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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of A manual on the origin and development
+of Washington, by H. Paul Caemmerer
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: A manual on the origin and development of Washington
+
+Author: H. Paul Caemmerer
+
+Release Date: January 18, 2023 [eBook #69827]
+
+Language: English
+
+Produced by: Tim Lindell, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed
+             Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+             produced from images generously made available by The
+             Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL ON THE ORIGIN AND
+DEVELOPMENT OF WASHINGTON ***
+
+
+
+  Transcriber’s Notes
+
+  Text printed in italics and small capitals in the source document
+  have been transcribed _between underscores_ and as ALL CAPITALS
+  respectively. Superscript text is indicated by ^{text}. Texts
+  |between vertical bars| was illegible in the source document, and is
+  a best-guess interpretation.
+
+  More Transcriber’s Notes may be found at the end of this text.
+
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of Fairchild Aerial Surveys (Inc.)._
+
+THE HEART OF THE NATION’S CAPITAL]
+
+
+
+
+  75TH CONGRESS, 3D SESSION · SENATE DOCUMENT NO. 178
+
+  A MANUAL ON THE
+  ORIGIN AND
+  DEVELOPMENT OF
+  WASHINGTON
+
+  _By_ H. PAUL CAEMMERER, Ph. D.
+
+  “The City of Washington--the central star of the constellation
+  which enlightens the whole world.”
+
+  _General Lafayette, as Guest of the Nation, October 12, 1824._
+
+  UNITED STATES
+  GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
+  WASHINGTON: 1939
+
+
+
+
+SENATE RESOLUTION NO. 280
+
+Submitted by Mr. HAYDEN
+
+  IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,
+  _April 20 (calendar day, May 18), 1938._
+
+_Resolved_, That the manuscript entitled “A Manual of the Plan of
+Washington,” prepared by H. P. Caemmerer, be printed in such style and
+manner as may be directed by the Joint Committee on Printing, as a
+Senate Document.
+
+Attest:
+
+  EDWIN A. HALSEY,
+  _Secretary_.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This Manual on the Origin and Development of Washington is published
+for the use of students, particularly in high schools, desiring to make
+a study of the National Capital a part of their course in civics.
+
+The 25 chapters composing the book are of such interest and importance
+that an hour a week may profitably be devoted to each, but the chapters
+on public buildings and monuments require each two or three periods
+for effective presentation. In this manner the Manual may serve as
+a textbook for a year’s work; it will also be found helpful by the
+general reader interested in Washington.
+
+The Manual deals historically with the founding and development of
+the National Capital. Beginning with the twentieth century we find a
+new impetus given to the development of the city by the McMillan Park
+Commission of 1901. Its work has been carried forward by the Commission
+of Fine Arts and the National Capital Park and Planning Commission,
+in cooperation with the Government of the District of Columbia,
+including the Zoning Commission; also, of course, in cooperation with
+the President of the United States, officials of the Government, and
+the Congress of the United States, which by virtue of the Federal
+Constitution exercises “exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever”
+over the District of Columbia.
+
+It should be kept in mind that in the study of the National Capital
+we are studying the seat of government of the greatest nation in the
+world, a city that was laid on a broad, firm foundation, and although
+neglected for decades during the last century, the twentieth century
+has seen Washington transformed into a city in keeping with the
+dignity, power, and wealth of this great Nation.
+
+The Plan of Washington is at the basis of city planning in the United
+States. The organization of the National Conference on City Planning in
+1907 was inspired by the work of the McMillan Park Commission of 1901.
+Many of the leading artists of the country--architects, sculptors,
+painters, and landscape architects--have served in the work of
+beautifying the city. Washington is a city that is ever growing and it
+is destined to be the most beautiful city in the world.
+
+The writer wishes to express his grateful appreciation to Senator Carl
+Hayden for having introduced the legislation to print this volume.
+
+  H. PAUL CAEMMERER.
+
+
+
+
+  THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PURCHASED FROM THE
+  SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
+  WASHINGTON, D. C. AT $2.00 A COPY (BUCKRAM)
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  Chapter                                                           Page
+
+      I The Federal City: Story of the Movement Which Established
+        the Seat of Government Near the Potomac                        1
+
+     II Establishment of the Temporary and Permanent Seats of
+        Government                                                     7
+
+    III Development of the National Capital--The Plan of the City     13
+
+          Site of the Federal City                                    13
+
+          Terms of Original Agreement                                 15
+
+          Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia                 19
+
+          Preliminary Studies                                         20
+
+     IV Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant                                  23
+
+      V The L’Enfant Plan                                             25
+
+          The Ellicott Plan--The L’Enfant Plan Enlarged               29
+
+     VI Early Washington                                              35
+
+    VII Washington 1810-1815                                          41
+
+   VIII Washington 1816-1839                                          45
+
+     IX Washington 1840-1859                                          49
+
+      X Washington 1860-1870                                          53
+
+     XI Improvements Made During President Grant’s Administration     61
+
+    XII The Influence of the Centennial Celebration and of the
+        World’s Columbian Exposition on Art in the United States      65
+
+   XIII Highway Plan of the District of Columbia                      69
+
+    XIV The McMillan Park Commission--The Plan of 1901                73
+
+     XV National Commission of Fine Arts                              95
+
+    XVI Zoning of the Capital                                        101
+
+   XVII The National Capital Park and Planning Commission            105
+
+  XVIII The Lincoln Memorial and the Arlington Memorial Bridge       131
+
+    XIX The Parks of the District of Columbia                        143
+
+     XX Architecture of Early Days                                   165
+
+    XXI Public and Semipublic Buildings                              219
+
+   XXII The Public-Buildings Program                                 293
+
+  XXIII The Government of the District of Columbia                   305
+
+   XXIV Arlington National Cemetery                                  309
+
+    XXV Statues and Monuments                                        319
+
+        Appendix                                                     347
+
+          List of Statues and Monuments in Washington                347
+
+          Bibliographical List of Books on Washington the National
+          Capital                                                    353
+
+          List of Presidents of the United States                    355
+
+          Quotations from Great Americans on Washington the
+          National Capital                                           357
+
+        Index                                                        359
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+        Page
+
+  The heart of the Nation’s Capital                         Frontispiece
+
+  Adams Memorial, the                                                324
+
+  Anacostia Park, plan of                                            160
+
+  Aqueduct Bridge, old                                               180
+
+  Arboretum, National, map of                                        162
+
+  Arlington Cemetery, Arlington Mansion, and Fort Myer               308
+
+  Arlington Mansion, reception hall                                  310
+
+  Arlington Memorial Bridge                                          138
+
+  Arlington Memorial Bridge, architect’s design                      136
+
+  Arlington Memorial Bridge development                              141
+
+  Arlington Memorial Bridge, eagle and fasces                        139
+
+  Arlington Memorial Bridge, eagle and bison head                    137
+
+  Arlington National Cemetery--Memorial Amphitheater                 312
+
+  Arlington National Cemetery--Maine Monument and the Memorial
+  Amphitheater                                                       316
+
+  Arlington, plan for development of greater                         142
+
+  Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Station, old                              73
+
+  Boundary stone near Sixteenth Street NW.                            19
+
+  Boundary stones of the District of Columbia                         17
+
+  Boundary stones, three of the                                       18
+
+  British Embassy                                                    290
+
+  Building regulations issued by President Washington                 21
+
+  Burke, statue of Edmund                                            344
+
+  Burnham, Daniel H., on city planning                                81
+
+  Cabin John Bridge                                                  214
+
+  Capitol, the                                                       220
+
+  Capitol, the, 1840                                                  49
+
+  Capitol, the, 1870                                                  60
+
+  Capitol at night                                                   222
+
+  Capitol, basement plan of, 1800                                    171
+
+  Capitol, bronze doors to the                                       225
+
+  Capitol, bronze doors to the House of Representatives wing         229
+
+  Capitol, bronze doors to the Senate wing                           227
+
+  Capitol, design by Thornton, 1800                                  165
+
+  Capitol, from Pennsylvania Avenue, 1830                            166
+
+  Capitol, from the west, showing the Tripoli column                 167
+
+  Capitol Grounds and Union Station Plaza, 1917                       96
+
+  Capitol Grounds, treatment of the                                  297
+
+  Capitol Prison, old                                                 53
+
+  Capitol, showing uncompleted dome, 1860                             54
+
+  Capitol, treatment for area west of the, plan of 1901               85
+
+  Capitol upon its restoration, 1827                                 164
+
+  Capitol, view from dome of, looking east                           106
+
+  Capitol, view of dome of the, looking south                        107
+
+  Central composition of the National Capital                        100
+
+  Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, Georgetown, lock of the old               178
+
+  Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, gatehouse                                  48
+
+  Christ Church, Washington                                          189
+
+  Christ Church, Alexandria, Va                                      120
+
+  Christ Church burial ground, later known as Congressional Cemetery  44
+
+  Columbia Island Plaza and Memorial Avenue                          140
+
+  Constitution Hall                                                  278
+
+  Dante, statue of                                                   337
+
+  Decatur House                                                      176
+
+  Declaration of Independence and the Constitution                   251
+
+  Dermott map, the                                                    32
+
+  District of Columbia Supreme Court Building                        194
+
+  Dolly Madison House                                                175
+
+  Dupont Memorial Fountain                                           335
+
+  East Capitol Street                                                111
+
+  Ellicott plan, the                                                  30
+
+  Ellicott map, the                                                   39
+
+  Executive Building, 1820-66                                        267
+
+  Fish market along the water front                                  115
+
+  Folger Shakespeare Library                                         253
+
+  Folger Shakespeare Library, exhibition hall                        254
+
+  Ford’s Theater                                                     216
+
+  Fort Drive                                                         110
+
+  Francis Scott Key Bridge                                           181
+
+  Francis Scott Key House                                            183
+
+  Freedom, statue of                                                 223
+
+  Gatehouse by Bulfinch, formerly near the Capitol                    72
+
+  Gatepost designed by Bulfinch, near the Capitol                     63
+
+  George Washington Memorial Parkway                                 114
+
+  Georgetown, house of the early days in                             184
+
+  Government Printing Office, the United States                      258
+
+  Grand Army of the Republic Memorial                                330
+
+  Grand review of Union Army, May 1865                                58
+
+  Grant, Gen. U. S., memorial                                   338, 342
+
+  Grant, Gen. U. S., memorial, Artillery group                       341
+
+  Grant, Gen. U. S., memorial, Cavalry group                         340
+
+  Great Falls of the Potomac                                         116
+
+  Hamilton, statue of Alexander                                      345
+
+  Haymarket Square, old                                               59
+
+  Horse cars, view showing                                            61
+
+  House of Representatives Chamber                                   231
+
+  House of Representatives about 1820, painting by Samuel F. B.
+  Morse                                                               46
+
+  House of Representatives Chamber, 1830                             169
+
+  House of Representatives Office Building, New                      233
+
+  House of Representatives Office Building, Old                      233
+
+  Italian Embassy                                                    291
+
+  Jackson, statue of Gen. Andrew                                     323
+
+  Jeanne d’Arc, statue of                                            334
+
+  Joaquin Miller Cabin in Rock Creek Park                            159
+
+  King map, the                                                       33
+
+  Lafayette Park, showing statue of Gen. Andrew Jackson              152
+
+  Lafayette, statue of General                                       327
+
+  L’Enfant, Maj. Pierre Charles                                       23
+
+  L’Enfant plan, the                                                  26
+
+  L’Enfant plan, sketch of the                                        22
+
+  L’Enfant, tomb of                                                  317
+
+  Library of Congress                                                244
+
+  Library of Congress addition                                       248
+
+  Library of Congress, grand staircase                               246
+
+  Library of Congress, reading room                                  249
+
+  Lincoln died, house in which President                             217
+
+  Lincoln, second inaugural of President, 1865                        56
+
+  Lincoln Memorial, the                                         130, 154
+
+  Lincoln Memorial and approaches, the                               130
+
+  Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Basin                                  134
+
+  Lincoln Memorial, site of the, 1901                                 92
+
+  Lincoln Memorial, statue of Abraham Lincoln                        132
+
+  Lincoln Memorial, Memorial Bridge, and Riverside Drive, plan of
+  1901                                                                93
+
+  Longfellow, statue of Henry Wadsworth                              328
+
+  Mall about 1890, view of the                                        64
+
+  Mall, the, 1930                                                     97
+
+  Mall, view from the Washington Monument, looking east              295
+
+  Mall, view from the Capitol dome, looking west                     294
+
+  Mall, the, inundated                                                79
+
+  Mall and Monument Gardens, plan of 1901                             88
+
+  Mall, plan of the                                                   90
+
+  Mall, the, showing railroad tracks crossing it                      78
+
+  Meridian Hill Park, lower garden                                   156
+
+  Meridian Hill Park, upper garden                                   156
+
+  Mount Vernon                                                       125
+
+  Mount Vernon from the air                                          124
+
+  Mount Vernon Memorial Highway                                      118
+
+  Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, bridge over Hunting Creek           121
+
+  Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, north of Little Hunting Creek       117
+
+  Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, bridge over Boundary Channel        119
+
+  Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, underpass at highway bridge         121
+
+  National Archives Building                                         282
+
+  National Archives Building, mural paintings in                     283
+
+  National Gallery of Art                                            281
+
+  National Geographic Society                                        278
+
+  National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception                       287
+
+  New Hampshire Avenue                                               144
+
+  Octagon House                                                      174
+
+  Old Tobacco Barn (old Christ Church)                               188
+
+  Park areas acquired to July 1, 1938                                149
+
+  Patent Office Building, Old                                        198
+
+  Pennsylvania Avenue, plan of 1910, plan for developing south side  293
+
+  Pennsylvania Avenue, between the Treasury and the Capitol          298
+
+  Pennsylvania Railroad Station, old                                  77
+
+  Pulaski, statue of Gen. Casimir                                    332
+
+  Rock Creek Church                                                  186
+
+  Rock Creek Park, map of                                            158
+
+  Senate Chamber                                                     230
+
+  Senate Chamber, 1830                                               168
+
+  Senate Office Building                                             232
+
+  Six Buildings, the                                                  36
+
+  Smithsonian Institution                                            255
+
+  Soldiers’ Home, United States                                      212
+
+  St. John’s Church                                                  191
+
+  St. John’s Church, early view of                                   192
+
+  State Building, Department of, 1801                                265
+
+  State Building, Department of, when remodeled                      264
+
+  Thornton, Dr. William                                              197
+
+  Treasury Building, Department of the                               270
+
+  Treasury Building, Department of the, 1855                          52
+
+  Treasury Building, site and material for, 1839                      47
+
+  Triangle group of public buildings along Constitution Avenue       280
+
+  Tripoli Column, at Annapolis, Md                                   320
+
+  Tudor Place, showing gardens on the east side                      187
+
+  Tudor Place, Thirty-first and Q Streets                            185
+
+  Unknown Soldier of the World War, the Tomb of the                  314
+
+  Union Square, plan of 1901                                          86
+
+  Union Station                                                      234
+
+  Union Station, concourse                                           236
+
+  Union Station, waiting room                                        238
+
+  Union Station and Plaza, looking north from the dome of the
+  Capitol                                                            300
+
+  United States Supreme Court Building                               302
+
+  United States Supreme Court Chamber                                303
+
+  Van Ness Mansion                                                   177
+
+  Wakefield, at Popes Creek, Westmoreland County, Va                 127
+
+  Wakefield, Washington family burying ground                        129
+
+  Washington and Wakefield, map showing                              128
+
+  Washington, 1852                                                    50
+
+  Washington, 1890                                                    62
+
+  Washington and environs, regional plan of                          104
+
+  Washington Cathedral                                               285
+
+  Washington Cathedral, interior                                     286
+
+  Washington City Post Office                                        242
+
+  Washington, early, showing the Jefferson poplars                    38
+
+  Washington, view of early                                           34
+
+  Washington from Arlington Heights, 1865                             55
+
+  Washington from Arlington, plan of 1901                             76
+
+  Washington from the President’s House, 1830                         44
+
+  Washington, the future                                              94
+
+  Washington in 1792                                                  12
+
+  Washington in embryo                                                14
+
+  Washington, looking north from the White House                      70
+
+  Washington, looking south from Sixteenth Street and Columbia Road   71
+
+  Washington, model of the future, plan of 1901                       75
+
+  Washington, model of, showing conditions in 1901                    74
+
+  Washington, George, Houdon bust of                                 122
+
+  Washington, George, statue of                                      322
+
+  Washington, George, statue of Gen.                                 318
+
+  Washington, tomb of                                                126
+
+  Washington Monument, the                                           208
+
+  Washington Monument, as seen from the Mall grounds                 206
+
+  Washington Monument, plan of the, by Robert Mills                  200
+
+  Washington Monument, uncompleted, as it appeared from 1852-78      204
+
+  Washington Monument, under construction, 1872                      202
+
+  Washington Monument, view northwest from the                       274
+
+  Water front, plan for improvement of the                           112
+
+  White House, early view of the                                     170
+
+  White House, north side                                            262
+
+  White House, view showing terrace on south side, 1827              172
+
+  Witherspoon, statue of John                                        329
+
+  World’s Columbian Exposition, Court of Honor, looking east          66
+
+  World’s Columbian Exposition, Court of Honor, looking west          67
+
+  Zero milestone                                                     336
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE FEDERAL CITY
+
+STORY OF THE MOVEMENT WHICH ESTABLISHED THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT NEAR THE
+POTOMAC
+
+
+The problem of establishing a permanent seat of government for the
+United States was most perplexing. The Continental Congress was obliged
+for its own protection to travel from place to place to conduct its
+sessions. By the treaty of Paris, in 1783, the independence of the
+Colonies had been recognized, but they were then united simply as a
+confederation, and there was lacking Federal authority through which
+the needs of the Government could be asserted and provided for. This
+was felt keenly in the matter of obtaining the necessary revenue to
+maintain the Government, for the Continental Congress did not have the
+power of taxation and had to depend upon the good will of the Colonies.
+
+The demands upon the Continental Congress were many. The War of
+Independence had impoverished the Colonies. There were the debts of war
+incurred by the Continental Congress and also the debts of the Colonies
+themselves--in all, $20,000,000, a huge sum in those days, and a factor
+which, as we shall see, figured in the location of the Federal City
+south of the Mason and Dixon line. Then, too, there was an army of
+soldiers being discharged, with no funds at hand to pay them for their
+services.
+
+Prior to the establishment of the Federal City on the banks of the
+Potomac, the Continental Congress met in eight different cities and
+towns, viz:
+
+Philadelphia, September 5, 1774, to December 12, 1776.
+
+Baltimore, December 20, 1776, to February 27, 1777.
+
+Philadelphia, March 4 to September 18, 1777.
+
+Lancaster, Pa., September 27, 1777.
+
+York, Pa., September 30, 1777, to June 27, 1778.
+
+Philadelphia, July 2, 1778, to June 21, 1783.
+
+Princeton, N. J., June 26, 1783, to November 4, 1783.
+
+Annapolis, Md., November 26, 1783, to June 3, 1784.
+
+Trenton, N. J., November, 1784, to December 24, 1784.
+
+New York City, January 11, 1785, to March 4, 1789.
+
+From March 2, 1781, the Continental Congress was also called by some
+the Congress of the Confederation. The first Congress under the
+Constitution met on March 4, 1789, and adjourned September 29, 1789.
+On December 6, 1790, the third session of the First Congress began
+in Philadelphia, which was the temporary seat of government until
+November, 1800.
+
+The Continental Congress was seriously inconvenienced by this moving
+from place to place. They could not take with them their records and
+files, were required to seek protection, and there was lack of adequate
+accommodations in some of the towns where they met. In Princeton the
+sessions were held in the college building, Nassau Hall, where the
+average attendance was only 22 Members.
+
+The suggestion had been made in November, 1779, by some Members that
+the Congress purchase a few square miles near Princeton village,
+whereon to erect public offices and buildings for a permanent home for
+Congress.
+
+The two leading factors that entered into the question of establishment
+of a seat of government of the United States were jurisdiction and
+geographical location. It was deemed very important to give to the
+National Capital a central location along the Atlantic coast. Debates
+on this question continued until 1790.
+
+On January 29, 1783, the trustees of the corporation of Kingston, N.
+Y., took the first recorded action by sending a memorial to the New
+York State Legislature that “their estate be erected into a separate
+district for the Honorable Congress of the United States.” It was
+proposed to grant to Congress 1 square mile within the limits of the
+town of Kingston, and the New York Legislature consented to this by
+the adoption of a resolution on March 14, 1783. Upon the suggestion
+of Alexander Hamilton and William Floyd this area was, in September,
+increased to 2 square miles.
+
+On May 12, 1783, the corporation of Annapolis adopted a resolution
+calling upon the Maryland Legislature to allow the establishment of
+the seat of government at Annapolis, because of its central location
+along the Atlantic coast. The Continental Congress took note of this
+on June 4, 1783. New Jersey, on June 19, 1783, offered a site anywhere
+in the State. On June 28, 1783, the Legislature of Virginia offered to
+Congress the town of Williamsburg and agreed to present the capitol,
+the palace, and all the public buildings, together with 300 acres of
+land adjoining the city, and a sum of money not to exceed £100,000.
+This money was to be expended in erecting 13 hotels for the Delegates
+to Congress. Also the town would cede a district contiguous to it not
+exceeding 5 miles square. The legislature also offered to cede a like
+district on the banks of the Potomac and to assure a sum not exceeding
+£100,000 for the erection of hotels, and would also purchase 100 acres
+of land for the erection of public buildings. Virginia offered to
+cede land along the banks of the Potomac if Maryland would unite and
+offer a similar tract on the opposite bank of the river; but should
+Congress build on the Maryland side only the sum of £40,000 would be
+appropriated and the State would be expected to supply the deficiency.
+
+The offers of New York and Maryland, as recorded in the proceedings
+of Congress of June 4, 1783, having emphasized the importance of the
+subject to establish a permanent seat of government, we are told
+in the annals of Madison that a day in October was named when the
+subject would be considered. However, during that very month a mutiny
+of dissatisfied soldiers took place. A band of soldiers started from
+Lancaster, Pa., on June 17, 1783, for Philadelphia, to demand from the
+Continental Congress the money then due. Congress appointed a committee
+to appeal to the executive council of the State of Pennsylvania, in
+session in the same building, for protection against the threatened
+attack by the soldiers, but the council refused, saying that the
+militia would doubtless not be willing to take up arms “before their
+resentment should be provoked by some actual outrages.” The soldiers,
+about 300 in number, proceeded to the state-house--Independence
+Hall--where Congress and the executive council were in session,
+surrounded that building, but attempted no violence. Occasionally
+some soldier would use offensive language and point his musket at the
+windows of the Halls of Congress, but at night the soldiers departed.
+Congress thereupon adjourned hastily to meet in Princeton eight days
+later. General Washington ordered a court-martial, in which two of
+the mutineers were sentenced to death and four to receive corporal
+punishment; but the convicted men were all pardoned by Congress.
+General Washington regarded the mutineers as “recruits and soldiers
+of a day who have not borne the heat and burden of war, and who can
+have in reality very few hardships to complain of.” The legislators
+were invited to return to Philadelphia, but the offer was refused, for
+the reason that the armed soldiers had grossly insulted Congress and
+it seemed useless to apply to the executive council for protection.
+This led to the appointment of a committee, of which James Madison
+was chairman, on the subject of a permanent seat of government. They
+submitted a report on September 18, 1783.
+
+The committee reported on two questions: First, the extent of the
+district necessary; second, the power to be exercised by Congress
+in that district. As to the first question, it was reported that a
+district should not be less than 3 miles or more than 6 miles square;
+and second, that Congress ought to have exclusive jurisdiction. The
+report was referred to a committee as a whole, but there is no record
+that further action was taken.
+
+When the question of a permanent seat of government was again taken
+up by the Continental Congress, it was the question of location that
+predominated; the question of exclusive jurisdiction had generally
+been conceded. The discussion was finally limited to two sites: First,
+a location on the banks of the Potomac at least as far south as
+Georgetown, which was favored particularly by the southern Members of
+Congress as being the geographical center of the United States; second,
+a site on the Delaware River near the falls above Trenton, which
+Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the other States near by favored.
+
+On October 7, 1783, Congress decided that a permanent seat of
+government should be established on the Delaware River site, and a
+committee was appointed to visit the location. Ten days later, on
+October 17, 1783, Congress decided that there should be a National
+Capital at the lower falls of the Potomac, at Georgetown. This is
+the first mention of the present location of the National Capital.
+Pending the completion of necessary buildings, it was decided that
+the Continental Congress would meet at Trenton and Annapolis. But
+the idea of having two capitals was ridiculed by such men as Francis
+Hopkinson, who suggested that there be one Federal town to be placed
+on a platform supported by wheels and two places of residence. As to
+a statue of George Washington that had been authorized by Congress at
+the same session, he suggested it be placed on wheels and be taken to
+wherever Congress met. The idea of having two capitals was abandoned by
+legislation adopted at Trenton on December 23, 1784.
+
+Two years elapsed before Congress took up the subject again. In the
+meantime a movement began, under the leadership of George Washington,
+to promote trade relations between Virginia and Maryland, and to
+establish trade with the western frontier by the construction of a
+canal along the banks of the Potomac. Washington became president of
+the Potomac Company at the time of its organization in 1785, and was
+its guiding spirit for a period of four years, until 1789, when he
+resigned from that office to take up his duties as first President of
+the United States.
+
+A trade convention, held at Annapolis, led to the call for the
+Constitutional Convention, February 21, 1787, to meet in Philadelphia
+in May of that year.
+
+On May 29,1787, the draft of the Constitution submitted by Charles
+Pinckney, of South Carolina, first mentions the section relating to
+the Federal district in the form in which it became a part of the
+Constitution of the United States (Art. I, sec. 8, par. 17), under the
+powers of Congress--
+
+  To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over
+  such district (not exceeding 10 miles square) as may, by cession
+  of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the
+  seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like
+  authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature
+  of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts,
+  magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings.
+
+There was objection on the part of some lest such a provision in the
+Federal Constitution would create a government that would become
+despotic and tyrannical and result in unjust discrimination in matters
+of trade and commerce between the merchants within and outside of the
+district. But on the other hand the advocates for a Federal City over
+which Congress would have exclusive jurisdiction called attention to
+the great importance for the Government to have a permanent residence
+for the Congress and the executive departments, with their files and
+records properly housed, and cited the mutiny in Philadelphia as
+an illustration as to what might happen to the Government again in
+the absence of such Federal authority. On September 17, 1787, the
+Constitution of the United States was adopted and soon after was
+ratified by a majority of the States.
+
+When the time came for the inauguration of President Washington,
+on April 30, 1789, in New York City, the Continental Congress was
+completing its sessions, having resided in that city from 1785, a
+period of four years. Of a population of 25,000 in 1776, the city in
+1789 had a population of only half that number, due to the continuous
+occupation by the British Army for a period of seven years. During
+the evacuation the city was partly ruined. But a new era began; trade
+increased, and the city began to grow rapidly. The Continental Congress
+was meeting in the old city hall, which had been used by the British as
+a prison and was in a dilapidated condition. As Washington was to be
+inaugurated in New York, the people thought that city would become the
+seat of government, so the city hall was torn down and a new building
+erected on the site where the subtreasury building on Wall Street now
+stands.
+
+It was recognized that the presence of that national body was a
+valuable asset to the city. Pierre Charles L’Enfant, who late in
+1791 made the plan for the Federal City, was selected to design and
+construct the building. When the Members of Congress assembled for the
+First Congress under the Federal Constitution, they met in a building
+constructed with classical arches and columns, painted ceilings and
+marble pavements, and furnished in a magnificent manner with crimson
+damask canopies and hangings. The exterior was marked by a portico with
+arcaded front and highly decorated pediments. But the building had been
+erected too rapidly to endure permanently; poor work had been done, and
+in a few years it was demolished.
+
+The building was called Federal Hall. Here on April 30, 1789, a date
+never to be forgotten in the annals of American history, George
+Washington was inaugurated first President of the United States of
+America. The spot where General Washington stood is now marked, as
+nearly as possible, by the J. Q. A. Ward statue of the first President,
+which stands in front of the subtreasury building on Wall Street. Just
+inside the door, preserved under glass, is a brownstone slab on which
+is inscribed:
+
+  STANDING ON THIS STONE, IN THE BALCONY OF FEDERAL HALL, APRIL 30,
+  1789, GEORGE WASHINGTON TOOK THE OATH AS THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE
+  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+During the sessions of this Congress long and careful consideration was
+given to the question of a permanent seat of government. It had its
+place with great problems before Congress at the time--as the revenue
+bill, which would provide money for the newly established Republic,
+creating executive departments, plans for the funding of the public
+debt and the assumption of State debts, disposal of public lands, and
+establishing a judicial system. At the opening of the last month of the
+session the question of a residence for the United States Government
+was brought up. Protest was made against consideration of the subject
+in view of the other important questions pending before Congress that
+seemed to some to be more urgent, also because, they said, Congress
+was properly housed, and that other towns like Trenton, Germantown,
+Carlisle, Lancaster, York, and Reading would be glad to have Congress
+locate with them.
+
+However, the southern Members, led by Richard Bland Lee and
+James Madison, Representatives from Virginia, argued for present
+consideration of the subject. They favored the Potomac River site
+at least as far south as Georgetown, which they asserted would be
+geographically the center of the United States. They claimed for their
+section of the country in this matter the consideration of justice and
+equality. They argued that there was no question more important--one in
+which the people of the country were so deeply interested and one on
+the settlement of which the peace and the permanent existence of the
+country so much depended. The question of location finally resolved
+itself into the consideration of two localities: First, a site near
+the falls of the Susquehanna, at Wrights Ferry, Pa., 35 miles from
+tidewater; and second, a site at Georgetown, Md., near the lower falls
+of the Potomac.
+
+Great stress was laid on the importance of a site that would place the
+seat of government on a navigable stream far enough from the sea to
+be safe from hostile attacks. But it was also deemed very important
+to select a place that would offer means of communication with the
+western country, which was a subject, as we have seen, in which George
+Washington was interested for years previously. This argument was
+effective, as it offered advantages for carrying on trade with the vast
+western country for which the Potomac Company had been established.
+
+The subject received the consideration of both the House and Senate in
+September, 1789, but its final consideration was deferred until the
+following year, in June, 1790. The southern Members, especially the
+Representatives of Maryland and Virginia, were particularly active,
+believing a decision on the Potomac River site was in their favor. In
+December, 1789, Virginia had made a grant of $120,000, and a sum equal
+to two-thirds of that amount had been voted by the Legislature of the
+State of Maryland for the construction of buildings, in addition to
+their willingness to cede the portion of the 10-mile square in their
+respective States along the Potomac River desired for the Federal
+district.
+
+The final disposition of this question was settled by compromise.
+
+At the time Hamilton had the funding bill before Congress, and lacked
+one vote in the Senate and five in the House to secure its passage, he
+came to an agreement with Robert Morris, financier of the Revolution,
+on the question of location of the seat of government. Also, Thomas
+Jefferson tells us, in his “Anas,” of a dinner given by him at which
+the residence question was discussed and an agreement reached whereby
+the southern Members agreed to the funding bill in consideration of the
+designation of Philadelphia as the seat of government for a 10-year
+period and thereafter along the Potomac.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT SEATS OF GOVERNMENT
+
+
+The House of Representatives had proposed a bill naming Baltimore as
+the site, but the Senate struck out this provision, and on July 1,
+1790, voted 14 to 12 for the Potomac River site between the mouth of
+the Eastern Branch and the Connogochegue, a tributary of the Potomac,
+20 miles south of the Pennsylvania State line. The bill which became a
+law July 16, 1790, reads as follows:
+
+  An Act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the
+  Government of the United States
+
+  SECTION 1. _Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives
+  of the United States of America in Congress assembled_, That a
+  district of territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be located
+  as hereafter directed on the river Potomac, at some place between
+  the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Connogochegue, be, and the same
+  is hereby, accepted for the permanent seat of the government of the
+  United States. _Provided nevertheless_, That the operation of the
+  laws of the state within such district shall not be affected by this
+  acceptance, until the time fixed for the removal of the government
+  thereto, and until Congress shall otherwise by law provide.
+
+  SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That the President of the United
+  States be authorized to appoint, and by supplying vacancies happening
+  from refusals to act or other causes, to keep in appointment as long
+  as may be necessary, three commissioners, who, or any two of whom,
+  shall, under the direction of the President, survey, and by proper
+  metes and bounds define and limit a district of territory, under the
+  limitations above mentioned; and the district so defined, limited and
+  located, shall be deemed the district accepted by this act, for the
+  permanent seat of the government of the United States.
+
+  SEC. 3. _And be it further enacted_, That the said commissioners,
+  or any two of them, shall have power to purchase or accept such
+  quantity of land on the eastern side of the said river, within the
+  said district, as the President shall deem proper for the use of the
+  United States, and according to such plans as the President shall
+  approve, the said commissioners, or any two of them, shall, prior to
+  the first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred,
+  provide suitable buildings for the accommodation of Congress, and of
+  the President, and for the public offices of the government of the
+  United States.
+
+  SEC. 4. _And be it further enacted_, That for defraying the expense
+  of such purchases and buildings, the President of the United States
+  be authorized and requested to accept grants of money.
+
+  SEC. 5. _And be it further enacted_, That prior to the first Monday
+  in December next, all offices attached to the seat of the government
+  of the United States, shall be removed to, and until the said first
+  Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred, shall
+  remain at the city of Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, at
+  which place the session of Congress next ensuing the present shall be
+  held.
+
+  SEC. 6. _And be it further enacted_, That on the said first Monday
+  in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred, the seat of
+  the government of the United States, shall, by virtue of this act,
+  be transferred to the district and place aforesaid. And all offices
+  attached to the said seat of government, shall accordingly be removed
+  thereto by their respective holders, and shall, after the said day,
+  cease to be exercised elsewhere; and that the necessary expense of
+  such removal shall be defrayed out of the duties on imposts and
+  tonnage, of which a sufficient sum is hereby appropriated.
+
+It is said that the loftiest minds of Congress were swayed by the
+judgment of George Washington in this matter. They agreed with him
+that America should establish the precedent of a nation locating and
+founding a city for its permanent capital by legislative enactment.
+Furthermore, they wished to honor that first President and great
+general and counselor, who had made their independence possible,
+by conferring upon him the power to select for this Federal City
+the locality he had in prophetic vision chosen as a suitable site
+for the capital of the Republic. By this act Congress expressed its
+faith in President Washington by permitting him to establish the
+capital anywhere along the Potomac between the Eastern Branch and the
+Connogochegue, a distance of 80 miles. The boundaries of no other
+city were ever fixed with more certainty. It is recorded that George
+Washington was harassed by the importunities of anxious residents and
+aggressive speculators, but that he never wavered in his purpose to
+select for the site of the Federal City that which in former years he
+had chosen for the Federal home upon the establishment of the Republic.
+
+By proclamation of January 24, 1791, President Washington directed that
+a preliminary survey be made, or, in the President’s words, “lines of
+experiment” were to be run. This survey was substantially in accord
+with the lines subsequently adopted, moving the southern boundary point
+of the “ten miles square” farther south so as to include a convenient
+part of the Eastern Branch and also the town of Alexandria.
+
+The act of July 16, 1790, was thereupon amended accordingly by act
+approved March 3, 1791, as follows:
+
+  _Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+  United States of America in Congress assembled_, That so much of the
+  act, entitled “An act for establishing the temporary and permanent
+  seat of the government of the United States,” as requires that the
+  whole of the district of territory, not exceeding ten miles square,
+  to be located on the river Potomac, for the permanent seat of the
+  government of the United States, shall be located above the mouth of
+  the Eastern Branch be and is hereby repealed, and that it shall be
+  lawful for the President to make any part of the territory below the
+  said limit, and above the mouth of Hunting Creek, a part of the said
+  district, so as to include a convenient part of the Eastern Branch,
+  and of the lands lying on the lower side thereof and also the town of
+  Alexandria, and the territory so to be included, shall form a part
+  of the district not exceeding ten miles square, for the permanent
+  seat of the government of the United States, in like manner and to
+  all intents and purposes, as if the same had been within the purview
+  of the above recited act: _Provided_, That nothing herein contained,
+  shall authorize the erection of public buildings otherwise than on
+  the Maryland side of the river Potomac, as required by the aforesaid
+  act.
+
+Thus within a period of nine months the limits of the Federal territory
+were established. The corner stone was set with appropriate ceremonies
+at Jones Point, Alexandria, Va., April 15, 1791. Not a cent was
+advanced by Congress for buildings or grounds. In fact, the Treasury
+was empty, and without credit Congress was unable to give financial
+assistance. Washington himself drew up the original agreement by
+which the owners were to convey the land to the Government which the
+Cincinnatus of the West bought from the landholders at £25 per acre.
+
+Of George Washington, Daniel Webster said, at the ceremonies for
+enlarging the Capitol to its present size, on July 4, 1851:
+
+  He heads a short procession over naked fields, he crosses yonder
+  stream on a fallen tree, he ascends to the top of this eminence,
+  where original oaks of the forest stood as thick around as if the
+  spot had been devoted to Druidical worship, and here he performed the
+  appointed duty of the day.
+
+In earlier years Washington had noted the beauty of the broad eminence
+on which the Capitol was destined to be reared, and had marked the
+breadth of the picture and the strong colors of the landscape with its
+environing wall of wooded heights, which rolled back against the sky
+as if to inclose a beautiful area fit for the supreme deliberation of
+the governmental affairs of a great Republic in the New World, founded
+on the truths “that all men are created equal; that they are endowed
+by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are
+life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” These truths, as set
+forth in the unanimous declaration of the thirteen original colonies of
+the United States of America adopted July 4, 1776, formed the basis of
+the Magna Charta of American liberty, known to us as the Declaration of
+Independence.
+
+
+HISTORY OF EARLY SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE POTOMAC
+
+Somewhat more than a century and a half before (in 1608) Capt. John
+Smith and his men sailed up the Patawomeck and visited the site of the
+future Federal City. The famous adventurer only partially explored
+the country, the principal item in the log book of his voyage being
+that they found the river full of luscious fish and its shores lined
+with ferocious savages. They met with opposition from Chief Powhatan
+and were subject to continual attacks. Nevertheless the exploration
+was continued up the Potomac as far as Little Falls, about 5 miles
+above the city of Washington. At the time of this exploration there
+were about 30 tribes, principal and subordinate, living along the
+shores of Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and Virginia. The chief of these
+principal tribes were the Powhatans, the Manahoacs, and the Monacans.
+The Powhatans lived along the shores of the Chesapeake as far north
+as the Patuxent in Maryland, and the other two lived in the territory
+contiguous to the York and Potomac Rivers. The Manahoacs and the
+Monacans, who were continuously at war with the Powhatans in Virginia,
+inhabited the present District of Columbia. The Manahoacs were almost
+exterminated by war, pestilence, and spirituous liquors, and about
+1712 migrated to the west, joining the Iroquois and the Tuscaroras.
+Among the smaller tribes were the Nacotchants and the Toags, who were
+friendly to Capt. John Smith. The Toags lived near Mount Vernon, as is
+shown by the name Tauxement on Capt. John Smith’s map. The Moyaones
+lived directly opposite Mount Vernon, in Maryland, at the mouth of the
+Piscataway. The Nacotchants lived just below the Eastern Branch, within
+the District of Columbia.
+
+There is a tradition of the early settlers of Maryland that the
+valley at the foot of Capitol Hill, drained by Tiber Creek, was a
+popular fishing ground of the Indians, and that they gathered not far
+from there, at Greenleaf’s Point, for their councils. The Indians of
+Maryland and Virginia closely resembled each other. Those of Maryland
+were descendants of the same race as the Powhatans and spoke dialects
+of the great Algonquin language. Powhatan claimed jurisdiction over the
+Patuxent, but it is doubtful whether he ever enforced the claim.
+
+The Indians lived along the banks of the rivers in this part of the
+country, and thus many Indian names, suggested by the suffixes “annock”
+and “any,” have come down to us, as the Susquehanna, Rappahannock,
+Allegheny, and Chickahominy. The name Chesapeake is said to have
+come from the Algonquin language, and Potomac comes from the Indian
+name Patawomeck. The Powhatans were won over to the English by the
+marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe, but the marriage, though notable
+in history, offered no advantages to the settlers. The original
+inhabitants were finally driven out by the relentless Iroquois. Among
+the early fighters against the Indians was Col. John Washington, who
+came to America in 1657 and settled at Bridges Creek, Va., later called
+Wakefield. He led 1,000 men against the Susquehannas. The Maryland
+tribes were gradually consolidated with the Piscataways, and about
+1700 they moved to a new settlement on the lower Susquehanna, near
+Bainbridge, Pa. Here, in 1765, they numbered about 150 persons and were
+under the jurisdiction of the Iroquois. Thereafter they moved to the
+Ohio Valley and joined the Delawares.
+
+To-day the name Anacostia, derived from the name of the small Indian
+tribe of Nacotchants, reminds us of the occupation of the District
+of Columbia by Indians. As has been said, they lived just below the
+Eastern Branch, in a suburb of Washington known as Anacostia. The
+great Anacostia Park, in the immediate vicinity, is named after
+them. They were a tribe of peaceful Indians, about 80 in number, and
+were kind and well disposed to Capt. John Smith and his explorers.
+The name of Anacostia was also given to an island near the shores
+of Virginia, at Georgetown. Later it took the name Analostian and
+also Anacostian Island. When George Mason, prominent delegate to the
+Virginia Legislature, purchased it in 1777, it came to be known as
+Masons Island. Later it was called Analostan Island. Stone implements
+and fragments of pottery and traces of Indian villages have been found
+in these locations, which give evidence of habitations of the Indians
+in the District of Columbia in those days. It was a region favored by
+the Indians for its game of all kinds, as well as fish. The soil was
+rich and fertile and crops were plentiful. Then, too, the climate was
+agreeable; that is, it did not have the extreme cold of the North, nor
+did the inhabitants suffer from the continued heat of a tropical sun.
+The latitude of Washington is 38° 52′ 37″ N. and the longitude 76° 55′
+30.54″ W.
+
+Weather reports of a hundred years ago give 97° for the average of
+maximum in summer and 24° above zero for the winter. This mild climate
+has had its consequent effect on the flora of the District of Columbia.
+A report of the Botanical Society of Washington, made in 1825, gives
+us the names of 860 distinct species and varieties of plants in the
+District of Columbia. To-day grow here the oak, walnut, hickory, elm,
+maple, and other hardy trees; pine trees in all their varieties, and
+magnolia, also the rhododendron, laurel, box bushes, privet hedges,
+holly; and roses bloom in Washington almost the entire year. In spring
+the beautiful Japanese cherry trees add charm to the city.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON, 1792]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL THE PLAN OF THE CITY
+
+
+SITE OF THE FEDERAL CITY
+
+The first mention of the upper Potomac and adjacent regions to
+Indianhead, about 35 miles south of Washington, is made by Capt.
+John Smith, who explored this region from the Jamestown settlement
+in Virginia in 1608. In 1634 Henry Fleet, who was taken captive by
+Indians, visited the falls of the Potomac. In 1635 a tract of land
+(400 acres) called Rome was laid out for Francis Pope, gentleman. The
+Capitol is said to be on this land. In 1790 the region in which the
+city of Washington has been built was in the form of 17 large farm
+tracts, as is shown on the following page. They were covered with woods
+and streams; the arable portions were tilled and produced wheat, maize,
+and tobacco. Two hamlets, Carrollsburg (where the War College now
+stands), and Hamburg (about where the Naval Hospital is located), which
+was then southeast of the thriving port of Georgetown, were within the
+limits of the early survey.
+
+On April 30, 1783, 19 days after the proclamation of peace between the
+American Colonies and England, the subject of a permanent capital for
+the General Government of the States was brought up in Congress. The
+act of July 16, 1790, heretofore cited, provided for the selection of a
+permanent site on the upper Potomac River for the National Capital--
+
+  according to such plans as the President shall approve and prior to
+  the first Monday in December, 1800, and suitable buildings for the
+  accommodation of Congress, and of the President, and for the public
+  offices of the Government of the United States.
+
+On January 22, 1791, President Washington appointed three
+commissioners--Daniel Carroll and Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, and
+David Stuart, of Virginia.
+
+By proclamation of January 24, 1791, President Washington directed that
+the three commissioners appointed pursuant to the act approved July 16,
+1790, “proceed forthwith to run the said lines of experiment and, the
+same being run, to survey and by proper metes and bounds to define and
+limit the part within the same,” which were substantially in accord
+with the lines subsequently adopted, moving the southern boundary point
+of the 10 miles square farther south, so as to include a convenient
+part of the Eastern Branch and also the town of Alexandria.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON IN EMBRYO]
+
+When President Washington arrived in the future National Capital he
+found the great task before him was to bring into harmony the rival
+interests of the Eastern Branch, or Carrollsburg, and of Georgetown.
+The property holders of Carrollsburg appeared to be anxious that the
+new public buildings be located in their town. David Burnes, who owned
+much of the land that now lies between the White House and the Capitol,
+was keen to have, on condition that he give up part of his property,
+the public buildings located there. Thus from the beginning of the
+history of the city there has been rivalry between various sections of
+the city while the Government was planning for its development.
+
+The controversy between the landholders led Thomas Jefferson to make
+a rough outline plan for a city one-fourth less in size than that
+which George Washington had in mind, to be built in the vicinity of
+Georgetown. This sketch showed the Capitol building at the site of the
+town called Hamburg, about where the Naval Hospital is now located;
+from there eastward public walks or a Mall was planned, with the
+location of the President’s House at about the present Nineteenth
+Street, south of Pennsylvania Avenue. Jefferson also proposed a
+rectangular system of streets, in contrast with the open spaces and
+radiating avenues planned by L’Enfant, who also reversed the position
+of the Capitol by placing that to the east of the President’s House on
+Jenkin’s Hill.
+
+
+TERMS OF ORIGINAL AGREEMENT
+
+The terms of the sale of land to the Government were agreed to on March
+30, 1791, under which the original owners agreed to convey to the
+United States Government, free of cost, such portions of their farms
+as were needed for streets, parks, and other public reservations; and
+to sell such land as was needed for Government buildings and public
+improvements at £25 per acre (about $67). The remaining land was to be
+laid out in building lots and apportioned equally between the Federal
+Government and the original owners. Rufus R. Wilson, in Washington, the
+Capital City, says:
+
+  In this way, without advancing a dollar and at a total cost of
+  $36,000, the Government acquired a tract of 600 acres in the heart of
+  the city. The 10,136 building lots assigned to it ultimately proved
+  to be worth $850,000, and now represent a value of $70,000,000.
+  Shrewd financier as he was, it is doubtful if Washington ever made
+  another so good a bargain as that with Burnes and his neighbors.
+
+The following is a copy of the agreement:
+
+  THE AGREEMENT OF PRESIDENT WASHINGTON WITH THE ORIGINAL PROPRIETORS
+
+  We, the subscribers, in consideration of the great benefits we
+  expect to derive from having the Federal City laid off upon our
+  Lands, do hereby agree and bind ourselves, heirs, executors, and
+  administrators, to convey, in Trust, to the President of the United
+  States, or Commissioners, or such person or persons as he shall
+  appoint, by good and sufficient deeds, in Fee simple, the whole of
+  our respective Lands which he may think proper to include within the
+  lines of the Federal City, for the purposes and on the conditions
+  following:
+
+  The President shall have the sole power of directing the Federal City
+  to be laid off in what manner he pleases. He may retain any number
+  of Squares he may think proper for public Improvements, or other
+  public Uses, and the lots only which shall be laid off shall be a
+  joint property between the Trustees on behalf of the public, and each
+  present proprietor, and the same shall be fairly and equally divided
+  between the public and the Individuals, as soon as may be, after the
+  City shall be laid off.
+
+  For the streets the proprietors shall receive no compensation; but
+  for the squares or Lands in any form, which shall be taken for
+  public buildings, or any kind of public improvements, or uses, the
+  proprietors, whose lands shall be so taken, shall receive at the rate
+  of twenty-five pounds per acre, to be paid by the public.
+
+  The whole wood on the Lands shall be the property of the proprietors.
+
+  But should any be desired by the president to be reserved or left
+  standing, the same shall be paid for by the public at a just and
+  reasonable valuation, exclusive of the twenty-five pounds per acre to
+  be paid for the land, on which the same shall remain.
+
+  Each proprietor shall retain the full possession and use of his
+  land, until the same shall be sold and occupied by the purchasers
+  of the Lots laid out thereupon, and in all cases where the public
+  arrangements as to streets, lotts, &c., will admit of it, each
+  proprietor shall possess his buildings and other improvements, and
+  graveyards, paying to the public only one-half the present estimated
+  value of the Lands, on which the same shall be, or twelve pounds
+  ten shillings per acre. But in cases where the arrangements of the
+  streets, lotts, squares, &c., will not admit of this, and it shall
+  become necessary to remove such buildings, Improvements, &c., the
+  proprietors of the same shall be paid the reasonable value thereof,
+  by the public.
+
+  Nothing herein contained shall affect the Lotts which any of the
+  parties to this Agreement may hold in the Towns of Carrollsburgh or
+  Hamburgh.
+
+  In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and Seals, this
+  thirtieth day of March, 1791.
+
+                                            {Signed
+  Signed & sealed in presence of us--Mr.    {ROBERT PETER         (Seal)
+  THOS. BEALL, making an exception of the   {DAVID BURNES         (Seal)
+  Lands he sold Abraham Young not yet       {JAS. M. LINGAN       (Seal)
+  conveyed.                                 {URIAH FORREST        (Seal)
+
+  Witness to all the subscribers including  {BENJ. STODDERT       (Seal)
+  WILLIAM YOUNG                             {NOTLEY YOUNG         (Seal)
+
+  WILLIAM BAYLY                             {DAN. CARROLL of Dn.  (Seal)
+  WILLIAM ROBERTSON                         {OVERTON CARR         (Seal)
+  JOHN SUTER                                {THOS. BEALL of Geo.  (Seal)
+
+  SAMUEL DAVIDSON witness to ABRAHAM        {CHARLES BEATTY       (Seal)
+  YOUNG’s signing                           {ANTHONY HOLMEAD      (Seal)
+
+  BENJ. STODDERT witness to EDWARD PEIRCE’s {WM. YOUNG            (Seal)
+  signing.                                  {EDWARD PEIRCE        (Seal)
+
+  JOSEPH E. ROWLES for JNO. WARING.          ABRAHAM YOUNG        (Seal)
+
+  WM. DEAKINS Junr. for WM. PROUT & WILLIAM {JAMES PEIRCE         (Seal)
+  KING as attorney in fact.                 {WILLIAM PROUT        (Seal)
+
+                                             ROBERT PETER, as
+                                             attorney in fact for
+                                             ELIPHAS DOUGLASS.    (Seal)
+                                             BENJ. STODDERT for
+                                             JNO. WARING by
+                                             written authority
+                                             from Mr. Waring.     (Seal)
+                                             WILLIAM KING         (Seal)
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF BOUNDARY STONES OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA]
+
+[Illustration: THREE OF THE BOUNDARY STONES]
+
+The land which was being considered for the city proper consisted of
+about 6,000 acres. In laying out the streets 3,606 acres were taken,
+and about 540 acres were bought by the United States as sites for the
+public buildings and grounds. The lots laid out numbered 20,272. Of
+these the United States took half and the property owners were given
+back the remainder. The United States sold its share of the lots and
+from the proceeds paid for the 540 acres on which it was to put the
+public buildings.
+
+The United States also took a fee-simple title to the streets and
+avenues.
+
+
+BOUNDARY STONES OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+
+A survey of an outline of the District of Columbia was made by Andrew
+Ellicott. From the initial point at Jones Point, on Hunting Creek, at
+the Potomac (just south of Alexandria), a line was run due northwest
+10 miles; thence (into Maryland) due northeast 10 miles to a northern
+boundary point (now called Sixteenth Street Heights); thence due
+southeast 10 miles; thence due southwest 10 miles, or back to Jones
+Point.
+
+[Illustration: BOUNDARY STONE NEAR SIXTEENTH STREET, NORTHWEST]
+
+This survey was approved by Congress with the amendment that all public
+buildings should be erected on the Maryland side of the Potomac River.
+
+On March 29, 1791, President Washington arrived on a visit to the
+Potomac and stayed at Suter’s Tavern in Georgetown. The next day,
+accompanied by the three commissioners and Maj. Pierre Charles
+L’Enfant and Andrew Ellicott, he rode over the ground. Washington met
+the owners of the land the same night, and the general terms were then
+agreed upon and signed by the 19 “original proprietors.” The area of
+100 square miles embraced about 64 square miles of Maryland soil (ceded
+previously in 1788) and about 36 square miles of Virginia soil (ceded
+in 1789).
+
+Thereupon the three city commissioners were ordered to have the
+boundary lines permanently marked by monuments placed 1 mile apart.
+One of these boundary stones can be seen to-day near the north corner
+of the District of Columbia. Each stone was quite large, and this
+particular one is well preserved.
+
+
+PRELIMINARY STUDIES
+
+When the city of Washington was planned under the direct and minute
+supervision of President Washington and Secretary of State Jefferson,
+the relations that should exist between the Capitol and the President’s
+House were closely studied. On August 7, 1791, L’Enfant sent a sketch
+to President Washington, with a note, “the plan altered agreeable to
+your suggestion.” Indeed, the whole city was planned with a view to the
+reciprocal relations that should be maintained among public buildings.
