287 feet 5 inches. -The height from the top of the balustrade of the building is 217 feet 11 inches. -The greatest diameter at the base is 135 feet 5 inches.</p> - -<p>The Rotunda is 97 feet 6 inches in diameter, and its height from the floor to -the top of the canopy is 180 feet 3 inches. The canopy overhanging the Dome, -portraying the Apotheosis of Washington, was painted by Brumidi.</p> - -<p>The Rotunda frieze, 65 feet above the floor, making a circle 300 feet in length -around the walls, illustrates important periods in American history.</p> - -<p>Paintings in the Rotunda are as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>The Landing of Columbus on San Salvador, October 12, 1492, by Vanderlyn.</p> - -<p>The Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto, 1541, by W. H. Powell.</p> - -<p>The Baptism of Pocahontas, Jamestown, Va., 1613, by John G. Chapman.</p> - -<p>The Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Delft-Haven, July 22, 1620, by Robert W. Weir.</p> - -<p>The Signing of the Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia, July 4, 1776, by John Trumbull.</p> - -<p>The Surrender of Burgoyne, Saratoga, October 17, 1777, by John Trumbull.</p> - -<p>The Surrender of Cornwallis, Yorktown, Va., October 19, 1781, by John Trumbull.</p> - -<p>The Resignation of General Washington, December 23, 1783, by John Trumbull.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The Senate Chamber is 113 feet 3 inches in length by 80 feet 3 inches in -width and 36 feet in height. The galleries will accommodate 682 persons. -The House of Representatives Chamber is 139 feet in length by 93 feet in -width and 36 feet in height. In 1800 the Chambers were lighted by lamps and -tallow candles, and the 142 Representatives were seated in chairs. To-day -there are 435 Members of the House of Representatives, in addition to 2 Delegates -and 2 Resident Commissioners, who are seated on benches, which are -arranged in a semicircle like those of the theater of Dionysius. To-day the -Capitol is lighted by electricity and equipped with a modern ventilating system.</p> - -<p>The room later occupied by the Supreme Court of the United States was -the Senate Chamber until 1859. Previous to that time the court occupied the -room immediately beneath, now used as a law library.</p> - -<p>Beautiful paintings by Brumidi, Trumbull, and others adorn the Capitol, and -many statues, gift of the States, may be seen in Statuary Hall, set apart as such -in 1864, being formerly the House of Representatives Chamber.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page222">[222]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo235.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL AT NIGHT</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page223">[223]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo236.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF FREEDOM</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page224">[224]</span></p> - -<p>Massive bronze doors by Rogers, depicting scenes from the life of Christopher -Columbus, are at the main entrance, the east, and open from the portico to the -Rotunda. They call to mind the Ghiberti doors in Florence.</p> - -<p>There are 24 columns of Maryland sandstone, 30 feet high, in the central -portico. Statues by Greenough and Persico flank the steps.</p> - -<p>The Capitol is to-day the most significant building in this country. Its -assessed value in 1930 for building and grounds was $45,000,000.</p> - -<p>On the east portico of the Capitol newly elected Presidents of the United -States take the oath of office.</p> - -<h4>STATUE OF FREEDOM</h4> - -<p>As has been stated, the Statue of Freedom surmounting the Dome of the Capitol -is the work of one of America’s great artists, Thomas Crawford. The modeling -was done in Rome, and at the time of his death, in 1857, he was endeavoring to -secure the necessary funds for the casting of it at the Royal Foundry at Munich. -On April 19, 1858, the plaster model was shipped from Leghorn, Italy, and after -a perilous voyage to New York it arrived in Washington in April, 1859. At that -time work on completion of the Capitol was proceeding under the supervision of -Thomas U. Walter, architect.</p> - -<p>On May 24, 1860, the Secretary of War, in a statement concerning the casting -of the statue stated that—</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p class="noindent">it will be cast by Clark Mills and he will be paid for his services and for the rent of his foundry -[at Mills Avenue toward Bladensburg, where the Andrew Jackson equestrian was cast in 1853] -and necessary expenses at the rate of $400 per month and that the material, fuel, labor, etc., will -be paid for by the Government.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>This arrangement had been entered into and the work had progressed to -quite an extent, when Captain Meigs, who had returned to duty at the Capitol, -issued a formal statement of the existence of war, on May 15, 1861, suspending -work on the Capitol extension and the new Dome. But subsequently, even -though the existence of war between the States handicapped the Government, -the necessary arrangements for completing the Dome and for casting the statue -were made. The statue was hoisted in place on the Dome amid a salute of 35 -guns on December 2, 1863.</p> - -<p>The original model of the statue may be seen to-day in the rotunda of the -Museum of History Building of the Smithsonian Institution.</p> - -<h4>BRONZE DOORS OF THE CAPITOL</h4> - -<p>These bronze doors, the central and most elaborate of the Capitol, were -modeled by Randolph Rogers at Rome in 1858, and cast at the Royal Bavarian -Foundry in Munich by Ferdinand von Muller, director, at a cost of $17,000. -Each of the doors is 19 feet high and 5 feet wide. They are surmounted by a -semicircular transom-panel or lunette representing the landing of Columbus in -the New World on October 12, 1492. The casing border is a decorative scheme -composed of anchors, rudders, and armor; four figures in low relief typify -Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. At the top of the casing arch is a bust of -Columbus.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page225">[225]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo238.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">BRONZE DOORS AT MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE CAPITOL, BY ROGERS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page226">[226]</span></p> - -<p>Each of the doors is separated into four panels, portraying scenes in alto-relief -from life of Columbus.</p> - -<p>The lowest panel on the left-hand door pictures Columbus before the Council -of Salamanca. Then follows his departure from the Convent of La Rabida for -the Spanish Court. The next is the audience before Ferdinand and Isabella, and -the last the sailing from Palos on the first voyage.</p> - -<p>The top panel on the right-hand door represents the first encounter with the -Indians. The next the triumphal entry into Barcelona. Then follows Columbus -in chains, and the last depicts the death of the discoverer.</p> - -<p>The borders of the separate doors each contain eight figures representing -prominent personages of the fifteenth century who played important parts in the -events connected with the discovery of America.</p> - -<h4>BRONZE DOORS OF THE SENATE WING</h4> - -<p>The bronze doors of the Senate wing were designed by Thomas Crawford, -sculptor, though the actual work of executing the plaster models was done by -William H. Rinehart. They represent Crawford’s last work as a sculptor. It -was first contemplated that one of the doors should be cast at the Royal Bavarian -Foundry in Munich and that the other door should be cast in this country. The -death of Thomas Crawford in 1857 and the subsequent occurrence of the Civil -War caused many of the plans to be changed. The doors, the first of that kind in -America, were finally cast in 1868 at Chicopee, Mass., by James T. Ames, and -the expense, $50,000, was far greater than was anticipated at the time when it -was planned to have the work done in this country. They weigh 14,000 pounds. -The sculptor, Rinehart, received about $9,000.</p> - -<p>Each of the doors consists of three panels and a medallion picturing events of -the Revolutionary War.</p> - -<p>The upper panel of the right-hand door contains a representation of the death -of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775; the center -panel shows General Washington rebuking Gen. Charles Lee at the Battle of -Monmouth, N. J., on June 28, 1778; the lower panel pictures the storming of a -redoubt at Yorktown, Va., led by Alexander Hamilton, on October 14, 1781; -the medallion at the bottom represents a conflict between a Hessian soldier and -a New Jersey farmer.</p> - -<p>The medallion at the bottom of the left-hand door represents Peace and Agriculture. -Above is a panel showing General Washington passing underneath an -arch of flowers at Trenton, N. J., while on his way to New York City to be -inaugurated as the first President of the United States; the middle panel represents -Washington taking the oath of office as President, which was administered -by Chancellor Livingston on April 30, 1789—the United States Supreme Court -had not as yet been organized, so that the oath could not be administered by the -Chief Justice. The top panel represents President Washington laying the corner -stone of the Capitol on September 18, 1793.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page227">[227]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo240.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">BRONZE DOORS AT THE SENATE WING, BY CRAWFORD</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page228">[228]</span></p> - -<h4>BRONZE DOORS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WING</h4> - -<p>The bronze doors of the House of Representatives resemble in general outline -and arrangement the bronze doors of the Senate. Each door consists of three panels -and a medallion picturing events in American history. The design is that of -Thomas Crawford, sculptor, but the modeling and completion was that of -William H. Rinehart. The models after being transported to this country remained -for a long time in storage and were finally cast by M. H. Mosman, at Chicopee, -Mass., who had succeeded to or continued the business organization of James T. -Ames, by whom the Senate doors were cast.</p> - -<p>The doors were installed in the autumn of 1905, the cost to the Government -being $45,000.</p> - -<p>The upper panel of the left-hand door portrays the Massacre of Wyoming, -July 17, 1778; the center panel the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775; the lower -panel presentation of flag to Gen. William Moultrie for his defense of Sullivans -Island, Charleston Harbor, June 28, 1776; and the medallion at the bottom shows -the death of General Montgomery in the attack on Quebec, December 31, 1775.</p> - -<p>The upper panel of the right-hand door depicts the reading of the Declaration -of Independence; the center panel the signing of the Paris treaty of peace -between the United States and Great Britain, September 3, 1783; the lower -panel Washington’s farewell to his officers at New York, December 4, 1783; and -the medallion at the bottom contains a seated figure of Franklin in his study.</p> - -<h3>THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES</h3> - -<p>Congress is one of the three coordinate branches of the United States Government. -It is the legislative branch and consists of a Senate, to which the Members, -two from each State, are elected for a term of six years; and the House of Representatives, -to which the Members are elected for a term of two years. The -membership is based on the population of the United States, and in January, 1939, -numbered 435 Members. The apportionment is made among the several States in -the ratio that the whole number of persons in each State bears to the total population -of the country. States arrange for their own congressional districts after the -number of Members of the House of Representatives from each State has been -determined upon. There are in the House, also, 2 Territorial Delegates—1 each -from Alaska and Hawaii—and 2 Resident Commissioners—1 from the Commonwealth -of the Philippines and 1 from Puerto Rico. They have the right to -debate but not to vote.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page229">[229]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo242.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">BRONZE DOORS AT THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WING, BY CRAWFORD</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page230">[230]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo243.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">SENATE CHAMBER</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page231">[231]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo244.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CHAMBER</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page232">[232]</span></p> - -<p>The Constitution provides that Congress shall assemble on January 3 of each -year (20th amendment); and each Congress usually consists of two sessions.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo245.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">SENATE OFFICE BUILDING</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The powers of Congress are set forth in Article I, section 8 of the Constitution, -which is divided into 18 clauses. The power to raise revenue originates in -the House of Representatives, which carries the burden in providing necessary -appropriations; the Senate has the power of confirming or rejecting appointments -made by the President and to ratify treaties. Measures are originated in the -form of bills or resolutions, which are thereupon referred to committees for -report before being introduced in the Senate or House of Representatives.</p> - -<p>The age requirement for eligibility as a Member of the House of Representatives -is 25 years, and for the Senate 30 years; each person must have been a citizen -of the United States for seven years and a citizen of the State from which elected.</p> - -<p>Members of Congress are by the Constitution granted exemption from arrest -under certain conditions while attending the sessions of their respective Houses -and in going to and returning from such sessions, “and for any speech or debate -in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.”</p> - -<p>The proceedings and debates in Congress are published in the Congressional -Record, which is printed daily at the Government Printing Office with such -rapidity that even though a session of Congress may continue until late in the -night a copy of the Record is at hand for each Member the following morning.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page233">[233]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo246a.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">OLD HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OFFICE BUILDING</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo246b.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">NEW HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OFFICE BUILDING</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>A bill or resolution, to become a law, must be passed by both the House of -Representatives and the Senate and approved by the President. If there are -points of disagreement in the Senate or House of Representatives in the enactment -of legislation, each body appoints conferees to settle the points in dispute. The -President has the power to veto a bill, but the measure can become law if reconsidered -and passed by both the Senate and the House of Representatives by a -two-thirds majority. Occasionally the President makes use of the “pocket -veto”; that is, if the bill was passed within 10 days (Sundays excepted) of the -adjournment of Congress, the President may retain (pocket) the bill, which is -thus killed at the end of the session without the interposition of a direct veto, and -without risking the chances of its passage over the veto. If the President does -not interpose the ordinary veto, a bill becomes law at the expiration of 10 days.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page234">[234]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo247.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">UNION STATION</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page235">[235]</span></p> - -<p>The President is given authority by the Constitution to convene either or -both Houses of Congress in extraordinary session.</p> - -<h3>SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OFFICE BUILDINGS</h3> - -<p>The Senate and House Office Buildings, the former flanking the Capitol to the -north and the latter to the south, were designed by Carrere & Hastings, architects, -and are in the classical style of architecture. A new House Office Building, -designed by the Allied Architects, Inc., of Washington, has recently been completed, -and also the East Wing of the Senate Office Building, designed by Wyeth -& Sullivan, architects of Washington. Each Senator is provided with offices -of from two to three rooms, and likewise each Representative, excepting a few -whose offices are in the Capitol.</p> - -<h3>UNION STATION</h3> - -<p>In the design of the station much thought was given to the architectural -features. Since Greece and Rome have furnished architectural inspiration for so -many of the public buildings of Washington, a freely interpreted classic may be -considered as the recognized architecture of these structures; and as the new -station was to be the monumental gateway to the National Capital, it seemed -fitting that the architectural motives should be drawn from the triumphal arches -of Rome. They inspired Mr. Burnham to design the Union Station as he did. -Construction work was begun in August, 1902, the terminal opened October -27, 1907, and was completed in April, 1908.</p> - -<p>Some of the elements entering into the design of the terminal were unique. -In most cities the probable future growth and nature of the traffic plays an important -part in the planning of a passenger terminal. Washington has very little -suburban traffic; and as it will never become a commercial center, the question -of providing for future growth was of minor importance. The main problem was -how to care for and provide against abnormal conditions, which arise at least once -every four years. The handling of inauguration crowds had always been a heavy -expense to the railroads, because they had to provide such elaborate temporary -facilities. On the other hand, to provide adequate permanent facilities meant -a large expenditure, with the attendant heavy carrying charges. On account -of the dilapidated condition of the passenger facilities owned by the companies, -and the urgent need of larger and better terminals, a union terminal seemed to -show advantages over the separate stations provided for in the acts of 1901.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page236">[236]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo249.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Commercial Photo Co.</i></p> - -<p class="caption">UNION STATION—CONCOURSE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page237">[237]</span></p> - -<p>The layout embraces every feature and facility involved in the construction -of a first-class terminal, including a depot building planned and constructed after -the most modern lines, and containing every feature for the convenience, comfort, -and pleasure of the traveling public; the most complete and up-to-date -facilities for conducting the business of a large railroad station; a main power -plant for furnishing power of every kind required for the successful operation of -the station and yards; a large and completely equipped express terminal for caring -for the express business handled by the companies; a modern commodious roundhouse -and shop layout for caring for repairs to equipment; the most complete interlocking -layout and intercommunication system ever constructed; one of the -most complete passenger-equipment yards ever built; and a track system covering -yards and main tracks within the passenger-terminal zone aggregating about 60 -miles of single track.</p> - -<p>The station building proper is 626 feet 10 inches long and 210 feet 9 inches -wide, exclusive of the space taken up by the columns in front of the central -pavilion or main portico. The front and ends are made up of groups of semicircular -arches characteristic of Roman architecture. The main portico or central -pavilion consists of 3 arches, each 29 feet 6 inches wide and 48 feet 9 inches high. -Flanking it on either side are 7 arches, each 12 feet 4 inches wide and 24 feet 8 -inches high, while the end pavilions are composed of arches 22 feet wide and 38 -feet 6 inches high.</p> - -<p>The west end is made up of 5 arches 19 feet 2 inches wide and 37 feet 7 inches -high, and 1 arch 12 feet 4 inches wide and 24 feet 8 inches high. The former are -used as exits for carriages from the carriage porch, the latter to carry out the open -portico treatment across the front. At the east end leading to the open portico -are 2 windows with arch treatment, and there are 5 arches 12 feet 6 inches wide -and 24 feet 8 inches high, 1 arch 22 feet wide and 38 feet 6 inches high, leading -to a carriage pavilion.</p> - -<p>The east pavilion leads to a suite of rooms for the use of the President and the -guests of the Nation, the west pavilion to the carriage porch at the west end of -the ticket lobby. The central and end pavilions are connected by a portico or -loggia from 14 feet 6 inches to 16 feet 6 inches wide, the portico and pavilions -forming a continuous covered porch the entire length of the structure, and affording -protection from the elements. The east and west wings of the building are -69 feet 7¹⁄₂ inches above the floor level, and the domes over the carriage entrances -are 78 feet 3¹⁄₂ inches above the same point. The dome over the main waiting room -is 122 feet 10 inches high.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page238">[238]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo251.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">UNION STATION—WAITING ROOM</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page239">[239]</span></p> - -<p>The concourse in the rear of the main building is 760 feet long and 130 feet -wide, exceeding by nearly nine feet the length of the Capitol. It is covered by a -segmental arched ceiling 45 feet high in the center and 22 feet at the springing -line above the main floor. About 40 per cent of the ceiling area is of glass, the -remainder is artistically coffered ornamental plaster. The concourse is divided by -the usual train fence into two sections, that on the station side being 83 feet and -that on the track side 47 feet wide.</p> - -<p>There are 32 tracks leading to the station—20 on the level of the waiting -rooms and 12 depressed below the street level a distance of 20 feet. Two tubes -of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. and Southern Railway Co., each 16 feet wide, -run from the station south along First Street between the Library of Congress -and the Capitol for about a mile. At the Fountain of Neptune the tunnel is 40 -feet below the surface. Approximately 285 trains enter and leave the railway -station each day; the daily number of passengers is approximately 30,000.</p> - -<p>The general waiting room has a clear width of 120 feet, is 219 feet long, exclusive -of the colonnades, and is covered by a Roman barrel-vaulted ceiling, its -highest point, exclusive of coffers, being 96 feet above the floor level. The -decorations are sunken panels patterned after the baths of Diocletian. It is -lighted by a semicircular window 72¹⁄₂ feet in diameter at the east end, by three -semicircular windows in the south side and five on the north side, each 27¹⁄₂ feet in -diameter, and by the glass roof over the ticket lobby at the west end. Imperial -Rome at her greatest did not possess a hall of such proportions.</p> - -<p>The Union Station is built of Vermont white granite. In the construction of -this massive building Mr. Burnham set a standard for civic improvement for the -construction of railroad terminals in this country.</p> - -<p>The complete architectural treatment of the front elevation of the station -includes six stone statues and four eagles, the former over the central pavilion, -and the latter over the carriage entrances at the east and west ends. This statuary -is placed in front of the great friezes over the main entrance arches and over -the carriage archways and, with the inscriptions in the panels between, have -been made a special architectural feature.</p> - -<p>Before the adoption of the scheme a number of suggestions for the subjects of -the statues and inscriptions were secured, ranging from the explorers and discoverers -of this country to the various inventors who have had most to do with -the development of transportation. The general architectural treatment of the -building, however, was such as to preclude the usual portrait statues. To make -them take their place as part of the architecture required that they be limited to -allegorical draped figures, forming simple, massive silhouettes against the vast -frieze. In the development of the complete scheme, embracing the subjects for -the statuary, with appropriate inscriptions in the intervening panels, the late<span class="pagenum" id="Page240">[240]</span> -Charles W. Eliot, former president of Harvard University, was consulted. The -result is an appropriate and adequate treatment of the decorative frieze over the -doorway of the vestibule to the Capital of the Nation.</p> - -<p>The general decorative features of the main entrance to the building consist of -six massive stone columns, two on each side and one in front of each pier supporting -the main arches. Upon pedestals on the tops of these columns the granite -statues, about 18 feet high, are placed, those on the west side of the entrance -representing Prometheus and Thales, typifying Fire and Electricity, those on the -east side Ceres and Archimedes, typifying Agriculture and Mechanics, while -Freedom and Imagination are depicted by the central figures. Those on the west -side represent two of the great forces connected with the operation of railroads, -while those on the east owe much of their development and wealth to the railroads. -The central figures typify the atmosphere of freedom in which the inventive -imagination has been able to accomplish such great results. The columns -flanking the carriage entrances are surmounted by stone eagles about 8 feet high.</p> - -<p>The following inscriptions are cut in the granite panels over the main entrance:</p> - -<div class="split5050"> - -<div class="left5050"> - -<p class="center highline2"><i>West</i> (<i>Prometheus and Thales</i>)</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">FIRE—GREATEST OF DISCOVERIES<br> -ENABLING MAN TO LIVE IN VARIOUS CLIMATES<br> -USE MANY FOODS—AND COMPEL<br> -THE FORCES OF NATURE TO DO HIS WORK</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">ELECTRICITY—CARRIER OF LIGHT AND POWER<br> -DEVOURER OF TIME AND SPACE—BEARER<br> -OF HUMAN SPEECH OVER LAND AND SEA<br> -GREAT SERVANT OF MAN—ITSELF UNKNOWN</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">THOU HAST PUT ALL THINGS UNDER HIS FEET</p> - -</div><!--left5050--> - -<div class="right5050"> - -<p class="center highline2"><i>Central</i> (<i>Freedom and Imagination</i>)</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">SWEETENER OF HUT AND OF HALL<br> -BRINGER OF LIFE OUT OF NAUGHT<br> -FREEDOM O FAIREST OF ALL<br> -THE DAUGHTERS OF TIME AND THOUGHT</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">MAN’S IMAGINATION HAS CONCEIVED ALL<br> -NUMBERS AND LETTERS—ALL TOOLS, VESSELS<br> -AND SHELTERS—EVERY ART AND TRADE—ALL<br> -PHILOSOPHY AND POETRY—AND ALL POLITIES</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">THE TRUTH SHALL MAKE YOU FREE</p> - -</div><!--right5050--> - -<p class="thinline allclear"> </p> - -</div><!--split5050--> - -<p class="center highline2"><i>East</i> (<i>Ceres and Archimedes</i>)</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">THE FARM—BEST HOME OF THE FAMILY—MAIN<br> -SOURCE OF NATIONAL WEALTH—FOUNDATION OF<br> -CIVILIZED SOCIETY—THE NATURAL PROVIDENCE</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">THE OLD MECHANIC ARTS—CONTROLLING NEW<br> -FORCES—BUILD NEW HIGHWAYS FOR GOODS<br> -AND MEN—OVERRIDE THE OCEAN—AND MAKE<br> -THE VERY ETHER CARRY HUMAN THOUGHT</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">THE DESERT SHALL REJOICE AND BLOSSOM<br> -AS THE ROSE</p> - -<p>In the panels over the entrances to the carriage porch and state apartment -the following inscriptions are cut:</p> - -<div class="split5050"> - -<div class="left5050"> - -<p class="center highline2"><i>Carriage Porch</i> (<i>south elevation</i>)</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">HE THAT WOULD BRING HOME THE<br> -WEALTH OF THE INDIES MUST CARRY<br> -THE WEALTH OF THE INDIES WITH HIM<br> -SO IT IS IN TRAVELLING—A MAN<br> -MUST CARRY KNOWLEDGE WITH HIM<br> -IF HE WOULD BRING HOME KNOWLEDGE</p> - -</div><!--left5050--> - -<div class="right5050"> - -<p class="center highline2"><i>State Apartment</i> (<i>south elevation</i>)</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">LET ALL THE ENDS THOU AIMEST AT BE<br> -THY COUNTRY’S, THY GOD’S, AND TRUTH’S,<br> -BE NOBLE, AND THE NOBLENESS THAT<br> -LIES IN OTHER MEN—SLEEPING BUT<br> -NEVER DEAD—WILL RISE IN MAJESTY<br> -TO MEET THINE OWN</p> - -</div><!--right5050--> - -<p class="thinline allclear"> </p> - -</div><!--split5050--> - -<p class="center highline2"><i>State Apartment</i> (<i>east elevation</i>)</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">WELCOME THE COMING<br> -SPEED THE PARTING GUEST</p> - -<p class="inscription unionstation">VIRTUE ALONE IS SWEET SOCIETY<br> -IT KEEPS THE KEY TO ALL<br> -HEROIC HEARTS AND OPENS YOU<br> -A WELCOME IN THEM ALL</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page241">[241]</span></p> - -<p>The decorations immediately in front of and along the sides of the east and -west entrances consist of stone balustrades upon which at proper intervals are -ornamental lamp posts.</p> - -<p>Immediately in front of the main entrance to the Union Station there are -three ornamental iron flagstaffs 110 feet in height, the ornamental base and -decorative portions of which are in bronze. These were designed by D. H. -Burnham & Co., architects of the Union Station.</p> - -<p>Since the completion of the Union Station in 1908 there have also been placed -on the Plaza the Columbus Memorial Fountain in front of the main entrance, and -two large fountains, one on each side of the memorial.</p> - -<p>All stone used in the decoration of the Plaza, except that in the bowls of -the fountains, is Vermont white granite, from the same quarry as that used in -the station building. The fountain bowls are of Maine green granite. The -upper bowls are 13 feet in diameter and cut from a single piece of stone; the -lower bowls are 22 feet 6 inches in diameter, the rims being made from eight -separate pieces of granite. The bottoms of these bowls are of reinforced concrete -and are lined with sheet lead.</p> - -<h3>WASHINGTON CITY POST OFFICE</h3> - -<p>The Washington City Post Office moved into its present quarters on September -5, 1914. The building faces on Massachusetts Avenue and extends from North -Capitol Street to First Street NE.</p> - -<p>At the time of occupancy it was considered the model post office for the rest -of the country, being provided with the most modern mail-handling equipment -that human ingenuity could devise. There are conveyor belts through a tunnel -under the streets for bringing the enormous amount of Government mail from the -Government Printing Office directly into the post office, where it is made up for -dispatch to trains; other belts for conveying mail from one section of the office -to another; bucket lifts for raising mail from a lower to a higher floor; gravity -chutes to send mail from an upper to a lower level; miniature trolley systems to -carry smaller amounts of mail, or even single important letters, from one section -of the workroom floor to another; and other devices to save footsteps of the -employees and conserve their time.</p> - -<p>The building is three stories above the ground level and two stories below. -The two upper floors and one of the lower ones are given over to Post Office -Department activities, such as the Postal Savings Division, the Division of -Stamps, the Division of Equipment and Supplies, and others. The building is so -constructed that the maximum of natural daylight is permitted to enter. It has -no heating plant of its own, being supplied with heat from the plant located at -First and E Streets SE. that supplies the Capitol, Senate and House Office -Buildings, and the Government Printing Office. The necessary pipes are brought -into the building through underground tunnels.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page242">[242]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo255.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON CITY POST OFFICE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page243">[243]</span></p> - -<p>There are approximately 6 acres of floor space available for the Washington -Post Office. This additional space was secured by a new addition. It was -thought at the time the post office moved into its new quarters that the floor space -provided would be ample to take care of all increases in the volume of mail for a -period of 50 years. In a few years the office far outgrew this space, and Congress -appropriated for an addition to the building about equal in size to the original -one. The construction of this addition cost $4,000,000.</p> - -<p>The original building cost $3,028,000, and the general style of the architecture -is that of the monumental work of Roman times and was designed by Peirce -Anderson, architect, to harmonize with the Union Station, which adjoins, and -to which it is connected by a covered bridge, over which mail to and from the -trains is trucked.</p> - -<p>The main exterior motive consists of an Ionic colonnade flanked by corner -pavilions treated with round arches, inclosed in a strong frame of columns and -pilasters and surmounted by solid attics carrying inscriptions as follows:</p> - -<p class="inscription">MESSENGER OF SYMPATHY AND LOVE<br> -SERVANT OF PARTED FRIENDS<br> -CONSOLER OF THE LONELY<br> -BOND OF THE SCATTERED FAMILY<br> -ENLARGER OF THE COMMON LIFE</p> - -<p class="inscription">CARRIER OF NEWS AND KNOWLEDGE<br> -INSTRUMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY<br> -PROMOTER OF MUTUAL ACQUAINTANCE<br> -OF PEACE AND OF GOOD WILL<br> -AMONG MEN AND NATIONS</p> - -<p>Many visitors to Washington will stop and read these inscriptions and, being -interested in the authorship thereof, will make inquiry concerning it. Research -shows that the originals were prepared by Dr. Charles W. Eliot, at that time -president of Harvard University, but that some slight changes were made in the -text by the late President Wilson to the extent of the alteration of some three or -four words. It is this revision that appears on the building.</p> - -<p>The material of the exterior of the building is Vermont white granite and is -the same as that used in the construction of the Union Station. The general treatment -of the main lobby, which is 250 feet in length, is that of a high cella, 30 feet -wide and 53 feet high, and surrounded by an order of pilasters in Tavernelle -marble. The adjoining vestibules are ornamented by 24 monolithic columns of -gray-green granite from New Hampshire. These columns are 2 feet and 4 inches -in diameter and 20 feet in height. The floor is of Tennessee marble, laid in patterns -of pinks and grays. The main lobby ceiling has an elaborate coffered design -inspired from the best period of the Italian Renaissance.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page244">[244]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo257.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">LIBRARY OF CONGRESS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page245">[245]</span></p> - -<p>The gross receipts of the Washington Post Office have increased from $1,792,917 -in 1914 to nearly $7,000,000 in 1938.</p> - -<p>In order to make postal facilities as easily accessible as possible, there are -located throughout the city 31 classified and 41 contract stations.</p> - -<p>To properly transport mail from the main office to the various stations, electric-line -terminals, steamboat wharves, and aviation fields, and to make collections -from the street letter boxes and deliver parcel-post packages, the office operates -a fleet of fully 100 Government-owned automobile trucks.</p> - -<p>Designed by Graham Anderson, Probst & White and built of white Vermont -granite, the addition was completed in 1937 and it doubled the size of the city -post office.</p> - -<h3>LIBRARY OF CONGRESS</h3> - -<p>The Library of Congress, the world’s largest and most elaborate building -devoted wholly to library uses, occupies two city squares east of and facing the -Capitol Grounds, also an addition recently completed.</p> - -<p>The architecture is of the Italian Renaissance order, from plans made by J. J. -Smithmeyer and Paul Pelz, and modified by Edward P. Casey. The exterior walls -are of New Hampshire granite. Fifty masters of painting and sculpture worked -together to make it a treasure house of the best contemporary American art, fit -to shelter one of the greatest libraries of the world. Army engineers superintended -its construction.</p> - -<p>Begun in 1886, completed in 1897, the building measures 340 feet by 470 feet -and covers about 3¹⁄₂ acres. Its cost to date has been $7,868,951. The addition -was designed by Pierson & Wilson, architects of Washington, and built of -Georgia marble.</p> - -<p>In front of the Library is a bronze fountain by Hinton Perry, sculptor, representing -the Court of Neptune.</p> - -<p>The grand stair hall of the entrance pavilion is of Italian white marble, is -particularly beautiful at night, when visitors delight to see it. It leads to the -great rotunda, which is the reading room. To the right are the library rooms of -Senators and Representatives and the periodical room. To the left are the rooms -for the blind and the conservatory of music.</p> - -<p>On the second floor at the head of the staircase is Elihu Vedder’s famous -mosaic, Minerva. On this floor also are on exhibition the original Declaration of -Independence, the original Constitution of the United States, and the Gutenberg -Bible. To the right is the prints division, now called the division of fine arts, and -to the left the manuscripts division.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page246">[246]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo259.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">LIBRARY OF CONGRESS—GRAND STAIRCASE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page247">[247]</span></p> - -<p>The reading room contains the card-index catalogue of the books in the Library, -will accommodate 1,000 readers at a time, and is free to any reader over 16 years -of age. The alcoves are devoted to books on particular subjects.</p> - -<p>The reading room is under the dome, which is 100 feet in diameter and 195 -feet high to the lantern. In the lantern of the dome is a female figure indicating -Human Understanding, and on the collar surrounding the lantern, 150 feet in -circumference, is the Evolution of Civilization, symbolic of the 12 nations and -epochs which have contributed to the world’s advance—both great works of art -by Edwin Howland Blashfield. The dome is beautifully decorated, and the series -of statues in bronze by famous American sculptors at intervals on the balustrade -encircling the rotunda make the scene impressive.</p> - -<p>The pillars in the rotunda are 40 feet high, the windows 32 feet wide.</p> - -<p>There are 16 bronze statues surrounding the railing of the gallery under the -dome, representing leaders in great fields of learning, as follows:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p><i>Religion</i>: Moses the great lawgiver, holding the Tables of the Law, given at Mount Sinai, -by Charles Henry Niehaus; St. Paul, with sword and scroll, by John Donoghue.</p> - -<p><i>Commerce</i>: Christopher Columbus, by Paul Bartlett; Robert Fulton, holding a model of his -first steamboat, Clermont, by Lewis Potter.</p> - -<p><i>History</i>: Herodotus, the “Father of History,” by Daniel Chester French; Edward Gibbon, -author of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by C. H. Niehaus.</p> - -<p><i>Art</i>: Michelangelo, by Paul Bartlett; Beethoven, by Theodor Bauer.</p> - -<p><i>Philosophy</i>: Plato, by John J. Boyle; Francis Bacon, by John J. Boyle.</p> - -<p><i>Poetry</i>: Homer, by Augustus Saint-Gaudens; Shakespeare, by Frederick W. MacMonnies.</p> - -<p><i>Law</i>: Solon, by F. Wellington Ruckstuhl; James Kent, by George E. Bissell.</p> - -<p><i>Science</i>: Newton, by Cyrus E. Dallin; Joseph Henry, by Herbert Adams.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>Numerous paintings, mosaics, and inscriptions adorn the interior walls. The -dark Tennessee, the red Numidia, and the shades of yellow Sienna marble give -the room a rich color effect.</p> - -<p>When the collection of a million books was moved from the crowded Capitol -it was believed that the increase for the next hundred years had been amply provided -for; but before 15 years had passed it had been found necessary to roof over -one of the four great open courts (more than a quarter of an acre in extent) and fill -it with a 10-story steel bookstack to hold 1,500,000 volumes. By 1927 another -court had been filled with a 14-story stack. Two years later four levels were -added to the first of these court stacks, making the two equal.</p> - -<p>To meet the great increase in the future, Congress appropriated for the purchase -of a square and a half of land to the eastward and the construction of an -annex building costing $9,300,000. To the annex will be transferred the copyright<span class="pagenum" id="Page248">[248]</span> -office, card division, printery, and bindery, but leaving room in it for eight or ten -million volumes of less active material, such, for example, as the 97,000 volumes -of bound newspapers. There are 20 acres of floor space in the new building.</p> - -<p>The Library’s resources for research are unsurpassed in the Western Hemisphere; -its service as a national library is unexcelled. The printed book collection -on June 30, 1938, totaled 5,591,000, surpassed in numbers only by that of the -Bibliothèque National in Paris, and increasing at a greater rate than those in any -other library. Last year 196,000 volumes were added.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo261.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ADDITION</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>Founded in 1800 by an act appropriating $5,000 for the purchase of “books -for the use of both Houses of Congress,” the Library continued, down to the -midpoint of its 139 years of history, to be no more than its name implies—a -collection for the use of the National Legislature. By 1865 the Library had -attained a growth of 82,000 volumes, which was notable among American libraries -neither in size nor in service rendered.</p> - -<p>The collections include the library of Thomas Jefferson (6,760 volumes, the -nucleus of the present collections, purchased for $23,950 in 1815), the Peter -Force and the Toner collections of American history, the Smithsonian Institution’s -unequaled collection of the proceedings of learned societies of the world, -the Yudin collection of Russian books (with later additions probably the largest -outside of Russia), the collection of John Boyd Thacher (fifteenth-century books, -and books on the French Revolution, early Americana, autographs of European -notables), the Schiff-Deinard collection of Hebrew literature, and 130,000 -Chinese books, understood to be one of the largest and best-organized collections -outside the Orient. Most notable among recent accessions is the Vollbehr collection -of 3,000 fifteenth-century books (incunabula), for whose purchase Congress -appropriated $1,500,000 in July, 1930. The gem of this group is the -Gutenberg Bible, one of the three extant perfect copies on vellum of the first -great book printed in Europe from movable type (A. D. 1450-1455).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page249">[249]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo262.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">LIBRARY OF CONGRESS—READING ROOM</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page250">[250]</span></p> - -<p>Manuscripts relating chiefly to American history are among the Library’s -greatest treasures. The reproducing by photography of manuscript materials for -American history in foreign archives and libraries, which since 1927 has formed -so significant a portion of the division’s work, has added more than 2,000,000 pages -to the resources which students of that history can use in Washington without -going to Europe.</p> - -<p>Chief among originals beyond all price are the Declaration of Independence, -the Constitution of the United States—both added in 1921—the personal papers -of President Washington, many Presidents, and other statesmen.</p> - -<p>The Library is rich in music. This collection numbers over 1,194,000 pieces -and volumes, surpassed only in two or three European libraries. An auditorium -of 500 seats, given and richly endowed by Mrs. Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge, -provides free concerts and lectures.</p> - -<p>Other notable groups are 1,400,000 maps and views; 542,000 engravings and -other pictorial reproductions, including the splendid Pennell collections; the law -library (404,000 volumes). The social and political sciences are represented by -890,500 volumes, language and literature by 350,000, history by 420,000, and pure -science by 265,500.</p> - -<p>The most recent important development in service is the division of aeronautics, -established through a benefaction of $140,000 from the Daniel Guggenheim Fund -for Aeronautics, now supplemented by an annual congressional appropriation.</p> - -<p>Special facilities for serious research include some 50 individual study rooms -and (elsewhere) 125 special desks or tables. Interlibrary loans for investigators -whose work is likely to advance the boundaries of knowledge are sent far and wide -through the United States and some abroad.</p> - -<p>There is a service for blind readers which last year loaned 42,000 volumes in -embossed type to some 3,000 readers in the United States.</p> - -<p>Printed catalogue cards, numbering 110,000,000, prepared by the Library for -its own catalogues, are sold at cost to some 6,300 other libraries, effecting for the -subscribers prodigious savings in their cataloguing bills but yielding a revenue to -the Treasury of $328,405.</p> - -<p>Until very recently Congress alone provided the funds to meet all the -Library’s expenses, excepting one gift of $20,000 received in 1904. But in 1925 -the Library of Congress Trust Fund Board was created by Congress, the Secretary -of the Treasury and the Librarian of Congress being ex officio chairman and -secretary of the board, respectively. The act authorized the board to receive and -invest funds for permanent endowments, and the Librarian to receive gifts of -money for immediate disbursement. Already endowments aggregating about -$2,000,000 and gift funds of $1,415,000 for immediate expenditure have been -received and have yielded an income from 1925 to 1938 of $726,000. These new -resources add to the bibliographic apparatus and support a project for developing -an archive of American folk song. One endowment yields $4,000 per year for the -purchase of recent Hispanic literature and employs a consultant to suggest items -for purchase in this particular field.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page251">[251]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo264.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE CONSTITUTION</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page252">[252]</span></p> - -<p>Six consultants, men of professional rank and experience, are engaged (without -any administrative duties) in advising the maturer users of the Library in their -investigations. This unique service is to be found nowhere else in libraries.</p> - -<p>Notable among gifts are those of John D. Rockefeller, jr.—one of $450,000 for -the acquisition in facsimile copies of source material for American history existing -in the archives of foreign countries, and another of $250,000 for the development -of a great union catalogue of important books in other American libraries.</p> - -<p>The scheme of classification, covering 5,000 printed pages, has been adopted -in 80 large libraries in America and Europe.</p> - -<p>Herbert Putnam, the Librarian, took office on April 5, 1899.</p> - -<p>The Library staff, organized in 30 divisions, consists of 1,055 persons, of whom -585 are doing library work proper; 136 handle the copyright business, which -since 1870 has been under direction of the Librarian; 204 constitute the building -force, which guards the building day and night, keeps it in beautiful order, -attends to heating, lighting, and ventilating the 15 acres of floor space, vacuum -cleans—the year round—the 162 miles of books, and looks after the countless -other mechanical matters. The remainder (111 persons) are printers and bookbinders -engaged on Library work, but under the Public Printer’s direction; 19 -are engaged on special projects.</p> - -<h3>FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY</h3> - -<p>When Henry C. Folger, of New York City, decided to build the library his -first thought was to have this monument to the glory of Shakespeare designed in -harmony with the architecture of Shakespeare’s time. However, the library being -in Washington, very near the Capitol, the House of Representatives and Senate -Office Buildings, and the Library of Congress (to which group was added the -Supreme Court Building), made it appear somewhat dangerous to introduce -Elizabethan architecture in such a classical frame.</p> - -<p>After a conference with Dr. Paul Cret, architect, and Alexander B. Trowbridge, -consultant, Mr. Folger agreed with this view, and a white marble structure of -classic design was agreed upon. However, if the façades of a building are part of the -scenery, once the door is passed, it is quite legitimate to harmonize -the interiors<span class="pagenum" id="Page253">[253]</span> -with the collections therein displayed. It was with this end in view that the -general plan was studied and adopted.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo266.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The requirements of the donor necessitated a reading room as free as possible -from disturbance, and to find, for the benefit of the public, a room where -could be displayed some selected material—books, prints, costumes, paintings, -and works of art relating to Shakespeare. An exhibition room and theater were -laid out to form a somewhat separated unit. The location of this reading room -on the courtyard side away from the street noise is also more favorable to study. -Below the reading room are two stories of stacks fully lighted by the courtyard.</p> - -<p>The exhibition hall and the reading room form the center of the plan. The east -wing is occupied by the lecture room-theater, which has its own lobby, and can be -used at night independently of the rest of the building. The retiring rooms and -dressing rooms are in the basement, and stairs lead to the balcony.</p> - -<p>The west wing is occupied by the administration. On the main floor are the -founder’s rooms and the offices of the director, his assistants, and clerks. On -the second floor are the library staff workrooms and five private study rooms for -scholars.</p> - -<p>The over-all size of the building is 226 feet by 111 feet. It rises to a height of -48 feet on a property 364 feet by 186 feet. Work was started in November 1929. -The façades were to harmonize in masses and material with classic Washington.<span class="pagenum" id="Page254">[254]</span> -A quiet modern Georgia marble façade, with silver grilles and balconies, was -designed, using, as principal decoration, a set of nine bas-reliefs illustrating -Shakespeare’s plays and some inscriptions emphasizing its purpose of memorial -to a great poet.</p> - -<div class="container w50emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo267.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">EXHIBITION HALL—FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>The sculptural theme is based on the following plays: Macbeth, Romeo and -Juliet, King Lear, Julius Caesar, Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of -Venice, Richard the Third, Hamlet, and Henry the Fourth. Their execution -was entrusted to John Gregory of New York. They are placed so as to have more -importance than the usual frieze—below each window of the exhibition room, at -the proper height for the passer-by, and along a marble terrace raised 3 feet above -the street level.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page255">[255]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo268.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page256">[256]</span></p> - -<h3>SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION</h3> - -<p>The Smithsonian Institution was established by act of Congress in 1846, -under the terms of the will of James Smithson, an Englishman, who in 1826 bequeathed -his fortune to the United States to found, at Washington, under the -name of the “Smithsonian Institution,” an establishment for the “increase and -diffusion of knowledge among men.” The Institution is legally an establishment, -having as its members the President of the United States, the Vice President, the -Chief Justice, and the President’s Cabinet. It is governed by a Board of Regents. -The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is its executive officer and the director -of its activities. The building was designed by James Renwick, architect.</p> - -<p>The regents are empowered to accept gifts without action of Congress, in -furtherance of the purpose of the Institution, and to administer trusts in accordance -therewith. Throughout its history, the Smithsonian Institution has conducted -and encouraged important scientific researches, explorations, and investigations, -which have contributed largely to the advancement of knowledge, and -thereby accomplishing the “increase of knowledge.” The “diffusion of knowledge” -is carried on through several series of publications based on its researches -and collections, through its museum and art gallery exhibits, and through an -extensive correspondence. The Smithsonian issues 13 series of scientific publications -which are distributed free to libraries, learned societies, and educational -institutions throughout the world. It also maintains a library of 876,000 volumes, -which consists mainly of transactions of learned societies and scientific -periodicals.</p> - -<p>The Institution has charge of the National Museum, the National Gallery of -Art, the National Collection of Fine Arts, the Freer Gallery of Art, the International -Exchange Service, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the National -Zoological Park, and the Astrophysical Observatory (with several field stations).</p> - -<p>The United States National Museum is the depository of the national collections. -It is rich in the natural history, geology, paleontology, archeology, and -ethnology of America, and has large and important collections illustrating American -history, including military and naval material, and also valuable series relating -to arts and industries. It is an educational and research museum and issues -scientific publications. Its aeronautical collection includes the airplane <i>The Spirit -of St. Louis</i>, deposited by Col. Charles A. Lindbergh in the spring of 1928.</p> - -<p>The National Gallery of Art is a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution created -by joint resolution of Congress approved March 24, 1937, as a result of the gift -of Andrew W. Mellon to the Nation of his art collection of masterpieces valued -at $50,000,000 and $10,000,000 to erect a building to house it. The above act -accepting Mr. Mellon’s gift provided that the art collections already in possession -of the Smithsonian Institution and therefore designated the National Gallery of -Art should thereafter be known as the National Collection of Fine Arts. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page257">[257]</span> -National Gallery of Art is administered for the Smithsonian Institution, in which -title is vested, by a Board of Trustees. The monumental marble building, -designed by John Russell Pope, is now under construction on the site on the -north side of the Mall between Fourth and Seventh Streets. (See <a href="#Page281">p. 281</a> for -illustration.)</p> - -<p>The Bureau of American Ethnology is engaged particularly in the collection -of information relating to the American Indians. The National Zoological Park -has an area of 175 acres and is located adjacent to Rock Creek Park. Its collection -comprises about 3,000 animals.</p> - -<h3>GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE</h3> - -<p>The Government Printing Office, in which the printing and bookbinding for -the various branches of the National Government is executed, is located on -North Capitol Street between G and H Streets NW. Covering almost a city -block with its eight-story, red-brick building, this plant is the best-equipped and -is reputed to be the largest printing office of its kind in the world.</p> - -<p>Printing for the Government of the United States was first mentioned during -the initial session of Congress, in 1789, in the form of a recommendation to that -body that proposals be invited for “printing the laws and other proceedings of -Congress.”</p> - -<p>The first specific appropriation for public printing was passed in 1794, when -an expenditure of $10,000 was authorized for “firewood, stationery, and -printing.”</p> - -<p>Between 1804 and 1814, Congress had no fixed policy in relation to printing. -A contract system by the lowest bidder was adopted. The plan prevailed for 5 -years but was very unsatisfactory, and Congress was compelled to look for a -better method. In December, 1818, both houses passed a resolution appointing -a joint committee to “consider and report whether any further provisions of law -are necessary to insure dispatch, accuracy, and neatness in printing the documents -of the two Houses of Congress.” The inquiries by this committee led them to -New York and Philadelphia, where they studied printing costs and methods, and -upon returning to Washington they made a report declaring most emphatically -for the establishment of a national printing office as the only means by which -Congress could secure necessary printing at reasonable costs.</p> - -<p>No definite action was taken on the report, with the result that for the next -forty-odd years the method of handling public printing was constantly changing. -Some years there was a “Printer to the Senate” and a “Printer to the House,” -both elected by a ballot of Congress, and in other years there was a “Superintendent -of Public Printing.” Altogether it was expensive and impractical, and -by act of Congress on June 23, 1860, a national printing office was authorized. -On February 19, 1861, $135,000 was appropriated, and with this money the -printing establishment of Joseph T. Crowell, located at H and North Capitol -Streets, Washington, D. C., was purchased, upon approval of the Joint Committee -on Printing. This building had been constructed in 1856 by Cornelius -Wendell, as a private office. The building at that time was 243 by 61¹⁄₂ feet, 4 -stories high, but by subsequent appropriations up to 1876 several additions were -made to the original structure.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page258">[258]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo271.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page259">[259]</span></p> - -<p>The plant, as taken over in 1861, employed between 300 and 400 persons and -evidently was, for that period, very complete. It consisted of a drying room, -pressroom, wetting room, job room, folding room, reading room, office, bindery, -machine shop, boiler house, and stable. Among some of the items of equipment -were 1 timepiece, 5 wrenches, one 40-horse engine, 104 pressboards, 2 wetting -tubs, and a large assortment of book and job type. The reading room had eight -armchairs, two pine desks, and one mahogany desk. The bindery had but few -machines, with only 2 ruling and 2 cutting machines, but the list carried 10 pairs -of shears, 4 bodkins, and other minor equipment. The pressroom had 23 Adams -presses and 3 cylinder presses. With the stable came two horses, one wagon, -and one carryall, and the boiler house had one 60-horse boiler, 525 feet of fire hose, -five buckets, etc.</p> - -<p>On March 23, 1861, President Lincoln appointed Hon. John Defrees, of Indiana, -as the Superintendent of Public Printing. He reported that at once the cost -of work decreased at least 15 percent from the old contract prices.</p> - -<p>On March 3, 1873, the printing of the debates of Congress, then known as -the Congressional Globe and handled under private contract, was taken over by -the Government Printing Office and thereafter became the Congressional Record.</p> - -<p>In 1876, Hon. A. M. Clapp, then Congressional Printer, was designated the -first Public Printer, at a yearly salary of $3,600. Composing rooms employed 520 -persons, pressroom 209, and bindery 591; in all, 1,361 persons were on the roll. -The total yearly pay roll was $786,493. It cost $188,198 to print the Congressional -Record in 1876, while binding of all kinds cost $402,069, paper $298,251, -and the total output of the Office was charged at $1,617,469. The total purchase -of machinery and equipment in that year was only $342.50.</p> - -<p>In 1878 the building known as the Globe Vault was purchased from the private -owner, together with the bound and unbound volumes of the Congressional -Globe and all the stereotyped plates. The price paid was $100,000.</p> - -<p>Fireproof extensions to the Government Printing Office were erected in 1879 -and 1880. In 1882 the first fire escapes were installed, and force pumps proved -such an attraction to the public that the apparatus had to be covered with canvas. -Bows and arrows were also provided which would enable life lines to be -“shot” through the upper windows.</p> - -<p>By the act of January 12, 1895, the Office of the Superintendent of Documents -was established in the Government Printing Office. Previously it was a part of<span class="pagenum" id="Page260">[260]</span> -the Interior Department. The principal functions of the office were the preparation -of the official catalogs and indexes of the Government and distribution and -sale of Government publications.</p> - -<p>The Office was placed under operation of the civil-service law August 1, 1895. -In the same year the Annex Building, formerly used by the Superintendent of -Documents, was constructed, and in the following year the Public Printer reported -the total floor space of the entire Office had increased to 8³⁄₄ acres.</p> - -<p>In 1898 Congress appropriated $190,000 for the purchase of ground occupied -by the present building. In 1899 the building was started. It was completed -about 4 years thereafter, at a cost of $2,430,000.</p> - -<p>In 1903 a small space in the Old Building was set aside as the “sick room.” Its -equipment consisted of a cot, blanket, and a small supply of medicines contributed -by the employees. This was the nucleus from which developed the first emergency -hospital in any Government establishment and was the initial step toward -scientific medical and surgical service. In 1907 an emergency room was installed -and an additional physician and matron were assigned to that service.</p> - -<p>The first linotype machine and the first monotype keyboard were installed in -1904. In 1912 electric trucks displaced the horse-and-wagon delivery. In 1915 -the Government Printing Office was an exhibitor at the Panama-Pacific International -Exposition held in San Francisco, Calif.</p> - -<p>Between 1921 and 1934 several innovations were made. A few of the outstanding -are as follows: The eighth floor was remodeled and raised to provide -room for the Cafeteria, Harding Hall, recreation rooms, rest rooms, and large -space for productive work. The Cafeteria serves around 2,800 meals daily, and -Harding Hall, seating 1,200, is devoted to social activities of employees and may -be quickly converted into a ballroom, a motion-picture theater, or a forum. -Recreational activities include orchestra, baseball clubs, bowling alleys, dances, -moving pictures and lectures, annual excursions, and similar affairs. The photo-engraving -plant was also added as one of the new mechanical departments and is -also located on the eighth floor. A roof garden was built, covering practically -the entire building. The emergency hospital was enlarged, and wards for men -and women were provided, with beds, toilets, and shower baths.</p> - -<p>Two hundred apprentices received training for occupational pursuits in the -various printing and bindery trades represented in the Office.</p> - -<p>A testing laboratory was established in the Office for the purpose of standardizing -all materials, supplies, and stock used in the manufacture of printing.</p> - -<p>The boiler and generating rooms were abolished, and the purchase of electric -current and steam from the Capital Power Plant was started.</p> - -<p>Since 1934, under the direction of Public Printer A. E. Giegengack, the -Government Printing Office has continued to grow not only in size but also in<span class="pagenum" id="Page261">[261]</span> -public esteem. Under his leadership, appropriations for a much-needed building -program were granted by Congress, and the erection of a warehouse and an -eight-story, red-brick addition to the main Printing Office building was accomplished. -The cost of this building program, which included buildings, machinery -and equipment, furnishings, the expense of moving, and other incidentals, -amounted to $7,700,000.</p> - -<p>Among the many noteworthy improvements inaugurated for the betterment -of service to the Government, to the public, and to the 5,500 employees of the -Office, are the following:</p> - -<p>The establishment of a department of typography, through which there are -incorporated into Government printing the accepted improvements in the field -of typography; the standardization of a type-metal alloy for all type-casting -machines; the installation of a more efficient cost-finding and pay-roll bookkeeping -system; the reestablishment of the Government Printing Office Apprentice -School; and encouragement of greater employee participation in all social, fraternal, -and welfare activities sponsored by the Office.</p> - -<p>Uncle Sam’s Book Shop sold 10 million copies from its list of 65,000 publications -in 1937. This department is called the Office of the Superintendent of -Documents, which is located in the Government Printing Office building, and -these Government publications, covering almost every phase of human endeavor, -are for sale to the public at a reasonable price.</p> - -<h3>THE WHITE HOUSE</h3> - -<p>The site of the White House, or the President’s House, was selected by -President Washington. It was part of the David Burnes farm, and at the time -it was chosen a cornfield extended one-half mile south to the Potomac.</p> - -<p>The cornerstone of the President’s House was laid on October 13, 1792, but -not by George Washington, as the records show that he and his family were in -Philadelphia at the time. The design was made by James Hoban, an architect of -Dublin, Ireland, who won a $500 prize and a lot for the best plan. In its exterior -it somewhat resembles the palace of the Duke of Leinster in Ireland. That, -however, has Corinthian columns over a rusticated base, showing the influence -of the Renaissance in England; and there are other distinctions in their classical -motives.</p> - -<p>The White House was first occupied by President and Mrs. John Adams, -who moved in the latter part of November, 1800, the year Washington became -the seat of government. At the time it was very incomplete, and much discomfort -was experienced, particularly as to heating and lighting. The East Room -was used to dry the family wash. The White House was not finished until 1826. -Then and for many years following it secured its water from springs a short -distance to the northeast, in the vicinity of what is now Franklin Square.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page262">[262]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo275.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE WHITE HOUSE—NORTH SIDE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page263">[263]</span></p> - -<p>The President’s House, as it was then called, was considerably damaged by -fire by the British, who threatened the destruction of the city in 1814. The -building, except for the wings at each side, which were used for offices and servants’ -quarters, was restored by Hoban. Of white sandstone, the building which -became discolored by the fire was thereupon painted white and has since been -known as the White House. It was first lighted by gas in 1848, and a system of -heating and ventilating was installed in 1853.</p> - -<p>The White House was remodeled during the administration of President -Roosevelt in 1902, when the Executive Office was taken out of the building and -placed in a temporary building to the west of the main building. This was -enlarged during the administration of President Taft in 1909 to twice its former -size. It was further remodeled in 1927 by making the building fireproof and -constructing a third story out of the attic.</p> - -<p>In 1929 it was found necessary by President Hoover to use also the basement -for an office. In the same year the building was partially burned, but has since -been rebuilt. It is thought by some that in the years to come the remodeled State -Department Building will become the permanent Executive Office Building, and -the State Department will have a new building on the west side of Lafayette Square.</p> - -<p>The White House has a length of 183 feet (east and west) and a width of -85 feet; it is 58 feet high. The portico of Ionic columns forms a porte-cochère -and measures 40 feet by 59 feet (east and west), and is 50 feet high.</p> - -<p>The building contains many beautiful paintings and other works of art, among -them a Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington, called the Lansdowne -Stuart, which was saved by Dolly Madison by cutting the picture from its frame -when the White House was burned by the British in 1814. It is now in the -East Room, which is the great reception room, 82 feet long (the width of the -mansion), 40 feet wide, and 22 feet high. From the ceiling hang three massive -crystal chandeliers. In addition to numerous paintings, large vases and other -articles adorn the room.</p> - -<p>Other interesting rooms are the State Dining Room, the scene of brilliant State -functions; the Blue Room—the President’s reception room—the walls of which -are covered with rich blue corded silk, with window hangings of blue; the Red -Room, the walls and window draperies of which are of red velvet; and the Green -Room, which has on the walls green velvet. The wainscoting of the Green Room -is of white enamel.</p> - -<p>Large and beautiful grounds bound the White House on the south. Here the -Marine Band plays every Saturday afternoon during the summer months. Also -it is here where the annual Easter egg rolling takes place, always a great day for -the boys and girls of Washington. The area is called the White Lot because about -1850 a board fence that later was painted white surrounded these grounds.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page264">[264]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo277.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">DEPARTMENT OF STATE BUILDING AS IT WILL APPEAR WHEN REMODELED</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page265">[265]</span></p> - -<p>Originally the main entrance to the White House was on the south side, -while the portico on the opposite side was a garden where the family spent their -evenings. This is the arrangement observed to-day at Arlington House and at -Mount Vernon, and is an indication that in the colonial days the back yards of -homes were as nicely kept as were the front yards.</p> - -<h3>DEPARTMENT OF STATE</h3> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo278.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">DEPARTMENT OF STATE BUILDING, 1801</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>In 1788 the Department of Foreign Affairs moved from Fraunce’s Tavern to -a house owned by Philip Livingston, on the west side of Broadway, near the -Battery, in New York City. Later it moved to another house on the same street -on the opposite side. The Capital having been again located at Philadelphia, the -department took up its abode first on Market Street, then on the southeast corner -of Arch and Sixth Streets, then in North Alley, and finally at the northeast -corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets, where it remained until it was moved to -Washington, except for an interval of three months—from August to November, -1798—when it occupied the statehouse at Trenton, N. J., the office being moved -from Philadelphia on account of an epidemic of yellow fever.