+Vistas and axes; sites for monuments and museums; parks and pleasure
+gardens; fountains and canals--in a word, all that goes to make a city
+a magnificent and consistent work of art were regarded as essential.
+Thus, aside from the pleasure and the positive benefits to health that
+the people derive from public parks in a capital city like Washington,
+there is a distinct use of public spaces as the indispensable means
+of giving dignity to Government buildings and of making suitable
+connections between the great departments.
+
+The original plans were prepared after due study of great models. The
+stately art of landscape architecture had been brought oversea by royal
+governors and wealthy planters, and both Washington and Jefferson were
+familiar with the practice of that art.
+
+On September 8, 1791, it was decided by Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of
+State, and James Madison, in conference with the Commissioners of the
+District of Columbia--
+
+  to name the streets of the Federal City alphabetically one way and
+  numerically the other from the Capitol and that the name of the City
+  and Territory shall be the City of Washington and the Territory of
+  Columbia.
+
+The city had also been divided into four sections--namely, northeast,
+northwest, southeast, southwest--with the Capitol as the center and
+North and South Capitol Streets dividing the east and west sections and
+East Capitol Street and the Mall the north and south sections.
+
+[Illustration: BUILDING REGULATIONS ISSUED BY PRESIDENT WASHINGTON]
+
+[Illustration: SKETCH OF THE L’ENFANT PLAN]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+MAJ. PIERRE CHARLES L’ENFANT
+
+
+Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant was born in Paris August 2, 1754, the son
+of an academician, who was “Painter in ordinary to the King in his
+Manufacture of the Gobelins,” with a turn for landscape and especially
+for battles, as is shown by the collections at Versailles and Tours.
+Trained as a French military engineer, young L’Enfant at the age of 23
+obtained a commission as a volunteer lieutenant in the French colonial
+troops, serving at his own expense.
+
+[Illustration: MAJ. PIERRE CHARLES L’ENFANT]
+
+L’Enfant preceded Lafayette to America by a month. Arriving in 1777,
+he entered the Continental Army at his own expense. In February 1778
+he was made a captain of engineers and as such proved his valor in
+battles about Charleston, where he was wounded and was included in the
+capitulation and exchanged. He was made a major in 1783.
+
+He was “artist extraordinary” to the Army, drawing likenesses
+(including one of Washington at Valley Forge), decorating ballrooms,
+and building banquet halls. Then by turn he became a drillmaster, like
+Von Steuben. When peace was declared he made a brief visit to France
+to see his father and, incidentally, to establish the Society of
+the Cincinnati in France and procure the gold eagles he had designed
+as insignia of the organization. Then he returned to remodel the New
+York City Hall for the reception of the first Congress of the United
+States, a building of such beauty never before having been seen by the
+assembled representatives of the people. L’Enfant was an artist, and
+this Washington knew when he selected him to design the Federal City.
+He was imbued with the artistic development of Paris, with its fine
+central composition from the Tuileries to the Arch of Triumph, the
+beauty of the Champs Elysees, the Place de la Concorde and adjacent
+great buildings as the Louvre; and with Versailles, built by Louis XIV,
+with its fountains, terraces, gardens, and parks, which still thrill
+thousands of visitors each year. He understood the art of city planning.
+
+L’Enfant was long maturing in his mind the plan he so quickly put on
+paper. In September, 1789, while yet the idea of creating a capital
+city was still in the air, he wrote to President Washington asking to
+be employed to design “the Capital of this vast Empire.” The nations of
+Europe wondered at the probable future of the new Republic. Visualizing
+the future, L’Enfant wrote:
+
+  No nation ever before had the opportunity offered them of
+  deliberately deciding upon the spot where their capital city should
+  be fixed, or of considering every necessary consideration in the
+  choice of situation; and although the means now within the power of
+  the country are not such as to pursue the design to any great extent,
+  it will be obvious that the plan should be drawn on such a scale as
+  to leave room for that aggrandizement and embellishment which the
+  increase of the wealth of the Nation will permit it to pursue to any
+  period, however remote.
+
+Major L’Enfant, a man of position and education and an engineer of
+ability, was also familiar with those great works of the master Le
+Nôtre, which are still the admiration of the traveler and the constant
+pleasure of the French people. Moreover, from his well-stocked library
+Jefferson sent to L’Enfant plans “on a large and accurate scale” of
+Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfort, Carlsruhe, Strasburg, Orleans, Turin,
+Milan, and other European cities, at the same time felicitating himself
+that the President had “left the planning of the town in such good
+hands.”
+
+Thereupon the name of L’Enfant became, and has since remained,
+inseparably associated with the plan and development of the Nation’s
+Capital. He was gifted but eccentric, a characteristic that got him
+into many and serious difficulties.
+
+President Washington had high regard for him and wrote of him as
+follows:
+
+  Since my first knowledge of the gentleman’s abilities in the line of
+  his profession, I have viewed him not only as a scientific man, but
+  one who added considerable taste to professional knowledge, and that,
+  for such employment as he is now engaged in--for projecting public
+  works and carrying them into effect--he was better qualified than
+  anyone who had come within my knowledge in this country, or indeed in
+  any other, the probability of obtaining whom could be counted upon.
+  I had no doubt at the same time that this was the light in which he
+  considered himself; and of course he would be tenacious of his plans
+  as to conceive they would be marred if they underwent any change or
+  alteration. * * * Should his services be lost, I know not how to
+  replace them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE L’ENFANT PLAN
+
+
+The L’Enfant plan, as before stated, was prepared for the Federal
+City under the direction of President Washington and Thomas Jefferson
+in 1791 by Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant, and applied to the 10 miles
+square set apart as Federal territory and called the District of
+Columbia. This was the first and most comprehensive plan ever designed
+for any city. It was a masterpiece of civic design. As originally drawn
+it extended only to Florida Avenue NW. and was designed for a city of
+800,000, the size of Paris at the time. It was submitted to Congress by
+President Washington on December 13, 1791.
+
+The original plan shows explanatory notes and references by Major
+L’Enfant, among which he calls attention to the position of the
+main buildings and squares, the leading avenues, and the plan of
+intersection of the streets and their width. The avenues were to be 160
+feet in width. No city designed merely for commercial purposes would
+have avenues of such width; hence the whole plan indicates that it was
+especially designed for the seat of government of the Nation.
+
+There are two great focal points in the L’Enfant plan--the Capitol and
+the White House--each with its intersecting avenues, that add beauty
+and charm to the city and at the same time make distant parts of the
+city easy of access.
+
+The methods and features of L’Enfant’s plan, which included the reports
+and correspondence between L’Enfant and President Washington, in
+1930 were given intensive study by William T. Partridge, consulting
+architect of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Mr.
+Partridge’s findings and his review of the features of the plan, which
+are still possible of attainment, constitute a notable contribution to
+the research in this field, and we quote at length:
+
+  A study of L’Enfant’s plan, as well as a careful reading of his
+  descriptions, shows the effort made to model his design to the
+  existing topography. No mention can be found of Versailles or London
+  as an inspiration. He reiterates again and again in his letters
+  that this plan of his was “original” and “unique.” In a letter to
+  Jefferson requesting some Old World city maps he deprecates any
+  copying and asks for this information only as a means for comparison
+  or to aid in refining and strengthening his judgment.
+
+  In order to investigate how far the existing conditions of the
+  site for the Federal City dictated the plan of present Washington,
+  a topographical map of the terrain, as existing at that period,
+  has been carefully prepared from old maps and descriptions and an
+  attempt made with an open mind to follow L’Enfant’s procedure. Much
+  was assumed, only to be corroborated by later study of the original
+  manuscripts and reports. All printed transcriptions of L’Enfant’s
+  reports have been altered by their editors in the effort to interpret
+  L’Enfant’s strange English, a fact leading to misinterpretation on
+  the part of trained architectural commentators dependent solely on
+  these printed transcriptions.
+
+[Illustration: THE L’ENFANT PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: TRANSCRIPTION OF NOTES INSCRIBED ON L’ENFANT PLAN]
+
+  At the convention of the American Institute of Architects held in
+  Washington in 1929, the history and development of the National
+  Capital was the principal topic of discussion. The merits of the
+  plan of L’Enfant were duly acknowledged by all, though emphasis
+  was laid upon the progress of those modern projects sponsored and
+  carried through largely by the efforts of the institute or its
+  individual members. The work of the McMillan Commission and the
+  admirable recommendations of that trained and experienced body, that
+  the “central area” be restored with some resemblance to L’Enfant’s
+  original plan were generally acknowledged. There was no comparison,
+  however, attempted between the proposed plan of L’Enfant and the
+  much-altered modern plan, nor was there discussion in detail of the
+  “public walk” of the original design. The real merit of the original
+  L’Enfant plan was sensed only by one speaker at the convention
+  mentioned, Mr. Medary, when he spoke of the early structures
+  maintaining their places as dominating elements in the original
+  design and confirmed the judgment of L’Enfant “in fitting the plan of
+  the proposed city to the topography of the site.”
+
+  There has come down to us only a single manuscript plan which
+  students have accepted as the original design and on which they have
+  based all their comments. This drawing depicts only an intermediate
+  stage of the plan. The first plan was much altered by L’Enfant
+  himself at the request of President Washington, but by a careful
+  study of internal evidence of the later drawing the designer’s
+  masterly original may be restored. Existing documents tell us that
+  not only were considerable changes made in the plan by order of
+  President Washington, but alterations in the layout were also made
+  by L’Enfant’s successors, all of which disturbed considerably its
+  skillful symmetrical fitting to the irregular topography. If this
+  submitted restoration proves correct, there is no ground left for
+  further accusation of his indebtedness to both Versailles and the
+  London plan for minor details. It is the writer’s conclusion that
+  L’Enfant did exactly what he claimed--devised an original plan,
+  entirely unique. He arrived at his parti only after a careful study
+  on the spot of the best sites for the principal buildings, allocated
+  in the order of their importance, and located with consideration of
+  both prominence and outlook. He tied these sites together by means of
+  a rectangular system of streets and again connected them by means of
+  diagonal avenues. The principal avenues followed closely the existing
+  roads. Additional avenues were extended to the “outroads” or city
+  entrances and were laid out primarily for the purpose of shortening
+  communication--an engineering consideration. L’Enfant mentions that
+  the diagonal avenues would afford a “reciprocity of sight” and “a
+  variety of pleasant ride and being combined to insure a rapide
+  Intercourse with all the part of the City to which they will serve
+  as does the main vains in the animal body to diffuse life through
+  smaller vessels in quickening the active motion to the heart.”
+
+  The similarity of the angles of the two principal avenues
+  (Pennsylvania east, from Eastern Branch Ferry to the Capitol, and
+  Maryland east, from the Bladensburg Road entrance to the Capitol)
+  which followed closely for some distance the existing roads,
+  doubtless suggested the radial pair-avenue idea. This was entirely
+  accidental and the outgrowth of existing conditions. The system of a
+  rectangular-street plan with radial avenues is not only borne out by
+  the mention he makes himself in his descriptions but was followed by
+  Ellicott in his redrafting of the plan for the engraver.
+
+  Our artistic, hasty-tempered genius refused to give Ellicott any
+  documents or any information. Ellicott states in his letters on the
+  subject that, although he was refused the original plan, he was
+  familiar with L’Enfant’s system and had many notes of the surveys he
+  had made of the site himself, so it is possible that the plan was
+  recreated by Ellicott.
+
+  Space and time do not permit an excursion into the squabble over
+  this engraved plan. Changes were made in reduction to the proper
+  size of the plate. These changes led to violent protests on the
+  part of L’Enfant, although in later years his memorial states that
+  the changes were not so very damaging. To an architectural mind the
+  alterations in question destroyed the unity and symmetry of the
+  whole, and L’Enfant’s later softened protest can be explained by his
+  desire for payment by Congress. He could not afford at that time to
+  imperil his chances.
+
+  In the attempt to find the method by means of which L’Enfant arrived
+  at the system underlying his plan for the city, we are handicapped
+  at the very start by lack of sufficient data for identification
+  of the various plans mentioned in the old records. There was made
+  in Washington, as the work progressed, a large map with numbered
+  squares. Many references are made to this “large plan” in the old
+  correspondence, but it must not be confused with the layout of the
+  original design under discussion. A letter from the commissioners
+  states it was in L’Enfant’s hands some time after his dismissal.
+
+  As far as we now know, there is but one original drawing in
+  existence, which, after 100 years of neglect and careless handling,
+  is now sacredly preserved in the Library of Congress. The
+  elaborateness and care shown in the carefully lettered notes and
+  profuse marginal references marks this a presentation copy. This
+  plan included “the alterations ordered by Washington and sent to
+  Philadelphia on August 19, 1791, for transmission to Congress.”
+
+
+THE ELLICOTT PLAN--THE L’ENFANT PLAN ENLARGED
+
+The executed plan of the Federal City as redrawn by Andrew Ellicott
+departs but little from the modified L’Enfant plan. The changes
+are perhaps an improvement on the layout as modified by President
+Washington.
+
+Discussion recently has arisen in reference to the credit Ellicott
+should be given for the executed plan of Washington. In 1802 a
+congressional committee found--
+
+  that the plan of the city was originally designed by Major L’Enfant,
+  but that in many respects it was rejected by the President, and a
+  plan drawn up by Mr. Ellicott, purporting to have been made from
+  actual survey, was engraved and published by order of General
+  Washington in the year 1792.
+
+The chief alteration shown in Ellicott’s engraved plan is the
+straightening of what is now Massachusetts Avenue. The suppression of
+the eastern portion leading to the upper bridgehead made it end at what
+is now known as Lincoln Square, the drawbridge over Eastern Branch
+being reached by what is now Kentucky Avenue.
+
+By moving the marine hospital site north some distance and ignoring
+the Rock Creek Ford at the other end, Ellicott was enabled to run
+Massachusetts Avenue in nearly a direct line; the western end reached
+the road to Frederick, as it did in L’Enfant’s plan.
+
+The settlement of this section of the city was at that date
+problematical, and no serious attention was given to the change in
+plan. The area was marshy and was a popular place for hunting snipe.
+This fact explains the meandering of Florida Avenue to the northwestern
+boundary line of the old city.
+
+[Illustration: THE ELLICOTT PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: TRANSCRIPTION OF NOTES INSCRIBED ON ELLICOTT PLAN]
+
+In an overlay of the two plans of L’Enfant and Ellicott, prepared with
+great accuracy by the hydrographic section of the Navy, only the main
+east-west and north-south axes of the Capitol and White House coincide.
+An examination of this drawing shows that the art of surveying had not
+at that period reached present-day accuracy.
+
+[Illustration: THE DERMOTT OR TIN CASE MAP OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON,
+1797-98]
+
+Several suppressed sections of the L’Enfant plan were restored in
+the engraved plan. Maryland Avenue was carried through to the “Grand
+Avenue,” and South Carolina Avenue extended to New Jersey Avenue and
+the “Town House” site.
+
+The plan of James R. Dermott, the officially approved plan, had many
+more city squares, and consequently more lots for sale. It is known
+as the Tin Case Map, because about 50 years later it was thus found
+preserved. The cry of grasping owners and voracious speculators was for
+more lots; and L’Enfant’s letter of warning to President Washington
+dated August 19, 1791, against this evil proved more than justified.
+This city plan also indicated the names of the avenues.
+
+What is known as the King Map was made by Robert King, a surveyor
+in the office of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, and
+published in 1818.
+
+[Illustration: THE KING MAP]
+
+The map is of interest in that we note in it the word _Judiciary_ in
+what is known as Judiciary Square. We learn from L’Enfant’s Memorial
+addressed to Congress on December 7, 1800, that L’Enfant intended the
+third coordinate branch of the Government, the Judiciary, be located
+there. To-day the Square is largely occupied by court buildings.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF EARLY WASHINGTON]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+EARLY WASHINGTON
+
+
+While Major L’Enfant drew the plan of the Federal City, it was Andrew
+Ellicott who afterward carried it out. The building of the city
+attracted many speculators, who invested heavily. Robert Morris, James
+Greenleaf, Thomas Law, John Nicholson, and Samuel Blodgett were among
+those who lost thereby.
+
+When Washington became the seat of government in 1800 there were 109
+brick and 263 frame houses, sheltering a total population of about
+3,000. The early years of the city’s development were difficult and
+too much praise cannot be given the men who carried the burden. The
+departments of the government that existed then were State, Treasury,
+War, Navy, the Office of the Attorney General, and the Postal Service.
+They employed a total of 137 clerks.
+
+We have brief accounts of the appearance of Washington written by
+travelers who visited the United States during the period from
+1790 to 1800. There is an interesting description by Duc de La
+Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, who wrote an account of his “Voyage dans
+les États-Unis d’Amerique fait en 1795-97.” The accounts of several
+inhabitants in Washington of the period is well summed up by Albert J.
+Beveridge in his Life of John Marshall (vol. III, pp. 1-4):
+
+  A strange sight met the eye of the traveler who, aboard one of the
+  little river sailboats of the time, reached the stretches of the
+  sleepy Potomac separating Alexandria and Georgetown. A wide swamp
+  extended inland from a modest hill on the east to a still lower
+  elevation of land about a mile to the west. Between the river and
+  morass a long flat tract bore clumps of great trees, mostly tulip
+  poplars, giving, when seen from a distance, the appearance of a fine
+  park.
+
+  Upon the hill stood a partly constructed white stone building,
+  mammoth in plan. The slight elevation north of the wide slough was
+  the site of an apparently finished edifice of the same material,
+  noble in its dimensions and with beautiful, simple lines, but
+  “surrounded with a rough rail fence 5 or 6 feet high unfit for a
+  decent barnyard.” From the river nothing could be seen beyond the
+  groves near the banks of the stream except the two great buildings
+  and the splendid trees which thickened into a seemingly dense forest
+  upon the higher ground to the northward.
+
+  On landing and making one’s way through the underbrush to the foot of
+  the eastern hill, and up the gullies that seamed its sides thick with
+  trees and tangled wild grapevines, one finally reached the immense
+  unfinished structure that attracted attention from the river. Upon
+  its walls laborers were languidly at work.
+
+  Clustered around it were fifteen or sixteen wooden houses. Seven or
+  eight of these were boarding-houses, each having as many as ten or a
+  dozen rooms all told. The others were little affairs of rough lumber,
+  some of them hardly better than shanties. One was a tailor shop; in
+  another a shoemaker plied his trade; a third contained a printer with
+  his hand press and types, while a washerwoman occupied another; and
+  in the others were a grocery shop, a pamphlets-and-stationery shop, a
+  little dry-goods shop, and an oyster shop. No other human habitation
+  of any kind appeared for three-quarters of a mile.
+
+[Illustration: THE SIX BUILDINGS
+
+_Courtesy of National Photo Co._]
+
+  A broad and perfectly straight clearing had been made across the
+  swamp between the eastern hill and the big white house more than a
+  mile away to the westward. In the middle of this long opening ran
+  a roadway, full of stumps, broken by deep mud holes in the rainy
+  season, and almost equally deep with dust when the days were dry. On
+  either border was a path or “walk” made firm at places by pieces of
+  stone; though even this “extended but a little way.” Alder bushes
+  grew in the unused spaces of this thoroughfare [the present notable
+  Pennsylvania Avenue], and in the depressions stagnant water stood in
+  malarial pools, breeding myriads of mosquitoes. A sluggish stream
+  meandered across this avenue and broadened into the marsh.
+
+  A few small houses, some of brick and some of wood, stood on the edge
+  of this long, broad street. Near the large stone building at its
+  western end were four or five structures of red brick looking much
+  like ungainly warehouses. Farther westward on the Potomac hills was
+  a small but pretentious town with its many capacious brick and stone
+  residences, some of them excellent in their architecture and erected
+  solidly by skilled workmen.
+
+  Other openings in the forest had been cut at various places in the
+  wide area east of the main highway that connected the two principal
+  structures already described. Along these forest avenues were
+  scattered houses of various materials * * *. Such was the City of
+  Washington, with Georgetown nearby, when Thomas Jefferson became
+  President and John Marshall Chief Justice of the United States--the
+  Capitol, Pennsylvania Avenue, the “Executive Mansion” or “President’s
+  Palace,” the department buildings near it, the residences, shops,
+  hostelries, and streets.
+
+The south lines of the 10-mile square--the Federal district in which
+the new Capital lay--were to run from the intersection of the Potomac
+River and the Eastern Branch, but, as has been related, by the act
+of March 3, 1791, these boundary lines were moved south to include
+Alexandria and part of Virginia within the Federal territory. The
+land lying within the bounds of the proposed city was given by the
+proprietors to trustees appointed by the Government under an agreement
+by which the Nation received the land necessary for streets without
+charge, purchasing the areas for parks and building sites at the rate
+of £25 per acre. The remaining land was divided equally with the
+original proprietors. The first settlements were made on grants given
+chiefly to retired naval officers who named their holdings after their
+camps--Mexico, Jamaica, and Port Royal. There were two settlements on
+the site--Carrollsburg, named after its founder, and Hamburg, an early
+real-estate development near and south of Georgetown. A stream of
+considerable size known originally as Goose Creek ran through the city.
+It later became known as Tiber Creek, because a resident named Pope,
+whose estate he facetiously called Rome, contended that if there was a
+Pope in Rome, his residence should be situated on the Tiber.
+
+As is noticed by reference to the plans, a canal extended from the
+point about where the Lincoln Memorial is located, along B Street, now
+Constitution Avenue, east to the Capitol; thence along James Creek,
+known to-day as Canal Street. In those days Pennsylvania Avenue was a
+dusty road, lined with poplar trees, and often so flooded that it was
+not an uncommon sight to see boats floating on it. For a long time an
+isolated group of buildings known as the Six Buildings at Twenty-first
+Street and Pennsylvania Avenue stood halfway between the Capitol and
+Georgetown.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY WASHINGTON, SHOWING THE JEFFERSON POPLARS]
+
+[Illustration: THE ELLICOTT MAP]
+
+Washington as the infant city appeared in 1800 is best described by
+John Cotton Smith, Member of Congress from Connecticut, in a letter
+written by him at the time, as follows:
+
+  Our approach to the city was accompanied with sensations not easily
+  described. One wing of the Capitol only had been erected, which with
+  the President’s House, 1 mile distant from it, both constructed with
+  white sandstone, were shining objects in dismal contrast with the
+  scene around them. Instead of recognizing the avenues and streets,
+  portrayed on the plan of the city, not one was visible, unless we
+  except a road, with two buildings on each side of it, called the New
+  Jersey Avenue. The Pennsylvania Avenue, leading, as laid down on
+  paper, from the Capitol to the Presidential Mansion, was nearly the
+  whole distance a deep morass covered with alder bushes, which were
+  cut through to the President’s House; and near Georgetown a block of
+  houses had been erected which bore the name of the “six buildings”
+  * * *. The desolate aspect of the place was not a little augmented by
+  a number of unfinished edifices at Greenleaf’s Point.
+
+  There appeared to be but two really comfortable habitations, in all
+  respects, within the bounds of the city, one of which belonged to
+  Dudley Carroll and the other to Notley Young. The roads in every
+  direction were muddy and unimproved. A sidewalk was attempted, in one
+  instance, by a covering formed of the chips hewed for the Capitol. It
+  extended but a little way and was of little value; for in dry weather
+  the sharp fragments cut our shoes, and in wet weather covered them
+  with white mortar. In short, it was a new settlement.
+
+Newspapers in New York, Philadelphia, and New England and satirists
+everywhere cracked many amusing jokes at the expense of the embryonic
+city. The Capitol was called “the palace in the wilderness” and
+Pennsylvania Avenue “the great Serbonian Bog.” Georgetown was declared
+“a city of houses without streets” and Washington “a city of streets
+without houses.”
+
+The Abbe Correa de Serra, the witty minister from Portugal, bestowed
+upon Washington the famous title of “the city of magnificent
+distances,” referring to the great spaces between the scattered houses;
+while Thomas Moore, just then coming into prominence as a poet, visited
+the city in 1804, and contributed to the general fund of humor by the
+composition of this satire:
+
+    In fancy now beneath the twilight gloom,
+    Come, let me lead thee o’er this second Rome,
+    Where tribunes rule, where dusky Davi bow,
+    And what was Goose Creek once is Tiber now.
+
+    This fam’d metropolis, where fancy sees
+    Squares in morasses, obelisks in trees;
+    Which second sighted seers e’en now adorn
+    With shrines unbuilt and heroes yet unborn.
+
+During the administrations of Adams and Jefferson the city improved
+considerably. Jefferson secured money from Congress for public
+buildings. In 1803 he appointed Benjamin Latrobe as the Architect of
+the Capitol, and by him the construction of the Capitol was carried on
+so energetically that he gave form to the old portion of the Capitol
+that Thornton had simply planned.
+
+Thomas Jefferson also secured money from Congress for the improvement
+of Pennsylvania Avenue, which was then a dusty highway in the summer
+and swampy place in winter; planted poplar trees and did what he could
+to redeem that thoroughfare from its lamentable condition. He applied
+his artistic taste and skill to the work of beautifying the city.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+WASHINGTON, 1810-1815
+
+
+An interesting account of Washington during this period is given
+by David Baillie Warden in his book entitled “A Description of the
+District of Columbia,” published in Paris in 1816, and dedicated to
+Mrs. George Washington Parke Custis. He states:
+
+  It is scarcely possible to imagine a situation more beautiful,
+  healthy and convenient than of Washington. The gentle undulated
+  surface throws the water into such various directions, as affords
+  the most agreeable assemblage. The rising hills, on each side of the
+  Potomac, are truly picturesque; and as the river admits the largest
+  frigates, their sails, gliding through the majestic trees which adorn
+  its banks, complete the scenery.
+
+  The city extends from northwest to southeast about four miles and a
+  half, and from northeast to southwest about two miles and a half. The
+  public buildings occupy the most elevated and convenient situations,
+  to which the waters of the Tiber Creek may be easily conducted, as
+  well as to every other part of the city, not already watered by
+  springs.
+
+  The streets run from north to south, and from east to west, crossing
+  each other at right angles, with the exception of fifteen, that point
+  to the State of which each bears the name. The capitol commands the
+  streets called the Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania avenues;
+  the President’s House, those of Vermont, New York, and Connecticut;
+  and all these different intersections form eleven hundred and fifty
+  squares. The Pennsylvania Street, or avenue, which stretches in a
+  direct line from the President’s house to the capitol, is a mile
+  in length, and a hundred and sixty feet in breadth. That of the
+  narrowest streets is from ninety to a hundred feet, which will give
+  a fine appearance to the city; but in a region where the summer sun
+  is so intensely hot, and the winter winds so severely cold, narrow
+  streets, affording shade and shelter, would be of great utility.
+
+  The plan of the city of which we have prefixed an engraving (There is
+  a plan by Major L’Enfant, engraved at the expence of the Government,
+  on the scale of a hundred poles to an inch), is universally admired.
+  The most eligible places have been selected for public squares and
+  public buildings. The capitol is situated on a rising ground, which
+  is elevated about eighty feet above the tide-water of the Potomac.
+  This edifice will present a front of six hundred and fifty feet, with
+  a colonade of two hundred and sixty feet, and sixteen Corinthian
+  columns thirty-one feet and a half in height. The elevation of the
+  dome is a hundred and fifty feet * * *.
+
+  The President’s house consists of two stories, and is a hundred and
+  seventy feet in length, and eighty-five feet in breadth. It resembles
+  Leinster-House in Dublin. * * * The view from the windows fronting
+  the river is extremely beautiful.
+
+  The Public Offices, the Treasury, Department of State, and of War,
+  are situated in a line with, and at the distance of four hundred
+  and fifty feet from the President’s House. These buildings, of two
+  stories, have a hundred and twenty feet in front, sixty in breadth,
+  and sixteen feet in height, and are ornamented with a white stone
+  basement, which rises six or seven feet above the surface. It was
+  originally proposed to form a communication between these offices and
+  the house of the president, a plan which was afterwards abandoned.
+
+  The Jail consists of two stories, and is a hundred by twenty-one feet.
+
+  The Infirmary is a neat building.
+
+  There are three commodious Market-places built at the expence of the
+  corporation.
+
+  The public buildings at the Navy Yard are the barracks, a work-shop,
+  and three large brick buildings for the reception of naval stores.
+  The Barracks, constructed of brick, are six hundred feet in
+  length, fifty in breadth, and twenty in height. At the head of the
+  Barrack-yard is the Colonel’s house, which is neat and commodious.
+  The Workshop, planned by Latrobe, is nine hundred feet in length.
+
+  The Patent Office, constructed according to the plan of J. Hoban,
+  esquire (who gained the prize for that of the President’s house)
+  consists of three stories, and is a hundred and twenty feet long,
+  and sixty feet wide. It is ornamented with a pediment, and six Ionic
+  pilasters. From the eminence (This eminence has the shape of a
+  tortoise-shell) on which it stands, the richly-wooded hills rise on
+  every side, and form a scenery of unequaled beauty. It was erected by
+  Mr. Blodgett to serve as a public hotel * * *. In 1810 this edifice
+  was purchased by the government.--Dr. Thornton, director.
+
+  In the summer of 1814 this metropolis was taken possession of by
+  an English naval and land force, which set fire to the Capitol,
+  President’s house, Public Offices, and Navy Yard. The loss sustained
+  was $1,215,111.
+
+  Two of the luxuries of life, pine-apples and ice, are found at
+  Washington at a cheap rate. The former, imported from the West
+  Indies, are sold at twenty-five cents each. The latter article is
+  purchased, throughout the summer, at half a dollar per bushel. * * *
+
+  It is deeply to be regretted, that the government or corporation did
+  not employ some means for the preservation of the trees which grew
+  on places destined for the public walks. How agreeable would have
+  been their shade along the Pennsylvania Avenue where the dust so
+  often annoys, and the summer sun, reflected from the sandy soil, is
+  so oppressive. The Lombardy poplar, which now supplies their place,
+  serves more for ornament than shelter.
+
+  Water may be distributed to any part of Washington from several fine
+  springs, and also from the Tiber Creek, the source of which is 236
+  feet above the level of the tide in the same stream. * * *
+
+  The canal, which runs through the centre of the city, commencing at
+  the mouth of Tiber Creek, and connecting the Potomac with its eastern
+  branch, is nearly completed. Mr. Law (Brother to Lord Ellenborough)
+  the chief promoter of this undertaking, proposes to establish
+  packet-boats to run between the Tiber Creek and the Navy-Yard--a
+  conveyance which may be rendered more economical and comfortable than
+  the hackney-coach. This canal is to be navigable for boats drawing
+  three feet of water.
+
+  The population of the territory of Columbia, in 1810, amounted
+  to 24,023. That of the city was 8,208; of Georgetown, 4,948; of
+  Alexandria, 7,227.
+
+On August 24, 1814, the British arrived in Washington at about 6
+o’clock in the evening. That night they burned the Capitol, the
+President’s House, the Treasury, State and Navy Department Buildings,
+and a number of private houses on Capitol Hill. The flames could
+be seen from the Francis Scott Key mansion at Georgetown. Several
+wagonloads of valuable documents had been taken a few days previously
+from the State Department to Leesburg, Va., 35 miles northwest of
+Washington, to a place of safety.
+
+The British also intended to burn the Patent Office, but Commissioner
+Thornton met them boldly, saying: “Are you Englishmen or Goths and
+vandals? This is the Patent Office, the depository of the ingenuity of
+the American Nation, in which the whole civilized world is interested.
+Would you destroy it? If so, fire away and let the charge pass through
+my body.” The British allowed it to remain and withdrew.
+
+Mrs. Dolly Madison, having secured such property from the White House
+as could be carried, including the Gilbert Stuart portrait of General
+Washington, which she cut from the frame, went through Georgetown and
+that night slept in a camp of soldiers with a guard about her tent.
+Later the President, who had taken refuge in a tavern near McLean,
+in Virginia, joined Mrs. Madison. The southwest end of the bridge
+over which they had crossed the Potomac--it was then a pile bridge 1
+mile long--was burned, and they were thereupon required to make their
+return to Washington by boat. The residence of the President was then
+established at the Octagon House at Eighteenth Street and New York
+Avenue. In 1815 the residence of the President was removed to the
+“Seven Buildings,” at the northwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and
+Nineteenth Street, one of the early homes of the Department of State.
+Here it remained until the Executive Mansion was restored, March, 1817.
+
+After the withdrawal of the British the Blodgett Hotel building,
+acquired for the use of the Patent Office, was for a time occupied by
+Congress for its sessions. Later Congress moved into a building at
+First and A Streets NE., known later as the Old Capitol Building and
+used during the Civil War as a military prison.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON, FROM THE PRESIDENT’S HOUSE, 1830]
+
+[Illustration: CHRIST CHURCH BURIAL GROUND, LATER KNOWN AS
+“CONGRESSIONAL CEMETERY”
+
+SHOWING CENOTAPHS ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS IN EARLY
+DAYS]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+WASHINGTON, 1816-1839
+
+
+The administration of President Monroe, who served two terms
+(1817-1825) is known as the “era of good feeling,” but so far as
+developing the plan of Washington little was done. In 1820 the
+population of Washington was 13,247.
+
+During these years the Capitol was rebuilt and was reoccupied by
+Congress. In 1820 the corner stone of the city hall on Judiciary
+Square was laid. In 1824 General Lafayette made his memorable visit to
+Washington.
+
+In 1825 trees were planted on two squares of the filled lowlands
+south of Pennsylvania Avenue. That year, also, the eastern portico
+of the Capitol was completed; Pennsylvania Avenue was graded from
+Seventeenth to Twenty-second Streets; the grounds of the White House,
+as the Executive Mansion came to be known after the War of 1812, and
+the grounds of the city hall were also graded. At that time there were
+about 13 miles of brick paving, average width 13 feet.
+
+Among churches that were built during this period was Foundry Methodist
+Church, founded in 1816, at Fourteenth and G Streets NW. The site
+was given by Henry Foxall, who operated a foundry about a mile above
+Georgetown, near the site of the canal, in fulfillment of a vow that if
+his foundry were spared during the attack on Washington he would make
+this gift.
+
+On January 27, 1824, the Legislature of Virginia granted a charter
+to the newly organized Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Co., which was to
+supersede the old Potomac Co., of which George Washington had been
+first president, and which had developed commerce with the West. At
+Little Falls, on the north side of the river, a canal 2¹⁄₂ miles long,
+with 4 masonry locks having a total elevation of 37 feet, had been
+constructed. At Great Falls, on the south side, a canal 1,200 yards
+long, with 5 locks having a total difference of level of 76 feet 9
+inches, was constructed. The two lower locks were cut in solid rock.
+
+On July 4, 1828, President John Quincy Adams turned the first spadeful
+of earth for the new canal, which was completed to the first feeder
+at Seneca on July 4, 1831. From this place to Point of Rocks work
+was delayed by a legal contest with the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
+Co., which extended its first 45 miles along the same course as the
+canal. That railroad company, organized in 1828 at Baltimore, was the
+beginning of one of the great railroad systems of the United States
+that were to revolutionize commerce and industry. To-day the Chesapeake
+& Ohio Canal remains the property of the United States Government, and
+is to be made into a great park.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ABOUT 1820
+
+FROM PAINTING MADE BY SAMUEL F. B. MORSE, SHORTLY AFTER REBUILDING OF
+THE CAPITOL AFTER THE FIRE OF 1814 ORIGINAL IN THE CORCORAN GALLERY OF
+ART]
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of National Photo Co._
+
+SITE AND MATERIAL FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUILDING, 1839]
+
+Georgetown had become a great trading center. From 1815 to 1835
+products to the value of $4,077,708 were exported from Georgetown to
+foreign markets, and from 1826 to 1835 nearly $5,000,000 worth of
+products to other American cities, including a million barrels of flour
+and 5,400 hogsheads of tobacco.
+
+[Illustration: GATEHOUSE, BUILT IN 1835, ALONG THE OLD CHESAPEAKE &
+OHIO CANAL]
+
+In the spring of 1828, shortly before what was called the corner stone
+of the main line was laid, Congress enacted a law granting entrance of
+a railroad line into the District. Some six years passed before the
+Washington branch reached the District line. The first service began on
+Monday, July 20, 1835, with two trains each way. A great celebration,
+in which 1,000 passengers and 2 bands on 4 trains took part, marked the
+entrance of the railroad service to the National Capital. The steam
+cars passed through the city on their daily trips to the depot at the
+northwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Second Street. October 1,
+1835, it was reported that the average number of travelers per day was
+200.
+
+During this period the construction of the present Treasury Department,
+Patent Office, and old Post Office Department Buildings was authorized.
+They conformed to the Capitol and the White House in their fine style
+of classical architecture, and emphasized the fact that Washington is
+the National Capital.
+
+Unfortunately, it was during this period that great mistakes were
+made--such as giving over part of the Mall to garden purposes and in
+letting Government areas, so much desired now, go for private purposes;
+also in the location of certain public buildings, as erecting the
+Treasury Department in the center of Pennsylvania Avenue.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+WASHINGTON, 1840-1859
+
+
+In 1840 Washington had a population of 23,364. The city was still
+in a very much undeveloped state, though the fact that it was the
+National Capital was not lost sight of. In 1846 the construction of the
+Smithsonian Institution Building was begun, and on July 4, 1848, the
+corner stone of the Washington Monument was laid. On July 4, 1851, the
+corner stone for the enlargement of the Capitol according to plans as
+we see it to-day, was laid.
+
+[Illustration: THE CAPITOL, 1840]
+
+However, so far as city development was concerned, little was done
+during this period. The L’Enfant plan seemed either forgotten or
+entirely too large for the National Capital. In the city of Washington
+not a street was lighted up to 1860 excepting Pennsylvania Avenue. Pigs
+roamed the principal thoroughfares. Pavements, save for a few patches
+here and there, were altogether lacking. An open sewer carried off
+common refuse, and the police and fire departments might have sufficed
+for a small village rather than for a nation’s capital.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON, 1852]
+
+In 1846 the part of the District of Columbia on the west bank of the
+Potomac, including Alexandria, was re-ceded to Virginia. This was
+done pursuant to an act of Congress of July 9 of that year, and with
+the assent of the people of the county and town of Alexandria, at an
+election on the first and second days of September, 1846, by a vote
+of 763 for retrocession and 222 against it. On September 7, 1846,
+President Polk issued a proclamation giving notice that the portion
+derived from the State of Virginia, about 36 square miles, was re-ceded
+to that State. The action of Congress and the President was based upon
+petitions of the people of the town and county of Alexandria. The
+chief reasons were two: First, that the United States did not need
+Alexandria County for the purpose of the seat of government; the public
+buildings were all erected on the north side of the river, as required
+by law--none on the south side--and it was declared that so far as
+it could be foreseen the United States would never need that part of
+the District of Columbia for the purpose of the seat of government.
+Secondly, the petitioners said that the people of Alexandria had failed
+to derive or share in the benefits which had been enjoyed by the
+residents of the Maryland portion of the District of Columbia in the
+disbursements for public improvements, etc., while on the other hand
+they were deprived of those political rights incident to citizenship in
+a State.
+
+Since then the United States has acquired something over 2 square miles
+of this territory for use as a military post, a national cemetery, a
+Signal Corps station, and the Department of Agriculture Experiment Farm.
+
+The constitutionality of the retrocession has often been questioned.
+But Congress had expressed itself clearly on the subject, and the
+majority of the voters had their way in the matter. In a test case
+before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1875 (Phillips v.
+Payne), the court, while not directly ruling on the question, held that
+an individual is estopped from raising the question. According to an
+opinion rendered by an attorney general about 1900, it would now take
+the consent of the State of Virginia to reinclude the Virginia portion
+as part of the District of Columbia.
+
+In the development of the National Capital the portion in Virginia is
+properly included in the metropolitan area of Washington. The National
+Capital Park and Planning Commission is, by authority of Congress,
+cooperating with similar commissions of the States of Maryland and
+Virginia. The great object is to secure for the remote regions of the
+National Capital area the same harmonious development as there is in
+the heart of the city. Both the States of Maryland and Virginia are
+cooperating to the fullest extent in this matter.
+
+On December 16, 1852, the first issue of the Washington Evening Star,
+which has grown into one of the great national dailies, appeared.
+
+[Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUILDING, 1855]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+WASHINGTON 1860-1870
+
+
+Washington in 1860 was still a comparatively small and undeveloped
+city, with a population of 61,122. But the people were soon aroused to
+intense excitement because of the strife between the States. When the
+Civil War began, the eyes of the Nation were turned on Washington. The
+city increased in population to over 100,000 in a few months time and
+was the center of great war-time activities. On April 18, 1861, 500
+Pennsylvania troops, the first to answer President Lincoln’s call for
+volunteers, entered the city, and the day following they were joined by
+the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. Soon thousands of additional men were
+here from all the States in the North. Washington became an armed camp.
+Schools, churches, and public halls were turned into hospitals to care
+for the sick and wounded. A chain of forts and batteries was erected
+about the city to protect it, and by October 1862 there were 252,000
+soldiers encamped around Washington on both sides of the river. There
+were 70 hospitals, caring for 30,000 sick and wounded men.
+
+[Illustration: OLD CAPITOL PRISON]
+
+[Illustration: THE CAPITOL, SHOWING UNCOMPLETED DOME, 1860]
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON, FROM ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, 1865]
+
+[Illustration: SECOND INAUGURAL OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN, 1865]
+
+On the morning of July 11, 1864, great fear spread over the city as
+Gen. Jubal A. Early reached a point about 6 miles to the north of
+the city where the Walter Reed General Hospital now stands. General
+Grant sent the Sixth and part of the Nineteenth Corps to Washington,
+and their arrival on the afternoon of that day saved the city. On the
+following day a skirmish of troops and sharp engagement took place,
+which President Lincoln witnessed as a spectator at Fort Stevens,
+exposing himself for a time to the fire. That evening General Early,
+finding himself opposed by a greater force than he was prepared to
+meet, withdrew, recrossing the Potomac at White Fords, Va.
+
+During the four years of the war thousands of troops passed through
+Washington on their way to the front, thrilled by the thought of being
+in the Nation’s Capital. Even though the Civil War was a great handicap
+to the carrying out of improvements in the city, still several notable
+improvements were made, among these being the work of enlarging the
+Capitol and completing the Dome as we see it to-day. In that period
+also the first street-car line was opened, the Long Bridge was rebuilt,
+and work on the Washington Aqueduct developed so that from that time
+water has been brought from the Potomac at Great Falls to the city.
+
+In 1861 the number of employees of the Government was 3,466, and in
+1865 they numbered 7,184.
+
+On October 2, 1862, the first horse-drawn street cars commenced
+operation, running from the Navy Yard to Georgetown; they continued in
+use for 40 years.
+
+On April 14, 1865, occurred the great tragedy when President Lincoln
+was assassinated at Ford’s Theater by the actor John Wilkes Booth. The
+funeral procession was a great solemn occasion, for Abraham Lincoln,
+on whom the Nation had depended during four years of war to guide it
+safely through the bitter conflict, had given his life for the cause
+that the Union might be preserved. On May 23 and 24 took place the
+Grand Review on Pennsylvania Avenue of 200,000 men, requiring six hours
+for General Meade’s army on the first day and seven hours for General
+Sherman’s army on the second day to pass before President Johnson and
+General Grant. In a few days those who made up these armies passed from
+military life and resumed their places among their fellow citizens.
+
+Buildings that had been used as hospitals were again given over
+to peaceful pursuits, and the forts that surrounded the city were
+dismantled. Lumber from temporary buildings that were torn down was
+used to begin the construction of houses in a new subdivision called
+Mount Pleasant. But the great era for civic improvements was not
+to take place for another five years, until the administration of
+President Grant.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by courtesy of the Oldest Inhabitants
+Association_
+
+GRAND REVIEW OF UNION ARMY, MAY, 1865]
+
+[Illustration: OLD HAYMARKET SQUARE, LOUISIANA AVENUE BETWEEN NINTH AND
+TENTH STREETS]
+
+[Illustration: THE CAPITOL, 1870]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+IMPROVEMENTS MADE DURING PRESIDENT GRANT’S ADMINISTRATION
+
+
+The year 1870 marked the beginning of a new and effective movement for
+the development of the National Capital. Washington was then a city of
+109,199.
+
+Great efforts to relocate the National Capital in some other city,
+preferably farther to the west, were made by some who were familiar
+with conditions in Washington. St. Louis offered to spend several
+millions of dollars for the erection of public buildings. Congress
+settled this agitation by appropriating $500,000 as an initial sum for
+the construction of the State, War, and Navy Building.
+
+By an act of Congress approved February 21, 1871, a Territorial form of
+government, consisting of a governor, a board of public works, and a
+legislative assembly, was created. Alexander R. Shepherd, better known
+as “Boss” Shepherd, a native of Washington, was appointed a member of
+the board of public works and, later, governor of the new Territory.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW SHOWING HORSE CARS]
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON, 1890]
+
+Great projects were placed under way for the development of the city.
+One hundred and eighty of the 300 miles of half-made streets and
+avenues were improved, and nearly all the thickly settled streets of
+the city were paved with wood, concrete, or macadam; 128 miles of
+sidewalks were built and 3,000 gas lamps were installed. A general and
+costly system of sewers was begun. Old Tiber Creek was filled in, and
+the greatest nuisance of Washington thereby put out of sight. Scores of
+new parks were graded, fenced, and planted with trees and beautified
+by fountains. A special park commission was appointed for this work.
+It planted 60,000 trees, and a movement was thus begun which has given
+to Washington one of its most characteristic features. To-day there
+are 114,000 trees along street curbs because of the custom that has
+prevailed to plant trees along curbs when new streets are opened for
+traffic. Many of the small triangles for which Washington is noted were
+transformed from rubbish heaps into beautiful reservations and planted
+with trees. There were soon more paved streets here than in any other
+city of the country, and President Grant, in his message to Congress,
+said, “Washington is rapidly becoming a city worthy of the Nation’s
+Capital.”
+
+[Illustration: GATEPOST DESIGNED BY BULFINCH, NEAR THE CAPITOL]
+
+However, the public took issue with Governor Shepherd, whose drastic
+measures paved the way for modern Washington. Bonds were issued to meet
+the expenses incurred by these improvements, taxes piled up to the
+point of confiscation, and Shepherd was banished from the city. Yet
+without the support of President Grant it would have been impossible
+for Governor Shepherd to have brought about those civic improvements
+for which he is remembered.
+
+The Territorial form of government lasted three years, or until
+June 20, 1874, when Congress provided that a new form of municipal
+government with three commissioners appointed by the President, with
+the consent of the Senate, should be established in the District of
+Columbia. This, known as the temporary form of government, lasted until
+July 1, 1878, when the present form was established.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE MALL ABOUT 1890]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE INFLUENCE OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION AND OF THE WORLD’S
+COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION ON ART IN THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 at Philadelphia marked a century of
+progress. It aroused the country to its opportunities, after a period
+of lethargy and unrest that followed the Civil War. A decade had
+elapsed since the end of that terrible conflict, and a new day dawned.
+President Grant gave the people confidence that he would guide the
+affairs of the Nation safely as their Chief Executive. Industries were
+established, commerce and trade developed, and prosperity followed.
+The Philadelphia Centennial of 1876 brought a sense of the power of
+the United States in material resources, coupled with an admission of
+poverty in the things of the spirit, and a determination to remedy
+shortcomings in this respect. The people then turned their attention to
+the finer things of life and became interested in erecting monuments
+and establishing art galleries. Thus, the Corcoran Art Gallery,
+Washington, D. C., the Metropolitan Museum in New York, and the Boston
+Museum of Fine Arts were chartered about the time of the centennial
+celebration.
+
+Again, in 1893, the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, had a great
+effect on art in the United States. It stirred the whole world by
+the production of beautiful and impressive groups of buildings, so
+arranged and coordinated as to create the sense of unity in the whole
+composition. The White City along the shores of Lake Michigan still
+lives in the minds of many people to-day. The use of landscape effects,
+of canals and basins, of statuary and paintings, all contributed to
+impress the public and to lift people to new standards and ideals of
+achievement. It marked the beginning of a new era of civic development.
+In Chicago, for the first time, men saw the advantage of teamwork to
+produce a result finer than anything before dreamed of. A number of the
+great artists in the United States to-day served their apprenticeship
+during the preparation of the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago.
+Several of the artists served on the decorations of the Congressional
+Library, which was completed in 1897. A considerable number of the
+beautiful creations in architecture and sculpture in Washington
+during the past 35 years by great artists reflect the experience and
+inspiration received during that period.
+
+[Illustration: WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO--COURT OF HONOR,
+LOOKING EAST]
+
+[Illustration: WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO--COURT OF HONOR,
+LOOKING WEST]
+
+A most remarkable result of the aesthetic achievements of the World’s
+Columbian Exposition was the influence it had on the architecture
+of several national expositions which were held at the close of the
+nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The first of
+these expositions was the Trans-Mississippi Exposition, which was held
+at Omaha, Nebr., 1897-1898. Several classical buildings were erected
+for it, as were erected also for the Pan-American Exposition, held at
+Buffalo, N. Y., in 1901, to emphasize the progress of Americans of the
+western continents during the nineteenth century. Then followed the
+Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which ranks as the third great World’s
+Fair held in this country in 1904, in celebration of the one hundredth
+anniversary of the transfer of the Louisiana Territory by France to the
+United States, during the administration of President Jefferson. It is
+significant that as Thomas Jefferson had introduced the classical style
+of architecture into this country, so at this Exposition most of the
+15 largest buildings resembled in character the classical buildings of
+the Chicago World’s Fair. The next exposition in which architecture
+had an important part was the Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, held at
+Seattle, Wash., in 1909. Again the classical style of architecture was
+emphasized, and, as at the Chicago Exposition, the buildings had an
+ivory-white appearance. It was stated at the time:
+
+  The influences of an Exposition are of course many, but one of the
+  most palpable influences of our American expositions has been their
+  power to stimulate a powerful interest in architecture and building.
+
+  The beneficent influence of the Chicago World’s Fair on our
+  architecture is of inestimable value, not only for the architects
+  but for the entire country. Many Americans owe their interest in
+  buildings and architecture to a visit to Chicago in 1893, just as
+  many cities and towns recall in their municipal and government
+  structures the revival of classic splendor seen in the stucco palaces
+  of the World’s Fair.
+
+The next exposition of importance was the Panama-Pacific Exposition at
+San Francisco, Calif., held in 1915. In 1906 almost the entire central
+part of the city had been destroyed by a frightful earthquake and fire.
+In less than a decade the city was rebuilt, and by 1915 there had
+also been planned and constructed the great Exposition. Its principal
+buildings were built in the classical style of architecture.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+HIGHWAY PLAN OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+
+
+The street-planning process has experienced several stages of
+development.
+
+1. The narrow streets of Georgetown are typical of the first stage.
+
+2. The wide avenues and streets of the area included in the L’Enfant
+plan are appropriately referred to as outstanding proof of the value
+of proper planning. The merit of this generous street plan was never
+more widely appreciated than at present, when other cities are spending
+millions of dollars to have their streets widened to meet traffic
+requirements.
+
+3. The dark days of the National Capital, as far as its circulation
+system is concerned, were those during which, outside the city
+planned by L’Enfant, streets were dedicated without reference to any
+comprehensive plan. This period was from about 1866 to 1893. The lack
+of authority to enforce a plan allowed land-owners, insensible to the
+superior qualities of the L’Enfant scheme, to do as they pleased.
+Prior to 1893 no city plan existed beyond the original city limits.
+Streets could be created entirely at the will of the subdivider by
+the simple recording of a plat, for there was no authority to control
+or coordinate subdivisions. Sixteenth Street was blocked at Florida
+Avenue, just as Seventeenth Street is today. Vermont, Connecticut,
+New Jersey, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Tennessee Avenues were
+ignored. Widths of important streets were reduced, and a method of land
+subdivision came into vogue wholly out of keeping with a capital city.
+
+4. The reaction brought the so-called highway plan outside of the
+original city limits of Washington and Georgetown. It was in effect
+an extension of the plan of the original city to apply to all parts
+of the District of Columbia, with such changes as were influenced
+by the topography. All subdivisions subsequent to 1893 conform, by
+requirement of law, to this official plan. This highway plan, first
+made effective in 1898, was a belated but praiseworthy effort to extend
+the L’Enfant plan with its scheme of streets and avenues beyond the old
+city. Considering the period in which it was prepared, and the state
+of city-planning science at the time, it was a notable achievement.
+The work was done by a board on street extensions, with a membership
+entirely ex officio, known as the Highway Commission, established by
+the act of Congress of 1893.
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy Army Air Corps_
+
+WASHINGTON, LOOKING NORTH FROM THE WHITE HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy Army Air Corps_
+
+WASHINGTON, LOOKING SOUTH FROM SIXTEENTH STREET AND COLUMBIA ROAD]
+
+5. Since then the Surveyor’s Office of the District of Columbia and
+the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, which superseded
+the Highway Commission of 1893, have made an intensive study of the
+highway problems of the District of Columbia, including street railroad
+problems. This has required a differentiation of street functions, and
+an application of the best methods of modern land subdivision to the
+remaining undeveloped areas; also an attempt to restate the L’Enfant
+ideal in the terms of a motor age. The results achieved appear in the
+changes in the highway plan already approved by the Commission or being
+recommended to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia from time
+to time. Many changes in the highway plan have thus been made, each
+case having required careful study of effects on topography, trees,
+drainage, lot depths and sizes, etc. The acts of Congress of 1914
+and 1925 authorized additional changes in the Highway Plan. The act
+approved December 15, 1932 (Public, No. 307, 72d Cong.), authorizes
+the Commissioners of the District of Columbia “to readjust and close
+streets, roads, highways, or alleys in the District of Columbia
+rendered useless or unnecessary.” The desirability of discontinuing
+streets which have never been opened and which exist only on a map and
+only part of which are in public ownership, when a better and cheaper
+way of giving the same traffic connection can be found, seems so
+manifest as to require no further justification.