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page266">[266]</span></p> - -<p>On July 27, 1789, the act establishing an executive department to be called -the Department of Foreign Affairs was approved; but the Sedgwick Act, approved -September 15, 1789, changed this title to the Department of State and -that of the principal officer to the Secretary of State. A few days later John Jay, -who was Secretary of Foreign Affairs under the Confederation, was nominated -to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Thomas Jefferson to be Secretary -of State, and both were commissioned on September 26. Jay accepted at once, -but continued to discharge the duties of Secretary of State for some months. -Under date of October 13 President Washington informed Jefferson of his -appointment, and added that Mr. Jay had been so obliging as to continue his -good offices. When this letter was written Jefferson had not returned to America -from his mission to France. Upon his arrival Jay recommended to him favorably -“the young gentlemen in the office.” Jefferson formally entered upon the discharge -of his duties on March 22, 1790.</p> - -<p>When the seat of government was established in the District of Columbia in -1800 the archives and the seven employees of the Department of State were -crowded into the Treasury Office, a building of 30 rooms, to the east of the -White House. It was the only Government building sufficiently completed to -receive them. John Marshall was then Secretary of State. On August 27, 1800, -the Department of State was removed to one of the Seven Buildings on Pennsylvania -Avenue and Nineteenth Street NW.</p> - -<p>It has been interesting to determine positively the name of this historic group -of buildings, because some confusion has arisen through there being in 1800 two -groups or rows of houses, near to one another, one called the Six Buildings and -the other the Seven Buildings. Christian Hines, in his Early Recollections of -Washington City (1866), says, when giving a list of the few houses standing in -the year 1800:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>One square between Pennsylvania Avenue and K and Twenty-first and Twenty-second Streets, -the Six Buildings, three stories high, owners and occupants not recollected * * *. One square -bounded by Pennsylvania Avenue and I and Nineteenth and Twentieth Streets, 10 houses—one -3-story frame, occupied by a Mr. Middleton; one 2-Story frame, owned and occupied by William -Waters, Esq., and the Seven Buildings, brick, 3 stories high.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>Samuel C. Busey, in his Pictures of the City of Washington in the Past (1898), -refers to and confirms Hines’s statements as to these two sets of buildings, and -adds that in the Six Buildings was located O’Neal’s famous hotel. All writers -apparently agree that the first home of the Department of State in Washington -was in the house on the northwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Nineteenth -Street. This row of buildings—Nos. 1901-1913 Pennsylvania Avenue—is -still standing, though it has undergone considerable change.</p> - -<p>From the early part of 1820 to November, 1866, the Department of State was -located at the corner of Fifteenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW., in what<span class="pagenum" id="Page267">[267]</span> -was known as the Executive Building. The picture shown below was given to -William McNeir, chief of the division of accounts of that department, by -Thomas Ridgate, who found it in the attic of the old building. It will be noted -from the picture, which shows the Treasury Department Building columns at the -extreme left, that it was taken before the building was razed to make room for -the north wing of the present Treasury Department Building; the rest of the new -building had at that time been erected. Of this building Jonathan Eliot states, -in his Historical Sketches of the Ten Mile Square, describing Washington in 1830:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>At the distance of about 200 yards, on the east of the President’s house, are situated two buildings -for the Department of State and of the Treasury; and at the same distance on the west are -two others for the War and Navy Departments. These buildings are all of the same dimensions -and construction; they are 160 feet long and 55 feet wide, of brick, two stories in height; they -are divided in their length by a broad passage, with rooms on each side, and a spacious staircase -in the center. The two most northerly buildings are ornamented with an Ionic portico of six -columns and pediment. The grounds about these offices have been graduated and planted of late -years, and the shrubbery begins to present a pleasing appearance.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo280.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">EXECUTIVE BUILDING, 1820-1866</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p>W. K. Force, in his Picture of Washington for 1850, said, speaking of the -northeast Executive Building:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>The first floor is occupied by the Fifth Auditor of the Treasury at the east end, and the Second -Comptroller of the Treasury at the west end. On the second floor are the apartments of the -Secretary of State and his suite; also the library of the department, containing some ten or twelve -thousand volumes.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page268">[268]</span></p> - -<p>John Quincy Adams was Secretary of State when the move to this new home -was made, and thereafter followed a long list of distinguished Secretaries, the -last to occupy this building being William H. Seward, from 1861 to 1869.</p> - -<p>The north wing of the present Treasury Department Building bears on its -exterior wall on Fifteenth Street a tablet, erected April 30, 1929, by the Kiwanis -Club of Washington, in cooperation with the Committee on Marking Points of -Historic Interest, which contains the following inscription:</p> - -<p class="inscription long">FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA WAS DEVELOPED AND -STRENGTHENED BY THE SIGNING OF THE WEBSTER-ASHBURTON TREATY, ON AUGUST 9, -1842, IN THE OLD STATE DEPARTMENT BUILDING WHICH STOOD ON THIS SITE. THIS TREATY -ESTABLISHED THE NORTHEASTERN BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES.</p> - -<p>On March 3, 1871, Congress appropriated half a million dollars to start work -on the State, War, and Navy Departments Building. The act provided:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>For the construction under the direction of the Secretary of State, on the southern portion of -the premises now occupied by the War and Navy Departments, of a building which will form the -south wing of a building that, when completed, will be similar in ground plan and dimensions to -the Treasury Building and provide accommodations for the State, War, and Navy Departments.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The original plans were drawn by Thomas U. Walter, a noted Philadelphia -architect, who designed the Dome of the Capitol and the completed Treasury -Building, but A. B. Mullett, Supervising Architect of the Treasury, undertook -the work, and finally only the interior conformed to the original plans.</p> - -<p>The building was erected in five different sections. The south wing was -commenced in 1871 and completed in time for the Department of State to move -in July 1, 1875. The east wing was commenced in 1872 and completed seven -years later, so that on April 16, 1879, the War and Navy Departments moved -into that wing. The old War Department Building, which had occupied the site -of the north wing of the present building, was demolished in 1879, and the new -building or north wing was completed three years later, the War Department -moving into it in December, 1882. The west and center wings were the last to be -erected, work on them commencing March 31, 1883, and being completed -January 31, 1888. For a long time each wing was necessarily separated by a -solid wall—and later by an iron grill, or gates in the corridors—but finally these -disappeared, and the beauty of the long corridors as they now are appeared. -The total cost of the whole building was slightly more than $10,000,000, and -appropriations therefor spread over a period of 17 years. Separate permanent -buildings for the War and the Navy Departments are now to be erected, these -two departments being housed at present largely in temporary buildings. The -Department of State alone remains in the building.</p> - -<p>In 1910 a building for the Department of State was recommended for a -site along Fifteenth Street, south of Pennsylvania Avenue, where now the<span class="pagenum" id="Page269">[269]</span> -Department of Commerce has been built. In 1917 it was recommended that a -Department of State Building be erected on the west side of Lafayette Square.</p> - -<p>In the new Federal building program Congress has provided that the present -State, War, and Navy Building be remodeled to conform in design to the Treasury -Department Building, and to be known as the Department of State Building. The -building will thus properly balance the White House. Congress made a fund of -$3,000,000 available for this work. The Secretary of the Treasury appointed -Waddy Wood, architect of Washington, to prepare the design, which has been -approved by the Commission of Fine Arts. However, the project has been held -in abeyance.</p> - -<p>The Department of State was created as the first department of the Government -in 1789, in order to help the President in carrying on our foreign relations. -However, in the early years of our country the Department of State not only -had charge of foreign affairs, but, as Thomas Jefferson, the first Secretary of State, -once wrote, it also had charge of all important matters of domestic government as -well, except matters of war and finance. In the early days the Secretary of State -even managed the mint. Until 1849 he had charge of the Patent Office, until 1859 -handled all copyright matters, and until 1850 the census of the United States -was taken under his direction. Before the Civil War, United States judges, -marshals, and attorneys all received their instructions from the Department of -State, but in 1870 a new Department of Justice was established to take care of -these matters, and little by little much of the domestic work was taken from this -department and put under new departments, such as the Department of the -Interior, the Department of Labor, and the Department of Commerce. Therefore, -to-day the Department of State devotes most of its time to handling foreign affairs, -although it is still the custodian, or the keeper, of the great seal, the official seal of -the Government of the United States. When Congress passes new laws the original -copies are kept in this department, and when there is any correspondence -between the various States of the Union and the Federal Government it is -carried on through the Department of State.</p> - -<p>The Secretary of State has a force of some 950 people in the department in -Washington, and about 3,800 people scattered over all the world in the Foreign -Service of the United States. The department in Washington is divided into -35 divisions and offices, each with its special work to perform. Six divisions have -charge of matters pertaining to foreign countries—South and Central America; -the Far East, as China, Japan, and Siam; the division of Western European affairs; -Eastern European affairs; a division of the Near East; and the Mexican division.</p> - -<p>One of the largest offices in the department is the passport division, which -issues passports to American citizens traveling in foreign countries. Last year -134,737 Americans obtained passports so that they might travel abroad, the -fees for which amounted to nearly $1,500,000, almost enough to pay the entire -expenses of the Department of State.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page270">[270]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo283.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUILDING</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page271">[271]</span></p> - -<p>When foreigners wish to come to this country they must first go to one of our -American consuls to obtain a visa or a permit. The immigration of foreigners -into this country is now restricted by law. Therefore our consuls examine the -foreigners abroad, so that they may know before starting on their journey whether -they will be allowed to remain in this country. The visa division of the Department -of State has charge of that work.</p> - -<p>Whenever there are expositions or meetings of various kinds abroad, and it is -decided that the United States Government shall take part in them, such participation -has to be arranged through another of the divisions of the Department -of State. As many as 150 cables are sent every day to all parts of the world, -which are taken care of in the department’s telegraph office. In many foreign -countries our Government is now buying and constructing its own buildings -for our ambassadors and consuls, and one of the offices in the department attends -to these matters.</p> - -<p>The Secretary of State is assisted in the direction of all these officers and -offices by an Under Secretary of State, four Assistant Secretaries of State, and a legal -adviser. The United States has an ambassador or minister in 54 different countries -of the world. There are 314 foreign commercial cities where the United States -has a consul general, consul, vice consul, or consular agent, who, among other -duties, help steamship lines and great business establishments to promote commerce -with the United States. Our consuls protect and assist the hundreds of -American missionaries whose stations are in remote foreign regions of the world. -In addition to their many duties they help thousands of visitors during trips -abroad who seek advice. And when an American is visiting in a foreign land, -even though scenery and ruins that recall civilizations of past ages give him -pleasure, there is nothing that gives him more joy than to see in such places the -Stars and Stripes waving over a United States consulate.</p> - -<h3>DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY</h3> - -<p>The Department of the Treasury was created by act of Congress September -2, 1789. Robert Morris, of Pennsylvania, financier and statesman, one of the -Signers of the Declaration of Independence, was the first financial officer of the -Government and was Superintendent of Finance from 1781 to 1784. Upon the -resignation of Morris the powers conferred upon him by the Continental Congress -were transferred to the Board of the Treasury. This board served until -Alexander Hamilton, of New York, the first Secretary of the Treasury, assumed -office. Hamilton served from September 11, 1789, to January 31, 1795, thus -serving under President Washington. Since the formation of the Government<span class="pagenum" id="Page272">[272]</span> -there have been 50 Secretaries of the Treasury; the present incumbent, Hon. -Henry Morgenthau, jr., of New York, assumed office January 1, 1934. The -Secretary of the Treasury, of course, has supervision over the finances of the -Government. The annual estimates, however, since 1921 have been transmitted -to Congress by the Director of the Budget for the President of the United States.</p> - -<p>The first building of the Treasury Department situated at this location east of -the White House was a small wooden structure, called the State and Treasury -Departments Building. It was built at the time the seat of government was established -in the District of Columbia in 1800 and comprised 30 rooms. This original -building was burned by the British during the invasion of Washington in 1814. -A second building was erected. This was destroyed by fire in 1833. In 1836 -Congress authorized the erection of “a fireproof building of such dimensions as -may be required for the present and future accommodations.” Also the material -for the building was to be similar to that used for the Capitol and the White House. -The architect was Mr. Robert Mills, who at the same time was designing the -Patent Office Building and later won the competition for the design of the Washington -Monument. When it came to the question of location of the new building, -it is said that President Andrew Jackson, becoming impatient at the delay, said -“Here, right here, is where I want the corner stone laid.” Thus the building stands -where it is to-day. In 1839 the department was installed in the unfinished building.</p> - -<p>The Treasury Building consists of a 4-story rectangle around a large central -court; this court is divided by a corridor of offices. On the west the building faces -the beautiful White House Grounds, its north side is on Pennsylvania Avenue, -its east front runs along Fifteenth Street, and its south side overlooks a half-mile -stretch of park leading down to the Potomac River.</p> - -<p>The building completed in 1842 included only the middle portion of the present -east wing and the central corridor and offices. The south wing was completed -in 1861, the west wing in 1864, and the north wing in 1869. It is an imposing -granite structure. In design it is pure Grecian, furnishing what is claimed to be -one of the finest examples of this style of architecture in Washington, if not in the -entire country. There are great pediments on the north, south, and west sides. -Monolithic columns of the Ionic order adorning the façades are the distinguishing -feature of the building architecturally. There are 72 of these columns, each 36 -feet in height, 30 being set to form an unbroken colonnade 341 feet long on the -east front. Most of the granite used was brought to Washington in sailing -vessels from Maine. The building has 488 rooms and cost over $6,000,000.</p> - -<p>The department long ago outgrew the building. The personnel in Washington -now numbers more than 22,000, with some 26 main bureaus and divisions. -At present Department of the Treasury bureaus occupy, in addition to -the main building, 9 entire buildings and part of 6 other buildings owned by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page273">[273]</span> -Government and 5 rented quarters. The Treasury Annex is an imposing building, -designed by Cass Gilbert, across Pennsylvania Avenue on the north. Congress -has authorized its extension to H Street.</p> - -<p>The Department of the Treasury is the central agency through which the -Federal Government conducts its financial affairs. Generally speaking, it receives -and has custody of all funds paid to the Government and disburses all moneys of -the Government. At the head of the department are the Secretary of the Treasury, -the Under Secretary of the Treasury, and three Assistant Secretaries of the -Treasury, whose offices are all located in the main building.</p> - -<p>The receipts of the Government come chiefly from internal-revenue collections -and customs duties. The Bureau of Internal Revenue administers and enforces -the internal-revenue laws and collects all internal-revenue taxes. The personnel -of this bureau has been brought together and now occupies a beautiful new -building recently completed as part of the development along the Mall. Import -duties or customs are collected by the Bureau of Customs.</p> - -<p>Disbursements of Government funds can be made only on the authorization -of Congress. When any payment is authorized, a warrant signed by the Secretary -of the Treasury and countersigned by the Comptroller General of the -United States is drawn. Upon this authority payment is made. The division -of bookkeeping and warrants, under the general supervision of the commissioner -of accounts and deposits, keeps complete records of all appropriation accounts as -well as of public moneys covered into the Treasury and of warrants authorizing -disbursements.</p> - -<p>The Treasurer of the United States is charged with responsibility for the -actual receipt and disbursement of all public moneys that may be deposited in -the United States Treasury and in all other depositaries authorized to receive -deposits of Government funds for credit in the account of the Treasurer of the -United States. He has also many other fiscal duties.</p> - -<p>The public-debt service handles the records and operations pertaining to the -issue and retirement of the public debt and the interest payments thereon, under -the supervision of the commissioner of the public debt.</p> - -<p>The Bureau of the Mint manufactures the coin circulating medium of the -country. It maintains mints at Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Denver for the -coinage of money, as well as assay offices in New York and elsewhere. The -Bureau of Engraving and Printing at Washington engraves and prints notes, -bonds, securities, stamps, checks, etc.</p> - -<p>The Comptroller of the Currency is charged under the law with the supervision -of national banks.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page274">[274]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo287.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">VIEW NORTHWEST FROM THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page275">[275]</span></p> - -<h3>OTHER IMPORTANT BUILDINGS</h3> - -<p>Lack of space in this book makes it necessary merely to mention the more -important of the other monumental buildings in the National Capital. Detailed -information concerning them may be found in the author’s Washington -the National Capital and in other books on Washington. They should be -studied in connection with the buildings described in this chapter.</p> - -<p>Attention is called first to the group of monumental semipublic buildings, -classical in design, on Seventeenth Street north of Constitution Avenue and along -that Avenue from Seventeenth Street west to the Potomac River. It has been -said that nowhere else in the world is there such a fine group of marble buildings.</p> - -<h4>THE CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART</h4> - -<p>This Gallery had its beginning in the year 1869. It ranks as one of the great -art galleries in the United States. The present building (at New York Avenue -and Seventeenth Street) was designed by Ernest Flagg, architect, and completed -in 1897. It is built of Georgia marble. It houses rare masterpieces of painting -and sculpture.</p> - -<h4>THE AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS</h4> - -<p>Adjacent to the Corcoran Gallery on the south, the American National Red -Cross occupies three large buildings constructed of Vermont marble. They -were designed by Trowbridge & Livingston, architects, of New York City. -The Red Cross had its beginning during the Civil War. In 1905 the organization -was chartered by Congress along its present lines. There are 5,500,000 adult -members and 8,500,000 Junior members (as of June 30, 1938).</p> - -<h4>MEMORIAL CONTINENTAL HALL</h4> - -<p>The next building to the south is the headquarters of the National Society of -the Daughters of the American Revolution. It faces Seventeenth Street, was -designed by Edward Pearce Casey, architect, built of Vermont marble, and completed -in 1905. The cornerstone was laid April 19, 1904, the anniversary of the -Battle of Lexington. On that date the organization holds its convention in -Washington each year. It was founded October 11, 1890, and on February 1, -1938, numbered 142,744 members, with about 2,500 chapters in all parts of the -United States.</p> - -<h4>CONSTITUTION HALL</h4> - -<p>Another of the Society’s buildings, facing Eighteenth Street, in this square, is -the leading auditorium of the city. It was designed by John Russell Pope, -architect, built of Alabama limestone, and completed in October, 1929. The -auditorium seats 4,000 persons. On <a href="#Page278">page 278</a> there is a picture of the building. -The mural decorations of the interior are by J. Monroe Hewlett, architect.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page276">[276]</span></p> - -<h4>THE PAN AMERICAN BUILDING</h4> - -<p>This building, at the corner of Seventeenth Street and Constitution Avenue, -is considered by some to be the most beautiful in Washington. It was designed -by Albert C. Kelsey and Paul P. Cret, architects, in the Spanish-classical style of -architecture. It was built of Georgia marble and was dedicated April 26, 1910. -It is the headquarters of the 21 Republics of the Pan American Union. In it is -the famous Hall of the Americas. Andrew Carnegie contributed $850,000 -toward the building, and the United States Government contributed the 5-acre -tract, on which stood the Van Ness Mansion (1815) and the David Burnes -cottage, which stood there in the days of George Washington.</p> - -<h4>THE NEW DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUILDING</h4> - -<p>Designed by Waddy B. Wood, architect, the new Department of the Interior -building occupies two squares between C and E and Eighteenth and Nineteenth -Streets. It is built of Indiana limestone and is the largest air-conditioned office -building in the world.</p> - -<h4>PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE BUILDING</h4> - -<p>This building, designed by J. H. deSibour, architect, is classical in design and -built of white Georgia marble. It was completed in 1933. It is four stories in -height and houses the large and growing office of the Surgeon General of the -United States and his staff of assistants. In its location on Constitution Avenue -it forms a part of the frame for the Lincoln Memorial.</p> - -<h4>FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD BUILDING</h4> - -<p>Completed in 1937, this building forms the center of the group of monumental -marble buildings along Constitution Avenue west of Seventeenth Street. The design, -by Paul P. Cret, architect, is based on classical motives. It is built of white -Georgia marble. It is the headquarters building for the Federal Reserve Board. -In it is a large mosaic map of the United States by Ezra Winter, mural painter, -showing the location of the 12 Federal Reserve branch banks in the different -sections of the country.</p> - -<h4>NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES</h4> - -<p>This building, designed by Bertram G. Goodhue, architect, is immediately east -of the Federal Reserve Board building. It is classical in design and built of white -marble from Dover, N. Y. The building was dedicated by President Coolidge in -April, 1924. The interior is decorated with paintings and decorations by Hildreth -Meiere and Albert Herter; the sculptural decorations are by Lee Lawrie.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page277">[277]</span></p> - -<h4>AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY</h4> - -<p>Immediately north of the Lincoln Memorial stands the American Institute of -Pharmacy. It was designed by John Russell Pope, architect, and built of white -Vermont marble. It is classical in its style of architecture, and in its location west -of the National Academy of Sciences completes the group of buildings on Constitution -Avenue that form a frame for the Lincoln Memorial. The building is -the headquarters of the druggists in the United States. More than 14,000 -druggists subscribed toward the building fund. The Pharmacopoeia of the -United States, under which prescriptions and drugs are standardized, is supervised -by the Institute.</p> - -<h4>SCOTTISH RITE TEMPLE</h4> - -<p>This building, at Sixteenth and P Streets NW., is the headquarters of the -Supreme Council of the Thirty-third Degree, of the Ancient and Accepted -Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of the Southern Jurisdiction. It is modeled after -the tomb of Mausolus, at Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor, which was regarded by -the ancients as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Its 33 Ionic columns -are 33 feet tall, suggesting the 33 degrees of Masonry. On each side of the main -entrance is a colossal sphinx, symbolic of Divine Wisdom and Power, executed -by A. A. Weinman, sculptor. The building was designed by John Russell Pope, -architect.</p> - -<h4>CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON</h4> - -<p>At 16th and P Streets NW. is the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The -building was designed by Carrére and Hastings, and shows an influence of the -French classical style of architecture.</p> - -<h4>CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES</h4> - -<p>Dedicated in 1925, this building, at Connecticut Avenue and H Streets NW., -is classical in its style of architecture and is adapted to modern office requirements. -It was designed by Cass Gilbert, architect. Fully 13,000 business men -representing almost 200 cities of the United States contributed toward the -building.</p> - -<h3>NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY</h3> - -<p>The National Geographic Society, organized in 1888, “for the increase and -diffusion of geographic knowledge,” is the largest educational and scientific body -in the world.</p> - -<p>In its 50 years the society has sponsored a series of notable explorations, -discoveries, and research activities of our times, and it has developed its unique -and beautifully illustrated National Geographic Magazine as a means of disseminating -geographic information among its world-wide membership.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page278">[278]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo291a.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo291b.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">CONSTITUTION HALL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page279">[279]</span></p> - -<p>The society’s administrative and editorial offices, at Sixteenth and M Streets -NW., were enlarged by an addition which extends its handsome and dignified -headquarters along a 214-foot frontage. A commodious and modern office building -at Third Street and Randolph Place NE., is used for mailing its magazine, -maps, and communications to its world-wide membership.</p> - -<p>In its editorial, research, technical, photographic, and clerical departments, -and in the publishing of the National Geographic Magazine, the society now -employs more than 800 persons. It is the largest non-Government user of the -National Capital’s post office facilities.</p> - -<p>The society’s members, numbering 1,150,000 (December, 1938), represent -every community of 100 or more persons in the United States, while its foreign -membership of 183,709 includes residents in every country, colony, principality, -and mandated area of the world which has any semblance of a postal system.</p> - -<p>To each member goes monthly the National Geographic Magazine, which has -been called the foremost educational periodical in the world; each member also -receives every map and panoramic illustration as issued. Thus the society has -distributed among its more than a million member homes some 20,000,000 wall -maps, in color, in addition to the numerous sketch maps which accompany articles -in the magazine.</p> - -<p>The society’s weekly lectures, which are held in Constitution Hall, have become -a part of the intellectual life of the National Capital. Since their inception -more than 1,400 explorers, statesmen, and world travelers of note have addressed -the Washington meetings. Such explorers as Rear Admiral Peary, Sir Francis -Younghusband, Capt. Roald Amundsen, Colonel Lindbergh, and Rear Admiral -Byrd have related their findings to the society’s members; also such noted travelers -as the late Viscount Bryce, former Ambassador Jusserand, the late William -Howard Taft, and Colonel Roosevelt, after his return from his African game hunt -and his Amazon expedition.</p> - -<p>When these lectures are of general interest they are reprinted and illustrated -in the magazine for the society’s entire membership.</p> - -<p>At its Sixteenth Street headquarters the society maintains a library of up-to-date -geographic information, comprising some 20,000 volumes, in addition to -maps, periodicals, and reports from foreign governments and geographic societies.</p> - -<p>The leading universities of the city, such as Georgetown University, founded -1789; George Washington University, founded 1821; Catholic University, -founded 1889; American University, founded 1893; Howard University, founded -1867; Columbia Institution for the Deaf, founded 1857; and Trinity College, -Brookland, founded 1897; also have their monumental buildings.</p> - -<p>In the Triangle group are to be found: Department of Commerce Building, -York & Sawyer, architects; Department of Labor and Interstate Commerce -Commission Building, Arthur Brown, architect; Post Office Department Building, -Delano & Aldrich, architects; Department of Justice Building, Zantzinger, Borie -& Medary, architects; Internal Revenue Building, Louis Simon, architect; -National Archives Building, John Russell Pope, architect; Federal Trade Commission -(Apex) Building, Bennett, Parsons & Frost, architects.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page280">[280]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo293.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE TRIANGLE GROUP OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS ALONG CONSTITUTION AVENUE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page281">[281]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo294.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page282">[282]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo295.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES BUILDING</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page283">[283]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo296a.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE MAKERS OF THE CONSTITUTION</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo296b.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page284">[284]</span></p> - -<p>Other buildings are: The Central Heating Plant (for heating 75 buildings), Paul -P. Cret, architect; Bureau of Engraving and Printing, W. B. Olmstead, architect; -Smithsonian Institution (begun in 1846), James Renwick, architect; National -Museum Building, Hornblower & Marshall, architects; Freer Gallery of Art, -Charles A. Platt, architect; Department of Agriculture Building, Rankin, Kellogg -& Crane, architects; Department of Agriculture South Building, the Supervising -Architect; Naval Observatory; State, War, and Navy Building, A. B. Mullett, -supervising architect; Old Pension Office Building (General Accounting Office); -Army War College, McKim, Mead & White, architects; Walter Reed Hospital; -Naval Hospital; Public Library, Ackerman & Ross, architects; United States -Bureau of Standards; National Zoological Park (large new buildings completed in -1937); National Gallery of Art (now under construction), John Russell Pope, -architect.</p> - -<h3>IMPORTANT BRIDGES OF WASHINGTON</h3> - -<p>Arlington Memorial Bridge, McKim, Mead & White, architects; Calvert -Street Bridge, Paul P. Cret, architect; Francis Scott Key Bridge, Nathan Wyeth, -architect; Connecticut Avenue (Taft) Bridge, Edward P. Casey, architect, lions -by R. Hinton Perry; Q Street Bridge, Glenn Brown and Bedford Brown, architects, -A. Phimister Proctor, sculptor; Klingle Ford Bridge, Connecticut Avenue, -Paul P. Cret, architect; New Chain Bridge, designed under supervision of Brig. -Gen. Dan I. Sultan, former Engineer Commissioner of the District of Columbia; -John Philip Sousa Bridge, Southeast, McKim, Mead & White, architects.</p> - -<h3>CATHEDRAL OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAUL<br> -(WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL)</h3> - -<p>The cathedral is situated on Mount St. Alban, in the northwestern part of -the city, on a hill 400 feet in height, said to be the highest point in the District -of Columbia, giving a superb view over the National Capital.</p> - -<p>The cathedral, also known as the National Cathedral, was designed by George -F. Bodley, of London, and Henry Vaughn, of Boston. It is a typical fourteenth -century Gothic edifice. The cornerstone was laid in 1907, and since then a large -part of the cathedral has been completed. Its ultimate cost, it is estimated, -will be $20,000,000. The central nave is about complete, the apse and north -transept are finished as are also several of the chapels, such as the Bethlehem -Chapel, the Norman Chapel, the Chapel of St. John, and the Chapel of St. -Mary. There are costly stones in the building from many parts of the world, -including a stone from Bethlehem, which formed the cornerstone.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page285">[285]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo298.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page286">[286]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo299.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page287">[287]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo300.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">NATIONAL SHRINE OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page288">[288]</span></p> - -<p>The building is constructed of limestone. The sculpture and beautifully -stained glass windows form the principal decorations.</p> - -<p>The total length of the building from the exterior of the apse at the eastern end -to the main entrance at the western end will be 534 feet. The total spread of -the transepts will be 215 feet, and each of these arms of the cross will be 105 feet -wide. The ground area of the cathedral will be 71,000 square feet, and this -will be ample to provide standing room for 27,000 persons or seating space for -7,500. The central tower will rise to a height of 262 feet and each of the two -western towers will be 195 feet high. The nave will have a span of 40 feet and -its height will be 95 feet.</p> - -<p>Within the cathedral are buried Woodrow Wilson, our World War President; -also Admiral George Dewey, General Nelson A. Miles, and several bishops of -the Episcopal Church.</p> - -<p>The grounds comprise 67 acres, and the carefully designed Bishop’s Garden -forms an interesting feature. The National Cathedral School for Girls and for -Boys and the College of Preachers are within the grounds.</p> - -<h3>NATIONAL SHRINE OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION</h3> - -<p>This cathedral has been designed in the Roman-Byzantine style of architecture. -It is located on Michigan Avenue, Brookland, in the Catholic University -grounds. The cornerstone for the church was laid in 1920. It is estimated that -the total cost will be $50,000,000. The architects are Maginnis & Walsh, of -Boston, and Professor Frederick V. Murphy, architect, of Washington.</p> - -<p>The building as designed is cruciform in plan, with a triple apse, at the focus -of which is placed the central altar within a great baldachin. The apse is of vast -scale and, with the presbytery that separates it from the transepts, will admit of -important ceremonies. The dome will be 250 feet high; the tall campanile, or -bell tower, 330 feet high. The building is to take its place with such notable -memorials as Santa Maria Maggiore, of Rome, and Santa Maria del Fiore, of -Florence. It is to stand as a symbol of American Catholic devotion to the Virgin -Mary. The availability of the Byzantine tradition for the rendering of this idea -was readily perceived. The crypt, capable of seating approximately 1,500 persons, -has been completed. Here a most interesting decorative scheme in terms -of faïence has been introduced to enrich the effect of the vaults. The central altar -is of Algerian onyx. The pavement is of Italian marble. The crypt is richly -treated with still other marbles and with mosaics.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page289">[289]</span></p> - -<h3>NATIONAL CHURCHES IN WASHINGTON</h3> - -<p>There is no city in the country that has so many representative churches as -the city of Washington, which is undoubtedly due to the fact that this is the -National Capital. The leading denominations of the country, recognizing the -importance of religion in the life of the Nation, have erected or are raising funds -for the erection of great edifices, including memorial churches, fittingly to represent -them at the seat of government.</p> - -<p>In <a href="#Page165">chapter XX</a> attention has already been directed to the earliest churches in -Washington.</p> - -<h3>EMBASSIES AND LEGATIONS</h3> - -<p>Among the notable buildings in the National Capital that have had a distinguished -place since the early days of the Republic are the residences, embassies, -and legations of the representatives from foreign countries. At the present time -there are 53, representing the leading countries of the world.</p> - -<p>The legation and embassy buildings are held territory of the respective countries -to which they belong, and fly the flag of their respective nations, excepting on -state occasions, when they fly both their own flag and that of the United States.</p> - -<p>L’Enfant, in his plan of the city, contemplated diplomatic buildings to line the -Mall. But as the Mall was delayed in its development for over a century, the -museum type of building has been erected on the Mall and the diplomatic establishments -located elsewhere. In later years the suggestion was offered to locate -them in the vicinity of the State Department.</p> - -<p>At the present time the embassies and legations are located, for the most part, -in the residential section of northwest Washington. Quite a number are on Sixteenth -Street in the vicinity of Meridian Hill Park. In more recent years several -of the leading countries have built new embassies on spacious grounds. In this -Great Britain has taken the lead, having built a large embassy on 4 acres of -ground at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue, near the Naval Observatory. Three -blocks beyond, the Norwegian Legation building has recently been completed. -In recent years the Imperial Japanese Government built a new embassy at 2514 -Massachusetts Avenue. The French Government recently purchased the home -of John Hays Hammond for its new embassy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page290">[290]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo303.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">BRITISH EMBASSY</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page291">[291]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo304.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">ITALIAN EMBASSY</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page292">[292]</span></p> - -<p>A list of the countries having embassies and legations in Washington (with -the exception of Estonia, whose representative is located in New York City) is -as follows:</p> - -<ul class="embassies"> - -<li>Albania: The Mayflower Hotel.</li> - -<li>Argentina: 1806 Corcoran Street.</li> - -<li>Belgium: 1777 Massachusetts Avenue.</li> - -<li>Bolivia: Fifteenth and K Streets.</li> - -<li>Brazil: 3007 Whitehaven Street.</li> - -<li>Bulgaria: 2881 Woodland Drive.</li> - -<li>Canada: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue.</li> - -<li>Chile: 2154 Florida Avenue.</li> - -<li>China: 2001 Nineteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Colombia: 1520 Twentieth Street.</li> - -<li>Costa Rica: 2128 Bancroft Place.</li> - -<li>Cuba: 2630 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Czechoslovakia: 2349 Massachusetts Avenue.</li> - -<li>Denmark: 1868 Columbia Road.</li> - -<li>Dominican Republic: 2633 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Ecuador: Barr Building.</li> - -<li>Egypt: 2301 Massachusetts Avenue.</li> - -<li>El Salvador: 2400 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Estonia: Rockefeller Plaza, New York City.</li> - -<li>Finland: 2416 Tracy Place.</li> - -<li>France, Chancery: 1601 V Street.</li> - -<li>Germany: 1439 Massachusetts Avenue.</li> - -<li>Great Britain: 3100 Massachusetts Avenue.</li> - -<li>Greece: 2221 Massachusetts Avenue.</li> - -<li>Guatemala: 1614 Eighteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Haiti: 5017 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Honduras: 2611 Woodley Place.</li> - -<li>Hungary: 1424 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Ireland: 2310 Tracy Place.</li> - -<li>Italy: 2700 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Japan: 2514 Massachusetts Avenue.</li> - -<li>Latvia: 1715 Twenty-second Street.</li> - -<li>Lithuania: 2622 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Mexico: 2829 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Netherlands: 1470 Euclid Street.</li> - -<li>Nicaragua: 1521 New Hampshire Avenue.</li> - -<li>Norway: 3401 Massachusetts Avenue.</li> - -<li>Panama: 1536 Eighteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Paraguay: Wardman Park Hotel.</li> - -<li>Peru: 1300 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Poland: 2640 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Portugal: Wardman Park Hotel.</li> - -<li>Rumania: 1601 Twenty-third Street.</li> - -<li>Siam: 2300 Kalorama Road.</li> - -<li>Spain: 2801 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Sweden: 2247 R Street.</li> - -<li>Switzerland: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue.</li> - -<li>Turkey: 1606 Twenty-third Street.</li> - -<li>Union of South Africa: 3101 Massachusetts Avenue.</li> - -<li>Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 1125 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Uruguay: 1010 Vermont Avenue.</li> - -<li>Venezuela: 2400 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -<li>Yugoslavia: 1520 Sixteenth Street.</li> - -</ul> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page293">[293]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XXII</span><br> -<span class="title">THE PUBLIC-BUILDINGS PROGRAM</span></h2> - -<h3>NEW BUILDINGS NECESSARY</h3> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>As a result of the World War, Government departments in Washington -became overcrowded, and from 30,000 to 40,000 employees were housed in -temporary buildings. This congested situation made a public-building program -one of urgent need. For 40 years no real department building had been erected -in Washington. The Department of Agriculture was in 47 rented buildings. -The Department of War and the Department of the Navy were housed in -many temporary war buildings.</p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo306.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">PLAN OF 1910 FOR DEVELOPING SOUTH SIDE OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<h3>PLANS AS DEVELOPED</h3> - -<p>In 1910 plans were authorized for three department buildings—Justice, Commerce -and Labor, and State—to be built along Fifteenth Street, between Pennsylvania -Avenue and B Street NW., now Constitution Avenue, and the land in this -locality was bought by the Government, but the building project was deferred. -Again, in 1913, Congress took up the question of a public-building program, and -in 1917 a comprehensive survey was made by the Public Buildings Commission of -the needs of the Government for additional buildings. At that time the area south -of Pennsylvania Avenue along Fifteenth Street to Constitution Avenue, which in -1910 was proposed for three buildings, was designated for two buildings. Then -came the World War, during which the many temporary war buildings were -erected. President Coolidge in his message to Congress on December 9, 1925, -called attention to the great need for public buildings and asked for an annual -appropriation of $10,000,000. He said:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page294">[294]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo307.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">VIEW OF THE MALL FROM THE CAPITOL DOME, LOOKING WEST</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page295">[295]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo308.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">VIEW OF THE MALL FROM THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT, LOOKING EAST</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page296">[296]</span></p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>No public buildings bill has been enacted since before the war. I am not in favor of an act -which would be characterized as a general parceling out of favors and that usually bears a name -lacking in good repute. I am ready to approve an act similar in character to that already passed by -the House, providing a lump-sum appropriation to be expended under the direction of the Treasury -or any other proper authority, over a term of years, with such annual appropriation as the national -finances could provide.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The public buildings act was approved May 25, 1926.</p> - -<p>This marked the beginning of a public-buildings program in the National Capital -greater than any which had been undertaken by the United States since the -establishment of the seat of government along the banks of the Potomac in 1790.</p> - -<p>Congress placed the public-buildings program in the hands of the Secretary of -the Treasury, both for Federal buildings in the States and for the District of Columbia. -To assist him in the plans for new public buildings here in the National -Capital the Secretary of the Treasury appointed a board of architectural consultants. -The Commission of Fine Arts has been called upon regularly to advise in -the development of the plans for the new public buildings.</p> - -<p>Five years had not yet elapsed when the long pent-up needs for buildings to -accommodate public business finally burst their bonds in the act of 1926. The -preparations for the flood had been long in the making—so long and so carefully -considered, indeed, that the flood has always been under control. There has been -no haphazard planning. No hasty or ill-considered work has been done. The -harmonious development of the National Capital has progressed in form that -would have pleased George Washington, and latterly with a speed and vigor that -would have gladdened his heart.</p> - -<p>In addition to the great public-buildings program and the Arlington Memorial -Bridge, Congress authorized during the past ten years many other great projects -for the development of the National Capital which contribute to making Washington -the greatest and most beautiful national capital in the world. Among -these are: The completion of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington, the -restoration of Arlington Mansion, the Mount Vernon Highway, the George -Washington Memorial Parkway, the enlargement of the Capitol Grounds and -development of Union Station Plaza, development of the Mall, addition to the -House Office Building, addition to the Library of Congress, United States -Supreme Court Building, Government Printing Office extension, Social Security -Building, War Department Building, Navy Department Building, new Naval -Hospital, Municipal Center development, Walter Reed General Hospital buildings, -Botanic Garden and new conservatory near the Capitol, and a National -Arboretum.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page297">[297]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo310.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">TREATMENT OF THE CAPITOL GROUNDS</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page298">[298]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo311.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE BETWEEN THE TREASURY AND THE CAPITOL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page299">[299]</span></p> - -<h3>PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE</h3> - -<p>Pennsylvania Avenue is the great historic avenue of the Nation, particularly -that portion between the legislative and executive branches of the Government—the -Capitol and the White House—extending a distance of 1 mile. It was named -by Congress at the time the plan of Washington was under consideration, in -compliment to the State of Pennsylvania. In the time of Thomas Jefferson it was -a dusty highway, and to add beauty to it he planted quick-growing poplar trees. -Being about at sea level in elevation, it was the scene of rowboats in times of flood -as late as the year 1880. Several large department stores of the city to-day had -their beginning on the Avenue. The Evening Star has been published there for -about 89 years; its home, remodeled from time to time, to-day is a large and beautiful -building.</p> - -<p>Since the L’Enfant plan provided for giving Pennsylvania Avenue a conspicuous -place in the development of the National Capital, Congress decided, by the -public buildings act of May 25, 1926, that the necessary land on the south side of -the Avenue from the Capitol to the Treasury should be purchased by the Government -and monumental buildings erected thereon. In the House of Representatives -the bill was sponsored by Congressman Richard N. Elliott. As Chairman -of the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, he had a very prominent -part in furthering the legislation for the public buildings program of the National -Capital and also for the country at large. More public buildings were authorized -during the Sixty-ninth and Seventieth Congresses (1925-1929) than in all the -preceding Congresses. In the United States Senate the public buildings program -was sponsored by Senator Bert N. Fernald and after his death in 1926 by Senator -Henry W. Keyes, Chairman of the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds -of the Senate. This is the Triangle Plan, which is now being carried out. In due -time it is expected also that the north side will be developed to correspond to the -south side. However, several buildings now there may be considered as established -for decades to come.</p> - -<p>Here at Pennsylvania Avenue, connecting the Capitol and the White House, -we are at the heart of the Nation. It is the Via Sacra of the great Republic of the -New World.</p> - -<p>On September 5, 1931, at the ground-breaking ceremony for the Archives -Building, at Pennsylvania Avenue and Seventh Street, Hon. Ferry K. Heath, -Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, who was in immediate charge of the public-buildings -program, said: “The story of the traffic and parades of this great -Avenue would be an outline of the history of the United States.”</p> - -<p>The act for enlarging the Capitol Grounds, and the municipal center development -on the north side of the Avenue, gives the Government control from the -Capitol to Sixth Street.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page300">[300]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo313.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">UNION STATION AND PLAZA, LOOKING NORTH FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page301">[301]</span></p> - -<h3>TRIANGLE DEVELOPMENT</h3> - -<p>Upon the adoption of the public buildings act of May 25, 1926, Hon. Andrew -W. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury, took up with the Public Buildings Commission, -and the executive departments that were in immediate need of new -buildings, the project to place the building program under way. Secretary -Mellon authorized the preparation of a tentative study for new public buildings, -and after an interval of a few months sketches were submitted to him for a series -of buildings monumental in character and intended for the most part for locations -south of Pennsylvania Avenue. The greater part of the Triangle development -has been completed.</p> - -<h3>ENLARGEMENT OF THE CAPITOL GROUNDS AND<br> -UNION STATION PLAZA DEVELOPMENT</h3> - -<p>An important feature of the McMillan Park Commission plan of 1901 was -the creation of a series of “Congress Gardens” on the north side of the Capitol. -For many years this project was held in abeyance pending the completion of the -purchase of lands. The development necessitated the purchase of 12 squares and -laying out a plan for this long-neglected area at the entrance to the city. The -plan also provided for a new avenue to extend from Union Station to Pennsylvania -Avenue, and street cars are routed accordingly.</p> - -<p>In addition to the landscape features, the plan, which was designed by Bennett, -Parsons & Frost, architects of Chicago, provided for a terrace upon which -is located a fountain and also a large basin, which reflects the Dome of the Capitol. -To harmonize with this plan, a new approach to the northwest corner of the -Senate Office Building has been built.</p> - -<p>The temporary war buildings and Government hotels, which stood on the -grounds a whole decade after the World War, have been removed, and the work -of developing the plan was carried forward as rapidly as possible under the direction -of David Lynn, Architect of the Capitol.</p> - -<p>Through this plan the United States Capitol is given the appropriate landscape -setting which, as the most important building in this country, it should -have. The plan joins the plan for the Mall, giving the Capitol the open approach -from the west and embellishing Union Square at the head of the Mall.</p> - -<h3>UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT BUILDING</h3> - -<p>The United States Supreme Court Building is in classic style, in harmony -with the architecture of the Capitol and adjacent buildings, and is located in the -square east of the Capitol, north of the Library of Congress, and facing the -United States Senate Chamber.</p> - -<p>The building, 385 feet from east to west and 305 feet from north to south, -has four open courtyards 64 feet square. The portico is of the Corinthian order, -and there is a low pilaster treatment around the building.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page302">[302]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo315.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Photograph by Commercial Photo Co.</i></p> - -<p class="caption">THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT BUILDING</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page303">[303]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo316.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT CHAMBER<br> -<span class="subcaption">FRIEZE BY A. A. WEINMAN, SCULPTOR</span></p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page304">[304]</span></p> - -<p>General designs were prepared, and then, to unify every part of the design, a -model was made which was publicly exhibited in the Rotunda of the Capitol -for a number of months.</p> - -<p>The Supreme Court Chamber is placed on the main axis of the plan. It is -characterized by appropriate simplicity and quiet dignity. It is classical in style, -82 feet by 91 feet square in its extreme dimensions, about 64 feet square inside -the columns, and 45 feet high from floor to ceiling.</p> - -<p>The second floor contains a law library and rooms for members of the bar -and conference rooms.</p> - -<p>The third floor contains a law library and reading room. The justices’ rooms -are on the first floor, convenient to the court room.</p> - -<p>A number of rooms for the use of lawyers are provided in the second story. -Two large conference rooms are provided on the main floor, and on this floor also -rooms are provided for the Attorney General, the Solicitor General, the clerk of -the Supreme Court, and the marshal. Convenient rooms and special telephone -booths have been provided for the press.</p> - -<p>The appropriation for the building authorized by Congress was $9,740,000.</p> - -<p>The building was designed by Cass Gilbert, architect, and the erection was -under the charge of the Supreme Court Building Commission, Chief Justice -Charles Evans Hughes, chairman. David Lynn, Architect of the Capitol, a -member of the commission, was the contracting officer.</p> - -<h3>HOMES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES</h3> - -<p>The Supreme Court of the United States is the major tribunal of one of three -coordinate branches of the Government—the judicial. During the 148 years of -its existence the Supreme Court has sat in eight different places, always in or -near the Capitol or place of meeting of the legislative body. Thus it met, first, in -New York; second, in Independence Hall, Philadelphia; third, in the basement -of the Capitol, where it was when the British burned the Capitol in 1814; fourth, -while the Capitol was being rebuilt the Supreme Court occupied the residence of -the clerk of the court; fifth, when the Capitol wings were built it moved into its -former chamber; sixth, when driven out by an explosion and fire in 1898 it occupied -the committee room of the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, of -which Senator McMillan was chairman, and also sat for a brief period in the -Judiciary Committee Room.</p> - -<p>It then moved back into what was the old Senate Chamber until 1859 which -was designed by Benjamin Latrobe, after the model of a Greek theater, a semicircular -hall with a low-domed ceiling. It is historic. Here Webster replied to -Hayne; here Calhoun debated with Clay and Webster; and in it the Electoral -Commission sat which decided the presidential contest between Hayes and Tilden -in 1877.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page305">[305]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XXIII</span><br> -<span class="title">THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>The first Government of the District of Columbia consisted of three Commissioners -appointed by the President of the United States. Then 21 mayors -served from 1802 to 1871.</p> - -<p>A Territorial form of government, consisting of a governor, a board of public -works, and a legislative assembly, was provided for by an act of Congress of -February 21, 1871. The legislative assembly consisted of 11 members, called a -council, and 22 other members, called a house of delegates. The District also -had a Delegate in the House of Representatives of the United States. The governor -and the board of public works were appointed by the President of the United -States, and the legislative assembly was elected by the people. This form of -government lasted three years, until June 20, 1874, when Congress provided -that the District should be governed by three commissioners, appointed by the -President. This was known as the temporary form of government and lasted -until June 30, 1878.</p> - -<p>Thereupon the Congress, by an act approved June 11, 1878, created the -present form of government of the District of Columbia, to become effective July -1, 1878. By this act the District was created a municipal corporation with right -to sue and be sued.</p> - -<p>The act provided for the appointment of three commissioners, two of them to -be selected by the President from persons residing in the District of Columbia for -a period of three years preceding their appointment. The third member was to -be an officer of the Engineer Corps, United States Army, detailed by the President, -and to be known as the engineer commissioner. The appointments of the -civilian commissioners are for a period of three years, or until their successors are -appointed. The detail of the engineer commissioner is at the pleasure of the -President. This detail is usually about four years.</p> - -<p>While the District has a municipal form of government, Congress, by various -statutory enactments, has treated it as a branch of the United States Government -by including it in legislation applying to the executive departments, such as the -budget and accounting act, the act classifying the salaries of Federal employees, -and the act providing for retirement of Federal employees.</p> - -<p>In the act of June 11, 1878, it was provided that the expenses of the government -of the District should be borne 50 per cent by the United States Government -and 50 per cent from the revenues of the District of -Columbia, raised by taxation.<span class="pagenum" id="Page306">[306]</span> -This method of financing remained in force from 1878 until 1920. In that year the -proportionate expense was changed by Congress so that 60 per cent of the expenditures -was raised by taxation and 40 per cent was contributed by the Federal Government. -This provision continued in force until the year 1925, when Congress -determined on a lump-sum contribution of $9,000,000 annually, the balance of -the expenses to be raised by taxation; the amounts of money appropriated have -varied since then.</p> - -<p>The heads of the various departments make recommendations to the commissioner -in charge of their respective departments, and each commissioner brings -these recommendations to meetings of the board of commissioners, which are -held on Tuesday and Friday of each week. The secretary to the board of commissioners -records the action on these recommendations and acts as executive -officer of the board by issuing orders and carrying on correspondence.</p> - -<p>Not all of the municipal duties are, however, vested in the board of commissioners. -The management of the public schools is vested in a school board of -nine members appointed by the justices of the Supreme Court of the District of -Columbia. The Public Library, with its branches, is managed by a board of trustees -appointed by the board of commissioners. The penal, charitable, and correctional -institutions are managed by a board of public welfare appointed by the -commissioners. The public utilities are under a public-utilities commission, consisting -of two civilians, appointed by the President, and the engineer commissioner, -who is a member ex officio. The public parks are under the jurisdiction of -the Department of the Interior, which is also in charge of public buildings and -grounds. The water supply is under an Army engineer officer, designated -the district engineer, but the distribution of the water is under the jurisdiction -of the commissioners. The zoning of private property as to height of building, -use of building, area of ground to be built upon, is handled by a zoning commission, -of which the three commissioners are members and, in addition thereto, the -Architect of the Capitol and the Director of the National Park Service.</p> - -<p>The justices of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia and the judges -of the police, municipal, and juvenile courts are appointed by the President, as is -also the recorder of deeds.</p> - -<p>The National Capital Park and Planning Commission has been created by -Congress to advise the commissioners as to the planning of the city in laying out -new and changing old highways. This commission purchases all land for parks -and playgrounds. The land so purchased for parks is placed under the Department -of the Interior and the land for playgrounds under the commissioners.</p> - -<p>All expenditures for municipal purposes, including the schools, parks, water -supply, land purchases, etc., are appropriated by Congress annually, and are -based upon estimates submitted by the heads of the District government and -the other officials hereinbefore named.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page307">[307]</span></p> - -<p>These estimates are submitted by the Commissioners to the Director of the -Budget, a Federal official, and when approved are submitted by the President to -Congress, together with the estimates of the Federal Government. Before submitting -such estimates the Commissioners fix upon a tax rate which they believe -should not be exceeded. This tax rate is such that, when applied to the taxable -value of real, personal, and intangible property in the District of Columbia, it -will raise the funds necessary to meet the estimates of the appropriations submitted -to the Director of the Budget. The present rate of taxation for real and -personal property is $1.75 per $100, based on full value. For intangible personal -property, such as money in bank, stocks and bonds, etc., the rate is $5 per thousand.</p> - -<p>For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1938, the assessed value of land in the -District of Columbia was $480,473,718, and of improvements $713,025,368, a -total of $1,193,499,086.</p> - -<p>The assessed value of tangible personal property for the same year was -$81,566,107. The value of intangible personal property was $575,472,070.</p> - -<p>The budget estimate as submitted by the President to Congress each year is -reviewed by subcommittees of the Appropriations Committees of the House and -Senate, and the total amount of the Appropriation is fixed by Congress and -approved by the President.</p> - -<p>Under the provisions of the Constitution, all legislation affecting the District -of Columbia must be passed by Congress. The advice of the Commissioners is -usually sought before such legislation is enacted.</p> - -<p>What has been stated is but a brief outline of the government of the District -of Columbia. It can readily be seen that the District has a dual status as a municipal -corporation and as a branch of the Federal Government. This situation has -no parallel in any other city of the United States. The District is also unique -in having no bonded debt. All of its expenses are borne from current revenues.</p> - -<p>The residents of the District of Columbia do not enjoy the privilege and obligation -of suffrage. On the question of whether the people should be allowed to -vote in national elections and in local elections there is a division of opinion.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page308">[308]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo321.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">ARLINGTON CEMETERY, ARLINGTON MANSION, AND FORT MYER</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page309">[309]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XXIV</span><br> -<span class="title">ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY</span></h2> - -<h3>HISTORY OF ARLINGTON</h3> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>The land comprising the Arlington estate, 1,100 acres, was sold by Gerard -Alexander to John Parke Custis in December, 1778, for a consideration of £11,000 -Virginia currency. John Parke Custis never lived at Arlington, and on his death -in 1781 his son, George Washington Parke Custis, inherited the Arlington estate. -Mr. Custis lived at Mount Vernon, however, until after the death of -Martha Washington, which occurred on May 22, 1802. He then took possession -of the tract, changed the name to Arlington, after an old family seat on the -eastern shore of Virginia. While he was building the mansion he lived in a -small cottage on the Potomac. The two wings were built first. The central -portion of the house, with its massive columns, is said to have been built from -plans drawn by George Hadfield, an English architect, who came to this country -with the intention of designing the new Capitol. The date when the mansion -was completed is uncertain, but Mrs. Robert E. Lee is authority for the statement -that it was completed just before the Civil War. The family lived in the -wings for many years.</p> - -<p>In 1804 Mr. Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh, daughter of William Fitzhugh, -of Chatham, at Alexandria, Va. To this union four children were born, -but only one, Mary Ann Randolph Custis (born October 1, 1808), lived. On -June 30, 1831, she became the wife of Lieut. Robert E. Lee. Upon the death of -her father, in 1857, title to the estate passed to Mrs. Lee.</p> - -<p>On May 24, 1861, Union troops occupied Arlington, and it soon became -an armed camp. Under an act of Congress passed June 17, 1862, certain commissioners -of the Government were appointed to levy and collect taxes in Virginia -and elsewhere; and if default in payment was made, to sell the real estate -upon which the taxes were levied. Prior to January, 1864, the commissioners had -adopted a rule by which payment of taxes in the district where the Arlington -property was located would not be accepted unless tendered by the owner in -person. Mrs. Lee could not comply with this rule, so she sent a cousin, Mr. -Fendall, to pay the taxes. The money was refused, and he was informed that -Mrs. Lee must be present in person.</p> - -<p>On January 11, 1864, there was due only the sum of $92.07 on the 1,100 acres -of the Arlington estate, together with a 50 per cent penalty, when the property -was sold “according to law,” as stated in the tax certificate. The United States -acquired title to the property at public auction by the payment of $26,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page310">[310]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo323.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">ARLINGTON MANSION—RECEPTION HALL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page311">[311]</span></p> - -<p>Upon the death of Mrs. Lee, in 1873, her eldest son, George Washington Custis -Lee, according to the will of his grandfather, George Washington Parke Custis, -became entitled to the Arlington estate. He at once took steps looking to the -recovery of the property. After petitioning Congress in vain, he began suit in -ejectment in 1877 at Alexandria, Va. In 1879 the United States Circuit Court -for the Eastern District of Virginia decided he was entitled to the estate and -that the United States did not have lawful title. The Department of Justice -carried the case to the United States Supreme Court, which decided that the -property belonged to Mr. Lee. The United States was thus faced with the -question of whether to disinter the remains of thousands of soldiers and sailors -and vacate the property, part of which had become a military post, or purchase -the same. However, Mr. Lee was willing to sell Arlington for $150,000. On -March 3, 1883, the Forty-seventh Congress appropriated the necessary money, -and on March 31 Mr. Lee executed a deed which conveyed the title to the -United States. The deed was recorded at the Alexandria County Courthouse on -the 14th day of May, 1883, just 22 years, less 10 days, from the day, May 24, 1861, -when General Scott’s soldiers crossed the Potomac River and took possession.</p> - -<p>Mary Randolph, wife of David Meade Randolph, and a relative of the Custis -family, is the first person known to have been buried at Arlington. In April, -1853, Mrs. Custis, wife of the owner of the estate, George Washington Parke -Custis, died and was laid to rest in a little plot of ground beneath huge oaks not -far from the mansion house. The master of Arlington died on October 10, 1857, -and was laid beside his wife. To-day their graves may be seen, surmounted by -simple marble shafts, within an iron-fenced inclosure, where lilies-of-the-valley -cover the ground in profusion. The Quartermaster General’s Department has -recently erected a marker beside the grave of Mrs. Randolph, giving a short history -of her life.