+
+[Illustration: GATEHOUSE BY BULFINCH WHICH FORMERLY STOOD NEAR THE
+CAPITOL]
+
+With a view to creating direct arteries in which the vital traffic
+flow of the community may freely move, a major thoroughfare scheme,
+extending into the metropolitan area of Washington, has also
+been studied. The District Commissioners have an interesting map
+illustrating the Highway Plan. The Highway Department of the District
+of Columbia has charge of upkeep and maintenance of highways in the
+District of Columbia. Out of 1,020 miles of streets in the District of
+Columbia 855 miles are paved.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+THE McMILLAN PARK COMMISSION--THE PLAN OF 1901
+
+
+In 1900 a great celebration commemorating the one-hundredth anniversary
+of the removal of the seat of government to the District of Columbia
+was held in Washington. The keynote of the celebration was the
+improvement of the District of Columbia in a manner and to the extent
+commensurate with the dignity and the resources of the American Nation.
+The population was 218,196.
+
+[Illustration: OLD BALTIMORE & OHIO RAILROAD STATION]
+
+While the centennial exercises were in progress the American Institute
+of Architects, in session in Washington, discussed the subject of the
+development of parks and the placing of public buildings; the tentative
+ideas of a number of the leading architects, sculptors, and landscape
+architects of the country were heard; and as a result the Institute
+appointed a committee on legislation. Consultations between that
+committee and the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia were
+followed by the order of the Senate for the preparation and submission
+of a general plan for the development of the entire park system of the
+District of Columbia.
+
+[Illustration: MODEL OF WASHINGTON SHOWING CONDITIONS IN 1901]
+
+[Illustration: MODEL OF THE FUTURE WASHINGTON, PLAN OF 1901]
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON, FROM ARLINGTON, PLAN OF 1901]
+
+Thus, Hon. James McMillan, of Michigan, chairman of the Senate
+Committee on the District of Columbia, submitted the following
+resolution, which was adopted by the United States Senate on March 8,
+1901:
+
+  _Resolved_, That the Committee on the District of Columbia be, and
+  it is hereby, directed to consider the subject and report to the
+  Senate plans for the development and improvement of the entire park
+  system of the District of Columbia. For the purpose of preparing such
+  plans the committee may sit during the recess of Congress and may
+  secure the services of such experts as may be necessary for a proper
+  consideration of the subject. The expenses of such investigation
+  shall be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate.
+
+[Illustration: OLD PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STATION]
+
+On March 19, 1901, the subcommittee of the District Committee having
+the matter in charge met the representatives of the American Institute
+of Architects and agreed to their proposition that Daniel H. Burnham,
+architect, and Frederick Law Olmsted, jr., landscape architect, be
+selected as experts, with power to add to their number. These gentlemen
+accepted, and subsequently invited Charles F. McKim, architect, and
+Augustus Saint-Gaudens, sculptor, to act with them in the preparation
+of plans. The services of men who had won the very highest places in
+their several professions had thus been secured.
+
+[Illustration: THE MALL, SHOWING RAILROAD TRACKS CROSSING IT]
+
+[Illustration: THE MALL INUNDATED]
+
+The nature and scope of the work having been outlined to the
+commission, they entered upon their task, but not without hesitation
+and misgivings. The problem was both difficult and complex. Much had
+to be done; much, also, had to be undone. Also the aid and advice of
+the commission was sought immediately in relation to buildings and
+memorials under consideration, and thus the importance and usefulness
+of the commission were enhanced.
+
+The commission, in order to make a closer study of the practice of
+landscape architecture as applied to parks and public buildings, made
+a brief trip to Europe, visiting Rome, Venice, Vienna, Budapest,
+Paris, London, and their suburbs. Attention was directed principally
+to ascertaining what arrangement of park areas best adapts them to the
+uses of the people and what are the elements that give pleasure from
+generation to generation, and even from century to century. The many
+and striking results of this study were given in the Park Commission
+Report, including plans and illustrations. The Committee on the
+District of Columbia submitted the report to the Senate on January 15,
+1902. It was adopted and ordered to be printed as Senate Report No.
+166, Fifty-seventh Congress, first session.
+
+
+McMILLAN PARK COMMISSION
+
+The members of the McMillan Park Commission were:
+
+DANIEL H. BURNHAM, architect, of Chicago. He became head of the firm
+of Burnham & Root, one of the first great architectural firms of the
+country, and later of D. H. Burnham & Co. Designer of many buildings,
+among them the Railway Exchange and Marshall Field’s retail store in
+Chicago, and the Wanamaker stores in New York and Philadelphia; in
+1893 he became chief architect and director of works of the World’s
+Columbian Exposition. Mr. Burnham was instrumental in securing the
+adoption of a scheme of construction which placed that exhibition in
+the very front rank of international exhibitions, and by the display of
+rare executive ability he brought about and maintained the effective
+cooperation of the architects and artists, who then and there gave to
+American art both a new direction and a tremendous impetus. In 1901 he
+became chairman of the McMillan Park Commission for beautifying the
+National Capital; in 1908 he built the Union Station at Washington; in
+1910 he became a member of the National Commission of Fine Arts and
+its first chairman. He also laid out plans for Chicago, Cleveland, and
+Manila. He died in 1912 while on a trip abroad.
+
+CHARLES F. MCKIM, architect, of New York City, studied architecture
+at Harvard University and at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. He
+organized the firm of McKim, Mead & White, architects, of New York
+City, who for half a century have led the architectural profession in
+the design of classical buildings, such as the Boston Public Library,
+Harvard University buildings, the Columbia University Library, the
+Morgan Library, the Rhode Island Capitol, the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Station in New York City, the restoration of the White House, and are
+the architects of the Arlington Memorial Bridge. Mr. McKim, as a member
+of the McMillan Park Commission, designed the Mall plan, and also made
+a sketch for the Lincoln Memorial. Mr. McKim was president of the
+American Institute of Architects in 1902 and 1903, and was instrumental
+in the purchase of the Octagon House as the headquarters of the
+American Institute of Architects. In 1903 he was awarded the royal gold
+medal given by King Edward VII for the promotion of architecture. Mr.
+McKim was a champion of good architecture and keenly interested in the
+development of the National Capital. He deplored the appearance of the
+State, War, and Navy Building, and said he would find pleasure during
+leisure hours in raking off the columns--a work that is contemplated
+in the remodeling of the building as the State Department Building. He
+died in 1909.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AUGUSTUS SAINT-GAUDENS, sculptor, born in Dublin, Ireland, on March 1,
+1848, came to the United States in infancy and learned the trade of
+a cameo cutter. He studied drawing at the Cooper Institute in 1861,
+and in 1865 and 1866 was a student of the National Academy of Design.
+From 1867 to 1870 he studied at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris.
+Mr. Saint-Gaudens was the greatest American sculptor, and, indeed, one
+of the greatest of all time. His great works of art are numerous and
+inspiring. Among them are The Puritan; the statue of Abraham Lincoln,
+Chicago; the Farragut, the Peter Cooper, and the Sherman Victory
+monuments in New York; the Shaw Memorial in Boston; the Amor Caritas
+at the Luxembourg Gallery in Paris; and the celebrated Adams Memorial
+in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington. He also designed a $20 gold piece.
+As a member of the McMillan Park Commission he wrote that part of the
+report pertaining to Arlington National Cemetery and advised in the
+matter of location of the Grant Memorial at the head of the Mall. He
+died in 1907.
+
+FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED, landscape architect, from the time that he
+became a member of the McMillan Park Commission of 1901 has given
+uninterrupted service in the development of the National Capital. He
+was one of the original members of the National Commission of Fine
+Arts, appointed in 1910, and served as landscape architect member until
+1918. From 1924 he served as landscape architect member of the National
+Capital Park and Planning Commission. Mr. Olmsted was president of the
+American Society of Landscape Architects and from its organization in
+1907 a member of the National Conference on City Planning.
+
+His father laid out Central Park, New York City, about 1858 (2,300 men
+were employed on it in September of that year), and in 1872 he prepared
+the landscape plan for the United States Capitol Grounds as they have
+existed since then. Mr. Olmsted and his firm have in more recent years
+laid out the Metropolitan Park System of Boston, the Vanderbilt Estate
+in North Carolina, the Baltimore Park System, and Redondo Beach, Los
+Angeles County, Calif. The smaller park areas which Mr. Olmsted has
+designed are too numerous to mention.
+
+CHARLES MOORE has devoted fully 50 years to the development of the
+National Capital, and is a former chairman of the National Commission
+of Fine Arts. Mr. Moore was for many years clerk to the Senate
+Committee on the District of Columbia, rendering most valuable service
+to the committee, of which Senator McMillan was chairman, as well as to
+the National Capital. The reports on the elimination of grade crossings
+in the District of Columbia and on the charitable institutions of the
+District of Columbia, as well as the Park Commission Report of 1901,
+are memorable documents of that period which were largely prepared by
+him. His influence has always been strong with Members of Congress
+in favor of the development of the District of Columbia upon a noble
+scale. His appointment as one of the original members of the National
+Commission of Fine Arts was a fitting recognition not only of past
+services but of his preeminent qualifications to pass upon subjects
+relating to the beautification of the National Capital. He was chairman
+from 1915 to 1937. Mr. Moore also helped prepare the plan of Chicago.
+He is the author of a number of books, among them being Under Three
+Flags, the Life of Daniel H. Burnham, the Life of Charles F. McKim, the
+Family Life of George Washington, Washington Past and Present; and has
+contributed also innumerable articles to magazines in the course of the
+years.
+
+
+PLANS OF THE McMILLAN PARK COMMISSION
+
+The plans prepared by the McMillan Park Commission and submitted, with
+its report, to the Senate, constituted the first and most notable
+proposal for grouping of public buildings ever put forward in the
+United States. The outlying sections of the District of Columbia
+were studied in relation to a system of parks, both large and small
+areas being indicated; the most convenient and the most picturesque
+connections between the various parks were mapped; the individual
+treatment which each important park should undergo was recommended; an
+extension of the park system to Great Falls and to Mount Vernon was
+discussed. Primarily, however, the development of the Mall received
+detailed and elaborate treatment, and the location of new public
+buildings, whether legislative, executive, or municipal in character,
+was arranged according to a rational system of grouping; and those
+memorials which mark distinct epochs in our national history were
+brought into harmonious relation with the general scheme of development.
+
+As a result of this study, the desirability of making every
+considerable undertaking within the District of Columbia a part of
+a general plan was made evident, so that each undertaking should
+contribute its part to enhancing the value of the whole; and no
+undertaking would be allowed to invade, to mutilate, or to mar the
+symmetry, simplicity, and dignity of the one great composition designed
+to comprehend the entire area.
+
+In working out the plans the park commission found it necessary to have
+prepared two models, one showing the existing disturbed conditions in
+the section from the Library of Congress westward to the Potomac, and
+the other showing the arrangement proposed. These models, constructed
+with the utmost attention to the details of topography by George C.
+Curtis, were accurate maps of the section they so graphically depicted,
+and served as guides in carrying the plans to completion. To present
+in graphic fashion particular features of the plans, the accurate
+architectural drawings were rendered in color by leading artists, and
+by means of these pictures a clear and distinct idea of the completed
+work was obtained.
+
+One of the greatest obstacles to a restoration of the Mall as provided
+for in the L’Enfant plan was the fact that since 1872 the Mall had been
+occupied by railroad tracks, the board of aldermen and the board of
+common council having on March 20, 1871, granted the Mall site to the
+Baltimore Potomac Railroad Co., later the Pennsylvania Railroad Co.,
+which action was confirmed by act of Congress May 21, 1872. The Mall
+was then no better than a common pasture. The railroad had taken the
+place of the canal, which it paralleled, and held the right to use the
+property by a title good in law and in equity; also by virtue of an
+act of Congress adopted in 1890 the railroad space had been enlarged,
+in consideration of the surrender of street trackage and the proposed
+elevation of the tracks within the city of Washington.
+
+It so happened that the chairman of the commission, Mr. Burnham, was
+the architect of the new Pennsylvania Railroad Station at Pittsburgh,
+and he had also drawn for the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. the preliminary
+plans for the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad Station in Washington. After
+consultation, Mr. Burnham proposed to the president of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Co. that the station be built on the south side of the Mall
+and the adjoining lands; and, while the matter received serious
+consideration, no action was taken. It was during the stay of the
+commission in London that President Cassatt announced to Mr. Burnham
+his willingness to consider the question, not of moving the Baltimore
+& Potomac Railroad Station to the south side of the Mall but of
+withdrawing altogether from that region and uniting with the Baltimore
+& Ohio Railroad Co. in the erection of a union station on the site
+established by legislation for the new depot of that road, provided
+suitable legislation be secured to make compensation for the increased
+expense such a change would involve, and provided, also, that the
+approaches to the new site be made worthy of the building the railroads
+proposed to erect.
+
+Subsequent examination convinced the commission that from an esthetic
+standpoint there were insuperable objections to the depot site provided
+by law; the chief objection being that were the station to front on C
+Street a train shed 800 feet long would be thrown across Massachusetts
+Avenue, one of the great thoroughfares of the city. Not only would the
+vista be blocked by a commercial building, but also the street would
+be carried underneath this enormous structure in a tunnel so long as
+to cause the avenue to be avoided by traffic. The commission thereupon
+proposed a site fronting on Massachusetts Avenue, and that was the
+one adopted for the Union Station. The plans called for a station 8
+feet and 8 inches longer than the Capitol, the building to be of white
+marble, the façade Roman in style of architecture, and the construction
+and arrangements so planned as to make this station superior to any
+structure ever erected for railway purposes. Facing the Capitol, and
+yet not too near that building, the new station was designed to front
+upon a plaza 600 feet in width and 1,200 feet in length, where bodies
+of troops or large organizations could be formed during inaugural times
+or on other like occasions. Thus located and so constructed, the Union
+Station makes a great and impressive gateway to Washington.
+
+In considering the views of the commission, and in reaching his
+decision, the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. looked at the
+matter from the standpoint of an American citizen, saying in substance
+that he appreciated the fact that if Congress intended to make of the
+Mall what the founders of the city intended it to be, no railroad
+should be allowed to cross it, and that he was willing to vacate the
+space provided the matter could be arranged without sacrificing the
+interests of the stockholders of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. This
+conditional consent on the part of the railroad, which was later agreed
+to by Congress, removed the one great obstacle to the preparation of
+adequate plans for the improvement of the city. Lesser obstacles,
+such as the lack of surveys of the oldest parks in the District and
+the difficulties of getting together the widely scattered data, were
+surmounted. On the other hand, the work was much lightened by the
+excellent topographical maps of the District outside of the city
+prepared by the Coast and Geodetic Survey.
+
+[Illustration: TREATMENT FOR AREA WEST OF THE CAPITOL, PLAN OF 1901]
+
+
+THE CAPITOL GROUP
+
+Naturally the plan of 1901 began at the Capitol. It was recommended
+that the chief legislative building of the Nation be surrounded by
+structures dependent on or supplementary to legislative work. The
+Library of Congress had been completed in 1897. The enjoyment and
+satisfaction taken in the Library by the thousands of persons from
+all parts of the country who visit it daily is an indication of the
+manner in which the American people regard the upbuilding of their
+Capital. Since the Library Building was designed we have learned
+lessons of subordination in grouping (as shown in the Senate and House
+Office Buildings and in the Union Station), and also of restraint in
+decoration; but the Library contains individual work of the leading
+painters and sculptors of its era.
+
+[Illustration: UNION SQUARE, PLAN OF 1901]
+
+The idea of office buildings for the Members of the Senate and the
+House of Representatives was in mind when the plan was being made, and
+therefore the areas these buildings would naturally occupy were marked.
+The three buildings were designed and constructed in such manner as to
+make them an integral part of the Capitol group. Simple, elegant, and
+dignified, the Senate and House of Representatives Office Buildings
+carry on the great tradition established by Washington and Jefferson
+in the selection of the Thornton design for the original building, and
+persistently maintained by President Fillmore in the extension of the
+Capitol by Thomas U. Walter.
+
+By common consent the remaining space facing the Capitol on the east
+was assigned to a building for the Supreme Court of the United States,
+which since the removal of the seat of government to the District of
+Columbia in 1800 occupied the same building with the Congress.
+
+On the south below the House of Representatives Office Buildings the
+frontage is occupied by nondescript buildings, all undignified and
+unsightly. The obvious use of this land is building sites and house
+gardens to balance Union Station Plaza on the north. This also is a
+project for the future.
+
+
+THE HEAD OF THE MALL
+
+The area directly west of the Capitol grounds was marked on the
+L’Enfant map as an open plaza, affording an approach to that building
+similar to the one on the east. Owing to the slow development of
+Washington the west front underwent various vicissitudes. The Baltimore
+& Ohio Railroad Co. tracks once were located about on a line with the
+Peace and Garfield Monuments. The Botanic Garden area was reclaimed
+from an alder swamp, and the James Creek Canal wound its way through
+it. A quarter of a century ago the House passed a bill for the removal
+of the Botanic Garden fence, with the view of giving the public access
+to that park in the same manner that other parks are open.
+
+The plan of 1901 aimed to restore this area to its intended uses as a
+broad thoroughfare so enriched with parterres as to form an organic
+connection between the Capitol Grounds and the Mall. Anticipating the
+improvement of this square, named Union Square, as outlined in the
+plan, Congress located therein the memorial to General Grant, the base
+of which was designed to be used as a reviewing stand, and later a site
+in the same area was designated for the monument to General Meade. The
+Grant Memorial was completed a number of years ago, the Meade Monument
+is also in place, and the Botanic Garden has been relocated south of
+Maryland Avenue, near the Capitol. The new plan for Union Square as
+carried out, was made by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1935.
+
+
+DEVELOPMENT OF THE MALL
+
+That section of the Mall between Third and Four-and-a-half Streets
+has been laid out and planted with elms in accordance with the plan
+of 1901, and Congress has provided for putting in the roadways. The
+temporary buildings in the Mall were so located that upon removal the
+roadways will be in accordance with the Mall plan, and as fast as
+the buildings are razed the planting of trees can be made. The space
+between Four-and-a-half and Sixth Streets was so improved and restored
+during the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1921.
+
+Congress has authorized the occupation of the north side of the Mall
+between Third and Seventh Streets (former site of the Pennsylvania
+Station) by the National Gallery of Art, designed by John Russell Pope.
+Plans for the building approved by the Commission of Fine Arts are
+classical in style of architecture.
+
+Auditoriums, both large and small, designed for the uses of
+conventions, inaugural exercises, and meetings of patriotic societies
+are among the prime necessities of Washington. Such gathering places
+would meet governmental and semipublic needs and be advantageous to the
+growth of American feeling.
+
+[Illustration: MALL AND MONUMENT GARDENS, PLAN OF 1901]
+
+The space between Third and Seventh Streets, on the south side of the
+Mall is being considered for the Smithsonian Gallery of Art, authorized
+by Congress, to house the collections of works of art that have been
+given to the Nation. The planting and roadways continuous with those
+already in place on the Mall can then be put in.
+
+The new National Museum Building was the first structure to be located
+and erected according to the plan of 1901, having been aligned in
+conformity to the new Mall axis. On the south side of the Mall the
+new Freer Gallery also conforms to the revised axis. This gallery is
+a constituent portion of the National Gallery of Art. It represents
+one of the largest gifts ever made by an individual to the Government.
+Although comparatively small in extent, both the building itself and
+the collections now being arranged within it represent the very highest
+standards of art. Moreover, the Freer Gallery is a type of the small,
+adequately housed, and well-endowed gallery which doubtless will be
+established from time to time by private individuals and given to
+the Nation to be administered by the Smithsonian Institution for the
+instruction and gratification of the people.
+
+The section of the Mall between Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets is
+occupied by the Department of Agriculture. The location of the two
+wings of the building designed to accommodate the administrative
+offices of the department precipitated a contest, on the result of
+which depended the fate of the plan of 1901. It was due to the firm
+stand taken by President Roosevelt and Secretary of War Taft that the
+location was made in accordance with the plan. That crisis having been
+met satisfactorily, the future of the Mall scheme was assured, and
+since then the plan for park connection between the Capitol and the
+White House has become an established fact.
+
+While L’Enfant had planned a driveway through the center of the Mall,
+the Mall Plan of 1901 consists of an expanse of undulating green park,
+a mile in length and 300 feet wide, extending from the Capitol to the
+Monument. This central green space is bordered by park roads, flanked
+by four rows of American elms, under the shade of which are walks and
+resting places. Back of these rows of trees are other roads furnishing
+access to public buildings like the National Museum, the Department of
+Agriculture Building, the Freer Gallery, and the National Gallery of
+Art, which have been located according to the plan.
+
+
+RESTORING THE MALL AXIS
+
+According to the L’Enfant plan the Monument to George Washington was to
+be located at the point where a line drawn due west from the center of
+the Capitol would intersect a line drawn due south from the center of
+the White House. On these axial relations the Mall composition depended
+for its effect. The builders of the Washington Monument, despairing of
+securing adequate foundations in the lowlands at the intersection of
+the main and the cross axes, located the Monument without regard to
+points fixed in the plan. Feeling the absolute necessity of restoring
+these relationships, the Park Commission boldly determined to create
+a new main axis by drawing a line from the Capitol Dome through the
+Washington Monument and prolonging it to the shore of the Potomac,
+where they proposed, on the then unimproved lands dredged from the
+river to form Potomac Park, a site for a new memorial. Here they placed
+the long-contemplated memorial to Abraham Lincoln. This they did with
+full comprehension of the fact that by common consent Lincoln is the
+one man in the history of this Nation worthy to stand with Washington
+in the great central composition.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF THE MALL]
+
+The original intersection had been marked by Thomas Jefferson by a
+small monument known as the Jefferson Pier. In the McMillan Park
+Commission plan of 1901 this pier is indicated by a circular pool. That
+commission, as has been said, restored the cross axis of the Mall,
+and from the Mall plan of 1901 by actual measurement the Washington
+Monument is 371.6 feet east of the north and south axis of the White
+House, and 123.17 feet south of the Capitol axis.
+
+
+EXTENDING THE MALL AXIS TO THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL
+
+While this location of the Lincoln Memorial commended itself to men
+like Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay, Elihu Root, and William H. Taft,
+it was opposed by many others, who had regard to the immediate future
+and who did not consider either the historical significance of the
+situation or the prospective development of Potomac Park, then far from
+the more populous parts of the city and thus seemingly isolated and
+remote. The struggle over this location, and indeed over any memorial
+of an ideal character, was long and bitter. Nor was it ended during
+the lifetime of Mr. McKim and Mr. Saint-Gaudens. Happily, however,
+the result was determined in accordance with the commission plan, and
+to-day no other site seems possible. This was a distinct victory for
+the plan, virtually insuring the realization of the large scheme as
+laid out in 1901.
+
+The Park Commission wrote as follows:
+
+  From the Monument garden westward a canal 3,600 feet long and 200
+  feet wide, with central arms and bordered by stretches of green
+  walled with trees, leads to a concourse raised to the height of the
+  Monument platform. Seen from the Monument this canal, similar in
+  character to the canals at Versailles and Fontainebleau in France
+  and Hampton Court in England, introduces into the formal landscape
+  an element of repose and great beauty. At the head of the canal a
+  great rond-point, placed on the main axis of the Capitol and the
+  Monument, becomes a gate of approach to the park system of the
+  District of Columbia. Centering upon it as a great point of reunion
+  are the drives leading southeast to Potomac Park and northwest by
+  the Riverside Drive to the Rock Creek system of parks. From this
+  elevation of 40 feet the Memorial Bridge leads across the Potomac
+  directly to the base of the hill crowned by the mansion house of
+  Arlington.
+
+[Illustration: SITE OF THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL, 1901]
+
+  Crowning the rond-point, as the Arc de Triomphe crowns the Place de
+  l’Etoile at Paris, should stand a memorial erected to the memory
+  of that one man in our history as a nation who is worthy to stand
+  with George Washington--Abraham Lincoln. Whatever may be the exact
+  form selected for the memorial to Lincoln, in form it should possess
+  the quality of universality, and also it should have a character
+  essentially distinct from that of any other monument either now
+  existing in the District or hereafter to be erected. The type which
+  the commission has in mind is a great portico of Doric columns rising
+  from an unbroken stylobate.
+
+The foregoing recommendations were among the fundamentals of the plan
+of 1901. Ten years were required to embody them in legislation. To-day
+the Lincoln Memorial and the Arlington Memorial Bridge are completed
+along the general lines suggested.
+
+[Illustration: THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL, MEMORIAL BRIDGE, AND RIVERSIDE
+DRIVE, PLAN OF 1901]
+
+There are many other features of the McMillan plan that the report of
+1901 describes to which attention is called in the subsequent pages
+of this volume; thus there is the Rock Creek Parkway, the Anacostia
+Park development, the Fort Drive, the parkway along the Palisades of
+the Potomac to Great Falls, and the Mount Vernon Highway. The plans
+for these projects required authorization by Congress and time to make
+necessary land purchases; but at the present time there is indication
+that they will be completed in the near future. The day has come when
+the Greater Washington, or the metropolitan area of Washington, is
+being brought into the scheme of development of the National Capital.
+
+The plan of 1901 reasserted the authority of the original plan of
+L’Enfant, extended to meet the needs of the Nation after a century of
+growth in power, wealth, and dignity, and also marked the path for
+future development.
+
+[Illustration: THE FUTURE WASHINGTON]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+NATIONAL COMMISSION OF FINE ARTS
+
+
+Immediately after abolishing the Council of Fine Arts President Taft
+undertook to interest Congress in the establishment of a permanent
+Commission of Fine Arts. A bill was accordingly presented in the United
+States Senate by Hon. Elihu Root. In the House of Representatives the
+bill was sponsored by Hon. Samuel W. McCall. Various amendments were
+made to the measure in both the Senate and House of Representatives and
+it was finally adopted by the act approved May 17, 1910, as follows:
+
+  _Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+  United States of America in Congress assembled_, That a permanent
+  Commission of Fine Arts is hereby created to be composed of seven
+  well-qualified judges of the fine arts, who shall be appointed by the
+  President, and shall serve for a period of four years each, and until
+  their successors are appointed and qualified. The President shall
+  have authority to fill all vacancies. It shall be the duty of such
+  Commission to advise upon the location of statues, fountains, and
+  monuments in the public squares, streets, and parks in the District
+  of Columbia, and upon the selection of models for statues, fountains,
+  and monuments, erected under the authority of the United States
+  and upon the selection of artists for the execution of the same.
+  It shall be the duty of the officers charged by law to determine
+  such questions in each case to call for such advice. The foregoing
+  provisions of this act shall not apply to the Capitol Building of
+  the United States and the building of the Library of Congress. The
+  Commission shall also advise generally upon questions of art when
+  required to do so by the President, or by any committee of either
+  House of Congress. Said Commission shall have a secretary and such
+  other assistance as the Commission may authorize, and the members of
+  the Commission shall each be paid actual expenses in going to and
+  returning from Washington to attend the meetings of said Commission
+  and while attending the same.
+
+  Sec. 2. That to meet the expenses made necessary by this act an
+  expenditure of not exceeding $10,000 a year is hereby authorized.
+
+The duties of the Commission of Fine Arts have been enlarged since then
+from time to time by Executive orders. Congress has also stipulated
+in many recent enactments that the plans for certain designated
+buildings, monuments, etc., must be approved by the Commission before
+they can be accepted by the Government. The act of May 16, 1930,
+gives the Commission control over certain portions of the District of
+Columbia in the matter of private buildings, under what is known as the
+Shipstead-Luce Act. Reports are published periodically.
+
+The duties of the Commission, therefore, now embrace not only advising
+upon the location of statues, fountains, and monuments in the public
+squares, streets, and parks in the District of Columbia, etc., but in
+fact all questions involving matters of art with which the Federal
+Government is concerned.
+
+[Illustration: CAPITOL GROUNDS AND UNION STATION PLAZA, 1917]
+
+[Illustration: THE MALL, 1930]
+
+The Commission has been in existence 29 years, during which time
+many great artists of this country have served as its members. The
+membership comprises three architects, a sculptor, a painter, a
+landscape architect, and a lay member. Congress permits the Commission
+to hold meetings, including committee meetings, both in and outside
+of the District of Columbia, thus enabling it to give attention to
+works of art in any part of the country in which the Government is
+interested. A meeting of the Commission is usually held in Washington
+each month, where the public-buildings program and other great projects
+under way for the development of the National Capital are requiring its
+particular attention.
+
+In the work of the Commission of Fine Arts we see the splendid results
+achieved through the collaboration of architects, sculptors, painters,
+and landscape architects. The Commission exists primarily to serve
+the Congress and its committees, the President, and the heads of the
+Government Departments. There are exceptional cases when the Commission
+of Fine Arts is called upon to advise with reference to fine arts
+projects submitted by individuals. The Commission aims to maintain
+standards of taste. The members themselves are prominent in their
+respective professions and are “well-qualified judges of the fine arts.”
+
+Prior to the establishment of the Commission of Fine Arts it was the
+practice of Congress when legislation was enacted providing for a
+public building, a monument, or other work of art to authorize the
+appointment of a committee to advise it concerning the specific fine
+arts project. Such a committee was as a rule composed of laymen,
+unqualified to give advice on matters of art. Thereupon money was
+appropriated to meet the expenses of a jury of award, in addition
+to those of the committee; and when the project was completed, the
+committee disbanded, leaving Congress without a recognized body to whom
+matters pertaining to the fine arts could be referred, and requiring a
+repetition of the appointment of a new committee for procuring some new
+work of art desired by Congress. It was just such a situation as this
+that existed in 1910 when Senator Root was a member of the Committee on
+the Library. In a letter addressed to the Chairman of the Commission of
+Fine Arts at the twenty-fifth anniversary of its establishment in May
+1935, Senator Root stated:
+
+  Sometime about the early spring of 1910 some Senator had introduced
+  in the Senate a resolution providing for the purchase by the
+  Government of a number of paintings that nobody wanted to buy and
+  under the rule that resolution was referred to the Committee on the
+  Library. The responsibility for protecting the Government against a
+  waste of money was thus thrown upon the Committee.
+
+  A little discussion developed the fact that all the members of
+  the Committee had an uncomfortable feeling that the pictures were
+  probably worthless and no such purchase ought to be made but that no
+  member of the Committee felt any such confidence in his own knowledge
+  and judgment about such things as to feel like making a report to
+  the Senate based on his opinion, and maintaining that opinion on
+  the floor. We all felt that the Committee ought to have some way of
+  getting an expert opinion to guide it in making its report.
+
+  In the discussion we recalled Theodore Roosevelt’s appointment of
+  a Fine Arts Council, which fell to the ground because it had no
+  legal standing, and we recalled also the advantage received from the
+  report of park development of the informal commission selected by
+  the McMillan Committee, and we finally determined to ask Congress to
+  provide for the appointment of a fine arts commission which would
+  meet the need that our Committee was then experiencing and a similar
+  need which was liable to occur in a multitude of cases under which
+  Government officers had to pass on questions of art without being
+  really competent to perform such a duty. * * * I drafted a very brief
+  statute * * * and a little informal explanation of the need which the
+  Committee felt for expert assistance in the performing of its duties
+  carried the bill through.
+
+  And so, without creation of any power of legal compulsion, there
+  was brought to the service of the Government the authority of
+  competent opinion upon questions of art arising in the course of
+  administration, and widespread and habitual deference to such an
+  opinion has saved the Government and the community from God knows how
+  many atrocities.
+
+From the time of its establishment, the Commission has been consulted
+about every detail of the progress of the Plan of Washington, and also
+about many works of art for which the Government makes appropriations.
+This includes also works of art which our Government, as a result of
+congressional enactment, presents to the governments and the peoples of
+other countries to express our friendship and good will, or erects for
+the use of our diplomatic corps abroad, or to perpetuate the memory of
+our soldiers’ deeds of daring and courage. Good examples are the statue
+of Leif Ericsson to Iceland, the statue of Henry Clay to Venezuela,
+the American Embassy Building in Japan, and the World War Memorials in
+Europe.
+
+In creating the National Capital Park and Planning Commission by act
+of April 30, 1926, Congress provided that purchases of lands made
+thereunder shall have the advice of the Commission of Fine Arts.
+During the years all proposed purchases have been approved. The two
+Commissions have acted harmoniously in the work of developing the
+District of Columbia according to carefully devised plans for parks,
+playgrounds, and highways.
+
+The first project that came before the Commission of Fine Arts, in
+1910, was the Lincoln Memorial. The memorial during a period of 12
+years had the continual attention of this Commission, and since its
+dedication on May 30, 1922, it has been recognized as one of the great
+memorials of the world. In the past 15 years the row of beautiful white
+marble buildings near the Lincoln Memorial have been built, as also the
+new Department buildings on Constitution Avenue. These are a part of
+the great public buildings program that is in progress in the National
+Capital.
+
+[Illustration: THE CENTRAL COMPOSITION OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+ZONING OF THE CAPITAL
+
+
+Our first President, by proclamation of October 17, 1791 (illustrated
+on page 21), established a height restriction of 40 feet on buildings
+in the new Capital. Although not a regulation by zones, it might have
+been the beginning of a zoning policy if the growth of the Capital had
+been foreseen. However, the restriction was suspended under President
+Monroe in 1822, and it was not until 1910 that a comprehensive height
+regulation became effective. The act of 1910 established height limits,
+depending upon the width of adjacent streets.
+
+The first zoning ordinance for an American city was adopted by New York
+City in 1916. The World War held the problem of zoning our cities in
+abeyance. Washington was zoned by the act of 1920. Since then fully
+1,500 towns and cities throughout the United States, ranging from
+5,000 to 6,000,000 (New York City) in population, have adopted zoning
+ordinances.
+
+Zoning not only controls the use and development of land but also
+regulates the height and bulk of buildings, the open spaces which
+must be provided for light and ventilation, and the density and
+distribution of population. It is a legislative function under the
+police power. The usual procedure in establishing zoning control in
+our cities has been to pass an ordinance under the authority of the
+State Zoning Enabling Act, dividing the city into use, height, and
+area districts, throughout each of which the governing regulations are
+the same. Separate districts are provided for residence, business, and
+industry. Thus business and industry are excluded from the residence
+districts. There may or may not be separate districts provided for
+light and heavy industry, or for local business and general business.
+The residence district is usually subdivided according to types of
+dwellings into areas for single-family dwellings, two-family dwellings,
+multiple-family dwellings, or apartment houses. Multiple-family
+dwellings are usually excluded from the single-family areas. This
+practice has received the hearty approval of home owners. Undeveloped
+land in suburban sections is usually placed in the residence district
+and restricted to single-family use. If conditions warrant, and there
+is no opposition from the owners, it may later be rezoned for more
+profitable multiple-family or business use.
+
+
+ARCHITECTURAL STANDARDS ABSENT
+
+The zoning ordinance has not attempted to regulate buildings, except as
+to height and size, nor set any standard of architectural fitness to
+the surroundings. If it had attempted any such thing, it could never
+have become a law. Only in recent years have citizens begun to think
+that attractiveness may add a cash value to houses, or that insistence
+on beauty is becoming in a democracy.
+
+The Shipstead-Luce Act, adopted May 16, 1930, gives the Commission of
+Fine Arts a limited control over private buildings in the District
+of Columbia and provides that private buildings facing important
+Government buildings and parks, in areas specified in the act, must
+harmonize in appearance with the latter. Although not affecting the
+Zoning Act, it is, like the height law of 1910, part of the zoning
+restrictions.
+
+The provisions of the Zoning Act of 1938 do not apply to Federal public
+buildings.
+
+  However, the location, height, bulk, number of stories, and size of
+  Federal public buildings and the provision for open space in and
+  around the same, will be subject to the approval of the National
+  Capital Park and Planning Commission.
+
+Approximately one-half of the area of the Capital is under Government
+control and one-half is open to private development. That private
+development should proceed in harmony with the plans of the local
+and Federal Governments was acceptable as an ideal, and a determined
+effort was made in 1918 to introduce zoning into Washington. In that
+year and the year following congressional committees, the District
+Commissioners, and others formulated plans, and a zoning bill became a
+law effective August 30, 1920. After a period of 18 years, during which
+several important changes in the law had suggested themselves, Congress
+adopted a new Zoning Act, which was approved by the President on June
+20, 1938 (Public, No. 684, 75th Congress).
+
+The act provides that the regulations heretofore adopted by the Zoning
+Commission under the authority of the act of March 1, 1920, including
+official maps, shall be deemed to have been made and adopted and in
+force under this present act. The act empowers the Zoning Commission
+“to regulate the location, height, bulk, number of stories, and size
+of buildings and other structures, the percentage of lot which may
+be occupied, the sizes of yards, courts, and other open spaces, the
+density of population, and the uses of buildings, structures, and land
+for trade, industry, residence, recreation, public activities, or other
+purposes * * *.”
+
+Many people do not understand the importance and necessity of a zoning
+law in a city; they think it deprives them of private rights. Yet
+without a good zoning law living conditions in cities of the present
+day become chaotic. Section 2 of the act of June 20, 1938, sets forth
+the purpose of the zoning regulations and also points out the benefits
+to be derived from zoning, as follows:
+
+  Such regulations shall be made in accordance with a comprehensive
+  plan and designed to lessen congestion in the street, to secure
+  safety from fire, panic, and other dangers, to promote health and
+  the general welfare, to provide adequate light and air, to prevent
+  the undue concentration of population and the overcrowding of land,
+  and to promote such distribution of population and of the uses
+  of land as would tend to create conditions favorable to health,
+  safety, transportation, prosperity, protection of property, civic
+  activity, and recreational, educational, and cultural opportunities,
+  and as would tend to further economy and efficiency in the supply
+  of public services. Such regulations shall be made with reasonable
+  consideration, among other things, of the character of the respective
+  districts and their suitability for the uses provided in the
+  regulations, and with a view to encouraging stability of districts
+  and of land values therein.
+
+The Zoning Commission may from time to time amend the regulations
+and the maps, but before doing so a public hearing must be held, and
+at least 30 days’ notice of the time and place of the hearing must
+be published at least once in a daily newspaper in the District of
+Columbia, giving full information concerning the proposed amendment.
+A favorable vote of not less than a full majority of the members is
+necessary for the adoption of an amendment.
+
+The Zoning Commission consists of five members, namely, the three
+Commissioners of the District of Columbia, the Director of the National
+Park Service, and the Architect of the Capitol.
+
+The act of 1938 provides for a Zoning Advisory Council, to which
+suggested amendments to the regulations are submitted for consideration
+and recommendation. The act also provides for a Board of Zoning
+Adjustment, which shall have the power to hear and decide appeals where
+it is alleged a hardship will be imposed by carrying out and enforcing
+any regulation adopted under the Zoning Act, and to hear and decide on
+complaints regarding zoning, as also requests for special exceptions
+or map interpretations. In exercising its powers, “the Board of
+Adjustments may, in conformity with the provisions of this act, reverse
+or affirm, wholly or partly, or may modify the order, requirement,
+decision, determination, or refusal appealed from or may make such
+order as may be necessary to carry out its decision or authorization,
+and to that end shall have all the powers of the officer or body from
+whom the appeal is taken.” The concurring vote of not less than a full
+majority of the members of the Board is necessary for any decision or
+order.
+
+
+HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS RESTRICTED BY THE CAPITOL DOME
+
+The preeminence of the Dome of the Capitol has dominated the height
+of both public and private buildings. The 110-foot-height limit is
+found in a small section of the center of the downtown business
+district. On streets 110 feet wide in the 110-foot-height district,
+130 feet is allowed under set-back provisions, and this maximum height
+cannot be exceeded by buildings (except spires, penthouses, or other
+excrescences) erected under the zoning regulations. Before 1929 but few
+buildings exceeded this height. The act of 1910 limited the height of
+buildings to front or abut Union Station Plaza to 80 feet.
+
+[Illustration: REGIONAL PLAN OF WASHINGTON AND ENVIRONS]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION
+
+
+A new period in the development of the city may be said to date from
+1901 with the filing of the report of the McMillan Park Commission,
+for since that time there has been a constant increase in the interest
+taken by the public. The outstanding dates recording the progress
+of this increased interest are 1910, 1912, 1920, and 1924. The Fine
+Arts Commission was established in 1910. A new beginning of control
+of private property was made in 1910 after many years’ lapse of the
+original restrictions imposed by President Washington. This new
+beginning consisted in control of the height of buildings, the passage
+of a height law, and was followed in 1920 by a comprehensive zoning law.
+
+In 1924 the lack of provision of public parks and the failure to
+carry out the proposals of the plan of 1901, in so far as park areas
+were concerned, led to the formation of the National Capital Park
+Commission, with authority to purchase lands for park purposes. The
+organization of the Commission was the result of combined efforts of
+many nation-wide organizations.
+
+The new Commission soon found that an intelligent choice of park
+lands could not be made without knowledge of the interrelation of
+parks, highways, zoning, public buildings, and other elements of city
+and regional planning. The authority of the Commission was therefore
+increased in 1926, and its membership enlarged. The new National
+Capital Park and Planning Commission was charged--
+
+  with the duty of preparing, developing, and maintaining a
+  comprehensive, consistent, and coordinated plan for the National
+  Capital and environs (an area of some 1,539 square miles, lying
+  roughly within 20 miles of the White House, and involving the
+  cooperation of 2 States, 4 counties, 2 cities, and numerous
+  incorporated places), which plan shall include recommendations to the
+  proper executive authorities as to traffic and transportation; plats
+  and subdivisions; highways, parks, and parkways; school and library
+  sites; playgrounds, drainage, sewerage, and water supply; housing,
+  building, and zoning regulations; public and private buildings;
+  bridges and water fronts; commerce and industry; and other proper
+  elements of city and regional planning.
+
+The largest single factor in determining the extent and character of
+the development of the National Capital will be the extent, character,
+and wisdom of the permanent investments by the public in public areas
+and improvements. This Commission has, therefore, considered as of
+primary importance the proper location and extent of public lands,
+whether used for streets, parks, public buildings, or other public
+services; and the timely acquisition and development of these areas for
+their particular purposes.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL, LOOKING EAST]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL, LOOKING SOUTH]
+
+Since the areas needed for public use can not be chosen without regard
+to the use and extent of private developments, it follows that some
+control over the use of private property--as by zoning--is an essential
+part of city or regional planning.
+
+When city planning is mentioned most people think first of streets. In
+this field the commission has been active in three ways--first, in an
+effort to make the streets fit the land and to follow along the hills
+and valleys instead of across them; second, in establishing a major
+thoroughfare system guiding the development of the main highways within
+the District of Columbia and extending the principles of the original
+L’Enfant plan to the limits of the District; and third, in securing
+public support of a regional highway system which will provide more
+adequately for traffic both into the city and between suburban areas.
+
+With the first of these aims in view many changes in the highway
+plan of the District have been made in cooperation with the District
+officials. These changes were advantageous to preserve natural
+topography, to fit the streets to property lines, to save trees,
+to provide drainage, or for like reasons. Several important street
+openings and widenings have been undertaken in accordance with the
+commission’s major thoroughfare plan, such as New York Avenue beyond
+the limits of the L’Enfant plan, the opening of a new Louisiana
+Avenue from the Union Station to Pennsylvania Avenue at Union Square,
+straightening of Michigan Avenue, and extension of Sixteenth Street
+to the District line. The plan which follows the recommendations of
+the commission has been recognized by the District officials in the
+adoption of a 5-year highway program.
+
+Several new regional highway projects are now complete or going forward
+in accordance with the regional plan. The Mount Vernon Memorial Highway
+and the Lee Boulevard establish new standards in highway design. The
+extension of Rhode Island and Massachusetts Avenues fits the plan. The
+Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission has adopted
+practically all of the suggestions made by the Commission for the
+Maryland area as part of the Maryland master plan.
+
+Where parks are concerned the Commission has a special responsibility.
+The plans for parks both in the District of Columbia and out of it have
+received the indorsement of Congress in the Capper-Cramton Act.
+
+For the District the Commission is now acquiring parks of three
+types: (1) A parkway (the Fort Drive) around the city, 28 miles long
+and connecting the sites of the Civil War forts on the second row of
+hills; (2) a system of recreation centers and playgrounds distributed
+throughout the area in association with the schools and so far as
+possible providing a play area within a quarter of a mile of every
+child; (3) preservation of stream valleys and correction of the
+boundaries of Rock Creek Park.
+
+The principal physical feature of the region is the Potomac River,
+so it is natural that the corresponding feature of the park system
+is along the river banks. Below Washington, where the broad lakelike
+scenery exists, parkways are under construction or contemplated on
+the Virginia side to Mount Vernon and on the Maryland shore to Fort
+Washington. Above Washington a park is projected to preserve the
+natural scenery of the Palisades, rapids, woodlands, and Great Falls
+of the Potomac, together with the Patowmack Canal, built by George
+Washington, and the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal on the Maryland side of the
+river.
+
+The Commission has taken an active part in the effort to have the
+public buildings of Washington grouped and arranged not only for the
+convenience and beauty of the result but also that they may fit into
+the future plans for streets, highways, and parks, and thus promote
+the orderly development of the city and region. When the first
+important step in the public-buildings program was taken in 1926 the
+Commission urged the purchase of all of the land necessary for a plan
+of the group as a whole instead of undertaking individual building
+projects as separate units in the scheme. The problems of parking and
+transit facilities in relation to the public-buildings groups have
+caused the Commission great concern, and efforts have been made to
+secure the cooperation of the architects in charge of the building
+program in order to solve these problems. In all of its activities
+concerning the public-buildings program the Commission has been guided
+by the principles announced by the plan of 1901, under which Federal
+buildings will be concentrated along the axis of the Mall and about the
+White House. The Commission has given favorable consideration to an
+enlargement of this program by which semipublic buildings and possibly
+State buildings might be located along East Capitol Street in order to
+help the balance between the northwest and the eastern portions of the
+city of Washington.
+
+In the same way the Commission advises the appropriate authorities on
+matters of zoning and control of use of private property. Zoning has
+now been adopted not only in the District but also in the Maryland
+suburban area and in Arlington County and Fairfax County, Va. Also
+Alexandria has prepared a zoning plan. It is hoped that in the not
+distant future other portions of the Maryland and Virginia areas may
+be added to this list. In matters relating to zoning in the District,
+the Commission has contributed statistical data and expert opinion, and
+was particularly active in the segregation of single-family houses from
+2-family and community groups.
+
+In brief, it is the function of the Commission to revive, review, and
+revise the efforts of past generations toward a “great and effective
+city for the seat of our Government” and to keep that ideal constantly
+before the public, to the end that each separate undertaking by the
+countless public and private agencies concerned may be coordinated and
+related to produce a result in which future generations may take pride.
+
+[Illustration: FORT DRIVE CONNECTING THE CIVIL WAR FORTS ENCIRCLING
+WASHINGTON]
+
+
+EAST CAPITOL STREET--EXTENDING THE MALL AXIS EASTWARD
+
+Some one has said “the beauty of Washington is its trees.” No one
+who has seen the thousands of trees in Washington and in the country
+adjacent to the city can deny this. There is no national capital in
+the world that has more beautiful trees than Washington. Those seen on
+East Capitol Street are typical of the large massive trees throughout
+the city. Thousands of them were planted during the Presidency of
+General Grant, and it has been the policy of the District of Columbia
+government to plant trees along streets opened for residential sections.
+
+[Illustration: EAST CAPITOL STREET]
+
+The climate of Washington, which is semitropical, permits the growth
+of trees found both in the North and the South. Thus there are oak,
+walnut, maple, and cedar trees amidst magnolias, Japanese cherry trees,
+and the mountain laurel, to mention only a few. Congress has authorized
+the establishment of a national arboretum in the National Capital,
+which will comprise at least 500 acres and will be a most interesting
+place for the planting of many varieties of trees and the study of
+them. A plan to widen East Capitol Street and build a stadium on the
+axis of the street in Anacostia Park is being made by the National
+Capital Park and Planning Commission.
+
+
+THE FORT DRIVE
+
+The citizens’ movement to connect by a boulevard a considerable part of
+the Civil War defenses of Washington was incorporated in the plan of
+1901. These old defenses, occupying strategic positions, are capable of
+being converted into small parks of high excellence and availability,
+and a connecting boulevard will have an added historic interest.
+Of these so-called forts a number are already in possession of the
+Government. Among those that have been purchased is Fort Stevens,
+near the Army Medical Center, where during General Early’s raid, on
+July 12, 1864, President Lincoln was under fire until ordered to the
+rear by the officer in command. The Fort Drive is being developed
+by the National Capital Park and Planning Commission. There will be
+a continuous parkway of suitable width connecting the sites of the
+following old forts: Fort Greble, Fort Carroll, Battery Ricketts, Fort
+Stanton, Fort Wagner, Fort Baker, Fort Davis (United States owned),
+Fort Dupont (United States owned), Fort Shaplin, A Battery, Fort Mahan,
+Fort Bunker Hill, Fort Totten, Fort Slocum, Fort Stevens (United States
+owned), Fort De Russye, Fort Bayard, Battery Kemble, Battery Vermont
+(United States owned), and Battery Parrott. There is another Civil
+War fortification in the Arlington National Cemetery, called Fort
+McPherson, which is being preserved for its historic character. From it
+a commanding view of the cemetery and of the river is obtained.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE WATER FRONT]
+
+
+WASHINGTON CHANNEL AND THE WATER FRONT
+
+The water front of Washington is to be similar to the magnificent water
+fronts of large cities of Europe. The plan provides for a quay, with
+space for commercial piers, warehouses, steamboat offices, commercial
+houses, boathouses, and recreational piers. There will be a beautiful
+boulevard drive along “Water Street” which will connect with Anacostia
+Park, also adequate street-railway accommodations. Washington has 18
+miles of water front, and this will be a most interesting part of it.
+
+It is proposed to replace all existing structures on the water front at
+“Water Street,” with the exception of the Municipal Fish Wharf, with
+modern buildings. Head houses and transit sheds are to be of brick and
+tile, with slate roofs and of a modified colonial architecture. A total
+of six wharves is projected for immediate construction and a portion of
+the frontage available is to be reserved for future additions. Yacht
+basins and small-boat anchorage are included in the plan. The plan has
+been prepared by the United States Engineer Office, with the idea that
+Washington is not primarily an industrial city, nor will it ever be, so
+that railroad connections with the piers and slips were omitted. Such
+industrial developments as might require ship-to-rail transfers can be
+accommodated in other locations. Buzzards Point is to be developed for
+maritime commercial uses.
+
+Under the improvement program “Water Street” is to be made a 160-foot
+boulevard, with separate lanes for traffic, street cars, and trucks,
+and marginal and central landscaping. The old 4-line street-car lanes
+on a portion of the street have been removed. To permit of direct
+connection with East Potomac Park and the Highway Bridge, a bridge
+is to be built just below the railroad crossing at the head of the
+Washington Channel. Water Street is now Maine Avenue.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL PARKWAY]
+
+The cost of the entire project is estimated at $3,691,600. The report
+was submitted by the Secretary of War to the Speaker of the House of
+Representatives on November 26, 1929, and then was referred to the
+Committee on Rivers and Harbors. The project is now under development.
+
+[Illustration: FISH MARKET ALONG THE WATER FRONT]
+
+
+GEORGE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL PARKWAY
+
+The George Washington Memorial Parkway, designed by the National
+Capital Park and Planning Commission, was authorized by the
+Capper-Cramton Act, approved May 29, 1930, and carrying with it an
+authorization of $33,500,000 for the development of a comprehensive
+park, parkway, and playground area in the District of Columbia and the
+surrounding regions of Maryland and Virginia. This parkway is designed
+“to include the public control of both banks of the river between
+Mount Vernon and Great Falls on the Virginia side and between Fort
+Washington and Great Falls on the Maryland side, with the exception of
+areas at Alexandria and in Washington which are reserved for commercial
+development.”
+
+This is a project in which both residents of the District of
+Columbia and of the States of Maryland and Virginia may take equal
+pride--namely, to preserve Great Falls and the banks of the Potomac,
+so that the Potomac River, as it flows through the National Capital,
+may flow through a continuous park from Great Falls to Mount Vernon.
+Washington is to be envied in having so near to it such beautiful
+scenery as the Palisades of the Potomac and Great Falls, which are said
+to be “the finest specimens of nature in this part of the country.”
+Already, along the Palisades of the Potomac, quarries have been
+established and beautiful timber is being converted into lumber and
+firewood. These invasions will in time destroy natural beauties that
+can not be restored.