</p> - -<h3>ARLINGTON AS A NATIONAL CEMETERY</h3> - -<p>Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs, Quartermaster Corps, United States Army, was -the first to suggest to President Lincoln that the estate be converted into a military -cemetery, and in 1864, by order of Secretary of War Stanton, 200 acres were -set apart and dedicated as a national cemetery for the burial of Union soldiers -and sailors. However, the first man to be buried there was a Confederate soldier -who died in the hospital May 13, 1864.</p> - -<p>There are buried in Arlington a small number of those who fought in the Revolutionary -War and some who were in the War of 1812. Their remains were -removed to Arlington from an abandoned cemetery in 1892. Thousands of men -who died in the Civil War are buried there, with veterans of the Spanish-American -War and the Philippine campaign, and now the veterans of the World -War are steadily being added to the number.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page312">[312]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo325.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY—MEMORIAL AMPHITHEATER</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page313">[313]</span></p> - -<p>In front of Arlington House is the tomb of Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant, -engineer, artist, and soldier, who, under the direction of President Washington -and Thomas Jefferson, designed the plans for the city of Washington.</p> - -<h4>ARLINGTON MEMORIAL AMPHITHEATER</h4> - -<p>On May 5, 1868, Gen. John A. Logan, commander in chief of the Grand Army -of the Republic, issued the following general order (No. 11):</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>The 30th of May, 1868, is designated for the purpose of strewing with flowers or otherwise -decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country, * * * posts and comrades -will, in their own way, arrange such fitting services and testimonials of respect as circumstances -may permit.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>There has been an annual observance of this ceremony in all the national -cemeteries of the country since this order was promulgated.</p> - -<p>For years a vine-covered pergola, erected by the Quartermaster’s Department -of the Army, was used for the Memorial Day exercises. When it was found to -be entirely inadequate to accommodate the increasing number of people who -attended the exercises, it was decided to erect a suitable building which would -serve not only as a memorial to our soldiers and sailors but which would also -provide an assembly place for those attending such exercises as might be held in -the cemetery grounds.</p> - -<p>Accordingly, the first steps toward this end were taken in 1903, when the -necessity for such a building and the appropriateness of its erection were first -suggested by the commander of the Department of the Potomac, Grand Army of -the Republic. Preliminary sketches and plans were prepared in 1905 and presented -to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury, but no action was taken -until 1908, when the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater Commission was -created, and an appropriation of $5,000 to secure and present more detailed plans -for the proposed memorial was made. No further action was taken by Congress -for five years, when, by the act of March 3, 1913, the construction of a -memorial amphitheater and chapel, in accordance with plans prepared by Carrere -& Hastings, architects, of New York City, was authorized. Ground was broken -March 1, 1915, the corner stone was laid October 13, 1915, and the memorial -was dedicated May 15, 1920.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page314">[314]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo327.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE TOMB OF THE UNKNOWN SOLDIER OF THE WORLD WAR</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page315">[315]</span></p> - -<p>The main feature of the structure consists of an open-air amphitheater, -elliptical in plan, with a seating capacity of about 4,000 persons. Its diameter, -north and south axis, is 200 feet, and 152 feet on its east and west axis. It has a -height of approximately 30 feet. The amphitheater is inclosed by a marble -colonnade with entrances at the ends of the principal axis. The main entrance is -from the east, and this section contains a reception hall and stage on the main -floor, a museum room or “Valhalla” on the second floor, and a chapel in the -basement. Under the floor of the colonnade, crypts are provided for the burial -of distinguished soldiers, sailors, and marines. The amphitheater, erected at a -cost of $825,000 is built of white marble from Vermont. Inscriptions commemorate -the great wars of the United States.</p> - -<p>Immediately to the east of the main entrance is the Tomb of the Unknown -Soldier, which was completed by the War Department in accordance with plans -that provide also for a great approach to the tomb and the amphitheater.</p> - -<h4>TOMB OF THE UNKNOWN SOLDIER</h4> - -<p>At the time when the rites for the Unknown Soldier were solemnized, on -November 11, 1921, the time for preparation was so short that the location of -the tomb on the terrace in front of the amphitheater was quickly decided upon. -The casket was inclosed in what was designed to be the base of a monument -which was to be erected later. The preliminary work was designed by Thomas -Hastings, of the firm of Carrere & Hastings, architects of the amphitheater.</p> - -<p>Five years later, on July 3, 1926, Congress authorized the Secretary of War -to secure by competition designs for a monument to cost $50,000, and provided -that the accepted design should be subject to the approval of the Arlington -Amphitheater Commission (the Secretaries of War and of the Navy), the American -Battle Monuments Commission, and the Commission of Fine Arts. A competition -was held, in which there were 39 competitors, 5 of whom were selected -to enter the final stage. The final award was made to Thomas Hudson Jones, -sculptor, and Lorimer Rich, architect, of New York City.</p> - -<p>The competitors generally based their designs on such a modification of the -terrace as would place the monument at the head of a flight of steps, the approaches -to which called for rearrangement of the immediate foreground of the -terrace. Congress accepted the winning design, and a supplemental appropriation -was made for carrying out the design. The work of completing the Tomb -of the Unknown Soldier was in charge of the Quartermaster General of the -Army. The cost of the memorial, constructed of Colorado Yule marble, was -$400,000.</p> - -<p>Within this marble sarcophagus rests the remains of the Unknown Soldier, a -hero of the World War. The Republic has bestowed upon him its most cherished -decoration for valor, the Congressional Medal of Honor, and all the major nations -associated with America in the Great War have similarly honored his memory and -the memory of the thousands of his comrades who laid down their lives in that -titanic struggle.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page316">[316]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo329.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY—MAINE MONUMENT AND THE MEMORIAL AMPHITHEATER</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page317">[317]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo330.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">TOMB OF L’ENFANT</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page318">[318]</span></p> - -<div class="container w25emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo331.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page319">[319]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XXV</span><br> -<span class="title">STATUES AND MONUMENTS<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span></h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> -A complete list of the statues and monuments will be found in the Appendix, <a href="#Page347">p. 347</a>.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<h3>STATUE OF GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON</h3> - -<p>The most precious work of art in the United States is the life mask of George -Washington by the noted French sculptor, Jean Antoine Houdon, who in 1785 -was commissioned by the State of Virginia to execute a marble statue of George -Washington. Houdon crossed the ocean, setting sail from Paris, France, on July -22 of that year for this purpose, in company with Benjamin Franklin. For 10 days -he was a guest of General Washington at Mount Vernon, making studies and a -cast. Having made his models, Houdon returned to France, reaching home on -January 4, 1786. It took him two years to model and carve the statue, and the -completed work arrived at Richmond in 1788. Eight years later the statue -was installed in the rotunda of the State capitol, where it stands to-day. The -statue represents Washington in the uniform of a Revolutionary officer; and, -according to John Marshall, his intimate friend, this three-quarter view corresponds -more to the exact likeness of Washington than any other portrait. A copy -of this statue is in the Rotunda of the Capitol, the gift of the State of Virginia to -the Nation. The life mask is at Mount Vernon.</p> - -<h3>TRIPOLI COLUMN</h3> - -<p>This was the first and only monument that stood in Washington for a period -of 26 years. It was erected in memory of the heroes that fell before Tripoli in -1804. It had been made at the expense of officers of the Navy and was brought -from Italy in the U. S. S. <i>Constitution</i> to the navy yard, where it was erected -in 1808 under the direction of Benjamin H. Latrobe, Architect of the Capitol. -Afterwards, when in 1814 the navy yard was burned by the British, it was -placed at the west side of the Capitol. During the reconstruction and enlargement -of the Capitol to its present size it was removed.</p> - -<p>In November, 1860, it was taken to the United States Naval Academy at -Annapolis, where it stands to-day.</p> - -<p>The chief motif of the monument is an artistically designed, simple Doric -column, surmounted by an eagle. It was procured through the efforts of Admiral -Porter, who commissioned a noted Italian sculptor of the time, Micali, of -Leghorn, to execute the monument.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page320">[320]</span></p> - -<div class="container w35emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo333.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">TRIPOLI COLUMN, AT ANNAPOLIS, MD.</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page321">[321]</span></p> - -<h3>STATUE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON</h3> - -<p>This statue is by Horatio Greenough, who, born in Boston in 1805, was a -noted American sculptor of the early days of the Republic. He was the first -American deliberately to choose sculpture as a profession and to go abroad for -serious study. He became absorbed with art as he saw it in Italy, and those -who have seen the massive Roman statuary of the Farnese collection at Naples, -in addition to the priceless collections of statuary of classical times at Rome and -Florence, can make due allowance for the conception of the ponderous figure of -George Washington by Greenough when he was commissioned by Congress in -1832 to execute the statue. He was at work on the statue for eight years, during -the period of the classical revival in this country, marked by the construction of -the Patent Office, the old Post Office, and the Treasury Department Buildings.</p> - -<p>The statue is 12 feet high, and of Carrara marble. It cost $44,000. After -many perils by sea and land, it reached this city in 1843. At the Capitol it was -found that the doors were not large enough to permit its passage, and they were -temporarily widened to admit the statue, where it was given a place in the -Rotunda, but its immense weight was too heavy for the floor, and it was transferred -to the plaza in front of and facing the Capitol. It remained there for over -half a century, and in 1908 was removed to the National Museum.</p> - -<p>This statue of Washington in Roman toga, seated in a curule chair, was -often ridiculed. One wrote that Washington was supposed to be saying, as he -pointed in two directions, “My body is at Mount Vernon, my clothes are in the -Patent Office.” Nevertheless, the statue had its friends. In 1841 Edward Everett -wrote of it, “I regard Greenough’s Washington as one of the greatest works of -sculpture of modern times.” It is an art treasure of the past, and as such is rightly -cherished to-day.</p> - -<h3>STATUE OF GEN. ANDREW JACKSON</h3> - -<p>This statue in Lafayette Square, north of the White House, is the first equestrian -statue cast in the United States. It is the work of Clark Mills, sculptor, -who, while he was in the South preparing to go abroad, was persuaded to come to -Washington and submit to Members of Congress sketches of an equestrian statue. -They were so highly pleased with them that Mills was commissioned to produce -the statue, and to do this he built a foundry in northeast Washington at a place -now called Mills Avenue. The cost of the statue was $32,000. Congress appropriated -$20,000 and the Jackson Democratic Association of Washington the -balance. Congress also appropriated $8,000 for the pedestal. The statue was -unveiled January 8, 1853, the thirty-eighth anniversary of Jackson’s victory at -New Orleans. Stephen A. Douglas, then a United States Senator, delivered the -oration.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page322">[322]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo335.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page323">[323]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo336.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF GEN. ANDREW JACKSON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page324">[324]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo337.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">THE ADAMS MEMORIAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page325">[325]</span></p> - -<p>Repeated attempts have been made in the past 25 years to relocate the statue, -but without success. It has been suggested that it be placed at the north steps -of the Treasury Department Building. Some years ago the suggestion was made -to have the statue exchange places with the General Washington Statue in Washington -Circle. It met with strong objection. To relocate the statue would -require an act of Congress. However, the statue is regarded a landmark in the -city, and, as heretofore stated, it is the first equestrian statue cast in the United -States, having thus added historic interest.</p> - -<h3>ADAMS MEMORIAL</h3> - -<p>The Adams Memorial, a veiled female figure in bronze, by Saint-Gaudens, in -Rock Creek Cemetery, was erected in 1891. Under the carpet of pine needles -the bodies of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Adams are buried. There is no inscription; -not even a date on the architectural features, designed by Stanford White. Thick -planting of pines and shrubs completely secludes the monument. Friends of the -sculptor deplore the fact that this, his masterpiece, has come to be known as the -Statue of Grief, as such a title is wholly at variance with the artist’s conception. -It is, in fact, a monument without a name, though the artist preferred the title, -“The Peace of God.” The sculptor endeavored to comprise in the figure the -thought of the philosophy of the ages—the great mystery of the human race and -of history—that being called man and his destiny. It is a world-famous monument, -and each year thousands of visitors to the National Capital gladly travel -the 4 miles directly north of the Capitol to see it.</p> - -<h3>STATUE OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE</h3> - -<p>The statue of General Lafayette is situated on the southeast corner of Lafayette -Square. It is a heroic bronze statue by Alexander Falguiere and Antoine -Mercie, noted French sculptors. The statue stands on a marble pedestal, on the -north side of which are two cherubs holding up the inscription:</p> - -<p class="inscription">BY THE CONGRESS IN COMMEMORATION OF THE SERVICES RENDERED BY GENERAL LAFAYETTE -AND HIS COMPATRIOTS DURING THE STRUGGLE FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF AMERICA</p> - -<p>Congress appropriated $50,000 for the statue and pedestal, and it was -completed in April, 1891. It is 45 feet high. On the east side are two heroic -French naval figures, Comte d’Estaing (north) and Comte de Grasse (south), -and an anchor. On the west side are two heroic French Army officers who -served during the Revolution, Comte de Rochambeau (south) and Chevalier -Duportail (north), and a mortar. On the south side of the pedestal is a figure -symbolizing America, lifting up a sword to General Lafayette, with the inscription:</p> - -<p class="inscription">TO GENERAL LAFAYETTE AND HIS COMPATRIOTS, 1777-1783</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page326">[326]</span></p> - -<p>There were no ceremonies of dedication, but the statue is annually the scene -of ceremonies, including the presentation of a wreath by some patriotic organization, -such as the Sons of the American Revolution, on Lafayette’s Birthday, -September 6.</p> - -<h3>STATUE OF ALEXANDER R. SHEPHERD</h3> - -<p>The statue standing in front of the District Building, at Fourteenth Street and -Pennsylvania Avenue NW., was unveiled May 3, 1909. The cost of its erection, -$10,192.67, was defrayed by public subscription in the city of Washington.</p> - -<p>The statue is the work of U. S. J. Dunbar, sculptor. It perpetuates the -memory of a man who in the face of great opposition accomplished wonders for -the National Capital.</p> - -<p>Mr. Shepherd, for the years 1873 and 1874, was Governor of the District of -Columbia, and previous to that had been vice president and executive officer of -the board of public works, which inaugurated a program for municipal improvement -that led to the transformation of the city in that day, as has been heretofore -described. Driven from the city, he went to Mexico and accumulated a fortune, -returning later to Washington. His tomb is in Rock Creek Cemetery, not far -from the famous Adams Memorial.</p> - -<h3>STATUE OF HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW</h3> - -<p>This bronze statue is situated at the intersection of Eighteenth Street and -Connecticut Avenue, at M Street NW., in one of the many triangular reservations -that are so numerous in Washington and which, in addition to furnishing -sites for monuments, help to make the city so attractive. It was presented to the -National Capital by the Longfellow Memorial Association and unveiled May 15, -1909. Congress appropriated $4,000 for the pedestal and furnished the site. The -pedestal is of Milford pink granite, polished. The statue is the work of William -Couper, sculptor. Longfellow, in academic gown, is seated.</p> - -<h3>STATUE OF JOHN WITHERSPOON</h3> - -<p>This statue stands in front of the Church of the Covenant, on Connecticut -Avenue, near that of Longfellow. Congress provided the site and pedestal at -a cost of $4,000. It is the work of William Couper, sculptor. It was presented -to the United States by the Witherspoon Memorial Association, and unveiled -May 20, 1909.</p> - -<p>John Witherspoon was a Presbyterian clergyman, at one time president of -what is now Princeton University, and one of the signers of the Declaration of -Independence, the only clergyman among the signers of that famous document.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page327">[327]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo340.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page328">[328]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo341.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page329">[329]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo342.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF JOHN WITHERSPOON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page330">[330]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo343.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC MEMORIAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page331">[331]</span></p> - -<p>On the north side of the pedestal is a quotation from Witherspoon, made -during the War for Independence, as follows:</p> - -<p class="inscription long">FOR MY OWN PART, OF PROPERTY I HAVE SOME, OF REPUTATION MORE. THAT REPUTATION -IS STAKED, THAT PROPERTY IS PLEDGED ON THE ISSUE OF THIS CONTEST, AND -ALTHOUGH THESE GREY HAIRS MUST SOON DESCEND INTO THE SEPULCHRE, I WOULD INFINITELY -RATHER THAT THEY DESCEND THITHER BY THE HAND OF THE EXECUTIONER -THAN DESERT AT THIS CRISIS THE SACRED CAUSE OF MY COUNTRY</p> - -<h3>MEMORIAL OF THE GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC -TO DR. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN STEPHENSON</h3> - -<p>This memorial was presented to the United States by the Grand Army of the -Republic, in commemoration of Dr. Benjamin Franklin Stephenson, organizer and -founder of the Grand Army of the Republic, and stands near Pennsylvania -Avenue at Seventh Street NW.</p> - -<p>The monument is a solid granite shaft, in form a triangular pyramid. The -bronze figures represent three great principles. Fraternity, symbolized by a soldier -and a sailor, is on the west side. Over the group is the inscription:</p> - -<p class="inscription">1861-1865</p> - -<p>Underneath is a bronze medallion of Doctor Stephenson, also the badge of -the Grand Army of the Republic, obverse and reverse being shown, and the -inscription:</p> - -<p class="inscription">GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, ORGANIZED AT DECATUR, ILLINOIS, APRIL 6, 1866, -BY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN STEPHENSON, M. D.</p> - -<p>On the southeast side of the shaft is a female figure representing Loyalty, holding -a shield and drawn sword, and an inscription:</p> - -<p class="inscription">WHO KNEW NO GLORY BUT HIS COUNTRY’S GOOD</p> - -<p>On the northeast side Charity is represented by a woman protecting a -child, with the inscription:</p> - -<p class="inscription">THE GREATEST OF THESE IS CHARITY</p> - -<p>The monument cost $45,000, of which $10,000 was appropriated by Congress -for the pedestal, by act of March 4, 1907. It is the work of J. Massey Rhind, -sculptor. The monument was unveiled July 3, 1909, during the administration -of President Taft, who delivered an address on the occasion.</p> - -<h3>STATUE OF GEN. CASIMIR PULASKI</h3> - -<p>The Pulaski monument, completed in 1910, and dedicated May 11, 1910, -the same day as was the Kosciuszko monument, is an equestrian by Kasimiriez -Chodzinski, sculptor, and stands on Pennsylvania Avenue, at Thirteenth Street -NW. It cost $55,000, which was appropriated by Congress.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page332">[332]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo345.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF GENERAL CASIMIR PULASKI</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page333">[333]</span></p> - -<p>The monument represents General Pulaski in his military uniform seated on -his horse “in action.” The pedestal, which is 9 feet high, is by Albert R. Ross, -architect. It rests on a large platform, measuring 20 by 16 feet. The equestrian, -with its pedestal, is one of the best in the city.</p> - -<h3>ZERO MILESTONE</h3> - -<p>The Zero Milestone takes the place of the itinerary column planned by -L’Enfant for a place 1 mile east of the Capitol, “from which all distances of places -through the continent were to be calculated.” That column never was built.</p> - -<p>The Zero Milestone is immediately south of the White House grounds. It is a -block of granite 4 feet high with a bronze compass design on top, and stands on -the meridian of the District of Columbia. The monument shows on the street -side the designation Zero Milestone, with the insignia of the Motor Transport -Corps, U. S. Army. The inscriptions on the other three sides show that it -constitutes a point from which distances may be measured on highways of the -United States radiating from Washington, and that it was the starting point of -the transcontinental motor-transport convoys over the Lincoln and the Bankhead -Highways in 1919 and 1920, respectively. The monument was authorized by -act of Congress approved June 5, 1920. It was designed by Horace W. Peaslee, -architect, of Washington.</p> - -<h3>DUPONT MEMORIAL</h3> - -<p>The Dupont Memorial Fountain, at Dupont Circle, was designed by Daniel -Chester French, sculptor, and Henry Bacon, architect. The fountain was dedicated -on May 17, 1921, and cost $100,000. It replaces a portrait statue of -Admiral Dupont. The top bowl, in one piece, is 13 feet in diameter.</p> - -<p>There are three figures on the supporting column of the fountain, representing -The Sea, The Wind, and The Stars. The picture used in this book shows the -figure typifying The Sea. The fountain is of Georgia marble.</p> - -<h3>STATUE OF JEANNE D’ARC</h3> - -<p>This statue, a copy of the celebrated Paul Dubois statue, one of the masterpieces -of modern art standing in front of Rheims Cathedral, is situated on the -grand terrace of Meridian Hill Park.</p> - -<p>The statue is not large, measuring in length 10 feet and in height 9 feet. -The pedestal is about 6 feet high. The casting was done under the direction of -the Ministère des Beaux Arts, in Paris. The pedestal was designed by McKim, -Mead & White, architects, of New York City.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page334">[334]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo347.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF JEANNE D’ARC</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page335">[335]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo348.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">DUPONT MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page336">[336]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo349.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">ZERO MILESTONE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page337">[337]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo350.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF DANTE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page338">[338]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo351.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page339">[339]</span></p> - -<p>Congress authorized the erection of the statue on public grounds in the -National Capital, and the Commission of Fine Arts advised in the matter of -location and design of the pedestal.</p> - -<p>In May, 1916, the commission received a communication from Mme. Carlo -Polifeme, President Fondatrice, Le Lyceum Société des Femmes de France à New -York, to this effect:</p> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>Le Lyceum Société des Femmes de France à New York, in a spirit of patriotism, nurtured by -exile, inspired with a deep sense of the friendship that binds our two sister Republics, animated -by a sympathy born of closer and closer relations, “Le Lyceum” intends to perpetuate these sentiments -by erecting, in their new home, a monument to Jeanne d’Arc, emblem of Patriotism, emblem -of Love and Peace. The statue of our French heroine will be built to the glory of womanhood, -dedicated by the women of France in New York to the women of America, and offered to the -city of Washington.</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<p>The President and his excellency the French ambassador attended the unveiling, -which took place on January 6, 1922, the five hundred and tenth anniversary -of the birth of Jeanne d’Arc.</p> - -<p>The life of Jeanne d’Arc has been eulogized by the greatest of writers, and -to-day she is revered as one of the world’s great liberators. Her spirit of patriotism -and devotion has thrilled the ages.</p> - -<h3>STATUE OF DANTE</h3> - -<p>The statue of Dante, standing in Meridian Hill Park, was given to the National -Capital by Chevalier Carlo Barsotti, editor of Il Progresso Italo-Americano, in -behalf of the Italians of the United States in commemoration of the six hundredth -anniversary of the death of Dante Alighieri, and unveiled on December -1, 1921. It is in bronze, 12 feet high, and is the work of Commendatore Ettore -Ximenes, sculptor, of Rome. The artist has represented Dante in the gown of a -scholar and crowned with a laurel wreath.</p> - -<p>The statue received an appropriate landscape setting upon the completion of -the lower garden of Meridian Hill Park.</p> - -<h3>GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL</h3> - -<p>The Grant Memorial, situated at the head of the Mall, in Union Square, near -the Capitol, was authorized by Congress in 1901, at a cost of $250,000, the -largest expenditure for statuary ever made by this Government. It is said to -be the second largest equestrian statue in the world, being exceeded only by -the Victor Emmanuel in Rome, which is less than one-half foot higher.</p> - -<p>The monument consists of a marble platform 252 feet in length and 69 feet at -its greatest width, with steps on each side. In the center is a pedestal 22 feet 6 -inches high, on the top of which is a monumental bronze figure of General Grant -on horseback watching a battle. The horse is 17 feet 6 inches high, two and -one-half times life-size; the monument is nearly 40 feet high. The top of General -Grant’s army hat is 65 feet above the platform. The weight of the statue is -10,500 pounds.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page340">[340]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo353.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL—CAVALRY GROUP</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page341">[341]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo354.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL—ARTILLERY GROUP</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page342">[342]</span></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<img src="images/illo355.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page343">[343]</span></p> - -<p>The infantry is represented by two bronze tablets at each side of the pedestal.</p> - -<p>On the platform at the right a cavalry charge is in progress. There are -seven horses in the group.</p> - -<p>On the platform at the left a battery of artillery is going into action. There -are five horses and four soldiers in this group.</p> - -<p>In these groups the sculptor has given particular attention to portraying the -army equipment of the period.</p> - -<p>Four great bronze lions are at each corner of the main pedestal, guarding the -flag. For the inscription the memorial has the single word “Grant.”</p> - -<p>The monument was cast by the Roman Bronze Works, of Brooklyn, N. Y., -and was dedicated April 27, 1922. Edward Pearce Casey was the architect. The -sculptor, Henry Merwin Shrady, died on April 12, a few days before the dedication. -The monument represents his most notable work.</p> - -<h3>STATUE OF EDMUND BURKE</h3> - -<p>The statue of the eloquent defender of the rights of the American Colonies -in the British Parliament is situated in a triangle at the intersection of Massachusetts -Avenue and Eleventh Street NW. It is a copy of the statue at Bristol, -England, which city Burke represented in Parliament. It was designed by the late -Havard Thomas, and is an excellent example of the work of one of the celebrated -English sculptors of recent times. The statue was given by Sir Charles Cheers -Wakefield, Bart., through the Sulgrave Institution. The pedestal was designed -by Horace W. Peaslee, architect, of Washington. The statue was unveiled -October 12, 1922, and accepted on the part of the United States by the late -Hon. John W. Weeks, Secretary of War.</p> - -<h3>STATUE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON</h3> - -<p>This statue in bronze, about 9 feet in height, is on the south steps of the -Treasury Department Building. James E. Fraser is the sculptor. The pedestal is -of pink Milford granite and was designed by Henry Bacon, architect.</p> - -<p>If Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Secretary of the Treasury, waited -for more than a century to obtain representation in a capital in part located -through his sagacity and for the building of the department his genius created, at -least the result was well worth the delay. By common consent the standing -bronze figure of Hamilton, dressed in a typical colonial costume, is notable for -virility and charm. It was unveiled May 17, 1923.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page344">[344]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo357.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF EDMUND BURKE</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page345">[345]</span></p> - -<div class="container w40emmax"> - -<img src="images/illo358.jpg" alt=""> - -<p class="caption">STATUE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON</p> - -</div><!--container--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page346">[346-<br>347]</span><a id="Page347"></a></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX</h2> - -<h3>STATUES AND MONUMENTS</h3> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<table class="statues"> - -<colgroup> -<col span="4" class="w25pc"> -</colgroup> - -<tr class="bt bb"> -<th class="br">Name and location</th> -<th class="br">Sculptor and architect</th> -<th class="br">Date</th> -<th>Cost</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Adams Memorial, Rock Creek Cemetery.</td> -<td class="br">Augustus Saint-Gaudens.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1891.</td> -<td>Gift of Henry Adams, historian.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Bishop Francis Asbury (equestrian), 16th and Harvard Sts.</td> -<td class="br">Augustus Lukeman, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Oct. 15,1924.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Commodore John Barry, Franklin Park.</td> -<td class="br">John J. Boyle, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 16, 1914.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">William Jennings Bryan, Potomac Park.</td> -<td class="br">Gutzon Borglum, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 3, 1934.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Buchanan Memorial, Meridian Hill Park.</td> -<td class="br">H. Schuler, sculptor; William Gordon Beecher, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled June 26,1930.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Edmund Burke, 12th St. and Massachusetts Ave.</td> -<td class="br">Havard Thomas, sculptor; Horace W. Peaslee, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Oct. 12, 1922.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Butt-Millet Memorial Fountain, south of White House.</td> -<td class="br">Daniel C. French, sculptor; Thomas Hastings, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1913.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Colonial Settlers Monument, Ellipse, facing 15th Street.</td> -<td class="br">Delos Smith, architect.</td> -<td class="br">April 25, 1936.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Columbus Memorial Fountain, Union Station.</td> -<td class="br">Lorado Taft, sculptor; D. H. Burnham & Co., architects.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled June 8, 1912.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $100,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Cuban Urn, Potomac Park.</td> -<td class="br">From fragments of Maine Memorial.</td> -<td class="br">1928.</td> -<td>Gift to city by Cuba.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Louis J. M. Daguerre, Smithsonian grounds.</td> -<td class="br">Jonathan S. Hartley, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Aug. 15, 1890.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Dante Alighieri, Meridian Hill Park.</td> -<td class="br">C. Ettore Ximenes, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Dec. 1, 1921.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Darlington Memorial Fountain, Judiciary Square.</td> -<td class="br">C. P. Jennewein, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">1923.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Jane A. Delano Memorial, Red Cross grounds.</td> -<td class="br">R. Tait McKenzie, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 26,1934.</td> -<td>Gift of Nurses of the Red Cross.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">District of Columbia World War Memorial.</td> -<td class="br">Frederick H. Brooke, H. W. Peaslee, and Nathan Wyeth, associated.</td> -<td class="br">November 11, 1931.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Dupont Memorial Fountain, Dupont Circle.</td> -<td class="br">D. C. French, sculptor; Henry Bacon, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 17, 1921.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">John Ericsson, Potomac Park.<span class="pagenum" id="Page348">[348]</span></td> -<td class="br">James E. Fraser, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 29, 1926.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $35,000; part gift of Scandinavians.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Admiral David Farragut, Farragut Square.</td> -<td class="br">Vinnie Ream Hoxie, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 25, 1881.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $20,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">First Division Memorial, President’s Park.</td> -<td class="br">D. C. French, sculptor; Cass Gilbert, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Oct. 4, 1924.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Fountain, Botanic Gardens.</td> -<td class="br">Auguste Bartholdi, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">1876.</td> -<td>Brought from Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Benjamin Franklin, 10th St. and Pennsylvania Ave.</td> -<td class="br">Jacques Jouvenal, sculptor; after Plassman.</td> -<td class="br">Erected Jan. 17, 1889.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gallaudet Group, Columbia Institute for Deaf Mutes.</td> -<td class="br">Daniel Chester French, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1889.</td> -<td>Gift of the Deaf.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">James A. Garfield, First St. and Maryland Ave.</td> -<td class="br">J. Q. A. Ward, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 12, 1887.</td> -<td>Congress, $37,500; and in part gift.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">James Cardinal Gibbons, 16th St. and Park Rd.</td> -<td class="br">Leo Lentelli, sculptor; George Koyl, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1932.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Samuel Gompers and American Federation of Labor Memorial, 10th St. and Massachusetts Ave.</td> -<td class="br">Robert Aitken, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated Oct. 7, 1933.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">General U. S. Grant Memorial, Union Square.</td> -<td class="br">Henry M. Shrady, sculptor; Edward P. Casey, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated Apr. 27, 1922.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $250,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. Nathanael Greene (equestrian), Maryland and Massachusetts Aves. NE.</td> -<td class="br">H. K. Brown, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1877.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Dr. Samuel Gross, Smithsonian grounds.</td> -<td class="br">A. Stirling Calder, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 5, 1897.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Grand Army of the Republic Memorial, 7th St. and Pennsylvania Ave.</td> -<td class="br">J. Massey Rhind, sculptor; Rankin, Kellogg & Crane, architects.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled July 3, 1909.</td> -<td>Gift to city, $35,000; Act of Congress, $10,000 for pedestal.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Hahnemann Memorial, Scott Circle.</td> -<td class="br">Charles Henry Niehaus, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled June 21, 1900.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Alexander Hamilton, south steps of Treasury Building.</td> -<td class="br">James E. Fraser, sculptor; Henry Bacon, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 17, 1923.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. Winfield S. Hancock (equestrian), between 7th and 8th Sts. on Pennsylvania Ave.</td> -<td class="br">Henry J. Ellicott, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 12, 1896.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Joseph Henry, Smithsonian grounds.</td> -<td class="br">W. W. Story, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 19, 1882.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $15,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. Andrew Jackson, Lafayette Park (first equestrian in U. S.).<span class="pagenum" id="Page349">[349]</span></td> -<td class="br">Clark Mills, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Jan. 8, 1853.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $32,000; part gift.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Jeanne d’Arc.</td> -<td class="br">Paul Dubois, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Jan. 6, 1922.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Thomas Jefferson Memorial, south of Tidal Basin.</td> -<td class="br">John R. Pope, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Under construction.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $3,000,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Admiral John Paul Jones, foot of 17th St.</td> -<td class="br">Charles H. Niehaus, sculptor; Thomas Hastings, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 17, 1912.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. Thaddeus Kosciuszko,Lafayette Park.</td> -<td class="br">Antoni Popiel, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 11, 1910.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">General Lafayette, Lafayette Park.</td> -<td class="br">Alexandre Falguire and Antoine Mercie.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1891.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">L’Enfant Tomb, Arlington National Cemetery.</td> -<td class="br">Welles Bosworth, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated 1909.</td> -<td>Gift of American Institute of Architects.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Abraham Lincoln, Judiciary Square.</td> -<td class="br">Lott Flannery, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 15, 1868.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Lincoln the Emancipator, Lincoln Park.</td> -<td class="br">Thomas Ball, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 14, 1876.</td> -<td>Gift of freed slaves to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">General John A. Logan (equestrian), 13th St. and Rhode Island Ave.</td> -<td class="br">Franklin Simmons, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated Apr. 9, 1901.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $50,000; part gift.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Henry W. Longfellow, Connecticut Ave. and M St.</td> -<td class="br">William Couper, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 15, 1909.</td> -<td>Gift to city; pedestal by Congress.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Martin Luther, facing Thomas Circle.</td> -<td class="br">Replica of figure by Reitschel at Worms.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1884.</td> -<td>$10,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Chief Justice John Marshall, Capitol grounds.</td> -<td class="br">W. W. Story, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">do.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. George B. McClellan (equestrian), Connecticut Ave. and Columbia Rd.</td> -<td class="br">Frederick MacMonnies, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 2, 1907.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">McMillan Fountain (Senator James), McMillan Park.</td> -<td class="br">Herbert Adams, sculptor; Charles A. Platt, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1913.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. James B. McPherson (equestrian), McPherson Square.</td> -<td class="br">Louis T. Rebisso, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated Oct. 18, 1876.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $25,000; part gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. George G. Meade, Union Square.</td> -<td class="br">Charles Grafly, sculptor; Simon & Simon, architects.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated Oct. 19, 1927.</td> -<td>Gift to city by State of Pennsylvania; (cost $400,000).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Navy and Marine Memorial, Columbia Island.</td> -<td class="br">Begni del Piatta, sculptor; Harvey W. Corbett, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1935.</td> -<td>Gift to city; base by the Government.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Francis G. Newlands Memorial Fountain, Chevy Chase Circle.<span class="pagenum" id="Page350">[350]</span></td> -<td class="br">Edward W. Donn, Jr., architect.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated Oct. 12, 1933.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Nuns of the Civil War Monument, Rhode Island Ave. and M St.</td> -<td class="br">Jerome Connor, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Sept. 20, 1924.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Peace Monument, 1st St. and Pennsylvania Ave.</td> -<td class="br">Franklin Simmons, sculptor; Edward Clark, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated 1877.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $20,000; part gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Albert Pike, 3d St. and Indiana Ave.</td> -<td class="br">G. Trentanove, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Oct. 23, 1901.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. Casimir Pulaski (equestrian), 13th St. and Pennsylvania Ave.</td> -<td class="br">K. Chodzinski, sculptor; Albert R. Ross, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated May 11, 1910.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $55,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. John A. Rawlins, 18th St. and New York Ave.</td> -<td class="br">Joseph A. Bailey, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1874.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $13,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">General Rochambeau, Lafayette Park.</td> -<td class="br">F. Hamar, of Paris, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 24, 1902.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $22,500.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Theodore Roosevelt Memorial, Theodore Roosevelt Island.</td> -<td class="br">F. L. Olmsted, landscape architect; John R. Pope, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Island (formerly Analostan) acquired 1931.</td> -<td>Gift to city. Act of May 21, 1932.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Benjamin Rush, Naval Medical School.</td> -<td class="br">Roland Hinton Perry, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">...</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. San Martin (equestrian), Judiciary Square.</td> -<td class="br">Replica of one by Dumont at Buenos Aires.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated Oct. 28, 1925.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">General Winfield Scott (equestrian), Scott Circle.</td> -<td class="br">Henry K. Brown, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1874.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $77,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">General Winfield Scott, Soldiers’ Home grounds.</td> -<td class="br">Launt Thompson, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1873.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Second Division Memorial, President’s Park, facing Constitution Avenue.</td> -<td class="br">John R. Pope, architect; James E. Fraser, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated July 18, 1936.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Serenity Statue, Meridian Hill Park.</td> -<td class="br">Jose Clara, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1924.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Alexander R. Shepherd, 14th St. and Pennsylvania Ave.</td> -<td class="br">U. S. J. Dunbar, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 3, 1909.</td> -<td>Do.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. Philip Sheridan (equestrian), Sheridan Circle.</td> -<td class="br">Gutzon Borglum, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Nov. 25, 1908.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. William T. Sherman (equestrian), south of Treasury Building.</td> -<td class="br">Carl Rohl Smith, sculptor, and several others.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Oct. 15, 1903.</td> -<td>Part gift, $11,000; acts of Congress, $120,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. George H. Thomas (equestrian), Thomas Circle.</td> -<td class="br">J. Q. A. Ward, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated Nov. 19, 1879.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $25,000; part gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Titanic Memorial, foot of New Hampshire Ave.<span class="pagenum" id="Page351">[351]</span></td> -<td class="br">Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney, sculptor; Henry Bacon, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 26, 1931.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">General Von Steuben, Lafayette Park.</td> -<td class="br">Albert Jaegers, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Dec. 7, 1910.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. Artemas Ward, Nebraska and Massachusetts Aves.</td> -<td class="br">Leonard Crunelle, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated Nov. 3, 1938.</td> -<td>Gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Gen. George Washington (equestrian), Washington Circle.</td> -<td class="br">Clark Mills, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Feb. 22, 1860.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Washington Monument.</td> -<td class="br">Robert Mills, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Dedicated Feb. 21, 1885.</td> -<td>Act of Congress and part gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Daniel Webster, near Scott Circle.</td> -<td class="br">G. Trentanove, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled Jan. 18, 1900.</td> -<td>Act of Congress, $4,000; part gift to city.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">John Witherspoon, Connecticut Ave. at N St.</td> -<td class="br">Wm. Couper, sculptor.</td> -<td class="br">Unveiled May 20, 1909.</td> -<td>Gift to city; pedestal by Congress.</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td class="br">Zero Milestone.</td> -<td class="br">H. W. Peaslee, architect.</td> -<td class="br">Erected 1922.</td> -<td>Act of Congress.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page352">[352-<br>353]</span><a id="Page353"></a></p> - -<h3>BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST OF BOOKS ON WASHINGTON<br> -THE NATIONAL CAPITAL<br> -<span class="highline2 fsize80">HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION<br> -(<i>By courtesy of the Library of Congress</i>)</span></h3> - -<ul class="booklist"> - -<li>A History of the National Capital, by W. B. Bryan.</li> - -<li>A History of the United States Capitol, by Glenn Brown.</li> - -<li>Washington in the Past, by Dr. S. C. Busey.</li> - -<li>National Capital Centennial, 1900, compiled by William V. Cox.</li> - -<li>With Americans of Past and Present Days, by J. J. Jusserand.</li> - -<li>Historical Sketches of the Ten Miles Square, forming the District of Columbia, by Jonathan -Elliott, 1830.</li> - -<li>The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia. (S. Rept. No. 166, 57th Cong., -1st sess., 1902.)</li> - -<li>Park Improvement Papers, 1901. (S. Doc. No. 94, 56th Cong., 2d sess.)</li> - -<li>The Improvement of the District of Columbia; papers by the American Institute of Architects, -1900.</li> - -<li>The Restoration of the White House. (S. Doc. No. 197, 57th Cong., 2d sess., 1903.)</li> - -<li>The Reports of the National Commission of Fine Arts, Nos. 1 to 12, inclusive.</li> - -<li>Daniel H. Burnham, Architect and Planner of Cities, by Charles Moore.</li> - -<li>Public Buildings Commission Reports.</li> - -<li>Reports of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission.</li> - -<li>Reports of the Columbia Historical Society.</li> - -<li>Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C., by H. W. Crew.</li> - -<li>Washington, the City and the Seat of Government, by Charles H. A. Forbes-Lindsay.</li> - -<li>The Capital of Our Country, by the National Geographic Society.</li> - -<li>Our Capital on the Potomac, by Helen Nicolay.</li> - -<li>Origin and Government of the District of Columbia, by William Tindall.</li> - -<li>Washington: Its Beginning, Its Growth, and Its Future, by William H. Taft. Published by the -National Geographic Society.</li> - -<li>Washington, Past and Present, by Charles Moore.</li> - -<li>Art and Artists of the Capitol, by Charles E. Fairman. (S. Doc. No. 95, 69th Cong.)</li> - -<li>Your Washington and Mine, by Louise Payson Latimer.</li> - -<li>Walks About Washington, by Francis Ellington Leupp.</li> - -<li>Washington, Its Sights and Insights, by Mrs. Harriet E. Monroe.</li> - -<li>Early Days of Washington, by S. Somervell Mackall.</li> - -<li>Washington and Its Romance, by Thomas N. Page.</li> - -<li>Rand-McNally Guide to Washington and Environs.</li> - -<li>The Standard Guide to Washington, by Charles B. Reynolds.</li> - -<li>Rider’s Washington, by Arthur F. Rider.</li> - -<li>The Book of Washington, by Robert Shackleton.</li> - -<li>Washington, the National Capital, by H. P. Caemmerer.</li> - -<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page354">[354]</span></li> - -<li>Pictures of the City of Washington in the Past, by Dr. Samuel C. Busey.</li> - -<li>The First Forty Years of Washington Society, by Margaret Bayard Smith.</li> - -<li>The Story of the White House, by Esther Singleton.</li> - -<li>The Art Treasures of Washington, by Helen W. Henderson.</li> - -<li>Washington, the Capital City, and Its Part in the History of the Nation.</li> - -<li>Development of the United States Capital. Addresses delivered in the auditorium of the United -States Chamber of Commerce Building, Washington, D. C., April 25-26, 1929. (H. Doc. No. -35, 71st Cong.)</li> - -<li>Washington, City of Mighty Events, by David R. Barbee.</li> - -<li>Territorial Government of Washington, D. C., by Col. Ulysses S. Grant III.</li> - -<li>L’Enfant and Washington, by Elizabeth S. Kite.</li> - -<li>Washington, Past and Present, by John C. Proctor.</li> - -<li>Washington, D. C., the Nation’s Capital, a book for young people, by Frances M. Fox.</li> - -<li>Approaching Washington by Tidewater Potomac, by Paul Wilstach.</li> - -<li>Washington, D. C., Committee on Marking Points of Historic Interest, 1929. (S. Doc. No. 228, -70th Cong., 2d sess.)</li> - -<li>Society in Washington, by DeBenneville R. Keim.</li> - -<li>Letters from a Senator’s Wife, by Mrs. Frances P. Keyes.</li> - -<li>Our National Government; or, Life and Scenes in our National Capital, by Mrs. J. A. Logan.</li> - -<li>Picturesque Washington: Pen and Pencil Sketches of Its Scenery, History, Traditions, Public and -Social Life, by Joseph West Moore.</li> - -<li>The Washington Sketch Book, by Joseph B. Varnum.</li> - -<li>Washington: City and Capital. Federal Writers’ Project. Government Printing Office, 1937.</li> - -<li>Records of the Columbia Historical Society.</li> - -</ul> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page355">[355]</span></p> - -<h3>PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES,<br> -CHIEF MAGISTRATES OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL</h3> - -<ul class="presidents"> - -<li> 1. <span class="smcap">George Washington</span>, April 30, 1789, to March 3, 1797.</li> - -<li> 2. <span class="smcap">John Adams</span>, March 4, 1797, to March 3, 1801.</li> - -<li> 3. <span class="smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>, March 4, 1801, to March 3, 1809.</li> - -<li> 4. <span class="smcap">James Madison</span>, March 4, 1809, to March 3, 1817.</li> - -<li> 5. <span class="smcap">James Monroe</span>, March 4, 1817, to March 3, 1825.</li> - -<li> 6. <span class="smcap">John Quincy Adams</span>, March 4, 1825, to March 3, 1829.</li> - -<li> 7. <span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span>, March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1837.</li> - -<li> 8. <span class="smcap">Martin Van Buren</span>, March 4, 1837, to March 3, 1841.</li> - -<li> 9. <span class="smcap">William Henry Harrison</span>, March 4, 1841, to April 4, 1841.</li> - -<li>10. <span class="smcap">John Tyler</span>, April 6, 1841, to March 3, 1845.</li> - -<li>11. <span class="smcap">James K. Polk</span>, March 4, 1845, to March 3, 1849.</li> - -<li>12. <span class="smcap">Zachary Taylor</span>, March 5, 1849, to July 9, 1850.</li> - -<li>13. <span class="smcap">Millard Fillmore</span>, July 10, 1850, to March 3, 1853.</li> - -<li>14. <span class="smcap">Franklin Pierce</span>, March 4, 1853, to March 3, 1857.</li> - -<li>15. <span class="smcap">James Buchanan</span>, March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1861.</li> - -<li>16. <span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span>, March 4, 1861, to April 15, 1865.</li> - -<li>17. <span class="smcap">Andrew Johnson</span>, April 15, 1865, to March 3, 1869.</li> - -<li>18. <span class="smcap">Ulysses S. Grant</span>, March 4, 1869, to March 3, 1877.</li> - -<li>19. <span class="smcap">Rutherford B. Hayes</span>, March 4, 1877, to March 3, 1881.</li> - -<li>20. <span class="smcap">James A. Garfield</span>, March 4, 1881, to September 19, 1881.</li> - -<li>21. <span class="smcap">Chester A. Arthur</span>, September 20, 1881, to March 3, 1885.</li> - -<li>22. <span class="smcap">Grover Cleveland</span>, March 4, 1885, to March 3, 1889.</li> - -<li>23. <span class="smcap">Benjamin Harrison</span>, March 4, 1889, to March 3, 1893.</li> - -<li>24. <span class="smcap">Grover Cleveland</span>, March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1897.</li> - -<li>25. <span class="smcap">William McKinley</span>, March 4, 1897, to September 14, 1901.</li> - -<li>26. <span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span>, September 14, 1901, to March 3, 1909.</li> - -<li>27. <span class="smcap">William H. Taft</span>, March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1913.</li> - -<li>28. <span class="smcap">Woodrow Wilson</span>, March 4, 1913, to March 3, 1921.</li> - -<li>29. <span class="smcap">Warren G. Harding</span>, March 4, 1921, to August 2, 1923.</li> - -<li>30. <span class="smcap">Calvin Coolidge</span>, August 3, 1923, to March 3, 1929.</li> - -<li>31. <span class="smcap">Herbert Hoover</span>, March 4, 1929, to March 3, 1933.</li> - -<li>32. <span class="smcap">Franklin D. Roosevelt</span>, March 4, 1933-</li> - -</ul> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page356">[356-<br>357]</span><a id="Page357"></a></p> - -<h3>QUOTATIONS FROM GREAT AMERICANS ON -WASHINGTON, THE NATIONAL CAPITAL</h3> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>“I most earnestly hope that in the National Capital a better beginning will be made than anywhere -else; and that can be made only by utilizing to the fullest degree the thought and the -disinterested efforts of the architects, the artists, the men of art, who stand foremost in their -professions here in the United States and who ask no other reward save the reward of feeling that -they have done their full part to make as beautiful as it should be the Capital City of the Great -Republic.” -<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt.</span></span></p> - -<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“If General Washington, at a time when his country was a little hemmed-in nation, boasting -but a single seaboard, with a population of only five million, and with credit so bad that lot sales, -lotteries, and borrowing upon the personal security of individuals had to be resorted to in order -to finance the new capital, could look to the future and understand that it was his duty to build -for the centuries to come and for a great nation, how much more should we do so now?” -<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">William H. Taft.</span></span></p> - -<p class="allclear blankbefore75">It is hereby ordered that -whenever new structures are to be erected in the District of Columbia -under the direction of the Federal Government which affect in any important way the appearance -of the city, or whenever questions involving matters of art and with which the Federal Government -is concerned are to be determined, final action shall not be taken until such plans and questions -have been submitted to the Commission of Fine Arts, designated under the act of Congress of -May 17, 1910, for comment and advice. (Executive order of November 28, 1913.) -<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Woodrow Wilson.</span></span></p> - -<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“We are embarking on an ambitious building program for the city of Washington. The -Memorial Bridge is under way with all that it holds for use and beauty. New buildings are soon -contemplated. This program should represent the best that exists in the art and science of architecture. -Into these structures, which must be considered as of a permanent nature, ought to go the -aspirations of the nation, its ideals, expressed in forms of beauty. If our country wishes to compete -with others, let it not be in the support of armaments but in the making of a beautiful capital city. -Let it express the soul of America. Whenever an American is at the seat of his Government, -however traveled and cultured he may be, he ought to find a city of stately proportions, symmetrically -laid out and adorned with the best that there is in architecture, which would arouse his -imagination and stir his patriotic pride. In the coming years Washington should be not only the -art center of our own country but the art center of the world. Around it should center all that is -best in science, in learning, in letters, and in art. These are the results that justify the creation -of those national resources with which we have been favored.” -<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Calvin Coolidge.</span></span></p> - -<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“This is more than the making of a beautiful city. Washington is not only the Nation’s -Capital, it is the symbol of America. By its dignity and architectural inspiration we stimulate -pride in our country, we encourage that elevation of thought and character which comes from -great architecture.” -<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Herbert Hoover.</span></span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page358">[358]</span></p> - -<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“In the Capital an example should be set for -the country as a whole in the matter of planning. -Our national monuments will attract seekers of the ideal in art. More and more it will become the -tendency to establish the headquarters of societies of literature and art in Washington and to -make bequests of collections to the National Capital. Already there is a definite project to establish -here in Washington a national gallery of painting. Thus the Capital may be foreseen as an -art center responding to the desire of visitors from all over the world and satisfying that demand. -The public buildings, as finally located and constructed, should place Washington in the forefront -of the architecturally beautiful cities of the world.” -<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Andrew W. Mellon.</span></span></p> - -<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“The people of America are beginning to see that it is not necessary to be commonplace in -order to have common sense * * *. They wish for themselves in the public buildings of municipalities -and of States and Nation to have the best results of time and the best attainments of -genius. What the people desire, their representatives in State legislature, in municipal body, and -in the Congress of the United States desire for them. The art of our fathers, the art of our private -citizens, is to be the art of our people and of our whole people.” -<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Elihu Root.</span></span></p> - -<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“A city planned on such a noble -scale as Washington is rare in the world. It is almost unique. One -hundred years of use has demonstrated its merit. The plan of its founders should be maintained -as the basis for future development.” -<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Cass Gilbert.</span></span></p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<h4 class="allclear">A TRIBUTE FROM VISCOUNT BRYCE</h4> - -<div class="quote"> - -<p>“In these circumstances may not the city of Washington feel that its mission in life is to be -the embodiment of the majesty and the stateliness of the whole Nation, representing all that is -finest in American conception, all that is largest and most luminous in American thought; embodying: -the Nation’s ideal of what the Capital of such a Nation should be * * * the highest -aspirations as to external dignity and beauty that a great people can form for that which is the -center and national focus of their life.”</p> - -</div><!--quote--> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page359">[359]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">INDEX</h2> - -</div><!--chapter--> - - -<ul class="index"> - -<li class="newletter">Abingdon, site of, <a href="#Page117">117</a>.</li> - -<li>Ackerman & Ross, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Adams Memorial, <a href="#Page187">187</a>, <a href="#Page325">325</a>.</li> - -<li>Adams, President John, <a href="#Page40">40</a>.</li> - -<li>Adams, President John Quincy, <a href="#Page45">45</a>, <a href="#Page176">176</a>, <a href="#Page268">268</a>.</li> - -<li>Agriculture, Department of, <a href="#Page89">89</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Alexandria, Va., <a href="#Page8">8</a>, <a href="#Page37">37</a>, <a href="#Page117">117</a>.</li> - -<li>Allied Architects, Inc., of Washington, <a href="#Page235">235</a>.</li> - -<li>American Battle Monuments Commission, <a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li> - -<li>American Institute of Architects, <a href="#Page73">73</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page146">146</a>.</li> - -<li>American Institute of Pharmacy, <a href="#Page277">277</a>.</li> - -<li>American University, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li>Anacostia Park, <a href="#Page10">10</a>, <a href="#Page161">161</a>.</li> - -<li>Arboretum, National, <a href="#Page161">161</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Architecture, classical order of, <a href="#Page86">86</a>, <a href="#Page165">165</a>, <a href="#Page171">171</a>, -<a href="#Page196">196</a>, <a href="#Page235">235</a>, <a href="#Page261">261</a>.</li> - -<li>Archives Building, National, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Arlington Mansion, <a href="#Page182">182</a>, <a href="#Page309">309</a>.</li> - -<li>Arlington Memorial Amphitheater, <a href="#Page313">313</a>.</li> - -<li>Arlington Memorial Bridge, <a href="#Page93">93</a>, <a href="#Page135">135</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>, -<a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li> - -<li>Arlington National Cemetery, <a href="#Page82">82</a>, <a href="#Page142">142</a>, <a href="#Page309">309</a>, -<a href="#Page311">311</a>.</li> - -<li>Army War College, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Art in the United States, influence on:</li> -<li class="level1">Centennial Celebration of 1876, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Bacon, Henry, Architect, <a href="#Page131">131</a>, <a href="#Page333">333</a>, -<a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li> - -<li>Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co., <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li> - -<li>Bancroft, George, <a href="#Page177">177</a>.</li> - -<li>Barsotti, Chevalier Carolo, gift of, <a href="#Page339">339</a>.</li> - -<li>Bennett, Parsons & Frost, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Bingham, Theodore A., Superintendent Public Buildings and Grounds, <a href="#Page146">146</a>.</li> - -<li>Blair, Gist, <a href="#Page153">153</a>, <a href="#Page155">155</a>.</li> - -<li>Blashfield, Edwin Howland, mural painter, <a href="#Page247">247</a>.</li> - -<li>Blodgett Hotel, <a href="#Page43">43</a>.</li> - -<li>Boston Museum of Fine Arts, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li> - -<li>Botanical Society of Washington, <a href="#Page11">11</a>.</li> - -<li>Botanic Garden, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Brown, Arthur, architect, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Brown, Glenn and Bedford, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Boundary Stones, District of Columbia, <a href="#Page19">19</a>.</li> - -<li>Bryce, Viscount, <a href="#Page279">279</a>, <a href="#Page358">358</a>.</li> - -<li>Budget, Director of the, <a href="#Page307">307</a>.</li> - -<li>Building Regulations of President Washington, <a href="#Page21">21</a>, <a href="#Page101">101</a>, -<a href="#Page105">105</a>.</li> - -<li>Bulfinch, Charles, Architect of the Capitol, <a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li> - -<li>Burke, Edmund, statue of, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li> - -<li>Burnes, David, <a href="#Page15">15</a>.</li> - -<li>Burnham, Daniel H., <a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page80">80</a>, <a href="#Page210">210</a>, -<a href="#Page235">235</a>.</li> - -<li>Burnham & Co., D. H., <a href="#Page80">80</a>, <a href="#Page235">235</a>, <a href="#Page241">241</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Cabin John Bridge, <a href="#Page215">215</a>.</li> - -<li>Calvert Street Bridge, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Capitol, the:</li> -<li class="level1">Bronze doors of, <a href="#Page224">224</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Description of, an early, <a href="#Page165">165</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Description of, a later, <a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Enlargement of, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Group, <a href="#Page85">85</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">House of Representatives wing of, bronze doors of the, <a href="#Page228">228</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Paintings in Rotunda of, <a href="#Page221">221</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Senate wing of, bronze doors of the, <a href="#Page226">226</a>.</li> - -<li>Capitol Grounds and Union Station Plaza, development, <a href="#Page296">296</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li> - -<li>Capitol Prison, old, <a href="#Page43">43</a>.</li> - -<li>Capper-Cramton Act, the, <a href="#Page108">108</a>, <a href="#Page151">151</a>.</li> - -<li>Carnegie, Andrew, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li> - -<li>Carnegie Institution of Washington, <a href="#Page277">277</a>.</li> - -<li>Carrere & Hastings, architects, <a href="#Page235">235</a>, <a href="#Page277">277</a>, -<a href="#Page313">313</a>.</li> - -<li>Carrollsburgh, <a href="#Page37">37</a>.</li> - -<li>Casey, Edward Pearce, architect, <a href="#Page245">245</a>, <a href="#Page275">275</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>, -<a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li> - -<li>Casey, Thomas Lincoln, <a href="#Page205">205</a>.</li> - -<li>Cassatt, Alexander J., president Pennsylvania Railroad Co., <a href="#Page84">84</a>.</li> - -<li>Catholic University of America, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li>Centennial Celebration, influence on Art, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li> - -<li>Central Heating Plant for Public Buildings, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Chain Bridge, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, <a href="#Page277">277</a>.</li> - -<li>Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Co., <a href="#Page45">45</a>, <a href="#Page109">109</a>, <a href="#Page182">182</a>, -<a href="#Page183">183</a>.</li> - -<li>Chicago<span class="pagenum" id="Page360">[360]</span>, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li> - -<li>Chief of Engineers, <a href="#Page147">147</a>.</li> - -<li>Chodzinski, Kasimiriez, sculptor, <a href="#Page331">331</a>.</li> - -<li>Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., <a href="#Page117">117</a>.</li> - -<li>Christ Church, Washington, <a href="#Page187">187</a>, <a href="#Page190">190</a>.</li> - -<li>Churches in Washington, National, <a href="#Page289">289</a>.</li> - -<li>Clarke, Gilmore D., <a href="#Page119">119</a>.</li> - -<li>Clay, Henry, <a href="#Page99">99</a>, <a href="#Page176">176</a>.</li> - -<li>Columbia Institution for the Deaf, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li>Columbia Island, <a href="#Page137">137</a>, <a href="#Page142">142</a>.</li> - -<li>Columbus Monument, <a href="#Page241">241</a>.</li> - -<li>Commerce Building, Department of, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li>Committee on the Library, <a href="#Page98">98</a>, <a href="#Page161">161</a>.</li> - -<li>Congress of the United States, <a href="#Page228">228</a>.</li> - -<li>Congressional Cemetery, <a href="#Page190">190</a>.</li> - -<li>Congressional Record, <a href="#Page232">232</a>.</li> - -<li>Connogochegue River, <a href="#Page7">7</a>.