+
+[Illustration: GREAT FALLS OF THE POTOMAC]
+
+
+THE MOUNT VERNON HIGHWAY ROUTE
+
+THE MOUNT VERNON HIGHWAY TRAVERSES HISTORIC TERRITORY
+
+The route traverses a territory full of historic associations and
+reminiscent of the days of Washington. About halfway between Washington
+and Alexandria it passes close to the site of Abingdon, the home
+of John Parke Custis, Mrs. Washington’s son. Here Nellie Custis,
+Washington’s adopted daughter, was born. A beautiful view of the river
+and a panorama of Washington and the north shore is seen from this
+point. Also here the Potomac is being dredged, making new land for
+Washington National Airport, to be the finest in the United States.
+Work will be completed in 1941.
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY, NORTH OF LITTLE HUNTING
+CREEK]
+
+Passing on to Alexandria the route enters the city by Washington Street
+and passes directly by Christ Church, where the Washington pew may
+still be seen.
+
+Alexandria was Washington’s own town. It was his market place, his post
+office, and his voting place. It was the meeting place of the lodge of
+Masons to which he belonged, and the lodge hall is now the repository
+of a great many articles and paintings associated with him. The trowel,
+square, and plumb bob used in laying the corner stone of the Capitol
+may be seen here, as also the Bible used in the Masonic lodge of which
+Washington was a member. Among many other things of historical interest
+is a portrait of George Washington painted by W. Williams for the lodge.
+
+There is scarcely a foot of ground in Alexandria that Washington did
+not tread. The old quarters of the volunteer fire company to which
+he belonged still stand. In Gadsby’s Inn, now the City Hotel, he
+recruited the first company of provincial troops authorized by Governor
+Dinwiddie, and with which he fought the Battle of Great Meadows.
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY]
+
+In the ballroom of Gadsby’s Inn in 1798 was held the first celebration
+of Washington’s birthday. From the steps of the same building he gave
+his last military command to the Alexandria Light Infantry Blues; and
+here, also, in November, 1799, less than 30 days before his death, he
+cast his last vote.
+
+At the Carlyle House, still standing, he received his appointment as an
+officer in the British Army on General Braddock’s staff; and in this
+house also, at the Convention of the Five Governors assembled to confer
+with General Braddock, the first suggestion of colonial taxation was
+made--a step which ultimately led to the revolt of the Colonies.
+
+A short side trip from Washington Street down King Street takes the
+traveler to the George Washington National Masonic Memorial, which has
+been erected at the western outskirts of the town on Shooters Hill. It
+is 333 feet high, and was designed by Harvey W. Corbett, architect.
+
+Returning to Washington Street and proceeding southward the traveler
+passes the Confederate Monument, and soon reaches the southern limits
+of the town and passing within a stone’s throw of the first corner
+stone of the District of Columbia, still standing on Jones Point.
+
+Leaving Alexandria the route crosses Hunting Creek to Fort Hunt, thence
+to the entrance gates of Mount Vernon.
+
+
+FEATURES OF THE HIGHWAY DESCRIBED
+
+The making of surveys, preparation of plans, and supervision of
+construction have all been done by the Bureau of Public Roads of
+the United States Department of Agriculture, and Gilmore D. Clarke,
+Consulting Landscape Architect.
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY--BRIDGE OVER BOUNDARY
+CHANNEL]
+
+The location selected for the highway required the construction
+of fills across approximately 2³⁄₄ miles of open water, which was
+accomplished by pumping gravel and sand from the Potomac River.
+
+The highway throughout its entire length, with the exception of the
+section through Alexandria, has been designed to provide for a free
+flow of traffic over a surface with a minimum width of 40 feet, and
+where there is any volume of cross traffic it passes either under or
+over the highway.
+
+Except through the city of Alexandria, the highway follows closely the
+shore of the Potomac River for the greater portion of the distance.
+This situation affords beautiful vistas of Washington and the Potomac
+River, which, in combination with the landscaping and development of
+the project itself, make this highway a fitting tribute to the memory
+of George Washington.
+
+[Illustration: CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VA.]
+
+Below Alexandria the highway has been widened at points of outstanding
+beauty, so that motorists can stop for a few minutes to enjoy the view.
+
+The bridges in general are of reinforced-concrete arches, faced with
+native stone laid in random bond. Special attention has been given to
+harmonizing their lines with the general plan of development.
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY--UNDERPASS AT HIGHWAY
+BRIDGE]
+
+The intersection of the memorial highway with U. S. Highway No. 1 near
+the beginning of the project has been so designed that a large volume
+of traffic can flow from one highway to the other without crossing the
+center line of either route.
+
+A large parking area at Mount Vernon that will accommodate the
+thousands of visitors to this national shrine has been provided, and a
+concession building of colonial design has been erected to provide for
+their comfort.
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY--BRIDGE OVER HUNTING CREEK]
+
+
+MOUNT VERNON
+
+Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington the greater part of his
+life, is situated along the historic Potomac, 14.7 miles south of the
+city of Washington, which he was instrumental in founding, though
+referring to it as the Federal City.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+FROM THE HOUDON BUST, MODELED FROM LIFE AT MOUNT VERNON IN 1785]
+
+The history of Mount Vernon goes back to the time of Capt. John
+Smith, who explored the regions of the Potomac River in 1608. Some 40
+years later Scotch and Irish emigrants settled along the banks of the
+Potomac, both on the Virginia and Maryland sides. In 1674 a tract of
+5,000 acres, 15 miles south of Washington on the Virginia side of the
+river, was granted by Lord Culpeper to John Washington and Nicholas
+Spencer. Half of this tract was inherited by the half-brother of George
+Washington, Lawrence Washington. Mount Vernon was built in 1743 by
+Lawrence Washington, who named it after Admiral Vernon, under whom he
+served. It occupies a most picturesque spot on high ground overlooking
+the river, which it faces.
+
+The mansion is well built. Its foundations are of stone and brick. The
+framework is of oak and the sheathing of pine wood. Also much copper
+was used in its construction. On the main floor is a central hall, a
+music room, a family dining room, a sitting room, and parlor; also a
+library and a banquet room, which were added by George Washington. On
+the second floor is the room in which Washington died; also, among
+several others, the Lafayette room. There are six bedrooms on the third
+floor. The house is 96 feet long and 30 feet wide, with a portico 25
+feet high; the height of the building to the cupola is about 50 feet.
+Beautiful gardens are near by.
+
+In 1752 Lawrence Washington died. Augustine Washington had provided
+that in the case of Lawrence’s death without heirs Mount Vernon should
+pass to George, and this provision Lawrence incorporated in his own
+will. To his widow he left a life interest in the property, with a
+reversion to his infant daughter, Sarah, who, as it happened, survived
+her father only a few weeks. Thus there was only the widow’s life
+interest to be considered. Anne Fairfax Washington lived until 1761,
+and at her death George Washington became the proprietor of Mount
+Vernon. The mansion was then enlarged for its new mistress, Martha
+Dandridge Custis, whom he had married in 1759.
+
+During Washington’s years of public life he longed for the day when
+he could be at home at Mount Vernon with his beloved Martha and the
+family. It was undoubtedly one of the very best-managed estates in the
+Colonies, and Washington himself was regarded one of the richest men.
+The main entrance to Mount Vernon was from the west, which gateway was
+flanked by two porters’ lodges. The large portico on the east side
+of the mansion was used for outdoor gatherings and entertainment of
+visitors. Among the many guests entertained at Mount Vernon was the
+distinguished young French patriot, General Lafayette. On the main
+floor in a glass case hangs a key to the Bastille, sent by Lafayette to
+Washington in 1790, with the message: “That the principles of America
+opened the Bastille is not to be doubted, therefore the key comes to
+the right place.”
+
+Washington was called from Mount Vernon to serve his country on
+three most noteworthy occasions, and each time after an interval of
+several years: In 1775, when he was made Commander in Chief of the
+Continental Army; in 1787, when he became president of the convention
+in Philadelphia that framed the Federal Constitution; and in 1789, when
+he became first President of the United States of America.
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of Army Air Corps._
+
+MOUNT VERNON]
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT VERNON]
+
+Washington died at Mount Vernon on December 14, 1799. Martha Washington
+lived there during the remainder of her lifetime. On her death in
+1802 the property was inherited by her nephew, Bushrod Washington, an
+Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. Thereafter the estate suffered
+for need of repairs. In 1858 the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of
+the Union was organized. The association purchased the property for
+$200,000 and to-day own and control Mount Vernon, including about 400
+acres of the old estate.
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF WASHINGTON]
+
+Mount Vernon each day is the place of pilgrimage of hundreds of
+American and foreign visitors, who go there by motor or steamboat to
+visit the mansion and see the many historical articles of interest that
+once belonged to George Washington and his family and are now there on
+exhibition, but more particularly do they go to Mount Vernon to pay
+homage at the Washington tomb, which is near the mansion. Here also
+Lafayette came on his second visit to the United States during 1824-25,
+after an interval of almost 40 years.
+
+The number of visitors at Mount Vernon for the year ended December 31,
+1938, was 633,514.
+
+
+WAKEFIELD, THE BIRTHPLACE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+After more than a century and a half of neglect, a group of patriotic
+persons have within recent years taken steps to restore Wakefield,
+the birthplace of George Washington, situated about 50 miles south of
+Mount Vernon, along the Potomac, amidst beautiful landscapes between
+Popes Creek and Bridges Creek. The Government erected a monument at the
+site in 1895 to mark the birthplace and provided a watchman to care
+for the grounds. Until within the past few years the little Government
+reservation of 11 acres, acquired in 1882, was inaccessible because the
+Government dock was washed away and the road leading into Wakefield
+from the main highway was almost impassable. The State of Virginia
+recently completed a sand and gravel road to the place. The new road,
+about 2 miles in length, intersects the George Washington Highway from
+Fredericksburg, between Oak Grove and Potomac Mills. The Wakefield
+National Memorial Association (Inc.) has been organized to purchase the
+lands at Wakefield and thus save them from threatened encroachments of
+hunting and fishing clubs, which are now securing valuable sites along
+the Potomac River. Thus the association is doing for Wakefield what
+the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union accomplished for the
+preservation of Mount Vernon.
+
+[Illustration: WAKEFIELD, AT POPES CREEK, WESTMORELAND COUNTY, VA.]
+
+Congress early in 1930 appropriated $50,000 toward erecting a colonial
+house, typical of the Virginia houses at the time of George Washington.
+Bricks for the house were made from the clay at Wakefield. The
+construction work was carried out under the supervision of the National
+Park Service of the Department of the Interior, which has jurisdiction
+over the maintenance of Wakefield since the project of restoration was
+completed. John D. Rockefeller, jr., gave $115,000 for the purchase of
+267 acres, and the association purchased approximately 100 additional
+acres. The association raised about $200,000.
+
+[Illustration: MAP SHOWING WASHINGTON AND WAKEFIELD]
+
+[Illustration: WAKEFIELD--WASHINGTON FAMILY BURYING GROUND]
+
+The money, aside from the amounts spent to buy land, was expended
+in erecting a house that is as nearly a replica of the original
+birth house as could be planned on the basis of available data, in
+restoring the gardens, and in protecting the ancient graveyard where
+lie the remains of 31 members of the Washington family, including his
+great-grandfather, grandfather, father, and brother, and to build a
+resthouse at the site. The original house was built between 1717 and
+1720, and was burned Christmas, 1780. From pieces of china found in
+the ruins the celebrated Lenox china, showing the Washington coat of
+arms, has been reproduced and made available to the public by the
+Wakefield National Memorial Association. In the work of restoration the
+association was led by its president, the late Mrs. Harry Lee Rust, of
+Washington, D. C., who was a native of Westmoreland County, Va., and
+spent her childhood days in the vicinity of the Washington estate. She
+was a most indefatigable worker toward the realization of this project.
+
+Wakefield was dedicated on February 11, 1932, the birthday of George
+Washington (old style), which month marked the beginning of the George
+Washington bicentennial celebration. Wakefield is known to-day as the
+George Washington Birthplace National Monument.
+
+[Illustration: THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL AND APPROACHES]
+
+[Illustration: THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL
+
+THE ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE
+
+
+THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL
+
+At the west end of the Mall is the Lincoln Memorial. The site was
+fixed by the McMillan Park Commission in 1901, which extended the Mall
+area of the original L’Enfant plan west three-fourths of a mile to the
+Potomac River. The site and surrounding area is known as Potomac Park.
+The reclaimed land, about 640 acres, comprises West Potomac Park and
+East Potomac Park (the island park).
+
+Congress provided for the construction of the memorial to Abraham
+Lincoln by an act approved February 9, 1911, following the centennial
+year of the birth of Lincoln. The corner stone was laid February 12,
+1915. The memorial is built of Colorado marble and cost $2,940,000.
+It was dedicated May 30, 1922. Lincoln died in 1865, so that it was
+57 years later that this memorial to him in the National Capital was
+built. Henry Bacon, who died February 16, 1924, was the architect.
+
+Very nearly 300,000 persons visited the Lincoln Memorial in the year
+1923, and more than 1,000,000 in 1930. At present the daily average
+of visitors is 3,000. It is a shrine in which those who love God and
+country can find inspiration and repose.
+
+The following is part of a technical description by the architect:
+
+  From the beginning of my study I believed that this memorial to
+  Abraham Lincoln should be composed of four features--a statue of the
+  man, a memorial of his Gettysburg speech, a memorial of his second
+  inaugural address, and a symbol of the Union of the United States,
+  which he stated it was his paramount object to save--and which he
+  did save. Each feature should be related to the other by means of
+  its design and position, and each should be so arranged that it
+  becomes an integral part of the whole, in order to attain a unity and
+  simplicity in the appearance of the monument.
+
+  Surrounding the walls inclosing these memorials of the man is planned
+  a colonnade forming a symbol of the Union, each column representing
+  a State--36 in all--for each State existing at the time of Lincoln’s
+  death, and on the walls appearing above the colonnade, and supported
+  at intervals by eagles, are 48 memorial festoons, one for each State
+  existing at the present time.
+
+  The colonnade is 188 feet long and 118 feet wide, the columns being
+  44 feet high and 7 feet 8 inches in diameter at their base. The
+  outside of the Memorial Hall is 84 feet wide and 156 feet long; the
+  total height of the structure above the finished grade at the base of
+  the terrace is 99 feet. The steps are 132 feet wide, leading to the
+  entrance, which is flanked by tripods, each 11 feet high.
+
+  The central hall, where the statue stands, is 60 feet wide, 70 feet
+  long, and 60 feet high. The interior columns are of the Ionic order
+  and are 50 feet high.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN AS SEEN THROUGH THE COLUMNS]
+
+
+THE STATUE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+The statue of Abraham Lincoln, in the center of the Lincoln Memorial,
+is by Daniel Chester French.
+
+It represents Abraham Lincoln as the great war President, with mental
+and physical strength and confidence in his ability to bring the Nation
+safely through the great conflict.
+
+President Lincoln is seated in a great armchair 12¹⁄₂ feet high, over
+the back of which a flag has been draped. The figure of Lincoln is 19
+feet high from the top of his head to the sole of his boot. The head
+measures 3 feet in height. The boot is 3¹⁄₂ feet long, and from the
+boot to the kneecap the distance is 8 feet. The pedestal, which is
+18 feet 2 inches wide and 19 feet deep, rests on a marble platform
+34¹⁄₂ feet wide and 28 feet deep. The statue weighs 150 tons; with its
+pedestal and base it rises to a height of 30 feet; and without the
+pedestal it is 21 feet in height.
+
+The statue is of Georgia marble, was cut by Piccirilli Bros.,
+marble-cutters, of New York City, and four years were required for its
+completion. The pedestal and base are of Tennessee marble.
+
+Over the head of Lincoln is the inscription--
+
+  IN THIS TEMPLE
+  AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE
+  FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION
+  THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+  IS ENSHRINED FOREVER
+
+The interior is lighted through translucent panels of marble and by
+the great front opening. Recently a special system of lighting was
+installed.
+
+
+DECORATIONS
+
+The two decorations by Jules Guerin representing Emancipation and
+Reunion are painted on canvas. Each canvas weighs 600 pounds and is 60
+feet long and 18 feet wide. The figures, of which there are 46 in the
+two panels, are 8¹⁄₂ feet high and were painted by the artist without
+assistance. Almost as many models as figures were used. The head of
+Mr. Bacon, the architect, appears in the decoration on the north wall,
+being the fourth figure in the group at the left of the angel.
+
+The decorations are absolutely weatherproof, the paint being mixed with
+white wax and kerosene. The wax hardens but does not allow the paint to
+crack. Chemically it is similar to the wax, still pliable, which was
+found in the tombs of the Kings of Egypt. The decorations are affixed
+to the wall with a mixture of white lead and Venetian varnish.
+
+[Illustration: THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL REFLECTING BASIN]
+
+
+THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL AND SURROUNDING AREA
+
+The Lincoln Memorial, while it terminates the Mall composition, has
+a position similar to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, in that from it
+radiate drives and parkways in all directions--the Rock Creek Parkway
+to the north; westward across the Memorial Bridge to the Arlington
+National Cemetery, connecting also with the Mount Vernon Highway, the
+Lee Highway, and the George Washington Memorial Parkway; southward to
+East Potomac Park; and eastward along the Mall to the Capitol. The
+whole area is a remarkable achievement in city planning and shows what
+can be done with reclaimed land, for 20 to 25 years ago all the land
+surrounding the Lincoln Memorial was swampy.
+
+The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Basin is 2,000 feet long and 160 feet
+wide. It has an average depth of about 3¹⁄₂ feet and reflects the
+entire Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. It is lined with
+trees and walks that will ultimately extend to the Capitol. The beauty
+of the future Mall treatment between the Capitol and the Washington
+Monument is indicated by the development between the Washington
+Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
+
+The water gate is a part of the great Lincoln Memorial composition. It
+consists of granite steps 206 feet wide at the top and 230 feet wide at
+the bottom.
+
+Constitution Avenue will be the great “Memorial Boulevard” from the
+Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial, and thence to Arlington National
+Cemetery.
+
+Immediately to the south of the reflecting basin on the north and south
+axis is the marble band stand erected as the District of Columbia World
+War Memorial.
+
+
+THE ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE
+
+The Arlington Memorial Bridge was built under the supervision of
+the Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission, of which the President is
+chairman. The Commission of Fine Arts was consulted and advised as to
+the plans.
+
+The project of building the Arlington Memorial Bridge has been
+before Congress since 1884. Previous to that time Daniel Webster, in
+an address on July 4, 1851, at the laying of the corner stone for
+enlarging the United States Capitol, referred to it as follows:
+
+  Before us is the broad and beautiful river, separating two of the
+  original thirteen States, which a late President, a man of determined
+  purpose and inflexible will, but patriotic heart, desired to span
+  with arches of ever-enduring granite, symbolical of the firmly
+  established union of the North and the South. That President was
+  General Jackson.
+
+[Illustration: ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE, ARCHITECTS’ DESIGN]
+
+The need of a bridge direct to Arlington National Cemetery was most
+urgently felt on Armistice Day, November 11, 1921, when the remains
+of the Unknown Soldier were entombed. Led by President Harding
+and officials of this Government and of many foreign countries,
+thousands of people who made the trip to Arlington did so under most
+difficult circumstances, because of the crowded traffic conditions.
+The Commission of Fine Arts was in session at the time, and at once
+recommended to Congress the preparation of plans for an Arlington
+Memorial Bridge, with an initial appropriation of $25,000. Congress
+responded quickly and made the appropriation available for expenditure
+by the Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission, by act approved June
+12, 1922. On April 22, 1924, the commission submitted to Congress a
+comprehensive report on the subject and a set of approved plans that
+contemplated an expenditure of $14,750,000 for the project. Congress
+adopted the report and plans and has made the necessary funds available
+for the construction work as fast as the project developed. The
+architects of the bridge are McKim, Mead & White, of New York City, who
+are noted for the many great and beautiful classical structures they
+have built throughout the United States, as the Boston Public Library,
+the library at Columbia University, the Pennsylvania Railroad Station
+in New York City, and the McKinley Memorial at Niles, Ohio. This firm
+also had charge of the building of additions to the White House during
+the administration of President Roosevelt.
+
+[Illustration: EAGLE SURMOUNTING PYLONS]
+
+[Illustration: BISON HEAD]
+
+The bridge extends from the Lincoln Memorial to Columbia Island, has a
+length of 2,138 feet, and is 90 feet wide, the width of Fifth Avenue in
+New York City. The bridge has been built as low as possible, consistent
+with good proportions, in order not to interfere with the view of the
+Lincoln Memorial from Columbia Island. There are 6 lanes on the bridge,
+each 10 feet wide, and 2 sidewalks, each 15 feet wide. The balustrade
+is 4 feet high. Suitable lighting is also provided.
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of Horydczak_
+
+ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE]
+
+The bridge has 9 segmental arches of 166-foot span at the ends of the
+bridge and spreading gradually to 184 feet at the center. The terminal
+arches rise to a point 28 feet above average water height, increasing
+gradually to 35 feet in the central arch. The piers are 32 feet wide
+and are firmly embedded in rock 35 feet below water. The superstructure
+is built of North Carolina granite.
+
+[Illustration: EAGLE AND FASCES]
+
+At the entrance to the bridge at the Lincoln Memorial there will be two
+large sculptural groups, each 16 feet high. The pylons at the Columbia
+Island end of the bridge, which are 35 feet high, are surmounted by
+eagles 8 feet high, each cut out of a solid block of granite, according
+to the design of C. Paul Jennewein, sculptor.
+
+At the sides of the bridge appear large sculptured disks, each 12 feet
+in diameter, and at the keystone of the arches there are buffalo heads
+6 feet in height. These were also designed by Mr. Jennewein.
+
+The two sculptural groups at the entrance to the bridge will be
+symbolic of War. They were designed by Leo Friedlander, sculptor. At
+the entrance to the Rock Creek Parkway there will be two sculptural
+groups symbolic of Peace and the arts of Peace, designed by James E.
+Fraser, sculptor. There will be appropriate inscriptions carved on the
+bridge.
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBIA ISLAND PLAZA AND MEMORIAL AVENUE TO ARLINGTON
+NATIONAL CEMETERY]
+
+[Illustration: THE ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE DEVELOPMENT, LOOKING
+TOWARDS THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL]
+
+At the center of the bridge is a drawspan, each leaf of which has
+a length of 92 feet, the height of an 8-story building. One minute
+is required for opening and closing the drawspan, which is operated
+by electricity. Each leaf weighs 6,000 tons. It is in itself an
+interesting achievement in bridge engineering.
+
+From Columbia Island westward there is the boundary channel bridge.
+From there to the Arlington National Cemetery is a memorial parkway
+240 feet wide, 2,200 feet in length, lighted, lined with planting, and
+providing space at intervals for memorials.
+
+At Arlington National Cemetery there is a large memorial entrance, from
+which walks and driveways lead to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at
+the Memorial Amphitheater and to Arlington House.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREATER ARLINGTON]
+
+Not only was the Arlington Memorial Bridge built in a period of 7
+years, but one of the finest compositions in city planning has been
+carried out in connection with it. In addition to the treatment on
+Columbia Island Plaza and the approach to Arlington National Cemetery,
+there is also the great plaza at the approach to the bridge at the
+Lincoln Memorial, a sea wall for the Riverside Drive leading to it, and
+the water gate--steps of granite 215 feet wide--nearby.
+
+The bridge was dedicated and opened for travel in 1932.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE PARKS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+
+
+The park system of the National Capital is under the jurisdiction of
+the National Park Service, Department of the Interior.
+
+Since 1871 in many ways, particularly municipal affairs, the National
+Capital has been in the lead among American cities. Having begun with
+a logical and well-thought-out plan for the original city, the new
+Federal City was provided with an ample system of public reservations
+and parks.
+
+However, in the early days of the city there was so much unoccupied
+land that it was hard to believe there would ever be any necessity
+for parks and open spaces developed and maintained at public expense.
+For three-quarters of a century Washington was so spread out within
+the borders of the original plan that the street rights-of-way and
+public grounds reserved by the L’Enfant plan seemed to be entirely
+out of scale with the needs of the city and were looked upon by some
+as a burden rather than as a benefit. It was not until the increase
+in population, which has continued steadily since the Civil War, and
+the congestion of the streets in recent years with automobiles and a
+great volume of traffic, that the building lots have been occupied with
+structures and the full width of the streets needed for traffic, so
+that the public reservations have become the only refuge for the play
+of children and the recreation of older people.
+
+It is, therefore, easy to understand the lack of appreciation of the
+city park system during the first half of the nineteenth century. A
+few far-sighted individuals only realized the necessity for preserving
+these reservations until they would be needed as breathing spaces in a
+thickly settled city, and they had to wage a persistent and hard-fought
+campaign through the years against those who constantly wanted to sell
+off the public reservations for building development of some kind or
+other, or to have the Government itself use them for buildings. In the
+two or three cases in which the latter was done we now have reason
+to regret it; in a few cases in which the reservations were sold
+the Government is now having to buy them back at considerable cost.
+It was not a matter of little importance which led President Thomas
+Jefferson to exclaim: “How I wish that I possessed the power of a
+despot.” The company at the table stared at a declaration so opposed
+to his disposition and principles. “Yes,” continued he, in reply to
+their inquiring looks, “I wish I was a despot, that I might save the
+noble, the beautiful trees that are daily falling sacrifices to the
+cupidity of their owners, or the necessity of the poor.” “And have
+you not authority to save those on the public grounds?” asked one of
+the company. “No,” answered Mr. Jefferson, “only an armed guard could
+save them. The unnecessary felling of a tree, perhaps the growth of
+centuries, seems to me a crime little short of murder; it pains me to
+an unspeakable degree.”
+
+[Illustration: NEW HAMPSHIRE AVENUE, NORTHWEST]
+
+The same desire to cut down trees in order to make room for more
+concrete and masonry persists to this day and can only be controlled
+by constant vigilance. The importance of open spaces and city parks,
+developed into beauty spots by the art of the landscape architect,
+should be evident to all.
+
+As a matter of fact, perhaps the most unusual and original feature
+of the L’Enfant plan was the idea of building the city about two
+coordinate axes of parks--one a park system nearly a third of a mile
+wide, leading from the Capitol westward to the Potomac River, and
+the other the same width, leading from the White House south to the
+river, with the Washington Monument at their intersection. This was an
+innovation and a departure from the usual development of a city about
+a commercial street--a main street or a market street. Provision was
+made in the plan for such a great commercial street on the diagonal
+of the triangle, the avenue joining the Capitol with the White House,
+and named Pennsylvania Avenue, for the State in which the Federal
+Government had up to then spent the greater part of its life.
+
+Much of the Mall leading westward from the Capitol was unfortunately
+taken up by the estuary of Tiber Creek, which overflowed at high tide.
+It was the intention of Major L’Enfant and his urgent recommendation
+that this creek be confined to a canal which he proposed to construct
+along the northern part of the proposed park. This canal would not
+only afford water transportation for heavy and bulky materials to and
+from the business part of the city but at the same time would be a
+water feature of the proposed park. Unfortunately, while the canal was
+built, Tiber Creek was not entirely confined to it, and its estuary
+was allowed to continue to overflow the Mall area and thus delay its
+development.
+
+When the Washington Monument was located, instead of being placed
+at the exact intersection of the two park axes, it was placed on a
+natural hill near by which was safely above tide level. The idea of an
+avenue from the Capitol to the Washington Monument seems to have been
+abandoned for many years, and when the Smithsonian Institution was
+built in the Mall the plan made by A. J. Downing was adopted for the
+entire Mall, superseding that of L’Enfant. These were the days when the
+so-called naturalistic park development was in vogue, and everything
+had to be consciously picturesque. No road or path could be straight,
+and no regularity in planting or plan was tolerated. The L’Enfant plan
+was again disregarded in laying out the Department of Agriculture
+grounds in 1867. With the avenue of the Mall out of the picture, there
+was no reason apparent to those in authority for refusing permission
+to the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. to run its tracks across the Mall and
+build its passenger station in the Mall itself, at Sixth Street.
+
+It was this station, however, which brought about the restudy of the
+plan of Washington and the return to the Mall development in accordance
+with L’Enfant’s principles, for Col. Theodore A. Bingham, then in
+charge of Public Buildings and Grounds, on hearing that legislation was
+about to be passed authorizing the railroad to build a viaduct across
+the Mall to this station, and realizing that this expensive structure
+would probably make the carrying out of L’Enfant’s plan impossible,
+got the plan out of the files and started a campaign to prevent the
+legislation from passing and to rehabilitate the authority of the
+L’Enfant plan. He was fortunate in finding those among his superiors
+who appreciated the situation, and in securing the very wise and
+effective help of Senator McMillan and of the American Institute of
+Architects.
+
+Indeed, the interest in the National Capital, excited in this way
+and more or less focused upon it by the centenary of its occupation
+as the seat of the Federal Government, resulted in the McMillan Park
+Commission of 1901 and its very valuable recommendations for the
+development and beautification of the National Capital. In recent years
+the development of the Mall in accordance with the plan of 1901 has
+been authorized by Congress and is being carried on step by step as it
+becomes possible in connection with the public-buildings program.
+
+The smaller reservations and parks suffered neglect equally, as
+was to be expected. In making his plan L’Enfant had located public
+reservations at various important street and avenue intersections.
+Where more than two streets crossed at one point, a circle or square to
+take up and distribute the traffic among the various streets was almost
+necessary, or at least would be necessary to-day, and it is fortunate
+that what L’Enfant did for appearance should now be proving to have
+real utilitarian value. His own ideas about the purpose and function of
+these squares are expressed in his report, as follows:
+
+  The center of each Square will admit of Statues, Columns, Obelisks,
+  or any other ornament such as the different States may choose to
+  erect: to perpetuate not only the memory of such individuals whose
+  counsels or Military achievements were conspicuous in giving liberty
+  and independence to this Country; but also those whose usefulness
+  hath rendered them worthy of general imitation, to invite the youth
+  of succeeding generations to tread in the paths of those sages, or
+  heroes whom their country has thought proper to celebrate.
+
+  The situation of these Squares is such that they are the most
+  advantageously and reciprocally seen from each other and as equally
+  distributed over the whole City district, and connected by spacious
+  avenues round the grand Federal Improvements and as contiguous to
+  them, and at the same time as equally distant from each other, as
+  circumstances would admit. The Settlements round those Squares must
+  soon become connected.
+
+  This mode of taking possession of and improving the whole district at
+  first must leave to posterity a grand idea of the patriotic interest
+  which prompted it.
+
+While Lafayette Park, in front of and north of the White House, was
+graded as early as 1826, it was not planted and really developed as
+a park for some time after that. In 1853 the Clark Mills statue of
+Jackson was placed in it as its central feature.
+
+Similarly, the equestrian statue of Washington brought about the
+improvement of Washington Circle at the westerly end of Pennsylvania
+Avenue. Garfield Park, now one of the most beautiful parks in the
+city, was graded and to some extent improved in 1838, in connection
+with its use as a nursery for trees to ornament the public grounds and
+Pennsylvania Avenue.
+
+A botanic garden, which had been talked about from the very first,
+and was finally brought to a head by the necessity for providing for
+the botanic collection of the Smithsonian Institution, was gradually
+established at the east end of the Mall between First and Third
+Streets. It did not become a really important feature of public benefit
+to the city until 1852, when it was placed in the hands of William
+R. Smith, who had had experience in Kew Gardens in England and made
+sufficient progress for the Botanic Garden to be described in 1859 “as
+a pleasant place to visit, with gravel walks, bordered with box, rare
+plants, and trees.”
+
+How little these parks were needed then to give the requisite touch of
+nature in urban surroundings and to what extent the National Capital
+still retained its character of a few scattered settlements in the
+midst of farm land is shown by the fact that the one or two which had
+been improved had to be fenced in to protect their young trees and
+shrubs against the cattle, goats, and sheep that roamed the streets.
+As late as 1870 the danger to pedestrians from the domestic animals
+allowed at large was the subject of protest in formal speeches in
+Congress. During the Civil War many of the public reservations were
+used for camps, hospitals, and drill grounds, which use naturally did
+not help their appearance.
+
+While the parks and reservations not used by the Federal Government
+remained relatively unimproved and in the condition of unsightly
+village commons, the grounds around the public buildings of the
+Federal Government were given a little more attention and were
+gradually improved. The north grounds of the White House were fixed
+up in Jefferson’s administration and rearranged from time to time
+subsequently, but so little importance was attached to appearances that
+the south grounds of the White House remained unimproved through the
+first half of the century. It was not until after the Civil War that
+real importance was attached to the beautification of the grounds and
+the systematic planting of trees in the streets. The public buildings
+and grounds were turned over to the Chief of Engineers in 1867, and
+since that time have received a great deal more attention than ever
+before. In 1898 the municipal parks were transferred from the city
+government to the Chief of Engineers and have been systematically
+improved since.
+
+With the street trees and the improved city parks scattered about the
+central part of the city, Washington has acquired a characteristic
+appearance of its own and offers the charm and amenities which other
+American cities were not wise enough to provide for themselves.
+
+As the city grew outside of the original plan, a few projects for large
+and extensive parks were adopted. The beautiful Rock Creek Valley
+was purchased for a park and for the Zoological Garden under the act
+approved September 27, 1890; and provision was made by the act approved
+August 2, 1882, for the filling in of the Potomac tidal flats. This
+latter project has developed nearly 1,000 acres of reclaimed park land
+extensively used for recreation of all kinds. It also extended the axis
+of the Mall about three-fourths of a mile beyond what was originally
+planned, thus affording a suitable terminal in the site for the Lincoln
+Memorial.
+
+In 1893 the evils of new, rapidly growing subdivisions outside the
+limits of the L’Enfant plan--laid out without any regard to the
+latter--were sufficiently recognized to bring about the passage
+of legislation for making a highway or street plan of the entire
+District of Columbia. This law was further amended in 1898 and
+resulted in a street layout followed ever since, with modifications
+from time to time. But this, being a street plan, made no provision
+for the extension of the system of city parks into the new territory,
+nor for merging the newly authorized major park projects with the
+street system. Hence one of the major duties with which the McMillan
+Commission was charged in 1901 was the design of appropriate parks
+outside of the L’Enfant plan.
+
+The high talents and national reputation of the members of this
+commission insured that their recommendations for the beautification
+and development of the Capital would really be a new, grand, basic
+plan. After mature study, in the light of the finest examples the world
+had produced, this commission reinstated the authority of the L’Enfant
+plan and carried it to its logical conclusions in new territory. This
+action reflected credit not only on the genius of L’Enfant but also on
+the commission itself, which had the wisdom to recognize the supreme
+merit of the original plan and the good sense, and modesty, to build
+upon it.
+
+However, the 1901 commission’s plan never received general legislative
+sanction, and approval of some of its individual major projects was
+obtained only after great effort and much urging by the executive
+authorities and some far-sighted Members of the Congress. First, the
+railroads arranged for a Union Station (1903), and the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Co. removed its tracks and station from the Mall, so that
+to-day the traveler by rail enters the city through a great monumental
+portal and finds himself in sight of the Capitol. In 1913 the Rock
+Creek and Potomac Parkway was authorized, to connect the Rock Creek
+Valley with the Potomac Park system. In 1911 the Lincoln Memorial and
+the development of the Mall between it and the Washington Monument
+were provided for. A law approved in 1901 provided for construction
+of the General Grant Memorial at the east end of the Mall at the base
+of Capitol Hill, while a memorial to Gen. George G. Meade, located in
+relation to the Grant Memorial, was subsequently (1926) accepted from
+the State of Pennsylvania. In 1924 the Arlington Memorial Bridge was
+approved.
+
+[Illustration: PARK AREAS ACQUIRED TO JULY 1, 1938]
+
+In 1910 the National Commission of Fine Arts was set up to--
+
+  advise upon the location of statues, fountains, and monuments in the
+  public squares, streets, and parks in the District of Columbia, and
+  upon the selection of models for statues, fountains, and monuments
+  erected under the authority of the United States and upon the
+  selection of the artists for the execution of the same.
+
+This commission, which has numbered in its membership the greatest
+architects and artists of the country, has helped greatly not only in
+raising the standard of the public works of art but also in securing
+the adoption of important parts of the 1901 plan.
+
+With the general paving of streets, the filling of vacant lots with
+houses, and the increasing automobile traffic, it became necessary
+to provide safe play places for children and necessary recreation
+facilities for adults. In response to this demand, a system of
+playgrounds was adopted and a playgrounds department set up in 1911.
+
+While all these projects were good and necessary, they failed to keep
+pace with the needs of the rapidly growing city. Intrusted to different
+executive authorities, these efforts could not be properly coordinated,
+and occasionally were designed without the fullest consideration of
+other projects affected by them. The proposed system of playgrounds was
+not extended as intended, and even if it had been would have proved
+inadequate. Lands recommended for park use in 1901 were built on with
+expensive improvements and put to private or commercial uses.
+
+The progress made in the quarter century 1901 to 1926 was so
+unsatisfactory that a Park and Planning Commission was established
+(1924, amended 1926)--
+
+  to develop a comprehensive, consistent, and coordinated plan for
+  the National Capital and its environs in the States of Maryland and
+  Virginia, to preserve the flow of water in Rock Creek, to prevent
+  pollution of Rock Creek and the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers, to
+  preserve forests and natural scenery in and about Washington, and to
+  provide for the comprehensive, systematic, and continuous development
+  of park, parkway, and playground systems of the National Capital and
+  its environs * * *.
+
+Besides its city-planning work, this commission recommended a complete
+system of city parks, playgrounds, and recreation centers, as well as a
+system of regional parks.
+
+The main new city park feature is a circumferential parkway joining
+the old Civil War forts built to defend the city against attack,
+but now too near urban development to be of any military efficacy.
+But the sites of the forts themselves, besides the interest of the
+remains of the military works, are excellently suited for local
+parks, and because of their commanding positions afford many unique
+and magnificent views, while the drive joining them, besides giving
+opportunity for an unusually picturesque pleasure drive, will provide
+very much-needed cross connections of great traffic value between the
+radial streets entering the city.
+
+There is to be a series of neighborhood recreation centers from 10 to
+20 acres in size for each residential community, with playgrounds for
+small children interspersed at intervals of about half a mile. The
+recreation system is to comprise fields for major sports and swimming
+pools and constitutes a reasonable effort to meet the policy that
+“every child shall have a place to play.”
+
+The regional park system contemplates the acquisition of the shores
+of the Potomac from Mount Vernon to and including Great Falls as
+a memorial park in memory of George Washington. This will include
+an area of unique historical and scenic value of such picturesque
+attractiveness as can not be found in such close proximity to any other
+great city, and a possible natural playground within reach of millions
+of the city dwellers of the Atlantic seaboard.
+
+The new memorial highway to Mount Vernon is an important element of
+this project, which was completed in 1932. In the north end of the
+project, near Great Falls, are the remains of the Old Potomack Canal,
+of which George Washington himself supervised the construction, while
+on the Maryland shore is the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, formally
+initiated by President John Quincy Adams in 1828, and a most perfect
+example of the type of canal which brought about the development of our
+country in the first half of the nineteenth century. Its quiet waters
+and overgrown towpath and banks have unusual charm and afford a most
+charming and interesting contrast with the torrential river below in
+its rugged canyon.
+
+As a natural terminal on the Maryland bank of the river, nearly
+opposite Mount Vernon, is picturesque old Fort Washington designed by
+Major L’Enfant after the War of 1812, and one of the best-preserved
+forts of this type in the South Atlantic States. From its parapet
+one can enjoy one of the best views of the Capital City L’Enfant so
+gloriously and successfully planned.
+
+The regional park system also proposes the extension of Rock Creek
+Park into Maryland and various other similar connections with projects
+in the District of Columbia. Perhaps the most important is the
+opportunity for a parkway, like the Bronx Parkway, between Washington
+and Baltimore, following up the Anacostia Valley, Northwest Branch, and
+Indian Creek.
+
+The recommendations of the National Capital Park and Planning
+Commission as to parks were given legislative sanction by the act
+approved May 29, 1930, and are being carried out as fast as funds
+are made available. The opportunities here for a nearly ideal park
+and playground system are so unusual that the entire country must
+be interested in seeing their early completion. Other cities can
+have monumental buildings, but no other large city can still have at
+reasonable cost the park and recreational facilities essential to the
+amenities of life and the raising of a new generation under conditions
+assuring, for poor and rich alike, a sound mind in a sound body.
+
+[Illustration: LAFAYETTE PARK, SHOWING STATUE OF GEN. ANDREW JACKSON]
+
+
+LAFAYETTE PARK
+
+The L’Enfant plan shows the ground now known as Lafayette Park, or
+Lafayette Square, comprising about 7 acres, to have been a part of the
+President’s Park, extending on the north side from H Street southward
+to the Monument Grounds, between Fifteenth and Seventeenth Streets.
+Similarly, the subsequent Ellicott plan and the Dermott plan make
+provision for such a spacious park to surround the President’s House.
+These plans show no street dividing Lafayette Park from the White House
+Grounds.
+
+When L’Enfant prepared his plan this was a neglected area, a common
+without trees. A race course was laid out, in 1797, on the west side of
+the grounds, extending westward to Twentieth Street. Huts for workmen
+who helped build the President’s House were erected on the grounds, and
+when these were removed a market was established there. This was later
+relocated farther to the center of the town, on Pennsylvania Avenue,
+between Seventh and Ninth Streets. Thomas Jefferson first undertook
+really to improve the grounds and marked the east and west limits as
+they are to-day, called Madison Place and Jackson Place, respectively.
+
+Until 1816 the only important building that had been erected adjacent
+to Lafayette Park was St. John’s Church. Then, in 1818, the Dolly
+Madison House was built, and in 1819 the Decatur House. From then on
+and for more than 50 years following Lafayette Park became the center
+of social life in Washington. Nearly every house surrounding it became
+noted for its historical associations. However, the park seems to have
+been neglected the greater part of this period. In 1840 there was an
+ordinary fence around it.
+
+Just when this park area took the name of Lafayette Park is not
+definitely known. As has been said, originally this area was a part
+of the President’s Park, and D. B. Warden, in his volume entitled
+“Description of the District of Columbia,” published in 1816, refers
+to it as such by saying, in connection with rates of fare for hackney
+carriages--
+
+  From the President’s Square to Greenleaf’s Point, and also to Hamburg
+  Wharf, or to the western limits of the city, the rate is but 25
+  cents, and half the distance one-half that sum.
+
+In his voluminous history of Lafayette Square, Gist Blair states--
+
+  Its name has come from the people and arose after this visit of
+  Lafayette to the city in 1824.
+
+[Illustration: THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL]
+
+Again, speaking of the many social events held in Washington during
+this visit of Lafayette, Mr. Blair says:
+
+  Socially, the season of 1824-25 was the most brilliant Washington had
+  seen, so it is natural to understand how everyone at this time may
+  have started to call this square Lafayette Square.
+
+In the office of the National Park Service, Department of the Interior,
+there is a map dated 1852, on which Lafayette Park is shown to be
+separated from the White House Grounds. The first printed report of the
+Commissioner of Public Buildings, on file in that office, is of the
+year 1857. In that report there is a reference to Lafayette Square with
+an account of certain work being done there in that year.
+
+During more than a quarter of a century past the grounds have been
+properly maintained as a park. To-day there are five notable monuments
+in Lafayette Park; namely, the Jackson, Lafayette, Rochambeau, Von
+Steuben, and the Kosciuszko.
+
+
+POTOMAC PARKS
+
+It is of interest to note from the L’Enfant plan of 1791 the absence
+of land in the area known to-day as West and East Potomac Parks.
+Seventy-five years ago the area had developed into a marshy region,
+which became so malarial as to affect seriously the health of residents
+of the city. In 1901 the McMillan Park Commission decided to extend
+the axis of the Mall westward three-fourths of a mile, and as a result
+one of the greatest and most remarkable developments in city planning
+has been accomplished, for at that time, in connection with the park
+improvement project, the location of the Lincoln Memorial and the
+Arlington Memorial Bridge was determined upon in plan, together with
+the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway development. The dredging of these
+swampy regions by the United States Engineer Office resulted in the
+creation of West Potomac Park, comprising 394 acres.
+
+East Potomac Park is located along the Potomac River not far from the
+Lincoln Memorial and has developed during the past few years into the
+most prominent recreational park of the city. The golf course, field
+house, and picnic groves are features of the park. It is one of the
+three great island parks of the world and comprises 327 acres of land
+reclaimed from the Potomac River, with a water front of 3⁵⁄₈ miles. The
+park is bounded by a motor drive, which is lined with Japanese cherry
+trees. A canal to cross the park, connecting Washington Channel with
+the Potomac River, is in plan.
+
+
+JAPANESE CHERRY TREES
+
+The Japanese cherry trees along the Tidal Basin and the Potomac Park
+Driveway attract thousands of visitors to Washington during the cherry
+blossom season, which is early in April of each year. They are the gift
+of the city of Tokyo to the National Capital. Upon arrival the first
+consignment of 2,000 trees was found to be infected by fungous diseases
+and insect pests, and thereupon they were destroyed. In the winter
+of 1911-12 the city of Tokyo renewed the gift, and in March, 1912, a
+consignment of 3,020 trees arrived in Washington. These were examined
+by experts of the Department of Agriculture and pronounced healthy
+specimens.
+
+[Illustration: MERIDIAN HILL PARK--UPPER GARDEN]
+
+[Illustration: MERIDIAN HILL PARK--LOWER GARDEN]
+
+Arrangements were made immediately for planting them. Mrs. William
+Howard Taft planted the first tree and Viscountess Chinda the second
+early in April. When the news was received in Japan that the trees had
+been successfully planted, the following message from Mayor Ozaki, of
+Tokyo, was received:
+
+  It will remain to the citizens of Tokyo a pleasing memory as well as
+  civic pride that their small offering will be permitted to contribute
+  to the advancement of the beautiful Capital of the great Republic
+  which they all admire.
+
+The cherry trees of Washington are almost entirely of the flowering
+species, of the single and double blossom varieties; the former,
+planted at the edge of the Tidal Basin, appear first. There they are
+near, also, to the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial,
+and with their tinted blossoms present a charming vista. The
+double-flowering variety in East Potomac Park appears about two weeks
+later.
+
+
+MERIDIAN HILL PARK
+
+Meridian Hill Park is located between Fifteenth and Sixteenth and W
+and Euclid Streets NW. It comprises about 12 acres. The design for
+improving the park has been completed and approved and a large-scale
+model of the southern portion prepared for special study in carrying
+out the details.
+
+In design Meridian Hill Park is similar to an Italian garden,
+containing an upper and a lower garden, and as a formal garden of its
+kind there is no other like it in the United States. The upper garden
+extends from Euclid Street about 900 feet south on a practically level
+stretch of mall to the grand terrace, which forms the cross axis of
+the park. Concert groves and promenades, with niches for statues and
+monuments in the hemlock hedge, are features of the upper garden. This
+part of the park has been for the most part completed.
+
+From the terrace a commanding view of the city is obtained. Immediately
+to the south is a cascade, descending to a pool in the lower garden.
+East of the pool there is a statue of President Buchanan, erected by
+authority of Congress as the gift of Harriet Lane Johnston to the
+United States. In the lower garden there is also a great exedra,
+forming the main point from which to view the cascades. Along the sides
+of the lower garden are walks amidst planting, leading to the upper
+garden. The main entrance to Meridian Hill Park is on Sixteenth Street.
+A tablet here suggests the name given to the park. It bears this
+inscription:
+
+  THE STONE MARKING THE WASHINGTON MERIDIAN WAS FORMERLY LOCATED
+  52 FEET 9 INCHES WEST OF THIS TABLET, WHICH WAS PRESENTED BY THE
+  ARMY AND NAVY CHAPTER OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION,
+  1804-1923.
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF ROCK CREEK PARK]
+
+On the grand terrace is a copy of the famous Dubois statue of Jeanne
+d’Arc, given by the Société des Femmes de France à New York to the
+National Capital. There is also a statue of Dante in the lower garden,
+the gift of Chevalier Carlo Barsotti, editor of a leading Italian
+newspaper of New York City. An armillary sphere is in the great exedra
+of the lower garden.
+
+While a million dollars could not buy the land occupied by Meridian
+Hill Park, it is of interest to know that for the 110 acres, which
+extended from what is now Florida Avenue to Columbia Road and east of
+Sixteenth Street, Commodore Porter paid $13,000 in 1816.
+
+
+ROCK CREEK PARK
+
+One of the largest and most beautiful natural parks in the world
+is Rock Creek Park, extending from the William Howard Taft Bridge
+northward to the boundary line of the District of Columbia, and
+comprising 1,632 acres. Congress authorized the creation of the park
+in 1890, with an appropriation of $10,000. Adjacent to the park is the
+National Zoological Park.
+
+[Illustration: JOAQUIN MILLER CABIN IN ROCK CREEK PARK]
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF ANACOSTIA PARK]
+
+
+ANACOSTIA PARK
+
+The plan for the development of this project provides for the
+reclamation of what are known as the Anacostia Flats, along the
+Anacostia River, on the east side of the District of Columbia, into
+Anacostia Park, of 1,100 acres. The distance from the point near the
+War College to the District line is about 6 miles. The park will be one
+of the largest and most beautiful waterside parks in this country. The
+breaking of ground for the park took place August 2, 1923.
+
+As has been related, more than three centuries ago, or in the summer
+of 1608, Capt. John Smith, in an exploration of the tributaries of
+the Chesapeake Bay, landed on these very banks. He found a tribe of
+peaceful Indians, the Nacotchtant (Anacostans), numbering some 80 men,
+kind and well disposed, who did their best to content Captain Smith and
+his fellow explorers. These Indians no doubt made their home in this
+neighborhood on account of the abundance of game.
+
+One of the largest water-lily gardens, the Shaw Lily Gardens, is
+situated opposite Mount Hamilton, on the east side of the Anacostia
+River. It is thought these ultimately will become part of the Anacostia
+Park. The Anacostia is also a popular place for fishing, and it is
+expected fish ponds will be established there later.
+
+A large stadium and playground at the end of East Capitol Street,
+adjoining Anacostia Park, is proposed. The National Arboretum will be
+adjacent to it from Mount Hamilton eastward.
+
+
+NATIONAL ARBORETUM
+
+The movement to establish a National Arboretum was first definitely
+proposed by Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, in his report
+for the fiscal year 1899--
+
+  One in which can be brought together for study all the trees that
+  will grow in Washington, D. C., * * * furnishing complete material
+  for the investigations of the Department of Agriculture, and so
+  managed as to be a perennial means of botanical education.
+
+In 1918 the Commission of Fine Arts, at the request of the House
+Committee on the Library, made a study of the problem of the location
+of a proposed botanical garden and arboretum. After an elaborate
+study, conducted with the help of the Department of Agriculture, the
+commission recommended the purchase of Mount Hamilton and adjacent
+land, and Hickey Hill, together with the lands between those heights
+and the Anacostia marshes, in northeast Washington. The report of the
+commission encountered opposition, but its logic has prevailed.
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF NATIONAL ARBORETUM PREPARED BY THE NATIONAL
+COMMISSION OF FINE ARTS]
+
+The act providing for the establishment of the National Arboretum,
+approved March 4, 1927, is one of the few measures that survived the
+filibuster in the Senate on the closing day of that session, because of
+the untiring efforts of Senator Charles L. McNary, of Oregon, chairman
+of the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. Hon. Robert
+Luce, chairman of the Committee on the Library, handled the bill in
+the House of Representatives. The sum of $300,000 was authorized by
+the act for the National Arboretum, and this amount was subsequently
+appropriated. The act provided also for the appointment by the
+Secretary of Agriculture of an advisory council in relation to the plan
+and development of the National Arboretum. To serve on this council the
+Secretary of Agriculture appointed the following persons:
+
+Frederic A. Delano, Washington, D. C., member of the Board of Regents,
+Smithsonian Institution.
+
+Henry S. Graves, New Haven, Conn., dean of the School of Forestry, Yale
+University; fellow of the Society of American Foresters; and formerly
+president of the American Forestry Association.
+
+Harlan P. Kelsey, Salem, Mass., member and former president of the
+American Association of Nurserymen.
+
+John C. Merriam, Washington, D. C., president of the Carnegie
+Institution of Washington; member of the National Academy of Sciences
+and of the National Research Council.
+
+Mrs. Frank B. Noyes, Washington, D. C., chairman of the District of
+Columbia committee of the Garden Club of America.
+
+Frederick Law Olmsted, Brookline, Mass., member and former president of
+the American Society of Landscape Architects.
+
+Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Glen Cove, Long Island, N. Y., secretary of the
+Garden Club of America.
+
+Robert Pyle, West Grove, Pa., president of the American Horticultural
+Society and a director of the Society of American Florists and
+Ornamental Horticulturists.
+
+Vernon Kellogg, permanent secretary of the National Research Council.
+
+It is proposed to purchase about 500 acres, 400 of which, including
+Mount Hamilton and adjacent portions of Anacostia Park, have already
+been secured. Thirty-two distinct varieties of soils suited to the
+growth of trees and plants have been found in this area.
+
+Due to mild climatic conditions in Washington, at the gateway of the
+South, where there is neither the extreme cold of the North nor the
+extreme heat of the South, many varieties of trees and plants of
+both North and South will grow, making it one of the most favorable
+localities in the United States for the establishment of a National
+Arboretum. Many countries which have established an arboretum in their
+capital cities have provided not only an attractive place of public
+interest but also the source of millions of dollars in revenue.
+
+[Illustration: THE CAPITOL UPON ITS RESTORATION, 1827]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+ARCHITECTURE OF EARLY DAYS
+
+
+THE CAPITOL
+
+[Illustration: DESIGN OF THE CAPITOL, BY THORNTON, 1800]
+
+When the seat of government was moved from Philadelphia to Washington
+in the year 1800 there had been erected for the purposes of the
+Government a small rectangular building, familiarly known to-day as
+the Supreme Court section of the Capitol, and in this building were
+housed the Senate, the House of Representatives, the Supreme Court,
+the courts of the District of Columbia, and the library, now known as
+the Library of Congress. South of this building was a large vacant
+space, practically the extension of East Capitol Street. Through this
+area people from the western and eastern parts of the city passed to
+and fro. Conveniently located in that section now occupied by the
+central portion were two wells, which for many years furnished water
+to citizens residing in that vicinity, for the Capitol Grounds were
+then occupied by residences. South of this vacant space were the
+foundations of another building, equal in area and intended to compare
+in cubic contents with the portion already erected and occupied. For
+some time after the inauguration of President Jefferson but little was
+done toward the erection of the southern building, now known as the
+Statuary Hall section, except that the foundation walls progressed
+slowly, and within the area of these walls there was built a 1-story
+elliptical-shaped building of brick construction, known to the people
+of that period as “The Oven,” designed for the accommodation of the
+House of Representatives and occupied until 1807, when the Hall of the
+House of Representatives was completed. In 1800 there were 32 Senators
+and 106 Members of the House.
+
+[Illustration: THE CAPITOL, FROM PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, 1830]
+
+[Illustration: CAPITOL, FROM THE WEST, SHOWING THE TRIPOLI COLUMN]
+
+Thomas Jefferson sought the assistance of the best talent of the
+country to complete the Capitol, and on March 6, 1803, appointed
+Benjamin H. Latrobe, whose fame as an architect had caused his
+services to be in such great demand in several cities that he could
+not immediately take up his residence in Washington. But he arranged
+to assume the duties of Architect of the Capitol by personal visits to
+the city and made a thorough study of the plans for the Capitol. The
+plans for the Hall of the House of Representatives as developed by Mr.
+Latrobe required sculptural decoration, and this was made the subject
+of an interesting letter on March 6, 1805, addressed to Philip Mazzei,
+an Italian physician, asking for assistance in selecting a sculptor:
+
+  By direction of the President of the United States I take the liberty
+  to apply to you for your assistance in procuring for us the services
+  of a good sculptor in the erection of the public buildings in this
+  city, especially the Capitol.
+
+[Illustration: SENATE CHAMBER, 1830]
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CHAMBER, 1830]
+
+[Illustration: EARLY VIEW OF THE WHITE HOUSE]
+
+  The Capitol was begun at a time when the country was entirely
+  destitute of artists, and even of good workmen in the branches of
+  architecture, upon which the superiority of public over private
+  buildings depends. The north wing, therefore, which is carried up,
+  although the exterior is remarkably well finished as to the masonry,
+  is not a good building. For two or three years after the removal of
+  Congress to this city the public works were entirely discontinued. In
+  the year 1803, however, they were resumed, and under the patronage
+  of the President and the annual appropriations by Congress the south
+  wing of the Capitol has been begun and carried on. It is now so
+  far advanced as to make it necessary that we should have as early
+  as possible the assistance of a good sculptor of architectural
+  decorations * * *.
+
+The principal sculpture required was 24 Corinthian capitals, 2 feet
+4 inches in diameter at their feet and open enriched entablatures of
+147 feet (both English measure) in length. Also five panels (tavole)
+enriched with foliage and an eagle of colossal size in the frieze, the
+distance between the tips of the extended wings to be 12 feet 6 inches.
+As to material, yellowish sandstone of fine grain was to be used.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN, IN BLACK, SHOWING PART FIRST OCCUPIED BY CONGRESS,
+1800]
+
+The later history of the Capitol will be found on page 219.
+
+
+THE WHITE HOUSE
+
+The most definite description of the White House as it existed during
+its earlier days is to be found in American Scenery, published in
+London in 1840 and edited by Nathaniel Parker Willis, who writes as
+follows:
+
+  The residence of the Chief Magistrate of the United States resembles
+  the country seat of an English nobleman in its architecture and size;
+  but it is to be regretted that the parallel ceases when we come to
+  the grounds. By itself it is a commodious and creditable building,
+  serving its purpose without too much state for a republican country,
+  yet likely, as long as the country exists without primogeniture and
+  rank, to be sufficiently superior to all other dwelling houses to
+  mark it as the residence of the Nation’s chief.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW SHOWING TERRACE ON SOUTH SIDE OF THE WHITE HOUSE,
+1827]
+
+  The President’s House stands near the center of an area of some 20
+  acres, occupying a very advantageous elevation, open to the view
+  of the Potomac and about 44 feet above high water, and possessing
+  from its balcony one of the loveliest prospects in our country--the
+  junction of the two branches of the Potomac which border the District
+  and the swelling and varied shores beyond of the States of Maryland
+  and Virginia. The building is 170 feet front and 86 deep and is built
+  of white freestone, with Ionic pilasters, comprehending two lofty
+  stories, with a stone balustrade. The north front is ornamented
+  with a portico sustained by four Ionic columns, with three columns
+  of projection, the outer intercolumniation affording a shelter for
+  carriages to drive under. The garden front on the river is varied
+  by what is called a rusticated basement story, in the Ionic style,
+  and by a semicircular projecting colonnade of six columns, with two
+  spacious and airy flights of steps leading to a balustrade on the
+  level of the principal story.
+
+  The interior of the President’s House is well disposed and possesses
+  one superb reception room and two oval drawing-rooms (one in each
+  story) of very beautiful proportions. The other rooms are not
+  remarkable, and there is an inequality in the furniture of the
+  whole house (owing to the unwillingness and piecemeal manner with
+  which Congress votes any moneys for its decoration) which destroys
+  its effect as a comfortable dwelling. The oval rooms are carpeted
+  with Gobelin tapestry, worked with the national emblems, and are
+  altogether in a more consistent style than the other parts of the
+  house. It is to be hoped that Congress will not always consider the
+  furniture of the President’s House as the scapegoat of all sumptuary
+  and aristocratic sins, and that we shall soon be able to introduce
+  strangers not only to a comfortable and well-appointed, but to a
+  properly served and nicely kept, Presidential Mansion.
+
+The White House as it is at present is described on page 261.
+
+
+OCTAGON HOUSE
+
+Octagon House is a beautiful example of early American architecture.
+It is situated at the corner of Eighteenth Street and New York Avenue
+NW., two blocks west of the White House, and was built in the year 1800
+by Col. John Tayloe from designs by the Architect of the United States
+Capitol, Dr. William Thornton. It is said President Washington himself
+selected the site for his friend.
+
+The building is a fine, octagonal brick structure, Georgian in design,
+with a central circular hall and a noteworthy staircase. The materials
+used in its construction, including beautiful sculptured mantels, were
+brought from England. Gardens surrounded it, and the old brick stables
+and smokehouse still close the vista from the stair landing.
+
+The house was the center of official and social life as the home of
+the Tayloe family. It achieved particular distinction when used as the
+Executive Mansion by President Madison for more than a year after the
+burning of the White House by the British in 1814.
+
+The building was later used at various times as a Government office
+building. The Government Hydrographic Office, with its drafting rooms,
+was located there, and the building was also used for storage. During
+the 139 years it appears to have suffered little from damage and
+deterioration.
+
+[Illustration: OCTAGON HOUSE]
+
+The Octagon House became the home of the American Institute of
+Architects on January 1, 1899, through the particular efforts of
+Charles F. McKim, Cass Gilbert, and Frank Miles Day, former presidents
+of the institute, and complete ownership of the property was acquired
+in the year 1902.
+
+One of its present treasures is the table on which the treaty of Ghent
+was signed by President Madison.
+
+
+DOLLY MADISON HOUSE
+
+The Dolly Madison House, at the corner of H Street and Madison Place
+NW., adjacent to Lafayette Square, was built by Dolly Madison’s
+brother-in-law in 1818.
+
+[Illustration: DOLLY MADISON HOUSE]
+
+After the death of President Madison in 1833 Mrs. Madison returned to
+Washington and resided in the house until her death in 1849. In her
+day it was a little gray residence, but a place where she presided as
+a charming hostess for many years. The purchase by Congress of the
+Madison Papers for $30,000 made it possible for her to live there. Born
+in the year 1768, she became intimately acquainted with many who took
+part in the Revolutionary War, and through her long life linked her
+generation with that of the present day.
+
+Among the men and women of importance who were frequent visitors in her
+home, who exerted an influence to strengthen the seat of government and
+became noted characters in American history, were Mr. and Mrs. John
+Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Mrs. Alexander Hamilton, Mrs.
+Stephen Decatur, Mrs. William Thornton, Mrs. Tobias Lear, and Gen. John
+Peter Van Ness.
+
+During the Civil War the house was occupied by Gen. George B.
+McClellan, at that time in command of the Army of the Potomac, and
+about the year 1885 the house was purchased by the Cosmos Club, which
+now occupies it.
+
+
+DECATUR HOUSE
+
+The Decatur House, located at the corner of H Street and Jackson Place
+NW., was designed by Benjamin Latrobe and built about 1819 by Commodore
+Stephen Decatur, it is said, from Barbary pirates’ prize money.
+
+[Illustration: DECATUR HOUSE]
+
+Scarcely had the house been completed and through the trophies of the
+naval hero made a place of great interest when, on March 22, 1820,
+Decatur was mortally wounded in a duel with Commodore James Barron
+which took place at Bladensburg, Md. Decatur died in his home that
+night and was buried at Kalorama, a prominent estate in those days in
+northwest Washington.
+
+Thereupon Henry Clay, who was then a Member of the House of
+Representatives and subsequently Secretary of State in the Cabinet of
+John Quincy Adams, occupied the Decatur House. After the Civil War the
+house was bought by Gen. Edward H. Beale, a friend of General Grant. It
+was inherited by Truxton Beale, who resided there many years.
+
+
+OTHER HISTORICAL HOUSES
+
+Other houses adjacent to Lafayette Square and the White House grounds
+which became historically important were:
+
+The Cameron House, adjacent to the Dolly Madison House, was built in
+1828 by Benjamin Ogle Tayloe. Later it was altered somewhat to suit the
+fine taste of Mrs. Cameron, wife of James Donald Cameron, who served
+as a Senator from the State of Pennsylvania from 1877 to 1897. The
+Cameron House to-day is occupied by the Cosmos Club, which, as has been
+stated, also occupies the Dolly Madison House. The beautiful gardens
+surrounding it are a source of much pleasure.
+
+The Van Ness Mansion formerly stood on the site now occupied by the Pan
+American Building, near Seventeenth Street and Constitution Avenue.
+
+[Illustration: VAN NESS MANSION]
+
+The Rodgers House was occupied by Secretary of State Seward at the
+time he and his son were nearly fatally stabbed on the night President
+Lincoln was assassinated. In 1895 the house was torn down to make way
+for an opera house, called the Lafayette Square Opera House, and later
+the Belasco Theater.
+
+John Hay, Secretary of State under Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt,
+lived at Sixteenth and H Streets.
+
+The home of George Bancroft was at No. 1623 H Street. Here he completed
+his History of the United States.
+
+[Illustration: LOCK OF THE OLD CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL, GEORGETOWN]
+
+The historian Henry Adams, grandson of President John Quincy Adams,
+lived at 1605 H Street.
+
+Lord Ashburton lived in the large square house next to the old
+Arlington Hotel, at H Street and Vermont Avenue. Charles Sumner also
+lived near by.
+
+The Corcoran House stood at the corner of H Street and Connecticut
+Avenue, where now stands the Chamber of Commerce of the United States.
+In that house Daniel Webster lived while Secretary of State under
+Presidents William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor.
+
+The original Corcoran Gallery of Art Building stands at the corner of
+Pennsylvania Avenue and Seventeenth Street.
+
+No. 22 Jackson Place, now the home of the Women’s City Club, was the
+house of President Polk’s Secretary of War, William L. Marcy. The house
+was occupied by President and Mrs. Roosevelt for a few months while the
+White House was being restored in 1901.
+
+
+GEORGETOWN
+
+Georgetown was laid out pursuant to an act of the Province of Maryland
+dated June 8, 1751, passed in response to a petition of a number of
+inhabitants, who stated that “there was a convenient place for a town
+on the Potomac River above the mouth of Rock Creek,” and recommended
+that 60 acres be there laid out for a town. The town was never
+incorporated as a city, but was commonly called the city of Georgetown
+as a consequence of the casual reference to it by that title in
+numerous acts of Congress.
+
+The general supposition is that Georgetown was so named in honor of
+George II, then the reigning sovereign of Great Britain, but it is
+also contended that it was named as a compliment to George Gordon and
+George Beall, the owners of the 60-acre tract, and from whom the site
+was obtained. The town was subsequently surveyed and divided into 80
+lots. On December 25, 1789, the town was incorporated by an act of the
+General Assembly of Maryland, with a mayor, recorder, aldermen, and
+common council. The first mayor was appointed for a term of one year,
+to commence January 1, 1790.
+
+The streets in the part of Georgetown laid out under the act of June
+8, 1751, were acquired by the public in practically the same manner in
+which the title to the original streets of the city of Washington was
+derived.
+
+Georgetown was enlarged by numerous additions, until, as calculated by
+the surveyor of the District of Columbia, it embraced about 543 acres.
+Its charter was revoked by the act of Congress of February 21, 1871,
+by which its name was retained as a topographical designation until
+its consolidation with Washington by the act of February 11, 1895,
+which stated it “shall be known as and shall constitute a part of the
+city of Washington.” By this act the Commissioners of the District of
+Columbia were authorized to change the names of the streets and avenues
+of Georgetown to conform to those of Washington as far as practicable.
+At the time of the consolidation the population of Georgetown was about
+15,000.
+
+[Illustration: OLD AQUEDUCT BRIDGE]
+
+[Illustration: FRANCIS SCOTT KEY BRIDGE]
+
+Soon after its establishment Georgetown became a prominent port, and
+one of the interesting places there to-day is the old customhouse. A
+number of mills, the ruins of which can still be seen, were there.
+It is said that flour shipped in colonial times from Georgetown to
+Europe was so good that consignees did not think it necessary to open
+the barrels for inspection. Tobacco and corn were the two other chief
+exports. Georgetown University was established in 1789, the year George
+Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the Republic. The
+Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 182 miles long, commenced in 1828, had its
+beginning in Georgetown. It cost $13,000,000. Georgetown’s exports in
+1792 amounted to $348,539. Much coal was also shipped to Alexandria for
+towns on the Atlantic coast.
+
+Georgetown also became noted for the many fine houses which were built
+there, such as Tudor Place, Woodley, the Oaks, Montrose, the Bowie
+Mansion, and Bellevue, later known as the Rittenhouse Mansion. In the
+early days, while houses in the new Federal City were being built, many
+Members of Congress preferred to travel the dusty road from the Capitol
+to Georgetown because of the suitable residences there in which they
+could live.
+
+Among the mansions near Georgetown, to be mentioned here, is Arlington
+Mansion (described fully on page 309), built in 1802 by George
+Washington Parke Custis, the adopted son of President Washington. The
+original Arlington estate comprised 6,000 acres. The design of the
+portico of the house resembles that of the Temple of Theseus at Athens,
+which stands to-day one of the best-preserved buildings of antiquity.
+Mr. Custis lived there till his death in 1857. He entertained Lafayette
+at Arlington during his visit to the United States in 1824.
+
+
+FRANCIS SCOTT KEY MANSION
+
+The Francis Scott Key Mansion, at Georgetown, stands remodeled as a
+store building on old Bridge Street, now M Street, one-half block from
+the Francis Scott Key Bridge. Originally it was a 3-story “colonial”
+brick building, which stood there as such until about the year 1917,
+when the Francis Scott Key Bridge was built to replace the old Aqueduct
+Bridge.
+
+Entering the front door at the left of the building, there was a
+spacious hall extending through the entire house. At the right of the
+hall were two large parlors. In the basement was the dining room,
+kitchen, and “cold room,” a room bricked up and used as a refrigerator
+and pantry. In the second story were two large bedrooms and a large
+hall. The third story contained four bedrooms. The window frames were
+small, 4 by 6 inches, supported in heavy sashes, as was the custom in
+building such houses.
+
+In the rear of the house was a beautiful garden, which sloped
+gracefully to the river. The Chesapeake & Ohio Canal was later built
+through it. This area is now occupied by factories, warehouses, and
+store buildings.
+
+[Illustration: FRANCIS SCOTT KEY HOUSE]
+
+Mr. Key, an attorney and poet, lived here with his family many years,
+and resided here at the time of the bombardment of Fort McHenry. Near
+by was his law office, a little brick building.
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE OF THE EARLY DAYS IN GEORGETOWN ON OLD BRIDGE (M)
+STREET]
+
+In 1814, while the British fleet was in Chesapeake Bay, Mr. Key
+attempted to secure the release of his friend Dr. William Beane, of
+Marlboro, Md., who had been captured. He was held on shipboard during
+the shelling of Fort McHenry on the night of September 13. Key’s
+anxiety became intense. With the first approach of dawn Mr. Key turned
+his eyes in the direction of the fort and its flag, but darkness had
+given place to a heavy fog. Finally, through a vista in the smoke
+and vapor he could dimly see the flag of his country. Overjoyed and
+inspired by the sight, he composed The Star-Spangled Banner. This is
+now our national anthem by an act of Congress approved March 3, 1931,
+as follows:
+
+  _Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+  United States of America in Congress assembled_, That the composition
+  consisting of words and music known as The Star-Spangled Banner is
+  designated the national anthem of the United States of America.
+
+The historic flag that flew over Fort McHenry is on exhibition at the
+Historical Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.
+
+
+TUDOR PLACE
+
+[Illustration: TUDOR PLACE, THIRTY-FIRST AND Q STREETS]
+
+Tudor Place, located at Thirty-first and Q Streets NW., is one of the
+fine examples of the architecture of the early days of the Republic
+in Washington. It was designed by Dr. William Thornton, Architect of
+the Capitol, and built about 1805 by Thomas Peter, who was one of the
+original landowners of the District of Columbia. Mr. Peter married
+Martha Parke Custis, Mrs. Washington’s granddaughter. Tudor Place is
+still the residence of lineal descendants of Martha Washington and
+contains many heirlooms of the family. General Lafayette and other
+distinguished visitors were entertained here.
+
+[Illustration: ROCK CREEK CHURCH]
+
+Tudor Place to-day is well preserved, and its gardens give it added
+beauty.
+
+[Illustration: TUDOR PLACE, SHOWING GARDENS ON THE EAST SIDE]
+
+
+ROCK CREEK CHURCH (ST. PAUL’S) IN ROCK CREEK CEMETERY
+
+Rock Creek Church is to the north of the Soldiers’ Home. The original
+building was erected by the people of the Eastern Branch and Rock Creek
+in 1719 in what was then St. Paul’s Parish, and was for many years the
+oldest parish church in the District of Columbia. It was rebuilt in
+1775 and remodeled in 1868. It burned on April 6, 1921, but was again
+rebuilt.
+
+In 1726 the separation of this parish from St. John’s (Georgetown)
+marked a religious era in the future National Capital. Of the seven men
+appointed to establish the town of Georgetown, five were officers of
+this parish.
+
+In the cemetery surrounding the church is the famous Adams Memorial by
+Saint-Gaudens.
+
+
+CHRIST CHURCH
+
+Although Washington had been planned as a city in 1791, it did not
+become the actual seat of government until 1800. It was necessary,
+therefore, for those desiring a Protestant Episcopal Church in
+Washington to apply to the Maryland Assembly. This application was
+made and an act passed to form a new parish to be known as Washington
+Parish.
+
+On May 25, 1795, a meeting was held, and the parish of Christ Church,
+Washington Parish, was incorporated and vestrymen elected. At this
+meeting Rev. George Ralph was appointed the first rector.
+
+The first services were held in an old building, originally used as a
+tobacco barn, located on New Jersey Avenue near D Street SE.
+
+[Illustration: OLD TOBACCO BARN]
+
+On May 6, 1806, two offers of sites for a new church were made. The
+one by William Prout--the present site--was accepted, and in 1807 the
+present building was erected. Three free pews were set aside--one for
+the use of the President of the United States; one for Mr. Prout, the
+donor of the land; and the third for the rector. The church stands on G
+Street, near Seventh SE.
+
+For many years each incoming President was notified that a pew had
+been reserved for his use. During their terms of office Presidents
+Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe worshiped in Christ Church. During
+all these years the fame of the church has grown, from its antiquity
+as the mother church of the Capital and from its spiritual work and
+ministrations.
+
+A history of the parish would not be complete without some notice of
+its burying ground (illustrated on page 44).
+
+[Illustration: CHRIST CHURCH]
+
+On March 30, 1812, Henry Ingle deeded to Christ Church vestry a square
+of ground known as square 1115, and the name of Washington Parish
+Burial Ground was given it. On May 30, 1849, the vestry changed it
+to Washington Cemetery. Yet in popular nomenclature it is known
+as Congressional Cemetery. Title can be traced back to its early
+connection with the National Legislature.
+
+On April 15, 1816, the vestry assigned 100 sites for the interment of
+deceased Members of Congress. On December 15, 1823, 300 more sites
+were donated for the same purpose. Congress afterwards bought more
+sites and erected small freestone cenotaphs, which form a conspicuous
+feature, made sundry appropriations for improvements, and began to add
+its name to the cemetery. Many Congressmen and Government officials
+are buried there, including Tobias Lear, private secretary and friend
+of George Washington, who died in 1816; Dr. William Thornton, who drew
+the original plans of the Capitol, and died March 28, 1828; George
+Hadfield, an assistant architect of the Capitol; George Clinton,
+of New York, and Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, Vice Presidents
+of the United States. The cemetery, located at Eighteenth Street
+and Pennsylvania Avenue SE., is adjacent to the Anacostia River and
+comprises 30 acres.
+
+
+ST. JOHN’S CHURCH
+
+St. John’s Church, sometimes called the President’s Church, while
+not the oldest in the city, has a history which is unique. Probably
+no other church of any denomination in the United States has had
+throughout its history such a distinguished roster of communicants as
+has St. John’s, located at Sixteenth and H Streets NW.
+
+The title, the “President’s Church,” was derived in this way: In 1816,
+before the church was consecrated or any pews sold, a committee from
+the vestry was instructed to make the offer of a pew to President
+Madison. He accepted and thereafter occupied pew No. 28 even more
+frequently than his pew in Christ Church. The custom of preserving a
+pew for the President has been continued, and a number have regularly
+worshiped there.
+
+Situated in the heart of official Washington, for a century it has been
+the place of worship of Presidents, Cabinet officers, distinguished
+soldiers and diplomats, and leaders in the professional life of the
+city. In the year 1812 there were two Episcopal churches within
+the present city limits--Christ Church, Navy Yard, and St. John’s,
+Georgetown. There was need for a third, caused by the fact that the
+White House and departmental buildings were erected at a point almost
+midway between these two. Washington in those days undoubtedly seemed
+a city of magnificent distances. So, on April 6, 1812, a committee was
+appointed by the vestry of the mother parish of Christ Church to meet
+the situation. Then came the War of 1812, when both the city and the
+public buildings suffered, and it was not until September 14, 1815,
+that the corner stone of St. John’s, Washington, was laid.
+
+[Illustration: ST. JOHN’S CHURCH]
+
+Jonathan Elliott, in his history of the District published in 1831,
+said of St. John’s Church:
+
+  It was built of brick, covered with rough stucco, in the form of a
+  Grecian cross; but being too small for its congregation, in 1820 it
+  was enlarged by lengthening its western arm, to the form of a Latin
+  cross; and a portico and tower were also added.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY VIEW OF ST. JOHN’S CHURCH]
+
+The most notable changes were made in 1863, when a sanctuary was
+added, the interior remodeled, and many fine additions put in place.
+Since that time there have been few changes of importance save in the
+interior decorations and sanctuary beautification. The eye can not
+glance in any direction without seeing some memorial. Over the altar
+is a brass cross, commemorating President Arthur. In the west wall is
+a window commemorating Presidents Madison, Monroe, and Van Buren. A
+window in the east wall commemorates Presidents Tyler, Harrison, and
+Taylor. Over the south gallery is a memorial window to Gen. Winfield
+Scott. The atmosphere of the old church is vibrant of memories. But
+St. John’s is far from being entirely a church of memories. It has
+made possible several undertakings of institutional character in the
+diocese.
+
+
+THE COURTS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+
+The District of Columbia Courthouse is situated in Judiciary Square,
+along Indiana Avenue, facing south, with John Marshall Place
+immediately in front of it, leading down a slope of 30 feet to
+Pennsylvania Avenue. It is the old city hall, now used for the Supreme
+Court of the District of Columbia, and is one of the oldest buildings
+in the city. Designed by the English architect, George Hadfield, the
+corner stone was laid August 22, 1820. The building is 250 feet long,
+47 feet high, and 166 feet deep. Each of the wings is 50 feet wide. Its
+style resembles the classical type of architecture which received an
+impetus during the period from 1830 to 1840, when the Patent Office,
+the old Post Office, and the Department of the Treasury Buildings were
+erected. It was remodeled by the Architect of the Capitol, and in 1920,
+a century after the corner stone was laid, was officially rededicated
+as the United States Courthouse. It will be at the head of the new
+municipal center which has been authorized by Congress to occupy four
+squares, two on each side of John Marshall Place.
+
+The District of Columbia as the seat of the Federal Government of the
+United States of America was without a court from 1791 until February
+9, 1801. In the latter year the Circuit Court of the District of
+Columbia was organized under the provisions of the act of Congress
+providing a judiciary for the said District. From 1790 until the year
+1801 all litigation arising within the District was disposed of by the
+Maryland courts, at Annapolis.
+
+The first session of the circuit court was held in Market Square,
+Alexandria, situated in the territory ceded by Virginia. The first
+session on the Maryland side was held in Washington on March 23, 1801,
+in the old brick Capitol, occupying a room adjoining the Senate Chamber
+which had been assigned to the Supreme Court of the United States. The
+circuit court was rather nomadic, occupying a number of sites before
+the city hall was finally built in 1820 as its permanent home. It was
+in the Capitol at the time of the War of 1812 and was removed to “Mr.
+Carroll’s house” near the Capitol. After the war the court returned to
+the Capitol and sat continuously until 1819. After passing through many
+heartbreaking annoyances, the court finally settled in the building
+erected for municipal affairs and for the local courts, located in what
+is now known as Judiciary Square.
+
+As time progressed the judicial system expanded, the local government
+underwent radical changes, and the edifice erected to house a dual
+tenancy was acquired by the United States and assigned to the circuit
+court as a permanent home. It remained there until the court was
+abolished by Congress on March 3, 1863.
+
+When President Lincoln entered the White House just before the rupture
+between the North and South, he was not satisfied with the personnel of
+the circuit court. He prevailed upon Congress to abolish the circuit
+court and provide for its successor--history hints this was a political
+move--and also that the President be supported by a judicial system
+upon which he could rely for complete loyalty to his administration.
+He believed that at least two of the justices were in sympathy with
+the South and would use means to embarrass his administration. The
+thought in his mind was that more satisfaction could be derived by
+the abolition of the court and the enactment of a new judicial system
+entirely friendly to his ideas of personal liberty and justice than
+through the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus.
+
+[Illustration: DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SUPREME COURT BUILDING, BY GEORGE
+HADFIELD.]
+
+Congress complied with President Lincoln’s wishes, and on March 3,
+1863, created the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, giving
+him the appointment of the new justices and the clerk. This court was
+to have all the jurisdiction of its predecessor--which by statute and
+decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States had greater powers
+than any of the United States circuit courts--not only a court of local
+jurisdiction, but also a court of admiralty, equity between residents
+and nonresidents, common-law jurisdiction, and the right of mandamus
+and common-law certiorari over all Government officials, with an
+appellate branch to be composed of three of the five justices to review
+the decisions of its special terms.
+
+On May 4, 1863, the court organized and promulgated rules of practice.
+From that date until February 9, 1893, it held its appellate
+jurisdiction. The members of the bar previous to that date had
+interceded with Congress for a separate court of appeals in order to
+circumvent any comment against the supreme court owing to the close
+association of its justices sitting as an appellate tribunal to review
+the decisions of their brothers holding the special terms. This was
+accomplished. On February 9,1893, the court of appeals was created. It
+is now composed of five justices, as against three provided for in the
+organic act.
+
+With its probate court--district court, embracing admiralty,
+condemnation of adulterated articles under the pure-food act; the
+widening of streets, and the condemnation of alleys and privately
+owned property for carrying out the enlargement and beautification of
+Washington; its purely local jurisdiction to settle disputes in equity
+and law; the jurisdiction over Government officials and inferior courts
+of the District--it is taxed to the limit of human endeavor to keep up
+with the tide of modern requirements and hold all who come within its
+jurisdiction to an orderly and legal course of conduct. Its opinions
+have always received wide notice and are continually quoted in State
+and Federal courts.
+
+Many noted cases have been disposed of, as disclosed by its records.
+President Grant was sued for damages for false arrest of an individual.
+When the case was tried the verdict of the jury was in favor of the
+President. The trial of Charles J. Guiteau for the assassination of
+President Garfield was held here, and after a long-drawn-out and stormy
+session covering many weeks the assassin was convicted. The famous
+oil-scandal cases against Doheny and Sinclair, involving the bribery of
+Albert B. Fall, a former Secretary of the Interior, were tried by this
+court. Many other cases of note could be mentioned, but space will not
+permit.
+
+Under the various acts of Congress, the number of justices has
+gradually increased until at the present time the destiny of this court
+is in the control of ten justices. The bench as constituted to-day
+is composed of a chief justice, the Hon. Alfred A. Wheat, and the
+following associate justices, the Hon. Jennings Bailey, the Hon. Peyton
+Gordon, the Hon. Jesse Corcoran Adkins, the Hon. Oscar R. Luhring, the
+Hon. Joseph W. Cox, the Hon. James M. Proctor, the Hon. F. Dickinson
+Letts, the Hon. Daniel W. O’Donoghue, and the Hon. Bolitha J. Laws.
+
+The orphans’ court in the District of Columbia, as constituted by the
+act of 1801, continued until 1870, when its functions were transferred
+to one of the justices of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia
+holding a special term for probate business; the register of wills is
+also clerk of the probate court.
+
+Justice-of-the-peace courts continued until 1912, when they were
+superseded by the present municipal court, with a jurisdiction in debt
+and landlord and tenant cases, replevin and tort actions not exceeding
+$1,000, and the right of litigants to apply to the court of appeals for
+a writ of error if they feel aggrieved.
+
+A police court, divided into two branches--municipal and Federal--with
+appeal to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, is presided
+over by judges.
+
+
+OLD LAND OFFICE BUILDING
+
+One of the interesting historic landmarks in the National Capital is
+the old Land Office Building at Seventh and Eighth and E and F Streets
+NW., where it occupies an entire square. It was designed by Robert
+Mills in 1830 and constructed of marble from New York and Maryland
+under the supervision of Thomas U. Walter, Architect of the Capitol, at
+a cost exceeding $2,000,000. It was built during that decade when the
+Patent Office and the Department of the Treasury Buildings, similar in
+their classical type of architecture, were authorized by Congress and
+placed under way during the administration of President Jackson.
+
+This building was erected as the first permanent building for the Post
+Office Department and of the city post office.
+
+Here, in 1844, the first telegraph office in the United States and of
+the world was opened and operated by S. F. B. Morse, the site being
+marked by a bronze plaque in the wall on the east side of the building.
+
+The first attempt to determine longitude by telegraph also was made in
+this building in 1846. Earlier in the century a building stood here
+in which the first theatrical performance in the National Capital
+was given. The site, too, was at one time considered for the Botanic
+Garden. Until 1880 this section was the residential district of the
+city.
+
+During the World War the building was occupied by Gen. Enoch Crowder,
+in charge of the National Selective Draft Board. On his return from
+France, General Pershing made it his headquarters. Since his retirement
+the building has been occupied in part by the United States Tariff
+Commission.
+
+
+OLD PATENT OFFICE BUILDING
+
+[Illustration: DR. WILLIAM THORNTON]
+
+The original two buildings burned, whereupon Congress authorized the
+erection of a new Patent Office Building according to the designs of
+Robert Mills, architect. The present building was begun in 1837 and
+completed in 1867. Doctor Thornton was the first Commissioner. It
+occupies two squares, at Seventh and Ninth and F and G Streets NW.,
+at the site where L’Enfant had indicated in his plan there should be
+a great national church. It is a monumental marble building, Doric in
+its style of architecture, and with its large pediments and columns--in
+design and size like those of the Parthenon--creates the impression
+of simple dignity and beauty that is eternal. Models of American
+inventions to the number of 200,000 were kept in this building until
+the new National Museum was built. The Patent Office has been moved
+into the new Department of Commerce Building. It is one of the large
+bureaus of the Department of Commerce.
+
+
+THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT
+
+On August 7, 1783, the year that witnessed the treaty of peace at
+Paris, Congress ordered--
+
+  That an equestrian statue of General Washington be erected at the
+  place where Congress shall be established, * * * in honor of George
+  Washington, the illustrious Commander in Chief of the Armies of the
+  United States of America during the War which vindicated and secured
+  their liberty, sovereignty, and independence.
+
+[Illustration: OLD PATENT OFFICE BUILDING, NOW CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION
+BUILDING]
+
+But no action was taken to carry out this legislation. The monument
+was to have been executed by Ceracchi, a Roman sculptor, and paid for
+by contributions of individuals. As has been mentioned, a site for
+it was marked on the L’Enfant map of the city of Washington at the
+intersection on the Mall of the axis of the Capitol and the White House.
+
+As President, by his wise administration of the affairs of the new
+Republic, General Washington so added to his fame and so won the
+gratitude of his countrymen that on his death a select joint committee
+of both Houses of Congress was appointed to consider a suitable manner
+of paying honor to his memory. Thus, on December 23, 1799, on motion
+of John Marshall in the House of Representatives, it was resolved by
+Congress--
+
+  That a marble monument be erected by the United States in the
+  Capitol, at the city of Washington, and that the family of General
+  Washington be requested to permit his body to be deposited under it;
+  and that the monument be so designed as to commemorate the great
+  events of his military and political life.
+
+It was then proposed to make an area in front of the Capitol available
+for the monument, and an appropriation of $100,000 was proposed to
+carry the resolution into effect. Instead of an equestrian statue, by
+the terms of this resolution the monument was to take the form of a
+“mausoleum of American granite and marble, in pyramidal form, 100 feet
+square at the base and of a proportionate height.”
+
+On January 1, 1801, the House of Representatives passed a bill
+appropriating $200,000 for the monument. The Senate, however, did not
+concur in this act, due, it is thought, to political questions that
+absorbed the attention of Congress and the people until the War of 1812.
+
+In 1816 the General Assembly of Virginia endeavored to secure the
+consent of Judge Bushrod Washington, then proprietor of Mount Vernon,
+to have the remains of President Washington removed to Richmond, there
+to be marked by a fitting monument to his memory.
+
+When this came to the attention of Congress a select joint committee
+was appointed which recommended that a tomb should be prepared in the
+foundations of the Capitol for the remains of George Washington and
+that a monument should be erected to his memory. But this plan failed,
+because Judge Bushrod Washington declined to consent to the removal of
+the body of George Washington from the vault at Mount Vernon, where
+it had been placed in accordance with Washington’s express wish.
+Nevertheless, a vault appears to have been prepared beneath the center
+of the Dome and Rotunda of the Capitol and beneath the floor of the
+crypt.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT, BY ROBERT MILLS]
+
+In 1833 a group of public-spirited citizens organized the Washington
+National Monument Society, for the purpose of erecting “a great
+National Monument to the memory of Washington at the seat of the
+Federal Government.” The first meeting was held on September 26, 1833,
+in the city hall, now the District of Columbia Supreme Court Building.
+Chief Justice John Marshall, then 78 years of age, was chosen the
+first president of the society. The population of the United States
+had grown from 3,329,214 in 1790 to 12,866,020 in 1830, with 28 States
+in the Union at that time. In 1835 the president of the society, John
+Marshall, died and was succeeded in the office by ex-President James
+Madison, who took steps to inaugurate a national campaign to secure
+contributions through agents appointed to collect funds. Upon the death
+of Mr. Madison the society amended its constitution so that thereafter
+the President of the United States should be ex officio its president.
+The first to so occupy the office was Andrew Jackson.
+
+The progress of the society was at first slow, and in 1836 only about
+$28,000 had been collected. In 1836 advertisements were published by
+order of the society inviting designs from American artists, but no
+limitation was placed upon the form of the design. It was determined
+by the society, and so recommended, that any plans submitted should
+“harmoniously blend durability, simplicity, and grandeur.” The
+estimated cost for the proposed monument was not less than $1,000,000.
+A great many designs were submitted, but the one selected among the
+number was that of Robert Mills, a well-known and eminent architect
+of that period. This plan was published. It is the design of an
+obelisk 500 feet high and 70 feet at the base, rising from a circular
+colonnaded building 100 feet high and 250 feet in diameter, surrounded
+by 30 columns of massive proportions, being 12 feet in diameter and 45
+feet high. There was to be an equestrian group over the portal. The
+interior was designed to be “a spacious gallery and rotunda,” which
+was to be a national pantheon, adorned by statues of the Colonial
+Fathers, paintings commemorative of battle scenes of the Revolution,
+and a colossal statue of George Washington. The feature of the pantheon
+surrounding the shaft was never formally adopted by the society as a
+part of the Monument. Its first purpose was to secure the necessary
+funds for the shaft.
+
+By December 10, 1838, the funds of the society had reached $30,779.84,
+and the following year a restriction of a contribution to the sum of
+$1 appears to have been removed. In 1846 the society, through its ex
+officio president, James K. Polk, made another appeal, stating the
+society wished to proceed with the erection of the Washington Monument,
+and it was hoped legislation would be enacted at the following session
+of Congress to provide a location for it. By a resolution adopted
+February 29, 1847, the United States consuls abroad were also invited
+to solicit subscriptions “for the erection of a suitable National
+Monument to the memory of Washington from American citizens, seamen,
+and others of liberal patriotic feelings.” In that year the fund was
+increased to $70,000. Congress thereupon, in January, 1848, granted
+authority for the erection of the Washington Monument on public
+reservation No. 3, on the plan of the city of Washington, containing
+upward of 30 acres, where the Monument now stands, near the Potomac
+River, west of the Capitol and south of the President’s house. As has
+been related, the actual location of the Monument was fixed at a point
+more east and south of the position indicated in the plan of L’Enfant,
+because it was somewhat more elevated ground and regarded more secure
+for the foundation. The original intersection had been marked by
+Thomas Jefferson by a small monument, known as the Jefferson pier. In
+the McMillan Park Commission plan of 1901 the site of this pier is
+indicated for a circular pool.
+
+[Illustration: THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT UNDER CONSTRUCTION, 1872]
+
+On July 4, 1848, under a bright sky, in the presence of the President
+and Vice President of the United States, Senators and Representatives
+in Congress, heads of the executive departments and other officers of
+the Government, the judiciary, representatives of foreign governments,
+military organizations, associations of many descriptions, delegations
+from the States and Territories and from several Indian tribes, the
+corner stone was laid. Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Speaker of the House of
+Representatives, delivered the oration. Three distinguished persons of
+George Washington’s time were present on this notable occasion: Mrs.
+Dolly Madison; Mrs. Alexander Hamilton, widow of the first Secretary
+of the Treasury; and George Washington Parke Custis, the adopted son of
+George Washington.
+
+The corner stone laid, the society began operations to lay foundations
+and to raise the shaft. Every precaution was taken to test the
+understrata where the foundations were laid. At a depth of 20 feet
+a solid bed of gravel was reached; the strata were found to be very
+compact, requiring a pick to break them up.
+
+By January, 1853, the Monument was 126 feet high, and in about six
+years from the date of the laying of the corner stone it had reached
+the height of 152 feet. During this period the society continued most
+actively at work in the raising of funds to carry the Monument forward.
+In 1854, however, an act occurred at the Monument which created much
+indignation and public discussion through the country. A block of
+marble, which had originally stood in the Temple of Concord at Rome,
+and which had been sent by the Pope to be set in the wall of the
+Monument, was stolen, and no trace of it was ever found. At the time
+contributions of stones from societies, municipalities, and the several
+States were being encouraged, so the Pope’s stone was not an unusual
+gift. The disappearance of the stone angered and estranged a large body
+of citizens and discouraged the collection of public contributions,
+so that all construction work ceased. By 1854, $230,000 had been
+spent on the structure, and funds for it were now exhausted. In 1859
+Congress passed an act incorporating the Washington National Monument
+Society for the purpose of completing the Monument. In 1869 Senator Nye
+introduced a bill to insure completion of the Monument, and several
+like bills were introduced during the next few years. On February
+22, 1873, a committee of the House of Representatives recommended an
+appropriation of $200,000. It was estimated that $700,000 would be
+required to finish the shaft, constructing also a suitable base, and
+that the work would be completed by July 4, 1876, the one hundredth
+anniversary of American independence. This gave the needed impetus to
+the completion of the project.
+
+Vigorous campaigns for funds were conducted in the States, and campaign
+meetings were held in several large cities. In June, 1876, the society
+published a further appeal, signed by its officers. President Grant was
+ex officio president of the society at the time. On August 2, 1876,
+Senator John Sherman offered a concurrent resolution in the Senate
+that the Monument to commemorate the achievements of George Washington
+in behalf of the Republic be completed during the centennial year.
+A bill appropriating $200,000 for the project was approved by the
+President that day. At the same time a special board of officers was
+detailed from the Corps of Engineers to investigate and report on the
+sufficiency of the foundations.
+
+[Illustration: UNCOMPLETED WASHINGTON MONUMENT AS IT APPEARED FROM 1852
+TO 1878]
+
+The board appointed in 1876 reported that the foundations were not
+sufficient, and the first work undertaken by the Government consisted
+in underpinning the structure. This was accomplished under the
+direction of Lieut. Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey, afterwards Chief of
+Engineers, United States Army, who was the engineer in charge of
+construction of the State, War, and Navy Building at the time, and
+later of the Congressional Library Building. Colonel Casey was assisted
+by Capt. George W. Davis, United States Infantry, later major general,
+who was afterwards relieved by Bernard R. Green, C. E. The work of
+excavating beneath the Monument was commenced January 28, 1879, and the
+new foundation was finished May 29, 1880. Colonel Casey stated in his
+report:
+
+  The project or design of the work is an obelisk 550 feet in height,
+  faced with white marble and backed with dressed granite rock. Of this
+  structure 156 feet is already finished.
+
+  The base of the Monument is 55 feet square, the top will be 34 feet 6
+  inches square, and it will be crowned with a pyramidion, or roof, 50
+  feet in height.
+
+  The proportions of the parts of this obelisk are in exact accordance
+  with the classic proportions of parts of this style of architecture,
+  as determined after careful research by Hon. George P. Marsh,
+  American minister at Rome.
+
+  The shaft as proportioned, both in dimensions and weight, will be
+  entirely stable as against winds that could exert a pressure of 100
+  pounds or more per square foot upon any face of the structure.
+
+  The project includes the preparation of the foundation so as to
+  enable it to carry this structure. This preparation or strengthening
+  consists in making the existing foundation wider and deeper, in order
+  to distribute the weight over a greater area, and in bringing upon
+  each square foot of the earth pressed no greater weight than it is
+  known to be able to sustain.
+
+The mass of concrete beneath the old foundation is 126 feet 6 inches
+square, 13 feet 6 inches in depth, and extends 18 feet within the outer
+edge of the old foundation and 23 feet 3 inches beyond this line. In
+placing this work, 70 per cent of the area of the earth upon which the
+Monument was standing was removed.
+
+The second part of the strengthening of the foundation consisted in
+constructing a continuous buttress beneath the shaft and extending
+out upon the concrete slab, so as to distribute the pressure over the
+foundation. In this operation sections of the rubble masonry were
+removed and replaced with concrete. As compared with the original
+bulk of the old foundation, 51 per cent of its contents was removed
+and 48 per cent of the area of the base of the shaft undermined. The
+new foundation rests on a bearing surface 126 feet 6 inches square,
+or 16,002 square feet, as compared with 6,400 square feet for the old
+foundation.
+
+The entire work of underpinning was accomplished without causing the
+slightest crack or the least opening in any joint of that portion of
+the Monument already constructed, which, including the foundation, was
+80 feet square at its base. The new foundation rests upon a bed of fine
+sand 2 feet in thickness, below which is a bed of bowlders and gravel.
+Borings were made in this deposit for a depth of 18 feet without
+passing through it. Thus, as completed, the new foundation covers two
+and a half times as much area and extends 13¹⁄₂ feet deeper than the
+old one, being 36 feet 10 inches in depth. The bottom of the work is
+only 2 feet above the level of high tide in the Potomac. No settlement
+has occurred to date.
+
+[Illustration: THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT AS SEEN FROM THE MALL GROUNDS]
+
+Work was resumed on the shaft in 1880. The first 13 courses--26
+feet--were faced with white marble from Massachusetts. The remainder
+is Maryland white marble similar to that used in the lower section.
+The new work was backed with dressed New England granite to the
+452-foot elevation, above which the walls are entirely of marble, of
+through-and-through blocks, and from the 470-foot level, where the
+ribs of the pyramidion begin, the courses are secured to each other
+by mortise and tenon joints cut in the builds and beds of the stone.
+During the working season of 1880, 26 feet were added to the shaft;
+in 1881 there were added 74 feet; in 1882, 90 feet; in 1883, 70 feet;
+in 1884, 90 feet. These additions brought the walls of the shaft to a
+height of 500 feet on August 9, 1884. The pyramidion topping the shaft
+is supported on 12 marble ribs, which spring from the interior faces of
+the walls of the well, beginning at the 470-foot level. The covering
+slabs are 7 inches in thickness and are supported upon projections or
+spurs on the marble ribs. The pyramidion has a vertical height of 55
+feet 5¹⁄₈ inches and consists of 262 separate stones. The weight of
+the pyramidion is 300 tons. The capstone, which weighs 3,300 pounds,
+was set in place on December 6, 1884. Over it is a small pyramid of
+pure aluminum 5.6 inches at its base, 8.9 inches high, and weighs 100
+ounces, the largest piece of this metal ever cast in any country to
+that time. The following inscriptions appear on the four faces of the
+aluminum capstone:
+
+  JOINT COMMISSION AT SETTING OF CAPSTONE:
+  CHESTER A. ARTHUR, M. E. BELL, EDWARD CLARK, JOHN NEWTON,
+  ACT OF AUGUST 2, 1876.
+
+  CORNER STONE LAID ON BED OF FOUNDATION JULY 4, 1848.
+  FIRST STONE AT HEIGHT OF 152 FEET LAID AUGUST 7, 1880.
+  CAPSTONE SET DECEMBER 6, 1884.
+
+  CHIEF ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT, COL. THOMAS LINCOLN CASEY, CORPS OF
+  ENGINEERS.
+  ASSISTANTS: GEORGE W. DAVIS, CAPTAIN FOURTEENTH INFANTRY;
+  BERNARD GREEN, CIVIL ENGINEER; MASTER MECHANIC, P. H. MCLAUGHLIN.
+
+  LAUS DEO.
+
+The entire height has been made slightly greater than ten times the
+breadth of the base, producing an obelisk that for grace and delicacy
+of outline is not excelled by any of the larger Egyptian monoliths,
+while in dignity and grandeur it surpasses any that can be mentioned.
+The Monument tapers one-fourth of an inch to the foot, being 15 feet
+thick at the base and 18 inches thick at the top of the shaft. When the
+capstone was set in place a salute was fired by artillery stationed
+near the base, while the national flag was unfurled to the breeze in
+the rigging far above. The cost of the Monument was $1,300,000. To
+the criticism that the obelisks of old were monoliths, the reply was
+made that this Monument to Washington will not be less significant
+or stately because of being made up of many separate stones, for our
+country has been proud to give examples of both political and material
+structures which owe their strength to union; and this Monument
+embodies the idea of our national motto, E Pluribus Unum.
+
+[Illustration: THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT]
+
+With a view of having the States of the Union properly represented
+in the Monument the society extended an invitation for each State to
+furnish for insertion in the interior walls a block of marble or other
+durable stone--a production of its soil--of the following dimensions:
+4 feet long, 2 feet high, and with a bed of from 12 to 18 inches, the
+name of the State to be cut thereon in large letters, and if desirable
+to the donor, the State’s coat of arms also. Later, this invitation to
+contribute memorial blocks of stone was extended to embrace such a gift
+from a foreign government. In response to these invitations many rich
+and durable blocks of stone were received which now adorn the interior
+walls of the shaft (in 1929 the memorial stones numbered 187) from all
+parts of the world, including one from the Parthenon at Athens, the
+ruins of ancient Carthage, and the tomb of Napoleon at St. Helena.
+These memorial stones begin at a height of 30 feet and end at 290 feet.
+
+Great preparations were made for dedication of the Monument. This
+took place on February 21, 1885, with Hon. John Sherman, chairman of
+the commission, presiding. Several descendants and relatives of the
+Washington family were present. The orator of the day was again the
+Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, who as Speaker of the House of Representatives
+had delivered the oration at the laying of the corner stone July 4,
+1848. His oration on this occasion was read, as illness prevented him
+from being present. Among those in Washington to-day who witnessed
+the dedication is Hon. William Tyler Page, then serving as a page in
+the House; later becoming Clerk of the House of Representatives and
+executive secretary of the George Washington Bicentennial Commission.
+Thus when we are reminded of the three friends of George Washington
+who were present at the corner-stone laying of the Washington Monument
+we must indeed admit that we even of this day are not far removed from
+him and his times, and that our Republic is still young, though greater
+achievements have been wrought in the past 100 years than in the
+previous 1,000 years of the world’s history.
+
+The efforts of the Washington National Monument Society had at last
+been realized, and the American people beheld the consummation of their
+desire--a great monument erected at the seat of the Federal Government
+to the name and memory of George Washington.
+
+The interior is lighted by electricity, affording an opportunity to see
+the memorial stones. Ascent is made by means of an elevator and an iron
+stairway, supported by 8 vertical iron columns--4 columns terminating
+at a height of 500 feet and 4 within the roof at 517 feet--which
+sustain the elevator machinery above. The iron stairway consists of
+short flights, strung along the north and south sides of the wall,
+connecting with iron platforms 4 feet 8 inches wide (to a height of
+150 feet) and 7 feet 10³⁄₄ inches wide, 20 feet apart on a side, and
+extending along the east and west walls. There are 50 flights and 900
+steps. From these steps and platforms the inscriptions may be read.
+
+In 1926 a new elevator was installed. It is of the electrically
+driven, gearless, single wrap, traction type, with a speed of 500 feet
+per minute and a lifting capacity of 6,000 pounds, exclusive of the
+weight of the car and cables. It is equipped with a micro-leveling
+device, which insures exact leveling of the car at landings and
+also makes possible the operation of the elevator at slow speed in
+case of failure of the main motor, thus eliminating the danger of
+stalling the car between landings. It accommodates 30 persons and
+makes 12 trips per hour. There are 8 windows at a height of 504 feet
+above ground--2 windows in each of the 4 faces of the pyramidion--4
+feet above the 500-foot landing. These windows measure 18 inches
+by 3 feet on three sides, and on the east side 2 feet by 3 feet.
+Looking to the east from the windows one sees the stately Capitol;
+to the north, across the President’s Park, the beautiful mansion of
+the Chief Magistrate; to the northeast, the Soldiers’ Home; to the
+northwest, the great residential section, the Naval Observatory, and
+the Washington Cathedral; to the west the beautiful Potomac River,
+as it winds its way for miles past the city, and Arlington National
+Cemetery, the Nation’s most sacred resting place for those who served
+in defense of their country; and as we follow the Potomac southward
+there is Alexandria, 6 miles beyond, and in the faint distance Mount
+Vernon, where is the tomb of the immortal Washington. And on that lofty
+height, the greatest single piece of masonry in the world, we think
+also of other high structures--the Empire State Building, with 86
+stories, 1,248 feet; Chrysler Building, 68 stories, 1,046 feet; Bank
+of Manhattan, 65 stories, 838 feet; Woolworth Tower 60 stories, 792
+feet; Metropolitan Life Insurance Building, 700 feet; The New York Life
+Insurance Building, 610 feet, at the site of the former famous Madison
+Square Garden; Singer Tower, 612 feet; spires of Cologne Cathedral, 524
+feet; spire of Old St. Paul’s, London, 508 feet; Pyramids of Cheops,
+480 feet; Book Tower, Detroit, 472 feet; Victoria Tower, Westminster,
+325 feet; Statue of Liberty, 317 feet; Bennington Battle Monument,
+306 feet; the Capitol, 287 feet; Bunker Hill Monument at Boston, 221
+feet. In 1890 Daniel H. Burnham completed the Masonic Temple, in
+Chicago, “the tallest building in the world,” 21 stories high, among
+the first of all-steel construction. In New York City the caisson for
+high-building foundation work was first adopted in the Manhattan Life
+Insurance Building, near Exchange Place on Broadway, in 1894. Built on
+a foundation of bedrock 55 feet below the surface, the structure of 18
+stories was built 350 feet in height from the sidewalk.