</li> - -<li>Constitution Avenue, <a href="#Page135">135</a>, <a href="#Page293">293</a>.</li> - -<li>Constitution Hall, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li> - -<li>Constitution of the United States:</li> -<li class="level1">Provision for Federal District, in, <a href="#Page4">4</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">In Library of Congress, <a href="#Page247">247</a>.</li> - -<li>Continental Congress, the:</li> -<li class="level1">Cities occupied by, <a href="#Page1">1</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Inconvenienced by moving, <a href="#Page2">2</a>.</li> - -<li>Coolidge, President Calvin, <a href="#Page276">276</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Coolidge, Mrs. Elizabeth Sprague, <a href="#Page250">250</a>.</li> - -<li>Council of Fine Arts, <a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page99">99</a>.</li> - -<li>Corbett, Harvey W., architect, <a href="#Page119">119</a>.</li> - -<li>Corcoran Gallery of Art, <a href="#Page65">65</a>, <a href="#Page179">179</a>, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li> - -<li>Corcoran House, <a href="#Page179">179</a>.</li> - -<li>Couper, William, sculptor, <a href="#Page326">326</a>.</li> - -<li>Courts of the District of Columbia, <a href="#Page193">193</a>.</li> - -<li>Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, <a href="#Page224">224</a>, <a href="#Page226">226</a>.</li> - -<li>Cret, Paul P., architect, <a href="#Page252">252</a>, <a href="#Page276">276</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Custis, George Washington Parke, <a href="#Page182">182</a>, <a href="#Page203">203</a>, <a href="#Page309">309</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Dante, statue of, <a href="#Page159">159</a>, <a href="#Page339">339</a>.</li> - -<li>D’Arc, Jeanne, statue of, <a href="#Page159">159</a>, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li> - -<li>Daughters of the American Revolution, National Society of the, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li> - -<li>Decatur House, <a href="#Page176">176</a>.</li> - -<li>Declaration of Independence, <a href="#Page9">9</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">In Library of Congress, <a href="#Page245">245</a>.</li> - -<li>Delano, Frederic A., <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li> - -<li>Delano & Aldrich, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Dermott, James R., plan of, <a href="#Page32">32</a>.</li> - -<li>District of Columbia, the:</li> -<li class="level1">Act establishing, <a href="#Page7">7</a></li> -<li class="level1">Agreement for purchase of land for—</li> -<li class="level2">Terms of, <a href="#Page15">15</a>;</li> -<li class="level2">Signers of, <a href="#Page16">16</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Board of Commissioners of, <a href="#Page7">7</a>, <a href="#Page102">102</a>, -<a href="#Page305">305</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Government of the, <a href="#Page305">305</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Boundary stones of, <a href="#Page19">19</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Description of 1810-1815, <a href="#Page41">41</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Georgetown made part of, <a href="#Page179">179</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Government of the, <a href="#Page305">305</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Highway Plan of, <a href="#Page69">69</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">One hundredth anniversary of removal of the seat of government to the, <a href="#Page73">73</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Origin and form of government of, <a href="#Page305">305</a>.</li> - -<li>District of Columbia Courthouse, <a href="#Page193">193</a>.</li> - -<li>Douglas, Stephen A., <a href="#Page321">321</a>.</li> - -<li>Downing, A. J., <a href="#Page145">145</a>.</li> - -<li>Dubois, Paul, sculptor, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li> - -<li>Dunbar, U. S. J., sculptor, <a href="#Page326">326</a>.</li> - -<li>Dupont Memorial, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Early, Gen. Jubal A., <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li> - -<li>Early settlements along the Potomac, <a href="#Page9">9</a>.</li> - -<li>Eastern Branch, <a href="#Page7">7</a>, <a href="#Page8">8</a>, <a href="#Page13">13</a>.</li> - -<li>East Capitol Street, extending the Mall axis eastward, <a href="#Page109">109</a>, <a href="#Page111">111</a>.</li> - -<li>East Potomac Park, <a href="#Page155">155</a>.</li> - -<li>Eliot, Dr. Charles W., <a href="#Page240">240</a>, <a href="#Page243">243</a>.</li> - -<li>Ellicott, Andrew, <a href="#Page19">19</a>, <a href="#Page28">28</a>, <a href="#Page29">29</a>.</li> - -<li>Ellicott Plan, <a href="#Page29">29</a>.</li> - -<li>Elliott, Hon. Richard N., <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li> - -<li>Embassies and Legations, <a href="#Page289">289</a>.</li> - -<li>Engraving and Printing, Bureau of, <a href="#Page273">273</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Expositions held in the United States, <a href="#Page68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Federal City, the:</li> -<li class="level1">Movement to establish, <a href="#Page1">1</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Naming streets of, <a href="#Page20">20</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Original agreement for, <a href="#Page15">15</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Preliminary studies of, <a href="#Page25">25</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Site of, <a href="#Page13">13</a>.</li> - -<li>Federal Hall, <a href="#Page5">5</a>.</li> - -<li>Federal Reserve Board Building, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li> - -<li>Federal Trade Commission Building, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Fernald, Senator Bert N., <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li> - -<li>Flagg, Ernest, architect<span class="pagenum" id="Page361">[361]</span>, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li> - -<li>Folger Shakespeare Library, <a href="#Page252">252</a>.</li> - -<li>Ford’s Theater, <a href="#Page57">57</a>, <a href="#Page215">215</a>.</li> - -<li>Fort Drive, <a href="#Page108">108</a>, <a href="#Page111">111</a>.</li> - -<li>Fort Stevens, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li> - -<li>Fort Washington, Md., <a href="#Page109">109</a>, <a href="#Page151">151</a>.</li> - -<li>Foundry Methodist Church, <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li> - -<li>Foxall, Henry, <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li> - -<li>Francis Scott Key Bridge, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Fraser, James E., sculptor, <a href="#Page139">139</a>, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li> - -<li>Freedom, statue of, <a href="#Page224">224</a>.</li> - -<li>Freer Gallery of Art, <a href="#Page89">89</a>, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>French, Daniel Chester, sculptor, <a href="#Page133">133</a>, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li> - -<li>Friedlander, Leo, sculptor, <a href="#Page139">139</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Garden Club of America, <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li> - -<li>Garfield Park, <a href="#Page147">147</a>.</li> - -<li>General Accounting Office, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>George Washington Bicentennial Celebration, <a href="#Page129">129</a>.</li> - -<li>George Washington Birthplace National Monument, <a href="#Page129">129</a>.</li> - -<li>George Washington Memorial Parkway, <a href="#Page115">115</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>George Washington National Masonic Memorial, <a href="#Page119">119</a>.</li> - -<li>George Washington University, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li>Georgetown, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page48">48</a>, <a href="#Page179">179</a>;</li> -<li class="level1">University, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li>Giegengack, A. E., Public Printer, <a href="#Page260">260</a>.</li> - -<li>Gilbert, Cass, architect, <a href="#Page175">175</a>, <a href="#Page273">273</a>, <a href="#Page277">277</a>, -<a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li> - -<li>Goodhue, Bertram Grosvenor, architect, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li> - -<li>Government department building, first, <a href="#Page266">266</a>, <a href="#Page272">272</a>.</li> - -<li>Government of the United States, the:</li> -<li class="level1">Act for establishment of the temporary and permanent seat of, <a href="#Page7">7</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Amendment to act establishing, <a href="#Page8">8</a>.</li> - -<li>Government Printing Office, <a href="#Page257">257</a>-<a href="#Page261">261</a>.</li> - -<li>Grand Army of the Republic Memorial to Benjamin F. Stephenson, <a href="#Page331">331</a>.</li> - -<li>Grant, Gen. U. S., Memorial 82, <a href="#Page87">87</a>, <a href="#Page148">148</a>, <a href="#Page339">339</a>.</li> - -<li>Grant, President Ulysses S., <a href="#Page61">61</a>, <a href="#Page203">203</a>.</li> - -<li>Great Falls of the Potomac, <a href="#Page45">45</a>, <a href="#Page109">109</a>, <a href="#Page115">115</a>.</li> - -<li>Greenough, Horatio, sculptor, <a href="#Page321">321</a>.</li> - -<li>Gregory, John, sculptor, <a href="#Page254">254</a>.</li> - -<li>Guerin, Jules, mural painter, <a href="#Page133">133</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Hadfield, George, architect, <a href="#Page190">190</a>, <a href="#Page193">193</a>, -<a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page309">309</a>.</li> - -<li>Hallet, Stephen H., <a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li> - -<li>Hamburg, <a href="#Page37">37</a>.</li> - -<li>Hamilton, Alexander:</li> -<li class="level1">Part taken in locating National Capital, <a href="#Page6">6</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Secretary of the Treasury, first, <a href="#Page271">271</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Statue of, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li> - -<li>Hamilton, Mrs. Alexander, <a href="#Page203">203</a>.</li> - -<li>Hamilton, Mount, <a href="#Page161">161</a>.</li> - -<li>Harding, President Warren G., <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li> - -<li>Hay, John, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page177">177</a>.</li> - -<li>Heath, Hon. Ferry K., <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li> - -<li>Height of Buildings, <a href="#Page103">103</a>.</li> - -<li>Hewlett, J. Monroe, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li> - -<li>Highway Plan of the District of Columbia, <a href="#Page69">69</a>.</li> - -<li>Hoban, James, architect of the White House, <a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page261">261</a>.</li> - -<li>Hoover, President Herbert, <a href="#Page263">263</a>.</li> - -<li>Houdon, Jean Antoine, sculptor, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li> - -<li>House of Representatives Office Building, new, <a href="#Page235">235</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Howard University, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li>Hughes, Charles Evans, Chief Justice of the United States, <a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Independence Hall, <a href="#Page3">3</a>.</li> - -<li>Indian Tribes in and about the District of Columbia, <a href="#Page10">10</a>.</li> - -<li>Interior Department, <a href="#Page127">127</a>, <a href="#Page143">143</a>, <a href="#Page276">276</a>, -<a href="#Page306">306</a>.</li> - -<li>Internal Revenue, Bureau of, Building, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Interstate Commerce Commission Building, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Jackson, President Andrew:</li> -<li class="level1">Suggests location of Arlington Memorial Bridge, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Department of the Treasury Building, selects site for, <a href="#Page272">272</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Statue of, <a href="#Page321">321</a>.</li> - -<li>James Creek, <a href="#Page37">37</a>.</li> - -<li>Japanese Cherry Trees, <a href="#Page155">155</a>.</li> - -<li>Jeanne d’Arc statue, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li> - -<li>Jefferson Pier, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page202">202</a>.</li> - -<li>Jefferson, President Thomas:</li> -<li class="level1">Architect of the Capitol, appoints, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page167">167</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Improves Pennsylvania Avenue, <a href="#Page40">40</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Influence on architecture, <a href="#Page68">68</a>, <a href="#Page86">86</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Library of, purchase of, <a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page248">248</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">National Capital, the—</li> -<li class="level2">Alternate plan of, for, <a href="#Page15">15</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Founding of, in, part of, <a href="#Page6">6</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">L’Enfant’s plans for, in directing, part of, <a href="#Page25">25</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Pennsylvania Avenue, in the time of<span class="pagenum" id="Page362">[362]</span>, -<a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Pew of, in Christ Church, <a href="#Page188">188</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Secretary of State, <a href="#Page266">266</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Streets in, for naming, plan of, <a href="#Page20">20</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Suggests that L’Enfant study plans of Old World capitals, <a href="#Page24">24</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Trees, to preserve, desire of, <a href="#Page143">143</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Washington in days of, <a href="#Page37">37</a>.</li> - -<li>Jennewein, C. Paul, sculptor, <a href="#Page139">139</a>.</li> - -<li>John Marshall Place, <a href="#Page193">193</a>.</li> - -<li>Johnson, President Andrew, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li> - -<li>Johnston, Harriet Lane, <a href="#Page157">157</a>.</li> - -<li>Jones Point, cornerstone of the District of Columbia at, <a href="#Page19">19</a>.</li> - -<li>Jones, Thomas Hudson, sculptor, <a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li> - -<li>Justice, Department of, Building, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Key, Francis Scott, Mansion, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page182">182</a>.</li> - -<li>Keyes, Senator Henry W., <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li> - -<li>King Map, <a href="#Page33">33</a>.</li> - -<li>Klingle Ford Bridge, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Labor Department Building, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li>Lafayette, General:</li> -<li class="level1">Entertained at—</li> -<li class="level2">Arlington, <a href="#Page182">182</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Tudor Place, <a href="#Page187">187</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Mount Vernon, visits, <a href="#Page123">123</a>, <a href="#Page126">126</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Statue of, <a href="#Page325">325</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Washington, visits, <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li> - -<li>Lafayette Park, <a href="#Page147">147</a>, <a href="#Page153">153</a>.</li> - -<li>Land Office Building, old, <a href="#Page196">196</a>.</li> - -<li>Landscape Architects, American Society of, <a href="#Page82">82</a>.</li> - -<li>Latrobe, Benjamin H., Architect of the Capitol, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page167">167</a>, -<a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page304">304</a>, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li> - -<li>Lawrie, Lee, sculptor, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li> - -<li>Lear, Tobias, burial place of, <a href="#Page190">190</a>.</li> - -<li>Legations, Embassies and, <a href="#Page289">289</a>.</li> - -<li>L’Enfant, Pierre Charles:</li> -<li class="level1">Accompanies President Washington and Commissioners to view site for Federal City, -<a href="#Page20">20</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Biography of, <a href="#Page23">23</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Designs Fort Washington, <a href="#Page151">151</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Plan of—</li> -<li class="level2">Apparently forgotten, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Basis of Plan of 1901, <a href="#Page83">83</a>, <a href="#Page89">89</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Description of, <a href="#Page25">25</a>, <a href="#Page32">32</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a>, -<a href="#Page146">146</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Influence on parks and highways, <a href="#Page108">108</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a>, -<a href="#Page147">147</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Methods and features of, <a href="#Page25">25</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Preserved in Library of Congress, <a href="#Page29">29</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Tomb of, in Arlington, <a href="#Page313">313</a>.</li> - -<li>Library of Congress, <a href="#Page245">245</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Lincoln Memorial, the:</li> -<li class="level1">Description of, <a href="#Page131">131</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Decorations in, <a href="#Page133">133</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">On main axis with Capitol and Washington Monument, <a href="#Page91">91</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Statue of Abraham Lincoln, in, <a href="#Page133">133</a>.</li> - -<li>Lincoln Memorial and surrounding area, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li> - -<li>Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Basin, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li> - -<li>Lincoln Museum, <a href="#Page215">215</a>.</li> - -<li>Lincoln, President Abraham:</li> -<li class="level1">Assassination of, <a href="#Page215">215</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Fort Stevens, under fire at, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Funeral of, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Washington in the time of, <a href="#Page53">53</a>, <a href="#Page147">147</a>.</li> - -<li>Little Falls of the Potomac, <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li> - -<li>Logan, Gen. John A., <a href="#Page313">313</a>.</li> - -<li>Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, statue of, <a href="#Page326">326</a>.</li> - -<li>Luce, Robert, Congressman, <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li> - -<li>Lynn, David, Architect of the Capitol, <a href="#Page301">301</a>, <a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">McCall, Congressman Samuel W., <a href="#Page95">95</a>.</li> - -<li>McClellan, Gen. George B., <a href="#Page176">176</a>.</li> - -<li>McKim, Mead & White, architects, <a href="#Page137">137</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>, -<a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li> - -<li>McKim, Charles F., architect, <a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page80">80</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, -<a href="#Page91">91</a>.</li> - -<li>McKinley, President William, <a href="#Page177">177</a>.</li> - -<li>McMillan, Senator James, <a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page146">146</a>, <a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li> - -<li>McMillan Park Commission:</li> -<li class="level1">Members of, <a href="#Page77">77</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Plans of—</li> -<li class="level2">Discussed, <a href="#Page28">28</a>, <a href="#Page73">73</a>, <a href="#Page83">83</a>, -<a href="#Page105">105</a>, <a href="#Page146">146</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Important feature of, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Influence on parks, <a href="#Page150">150</a>.</li> -<li class="level2">Mall developed, according to, <a href="#Page109">109</a>.</li> - -<li>McNary, Senator Charles L., <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li> - -<li>Madison, Mrs. Dolly, <a href="#Page43">43</a>, <a href="#Page175">175</a>, <a href="#Page203">203</a>, -<a href="#Page263">263</a>.</li> - -<li>Madison, Dolly, House, <a href="#Page153">153</a>, <a href="#Page175">175</a>.</li> - -<li>Madison, President James, <a href="#Page43">43</a>, <a href="#Page173">173</a>, <a href="#Page175">175</a>, -<a href="#Page188">188</a>, <a href="#Page201">201</a>.</li> - -<li>Maginnis & Walsh, architects<span class="pagenum" id="Page363">[363]</span>, <a href="#Page288">288</a>.</li> - -<li>Mall, the:</li> -<li class="level1">Development of, <a href="#Page87">87</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Extension of, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page155">155</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Head of, <a href="#Page87">87</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Restoring axis of, <a href="#Page89">89</a>.</li> - -<li>Marshall, John:</li> -<li class="level1">George Washington, monument to, author of resolution for erecting a, <a href="#Page199">199</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Chief Justice, President Washington Monument Society, <a href="#Page201">201</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Secretary of State, <a href="#Page266">266</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Statue of Washington, comment on, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li> - -<li>Maryland Legislature, offer of, <a href="#Page2">2</a>.</li> - -<li>Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission, <a href="#Page108">108</a>.</li> - -<li>Mayors of Washington, <a href="#Page305">305</a>.</li> - -<li>Meade, Gen. George G.:</li> -<li class="level1">Grand Review in 1865, participates in, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Memorial to, <a href="#Page87">87</a>, <a href="#Page150">150</a>.</li> - -<li>Meigs, Gen. Montgomery C., <a href="#Page215">215</a>, <a href="#Page224">224</a>, <a href="#Page311">311</a>.</li> - -<li>Mellon, Andrew, W., <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li> - -<li>Meridian Hill Park, <a href="#Page157">157</a>.</li> - -<li>Merriam, John C., <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li> - -<li>Metropolitan Museum in New York, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li> - -<li>Mills, Clark, sculptor, <a href="#Page224">224</a>, <a href="#Page321">321</a>.</li> - -<li>Mills, Robert, architect, <a href="#Page196">196</a>, <a href="#Page197">197</a>, <a href="#Page201">201</a>, -<a href="#Page272">272</a>.</li> - -<li>Mint, the, Bureau of, <a href="#Page273">273</a>.</li> - -<li>Monroe, President James, Washington in time of, <a href="#Page45">45</a>, <a href="#Page101">101</a>, -<a href="#Page188">188</a>.</li> - -<li>Moore, Charles, former chairman, National Commission of Fine Arts, <a href="#Page82">82</a>.</li> - -<li>Morris, Robert, <a href="#Page35">35</a>, <a href="#Page271">271</a>.</li> - -<li>Morse, S. F. B., first telegraph office of, <a href="#Page196">196</a>.</li> - -<li>Mount Pleasant, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li> - -<li>Mount Vernon, <a href="#Page121">121</a>.</li> - -<li>Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, <a href="#Page108">108</a>, <a href="#Page117">117</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union, <a href="#Page126">126</a>.</li> - -<li>Mullett, A. B., architect, <a href="#Page268">268</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Municipal Center, the, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Municipal Fish Wharf, <a href="#Page113">113</a>.</li> - -<li>Murphy, Frederick V., architect, <a href="#Page288">288</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">National Academy of Sciences, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li> - -<li>National Capital, the, development of, <a href="#Page13">13</a>, <a href="#Page105">105</a>.</li> - -<li>National Capital Park and Planning Commission, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page69">69</a>, -<a href="#Page99">99</a>, <a href="#Page102">102</a>, <a href="#Page105">105</a>, <a href="#Page150">150</a>, -<a href="#Page306">306</a>.</li> - -<li>National Cathedral School, <a href="#Page288">288</a>.</li> - -<li>National churches in Washington, <a href="#Page289">289</a>.</li> - -<li>National Commission of Fine Arts, <a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page99">99</a>, <a href="#Page102">102</a>, -<a href="#Page105">105</a>, <a href="#Page150">150</a>, <a href="#Page161">161</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>, -<a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li> - -<li>National Conference on City Planning, <a href="#Page82">82</a>.</li> - -<li>National Gallery of Art, <a href="#Page89">89</a>, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>National Geographic Society, <a href="#Page277">277</a>.</li> - -<li>National Museum, <a href="#Page89">89</a>, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>National Park Service, <a href="#Page127">127</a>, <a href="#Page143">143</a>, <a href="#Page218">218</a>.</li> - -<li>National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, <a href="#Page288">288</a>.</li> - -<li>National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li> - -<li>Naval Academy, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li> - -<li>Naval Hospital, <a href="#Page284">284</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Naval Observatory, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Navy Department Building, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Noyes, Mrs. Frank B., <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Octagon House, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page173">173</a>.</li> - -<li>Oldroyd Collection of Lincolniana, <a href="#Page215">215</a>.</li> - -<li>Olmsted, Frederick Law, jr., landscape architect, <a href="#Page82">82</a>, <a href="#Page87">87</a>, -<a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Page, William Tyler, <a href="#Page209">209</a>.</li> - -<li>Palisades of the Potomac, <a href="#Page93">93</a>.</li> - -<li>Pan American Union, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li> - -<li>Park system of the National Capital, <a href="#Page143">143</a>, <a href="#Page306">306</a>.</li> - -<li>Partridge, William T., study of L’Enfant plan by, <a href="#Page25">25</a>.</li> - -<li>Patent Office, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page48">48</a>, <a href="#Page197">197</a>.</li> - -<li>Peaslee, Horace W., architect, <a href="#Page333">333</a>, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li> - -<li>Pennsylvania Avenue, <a href="#Page37">37</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a>, <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li> - -<li>Pennsylvania Railroad Co., <a href="#Page84">84</a>.</li> - -<li>Pension Office Building, old, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Perry, Hinton R., sculptor, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Piccirilli Brothers, marble cutters, <a href="#Page133">133</a>.</li> - -<li>Platt, Charles A., architect, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Polk, President James K., <a href="#Page51">51</a>.</li> - -<li>Pope, John Russell, architect, <a href="#Page257">257</a>, <a href="#Page275">275</a>, <a href="#Page277">277</a>, -<a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Porter, Commodore, owner of Meridian Hill Park site, <a href="#Page159">159</a>.</li> - -<li>Post Office Department Building, <a href="#Page48">48</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Potomac Parks, <a href="#Page131">131</a>, <a href="#Page155">155</a>.</li> - -<li>Presidents of the United States, list of<span class="pagenum" id="Page364">[364]</span>, <a href="#Page355">355</a>.</li> - -<li>Proctor, A. Phimister, sculptor, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Public Buildings Act of 1926, <a href="#Page296">296</a>, <a href="#Page299">299</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li> - -<li>Public Buildings Commission, <a href="#Page293">293</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li> - -<li>Public Buildings Program, <a href="#Page293">293</a>.</li> - -<li>Public Health Service Building, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li> - -<li>Public Library, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Pulaski, Gen. Casimir, statue of, <a href="#Page331">331</a>.</li> - -<li>Putnam, Herbert, Librarian of Congress, <a href="#Page252">252</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Q Street Bridge, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Quotations from great Americans on the National Capital, <a href="#Page357">357</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Railroad into the District, first, <a href="#Page48">48</a>.</li> - -<li>Rankin, Kellogg & Crane, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Red Cross, American National, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li> - -<li>Renwick, James, architect, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Rhind, J. Massey, sculptor, <a href="#Page331">331</a>.</li> - -<li>Rich, Lorimer, architect, <a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li> - -<li>Rinehart, William H., sculptor, <a href="#Page226">226</a>, <a href="#Page228">228</a>.</li> - -<li>Riverside Drive, <a href="#Page93">93</a>, <a href="#Page142">142</a>.</li> - -<li>Rock Creek Cemetery, <a href="#Page187">187</a>, <a href="#Page325">325</a>.</li> - -<li>Rock Creek Church, <a href="#Page187">187</a>.</li> - -<li>Rock Creek Park, <a href="#Page148">148</a>, <a href="#Page159">159</a>.</li> - -<li>Rock Creek Parkway, <a href="#Page93">93</a>, <a href="#Page148">148</a>.</li> - -<li>Rockefeller, John D., <a href="#Page129">129</a>.</li> - -<li>Rodgers House, <a href="#Page177">177</a>.</li> - -<li>Rogers, Randolph, <a href="#Page224">224</a>.</li> - -<li>Roosevelt, President Theodore, <a href="#Page89">89</a>, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page179">179</a>, -<a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li>Root, Elihu, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page98">98</a>.</li> - -<li>Ross, Albert R., architect, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li> - -<li>Rust, Mrs. Harry Lee, <a href="#Page129">129</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, <a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, -<a href="#Page325">325</a>.</li> - -<li>Scottish Rite Temple, <a href="#Page277">277</a>.</li> - -<li>Senate and House of Representatives Office Buildings, <a href="#Page235">235</a>.</li> - -<li>Seven Buildings, the, <a href="#Page266">266</a>.</li> - -<li>Shaw Lily Gardens, <a href="#Page161">161</a>.</li> - -<li>Shepherd, Alexander R.:</li> -<li class="level1">District of Columbia, Governor of, <a href="#Page61">61</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Statue of, <a href="#Page326">326</a>.</li> - -<li>Sherman, Hon. John, <a href="#Page203">203</a>, <a href="#Page209">209</a>.</li> - -<li>Shipstead-Luce Act, <a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page102">102</a>.</li> - -<li>Shrady, Henry Merwin, sculptor, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li> - -<li>Simon, Louis, architect, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Six Buildings, the, <a href="#Page39">39</a>, <a href="#Page266">266</a>.</li> - -<li>Smith, Capt. John, <a href="#Page9">9</a>, <a href="#Page13">13</a>.</li> - -<li>Smithsonian Institution, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Social Security Building, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Société des Femmes de France à New York, <a href="#Page159">159</a>, <a href="#Page339">339</a>.</li> - -<li>Soldiers’ Home, <a href="#Page211">211</a>.</li> - -<li>Sousa Bridge, John Philip, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>St. John’s Church, <a href="#Page153">153</a>, <a href="#Page190">190</a>, <a href="#Page192">192</a>.</li> - -<li>Standards, Bureau of, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Star, Evening, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li> - -<li>Star-Spangled Banner, national anthem:</li> -<li class="level1">Act of Congress designating, <a href="#Page185">185</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Original, in National Museum, <a href="#Page185">185</a>.</li> - -<li>State, Department of, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page265">265</a>.</li> - -<li>State, War, and Navy Building, <a href="#Page61">61</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page268">268</a>, -<a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>State Zoning Enabling Act, <a href="#Page101">101</a>.</li> - -<li>Statues and Monuments in Washington, list of, <a href="#Page347">347</a>.</li> - -<li>Street cars, Introduction in Washington of, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li> - -<li>Sultan, Brig. Gen. Dan. I., <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Supreme Court Chamber, <a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li> - -<li>Supreme Court Building Commission, <a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li> - -<li>Surveyor’s Office, District of Columbia, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page69">69</a>.</li> - -<li>Suter’s Tavern, <a href="#Page19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Taft, President William Howard, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page263">263</a>, -<a href="#Page279">279</a>, <a href="#Page331">331</a>.</li> - -<li>Taft, Mrs. William Howard, <a href="#Page157">157</a>.</li> - -<li>Taft, William Howard, Bridge, <a href="#Page159">159</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Thomas, Havard, sculptor, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li> - -<li>Thornton, Dr. William, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page173">173</a>, <a href="#Page185">185</a>, -<a href="#Page190">190</a>, <a href="#Page197">197</a>, <a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li> - -<li>Tiber Creek, <a href="#Page37">37</a>.</li> - -<li>Tobacco barn, old (original Christ Church), <a href="#Page188">188</a>.</li> - -<li>Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, <a href="#Page296">296</a>, <a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li> - -<li>Town House site, <a href="#Page32">32</a>.</li> - -<li>Treasury, Department of the, <a href="#Page48">48</a>, <a href="#Page267">267</a>, <a href="#Page271">271</a>.</li> - -<li>Trees of Washington, <a href="#Page63">63</a>, <a href="#Page111">111</a>.</li> - -<li>Triangle development, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li> - -<li>Trinity College, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li>Tripoli Column, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li> - -<li>Trowbridge, Alexander B., <a href="#Page252">252</a>.</li> - -<li>Trowbridge & Livingston, architects, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li> - -<li>Tudor Place, <a href="#Page182">182</a>, <a href="#Page185">185</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Union Army, the, Grand Review of<span class="pagenum" id="Page365">[365]</span>, -<a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li> - -<li>Union Square, <a href="#Page87">87</a>.</li> - -<li>Union Station, <a href="#Page84">84</a>, <a href="#Page235">235</a>-<a href="#Page241">241</a>.</li> - -<li>Union Station, Plaza of, <a href="#Page103">103</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li> - -<li>United States Botanic Garden, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>United States Engineer Office, <a href="#Page113">113</a>.</li> - -<li>United States Naval Academy, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li> - -<li>United States Supreme Court Building, <a href="#Page296">296</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li> - -<li>Unknown Soldier, the:</li> -<li class="level1">Burial of, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Tomb of, <a href="#Page142">142</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>, <a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Van Ness Mansion, <a href="#Page177">177</a>, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li> - -<li>Vedder, Elihu, painter, <a href="#Page245">245</a>.