+
+The masonry constructed by the Government is the best known to the
+engineering art, and the weight is so distributed that, subject to a
+wind pressure of 100 pounds per square foot on any face, corresponding
+to a wind velocity of 145 miles per hour, the Monument would have a
+large factor of safety against overturning. The entire weight is 81,120
+tons. The weight of the foundations is 36,912 tons, and there is a
+maximum pressure on the underlying soil of 9 tons per square foot.
+
+In the morning the Monument catches the first rays of the sun. In
+stormy weather the top stands like a mountain peak, immovable, as
+seen amidst clouds. So, indeed, does the great and noble Washington
+overtower all of his contemporaries of the Revolutionary War and
+the formative period of this Republic. The Washington Monument
+has been fittingly described as typifying the character of George
+Washington--lofty in its grandeur, plain in its simplicity, and white
+in its purity. The following is a quotation from the oration of Speaker
+Winthrop delivered at the laying of the corner stone on July 4, 1848:
+
+  Lay the corner stone of a monument which shall adequately bespeak
+  the gratitude of the whole American people to the illustrious Father
+  of his Country. Build it to the skies; you can not outreach the
+  loftiness of his principles! Found it upon the massive and eternal
+  rock; you can not make it more enduring than his fame. Construct it
+  of peerless Parian marble; you can not make it purer than his life.
+  Exhaust upon it the rules and principles of ancient and modern art;
+  you can not make it more proportionate than his character.
+
+
+SOLDIERS’ HOME
+
+In the United States the founding of a soldiers’ home dates from March
+3, 1851, when an act of Congress was passed and approved “to found a
+military asylum for the relief and support of invalid and disabled
+soldiers of the Army of the United States.” For years before this,
+however, the principal officers of the Army, particularly Maj. Gen.
+Winfield Scott, had given the subject attention and had made special
+efforts to procure the needed legislation. In February, 1848, General
+Scott transmitted to the Secretary of War a draft for $100,000 as part
+of the tribute levied by him on the City of Mexico for the benefit of
+the Army, and he expressed the hope that it might be allowed to go to
+the credit of an Army asylum.
+
+This home for the Regular Army was established in the District of
+Columbia in 1851-52. It is located about 3 miles due north from the
+Capitol. The original purchase of land was 256 acres. Additional tracts
+added since the original purchase make a total of 500³⁄₄ acres.
+
+[Illustration: UNITED STATES SOLDIERS’ HOME]
+
+The south part of the main building is named for Gen. Winfield Scott,
+the founder of the home; the addition on the north for Gen. William
+T. Sherman. Constructed of white marble; it was commenced in 1852
+and completed in 1891; is of Norman Gothic design, 251¹⁄₂ feet long
+by 158¹⁄₂ feet wide, and has a clock tower; it will accommodate 370
+members and contains a library and billiard hall.
+
+The old homestead building near to and west of the Scott Building
+is named after Gen. Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter renown, to
+commemorate the fact of his early advocacy of and great interest in
+the establishment of the home. It was the home of the first members
+and has frequently been used as the summer residence of the President.
+President Buchanan occupied it in 1856-1860, President Lincoln in
+1861-1864, President Hayes in 1877-1880, and President Arthur in
+1882-1884. President Garfield thought of occupying it in the summer of
+1881.
+
+The eastern building--especially for members--was the first erected
+and is called the King Building, after Surg. B. King, for 13 years the
+attending surgeon and secretary and treasurer of the home.
+
+The brick quarters northwest of the Sherman Building, erected in 1883,
+is called the Sheridan Building, in honor of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan,
+who was the president of the board of commissioners when the building
+was erected.
+
+More recently built structures are the Grant Building, completed in
+1911, of white marble, accommodating 272 members and containing the
+hall of the general mess, mess kitchen, and cold storage.
+
+Stanley Hall, named for a former governor of the home, was completed in
+1897, and is the general amusement hall, seating about 700 persons.
+
+A neat chapel, built of red stone, was completed in 1871. Religious
+worship--Protestant and Roman Catholic--is regularly observed.
+
+A well-designed hospital was completed in 1876 and is known as the
+Barnes Building. The Forwood Building and the La Garde Building have
+since been added. The maximum capacity of the present hospital is 500
+beds. It is not only for the sick, but is an infirmary for the aged and
+helpless members.
+
+The home maintains a library of 20,385 volumes, with newspapers and
+magazines, which are added to yearly as funds will permit.
+
+A portion of the spacious grounds is cultivated for the benefit of the
+home; but the largest part is woodland, and through it all, taking
+advantage of its topography, nearly 10 miles of graded macadamized
+roads have been constructed, winding through groves of selected trees
+of native and foreign varieties and over the open ground, commanding
+fine views of the city, the Potomac River, and the surrounding country
+for miles. The park is open to the public.
+
+Soldiers of 20 years’ service, and men, whether pensioners or not, who
+disabled by wounds or disease in the service and in the line of duty
+and have been honorably discharged from the Army are admitted to the
+home.
+
+[Illustration: CABIN JOHN BRIDGE]
+
+
+CABIN JOHN BRIDGE
+
+Erected about 1860 by Gen. Montgomery G. Meigs, this bridge spans Cabin
+John Run, about 7 miles northwest of Washington. It is a part of the
+aqueduct system, and the arch spanning the stream is 220 feet across
+at the base and 105 feet in height. The entire length of the bridge is
+584 feet. The thickness of the bridge above the arch is 14¹⁄₂ feet, and
+it is 20 feet in width. Until a few years ago it was the largest stone
+arch in the world.
+
+
+FORD’S THEATER
+
+Ford’s Theater Building, in which President Lincoln was assassinated
+while attending a performance on the night of April 14, 1865, is on the
+east side of Tenth Street between E and F Streets NW.
+
+The building was originally a Baptist Church and used as such for more
+than 15 years. It was used as a theater less than three years--from
+1862 to 1865--and never as such after the night of the assassination.
+Taken over immediately by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, it was
+made over into a 3-story building for use of the War Department and
+was so used for many years. Now it is a Government building, housing
+in part a portion of the Oldroyd collection from the Lincoln museum.
+On April 9, 1893, while repairs were being made, the three floors
+collapsed, killing 22 clerks and injuring 68.
+
+The residence of Harry C. Ford, who was manager of the theater for his
+father, John T. Ford, stood adjacent to the theater on the right.
+
+
+LINCOLN MUSEUM AND THE OLDROYD COLLECTION OF LINCOLNIANA
+
+Across the street from Ford’s Theater stands a red brick house (No. 516
+Tenth Street NW.) to which President Lincoln, after being shot about
+10.30 o’clock on the night of April 14, 1865, was carried and where,
+after an interval of 9 hours, he died at 22 minutes after 7 o’clock the
+following morning without regaining consciousness.
+
+The room to which the martyred President was brought is a little front
+one on the main floor. In size and simplicity it was a room like that
+of the log cabin in Kentucky in which the great man was born. As a man
+of the people, though they had elevated him to the highest position
+the Nation could bestow on any of its citizens, he died amidst simple
+surroundings as one of them.
+
+The house was purchased by the United States Government in 1897 for
+$30,000; the Oldroyd Lincoln Memorial Collection was purchased for
+$50,000 and taken over by the Government September 1, 1926. It is now
+under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, and is visited by
+many thousands each year.
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of Leet Brothers_
+
+FORD’S THEATER]
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE IN WHICH PRESIDENT LINCOLN DIED]
+
+Mr. Oldroyd gathered in the course of 50 years upward of 3,000 articles
+pertaining to the martyred President. These can be seen by visitors
+to the house. The room in which Abraham Lincoln died has been kept as
+nearly as possible as it was when Lincoln passed away and when Stanton
+said, “Now he belongs to the ages.”
+
+The following are some of the articles that can be seen: Wreaths
+that lay upon the casket in Washington and at the final burial in
+Springfield, Ill., and a rose taken from his bosom just before the
+casket was closed--faded, but hermetically sealed in a small glass
+case, it still appears a rose. There is also in the house furniture
+used by Mrs. Lincoln in Springfield, including her cookstove; the plain
+office desk and chair Abraham Lincoln used while practicing law with
+William H. Herndon; a plain black and white shawl that he wore in place
+of an overcoat, as men did in those days; the last bit of writing he
+did; the Bible his mother, Nancy Hanks, gave to him before she died,
+when he was not yet 9 years of age, and from which he was taught to
+read; the desk upon which much of the Emancipation Proclamation was
+written; also many documents, prints, and books describing his life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+PUBLIC AND SEMIPUBLIC BUILDINGS
+
+
+THE CAPITOL
+
+The site for the Capitol, or the Federal House, as selected by
+L’Enfant, is on what was then known as Jenkin’s Hill, 88 feet above the
+level of the Potomac River.
+
+The northwest cornerstone of the main building was laid on September
+18, 1793, by President Washington with Masonic ceremonies. The building
+is of Virginia sandstone from quarries on Aquia Creek.
+
+The north wing was finished in 1800 and the south wing in 1811. A
+wooden passageway connected them. Congress convened there for the first
+time at the second session of the Sixth Congress, which began November
+17, 1800, and ended March 3, 1801.
+
+The original designs were prepared by Dr. William Thornton, and the
+work was done under the direction of Stephen H. Hallet, James Hoban,
+and George Hadfield. Benjamin H. Latrobe was the architect. Washington
+and Jefferson favored the classical type of architecture for the
+building, and it was adopted.
+
+On August 24, 1814, the interior of both wings was destroyed by fire
+set by the British. Many books of the small Library of Congress housed
+in the building at that time were burned, whereupon Congress purchased
+the library of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello. The damage to the
+Capitol was immediately repaired.
+
+In 1818 the central portion of the building was commenced under the
+architectural superintendence of Charles Bulfinch, architect, of
+Boston. The original building was finally completed in 1827. Its cost,
+including the grading of the grounds, alterations, and repairs, up to
+1827, was $2,433,844.13.
+
+Because of the growth of the Republic, after half a century it became
+necessary to build a Senate Chamber on the north and a House of
+Representatives Chamber on the south. The cornerstone of the extensions
+to the Capitol which increased it to its present size was laid on
+July 4, 1851, by President Fillmore. Daniel Webster was the orator of
+the day. This work was prosecuted under the direction of Thomas U.
+Walter, Architect of the Capitol until 1865, when he resigned, and was
+completed under the supervision of Edward Clark. The House extension
+was first occupied for legislative purposes December 16, 1857, and the
+Senate extension January 4, 1859.
+
+The white marble used in the walls is from Massachusetts and that in
+the columns from Maryland.
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of Commercial Photo Co._
+
+THE CAPITOL]
+
+The entire length of the building from north to south is 751 feet 4
+inches and its greatest dimension from east to west is 350 feet. The
+area covered by the building is 3¹⁄₂ acres.
+
+The Dome of the original central building was constructed of wood,
+covered with copper. The present structure of cast iron was commenced
+in 1856, and completed in 1865. The entire weight of iron used is
+8,909,200 pounds.
+
+The Dome is crowned by the bronze Statue of Freedom, 19 feet 6 inches
+high and weighing 14,985 pounds. It was modeled by the sculptor Thomas
+Crawford. The height of the Dome above the base line of the east front
+is 287 feet 5 inches. The height from the top of the balustrade of the
+building is 217 feet 11 inches. The greatest diameter at the base is
+135 feet 5 inches.
+
+The Rotunda is 97 feet 6 inches in diameter, and its height from
+the floor to the top of the canopy is 180 feet 3 inches. The canopy
+overhanging the Dome, portraying the Apotheosis of Washington, was
+painted by Brumidi.
+
+The Rotunda frieze, 65 feet above the floor, making a circle 300 feet
+in length around the walls, illustrates important periods in American
+history.
+
+Paintings in the Rotunda are as follows:
+
+  The Landing of Columbus on San Salvador, October 12, 1492, by
+  Vanderlyn.
+
+  The Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto, 1541, by W. H. Powell.
+
+  The Baptism of Pocahontas, Jamestown, Va., 1613, by John G. Chapman.
+
+  The Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Delft-Haven, July 22, 1620, by
+  Robert W. Weir.
+
+  The Signing of the Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia, July 4,
+  1776, by John Trumbull.
+
+  The Surrender of Burgoyne, Saratoga, October 17, 1777, by John
+  Trumbull.
+
+  The Surrender of Cornwallis, Yorktown, Va., October 19, 1781, by John
+  Trumbull.
+
+  The Resignation of General Washington, December 23, 1783, by John
+  Trumbull.
+
+The Senate Chamber is 113 feet 3 inches in length by 80 feet 3 inches
+in width and 36 feet in height. The galleries will accommodate 682
+persons. The House of Representatives Chamber is 139 feet in length
+by 93 feet in width and 36 feet in height. In 1800 the Chambers were
+lighted by lamps and tallow candles, and the 142 Representatives
+were seated in chairs. To-day there are 435 Members of the House
+of Representatives, in addition to 2 Delegates and 2 Resident
+Commissioners, who are seated on benches, which are arranged in a
+semicircle like those of the theater of Dionysius. To-day the Capitol
+is lighted by electricity and equipped with a modern ventilating system.
+
+The room later occupied by the Supreme Court of the United States was
+the Senate Chamber until 1859. Previous to that time the court occupied
+the room immediately beneath, now used as a law library.
+
+Beautiful paintings by Brumidi, Trumbull, and others adorn the Capitol,
+and many statues, gift of the States, may be seen in Statuary Hall,
+set apart as such in 1864, being formerly the House of Representatives
+Chamber.
+
+[Illustration: THE CAPITOL AT NIGHT]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF FREEDOM]
+
+Massive bronze doors by Rogers, depicting scenes from the life of
+Christopher Columbus, are at the main entrance, the east, and open from
+the portico to the Rotunda. They call to mind the Ghiberti doors in
+Florence.
+
+There are 24 columns of Maryland sandstone, 30 feet high, in the
+central portico. Statues by Greenough and Persico flank the steps.
+
+The Capitol is to-day the most significant building in this country.
+Its assessed value in 1930 for building and grounds was $45,000,000.
+
+On the east portico of the Capitol newly elected Presidents of the
+United States take the oath of office.
+
+
+STATUE OF FREEDOM
+
+As has been stated, the Statue of Freedom surmounting the Dome of the
+Capitol is the work of one of America’s great artists, Thomas Crawford.
+The modeling was done in Rome, and at the time of his death, in 1857,
+he was endeavoring to secure the necessary funds for the casting of
+it at the Royal Foundry at Munich. On April 19, 1858, the plaster
+model was shipped from Leghorn, Italy, and after a perilous voyage to
+New York it arrived in Washington in April, 1859. At that time work
+on completion of the Capitol was proceeding under the supervision of
+Thomas U. Walter, architect.
+
+On May 24, 1860, the Secretary of War, in a statement concerning the
+casting of the statue stated that--
+
+  it will be cast by Clark Mills and he will be paid for his services
+  and for the rent of his foundry [at Mills Avenue toward Bladensburg,
+  where the Andrew Jackson equestrian was cast in 1853] and necessary
+  expenses at the rate of $400 per month and that the material, fuel,
+  labor, etc., will be paid for by the Government.
+
+This arrangement had been entered into and the work had progressed to
+quite an extent, when Captain Meigs, who had returned to duty at the
+Capitol, issued a formal statement of the existence of war, on May
+15, 1861, suspending work on the Capitol extension and the new Dome.
+But subsequently, even though the existence of war between the States
+handicapped the Government, the necessary arrangements for completing
+the Dome and for casting the statue were made. The statue was hoisted
+in place on the Dome amid a salute of 35 guns on December 2, 1863.
+
+The original model of the statue may be seen to-day in the rotunda of
+the Museum of History Building of the Smithsonian Institution.
+
+
+BRONZE DOORS OF THE CAPITOL
+
+These bronze doors, the central and most elaborate of the Capitol,
+were modeled by Randolph Rogers at Rome in 1858, and cast at the Royal
+Bavarian Foundry in Munich by Ferdinand von Muller, director, at a cost
+of $17,000. Each of the doors is 19 feet high and 5 feet wide. They are
+surmounted by a semicircular transom-panel or lunette representing the
+landing of Columbus in the New World on October 12, 1492. The casing
+border is a decorative scheme composed of anchors, rudders, and armor;
+four figures in low relief typify Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. At
+the top of the casing arch is a bust of Columbus.
+
+[Illustration: BRONZE DOORS AT MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE CAPITOL, BY ROGERS]
+
+Each of the doors is separated into four panels, portraying scenes in
+alto-relief from life of Columbus.
+
+The lowest panel on the left-hand door pictures Columbus before the
+Council of Salamanca. Then follows his departure from the Convent of La
+Rabida for the Spanish Court. The next is the audience before Ferdinand
+and Isabella, and the last the sailing from Palos on the first voyage.
+
+The top panel on the right-hand door represents the first encounter
+with the Indians. The next the triumphal entry into Barcelona. Then
+follows Columbus in chains, and the last depicts the death of the
+discoverer.
+
+The borders of the separate doors each contain eight figures
+representing prominent personages of the fifteenth century who played
+important parts in the events connected with the discovery of America.
+
+
+BRONZE DOORS OF THE SENATE WING
+
+The bronze doors of the Senate wing were designed by Thomas Crawford,
+sculptor, though the actual work of executing the plaster models was
+done by William H. Rinehart. They represent Crawford’s last work as a
+sculptor. It was first contemplated that one of the doors should be
+cast at the Royal Bavarian Foundry in Munich and that the other door
+should be cast in this country. The death of Thomas Crawford in 1857
+and the subsequent occurrence of the Civil War caused many of the plans
+to be changed. The doors, the first of that kind in America, were
+finally cast in 1868 at Chicopee, Mass., by James T. Ames, and the
+expense, $50,000, was far greater than was anticipated at the time when
+it was planned to have the work done in this country. They weigh 14,000
+pounds. The sculptor, Rinehart, received about $9,000.
+
+Each of the doors consists of three panels and a medallion picturing
+events of the Revolutionary War.
+
+The upper panel of the right-hand door contains a representation of
+the death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17,
+1775; the center panel shows General Washington rebuking Gen. Charles
+Lee at the Battle of Monmouth, N. J., on June 28, 1778; the lower panel
+pictures the storming of a redoubt at Yorktown, Va., led by Alexander
+Hamilton, on October 14, 1781; the medallion at the bottom represents a
+conflict between a Hessian soldier and a New Jersey farmer.
+
+The medallion at the bottom of the left-hand door represents Peace
+and Agriculture. Above is a panel showing General Washington passing
+underneath an arch of flowers at Trenton, N. J., while on his way to
+New York City to be inaugurated as the first President of the United
+States; the middle panel represents Washington taking the oath of
+office as President, which was administered by Chancellor Livingston
+on April 30, 1789--the United States Supreme Court had not as yet been
+organized, so that the oath could not be administered by the Chief
+Justice. The top panel represents President Washington laying the
+corner stone of the Capitol on September 18, 1793.
+
+[Illustration: BRONZE DOORS AT THE SENATE WING, BY CRAWFORD]
+
+
+BRONZE DOORS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WING
+
+The bronze doors of the House of Representatives resemble in general
+outline and arrangement the bronze doors of the Senate. Each door
+consists of three panels and a medallion picturing events in American
+history. The design is that of Thomas Crawford, sculptor, but the
+modeling and completion was that of William H. Rinehart. The models
+after being transported to this country remained for a long time in
+storage and were finally cast by M. H. Mosman, at Chicopee, Mass., who
+had succeeded to or continued the business organization of James T.
+Ames, by whom the Senate doors were cast.
+
+The doors were installed in the autumn of 1905, the cost to the
+Government being $45,000.
+
+The upper panel of the left-hand door portrays the Massacre of Wyoming,
+July 17, 1778; the center panel the Battle of Lexington, April 19,
+1775; the lower panel presentation of flag to Gen. William Moultrie for
+his defense of Sullivans Island, Charleston Harbor, June 28, 1776; and
+the medallion at the bottom shows the death of General Montgomery in
+the attack on Quebec, December 31, 1775.
+
+The upper panel of the right-hand door depicts the reading of the
+Declaration of Independence; the center panel the signing of the Paris
+treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, September
+3, 1783; the lower panel Washington’s farewell to his officers at New
+York, December 4, 1783; and the medallion at the bottom contains a
+seated figure of Franklin in his study.
+
+
+THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+Congress is one of the three coordinate branches of the United States
+Government. It is the legislative branch and consists of a Senate,
+to which the Members, two from each State, are elected for a term of
+six years; and the House of Representatives, to which the Members
+are elected for a term of two years. The membership is based on the
+population of the United States, and in January, 1939, numbered 435
+Members. The apportionment is made among the several States in the
+ratio that the whole number of persons in each State bears to the total
+population of the country. States arrange for their own congressional
+districts after the number of Members of the House of Representatives
+from each State has been determined upon. There are in the House, also,
+2 Territorial Delegates--1 each from Alaska and Hawaii--and 2 Resident
+Commissioners--1 from the Commonwealth of the Philippines and 1 from
+Puerto Rico. They have the right to debate but not to vote.
+
+[Illustration: BRONZE DOORS AT THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WING, BY
+CRAWFORD]
+
+[Illustration: SENATE CHAMBER]
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CHAMBER]
+
+The Constitution provides that Congress shall assemble on January 3 of
+each year (20th amendment); and each Congress usually consists of two
+sessions.
+
+[Illustration: SENATE OFFICE BUILDING]
+
+The powers of Congress are set forth in Article I, section 8 of the
+Constitution, which is divided into 18 clauses. The power to raise
+revenue originates in the House of Representatives, which carries
+the burden in providing necessary appropriations; the Senate has the
+power of confirming or rejecting appointments made by the President
+and to ratify treaties. Measures are originated in the form of bills
+or resolutions, which are thereupon referred to committees for report
+before being introduced in the Senate or House of Representatives.
+
+The age requirement for eligibility as a Member of the House of
+Representatives is 25 years, and for the Senate 30 years; each person
+must have been a citizen of the United States for seven years and a
+citizen of the State from which elected.
+
+Members of Congress are by the Constitution granted exemption from
+arrest under certain conditions while attending the sessions of their
+respective Houses and in going to and returning from such sessions,
+“and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be
+questioned in any other place.”
+
+The proceedings and debates in Congress are published in the
+Congressional Record, which is printed daily at the Government Printing
+Office with such rapidity that even though a session of Congress may
+continue until late in the night a copy of the Record is at hand for
+each Member the following morning.
+
+[Illustration: OLD HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OFFICE BUILDING]
+
+[Illustration: NEW HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OFFICE BUILDING]
+
+A bill or resolution, to become a law, must be passed by both the
+House of Representatives and the Senate and approved by the President.
+If there are points of disagreement in the Senate or House of
+Representatives in the enactment of legislation, each body appoints
+conferees to settle the points in dispute. The President has the
+power to veto a bill, but the measure can become law if reconsidered
+and passed by both the Senate and the House of Representatives by
+a two-thirds majority. Occasionally the President makes use of the
+“pocket veto”; that is, if the bill was passed within 10 days (Sundays
+excepted) of the adjournment of Congress, the President may retain
+(pocket) the bill, which is thus killed at the end of the session
+without the interposition of a direct veto, and without risking the
+chances of its passage over the veto. If the President does not
+interpose the ordinary veto, a bill becomes law at the expiration of 10
+days.
+
+[Illustration: UNION STATION]
+
+The President is given authority by the Constitution to convene either
+or both Houses of Congress in extraordinary session.
+
+
+SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OFFICE BUILDINGS
+
+The Senate and House Office Buildings, the former flanking the Capitol
+to the north and the latter to the south, were designed by Carrere &
+Hastings, architects, and are in the classical style of architecture.
+A new House Office Building, designed by the Allied Architects, Inc.,
+of Washington, has recently been completed, and also the East Wing of
+the Senate Office Building, designed by Wyeth & Sullivan, architects of
+Washington. Each Senator is provided with offices of from two to three
+rooms, and likewise each Representative, excepting a few whose offices
+are in the Capitol.
+
+
+UNION STATION
+
+In the design of the station much thought was given to the
+architectural features. Since Greece and Rome have furnished
+architectural inspiration for so many of the public buildings of
+Washington, a freely interpreted classic may be considered as the
+recognized architecture of these structures; and as the new station was
+to be the monumental gateway to the National Capital, it seemed fitting
+that the architectural motives should be drawn from the triumphal
+arches of Rome. They inspired Mr. Burnham to design the Union Station
+as he did. Construction work was begun in August, 1902, the terminal
+opened October 27, 1907, and was completed in April, 1908.
+
+Some of the elements entering into the design of the terminal were
+unique. In most cities the probable future growth and nature of
+the traffic plays an important part in the planning of a passenger
+terminal. Washington has very little suburban traffic; and as it will
+never become a commercial center, the question of providing for future
+growth was of minor importance. The main problem was how to care for
+and provide against abnormal conditions, which arise at least once
+every four years. The handling of inauguration crowds had always been
+a heavy expense to the railroads, because they had to provide such
+elaborate temporary facilities. On the other hand, to provide adequate
+permanent facilities meant a large expenditure, with the attendant
+heavy carrying charges. On account of the dilapidated condition of the
+passenger facilities owned by the companies, and the urgent need of
+larger and better terminals, a union terminal seemed to show advantages
+over the separate stations provided for in the acts of 1901.
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of Commercial Photo Co._
+
+UNION STATION--CONCOURSE]
+
+The layout embraces every feature and facility involved in the
+construction of a first-class terminal, including a depot building
+planned and constructed after the most modern lines, and containing
+every feature for the convenience, comfort, and pleasure of the
+traveling public; the most complete and up-to-date facilities for
+conducting the business of a large railroad station; a main power
+plant for furnishing power of every kind required for the successful
+operation of the station and yards; a large and completely equipped
+express terminal for caring for the express business handled by the
+companies; a modern commodious roundhouse and shop layout for caring
+for repairs to equipment; the most complete interlocking layout and
+intercommunication system ever constructed; one of the most complete
+passenger-equipment yards ever built; and a track system covering yards
+and main tracks within the passenger-terminal zone aggregating about 60
+miles of single track.
+
+The station building proper is 626 feet 10 inches long and 210 feet 9
+inches wide, exclusive of the space taken up by the columns in front of
+the central pavilion or main portico. The front and ends are made up of
+groups of semicircular arches characteristic of Roman architecture. The
+main portico or central pavilion consists of 3 arches, each 29 feet 6
+inches wide and 48 feet 9 inches high. Flanking it on either side are 7
+arches, each 12 feet 4 inches wide and 24 feet 8 inches high, while the
+end pavilions are composed of arches 22 feet wide and 38 feet 6 inches
+high.
+
+The west end is made up of 5 arches 19 feet 2 inches wide and 37 feet
+7 inches high, and 1 arch 12 feet 4 inches wide and 24 feet 8 inches
+high. The former are used as exits for carriages from the carriage
+porch, the latter to carry out the open portico treatment across the
+front. At the east end leading to the open portico are 2 windows with
+arch treatment, and there are 5 arches 12 feet 6 inches wide and 24
+feet 8 inches high, 1 arch 22 feet wide and 38 feet 6 inches high,
+leading to a carriage pavilion.
+
+The east pavilion leads to a suite of rooms for the use of the
+President and the guests of the Nation, the west pavilion to the
+carriage porch at the west end of the ticket lobby. The central and end
+pavilions are connected by a portico or loggia from 14 feet 6 inches to
+16 feet 6 inches wide, the portico and pavilions forming a continuous
+covered porch the entire length of the structure, and affording
+protection from the elements. The east and west wings of the building
+are 69 feet 7¹⁄₂ inches above the floor level, and the domes over the
+carriage entrances are 78 feet 3¹⁄₂ inches above the same point. The
+dome over the main waiting room is 122 feet 10 inches high.
+
+[Illustration: UNION STATION--WAITING ROOM]
+
+The concourse in the rear of the main building is 760 feet long and 130
+feet wide, exceeding by nearly nine feet the length of the Capitol. It
+is covered by a segmental arched ceiling 45 feet high in the center and
+22 feet at the springing line above the main floor. About 40 per cent
+of the ceiling area is of glass, the remainder is artistically coffered
+ornamental plaster. The concourse is divided by the usual train fence
+into two sections, that on the station side being 83 feet and that on
+the track side 47 feet wide.
+
+There are 32 tracks leading to the station--20 on the level of the
+waiting rooms and 12 depressed below the street level a distance of 20
+feet. Two tubes of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. and Southern Railway
+Co., each 16 feet wide, run from the station south along First Street
+between the Library of Congress and the Capitol for about a mile.
+At the Fountain of Neptune the tunnel is 40 feet below the surface.
+Approximately 285 trains enter and leave the railway station each day;
+the daily number of passengers is approximately 30,000.
+
+The general waiting room has a clear width of 120 feet, is 219
+feet long, exclusive of the colonnades, and is covered by a Roman
+barrel-vaulted ceiling, its highest point, exclusive of coffers,
+being 96 feet above the floor level. The decorations are sunken
+panels patterned after the baths of Diocletian. It is lighted by a
+semicircular window 72¹⁄₂ feet in diameter at the east end, by three
+semicircular windows in the south side and five on the north side, each
+27¹⁄₂ feet in diameter, and by the glass roof over the ticket lobby at
+the west end. Imperial Rome at her greatest did not possess a hall of
+such proportions.
+
+The Union Station is built of Vermont white granite. In the
+construction of this massive building Mr. Burnham set a standard for
+civic improvement for the construction of railroad terminals in this
+country.
+
+The complete architectural treatment of the front elevation of the
+station includes six stone statues and four eagles, the former over
+the central pavilion, and the latter over the carriage entrances at
+the east and west ends. This statuary is placed in front of the great
+friezes over the main entrance arches and over the carriage archways
+and, with the inscriptions in the panels between, have been made a
+special architectural feature.
+
+Before the adoption of the scheme a number of suggestions for the
+subjects of the statues and inscriptions were secured, ranging from
+the explorers and discoverers of this country to the various inventors
+who have had most to do with the development of transportation. The
+general architectural treatment of the building, however, was such
+as to preclude the usual portrait statues. To make them take their
+place as part of the architecture required that they be limited to
+allegorical draped figures, forming simple, massive silhouettes against
+the vast frieze. In the development of the complete scheme, embracing
+the subjects for the statuary, with appropriate inscriptions in the
+intervening panels, the late Charles W. Eliot, former president of
+Harvard University, was consulted. The result is an appropriate and
+adequate treatment of the decorative frieze over the doorway of the
+vestibule to the Capital of the Nation.
+
+The general decorative features of the main entrance to the building
+consist of six massive stone columns, two on each side and one in front
+of each pier supporting the main arches. Upon pedestals on the tops
+of these columns the granite statues, about 18 feet high, are placed,
+those on the west side of the entrance representing Prometheus and
+Thales, typifying Fire and Electricity, those on the east side Ceres
+and Archimedes, typifying Agriculture and Mechanics, while Freedom and
+Imagination are depicted by the central figures. Those on the west
+side represent two of the great forces connected with the operation of
+railroads, while those on the east owe much of their development and
+wealth to the railroads. The central figures typify the atmosphere of
+freedom in which the inventive imagination has been able to accomplish
+such great results. The columns flanking the carriage entrances are
+surmounted by stone eagles about 8 feet high.
+
+The following inscriptions are cut in the granite panels over the main
+entrance:
+
+  _West_ (_Prometheus and Thales_)
+
+  FIRE--GREATEST OF DISCOVERIES
+  ENABLING MAN TO LIVE IN VARIOUS CLIMATES
+  USE MANY FOODS--AND COMPEL
+  THE FORCES OF NATURE TO DO HIS WORK
+
+  ELECTRICITY--CARRIER OF LIGHT AND POWER
+  DEVOURER OF TIME AND SPACE--BEARER
+  OF HUMAN SPEECH OVER LAND AND SEA
+  GREAT SERVANT OF MAN--ITSELF UNKNOWN
+
+  THOU HAST PUT ALL THINGS UNDER HIS FEET
+
+  _Central_ (_Freedom and Imagination_)
+
+  SWEETENER OF HUT AND OF HALL
+  BRINGER OF LIFE OUT OF NAUGHT
+  FREEDOM O FAIREST OF ALL
+  THE DAUGHTERS OF TIME AND THOUGHT
+
+  MAN’S IMAGINATION HAS CONCEIVED ALL
+  NUMBERS AND LETTERS--ALL TOOLS, VESSELS
+  AND SHELTERS--EVERY ART AND TRADE--ALL
+  PHILOSOPHY AND POETRY--AND ALL POLITIES
+
+  THE TRUTH SHALL MAKE YOU FREE
+
+  _East_ (_Ceres and Archimedes_)
+
+  THE FARM--BEST HOME OF THE FAMILY--MAIN
+  SOURCE OF NATIONAL WEALTH--FOUNDATION OF
+  CIVILIZED SOCIETY--THE NATURAL PROVIDENCE
+
+  THE OLD MECHANIC ARTS--CONTROLLING NEW
+  FORCES--BUILD NEW HIGHWAYS FOR GOODS
+  AND MEN--OVERRIDE THE OCEAN--AND MAKE
+  THE VERY ETHER CARRY HUMAN THOUGHT
+
+  THE DESERT SHALL REJOICE AND BLOSSOM
+  AS THE ROSE
+
+In the panels over the entrances to the carriage porch and state
+apartment the following inscriptions are cut:
+
+  _Carriage Porch_ (_south elevation_)
+
+  HE THAT WOULD BRING HOME THE
+  WEALTH OF THE INDIES MUST CARRY
+  THE WEALTH OF THE INDIES WITH HIM
+  SO IT IS IN TRAVELLING--A MAN
+  MUST CARRY KNOWLEDGE WITH HIM
+  IF HE WOULD BRING HOME KNOWLEDGE
+
+  _State Apartment_ (_south elevation_)
+
+  LET ALL THE ENDS THOU AIMEST AT BE
+  THY COUNTRY’S, THY GOD’S, AND TRUTH’S,
+  BE NOBLE, AND THE NOBLENESS THAT
+  LIES IN OTHER MEN--SLEEPING BUT
+  NEVER DEAD--WILL RISE IN MAJESTY
+  TO MEET THINE OWN
+
+  _State Apartment_ (_east elevation_)
+
+  WELCOME THE COMING
+  SPEED THE PARTING GUEST
+
+  VIRTUE ALONE IS SWEET SOCIETY
+  IT KEEPS THE KEY TO ALL
+  HEROIC HEARTS AND OPENS YOU
+  A WELCOME IN THEM ALL
+
+The decorations immediately in front of and along the sides of the east
+and west entrances consist of stone balustrades upon which at proper
+intervals are ornamental lamp posts.
+
+Immediately in front of the main entrance to the Union Station there
+are three ornamental iron flagstaffs 110 feet in height, the ornamental
+base and decorative portions of which are in bronze. These were
+designed by D. H. Burnham & Co., architects of the Union Station.
+
+Since the completion of the Union Station in 1908 there have also been
+placed on the Plaza the Columbus Memorial Fountain in front of the main
+entrance, and two large fountains, one on each side of the memorial.
+
+All stone used in the decoration of the Plaza, except that in the bowls
+of the fountains, is Vermont white granite, from the same quarry as
+that used in the station building. The fountain bowls are of Maine
+green granite. The upper bowls are 13 feet in diameter and cut from
+a single piece of stone; the lower bowls are 22 feet 6 inches in
+diameter, the rims being made from eight separate pieces of granite.
+The bottoms of these bowls are of reinforced concrete and are lined
+with sheet lead.
+
+
+WASHINGTON CITY POST OFFICE
+
+The Washington City Post Office moved into its present quarters on
+September 5, 1914. The building faces on Massachusetts Avenue and
+extends from North Capitol Street to First Street NE.
+
+At the time of occupancy it was considered the model post office
+for the rest of the country, being provided with the most modern
+mail-handling equipment that human ingenuity could devise. There are
+conveyor belts through a tunnel under the streets for bringing the
+enormous amount of Government mail from the Government Printing Office
+directly into the post office, where it is made up for dispatch to
+trains; other belts for conveying mail from one section of the office
+to another; bucket lifts for raising mail from a lower to a higher
+floor; gravity chutes to send mail from an upper to a lower level;
+miniature trolley systems to carry smaller amounts of mail, or even
+single important letters, from one section of the workroom floor to
+another; and other devices to save footsteps of the employees and
+conserve their time.
+
+The building is three stories above the ground level and two stories
+below. The two upper floors and one of the lower ones are given over to
+Post Office Department activities, such as the Postal Savings Division,
+the Division of Stamps, the Division of Equipment and Supplies, and
+others. The building is so constructed that the maximum of natural
+daylight is permitted to enter. It has no heating plant of its own,
+being supplied with heat from the plant located at First and E Streets
+SE. that supplies the Capitol, Senate and House Office Buildings, and
+the Government Printing Office. The necessary pipes are brought into
+the building through underground tunnels.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON CITY POST OFFICE]
+
+There are approximately 6 acres of floor space available for the
+Washington Post Office. This additional space was secured by a new
+addition. It was thought at the time the post office moved into its new
+quarters that the floor space provided would be ample to take care of
+all increases in the volume of mail for a period of 50 years. In a few
+years the office far outgrew this space, and Congress appropriated for
+an addition to the building about equal in size to the original one.
+The construction of this addition cost $4,000,000.
+
+The original building cost $3,028,000, and the general style of the
+architecture is that of the monumental work of Roman times and was
+designed by Peirce Anderson, architect, to harmonize with the Union
+Station, which adjoins, and to which it is connected by a covered
+bridge, over which mail to and from the trains is trucked.
+
+The main exterior motive consists of an Ionic colonnade flanked by
+corner pavilions treated with round arches, inclosed in a strong frame
+of columns and pilasters and surmounted by solid attics carrying
+inscriptions as follows:
+
+  MESSENGER OF SYMPATHY AND LOVE
+  SERVANT OF PARTED FRIENDS
+  CONSOLER OF THE LONELY
+  BOND OF THE SCATTERED FAMILY
+  ENLARGER OF THE COMMON LIFE
+
+  CARRIER OF NEWS AND KNOWLEDGE
+  INSTRUMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY
+  PROMOTER OF MUTUAL ACQUAINTANCE
+  OF PEACE AND OF GOOD WILL
+  AMONG MEN AND NATIONS
+
+Many visitors to Washington will stop and read these inscriptions
+and, being interested in the authorship thereof, will make inquiry
+concerning it. Research shows that the originals were prepared by Dr.
+Charles W. Eliot, at that time president of Harvard University, but
+that some slight changes were made in the text by the late President
+Wilson to the extent of the alteration of some three or four words. It
+is this revision that appears on the building.
+
+The material of the exterior of the building is Vermont white granite
+and is the same as that used in the construction of the Union Station.
+The general treatment of the main lobby, which is 250 feet in length,
+is that of a high cella, 30 feet wide and 53 feet high, and surrounded
+by an order of pilasters in Tavernelle marble. The adjoining vestibules
+are ornamented by 24 monolithic columns of gray-green granite from
+New Hampshire. These columns are 2 feet and 4 inches in diameter and
+20 feet in height. The floor is of Tennessee marble, laid in patterns
+of pinks and grays. The main lobby ceiling has an elaborate coffered
+design inspired from the best period of the Italian Renaissance.
+
+[Illustration: LIBRARY OF CONGRESS]
+
+The gross receipts of the Washington Post Office have increased from
+$1,792,917 in 1914 to nearly $7,000,000 in 1938.
+
+In order to make postal facilities as easily accessible as possible,
+there are located throughout the city 31 classified and 41 contract
+stations.
+
+To properly transport mail from the main office to the various
+stations, electric-line terminals, steamboat wharves, and aviation
+fields, and to make collections from the street letter boxes and
+deliver parcel-post packages, the office operates a fleet of fully 100
+Government-owned automobile trucks.
+
+Designed by Graham Anderson, Probst & White and built of white Vermont
+granite, the addition was completed in 1937 and it doubled the size of
+the city post office.
+
+
+LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
+
+The Library of Congress, the world’s largest and most elaborate
+building devoted wholly to library uses, occupies two city squares east
+of and facing the Capitol Grounds, also an addition recently completed.
+
+The architecture is of the Italian Renaissance order, from plans made
+by J. J. Smithmeyer and Paul Pelz, and modified by Edward P. Casey. The
+exterior walls are of New Hampshire granite. Fifty masters of painting
+and sculpture worked together to make it a treasure house of the best
+contemporary American art, fit to shelter one of the greatest libraries
+of the world. Army engineers superintended its construction.
+
+Begun in 1886, completed in 1897, the building measures 340 feet
+by 470 feet and covers about 3¹⁄₂ acres. Its cost to date has been
+$7,868,951. The addition was designed by Pierson & Wilson, architects
+of Washington, and built of Georgia marble.
+
+In front of the Library is a bronze fountain by Hinton Perry, sculptor,
+representing the Court of Neptune.
+
+The grand stair hall of the entrance pavilion is of Italian white
+marble, is particularly beautiful at night, when visitors delight to
+see it. It leads to the great rotunda, which is the reading room. To
+the right are the library rooms of Senators and Representatives and
+the periodical room. To the left are the rooms for the blind and the
+conservatory of music.
+
+On the second floor at the head of the staircase is Elihu Vedder’s
+famous mosaic, Minerva. On this floor also are on exhibition the
+original Declaration of Independence, the original Constitution of the
+United States, and the Gutenberg Bible. To the right is the prints
+division, now called the division of fine arts, and to the left the
+manuscripts division.
+
+[Illustration: LIBRARY OF CONGRESS--GRAND STAIRCASE]
+
+The reading room contains the card-index catalogue of the books in
+the Library, will accommodate 1,000 readers at a time, and is free to
+any reader over 16 years of age. The alcoves are devoted to books on
+particular subjects.
+
+The reading room is under the dome, which is 100 feet in diameter
+and 195 feet high to the lantern. In the lantern of the dome is a
+female figure indicating Human Understanding, and on the collar
+surrounding the lantern, 150 feet in circumference, is the Evolution
+of Civilization, symbolic of the 12 nations and epochs which have
+contributed to the world’s advance--both great works of art by Edwin
+Howland Blashfield. The dome is beautifully decorated, and the series
+of statues in bronze by famous American sculptors at intervals on the
+balustrade encircling the rotunda make the scene impressive.
+
+The pillars in the rotunda are 40 feet high, the windows 32 feet wide.
+
+There are 16 bronze statues surrounding the railing of the gallery
+under the dome, representing leaders in great fields of learning, as
+follows:
+
+  _Religion_: Moses the great lawgiver, holding the Tables of the Law,
+  given at Mount Sinai, by Charles Henry Niehaus; St. Paul, with sword
+  and scroll, by John Donoghue.
+
+  _Commerce_: Christopher Columbus, by Paul Bartlett; Robert Fulton,
+  holding a model of his first steamboat, Clermont, by Lewis Potter.
+
+  _History_: Herodotus, the “Father of History,” by Daniel Chester
+  French; Edward Gibbon, author of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
+  Empire, by C. H. Niehaus.
+
+  _Art_: Michelangelo, by Paul Bartlett; Beethoven, by Theodor Bauer.
+
+  _Philosophy_: Plato, by John J. Boyle; Francis Bacon, by John J.
+  Boyle.
+
+  _Poetry_: Homer, by Augustus Saint-Gaudens; Shakespeare, by Frederick
+  W. MacMonnies.
+
+  _Law_: Solon, by F. Wellington Ruckstuhl; James Kent, by George E.
+  Bissell.
+
+  _Science_: Newton, by Cyrus E. Dallin; Joseph Henry, by Herbert Adams.
+
+Numerous paintings, mosaics, and inscriptions adorn the interior walls.
+The dark Tennessee, the red Numidia, and the shades of yellow Sienna
+marble give the room a rich color effect.
+
+When the collection of a million books was moved from the crowded
+Capitol it was believed that the increase for the next hundred years
+had been amply provided for; but before 15 years had passed it had been
+found necessary to roof over one of the four great open courts (more
+than a quarter of an acre in extent) and fill it with a 10-story steel
+bookstack to hold 1,500,000 volumes. By 1927 another court had been
+filled with a 14-story stack. Two years later four levels were added to
+the first of these court stacks, making the two equal.
+
+To meet the great increase in the future, Congress appropriated for
+the purchase of a square and a half of land to the eastward and the
+construction of an annex building costing $9,300,000. To the annex will
+be transferred the copyright office, card division, printery, and
+bindery, but leaving room in it for eight or ten million volumes of
+less active material, such, for example, as the 97,000 volumes of bound
+newspapers. There are 20 acres of floor space in the new building.
+
+The Library’s resources for research are unsurpassed in the Western
+Hemisphere; its service as a national library is unexcelled. The
+printed book collection on June 30, 1938, totaled 5,591,000, surpassed
+in numbers only by that of the Bibliothèque National in Paris, and
+increasing at a greater rate than those in any other library. Last year
+196,000 volumes were added.
+
+[Illustration: LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ADDITION]
+
+Founded in 1800 by an act appropriating $5,000 for the purchase of
+“books for the use of both Houses of Congress,” the Library continued,
+down to the midpoint of its 139 years of history, to be no more than
+its name implies--a collection for the use of the National Legislature.
+By 1865 the Library had attained a growth of 82,000 volumes, which
+was notable among American libraries neither in size nor in service
+rendered.
+
+The collections include the library of Thomas Jefferson (6,760 volumes,
+the nucleus of the present collections, purchased for $23,950 in 1815),
+the Peter Force and the Toner collections of American history, the
+Smithsonian Institution’s unequaled collection of the proceedings of
+learned societies of the world, the Yudin collection of Russian books
+(with later additions probably the largest outside of Russia), the
+collection of John Boyd Thacher (fifteenth-century books, and books
+on the French Revolution, early Americana, autographs of European
+notables), the Schiff-Deinard collection of Hebrew literature, and
+130,000 Chinese books, understood to be one of the largest and
+best-organized collections outside the Orient. Most notable among
+recent accessions is the Vollbehr collection of 3,000 fifteenth-century
+books (incunabula), for whose purchase Congress appropriated $1,500,000
+in July, 1930. The gem of this group is the Gutenberg Bible, one of the
+three extant perfect copies on vellum of the first great book printed
+in Europe from movable type (A. D. 1450-1455).
+
+[Illustration: LIBRARY OF CONGRESS--READING ROOM]
+
+Manuscripts relating chiefly to American history are among the
+Library’s greatest treasures. The reproducing by photography of
+manuscript materials for American history in foreign archives and
+libraries, which since 1927 has formed so significant a portion of the
+division’s work, has added more than 2,000,000 pages to the resources
+which students of that history can use in Washington without going to
+Europe.
+
+Chief among originals beyond all price are the Declaration of
+Independence, the Constitution of the United States--both added in
+1921--the personal papers of President Washington, many Presidents, and
+other statesmen.
+
+The Library is rich in music. This collection numbers over 1,194,000
+pieces and volumes, surpassed only in two or three European libraries.
+An auditorium of 500 seats, given and richly endowed by Mrs. Elizabeth
+Sprague Coolidge, provides free concerts and lectures.
+
+Other notable groups are 1,400,000 maps and views; 542,000 engravings
+and other pictorial reproductions, including the splendid Pennell
+collections; the law library (404,000 volumes). The social and
+political sciences are represented by 890,500 volumes, language and
+literature by 350,000, history by 420,000, and pure science by 265,500.
+
+The most recent important development in service is the division of
+aeronautics, established through a benefaction of $140,000 from the
+Daniel Guggenheim Fund for Aeronautics, now supplemented by an annual
+congressional appropriation.
+
+Special facilities for serious research include some 50 individual
+study rooms and (elsewhere) 125 special desks or tables. Interlibrary
+loans for investigators whose work is likely to advance the boundaries
+of knowledge are sent far and wide through the United States and some
+abroad.
+
+There is a service for blind readers which last year loaned 42,000
+volumes in embossed type to some 3,000 readers in the United States.
+
+Printed catalogue cards, numbering 110,000,000, prepared by the Library
+for its own catalogues, are sold at cost to some 6,300 other libraries,
+effecting for the subscribers prodigious savings in their cataloguing
+bills but yielding a revenue to the Treasury of $328,405.
+
+Until very recently Congress alone provided the funds to meet all the
+Library’s expenses, excepting one gift of $20,000 received in 1904.
+But in 1925 the Library of Congress Trust Fund Board was created by
+Congress, the Secretary of the Treasury and the Librarian of Congress
+being ex officio chairman and secretary of the board, respectively.
+The act authorized the board to receive and invest funds for permanent
+endowments, and the Librarian to receive gifts of money for immediate
+disbursement. Already endowments aggregating about $2,000,000 and
+gift funds of $1,415,000 for immediate expenditure have been received
+and have yielded an income from 1925 to 1938 of $726,000. These new
+resources add to the bibliographic apparatus and support a project
+for developing an archive of American folk song. One endowment yields
+$4,000 per year for the purchase of recent Hispanic literature and
+employs a consultant to suggest items for purchase in this particular
+field.
+
+[Illustration: THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE CONSTITUTION]
+
+Six consultants, men of professional rank and experience, are engaged
+(without any administrative duties) in advising the maturer users of
+the Library in their investigations. This unique service is to be found
+nowhere else in libraries.
+
+Notable among gifts are those of John D. Rockefeller, jr.--one of
+$450,000 for the acquisition in facsimile copies of source material for
+American history existing in the archives of foreign countries, and
+another of $250,000 for the development of a great union catalogue of
+important books in other American libraries.
+
+The scheme of classification, covering 5,000 printed pages, has been
+adopted in 80 large libraries in America and Europe.
+
+Herbert Putnam, the Librarian, took office on April 5, 1899.
+
+The Library staff, organized in 30 divisions, consists of 1,055
+persons, of whom 585 are doing library work proper; 136 handle the
+copyright business, which since 1870 has been under direction of
+the Librarian; 204 constitute the building force, which guards the
+building day and night, keeps it in beautiful order, attends to
+heating, lighting, and ventilating the 15 acres of floor space, vacuum
+cleans--the year round--the 162 miles of books, and looks after the
+countless other mechanical matters. The remainder (111 persons) are
+printers and bookbinders engaged on Library work, but under the Public
+Printer’s direction; 19 are engaged on special projects.
+
+
+FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY
+
+When Henry C. Folger, of New York City, decided to build the library
+his first thought was to have this monument to the glory of Shakespeare
+designed in harmony with the architecture of Shakespeare’s time.
+However, the library being in Washington, very near the Capitol, the
+House of Representatives and Senate Office Buildings, and the Library
+of Congress (to which group was added the Supreme Court Building), made
+it appear somewhat dangerous to introduce Elizabethan architecture in
+such a classical frame.
+
+After a conference with Dr. Paul Cret, architect, and Alexander B.
+Trowbridge, consultant, Mr. Folger agreed with this view, and a white
+marble structure of classic design was agreed upon. However, if the
+façades of a building are part of the scenery, once the door is passed,
+it is quite legitimate to harmonize the interiors with the collections
+therein displayed. It was with this end in view that the general plan
+was studied and adopted.
+
+[Illustration: FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY]
+
+The requirements of the donor necessitated a reading room as free as
+possible from disturbance, and to find, for the benefit of the public,
+a room where could be displayed some selected material--books, prints,
+costumes, paintings, and works of art relating to Shakespeare. An
+exhibition room and theater were laid out to form a somewhat separated
+unit. The location of this reading room on the courtyard side away from
+the street noise is also more favorable to study. Below the reading
+room are two stories of stacks fully lighted by the courtyard.
+
+The exhibition hall and the reading room form the center of the plan.
+The east wing is occupied by the lecture room-theater, which has its
+own lobby, and can be used at night independently of the rest of the
+building. The retiring rooms and dressing rooms are in the basement,
+and stairs lead to the balcony.
+
+The west wing is occupied by the administration. On the main floor are
+the founder’s rooms and the offices of the director, his assistants,
+and clerks. On the second floor are the library staff workrooms and
+five private study rooms for scholars.
+
+The over-all size of the building is 226 feet by 111 feet. It rises
+to a height of 48 feet on a property 364 feet by 186 feet. Work was
+started in November 1929. The façades were to harmonize in masses
+and material with classic Washington. A quiet modern Georgia marble
+façade, with silver grilles and balconies, was designed, using,
+as principal decoration, a set of nine bas-reliefs illustrating
+Shakespeare’s plays and some inscriptions emphasizing its purpose of
+memorial to a great poet.
+
+[Illustration: EXHIBITION HALL--FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY]
+
+The sculptural theme is based on the following plays: Macbeth, Romeo
+and Juliet, King Lear, Julius Caesar, Midsummer Night’s Dream, The
+Merchant of Venice, Richard the Third, Hamlet, and Henry the Fourth.
+Their execution was entrusted to John Gregory of New York. They are
+placed so as to have more importance than the usual frieze--below each
+window of the exhibition room, at the proper height for the passer-by,
+and along a marble terrace raised 3 feet above the street level.
+
+[Illustration: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION]
+
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
+
+The Smithsonian Institution was established by act of Congress in
+1846, under the terms of the will of James Smithson, an Englishman,
+who in 1826 bequeathed his fortune to the United States to found,
+at Washington, under the name of the “Smithsonian Institution,” an
+establishment for the “increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.”
+The Institution is legally an establishment, having as its members the
+President of the United States, the Vice President, the Chief Justice,
+and the President’s Cabinet. It is governed by a Board of Regents. The
+Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is its executive officer and
+the director of its activities. The building was designed by James
+Renwick, architect.
+
+The regents are empowered to accept gifts without action of Congress,
+in furtherance of the purpose of the Institution, and to administer
+trusts in accordance therewith. Throughout its history, the Smithsonian
+Institution has conducted and encouraged important scientific
+researches, explorations, and investigations, which have contributed
+largely to the advancement of knowledge, and thereby accomplishing
+the “increase of knowledge.” The “diffusion of knowledge” is carried
+on through several series of publications based on its researches
+and collections, through its museum and art gallery exhibits, and
+through an extensive correspondence. The Smithsonian issues 13 series
+of scientific publications which are distributed free to libraries,
+learned societies, and educational institutions throughout the world.
+It also maintains a library of 876,000 volumes, which consists mainly
+of transactions of learned societies and scientific periodicals.
+
+The Institution has charge of the National Museum, the National Gallery
+of Art, the National Collection of Fine Arts, the Freer Gallery of Art,
+the International Exchange Service, the Bureau of American Ethnology,
+the National Zoological Park, and the Astrophysical Observatory (with
+several field stations).
+
+The United States National Museum is the depository of the national
+collections. It is rich in the natural history, geology, paleontology,
+archeology, and ethnology of America, and has large and important
+collections illustrating American history, including military and naval
+material, and also valuable series relating to arts and industries.
+It is an educational and research museum and issues scientific
+publications. Its aeronautical collection includes the airplane _The
+Spirit of St. Louis_, deposited by Col. Charles A. Lindbergh in the
+spring of 1928.
+
+The National Gallery of Art is a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution
+created by joint resolution of Congress approved March 24, 1937, as
+a result of the gift of Andrew W. Mellon to the Nation of his art
+collection of masterpieces valued at $50,000,000 and $10,000,000 to
+erect a building to house it. The above act accepting Mr. Mellon’s
+gift provided that the art collections already in possession of the
+Smithsonian Institution and therefore designated the National Gallery
+of Art should thereafter be known as the National Collection of Fine
+Arts. The National Gallery of Art is administered for the Smithsonian
+Institution, in which title is vested, by a Board of Trustees. The
+monumental marble building, designed by John Russell Pope, is now under
+construction on the site on the north side of the Mall between Fourth
+and Seventh Streets. (See p. 281 for illustration.)
+
+The Bureau of American Ethnology is engaged particularly in the
+collection of information relating to the American Indians. The
+National Zoological Park has an area of 175 acres and is located
+adjacent to Rock Creek Park. Its collection comprises about 3,000
+animals.
+
+
+GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
+
+The Government Printing Office, in which the printing and bookbinding
+for the various branches of the National Government is executed, is
+located on North Capitol Street between G and H Streets NW. Covering
+almost a city block with its eight-story, red-brick building, this
+plant is the best-equipped and is reputed to be the largest printing
+office of its kind in the world.
+
+Printing for the Government of the United States was first mentioned
+during the initial session of Congress, in 1789, in the form of a
+recommendation to that body that proposals be invited for “printing the
+laws and other proceedings of Congress.”
+
+The first specific appropriation for public printing was passed in
+1794, when an expenditure of $10,000 was authorized for “firewood,
+stationery, and printing.”
+
+Between 1804 and 1814, Congress had no fixed policy in relation to
+printing. A contract system by the lowest bidder was adopted. The plan
+prevailed for 5 years but was very unsatisfactory, and Congress was
+compelled to look for a better method. In December, 1818, both houses
+passed a resolution appointing a joint committee to “consider and
+report whether any further provisions of law are necessary to insure
+dispatch, accuracy, and neatness in printing the documents of the two
+Houses of Congress.” The inquiries by this committee led them to New
+York and Philadelphia, where they studied printing costs and methods,
+and upon returning to Washington they made a report declaring most
+emphatically for the establishment of a national printing office as
+the only means by which Congress could secure necessary printing at
+reasonable costs.
+
+No definite action was taken on the report, with the result that for
+the next forty-odd years the method of handling public printing was
+constantly changing. Some years there was a “Printer to the Senate”
+and a “Printer to the House,” both elected by a ballot of Congress,
+and in other years there was a “Superintendent of Public Printing.”
+Altogether it was expensive and impractical, and by act of Congress on
+June 23, 1860, a national printing office was authorized. On February
+19, 1861, $135,000 was appropriated, and with this money the printing
+establishment of Joseph T. Crowell, located at H and North Capitol
+Streets, Washington, D. C., was purchased, upon approval of the Joint
+Committee on Printing. This building had been constructed in 1856 by
+Cornelius Wendell, as a private office. The building at that time was
+243 by 61¹⁄₂ feet, 4 stories high, but by subsequent appropriations up
+to 1876 several additions were made to the original structure.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE]
+
+The plant, as taken over in 1861, employed between 300 and 400 persons
+and evidently was, for that period, very complete. It consisted of
+a drying room, pressroom, wetting room, job room, folding room,
+reading room, office, bindery, machine shop, boiler house, and
+stable. Among some of the items of equipment were 1 timepiece, 5
+wrenches, one 40-horse engine, 104 pressboards, 2 wetting tubs, and
+a large assortment of book and job type. The reading room had eight
+armchairs, two pine desks, and one mahogany desk. The bindery had but
+few machines, with only 2 ruling and 2 cutting machines, but the list
+carried 10 pairs of shears, 4 bodkins, and other minor equipment. The
+pressroom had 23 Adams presses and 3 cylinder presses. With the stable
+came two horses, one wagon, and one carryall, and the boiler house had
+one 60-horse boiler, 525 feet of fire hose, five buckets, etc.
+
+On March 23, 1861, President Lincoln appointed Hon. John Defrees, of
+Indiana, as the Superintendent of Public Printing. He reported that
+at once the cost of work decreased at least 15 percent from the old
+contract prices.
+
+On March 3, 1873, the printing of the debates of Congress, then known
+as the Congressional Globe and handled under private contract, was
+taken over by the Government Printing Office and thereafter became the
+Congressional Record.
+
+In 1876, Hon. A. M. Clapp, then Congressional Printer, was designated
+the first Public Printer, at a yearly salary of $3,600. Composing rooms
+employed 520 persons, pressroom 209, and bindery 591; in all, 1,361
+persons were on the roll. The total yearly pay roll was $786,493. It
+cost $188,198 to print the Congressional Record in 1876, while binding
+of all kinds cost $402,069, paper $298,251, and the total output of the
+Office was charged at $1,617,469. The total purchase of machinery and
+equipment in that year was only $342.50.
+
+In 1878 the building known as the Globe Vault was purchased from the
+private owner, together with the bound and unbound volumes of the
+Congressional Globe and all the stereotyped plates. The price paid was
+$100,000.
+
+Fireproof extensions to the Government Printing Office were erected in
+1879 and 1880. In 1882 the first fire escapes were installed, and force
+pumps proved such an attraction to the public that the apparatus had to
+be covered with canvas. Bows and arrows were also provided which would
+enable life lines to be “shot” through the upper windows.
+
+By the act of January 12, 1895, the Office of the Superintendent of
+Documents was established in the Government Printing Office. Previously
+it was a part of the Interior Department. The principal functions of
+the office were the preparation of the official catalogs and indexes of
+the Government and distribution and sale of Government publications.
+
+The Office was placed under operation of the civil-service law August
+1, 1895. In the same year the Annex Building, formerly used by the
+Superintendent of Documents, was constructed, and in the following year
+the Public Printer reported the total floor space of the entire Office
+had increased to 8³⁄₄ acres.
+
+In 1898 Congress appropriated $190,000 for the purchase of ground
+occupied by the present building. In 1899 the building was started. It
+was completed about 4 years thereafter, at a cost of $2,430,000.
+
+In 1903 a small space in the Old Building was set aside as the “sick
+room.” Its equipment consisted of a cot, blanket, and a small supply of
+medicines contributed by the employees. This was the nucleus from which
+developed the first emergency hospital in any Government establishment
+and was the initial step toward scientific medical and surgical
+service. In 1907 an emergency room was installed and an additional
+physician and matron were assigned to that service.
+
+The first linotype machine and the first monotype keyboard
+were installed in 1904. In 1912 electric trucks displaced the
+horse-and-wagon delivery. In 1915 the Government Printing Office was an
+exhibitor at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition held in San
+Francisco, Calif.
+
+Between 1921 and 1934 several innovations were made. A few of the
+outstanding are as follows: The eighth floor was remodeled and raised
+to provide room for the Cafeteria, Harding Hall, recreation rooms,
+rest rooms, and large space for productive work. The Cafeteria serves
+around 2,800 meals daily, and Harding Hall, seating 1,200, is devoted
+to social activities of employees and may be quickly converted into a
+ballroom, a motion-picture theater, or a forum. Recreational activities
+include orchestra, baseball clubs, bowling alleys, dances, moving
+pictures and lectures, annual excursions, and similar affairs. The
+photo-engraving plant was also added as one of the new mechanical
+departments and is also located on the eighth floor. A roof garden was
+built, covering practically the entire building. The emergency hospital
+was enlarged, and wards for men and women were provided, with beds,
+toilets, and shower baths.
+
+Two hundred apprentices received training for occupational pursuits in
+the various printing and bindery trades represented in the Office.
+
+A testing laboratory was established in the Office for the purpose
+of standardizing all materials, supplies, and stock used in the
+manufacture of printing.
+
+The boiler and generating rooms were abolished, and the purchase of
+electric current and steam from the Capital Power Plant was started.
+
+Since 1934, under the direction of Public Printer A. E. Giegengack,
+the Government Printing Office has continued to grow not only in size
+but also in public esteem. Under his leadership, appropriations for
+a much-needed building program were granted by Congress, and the
+erection of a warehouse and an eight-story, red-brick addition to
+the main Printing Office building was accomplished. The cost of this
+building program, which included buildings, machinery and equipment,
+furnishings, the expense of moving, and other incidentals, amounted to
+$7,700,000.
+
+Among the many noteworthy improvements inaugurated for the betterment
+of service to the Government, to the public, and to the 5,500 employees
+of the Office, are the following:
+
+The establishment of a department of typography, through which there
+are incorporated into Government printing the accepted improvements
+in the field of typography; the standardization of a type-metal alloy
+for all type-casting machines; the installation of a more efficient
+cost-finding and pay-roll bookkeeping system; the reestablishment of
+the Government Printing Office Apprentice School; and encouragement of
+greater employee participation in all social, fraternal, and welfare
+activities sponsored by the Office.
+
+Uncle Sam’s Book Shop sold 10 million copies from its list of 65,000
+publications in 1937. This department is called the Office of the
+Superintendent of Documents, which is located in the Government
+Printing Office building, and these Government publications, covering
+almost every phase of human endeavor, are for sale to the public at a
+reasonable price.
+
+
+THE WHITE HOUSE
+
+The site of the White House, or the President’s House, was selected
+by President Washington. It was part of the David Burnes farm, and at
+the time it was chosen a cornfield extended one-half mile south to the
+Potomac.
+
+The cornerstone of the President’s House was laid on October 13, 1792,
+but not by George Washington, as the records show that he and his
+family were in Philadelphia at the time. The design was made by James
+Hoban, an architect of Dublin, Ireland, who won a $500 prize and a lot
+for the best plan. In its exterior it somewhat resembles the palace of
+the Duke of Leinster in Ireland. That, however, has Corinthian columns
+over a rusticated base, showing the influence of the Renaissance in
+England; and there are other distinctions in their classical motives.
+
+The White House was first occupied by President and Mrs. John Adams,
+who moved in the latter part of November, 1800, the year Washington
+became the seat of government. At the time it was very incomplete,
+and much discomfort was experienced, particularly as to heating and
+lighting. The East Room was used to dry the family wash. The White
+House was not finished until 1826. Then and for many years following it
+secured its water from springs a short distance to the northeast, in
+the vicinity of what is now Franklin Square.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE HOUSE--NORTH SIDE]
+
+The President’s House, as it was then called, was considerably damaged
+by fire by the British, who threatened the destruction of the city
+in 1814. The building, except for the wings at each side, which were
+used for offices and servants’ quarters, was restored by Hoban. Of
+white sandstone, the building which became discolored by the fire was
+thereupon painted white and has since been known as the White House.
+It was first lighted by gas in 1848, and a system of heating and
+ventilating was installed in 1853.
+
+The White House was remodeled during the administration of President
+Roosevelt in 1902, when the Executive Office was taken out of the
+building and placed in a temporary building to the west of the main
+building. This was enlarged during the administration of President Taft
+in 1909 to twice its former size. It was further remodeled in 1927 by
+making the building fireproof and constructing a third story out of the
+attic.
+
+In 1929 it was found necessary by President Hoover to use also the
+basement for an office. In the same year the building was partially
+burned, but has since been rebuilt. It is thought by some that in the
+years to come the remodeled State Department Building will become the
+permanent Executive Office Building, and the State Department will have
+a new building on the west side of Lafayette Square.
+
+The White House has a length of 183 feet (east and west) and a width
+of 85 feet; it is 58 feet high. The portico of Ionic columns forms a
+porte-cochère and measures 40 feet by 59 feet (east and west), and is
+50 feet high.
+
+The building contains many beautiful paintings and other works of art,
+among them a Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington, called the
+Lansdowne Stuart, which was saved by Dolly Madison by cutting the
+picture from its frame when the White House was burned by the British
+in 1814. It is now in the East Room, which is the great reception
+room, 82 feet long (the width of the mansion), 40 feet wide, and 22
+feet high. From the ceiling hang three massive crystal chandeliers. In
+addition to numerous paintings, large vases and other articles adorn
+the room.
+
+Other interesting rooms are the State Dining Room, the scene of
+brilliant State functions; the Blue Room--the President’s reception
+room--the walls of which are covered with rich blue corded silk, with
+window hangings of blue; the Red Room, the walls and window draperies
+of which are of red velvet; and the Green Room, which has on the walls
+green velvet. The wainscoting of the Green Room is of white enamel.
+
+Large and beautiful grounds bound the White House on the south. Here
+the Marine Band plays every Saturday afternoon during the summer
+months. Also it is here where the annual Easter egg rolling takes
+place, always a great day for the boys and girls of Washington. The
+area is called the White Lot because about 1850 a board fence that
+later was painted white surrounded these grounds.
+
+[Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF STATE BUILDING AS IT WILL APPEAR WHEN
+REMODELED]
+
+Originally the main entrance to the White House was on the south side,
+while the portico on the opposite side was a garden where the family
+spent their evenings. This is the arrangement observed to-day at
+Arlington House and at Mount Vernon, and is an indication that in the
+colonial days the back yards of homes were as nicely kept as were the
+front yards.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF STATE
+
+[Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF STATE BUILDING, 1801]
+
+In 1788 the Department of Foreign Affairs moved from Fraunce’s Tavern
+to a house owned by Philip Livingston, on the west side of Broadway,
+near the Battery, in New York City. Later it moved to another house on
+the same street on the opposite side. The Capital having been again
+located at Philadelphia, the department took up its abode first on
+Market Street, then on the southeast corner of Arch and Sixth Streets,
+then in North Alley, and finally at the northeast corner of Fifth and
+Chestnut Streets, where it remained until it was moved to Washington,
+except for an interval of three months--from August to November,
+1798--when it occupied the statehouse at Trenton, N. J., the office
+being moved from Philadelphia on account of an epidemic of yellow
+fever.
+
+On July 27, 1789, the act establishing an executive department to be
+called the Department of Foreign Affairs was approved; but the Sedgwick
+Act, approved September 15, 1789, changed this title to the Department
+of State and that of the principal officer to the Secretary of State.
+A few days later John Jay, who was Secretary of Foreign Affairs under
+the Confederation, was nominated to be Chief Justice of the Supreme
+Court and Thomas Jefferson to be Secretary of State, and both were
+commissioned on September 26. Jay accepted at once, but continued to
+discharge the duties of Secretary of State for some months. Under
+date of October 13 President Washington informed Jefferson of his
+appointment, and added that Mr. Jay had been so obliging as to continue
+his good offices. When this letter was written Jefferson had not
+returned to America from his mission to France. Upon his arrival Jay
+recommended to him favorably “the young gentlemen in the office.”
+Jefferson formally entered upon the discharge of his duties on March
+22, 1790.
+
+When the seat of government was established in the District of Columbia
+in 1800 the archives and the seven employees of the Department of
+State were crowded into the Treasury Office, a building of 30 rooms,
+to the east of the White House. It was the only Government building
+sufficiently completed to receive them. John Marshall was then
+Secretary of State. On August 27, 1800, the Department of State was
+removed to one of the Seven Buildings on Pennsylvania Avenue and
+Nineteenth Street NW.
+
+It has been interesting to determine positively the name of this
+historic group of buildings, because some confusion has arisen through
+there being in 1800 two groups or rows of houses, near to one another,
+one called the Six Buildings and the other the Seven Buildings.
+Christian Hines, in his Early Recollections of Washington City (1866),
+says, when giving a list of the few houses standing in the year 1800:
+
+  One square between Pennsylvania Avenue and K and Twenty-first and
+  Twenty-second Streets, the Six Buildings, three stories high,
+  owners and occupants not recollected * * *. One square bounded by
+  Pennsylvania Avenue and I and Nineteenth and Twentieth Streets, 10
+  houses--one 3-story frame, occupied by a Mr. Middleton; one 2-Story
+  frame, owned and occupied by William Waters, Esq., and the Seven
+  Buildings, brick, 3 stories high.
+
+Samuel C. Busey, in his Pictures of the City of Washington in the
+Past (1898), refers to and confirms Hines’s statements as to these
+two sets of buildings, and adds that in the Six Buildings was located
+O’Neal’s famous hotel. All writers apparently agree that the first
+home of the Department of State in Washington was in the house on the
+northwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Nineteenth Street. This row
+of buildings--Nos. 1901-1913 Pennsylvania Avenue--is still standing,
+though it has undergone considerable change.
+
+From the early part of 1820 to November, 1866, the Department of State
+was located at the corner of Fifteenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue
+NW., in what was known as the Executive Building. The picture shown
+below was given to William McNeir, chief of the division of accounts
+of that department, by Thomas Ridgate, who found it in the attic of
+the old building. It will be noted from the picture, which shows the
+Treasury Department Building columns at the extreme left, that it
+was taken before the building was razed to make room for the north
+wing of the present Treasury Department Building; the rest of the new
+building had at that time been erected. Of this building Jonathan Eliot
+states, in his Historical Sketches of the Ten Mile Square, describing
+Washington in 1830:
+
+  At the distance of about 200 yards, on the east of the President’s
+  house, are situated two buildings for the Department of State and of
+  the Treasury; and at the same distance on the west are two others for
+  the War and Navy Departments. These buildings are all of the same
+  dimensions and construction; they are 160 feet long and 55 feet wide,
+  of brick, two stories in height; they are divided in their length by
+  a broad passage, with rooms on each side, and a spacious staircase
+  in the center. The two most northerly buildings are ornamented with
+  an Ionic portico of six columns and pediment. The grounds about
+  these offices have been graduated and planted of late years, and the
+  shrubbery begins to present a pleasing appearance.
+
+[Illustration: EXECUTIVE BUILDING, 1820-1866]
+
+W. K. Force, in his Picture of Washington for 1850, said, speaking of
+the northeast Executive Building:
+
+  The first floor is occupied by the Fifth Auditor of the Treasury at
+  the east end, and the Second Comptroller of the Treasury at the west
+  end. On the second floor are the apartments of the Secretary of State
+  and his suite; also the library of the department, containing some
+  ten or twelve thousand volumes.
+
+John Quincy Adams was Secretary of State when the move to this new
+home was made, and thereafter followed a long list of distinguished
+Secretaries, the last to occupy this building being William H. Seward,
+from 1861 to 1869.
+
+The north wing of the present Treasury Department Building bears on its
+exterior wall on Fifteenth Street a tablet, erected April 30, 1929,
+by the Kiwanis Club of Washington, in cooperation with the Committee
+on Marking Points of Historic Interest, which contains the following
+inscription:
+
+  FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA WAS DEVELOPED AND
+  STRENGTHENED BY THE SIGNING OF THE WEBSTER-ASHBURTON TREATY, ON
+  AUGUST 9, 1842, IN THE OLD STATE DEPARTMENT BUILDING WHICH STOOD ON
+  THIS SITE. THIS TREATY ESTABLISHED THE NORTHEASTERN BOUNDARY BETWEEN
+  THE TWO COUNTRIES.
+
+On March 3, 1871, Congress appropriated half a million dollars to start
+work on the State, War, and Navy Departments Building. The act provided:
+
+  For the construction under the direction of the Secretary of State,
+  on the southern portion of the premises now occupied by the War and
+  Navy Departments, of a building which will form the south wing of a
+  building that, when completed, will be similar in ground plan and
+  dimensions to the Treasury Building and provide accommodations for
+  the State, War, and Navy Departments.
+
+The original plans were drawn by Thomas U. Walter, a noted Philadelphia
+architect, who designed the Dome of the Capitol and the completed
+Treasury Building, but A. B. Mullett, Supervising Architect of the
+Treasury, undertook the work, and finally only the interior conformed
+to the original plans.
+
+The building was erected in five different sections. The south wing
+was commenced in 1871 and completed in time for the Department of
+State to move in July 1, 1875. The east wing was commenced in 1872
+and completed seven years later, so that on April 16, 1879, the War
+and Navy Departments moved into that wing. The old War Department
+Building, which had occupied the site of the north wing of the present
+building, was demolished in 1879, and the new building or north wing
+was completed three years later, the War Department moving into it in
+December, 1882. The west and center wings were the last to be erected,
+work on them commencing March 31, 1883, and being completed January
+31, 1888. For a long time each wing was necessarily separated by a
+solid wall--and later by an iron grill, or gates in the corridors--but
+finally these disappeared, and the beauty of the long corridors as they
+now are appeared. The total cost of the whole building was slightly
+more than $10,000,000, and appropriations therefor spread over a period
+of 17 years. Separate permanent buildings for the War and the Navy
+Departments are now to be erected, these two departments being housed
+at present largely in temporary buildings. The Department of State
+alone remains in the building.
+
+In 1910 a building for the Department of State was recommended for a
+site along Fifteenth Street, south of Pennsylvania Avenue, where now
+the Department of Commerce has been built. In 1917 it was recommended
+that a Department of State Building be erected on the west side of
+Lafayette Square.
+
+In the new Federal building program Congress has provided that the
+present State, War, and Navy Building be remodeled to conform in
+design to the Treasury Department Building, and to be known as the
+Department of State Building. The building will thus properly balance
+the White House. Congress made a fund of $3,000,000 available for this
+work. The Secretary of the Treasury appointed Waddy Wood, architect
+of Washington, to prepare the design, which has been approved by the
+Commission of Fine Arts. However, the project has been held in abeyance.
+
+The Department of State was created as the first department of the
+Government in 1789, in order to help the President in carrying on our
+foreign relations. However, in the early years of our country the
+Department of State not only had charge of foreign affairs, but, as
+Thomas Jefferson, the first Secretary of State, once wrote, it also had
+charge of all important matters of domestic government as well, except
+matters of war and finance. In the early days the Secretary of State
+even managed the mint. Until 1849 he had charge of the Patent Office,
+until 1859 handled all copyright matters, and until 1850 the census
+of the United States was taken under his direction. Before the Civil
+War, United States judges, marshals, and attorneys all received their
+instructions from the Department of State, but in 1870 a new Department
+of Justice was established to take care of these matters, and little
+by little much of the domestic work was taken from this department and
+put under new departments, such as the Department of the Interior, the
+Department of Labor, and the Department of Commerce. Therefore, to-day
+the Department of State devotes most of its time to handling foreign
+affairs, although it is still the custodian, or the keeper, of the
+great seal, the official seal of the Government of the United States.
+When Congress passes new laws the original copies are kept in this
+department, and when there is any correspondence between the various
+States of the Union and the Federal Government it is carried on through
+the Department of State.
+
+The Secretary of State has a force of some 950 people in the department
+in Washington, and about 3,800 people scattered over all the world in
+the Foreign Service of the United States. The department in Washington
+is divided into 35 divisions and offices, each with its special work
+to perform. Six divisions have charge of matters pertaining to foreign
+countries--South and Central America; the Far East, as China, Japan,
+and Siam; the division of Western European affairs; Eastern European
+affairs; a division of the Near East; and the Mexican division.
+
+One of the largest offices in the department is the passport division,
+which issues passports to American citizens traveling in foreign
+countries. Last year 134,737 Americans obtained passports so that they
+might travel abroad, the fees for which amounted to nearly $1,500,000,
+almost enough to pay the entire expenses of the Department of State.
+
+[Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUILDING]
+
+When foreigners wish to come to this country they must first go to one
+of our American consuls to obtain a visa or a permit. The immigration
+of foreigners into this country is now restricted by law. Therefore our
+consuls examine the foreigners abroad, so that they may know before
+starting on their journey whether they will be allowed to remain in
+this country. The visa division of the Department of State has charge
+of that work.
+
+Whenever there are expositions or meetings of various kinds abroad,
+and it is decided that the United States Government shall take part
+in them, such participation has to be arranged through another of the
+divisions of the Department of State. As many as 150 cables are sent
+every day to all parts of the world, which are taken care of in the
+department’s telegraph office. In many foreign countries our Government
+is now buying and constructing its own buildings for our ambassadors
+and consuls, and one of the offices in the department attends to these
+matters.
+
+The Secretary of State is assisted in the direction of all these
+officers and offices by an Under Secretary of State, four Assistant
+Secretaries of State, and a legal adviser. The United States has an
+ambassador or minister in 54 different countries of the world. There
+are 314 foreign commercial cities where the United States has a consul
+general, consul, vice consul, or consular agent, who, among other
+duties, help steamship lines and great business establishments to
+promote commerce with the United States. Our consuls protect and assist
+the hundreds of American missionaries whose stations are in remote
+foreign regions of the world. In addition to their many duties they
+help thousands of visitors during trips abroad who seek advice. And
+when an American is visiting in a foreign land, even though scenery and
+ruins that recall civilizations of past ages give him pleasure, there
+is nothing that gives him more joy than to see in such places the Stars
+and Stripes waving over a United States consulate.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
+
+The Department of the Treasury was created by act of Congress September
+2, 1789. Robert Morris, of Pennsylvania, financier and statesman,
+one of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, was the first
+financial officer of the Government and was Superintendent of Finance
+from 1781 to 1784. Upon the resignation of Morris the powers conferred
+upon him by the Continental Congress were transferred to the Board
+of the Treasury. This board served until Alexander Hamilton, of New
+York, the first Secretary of the Treasury, assumed office. Hamilton
+served from September 11, 1789, to January 31, 1795, thus serving under
+President Washington. Since the formation of the Government there
+have been 50 Secretaries of the Treasury; the present incumbent, Hon.
+Henry Morgenthau, jr., of New York, assumed office January 1, 1934. The
+Secretary of the Treasury, of course, has supervision over the finances
+of the Government. The annual estimates, however, since 1921 have been
+transmitted to Congress by the Director of the Budget for the President
+of the United States.
+
+The first building of the Treasury Department situated at this location
+east of the White House was a small wooden structure, called the
+State and Treasury Departments Building. It was built at the time the
+seat of government was established in the District of Columbia in
+1800 and comprised 30 rooms. This original building was burned by the
+British during the invasion of Washington in 1814. A second building
+was erected. This was destroyed by fire in 1833. In 1836 Congress
+authorized the erection of “a fireproof building of such dimensions
+as may be required for the present and future accommodations.” Also
+the material for the building was to be similar to that used for the
+Capitol and the White House. The architect was Mr. Robert Mills, who
+at the same time was designing the Patent Office Building and later
+won the competition for the design of the Washington Monument. When it
+came to the question of location of the new building, it is said that
+President Andrew Jackson, becoming impatient at the delay, said “Here,
+right here, is where I want the corner stone laid.” Thus the building
+stands where it is to-day. In 1839 the department was installed in the
+unfinished building.
+
+The Treasury Building consists of a 4-story rectangle around a large
+central court; this court is divided by a corridor of offices. On the
+west the building faces the beautiful White House Grounds, its north
+side is on Pennsylvania Avenue, its east front runs along Fifteenth
+Street, and its south side overlooks a half-mile stretch of park
+leading down to the Potomac River.
+
+The building completed in 1842 included only the middle portion of
+the present east wing and the central corridor and offices. The south
+wing was completed in 1861, the west wing in 1864, and the north wing
+in 1869. It is an imposing granite structure. In design it is pure
+Grecian, furnishing what is claimed to be one of the finest examples
+of this style of architecture in Washington, if not in the entire
+country. There are great pediments on the north, south, and west sides.
+Monolithic columns of the Ionic order adorning the façades are the
+distinguishing feature of the building architecturally. There are 72 of
+these columns, each 36 feet in height, 30 being set to form an unbroken
+colonnade 341 feet long on the east front. Most of the granite used was
+brought to Washington in sailing vessels from Maine. The building has
+488 rooms and cost over $6,000,000.
+
+The department long ago outgrew the building. The personnel in
+Washington now numbers more than 22,000, with some 26 main bureaus and
+divisions. At present Department of the Treasury bureaus occupy, in
+addition to the main building, 9 entire buildings and part of 6 other
+buildings owned by the Government and 5 rented quarters. The Treasury
+Annex is an imposing building, designed by Cass Gilbert, across
+Pennsylvania Avenue on the north. Congress has authorized its extension
+to H Street.
+
+The Department of the Treasury is the central agency through which the
+Federal Government conducts its financial affairs. Generally speaking,
+it receives and has custody of all funds paid to the Government and
+disburses all moneys of the Government. At the head of the department
+are the Secretary of the Treasury, the Under Secretary of the Treasury,
+and three Assistant Secretaries of the Treasury, whose offices are all
+located in the main building.
+
+The receipts of the Government come chiefly from internal-revenue
+collections and customs duties. The Bureau of Internal Revenue
+administers and enforces the internal-revenue laws and collects all
+internal-revenue taxes. The personnel of this bureau has been brought
+together and now occupies a beautiful new building recently completed
+as part of the development along the Mall. Import duties or customs are
+collected by the Bureau of Customs.
+
+Disbursements of Government funds can be made only on the authorization
+of Congress. When any payment is authorized, a warrant signed by the
+Secretary of the Treasury and countersigned by the Comptroller General
+of the United States is drawn. Upon this authority payment is made. The
+division of bookkeeping and warrants, under the general supervision of
+the commissioner of accounts and deposits, keeps complete records of
+all appropriation accounts as well as of public moneys covered into the
+Treasury and of warrants authorizing disbursements.
+
+The Treasurer of the United States is charged with responsibility for
+the actual receipt and disbursement of all public moneys that may be
+deposited in the United States Treasury and in all other depositaries
+authorized to receive deposits of Government funds for credit in the
+account of the Treasurer of the United States. He has also many other
+fiscal duties.
+
+The public-debt service handles the records and operations pertaining
+to the issue and retirement of the public debt and the interest
+payments thereon, under the supervision of the commissioner of the
+public debt.
+
+The Bureau of the Mint manufactures the coin circulating medium of the
+country. It maintains mints at Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Denver
+for the coinage of money, as well as assay offices in New York and
+elsewhere. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing at Washington engraves
+and prints notes, bonds, securities, stamps, checks, etc.
+
+The Comptroller of the Currency is charged under the law with the
+supervision of national banks.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW NORTHWEST FROM THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT]
+
+
+OTHER IMPORTANT BUILDINGS
+
+Lack of space in this book makes it necessary merely to mention the
+more important of the other monumental buildings in the National
+Capital. Detailed information concerning them may be found in the
+author’s Washington the National Capital and in other books on
+Washington. They should be studied in connection with the buildings
+described in this chapter.
+
+Attention is called first to the group of monumental semipublic
+buildings, classical in design, on Seventeenth Street north of
+Constitution Avenue and along that Avenue from Seventeenth Street west
+to the Potomac River. It has been said that nowhere else in the world
+is there such a fine group of marble buildings.
+
+
+THE CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART
+
+This Gallery had its beginning in the year 1869. It ranks as one of
+the great art galleries in the United States. The present building (at
+New York Avenue and Seventeenth Street) was designed by Ernest Flagg,
+architect, and completed in 1897. It is built of Georgia marble. It
+houses rare masterpieces of painting and sculpture.
+
+
+THE AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS
+
+Adjacent to the Corcoran Gallery on the south, the American National
+Red Cross occupies three large buildings constructed of Vermont marble.
+They were designed by Trowbridge & Livingston, architects, of New York
+City. The Red Cross had its beginning during the Civil War. In 1905 the
+organization was chartered by Congress along its present lines. There
+are 5,500,000 adult members and 8,500,000 Junior members (as of June
+30, 1938).
+
+
+MEMORIAL CONTINENTAL HALL
+
+The next building to the south is the headquarters of the National
+Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. It faces
+Seventeenth Street, was designed by Edward Pearce Casey, architect,
+built of Vermont marble, and completed in 1905. The cornerstone was
+laid April 19, 1904, the anniversary of the Battle of Lexington. On
+that date the organization holds its convention in Washington each
+year. It was founded October 11, 1890, and on February 1, 1938,
+numbered 142,744 members, with about 2,500 chapters in all parts of the
+United States.
+
+
+CONSTITUTION HALL
+
+Another of the Society’s buildings, facing Eighteenth Street, in this
+square, is the leading auditorium of the city. It was designed by John
+Russell Pope, architect, built of Alabama limestone, and completed in
+October, 1929. The auditorium seats 4,000 persons. On page 278 there is
+a picture of the building. The mural decorations of the interior are by
+J. Monroe Hewlett, architect.
+
+
+THE PAN AMERICAN BUILDING
+
+This building, at the corner of Seventeenth Street and Constitution
+Avenue, is considered by some to be the most beautiful in Washington.
+It was designed by Albert C. Kelsey and Paul P. Cret, architects, in
+the Spanish-classical style of architecture. It was built of Georgia
+marble and was dedicated April 26, 1910. It is the headquarters of the
+21 Republics of the Pan American Union. In it is the famous Hall of the
+Americas. Andrew Carnegie contributed $850,000 toward the building, and
+the United States Government contributed the 5-acre tract, on which
+stood the Van Ness Mansion (1815) and the David Burnes cottage, which
+stood there in the days of George Washington.
+
+
+THE NEW DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUILDING
+
+Designed by Waddy B. Wood, architect, the new Department of the
+Interior building occupies two squares between C and E and Eighteenth
+and Nineteenth Streets. It is built of Indiana limestone and is the
+largest air-conditioned office building in the world.
+
+
+PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE BUILDING
+
+This building, designed by J. H. deSibour, architect, is classical in
+design and built of white Georgia marble. It was completed in 1933. It
+is four stories in height and houses the large and growing office of
+the Surgeon General of the United States and his staff of assistants.
+In its location on Constitution Avenue it forms a part of the frame for
+the Lincoln Memorial.
+
+
+FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD BUILDING
+
+Completed in 1937, this building forms the center of the group
+of monumental marble buildings along Constitution Avenue west of
+Seventeenth Street. The design, by Paul P. Cret, architect, is based
+on classical motives. It is built of white Georgia marble. It is the
+headquarters building for the Federal Reserve Board. In it is a large
+mosaic map of the United States by Ezra Winter, mural painter, showing
+the location of the 12 Federal Reserve branch banks in the different
+sections of the country.
+
+
+NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
+
+This building, designed by Bertram G. Goodhue, architect, is
+immediately east of the Federal Reserve Board building. It is classical
+in design and built of white marble from Dover, N. Y. The building
+was dedicated by President Coolidge in April, 1924. The interior is
+decorated with paintings and decorations by Hildreth Meiere and Albert
+Herter; the sculptural decorations are by Lee Lawrie.
+
+
+AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
+
+Immediately north of the Lincoln Memorial stands the American Institute
+of Pharmacy. It was designed by John Russell Pope, architect, and built
+of white Vermont marble. It is classical in its style of architecture,
+and in its location west of the National Academy of Sciences completes
+the group of buildings on Constitution Avenue that form a frame for the
+Lincoln Memorial. The building is the headquarters of the druggists
+in the United States. More than 14,000 druggists subscribed toward
+the building fund. The Pharmacopoeia of the United States, under
+which prescriptions and drugs are standardized, is supervised by the
+Institute.
+
+
+SCOTTISH RITE TEMPLE
+
+This building, at Sixteenth and P Streets NW., is the headquarters of
+the Supreme Council of the Thirty-third Degree, of the Ancient and
+Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of the Southern Jurisdiction.
+It is modeled after the tomb of Mausolus, at Halicarnassus, in Asia
+Minor, which was regarded by the ancients as one of the Seven Wonders
+of the World. Its 33 Ionic columns are 33 feet tall, suggesting the 33
+degrees of Masonry. On each side of the main entrance is a colossal
+sphinx, symbolic of Divine Wisdom and Power, executed by A. A. Weinman,
+sculptor. The building was designed by John Russell Pope, architect.
+
+
+CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
+
+At 16th and P Streets NW. is the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
+The building was designed by Carrére and Hastings, and shows an
+influence of the French classical style of architecture.
+
+
+CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+Dedicated in 1925, this building, at Connecticut Avenue and H Streets
+NW., is classical in its style of architecture and is adapted to modern
+office requirements. It was designed by Cass Gilbert, architect. Fully
+13,000 business men representing almost 200 cities of the United States
+contributed toward the building.
+
+
+NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
+
+The National Geographic Society, organized in 1888, “for the increase
+and diffusion of geographic knowledge,” is the largest educational and
+scientific body in the world.
+
+In its 50 years the society has sponsored a series of notable
+explorations, discoveries, and research activities of our times, and
+it has developed its unique and beautifully illustrated National
+Geographic Magazine as a means of disseminating geographic information
+among its world-wide membership.
+
+[Illustration: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY]
+
+[Illustration: CONSTITUTION HALL]
+
+The society’s administrative and editorial offices, at Sixteenth and M
+Streets NW., were enlarged by an addition which extends its handsome
+and dignified headquarters along a 214-foot frontage. A commodious and
+modern office building at Third Street and Randolph Place NE., is used
+for mailing its magazine, maps, and communications to its world-wide
+membership.
+
+In its editorial, research, technical, photographic, and clerical
+departments, and in the publishing of the National Geographic Magazine,
+the society now employs more than 800 persons. It is the largest
+non-Government user of the National Capital’s post office facilities.
+
+The society’s members, numbering 1,150,000 (December, 1938), represent
+every community of 100 or more persons in the United States, while its
+foreign membership of 183,709 includes residents in every country,
+colony, principality, and mandated area of the world which has any
+semblance of a postal system.
+
+To each member goes monthly the National Geographic Magazine, which
+has been called the foremost educational periodical in the world; each
+member also receives every map and panoramic illustration as issued.
+Thus the society has distributed among its more than a million member
+homes some 20,000,000 wall maps, in color, in addition to the numerous
+sketch maps which accompany articles in the magazine.
+
+The society’s weekly lectures, which are held in Constitution Hall,
+have become a part of the intellectual life of the National Capital.
+Since their inception more than 1,400 explorers, statesmen, and
+world travelers of note have addressed the Washington meetings. Such
+explorers as Rear Admiral Peary, Sir Francis Younghusband, Capt. Roald
+Amundsen, Colonel Lindbergh, and Rear Admiral Byrd have related their
+findings to the society’s members; also such noted travelers as the
+late Viscount Bryce, former Ambassador Jusserand, the late William
+Howard Taft, and Colonel Roosevelt, after his return from his African
+game hunt and his Amazon expedition.
+
+When these lectures are of general interest they are reprinted and
+illustrated in the magazine for the society’s entire membership.
+
+At its Sixteenth Street headquarters the society maintains a library of
+up-to-date geographic information, comprising some 20,000 volumes, in
+addition to maps, periodicals, and reports from foreign governments and
+geographic societies.
+
+The leading universities of the city, such as Georgetown University,
+founded 1789; George Washington University, founded 1821; Catholic
+University, founded 1889; American University, founded 1893; Howard
+University, founded 1867; Columbia Institution for the Deaf, founded
+1857; and Trinity College, Brookland, founded 1897; also have their
+monumental buildings.
+
+In the Triangle group are to be found: Department of Commerce Building,
+York & Sawyer, architects; Department of Labor and Interstate Commerce
+Commission Building, Arthur Brown, architect; Post Office Department
+Building, Delano & Aldrich, architects; Department of Justice Building,
+Zantzinger, Borie & Medary, architects; Internal Revenue Building,
+Louis Simon, architect; National Archives Building, John Russell Pope,
+architect; Federal Trade Commission (Apex) Building, Bennett, Parsons &
+Frost, architects.
+
+[Illustration: THE TRIANGLE GROUP OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS ALONG
+CONSTITUTION AVENUE]
+
+[Illustration: THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART]
+
+[Illustration: THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES BUILDING]
+
+[Illustration: THE MAKERS OF THE CONSTITUTION]
+
+[Illustration: THE SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE]
+
+Other buildings are: The Central Heating Plant (for heating 75
+buildings), Paul P. Cret, architect; Bureau of Engraving and Printing,
+W. B. Olmstead, architect; Smithsonian Institution (begun in 1846),
+James Renwick, architect; National Museum Building, Hornblower
+& Marshall, architects; Freer Gallery of Art, Charles A. Platt,
+architect; Department of Agriculture Building, Rankin, Kellogg & Crane,
+architects; Department of Agriculture South Building, the Supervising
+Architect; Naval Observatory; State, War, and Navy Building, A. B.
+Mullett, supervising architect; Old Pension Office Building (General
+Accounting Office); Army War College, McKim, Mead & White, architects;
+Walter Reed Hospital; Naval Hospital; Public Library, Ackerman & Ross,
+architects; United States Bureau of Standards; National Zoological Park
+(large new buildings completed in 1937); National Gallery of Art (now
+under construction), John Russell Pope, architect.
+
+
+IMPORTANT BRIDGES OF WASHINGTON
+
+Arlington Memorial Bridge, McKim, Mead & White, architects; Calvert
+Street Bridge, Paul P. Cret, architect; Francis Scott Key Bridge,
+Nathan Wyeth, architect; Connecticut Avenue (Taft) Bridge, Edward P.
+Casey, architect, lions by R. Hinton Perry; Q Street Bridge, Glenn
+Brown and Bedford Brown, architects, A. Phimister Proctor, sculptor;
+Klingle Ford Bridge, Connecticut Avenue, Paul P. Cret, architect; New
+Chain Bridge, designed under supervision of Brig. Gen. Dan I. Sultan,
+former Engineer Commissioner of the District of Columbia; John Philip
+Sousa Bridge, Southeast, McKim, Mead & White, architects.
+
+
+CATHEDRAL OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAUL
+
+(WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL)
+
+The cathedral is situated on Mount St. Alban, in the northwestern part
+of the city, on a hill 400 feet in height, said to be the highest point
+in the District of Columbia, giving a superb view over the National
+Capital.
+
+The cathedral, also known as the National Cathedral, was designed by
+George F. Bodley, of London, and Henry Vaughn, of Boston. It is a
+typical fourteenth century Gothic edifice. The cornerstone was laid in
+1907, and since then a large part of the cathedral has been completed.
+Its ultimate cost, it is estimated, will be $20,000,000. The central
+nave is about complete, the apse and north transept are finished as are
+also several of the chapels, such as the Bethlehem Chapel, the Norman
+Chapel, the Chapel of St. John, and the Chapel of St. Mary. There are
+costly stones in the building from many parts of the world, including a
+stone from Bethlehem, which formed the cornerstone.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL]
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL]
+
+[Illustration: NATIONAL SHRINE OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION]
+
+The building is constructed of limestone. The sculpture and beautifully
+stained glass windows form the principal decorations.
+
+The total length of the building from the exterior of the apse at
+the eastern end to the main entrance at the western end will be 534
+feet. The total spread of the transepts will be 215 feet, and each
+of these arms of the cross will be 105 feet wide. The ground area of
+the cathedral will be 71,000 square feet, and this will be ample to
+provide standing room for 27,000 persons or seating space for 7,500.
+The central tower will rise to a height of 262 feet and each of the two
+western towers will be 195 feet high. The nave will have a span of 40
+feet and its height will be 95 feet.
+
+Within the cathedral are buried Woodrow Wilson, our World War
+President; also Admiral George Dewey, General Nelson A. Miles, and
+several bishops of the Episcopal Church.
+
+The grounds comprise 67 acres, and the carefully designed Bishop’s
+Garden forms an interesting feature. The National Cathedral School for
+Girls and for Boys and the College of Preachers are within the grounds.
+
+
+NATIONAL SHRINE OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION
+
+This cathedral has been designed in the Roman-Byzantine style of
+architecture. It is located on Michigan Avenue, Brookland, in the
+Catholic University grounds. The cornerstone for the church was laid
+in 1920. It is estimated that the total cost will be $50,000,000. The
+architects are Maginnis & Walsh, of Boston, and Professor Frederick V.
+Murphy, architect, of Washington.
+
+The building as designed is cruciform in plan, with a triple apse,
+at the focus of which is placed the central altar within a great
+baldachin. The apse is of vast scale and, with the presbytery that
+separates it from the transepts, will admit of important ceremonies.
+The dome will be 250 feet high; the tall campanile, or bell tower,
+330 feet high. The building is to take its place with such notable
+memorials as Santa Maria Maggiore, of Rome, and Santa Maria del Fiore,
+of Florence. It is to stand as a symbol of American Catholic devotion
+to the Virgin Mary. The availability of the Byzantine tradition for the
+rendering of this idea was readily perceived. The crypt, capable of
+seating approximately 1,500 persons, has been completed. Here a most
+interesting decorative scheme in terms of faïence has been introduced
+to enrich the effect of the vaults. The central altar is of Algerian
+onyx. The pavement is of Italian marble. The crypt is richly treated
+with still other marbles and with mosaics.
+
+
+NATIONAL CHURCHES IN WASHINGTON
+
+There is no city in the country that has so many representative
+churches as the city of Washington, which is undoubtedly due to the
+fact that this is the National Capital. The leading denominations of
+the country, recognizing the importance of religion in the life of the
+Nation, have erected or are raising funds for the erection of great
+edifices, including memorial churches, fittingly to represent them at
+the seat of government.
+
+In chapter XX attention has already been directed to the earliest
+churches in Washington.
+
+
+EMBASSIES AND LEGATIONS
+
+Among the notable buildings in the National Capital that have had
+a distinguished place since the early days of the Republic are the
+residences, embassies, and legations of the representatives from
+foreign countries. At the present time there are 53, representing the
+leading countries of the world.
+
+The legation and embassy buildings are held territory of the respective
+countries to which they belong, and fly the flag of their respective
+nations, excepting on state occasions, when they fly both their own
+flag and that of the United States.
+
+L’Enfant, in his plan of the city, contemplated diplomatic buildings to
+line the Mall. But as the Mall was delayed in its development for over
+a century, the museum type of building has been erected on the Mall
+and the diplomatic establishments located elsewhere. In later years
+the suggestion was offered to locate them in the vicinity of the State
+Department.
+
+At the present time the embassies and legations are located, for the
+most part, in the residential section of northwest Washington. Quite
+a number are on Sixteenth Street in the vicinity of Meridian Hill
+Park. In more recent years several of the leading countries have built
+new embassies on spacious grounds. In this Great Britain has taken
+the lead, having built a large embassy on 4 acres of ground at 3100
+Massachusetts Avenue, near the Naval Observatory. Three blocks beyond,
+the Norwegian Legation building has recently been completed. In recent
+years the Imperial Japanese Government built a new embassy at 2514
+Massachusetts Avenue. The French Government recently purchased the home
+of John Hays Hammond for its new embassy.
+
+A list of the countries having embassies and legations in Washington
+(with the exception of Estonia, whose representative is located in New
+York City) is as follows:
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH EMBASSY]
+
+[Illustration: ITALIAN EMBASSY]
+
+  Albania: The Mayflower Hotel.
+
+  Argentina: 1806 Corcoran Street.
+
+  Belgium: 1777 Massachusetts Avenue.
+
+  Bolivia: Fifteenth and K Streets.
+
+  Brazil: 3007 Whitehaven Street.
+
+  Bulgaria: 2881 Woodland Drive.
+
+  Canada: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue.
+
+  Chile: 2154 Florida Avenue.
+
+  China: 2001 Nineteenth Street.
+
+  Colombia: 1520 Twentieth Street.
+
+  Costa Rica: 2128 Bancroft Place.
+
+  Cuba: 2630 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Czechoslovakia: 2349 Massachusetts Avenue.
+
+  Denmark: 1868 Columbia Road.
+
+  Dominican Republic: 2633 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Ecuador: Barr Building.
+
+  Egypt: 2301 Massachusetts Avenue.
+
+  El Salvador: 2400 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Estonia: Rockefeller Plaza, New York City.
+
+  Finland: 2416 Tracy Place.
+
+  France, Chancery: 1601 V Street.
+
+  Germany: 1439 Massachusetts Avenue.
+
+  Great Britain: 3100 Massachusetts Avenue.
+
+  Greece: 2221 Massachusetts Avenue.
+
+  Guatemala: 1614 Eighteenth Street.
+
+  Haiti: 5017 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Honduras: 2611 Woodley Place.
+
+  Hungary: 1424 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Ireland: 2310 Tracy Place.
+
+  Italy: 2700 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Japan: 2514 Massachusetts Avenue.
+
+  Latvia: 1715 Twenty-second Street.
+
+  Lithuania: 2622 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Mexico: 2829 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Netherlands: 1470 Euclid Street.
+
+  Nicaragua: 1521 New Hampshire Avenue.
+
+  Norway: 3401 Massachusetts Avenue.
+
+  Panama: 1536 Eighteenth Street.
+
+  Paraguay: Wardman Park Hotel.
+
+  Peru: 1300 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Poland: 2640 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Portugal: Wardman Park Hotel.
+
+  Rumania: 1601 Twenty-third Street.
+
+  Siam: 2300 Kalorama Road.
+
+  Spain: 2801 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Sweden: 2247 R Street.
+
+  Switzerland: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue.
+
+  Turkey: 1606 Twenty-third Street.
+
+  Union of South Africa: 3101 Massachusetts Avenue.
+
+  Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 1125 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Uruguay: 1010 Vermont Avenue.
+
+  Venezuela: 2400 Sixteenth Street.
+
+  Yugoslavia: 1520 Sixteenth Street.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+THE PUBLIC-BUILDINGS PROGRAM
+
+
+NEW BUILDINGS NECESSARY
+
+As a result of the World War, Government departments in Washington
+became overcrowded, and from 30,000 to 40,000 employees were housed in
+temporary buildings. This congested situation made a public-building
+program one of urgent need. For 40 years no real department building
+had been erected in Washington. The Department of Agriculture was in 47
+rented buildings. The Department of War and the Department of the Navy
+were housed in many temporary war buildings.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF 1910 FOR DEVELOPING SOUTH SIDE OF PENNSYLVANIA
+AVENUE]
+
+
+PLANS AS DEVELOPED
+
+In 1910 plans were authorized for three department buildings--Justice,
+Commerce and Labor, and State--to be built along Fifteenth Street,
+between Pennsylvania Avenue and B Street NW., now Constitution Avenue,
+and the land in this locality was bought by the Government, but the
+building project was deferred. Again, in 1913, Congress took up the
+question of a public-building program, and in 1917 a comprehensive
+survey was made by the Public Buildings Commission of the needs of
+the Government for additional buildings. At that time the area south
+of Pennsylvania Avenue along Fifteenth Street to Constitution Avenue,
+which in 1910 was proposed for three buildings, was designated for two
+buildings. Then came the World War, during which the many temporary war
+buildings were erected. President Coolidge in his message to Congress
+on December 9, 1925, called attention to the great need for public
+buildings and asked for an annual appropriation of $10,000,000. He
+said:
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE MALL FROM THE CAPITOL DOME, LOOKING WEST]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE MALL FROM THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT, LOOKING
+EAST]
+
+  No public buildings bill has been enacted since before the war. I
+  am not in favor of an act which would be characterized as a general
+  parceling out of favors and that usually bears a name lacking in good
+  repute. I am ready to approve an act similar in character to that
+  already passed by the House, providing a lump-sum appropriation to
+  be expended under the direction of the Treasury or any other proper
+  authority, over a term of years, with such annual appropriation as
+  the national finances could provide.
+
+The public buildings act was approved May 25, 1926.
+
+This marked the beginning of a public-buildings program in the National
+Capital greater than any which had been undertaken by the United States
+since the establishment of the seat of government along the banks of
+the Potomac in 1790.
+
+Congress placed the public-buildings program in the hands of the
+Secretary of the Treasury, both for Federal buildings in the States and
+for the District of Columbia. To assist him in the plans for new public
+buildings here in the National Capital the Secretary of the Treasury
+appointed a board of architectural consultants. The Commission of Fine
+Arts has been called upon regularly to advise in the development of the
+plans for the new public buildings.
+
+Five years had not yet elapsed when the long pent-up needs for
+buildings to accommodate public business finally burst their bonds in
+the act of 1926. The preparations for the flood had been long in the
+making--so long and so carefully considered, indeed, that the flood has
+always been under control. There has been no haphazard planning. No
+hasty or ill-considered work has been done. The harmonious development
+of the National Capital has progressed in form that would have pleased
+George Washington, and latterly with a speed and vigor that would have
+gladdened his heart.