</li> - -<li>Virginia:</li> -<li class="level1">Offer of Legislature of, <a href="#Page6">6</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Part of District of Columbia receded to, <a href="#Page51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Wakefield National Memorial Association, <a href="#Page127">127</a>, <a href="#Page129">129</a>.</li> - -<li>Wakefield, Va.:</li> -<li class="level1">Ancestors of Washington settle at, <a href="#Page10">10</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Birthplace of George Washington, <a href="#Page127">127</a>.</li> - -<li>Walter Reed General Hospital, <a href="#Page284">284</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Walter, Thomas U., <a href="#Page86">86</a>, <a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page224">224</a>, -<a href="#Page268">268</a>.</li> - -<li>War Department Building, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li> - -<li>Ward, John Quincy Adams, sculptor, <a href="#Page5">5</a>.</li> - -<li>Warden, David Baillie, <a href="#Page41">41</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington:</li> -<li class="level1">Early, <a href="#Page35">35</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">1810-1815, <a href="#Page41">41</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">1816-1839, <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">1840-1859, <a href="#Page49">49</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">1860-1870, <a href="#Page53">53</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Improvements made in, during administration of President Grant, <a href="#Page61">61</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Metropolitan area of, <a href="#Page105">105</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington, Col. John, <a href="#Page10">10</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington, Judge Bushrod, <a href="#Page126">126</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington, President George:</li> -<li class="level1">Appoints Commissioners of the District of Columbia, <a href="#Page13">13</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Arrives at Suter’s Tavern, Georgetown, <a href="#Page19">19</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Birthplace of, <a href="#Page127">127</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Capitol, cornerstone of, lays, <a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page228">228</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Confers with Commissioners of the District of Columbia, <a href="#Page20">20</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Federal City, site for, authorized to select, <a href="#Page7">7</a>, <a href="#Page8">8</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Home of, <a href="#Page121">121</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Inauguration of, <a href="#Page5">5</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">L’Enfant, high regard of, for, <a href="#Page24">24</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Potomac Canal, constructs, <a href="#Page4">4</a>, <a href="#Page151">151</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Statues of, <a href="#Page5">5</a>, <a href="#Page319">319</a>, <a href="#Page321">321</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Trowel used at laying of cornerstone of Capitol by, <a href="#Page117">117</a>, -<a href="#Page118">118</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington Aqueduct, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington Cathedral, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington Channel and water front, <a href="#Page113">113</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington City Post Office, <a href="#Page241">241</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington Meridian, <a href="#Page159">159</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington Monument, the:</li> -<li class="level1">Detailed description of, <a href="#Page197">197</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Laying cornerstone of, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page202">202</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington National Airport, <a href="#Page117">117</a>.</li> - -<li>Washington National Monument Society, <a href="#Page199">199</a>, <a href="#Page209">209</a>.</li> - -<li>Webster-Ashburton treaty, tablet commemorating, <a href="#Page268">268</a>.</li> - -<li>Webster, Daniel:</li> -<li class="level1">Capitol extension, orator at laying of cornerstone of, <a href="#Page9">9</a>, -<a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Describes General Jackson, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Residence of, <a href="#Page179">179</a>.</li> - -<li>White House, the:</li> -<li class="level1">Early description of, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page171">171</a>, -<a href="#Page173">173</a>.</li> -<li class="level1">Later description of, <a href="#Page261">261</a>.</li> - -<li>Weinman, A. A., sculptor, <a href="#Page277">277</a>, <a href="#Page303">303</a>.</li> - -<li>White, Stanford, architect, <a href="#Page325">325</a>.</li> - -<li>Wilson, James, Secretary of Agriculture, <a href="#Page161">161</a>.</li> - -<li>Wilson, President Woodrow, <a href="#Page243">243</a>, <a href="#Page288">288</a>.</li> - -<li>Winter, Ezra, painter, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li> - -<li>Winthrop, Robert C., <a href="#Page202">202</a>, <a href="#Page209">209</a>.</li> - -<li>Witherspoon, John, statue of, <a href="#Page326">326</a>.</li> - -<li>Wood, Waddy B., architect, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li> - -<li>World’s Columbian Exposition, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li> - -<li>World War, influence on Washington, <a href="#Page101">101</a>, <a href="#Page293">293</a>.</li> - -<li>World War Memorials in Europe, <a href="#Page99">99</a>.</li> - -<li>Wyeth, Nathan C., architect, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Wyeth & Sullivan, architects, <a href="#Page235">235</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">York & Sawyer, architects, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li> - -<li class="newletter">Zantzinger, Borie & Medary, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -<li>Zero Milestone, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li> - -<li>Zoning of the Capital, <a href="#Page101">101</a>, <a href="#Page108">108</a>.</li> - -<li>Zoning Commission, <a href="#Page103">103</a></li> - -<li>Zoological Park, National, <a href="#Page159">159</a>, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page257">257</a>, -<a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li> - -</ul> - -<hr class="full"> - -<div class="transcriptions"> - -<h2 class="title">TRANSCRIPTIONS OF CHARTS AND MAPS</h2> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr01"><a href="#Page14">Page 14</a>:</p> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<p class="center">SKETCH<br> -OF<br> -WASHINGTON IN EMBRYO,<br> -Previous to its Survey by Major L’ENFANT.<br> -Compiled from the rare historical researches<br> -—of—<br> -D<sup>r</sup>. JOSEPH M. TONER,<br> -who by special favor has permitted the use of his labor and materials<br> -for the publication of a grand historical map of this District<br> -Compilers<br> -E.F.M. FAEHTZ & F.W. PRATT.<br> -1874.</p> - -</div><!--textbox--> - -<p class="noindent">This sketch establishes the exact location<br> -of Hamburgh and Carrollsburg and<br> -approximated metes and bounds<br> -of every estate then embraced<br> -within the precincts granted<br> -by the President.<br> -In addition thereto the subsequent<br> -avenues as well as several<br> -other early improvements,</p> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr02"><a href="#Page17">Page 17</a>:</p> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<p class="center">MAP SHOWING THE ORIGINAL MILESTONES OR<br> -BOUNDARY STONES OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA<br> -AND THEIR<br> -APPROXIMATE LOCATION<br> -FRED E WOODWARD</p> - -</div><!--textbox--> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr03"><a href="#Page21">Page 21</a>:</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75">TERMS <span class="allsmcap">AND</span> CONDITIONS declared by the -<span class="smcap">President</span> of the <span class="smcap">United -States</span>, this seventeenth day of October, seventeen hundred and ninety-one, -for regulating the Materials and Manner of the Buildings and Improvements -on the LOTS in the CITY of WASHINGTON.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75">1st. That the outer and party-walls of all -houses within the said City shall be built -of brick or stone.</p> - -<p>2d. That all buildings on the streets shall be parallel -thereto, and may be advanced to the line -|of th|e street, or withdrawn therefrom, at the plea|sure| -of the improver: But where any such build|ing is| -about to be erected, neither the foundation -or party-wall shall be begun without first applying -to the person or persons appointed by the -Commissioners to superintend the buildings within -the city, who will ascertain the lines of the -walls to correspond with these regulations.</p> - -<p>3d. The wall of no house to be higher than -forty feet to the roof in any part of the city; nor -shall any be lower than thirty-five feet on any of -the avenues.</p> - -<p>4th. That the Person or persons appointed by -the Commissioners to superintend the buildings -may enter on the land of any person to set out the -foundation and regulate the walls to be built between -party and party, as to the breadth and -thickness thereof. Which foundation shall be -laid equally upon the lands of the persons between -whom such party-walls are to be built, and -shall be of the breadth and thickness determined -by such person proper; and the first builder shall -be reimbursed one moiety of the charge of such -party-wall, or so much thereof as the next builder -shall have occasion to make use of, before such -|n|ext builder shall any ways use or break into the -wall—The charge or value thereof to be set by -|t|he person or persons so appointed by the Commissioners.</p> - -<p>5th. As temporary conveniencies will be proper -for lodging workmen and securing materials -for building, it is to be understood that such may -be erected with the approbation of the Commissioners: -But they may be removed or discontinued -by the special order of the Commissioners.</p> - -<p>6th. The way into the squares being designed -|in| a special manner for the common use and convenience -of the occupiers of the respective -squares—The property in the same is reserved to -the public, so that there may be an immediate -interference on any abuse of the use thereof by -any individual, to the nuisance or obstruction of -others. The proprietors of the Lots adjoining the -entrance into the squares, on arching over the -entrance, and fixing gates in the manner the Commissioners -shall approve, shall be intitled to divide -the space over the arching and build it up with -the range of that line of the square.</p> - -<p>7th. No vaults shall be permitted under the -streets, nor any encroachments on the foot way -above by steps, stoops, porches, cellar doors, -windows, ditches or leaning walls; nor shall there -be any projection over the street, other than the -eves of the house, without the consent of the -Commissioners.</p> - -<p>8th. These regulations are the terms and conditions -under and upon which conveyances are to -be made, according to the deeds in trust of the -lands within the city.</p> - -<p class="right">George Washington.</p> - -<hr class="regulations"> - -<p class="center">TERMS of SALE of LOTS in the CITY of WASHINGTON, -the Eighth Day of <i>October</i>, 1792.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75">All Lands purchased at this Sale, are to be subject to the Terms and -Conditions declared by the President, pursuant to the Deeds in -Trust.</p> - -<p>The purchaser is immediately to pay one fourth part of the purchase -money; the residue is to be paid in three equal annual payments, with yearly -interest of six per cent. on the whole principal unpaid: If any payment is -not made at the day, the payments made are to be forfeited, or the whole -principal and interest unpaid may be recovered on one suit and execution -in the option of the Commissioners.</p> - -<p>The purchaser is to be entitled to a conveyance, on the whole purchase -money and interest being paid, and not before. No bid under Three -Dollars to be received.</p> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr04"><a href="#Page27">Page 27</a>:</p> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<p class="center">PLAN<br> -of the City intended for the<br> -Permanent <span class="smcap">Seat</span> of the<br> -Government of the UNITED STATES<br> -Projected agreeable to the direction<br> -of the <span class="smcap">President</span> of the <span class="smcap">United States</span><br> -in pursuance of an <span class="smcap">Act</span> of <span class="smcap">Congress</span> posted the<br> -sixteenth day of July, <span class="smcap">Mdccxc</span>,<br> -“establishing the Permanent Seat<br> -on the bank of the Potowmac”<br> -By Peter Charles L’Enfant.</p> - -</div><!--textbox--> - -<p class="center blankbefore75"><span class="smcap">Observations</span> explanatory of the <span class="smcap">Plan</span>.</p> - -<table class="standard"> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">I.</td> -<td class="text noindent">The positions for the different Grand Edifices and for the several Grand Squares or -Areas of different shapes as they are laid down were first determined on the most advantageous -ground commanding the most extensive prospects, and the better susceptible -of such improvements as the various intents of the several objects may require.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">II.</td> -<td class="text noindent">Lines or Avenues of direct communication have been devised as connect the separate -and most distinct objects with the principal, and to preserve through the whole -a reciprocity of sight at the same time. Attention has been paid to the passing of -those leading Avenues over the most favorable ground for prospect and convenience.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">III.</td> -<td class="text noindent">North and South lines, intersected by others running due East and West, make the -distribution of the City into Streets, Squares, etc., and those lines have been so -combined as to meet at certain given points with those divergent Avenues so as to -form on the spaces “first determined” the different Squares or Areas, which are all -proportional in Magnitude to the number of Avenues leading to them.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="center highline2"><i>Breadth of the Streets.</i></p> - -<p>Every grand transverse Avenue and every principal divergent one, such as the communication -from the President’s house to the Congress house, etc., are 160 feat in breadth -and thus divided:</p> - -<table class="standard"> - -<tr> -<td class="text"><span class="padl6">10 feet of pavement on each side</span></td> -<td class="numbers">20</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="text"><span class="padl1">Feet</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text"><span class="padl6">30 feet of gravel walk planted with trees on each side</span></td> -<td class="numbers">60</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text"><span class="padl6">80 feet in the middle for carriage way</span></td> -<td class="numbers"><span class="bb">80</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td class="numbers">160</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="text">The other streets are of the following dimensions, viz.:</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text"><span class="padl6">Those leading to public buildings or markets</span></td> -<td class="numbers">130</td> -<td class="text"><span class="padl1">Feet</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text"><span class="padl6">Others</span></td> -<td colspan="2" class="text">110-90</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p>In order to execute the above plan, Mr. Ellicott drew a true Meridional line by celestial -observation which passes through the Area intended for the Congress house; this line -he crossed by another due East and West, which passes through the same Area. These -lines were accurately measured and made the bases on which the whole plan was executed. -He ran all the lines by a Transit Instrument and determined the Acute Angles by actual -measurement, and left nothing to the uncertainty of the Compass.</p> - -<p class="center blankbefore75"><span class="smcap">References.</span></p> - -<table class="standard"> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">A.</td> -<td class="text">The equestrian figure of George Washington, -a Monument voted in 1783 by the late Continental Congress.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">B.</td> -<td class="text">An historic Column, also intended for a -Mile or itinerary Column, from whose station (a mile from the -Federal house), all distances of places through the Continent are to be calculated.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">C.</td> -<td class="text">A Naval itinerary Column proposed to be -erected to celebrate the first rise of a Navy and to stand a ready Monument -to consecrate its progress and Achievements.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">D.</td> -<td class="text">This Church is intended for National purposes, -such as public prayer, thanksgivings, funeral Orations, etc., and assigned -to the special use of no particular Sect or denomination, but equally open to all. It will be likewise a proper shelter -for such monuments as were voted by the late Continental Congress for those heroes who fell in the cause of liberty and for -such others as may hereafter be decreed by the voice of a grateful Nation.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">E.</td> -<td class="text">Five grand fountains intended with a constant spout of -water. N. B. There are within the limits of the City about 25 good -springs of excellent water abundantly supplied in the driest season of the year.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p>The Squares coloured yellow, being fifteen in number, are proposed to be -divided among the several States in the Union for each of -them to improve, or subscribe a sum additional to the value of the land for -that purpose, and the improvements round the Squares to be completed -in a limited time.</p> - -<p>The center of each Square will admit of Statues, Columns, obelisks, or -any other ornaments, such as the different States may choose to erect, to -perpetuate not only the memory of such individuals whose Counsels or -military achievements were conspicuous in giving liberty and independence -to this Country, but also those whose usefulness hath rendered them worthy -of general imitation; to invite the youth of succeeding generations to -tread in the paths of those Sages or heroes whom their Country has thought proper to celebrate.</p> - -<p>The situation of these Squares is such that they are the most advantageously -and reciprocally seen from each other, and as equally distributed over the -whole City district, and connected by spacious Avenues round the grand Federal -improvements, and as contiguous to them, and at the same time as equally -distant from each other, as circumstances would admit. The settlements round those Squares must soon become connected.</p> - -<p>This mode of taking possession of, and improving the whole District at -first must leave to posterity a grand idea of the patriotic interest which promoted it.</p> - -<p>Those figures coloured red, are intended for use of all religious -denominations, on which they are to erect places of worship, and are proposed to be allotted -to them in the manner as those coloured yellow to the different States in -the Union; but no burying grounds will be admitted within the limits of the City, an -appropriation being intended for that purpose without. N. B. Then a number -of Squares or Areas unappropriated, and in situations proper for Colleges and Academies, -and of which every Society whose object is national may be accommodated. -Every house within the City will stand square on the Streets, and every lot. -even those on the divergent Avenues, will run Square with their fronts, which -on the most acute angle will not measure less than 56 feet and many will be above 110 feet.</p> - -<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">Pine Creek, whose water, if<br> -necessary, may supply the<br> -City, being turned into<br> -James White’s branch.</p> - -<table class="standard lft"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3"> </th> -<th>F.</th> -<th>I.</th> -<th>Pts.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Perpendicular height of the<br> -source of Tiber Creek,<br> -above the level of the<br> -tide in said Creek.</td> -<td class="brace bt br bb"> </td> -<td class="brace">-</td> -<td class="numbers mdl">236</td> -<td class="numbers mdl">7</td> -<td class="numbers mdl">⁵⁄₈</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">Perpendicular height of James<br> -White’s Spring, being part<br> -of Tiber Creek, above the<br> -level of the tide in said<br> -Creek.</p> - -<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">This branch of the Tiber, is intended<br> -to be conveyed to the President’s<br> -house.</p> - -<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">The water of this Creek is intended to be<br> -conveyed on the high ground, where the<br> -Congress house stands, and after watering<br> -that part of the city, its overplus will fall<br> -from under the base of that Edifice, and<br> -in a Cascade of 20 feet in height, and 50 in<br> -breadth into the reservoir below; thence to<br> -run in three fills through the Garden into<br> -the grand Canal.</p> - -<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">The perpendicular height of the ground<br> -where the Congress house stands, is<br> -above the tide of Tiber Creek, 78 feet.</p> - -<table class="standard lft"> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="center"><img src="images/illo040a.png" alt="Compass" class="w03emmax"> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td class="center">°</td> -<td class="center">′</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Lat. Congress House,</td> -<td class="center">38.</td> -<td class="center">53.</td> -<td class="center">N.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Long.</td> -<td class="center">0′.</td> -<td class="center">0′.</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="center blankbefore75">References.</p> - -<table class="standard"> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">F.</td> -<td class="text">Grand Cascade, formed of the Water from the sources of the -Tiber.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">G.</td> -<td class="text">Public walk, being a square of 1,200 feet, through which carriages -may ascend to the upper Square of the Federal house.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">H.</td> -<td class="text">Grand Avenue, 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length, -bordered with gardens, ending in a slope from the houses on -each side. This avenue leads to the Monument A, and connects -the Congress Garden with the</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">I.</td> -<td class="text">President’s park, and the</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">K.</td> -<td class="text">Well improved field, being a part of the walk from the President’s -house, of about 1,800 feet in breadth, and ³⁄₄ of a mile -in length. Every lot, deep coloured red, with green plots, -designates some of the situations which command the most -agreeable prospects, and which are the best calculated for -spacious houses and gardens, such as may accommodate foreign -Ministers, etc.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">L.</td> -<td class="text">Around this Square, and all along the</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">M.</td> -<td class="text">Avenue from the two bridges to the Federal house, the pavement -on each side will pass under an Arched way, under whose -cover Shops will be most conveniently and agreeably situated. -This street is 160 feet in breadth, and a mile long.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr05"><a href="#Page31">Page 31</a>:</p> - -<table class="standard lft"> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="center"><img src="images/illo044a.jpg" alt="Compass" class="w03emmax"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td class="center">°</td> -<td class="center">′</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="center">Lat. Capitol</td> -<td class="center">38:</td> -<td class="center">53,</td> -<td class="center">N</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="center">Long</td> -<td class="center">0:</td> -<td class="center">0.</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="center blankbefore75"> -<span class="smcap">Observations</span><br> -explanatory of the<br> -Plan.</p> - -<table class="standard"> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">I.</td> -<td class="text">The positions for the different Edifices and for the -several Squares or Areas of different shapes, as they are -laid down, were first determined on the most advantageous -ground, commanding the most extensive prospects, -and the better susceptible of such improvements, as either -use or ornament may hereafter call for.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">II.</td> -<td class="text">Lines or Avenues of direct communication have been devised -to connect the separate and most distant objects with the -principal, and to preserve through the whole a reciprocity of -sight at the same time. Attention has been paid to the passing -of those leading Avenues over the most favorable ground for prospect -and convenience.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="counter">III.</td> -<td class="text">North and South lines intersected by others running due East and -West, make the distribution of the City into Streets, Squares, &c.; -and those lines have been so combined as to meet at certain given -points with those divergent Avenues, so as to form on the Spaces “first -determined,” the different Squares or Areas.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<table class="standard lft"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3"> </th> -<th>F.</th> -<th>I.</th> -<th>Pts.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Perpendicular height of the source of<br> -Tiber Creek above the level of the<br> -tide in said Creek</td> -<td class="brace bt br bb"> </td> -<td class="brace">-</td> -<td class="center">236.</td> -<td class="center">7.</td> -<td class="center">⁵⁄₈</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="hind02">This branch and that of the Tiber may be<br> -conveyed to the President’s house.</p> - -<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">The water of this Creek may be conveyed<br> -on the high ground where the<br> -Capitol stands, and after watering<br> -that part of the City, may be destined<br> -to other useful purposes.</p> - -<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">The perpendicular height of the ground<br> -where the Capitol is to stand, is<br> -above the tide of Tiber Creek 78<br> -Feet.</p> - -<table class="standard lft"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3"> </th> -<th>F.</th> -<th>I.</th> -<th>Pts.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Perpendicular height of the West<br> -branch above the tide in<br> -Tiber Creek</td> -<td class="brace bt br bb"> </td> -<td class="brace">-</td> -<td class="center">115.</td> -<td class="center">7.</td> -<td class="center">²⁄₈</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<div class="container w10emmax"> -<img src="images/illo044b.jpg" alt="Coat of arms"> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plan</span><br> -of the CITY of<br> -Washington<br> -in the Territory of Columbia,<br> -ceded by the States of<br> -<span class="smcap">Virginia</span> and <span class="smcap">Maryland</span><br> -to the<br> -United States <span class="allsmcap">OF</span> America,<br> -and by them established as the<br> -<span class="smcap">Seat</span> of their <span class="smcap">Government</span>,<br> -after the Year<br> -MDCCC.</p> - -</div><!--textbox--> - -<p class="center blankbefore75">Breadth of the Streets.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75">The grand Avenues, and such Streets as lead immediately to -public places are from 130 to 160 feet wide, and may be conveniently -divided into foot ways, walks of trees, and a carriage way. -The other streets are from 90 to 110 feet wide.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75">In order to execute this plan, Mr. Ellicott drew a true Meridional -line by celestial observation, which passes through the Area -intended for the Capitol; this line he crossed by another due -East and West which passes through the same Area. These lines -were accurately measured, and made the basis on which the whole -plan was executed. He ran all the lines by a Transit Instrument, -and determined the Acute Angles by actual measurement, and left -nothing to the uncertainty of the Compass.</p> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr06"><a href="#Page81">Page 81</a>:</p> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<p class="noindent blankbefore75">MAKE NO LITTLE PLANS; THEY HAVE NO MAGIC<br> -TO STIR MEN’S BLOOD, AND PROBABLY THEMSELVES<br> -WILL NOT BE REALIZED. MAKE BIG PLANS; AIM<br> -HIGH IN HOPE AND WORK, REMEMBERING THAT A<br> -NOBLE, LOGICAL DIAGRAM ONCE RECORDED WILL<br> -NEVER DIE, BUT LONG AFTER WE ARE GONE WILL<br> -BE A LIVING THING. ASSERTING ITSELF WITH EVER<br> -GROWING INSISTENCY. REMEMBER THAT OUR<br> -SONS AND GRANDSONS ARE GOING TO DO THINGS<br> -THAT WOULD STAGGER US. LET YOUR WATCH-<br> -WORD BE ORDER AND YOUR BEACON BEAUTY</p> -</div><!--textbox--> - -<p class="center fsize90"><span class="padl10">DANIEL H. BURNHAM</span></p> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr07"><a href="#Page100">Page 100</a>:</p> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<p class="center blankbefore75">WASHINGTON D.C.<br> -THE MALL - CENTRAL AREA<br> -STUDY FOR DEVELOPMENT - 1937<br> -NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION</p> - -</div><!--textbox--> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr08"><a href="#Page104">Page 104</a>:</p> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<p class="center">VIRGINIA PROJECTS<br> -SHOWN IN ACCORDANCE WITH STUDIES OF<br> -VIRGINIA-NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK<br> -AND PLANNING COMMISSION<br> -ARLINGTON COUNTY ZONING COMMISSION</p> - -</div><!--textbox--> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<p class="center">MARYLAND PROJECTS<br> -SHOWN IN ACCORDANCE WITH STUDIES OF<br> -MARYLAND-NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK<br> -AND PLANNING COMMISSION<br> -WASHINGTON SUBURBAN SANITARY COMMISSION</p> - -</div><!--textbox--> - -<p class="noindent blankbefore75">EXISTING PUBLIC PARKS<br> -PROPOSED PUBLIC PARKS<br> -PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS<br> -PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS<br> -CEMETERIES<br> -PROPOSED AIRPORTS<br> -GOLF & COUNTRY CLUBS<br> -EXISTING PRINCIPAL HIGHWAYS<br> -PROPOSED PRINCIPAL HIGHWAYS<br> -EXISTING INTERMEDIATE HIGHWAYS<br> -PROPOSED INTERMEDIATE HIGHWAYS<br> -CITIES AND TOWNS<br> -STATE LINE<br> -COUNTY LINE<br> -DISTRICT LINES</p> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr09"><a href="#Page110">Page 110</a>:</p> - -<p class="noindent blankbefore75">- INDEX -<br> -PROPOSED PARKWAY<br> -EXISTING PARK LANDS<br> -PROPOSED PARK ACQUISITION<br> -EXISTING INSTITUTIONS, CEMETERIES ETC.</p> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<p class="center">PRELIMINARY PLAN<br> -FORT DRIVE<br> -PARKWAY CONNECTING THE CIVIL WAR FORTS ENCIRCLING THE CITY<br> -WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA<br> -NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION<br> -LT. COL. U.S. GRANT 3<sup>RD</sup> - EXECUTIVE AND DISBURSING OFFICER<br> -MAJ. CAREY H. BROWN - ENGINEER<br> -CHARLES W. ELLIOTT 2<sup>ND</sup> - CITY PLANNER<br> -FEBRUARY 1937</p> - -</div><!--textbox--> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr10"><a href="#Page114">Page 114</a>:</p> - -<p class="noindent blankbefore75">-LEGEND-<br> -PARKS & PUBLIC GROUNDS<br> -PROPOSED PARKS<br> -PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS<br> -PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS<br> -PROPOSED PUBLIC GROUNDS</p> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr11"><a href="#Page149">Page 149</a>:</p> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<p class="center">PARK, PARKWAY & PLAYGROUND<br> -PROJECTS<br> -DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA<br> -NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK & PLANNING COMMISSION</p> - -</div><!--textbox--> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr12"><a href="#Page158">Page 158</a>:</p> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<p class="center">ROCK CREEK PARK<br> -WASHINGTON, D.C.<br> -SCALE IN FEET<br> -OFFICE OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC PARKS<br> -LIEUT. COL. U.S. GRANT, 3<sup>RD</sup>, DIRECTOR<br> -G.E. CLARK, ENGINEER IN CHARGE OF SURVEYS<br> -G.S. ELLIOTT - CHIEF OF PARTY</p> - -</div><!--textbox--> - -<p class="noindent blankbefore75">LEGEND<br> -LEAVE CAR OR BUS LINES FOR PARK<br> -MACADAM ROADS<br> -DIRT STREETS OR ROADS<br> -FOOT PATHS<br> -SPRINGS OR FOUNTAINS<br> -IMPROVED STREETS<br> -BRIDLE PATHS<br> -PICNIC GROVES</p> - -<p class="center blankbefore75">REVISION 1933</p> - -<hr class="sec"> - -<p class="pageref" id="Trscr13"><a href="#Page171">Page 171</a>:</p> - -<div class="textbox"> - -<p class="center">Basement Plan<br> -1800</p> - -</div><!--textbox--> - -</div><!--transcriptions--> - -<hr class="full"> - -<div class="tnbot" id="TN"> - -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p>Inconsistencies and (factual or linguistic) errors in the text have been retained, except as -mentioned under Changes below. Carrere and Carrére have not been changed to Carrère (the more common -spelling). Missing or wrong accents in French words have not been corrected. Several proper and geographic -names are spelled either in their original or in anglicised spelling (or both) or in variations thereof; -these have not been standardised. The differences (in wording and structure) between the Table of Contents, -List of Illustrations and the chapter and section titles and illustration captions in the text have not been -corrected either.</p> - -<p>Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their settings, not all elements may -display as intended.</p> - -<p>The quality of several of the maps and charts was insufficient to display them fully legible and with -all details visible, or to transcribe the text in the chart or map.</p> - -<p>Page 14, note in lower left corner of map: the note in the source document ends (unexpectedly) in ... -several other early improvements,</p> - -<p>Page 27, 31: The (minor) differences between the texts in the charts and those in the transcriptions -as printed in the source document have not been rectified.</p> - -<p>Page 146, quote from L’Enfant, and Page 27 (transcription from chart): the minor differences -between the quoted text and the map have not been rectified.</p> - -<p>Page 201, By a resolution adopted February 29, 1847 ...: 1847 was not a leap year.</p> - -<p>Transcriptions of Page 21: Texts |between vertical bars| was illegible in the source document, and is -a best-guess interpretation.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75">Changes made</p> - -<p>Illustrations have been moved outside text paragraphs.</p> - -<p>Some obvious minor typographical, spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected silently.</p> - -<p>Where relevant and possible notes, explanatory texts, legends, etc. from illustrations have been -transcribed separately; these transcriptions may be found through the hyperlinks underneath the illustrations. -In these transcriptions, most of the (sometimes elaborate) formatting has been ignored.</p> - -<p>Page 42: It was erected by Mr. Blodget ... changed to It was erected by Mr. Blodgett....</p> - -<p>Page 252: Alexander B. Trowridge changed to Alexander B. Trowbridge.</p> - -<p>Page 284: Ackermann & Ross, architects changed to Ackerman & Ross, architects; A. B. Mullet, -supervising architect changed to A. B. Mullett, supervising architect.</p> - -<p>Page 325: ... for the statute and pedestal ... changed to ... for the statue and pedestal ....</p> - -<p>Page 349: Antion Popiel, sculptor changed to Antoni Popiel, sculptor</p> - -<p>Index: some names have been standardised with the spelling used in the text.</p> - -</div><!--tnbot--> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL ON THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WASHINGTON ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin-top:1em; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</div> -</body> -</html> |