+
+In addition to the great public-buildings program and the Arlington
+Memorial Bridge, Congress authorized during the past ten years many
+other great projects for the development of the National Capital
+which contribute to making Washington the greatest and most beautiful
+national capital in the world. Among these are: The completion of the
+Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington, the restoration of Arlington
+Mansion, the Mount Vernon Highway, the George Washington Memorial
+Parkway, the enlargement of the Capitol Grounds and development of
+Union Station Plaza, development of the Mall, addition to the House
+Office Building, addition to the Library of Congress, United States
+Supreme Court Building, Government Printing Office extension, Social
+Security Building, War Department Building, Navy Department Building,
+new Naval Hospital, Municipal Center development, Walter Reed General
+Hospital buildings, Botanic Garden and new conservatory near the
+Capitol, and a National Arboretum.
+
+[Illustration: TREATMENT OF THE CAPITOL GROUNDS]
+
+[Illustration: PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE BETWEEN THE TREASURY AND THE
+CAPITOL]
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE
+
+Pennsylvania Avenue is the great historic avenue of the Nation,
+particularly that portion between the legislative and executive
+branches of the Government--the Capitol and the White House--extending
+a distance of 1 mile. It was named by Congress at the time the plan
+of Washington was under consideration, in compliment to the State of
+Pennsylvania. In the time of Thomas Jefferson it was a dusty highway,
+and to add beauty to it he planted quick-growing poplar trees. Being
+about at sea level in elevation, it was the scene of rowboats in times
+of flood as late as the year 1880. Several large department stores of
+the city to-day had their beginning on the Avenue. The Evening Star has
+been published there for about 89 years; its home, remodeled from time
+to time, to-day is a large and beautiful building.
+
+Since the L’Enfant plan provided for giving Pennsylvania Avenue
+a conspicuous place in the development of the National Capital,
+Congress decided, by the public buildings act of May 25, 1926, that
+the necessary land on the south side of the Avenue from the Capitol
+to the Treasury should be purchased by the Government and monumental
+buildings erected thereon. In the House of Representatives the bill
+was sponsored by Congressman Richard N. Elliott. As Chairman of the
+Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, he had a very prominent
+part in furthering the legislation for the public buildings program of
+the National Capital and also for the country at large. More public
+buildings were authorized during the Sixty-ninth and Seventieth
+Congresses (1925-1929) than in all the preceding Congresses. In the
+United States Senate the public buildings program was sponsored by
+Senator Bert N. Fernald and after his death in 1926 by Senator Henry W.
+Keyes, Chairman of the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds of the
+Senate. This is the Triangle Plan, which is now being carried out. In
+due time it is expected also that the north side will be developed to
+correspond to the south side. However, several buildings now there may
+be considered as established for decades to come.
+
+Here at Pennsylvania Avenue, connecting the Capitol and the White
+House, we are at the heart of the Nation. It is the Via Sacra of the
+great Republic of the New World.
+
+On September 5, 1931, at the ground-breaking ceremony for the Archives
+Building, at Pennsylvania Avenue and Seventh Street, Hon. Ferry K.
+Heath, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, who was in immediate charge
+of the public-buildings program, said: “The story of the traffic and
+parades of this great Avenue would be an outline of the history of the
+United States.”
+
+The act for enlarging the Capitol Grounds, and the municipal center
+development on the north side of the Avenue, gives the Government
+control from the Capitol to Sixth Street.
+
+[Illustration: UNION STATION AND PLAZA, LOOKING NORTH FROM THE DOME OF
+THE CAPITOL]
+
+
+TRIANGLE DEVELOPMENT
+
+Upon the adoption of the public buildings act of May 25, 1926, Hon.
+Andrew W. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury, took up with the Public
+Buildings Commission, and the executive departments that were in
+immediate need of new buildings, the project to place the building
+program under way. Secretary Mellon authorized the preparation of a
+tentative study for new public buildings, and after an interval of a
+few months sketches were submitted to him for a series of buildings
+monumental in character and intended for the most part for locations
+south of Pennsylvania Avenue. The greater part of the Triangle
+development has been completed.
+
+
+ENLARGEMENT OF THE CAPITOL GROUNDS AND UNION STATION PLAZA DEVELOPMENT
+
+An important feature of the McMillan Park Commission plan of 1901 was
+the creation of a series of “Congress Gardens” on the north side of the
+Capitol. For many years this project was held in abeyance pending the
+completion of the purchase of lands. The development necessitated the
+purchase of 12 squares and laying out a plan for this long-neglected
+area at the entrance to the city. The plan also provided for a new
+avenue to extend from Union Station to Pennsylvania Avenue, and street
+cars are routed accordingly.
+
+In addition to the landscape features, the plan, which was designed by
+Bennett, Parsons & Frost, architects of Chicago, provided for a terrace
+upon which is located a fountain and also a large basin, which reflects
+the Dome of the Capitol. To harmonize with this plan, a new approach to
+the northwest corner of the Senate Office Building has been built.
+
+The temporary war buildings and Government hotels, which stood on the
+grounds a whole decade after the World War, have been removed, and the
+work of developing the plan was carried forward as rapidly as possible
+under the direction of David Lynn, Architect of the Capitol.
+
+Through this plan the United States Capitol is given the appropriate
+landscape setting which, as the most important building in this
+country, it should have. The plan joins the plan for the Mall, giving
+the Capitol the open approach from the west and embellishing Union
+Square at the head of the Mall.
+
+
+UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT BUILDING
+
+The United States Supreme Court Building is in classic style, in
+harmony with the architecture of the Capitol and adjacent buildings,
+and is located in the square east of the Capitol, north of the Library
+of Congress, and facing the United States Senate Chamber.
+
+The building, 385 feet from east to west and 305 feet from north to
+south, has four open courtyards 64 feet square. The portico is of the
+Corinthian order, and there is a low pilaster treatment around the
+building.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Commercial Photo Co._
+
+THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT BUILDING]
+
+[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT CHAMBER
+
+FRIEZE BY A. A. WEINMAN, SCULPTOR]
+
+General designs were prepared, and then, to unify every part of the
+design, a model was made which was publicly exhibited in the Rotunda of
+the Capitol for a number of months.
+
+The Supreme Court Chamber is placed on the main axis of the plan.
+It is characterized by appropriate simplicity and quiet dignity.
+It is classical in style, 82 feet by 91 feet square in its extreme
+dimensions, about 64 feet square inside the columns, and 45 feet high
+from floor to ceiling.
+
+The second floor contains a law library and rooms for members of the
+bar and conference rooms.
+
+The third floor contains a law library and reading room. The justices’
+rooms are on the first floor, convenient to the court room.
+
+A number of rooms for the use of lawyers are provided in the second
+story. Two large conference rooms are provided on the main floor, and
+on this floor also rooms are provided for the Attorney General, the
+Solicitor General, the clerk of the Supreme Court, and the marshal.
+Convenient rooms and special telephone booths have been provided for
+the press.
+
+The appropriation for the building authorized by Congress was
+$9,740,000.
+
+The building was designed by Cass Gilbert, architect, and the erection
+was under the charge of the Supreme Court Building Commission, Chief
+Justice Charles Evans Hughes, chairman. David Lynn, Architect of the
+Capitol, a member of the commission, was the contracting officer.
+
+
+HOMES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+The Supreme Court of the United States is the major tribunal of one
+of three coordinate branches of the Government--the judicial. During
+the 148 years of its existence the Supreme Court has sat in eight
+different places, always in or near the Capitol or place of meeting
+of the legislative body. Thus it met, first, in New York; second, in
+Independence Hall, Philadelphia; third, in the basement of the Capitol,
+where it was when the British burned the Capitol in 1814; fourth, while
+the Capitol was being rebuilt the Supreme Court occupied the residence
+of the clerk of the court; fifth, when the Capitol wings were built it
+moved into its former chamber; sixth, when driven out by an explosion
+and fire in 1898 it occupied the committee room of the Senate Committee
+on the District of Columbia, of which Senator McMillan was chairman,
+and also sat for a brief period in the Judiciary Committee Room.
+
+It then moved back into what was the old Senate Chamber until 1859
+which was designed by Benjamin Latrobe, after the model of a Greek
+theater, a semicircular hall with a low-domed ceiling. It is historic.
+Here Webster replied to Hayne; here Calhoun debated with Clay and
+Webster; and in it the Electoral Commission sat which decided the
+presidential contest between Hayes and Tilden in 1877.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+
+
+The first Government of the District of Columbia consisted of three
+Commissioners appointed by the President of the United States. Then 21
+mayors served from 1802 to 1871.
+
+A Territorial form of government, consisting of a governor, a board of
+public works, and a legislative assembly, was provided for by an act
+of Congress of February 21, 1871. The legislative assembly consisted
+of 11 members, called a council, and 22 other members, called a
+house of delegates. The District also had a Delegate in the House of
+Representatives of the United States. The governor and the board of
+public works were appointed by the President of the United States,
+and the legislative assembly was elected by the people. This form of
+government lasted three years, until June 20, 1874, when Congress
+provided that the District should be governed by three commissioners,
+appointed by the President. This was known as the temporary form of
+government and lasted until June 30, 1878.
+
+Thereupon the Congress, by an act approved June 11, 1878, created the
+present form of government of the District of Columbia, to become
+effective July 1, 1878. By this act the District was created a
+municipal corporation with right to sue and be sued.
+
+The act provided for the appointment of three commissioners, two of
+them to be selected by the President from persons residing in the
+District of Columbia for a period of three years preceding their
+appointment. The third member was to be an officer of the Engineer
+Corps, United States Army, detailed by the President, and to be
+known as the engineer commissioner. The appointments of the civilian
+commissioners are for a period of three years, or until their
+successors are appointed. The detail of the engineer commissioner is at
+the pleasure of the President. This detail is usually about four years.
+
+While the District has a municipal form of government, Congress, by
+various statutory enactments, has treated it as a branch of the United
+States Government by including it in legislation applying to the
+executive departments, such as the budget and accounting act, the act
+classifying the salaries of Federal employees, and the act providing
+for retirement of Federal employees.
+
+In the act of June 11, 1878, it was provided that the expenses of the
+government of the District should be borne 50 per cent by the United
+States Government and 50 per cent from the revenues of the District of
+Columbia, raised by taxation. This method of financing remained in
+force from 1878 until 1920. In that year the proportionate expense was
+changed by Congress so that 60 per cent of the expenditures was raised
+by taxation and 40 per cent was contributed by the Federal Government.
+This provision continued in force until the year 1925, when Congress
+determined on a lump-sum contribution of $9,000,000 annually, the
+balance of the expenses to be raised by taxation; the amounts of money
+appropriated have varied since then.
+
+The heads of the various departments make recommendations to the
+commissioner in charge of their respective departments, and each
+commissioner brings these recommendations to meetings of the board of
+commissioners, which are held on Tuesday and Friday of each week. The
+secretary to the board of commissioners records the action on these
+recommendations and acts as executive officer of the board by issuing
+orders and carrying on correspondence.
+
+Not all of the municipal duties are, however, vested in the board of
+commissioners. The management of the public schools is vested in a
+school board of nine members appointed by the justices of the Supreme
+Court of the District of Columbia. The Public Library, with its
+branches, is managed by a board of trustees appointed by the board of
+commissioners. The penal, charitable, and correctional institutions are
+managed by a board of public welfare appointed by the commissioners.
+The public utilities are under a public-utilities commission,
+consisting of two civilians, appointed by the President, and the
+engineer commissioner, who is a member ex officio. The public parks
+are under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior, which
+is also in charge of public buildings and grounds. The water supply
+is under an Army engineer officer, designated the district engineer,
+but the distribution of the water is under the jurisdiction of the
+commissioners. The zoning of private property as to height of building,
+use of building, area of ground to be built upon, is handled by a
+zoning commission, of which the three commissioners are members and, in
+addition thereto, the Architect of the Capitol and the Director of the
+National Park Service.
+
+The justices of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia and the
+judges of the police, municipal, and juvenile courts are appointed by
+the President, as is also the recorder of deeds.
+
+The National Capital Park and Planning Commission has been created by
+Congress to advise the commissioners as to the planning of the city in
+laying out new and changing old highways. This commission purchases
+all land for parks and playgrounds. The land so purchased for parks
+is placed under the Department of the Interior and the land for
+playgrounds under the commissioners.
+
+All expenditures for municipal purposes, including the schools, parks,
+water supply, land purchases, etc., are appropriated by Congress
+annually, and are based upon estimates submitted by the heads of the
+District government and the other officials hereinbefore named.
+
+These estimates are submitted by the Commissioners to the Director of
+the Budget, a Federal official, and when approved are submitted by
+the President to Congress, together with the estimates of the Federal
+Government. Before submitting such estimates the Commissioners fix upon
+a tax rate which they believe should not be exceeded. This tax rate is
+such that, when applied to the taxable value of real, personal, and
+intangible property in the District of Columbia, it will raise the
+funds necessary to meet the estimates of the appropriations submitted
+to the Director of the Budget. The present rate of taxation for real
+and personal property is $1.75 per $100, based on full value. For
+intangible personal property, such as money in bank, stocks and bonds,
+etc., the rate is $5 per thousand.
+
+For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1938, the assessed value of land
+in the District of Columbia was $480,473,718, and of improvements
+$713,025,368, a total of $1,193,499,086.
+
+The assessed value of tangible personal property for the same year was
+$81,566,107. The value of intangible personal property was $575,472,070.
+
+The budget estimate as submitted by the President to Congress each year
+is reviewed by subcommittees of the Appropriations Committees of the
+House and Senate, and the total amount of the Appropriation is fixed by
+Congress and approved by the President.
+
+Under the provisions of the Constitution, all legislation affecting
+the District of Columbia must be passed by Congress. The advice of the
+Commissioners is usually sought before such legislation is enacted.
+
+What has been stated is but a brief outline of the government of the
+District of Columbia. It can readily be seen that the District has a
+dual status as a municipal corporation and as a branch of the Federal
+Government. This situation has no parallel in any other city of the
+United States. The District is also unique in having no bonded debt.
+All of its expenses are borne from current revenues.
+
+The residents of the District of Columbia do not enjoy the privilege
+and obligation of suffrage. On the question of whether the people
+should be allowed to vote in national elections and in local elections
+there is a division of opinion.
+
+[Illustration: ARLINGTON CEMETERY, ARLINGTON MANSION, AND FORT MYER]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY
+
+
+HISTORY OF ARLINGTON
+
+The land comprising the Arlington estate, 1,100 acres, was sold
+by Gerard Alexander to John Parke Custis in December, 1778, for a
+consideration of £11,000 Virginia currency. John Parke Custis never
+lived at Arlington, and on his death in 1781 his son, George Washington
+Parke Custis, inherited the Arlington estate. Mr. Custis lived at Mount
+Vernon, however, until after the death of Martha Washington, which
+occurred on May 22, 1802. He then took possession of the tract, changed
+the name to Arlington, after an old family seat on the eastern shore of
+Virginia. While he was building the mansion he lived in a small cottage
+on the Potomac. The two wings were built first. The central portion
+of the house, with its massive columns, is said to have been built
+from plans drawn by George Hadfield, an English architect, who came to
+this country with the intention of designing the new Capitol. The date
+when the mansion was completed is uncertain, but Mrs. Robert E. Lee is
+authority for the statement that it was completed just before the Civil
+War. The family lived in the wings for many years.
+
+In 1804 Mr. Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh, daughter of William
+Fitzhugh, of Chatham, at Alexandria, Va. To this union four children
+were born, but only one, Mary Ann Randolph Custis (born October 1,
+1808), lived. On June 30, 1831, she became the wife of Lieut. Robert E.
+Lee. Upon the death of her father, in 1857, title to the estate passed
+to Mrs. Lee.
+
+On May 24, 1861, Union troops occupied Arlington, and it soon became
+an armed camp. Under an act of Congress passed June 17, 1862, certain
+commissioners of the Government were appointed to levy and collect
+taxes in Virginia and elsewhere; and if default in payment was made,
+to sell the real estate upon which the taxes were levied. Prior to
+January, 1864, the commissioners had adopted a rule by which payment of
+taxes in the district where the Arlington property was located would
+not be accepted unless tendered by the owner in person. Mrs. Lee could
+not comply with this rule, so she sent a cousin, Mr. Fendall, to pay
+the taxes. The money was refused, and he was informed that Mrs. Lee
+must be present in person.
+
+On January 11, 1864, there was due only the sum of $92.07 on the 1,100
+acres of the Arlington estate, together with a 50 per cent penalty,
+when the property was sold “according to law,” as stated in the tax
+certificate. The United States acquired title to the property at public
+auction by the payment of $26,000.
+
+[Illustration: ARLINGTON MANSION--RECEPTION HALL]
+
+Upon the death of Mrs. Lee, in 1873, her eldest son, George Washington
+Custis Lee, according to the will of his grandfather, George Washington
+Parke Custis, became entitled to the Arlington estate. He at once
+took steps looking to the recovery of the property. After petitioning
+Congress in vain, he began suit in ejectment in 1877 at Alexandria,
+Va. In 1879 the United States Circuit Court for the Eastern District
+of Virginia decided he was entitled to the estate and that the United
+States did not have lawful title. The Department of Justice carried
+the case to the United States Supreme Court, which decided that the
+property belonged to Mr. Lee. The United States was thus faced with
+the question of whether to disinter the remains of thousands of
+soldiers and sailors and vacate the property, part of which had become
+a military post, or purchase the same. However, Mr. Lee was willing
+to sell Arlington for $150,000. On March 3, 1883, the Forty-seventh
+Congress appropriated the necessary money, and on March 31 Mr. Lee
+executed a deed which conveyed the title to the United States. The
+deed was recorded at the Alexandria County Courthouse on the 14th
+day of May, 1883, just 22 years, less 10 days, from the day, May 24,
+1861, when General Scott’s soldiers crossed the Potomac River and took
+possession.
+
+Mary Randolph, wife of David Meade Randolph, and a relative of the
+Custis family, is the first person known to have been buried at
+Arlington. In April, 1853, Mrs. Custis, wife of the owner of the
+estate, George Washington Parke Custis, died and was laid to rest in a
+little plot of ground beneath huge oaks not far from the mansion house.
+The master of Arlington died on October 10, 1857, and was laid beside
+his wife. To-day their graves may be seen, surmounted by simple marble
+shafts, within an iron-fenced inclosure, where lilies-of-the-valley
+cover the ground in profusion. The Quartermaster General’s Department
+has recently erected a marker beside the grave of Mrs. Randolph, giving
+a short history of her life.
+
+
+ARLINGTON AS A NATIONAL CEMETERY
+
+Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs, Quartermaster Corps, United States Army, was
+the first to suggest to President Lincoln that the estate be converted
+into a military cemetery, and in 1864, by order of Secretary of War
+Stanton, 200 acres were set apart and dedicated as a national cemetery
+for the burial of Union soldiers and sailors. However, the first man to
+be buried there was a Confederate soldier who died in the hospital May
+13, 1864.
+
+There are buried in Arlington a small number of those who fought in the
+Revolutionary War and some who were in the War of 1812. Their remains
+were removed to Arlington from an abandoned cemetery in 1892. Thousands
+of men who died in the Civil War are buried there, with veterans of the
+Spanish-American War and the Philippine campaign, and now the veterans
+of the World War are steadily being added to the number.
+
+[Illustration: ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY--MEMORIAL AMPHITHEATER]
+
+In front of Arlington House is the tomb of Maj. Pierre Charles
+L’Enfant, engineer, artist, and soldier, who, under the direction of
+President Washington and Thomas Jefferson, designed the plans for the
+city of Washington.
+
+
+ARLINGTON MEMORIAL AMPHITHEATER
+
+On May 5, 1868, Gen. John A. Logan, commander in chief of the Grand
+Army of the Republic, issued the following general order (No. 11):
+
+  The 30th of May, 1868, is designated for the purpose of strewing with
+  flowers or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in
+  defense of their country, * * * posts and comrades will, in their own
+  way, arrange such fitting services and testimonials of respect as
+  circumstances may permit.
+
+There has been an annual observance of this ceremony in all the
+national cemeteries of the country since this order was promulgated.
+
+For years a vine-covered pergola, erected by the Quartermaster’s
+Department of the Army, was used for the Memorial Day exercises. When
+it was found to be entirely inadequate to accommodate the increasing
+number of people who attended the exercises, it was decided to erect
+a suitable building which would serve not only as a memorial to our
+soldiers and sailors but which would also provide an assembly place for
+those attending such exercises as might be held in the cemetery grounds.
+
+Accordingly, the first steps toward this end were taken in 1903, when
+the necessity for such a building and the appropriateness of its
+erection were first suggested by the commander of the Department of the
+Potomac, Grand Army of the Republic. Preliminary sketches and plans
+were prepared in 1905 and presented to Congress by the Secretary of
+the Treasury, but no action was taken until 1908, when the Arlington
+Memorial Amphitheater Commission was created, and an appropriation
+of $5,000 to secure and present more detailed plans for the proposed
+memorial was made. No further action was taken by Congress for five
+years, when, by the act of March 3, 1913, the construction of a
+memorial amphitheater and chapel, in accordance with plans prepared
+by Carrere & Hastings, architects, of New York City, was authorized.
+Ground was broken March 1, 1915, the corner stone was laid October 13,
+1915, and the memorial was dedicated May 15, 1920.
+
+[Illustration: THE TOMB OF THE UNKNOWN SOLDIER OF THE WORLD WAR]
+
+The main feature of the structure consists of an open-air amphitheater,
+elliptical in plan, with a seating capacity of about 4,000 persons.
+Its diameter, north and south axis, is 200 feet, and 152 feet on its
+east and west axis. It has a height of approximately 30 feet. The
+amphitheater is inclosed by a marble colonnade with entrances at the
+ends of the principal axis. The main entrance is from the east, and
+this section contains a reception hall and stage on the main floor,
+a museum room or “Valhalla” on the second floor, and a chapel in
+the basement. Under the floor of the colonnade, crypts are provided
+for the burial of distinguished soldiers, sailors, and marines. The
+amphitheater, erected at a cost of $825,000 is built of white marble
+from Vermont. Inscriptions commemorate the great wars of the United
+States.
+
+Immediately to the east of the main entrance is the Tomb of the Unknown
+Soldier, which was completed by the War Department in accordance with
+plans that provide also for a great approach to the tomb and the
+amphitheater.
+
+
+TOMB OF THE UNKNOWN SOLDIER
+
+At the time when the rites for the Unknown Soldier were solemnized,
+on November 11, 1921, the time for preparation was so short that the
+location of the tomb on the terrace in front of the amphitheater was
+quickly decided upon. The casket was inclosed in what was designed
+to be the base of a monument which was to be erected later. The
+preliminary work was designed by Thomas Hastings, of the firm of
+Carrere & Hastings, architects of the amphitheater.
+
+Five years later, on July 3, 1926, Congress authorized the Secretary of
+War to secure by competition designs for a monument to cost $50,000,
+and provided that the accepted design should be subject to the approval
+of the Arlington Amphitheater Commission (the Secretaries of War
+and of the Navy), the American Battle Monuments Commission, and the
+Commission of Fine Arts. A competition was held, in which there were
+39 competitors, 5 of whom were selected to enter the final stage. The
+final award was made to Thomas Hudson Jones, sculptor, and Lorimer
+Rich, architect, of New York City.
+
+The competitors generally based their designs on such a modification
+of the terrace as would place the monument at the head of a flight
+of steps, the approaches to which called for rearrangement of the
+immediate foreground of the terrace. Congress accepted the winning
+design, and a supplemental appropriation was made for carrying out the
+design. The work of completing the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was
+in charge of the Quartermaster General of the Army. The cost of the
+memorial, constructed of Colorado Yule marble, was $400,000.
+
+Within this marble sarcophagus rests the remains of the Unknown
+Soldier, a hero of the World War. The Republic has bestowed upon him
+its most cherished decoration for valor, the Congressional Medal of
+Honor, and all the major nations associated with America in the Great
+War have similarly honored his memory and the memory of the thousands
+of his comrades who laid down their lives in that titanic struggle.
+
+[Illustration: ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY--MAINE MONUMENT AND THE
+MEMORIAL AMPHITHEATER]
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF L’ENFANT]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+STATUES AND MONUMENTS[1]
+
+  [1] A complete list of the statues and monuments will be found in the
+  Appendix, p. 347.
+
+
+STATUE OF GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+The most precious work of art in the United States is the life mask of
+George Washington by the noted French sculptor, Jean Antoine Houdon,
+who in 1785 was commissioned by the State of Virginia to execute a
+marble statue of George Washington. Houdon crossed the ocean, setting
+sail from Paris, France, on July 22 of that year for this purpose, in
+company with Benjamin Franklin. For 10 days he was a guest of General
+Washington at Mount Vernon, making studies and a cast. Having made his
+models, Houdon returned to France, reaching home on January 4, 1786.
+It took him two years to model and carve the statue, and the completed
+work arrived at Richmond in 1788. Eight years later the statue was
+installed in the rotunda of the State capitol, where it stands to-day.
+The statue represents Washington in the uniform of a Revolutionary
+officer; and, according to John Marshall, his intimate friend, this
+three-quarter view corresponds more to the exact likeness of Washington
+than any other portrait. A copy of this statue is in the Rotunda of the
+Capitol, the gift of the State of Virginia to the Nation. The life mask
+is at Mount Vernon.
+
+
+TRIPOLI COLUMN
+
+This was the first and only monument that stood in Washington for a
+period of 26 years. It was erected in memory of the heroes that fell
+before Tripoli in 1804. It had been made at the expense of officers
+of the Navy and was brought from Italy in the U. S. S. _Constitution_
+to the navy yard, where it was erected in 1808 under the direction of
+Benjamin H. Latrobe, Architect of the Capitol. Afterwards, when in 1814
+the navy yard was burned by the British, it was placed at the west
+side of the Capitol. During the reconstruction and enlargement of the
+Capitol to its present size it was removed.
+
+In November, 1860, it was taken to the United States Naval Academy at
+Annapolis, where it stands to-day.
+
+The chief motif of the monument is an artistically designed, simple
+Doric column, surmounted by an eagle. It was procured through the
+efforts of Admiral Porter, who commissioned a noted Italian sculptor of
+the time, Micali, of Leghorn, to execute the monument.
+
+[Illustration: TRIPOLI COLUMN, AT ANNAPOLIS, MD.]
+
+
+STATUE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+This statue is by Horatio Greenough, who, born in Boston in 1805, was
+a noted American sculptor of the early days of the Republic. He was
+the first American deliberately to choose sculpture as a profession
+and to go abroad for serious study. He became absorbed with art as he
+saw it in Italy, and those who have seen the massive Roman statuary
+of the Farnese collection at Naples, in addition to the priceless
+collections of statuary of classical times at Rome and Florence, can
+make due allowance for the conception of the ponderous figure of George
+Washington by Greenough when he was commissioned by Congress in 1832
+to execute the statue. He was at work on the statue for eight years,
+during the period of the classical revival in this country, marked by
+the construction of the Patent Office, the old Post Office, and the
+Treasury Department Buildings.
+
+The statue is 12 feet high, and of Carrara marble. It cost $44,000.
+After many perils by sea and land, it reached this city in 1843. At the
+Capitol it was found that the doors were not large enough to permit its
+passage, and they were temporarily widened to admit the statue, where
+it was given a place in the Rotunda, but its immense weight was too
+heavy for the floor, and it was transferred to the plaza in front of
+and facing the Capitol. It remained there for over half a century, and
+in 1908 was removed to the National Museum.
+
+This statue of Washington in Roman toga, seated in a curule chair,
+was often ridiculed. One wrote that Washington was supposed to be
+saying, as he pointed in two directions, “My body is at Mount Vernon,
+my clothes are in the Patent Office.” Nevertheless, the statue had its
+friends. In 1841 Edward Everett wrote of it, “I regard Greenough’s
+Washington as one of the greatest works of sculpture of modern times.”
+It is an art treasure of the past, and as such is rightly cherished
+to-day.
+
+
+STATUE OF GEN. ANDREW JACKSON
+
+This statue in Lafayette Square, north of the White House, is the
+first equestrian statue cast in the United States. It is the work of
+Clark Mills, sculptor, who, while he was in the South preparing to go
+abroad, was persuaded to come to Washington and submit to Members of
+Congress sketches of an equestrian statue. They were so highly pleased
+with them that Mills was commissioned to produce the statue, and to do
+this he built a foundry in northeast Washington at a place now called
+Mills Avenue. The cost of the statue was $32,000. Congress appropriated
+$20,000 and the Jackson Democratic Association of Washington the
+balance. Congress also appropriated $8,000 for the pedestal. The
+statue was unveiled January 8, 1853, the thirty-eighth anniversary of
+Jackson’s victory at New Orleans. Stephen A. Douglas, then a United
+States Senator, delivered the oration.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF GEN. ANDREW JACKSON]
+
+[Illustration: THE ADAMS MEMORIAL]
+
+Repeated attempts have been made in the past 25 years to relocate the
+statue, but without success. It has been suggested that it be placed at
+the north steps of the Treasury Department Building. Some years ago the
+suggestion was made to have the statue exchange places with the General
+Washington Statue in Washington Circle. It met with strong objection.
+To relocate the statue would require an act of Congress. However, the
+statue is regarded a landmark in the city, and, as heretofore stated,
+it is the first equestrian statue cast in the United States, having
+thus added historic interest.
+
+
+ADAMS MEMORIAL
+
+The Adams Memorial, a veiled female figure in bronze, by Saint-Gaudens,
+in Rock Creek Cemetery, was erected in 1891. Under the carpet of pine
+needles the bodies of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Adams are buried. There is no
+inscription; not even a date on the architectural features, designed by
+Stanford White. Thick planting of pines and shrubs completely secludes
+the monument. Friends of the sculptor deplore the fact that this, his
+masterpiece, has come to be known as the Statue of Grief, as such a
+title is wholly at variance with the artist’s conception. It is, in
+fact, a monument without a name, though the artist preferred the title,
+“The Peace of God.” The sculptor endeavored to comprise in the figure
+the thought of the philosophy of the ages--the great mystery of the
+human race and of history--that being called man and his destiny. It
+is a world-famous monument, and each year thousands of visitors to
+the National Capital gladly travel the 4 miles directly north of the
+Capitol to see it.
+
+
+STATUE OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE
+
+The statue of General Lafayette is situated on the southeast corner of
+Lafayette Square. It is a heroic bronze statue by Alexander Falguiere
+and Antoine Mercie, noted French sculptors. The statue stands on a
+marble pedestal, on the north side of which are two cherubs holding up
+the inscription:
+
+  BY THE CONGRESS IN COMMEMORATION OF THE SERVICES RENDERED BY
+  GENERAL LAFAYETTE AND HIS COMPATRIOTS DURING THE STRUGGLE FOR THE
+  INDEPENDENCE OF AMERICA
+
+Congress appropriated $50,000 for the statue and pedestal, and it was
+completed in April, 1891. It is 45 feet high. On the east side are
+two heroic French naval figures, Comte d’Estaing (north) and Comte de
+Grasse (south), and an anchor. On the west side are two heroic French
+Army officers who served during the Revolution, Comte de Rochambeau
+(south) and Chevalier Duportail (north), and a mortar. On the south
+side of the pedestal is a figure symbolizing America, lifting up a
+sword to General Lafayette, with the inscription:
+
+  TO GENERAL LAFAYETTE AND HIS COMPATRIOTS, 1777-1783
+
+There were no ceremonies of dedication, but the statue is annually the
+scene of ceremonies, including the presentation of a wreath by some
+patriotic organization, such as the Sons of the American Revolution, on
+Lafayette’s Birthday, September 6.
+
+
+STATUE OF ALEXANDER R. SHEPHERD
+
+The statue standing in front of the District Building, at Fourteenth
+Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW., was unveiled May 3, 1909. The cost
+of its erection, $10,192.67, was defrayed by public subscription in the
+city of Washington.
+
+The statue is the work of U. S. J. Dunbar, sculptor. It perpetuates
+the memory of a man who in the face of great opposition accomplished
+wonders for the National Capital.
+
+Mr. Shepherd, for the years 1873 and 1874, was Governor of the District
+of Columbia, and previous to that had been vice president and executive
+officer of the board of public works, which inaugurated a program
+for municipal improvement that led to the transformation of the city
+in that day, as has been heretofore described. Driven from the city,
+he went to Mexico and accumulated a fortune, returning later to
+Washington. His tomb is in Rock Creek Cemetery, not far from the famous
+Adams Memorial.
+
+
+STATUE OF HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW
+
+This bronze statue is situated at the intersection of Eighteenth Street
+and Connecticut Avenue, at M Street NW., in one of the many triangular
+reservations that are so numerous in Washington and which, in addition
+to furnishing sites for monuments, help to make the city so attractive.
+It was presented to the National Capital by the Longfellow Memorial
+Association and unveiled May 15, 1909. Congress appropriated $4,000 for
+the pedestal and furnished the site. The pedestal is of Milford pink
+granite, polished. The statue is the work of William Couper, sculptor.
+Longfellow, in academic gown, is seated.
+
+
+STATUE OF JOHN WITHERSPOON
+
+This statue stands in front of the Church of the Covenant, on
+Connecticut Avenue, near that of Longfellow. Congress provided the site
+and pedestal at a cost of $4,000. It is the work of William Couper,
+sculptor. It was presented to the United States by the Witherspoon
+Memorial Association, and unveiled May 20, 1909.
+
+John Witherspoon was a Presbyterian clergyman, at one time president
+of what is now Princeton University, and one of the signers of the
+Declaration of Independence, the only clergyman among the signers of
+that famous document.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF JOHN WITHERSPOON]
+
+[Illustration: GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC MEMORIAL]
+
+On the north side of the pedestal is a quotation from Witherspoon, made
+during the War for Independence, as follows:
+
+  FOR MY OWN PART, OF PROPERTY I HAVE SOME, OF REPUTATION MORE. THAT
+  REPUTATION IS STAKED, THAT PROPERTY IS PLEDGED ON THE ISSUE OF THIS
+  CONTEST, AND ALTHOUGH THESE GREY HAIRS MUST SOON DESCEND INTO THE
+  SEPULCHRE, I WOULD INFINITELY RATHER THAT THEY DESCEND THITHER BY THE
+  HAND OF THE EXECUTIONER THAN DESERT AT THIS CRISIS THE SACRED CAUSE
+  OF MY COUNTRY
+
+
+MEMORIAL OF THE GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC TO DR. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
+STEPHENSON
+
+This memorial was presented to the United States by the Grand Army of
+the Republic, in commemoration of Dr. Benjamin Franklin Stephenson,
+organizer and founder of the Grand Army of the Republic, and stands
+near Pennsylvania Avenue at Seventh Street NW.
+
+The monument is a solid granite shaft, in form a triangular pyramid.
+The bronze figures represent three great principles. Fraternity,
+symbolized by a soldier and a sailor, is on the west side. Over the
+group is the inscription:
+
+  1861-1865
+
+Underneath is a bronze medallion of Doctor Stephenson, also the badge
+of the Grand Army of the Republic, obverse and reverse being shown, and
+the inscription:
+
+  GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, ORGANIZED AT DECATUR, ILLINOIS, APRIL 6,
+  1866, BY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN STEPHENSON, M. D.
+
+On the southeast side of the shaft is a female figure representing
+Loyalty, holding a shield and drawn sword, and an inscription:
+
+  WHO KNEW NO GLORY BUT HIS COUNTRY’S GOOD
+
+On the northeast side Charity is represented by a woman protecting a
+child, with the inscription:
+
+  THE GREATEST OF THESE IS CHARITY
+
+The monument cost $45,000, of which $10,000 was appropriated by
+Congress for the pedestal, by act of March 4, 1907. It is the work of
+J. Massey Rhind, sculptor. The monument was unveiled July 3, 1909,
+during the administration of President Taft, who delivered an address
+on the occasion.
+
+
+STATUE OF GEN. CASIMIR PULASKI
+
+The Pulaski monument, completed in 1910, and dedicated May 11, 1910,
+the same day as was the Kosciuszko monument, is an equestrian by
+Kasimiriez Chodzinski, sculptor, and stands on Pennsylvania Avenue,
+at Thirteenth Street NW. It cost $55,000, which was appropriated by
+Congress.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF GENERAL CASIMIR PULASKI]
+
+The monument represents General Pulaski in his military uniform seated
+on his horse “in action.” The pedestal, which is 9 feet high, is by
+Albert R. Ross, architect. It rests on a large platform, measuring 20
+by 16 feet. The equestrian, with its pedestal, is one of the best in
+the city.
+
+
+ZERO MILESTONE
+
+The Zero Milestone takes the place of the itinerary column planned
+by L’Enfant for a place 1 mile east of the Capitol, “from which all
+distances of places through the continent were to be calculated.” That
+column never was built.
+
+The Zero Milestone is immediately south of the White House grounds.
+It is a block of granite 4 feet high with a bronze compass design
+on top, and stands on the meridian of the District of Columbia. The
+monument shows on the street side the designation Zero Milestone,
+with the insignia of the Motor Transport Corps, U. S. Army. The
+inscriptions on the other three sides show that it constitutes a point
+from which distances may be measured on highways of the United States
+radiating from Washington, and that it was the starting point of the
+transcontinental motor-transport convoys over the Lincoln and the
+Bankhead Highways in 1919 and 1920, respectively. The monument was
+authorized by act of Congress approved June 5, 1920. It was designed by
+Horace W. Peaslee, architect, of Washington.
+
+
+DUPONT MEMORIAL
+
+The Dupont Memorial Fountain, at Dupont Circle, was designed by Daniel
+Chester French, sculptor, and Henry Bacon, architect. The fountain was
+dedicated on May 17, 1921, and cost $100,000. It replaces a portrait
+statue of Admiral Dupont. The top bowl, in one piece, is 13 feet in
+diameter.
+
+There are three figures on the supporting column of the fountain,
+representing The Sea, The Wind, and The Stars. The picture used in this
+book shows the figure typifying The Sea. The fountain is of Georgia
+marble.
+
+
+STATUE OF JEANNE D’ARC
+
+This statue, a copy of the celebrated Paul Dubois statue, one of the
+masterpieces of modern art standing in front of Rheims Cathedral, is
+situated on the grand terrace of Meridian Hill Park.
+
+The statue is not large, measuring in length 10 feet and in height 9
+feet. The pedestal is about 6 feet high. The casting was done under the
+direction of the Ministère des Beaux Arts, in Paris. The pedestal was
+designed by McKim, Mead & White, architects, of New York City.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF JEANNE D’ARC]
+
+[Illustration: DUPONT MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN]
+
+[Illustration: ZERO MILESTONE]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF DANTE]
+
+[Illustration: GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL]
+
+Congress authorized the erection of the statue on public grounds in the
+National Capital, and the Commission of Fine Arts advised in the matter
+of location and design of the pedestal.
+
+In May, 1916, the commission received a communication from Mme. Carlo
+Polifeme, President Fondatrice, Le Lyceum Société des Femmes de France
+à New York, to this effect:
+
+  Le Lyceum Société des Femmes de France à New York, in a spirit
+  of patriotism, nurtured by exile, inspired with a deep sense of
+  the friendship that binds our two sister Republics, animated by a
+  sympathy born of closer and closer relations, “Le Lyceum” intends
+  to perpetuate these sentiments by erecting, in their new home, a
+  monument to Jeanne d’Arc, emblem of Patriotism, emblem of Love and
+  Peace. The statue of our French heroine will be built to the glory of
+  womanhood, dedicated by the women of France in New York to the women
+  of America, and offered to the city of Washington.
+
+The President and his excellency the French ambassador attended the
+unveiling, which took place on January 6, 1922, the five hundred and
+tenth anniversary of the birth of Jeanne d’Arc.
+
+The life of Jeanne d’Arc has been eulogized by the greatest of writers,
+and to-day she is revered as one of the world’s great liberators. Her
+spirit of patriotism and devotion has thrilled the ages.
+
+
+STATUE OF DANTE
+
+The statue of Dante, standing in Meridian Hill Park, was given to the
+National Capital by Chevalier Carlo Barsotti, editor of Il Progresso
+Italo-Americano, in behalf of the Italians of the United States in
+commemoration of the six hundredth anniversary of the death of Dante
+Alighieri, and unveiled on December 1, 1921. It is in bronze, 12 feet
+high, and is the work of Commendatore Ettore Ximenes, sculptor, of
+Rome. The artist has represented Dante in the gown of a scholar and
+crowned with a laurel wreath.
+
+The statue received an appropriate landscape setting upon the
+completion of the lower garden of Meridian Hill Park.
+
+
+GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL
+
+The Grant Memorial, situated at the head of the Mall, in Union Square,
+near the Capitol, was authorized by Congress in 1901, at a cost of
+$250,000, the largest expenditure for statuary ever made by this
+Government. It is said to be the second largest equestrian statue in
+the world, being exceeded only by the Victor Emmanuel in Rome, which is
+less than one-half foot higher.
+
+The monument consists of a marble platform 252 feet in length and 69
+feet at its greatest width, with steps on each side. In the center is
+a pedestal 22 feet 6 inches high, on the top of which is a monumental
+bronze figure of General Grant on horseback watching a battle. The
+horse is 17 feet 6 inches high, two and one-half times life-size; the
+monument is nearly 40 feet high. The top of General Grant’s army hat is
+65 feet above the platform. The weight of the statue is 10,500 pounds.
+
+[Illustration: GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL--CAVALRY GROUP]
+
+[Illustration: GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL--ARTILLERY GROUP]
+
+[Illustration: GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL]
+
+The infantry is represented by two bronze tablets at each side of the
+pedestal.
+
+On the platform at the right a cavalry charge is in progress. There are
+seven horses in the group.
+
+On the platform at the left a battery of artillery is going into
+action. There are five horses and four soldiers in this group.
+
+In these groups the sculptor has given particular attention to
+portraying the army equipment of the period.
+
+Four great bronze lions are at each corner of the main pedestal,
+guarding the flag. For the inscription the memorial has the single word
+“Grant.”
+
+The monument was cast by the Roman Bronze Works, of Brooklyn, N.
+Y., and was dedicated April 27, 1922. Edward Pearce Casey was the
+architect. The sculptor, Henry Merwin Shrady, died on April 12, a few
+days before the dedication. The monument represents his most notable
+work.
+
+
+STATUE OF EDMUND BURKE
+
+The statue of the eloquent defender of the rights of the American
+Colonies in the British Parliament is situated in a triangle at the
+intersection of Massachusetts Avenue and Eleventh Street NW. It is a
+copy of the statue at Bristol, England, which city Burke represented
+in Parliament. It was designed by the late Havard Thomas, and is
+an excellent example of the work of one of the celebrated English
+sculptors of recent times. The statue was given by Sir Charles Cheers
+Wakefield, Bart., through the Sulgrave Institution. The pedestal was
+designed by Horace W. Peaslee, architect, of Washington. The statue
+was unveiled October 12, 1922, and accepted on the part of the United
+States by the late Hon. John W. Weeks, Secretary of War.
+
+
+STATUE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON
+
+This statue in bronze, about 9 feet in height, is on the south steps of
+the Treasury Department Building. James E. Fraser is the sculptor. The
+pedestal is of pink Milford granite and was designed by Henry Bacon,
+architect.
+
+If Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Secretary of the Treasury,
+waited for more than a century to obtain representation in a capital
+in part located through his sagacity and for the building of the
+department his genius created, at least the result was well worth
+the delay. By common consent the standing bronze figure of Hamilton,
+dressed in a typical colonial costume, is notable for virility and
+charm. It was unveiled May 17, 1923.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF EDMUND BURKE]
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+STATUES AND MONUMENTS
+
+  --------------------+-------------------+-------------+---------------
+   Name and location  |   Sculptor and    |    Date     |    Cost
+                      |    architect      |             |
+  --------------------+-------------------+-------------+---------------
+                      |                   |             |
+  Adams Memorial, Rock|Augustus           |Erected 1891.|Gift of Henry
+  Creek Cemetery.     |Saint-Gaudens.     |             |Adams,
+                      |                   |             |historian.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Bishop Francis      |Augustus Lukeman,  |Unveiled Oct.|Gift to city.
+  Asbury (equestrian),|sculptor.          |15, 1924.    |
+  16th and Harvard    |                   |             |
+  Sts.                |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Commodore John      |John J. Boyle,     |Unveiled May |Act of
+  Barry, Franklin     |Sculptor.          |16, 1914.    |Congress,
+  Park.               |                   |             |$50,000.
+                      |                   |             |
+  William Jennings    |Gutzon Borglum,    |Unveiled May |Gift to city.
+  Bryan, Potomac Park.|Sculptor.          |3, 1934.     |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Buchanan Memorial,  |H. Schuler,        |Unveiled     |Do.
+  Meridian Hill Park. |sculptor; William  |June 26,     |
+                      |Gordon Beecher,    |1930.        |
+                      |architect.         |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Edmund Burke, 12th  |Havard Thomas,     |Unveiled     |Do.
+  St. and             |sculptor; Horace W.|Oct. 12,     |
+  Massachusetts Ave.  |Peaslee, architect.|1922.        |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Butt-Millet Memorial|Daniel C. French,  |Erected 1913.|Do.
+  Fountain, south of  |sculptor;          |             |
+  White House.        |Thomas Hastings,   |             |
+                      |architect.         |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Colonial Settlers   |Delos Smith,       |April 25,    |Do.
+  Monument, Ellipse,  |architect.         |1936.        |
+  facing 15th Street. |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Columbus Memorial   |Lorado Taft,       |Unveiled     |Act of
+  Fountain,           |sculptor; D. H.    |June 8, 1912.|Congress,
+  Union Station.      |Burnham & Co.,     |             |$100,000.
+                      |architects.        |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Cuban Urn, Potomac  |From fragments     |1928.        |Gift to city
+  Park.               |of Maine Memorial. |             |by Cuba.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Louis J. M.         |Jonathan S.        |Unveiled Aug.|Gift to city.
+  Daguerre,           |Hartley, sculptor. |15, 1890.    |
+  Smithsonian grounds.|                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Dante Alighieri,    |C. Ettore Ximenes, |Unveiled Dec.|Do.
+  Meridian Hill Park. |sculptor.          |1, 1921.     |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Darlington Memorial |C. P. Jennewein,   |1923.        |Do.
+  Fountain, Judiciary |sculptor.          |             |
+  Square.             |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Jane A. Delano      |R. Tait McKenzie,  |Unveiled Apr.|Gift of Nurses
+  Memorial,           |sculptor.          |26, 1934.    |of the
+  Red Cross grounds.  |                   |             |Red Cross.
+                      |                   |             |
+  District of Columbia|Frederick H.       |November 11, |Gift to city.
+  World War Memorial. |Brooke, H. W.      |1931.        |
+                      |Peaslee, and Nathan|             |
+                      |Wyeth, associated. |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Dupont Memorial     |D. C. French,      |Unveiled May |Do.
+  Fountain,           |sculptor; Henry    |17, 1921.    |
+  Dupont Circle.      |Bacon, architect.  |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  John Ericsson,      |James E. Fraser,   |Unveiled May |Act of
+  Potomac Park.       |sculptor.          |29, 1926.    |Congress,
+                      |                   |             |$35,000; part
+                      |                   |             |gift of
+                      |                   |             |Scandinavians.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Admiral David       |Vinnie Ream Hoxie, |Unveiled Apr.|Act of
+  Farragut, Farragut  |sculptor.          |25, 1881.    |Congress,
+  Square.             |                   |             |$20,000.
+                      |                   |             |
+  First Division      |D. C. French,      |Unveiled Oct.|Gift to city.
+  Memorial,           |sculptor; Cass     |4, 1924.     |
+  President’s Park.   |Gilbert, architect.|             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Fountain, Botanic   |Auguste Bartholdi, |1876.        |Brought from
+  Gardens.            |sculptor.          |             |Centennial
+                      |                   |             |Exposition,
+                      |                   |             |Philadelphia.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Benjamin Franklin,  |Jacques Jouvenal,  |Erected Jan. |Gift to city.
+  10th St. and        |sculptor; after    |17, 1889.    |
+  Pennsylvania Ave.   |Plassman.          |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gallaudet Group,    |Daniel Chester     |Erected 1889.|Gift of the
+  Columbia Institute  |French, sculptor.  |             |Deaf.
+  for Deaf Mutes.     |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  James A. Garfield,  |J. Q. A. Ward,     |Unveiled May |Congress,
+  First St. and       |sculptor.          |12, 1887.    |$37,500; and in
+  Maryland Ave.       |                   |             |part gift.
+                      |                   |             |
+  James Cardinal      |Leo Lentelli,      |Erected 1932.|Gift to city.
+  Gibbons, 16th St.   |sculptor; George   |             |
+  and Park Rd.        |Koyl, architect.   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Samuel Gompers and  |Robert Aitken,     |Dedicated    |Do.
+  American Federation |sculptor.          |Oct. 7, 1933.|
+  of Labor Memorial,  |                   |             |
+  10th St. and        |                   |             |
+  Massachusetts Ave.  |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  General U. S. Grant |Henry M. Shrady,   |Dedicated    |Act of
+  Memorial, Union     |sculptor; Edward P.|Apr. 27,     |Congress,
+  Square.             |Casey, architect.  |1922.        |$250,000.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. Nathanael      |H. K. Brown,       |Erected 1877.|Act of
+  Greene (equestrian),|sculptor.          |             |Congress,
+  Maryland and        |                   |             |$50,000.
+  Massachusetts Aves. |                   |             |
+  NE.                 |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Dr. Samuel Gross,   |A. Stirling Calder,|Unveiled May |Gift to city.
+  Smithsonian grounds.|sculptor.          |5, 1897.     |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Grand Army of the   |J. Massey Rhind,   |Unveiled July|Gift to city,
+  Republic Memorial,  |sculptor; Rankin,  |3, 1909.     |$35,000; Act of
+  7th St. and         |Kellogg & Crane,   |             |Congress,
+  Pennsylvania Ave.   |architects.        |             |$10,000 for
+                      |                   |             |pedestal.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Hahnemann Memorial, |Charles Henry      |Unveiled June|Gift to city.
+  Scott Circle.       |Niehaus, sculptor. |21, 1900.    |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Alexander Hamilton, |James E. Fraser,   |Unveiled May |Do.
+  south steps of      |sculptor; Henry    |17, 1923.    |
+  Treasury Building.  |Bacon, architect.  |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. Winfield S.    |Henry J. Ellicott, |Unveiled May |Act of
+  Hancock             |sculptor.          |12, 1896.    |Congress,
+  (equestrian),       |                   |             |$50,000.
+  between 7th and 8th |                   |             |
+  Sts. on Pennsylvania|                   |             |
+  Ave.                |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Joseph Henry,       |W. W. Story,       |Unveiled Apr.|Act of
+  Smithsonian grounds.|sculptor.          |19, 1882.    |Congress,
+                      |                   |             |$15,000.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. Andrew Jackson,|Clark Mills,       |Unveiled Jan.|Act of
+  Lafayette Park      |sculptor.          |8, 1853.     |Congress,
+  (first equestrian in|                   |             |$32,000; part
+  U. S.).             |                   |             |gift.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Jeanne d’Arc.       |Paul Dubois,       |Unveiled Jan.|Gift to city.
+                      |sculptor.          |6, 1922.     |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Thomas Jefferson    |John R. Pope,      |Under        |Act of
+  Memorial, south of  |architect.         |construction.|Congress,
+  Tidal Basin.        |                   |             |$3,000,000.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Admiral John Paul   |Charles H. Niehaus,|Unveiled Apr.|Act of
+  Jones, foot of 17th |sculptor; Thomas   |17, 1912.    |Congress,
+  St.                 |Hastings,          |             |$50,000.
+                      |architect.         |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. Thaddeus       |Antoni Popiel,     |Unveiled May |Gift to city.
+  Kosciuszko,         |sculptor.          |11, 1910.    |
+  Lafayette Park.     |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  General Lafayette,  |Alexandre Falguire |Erected 1891.|Act of
+  Lafayette Park.     |and Antoine Mercie.|             |Congress,
+                      |                   |             |$50,000.
+                      |                   |             |
+  L’Enfant Tomb,      |Welles Bosworth,   |Dedicated    |Gift of
+  Arlington National  |architect.         |1909.        |American
+  Cemetery.           |                   |             |Institute of
+                      |                   |             |Architects.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Abraham Lincoln,    |Lott Flannery,     |Unveiled Apr.|Gift to city.
+  Judiciary Square.   |sculptor.          |15, 1868.    |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Lincoln the         |Thomas Ball,       |Unveiled Apr.|Gift of freed
+  Emancipator, Lincoln|sculptor.          |14, 1876.    |slaves to city.
+  Park.               |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  General John A.     |Franklin Simmons,  |Dedicated    |Act of
+  Logan (equestrian), |sculptor.          |Apr. 9, 1901.|Congress,
+  13th St. and Rhode  |                   |             |$50,000; part
+  Island Ave.         |                   |             |gift.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Henry W. Longfellow,|William Couper,    |Unveiled May |Gift to city;
+  Connecticut Ave. and|sculptor.          |15, 1909.    |pedestal by
+  M St.               |                   |             |Congress.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Martin Luther,      |Replica of figure  |Erected 1884.|$10,000.
+  facing Thomas       |by Reitschel at    |             |
+  Circle.             |Worms.             |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Chief Justice John  |W. W. Story,       |do.          |Gift to city.
+  Marshall, Capitol   |sculptor.          |             |
+  grounds.            |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. George B.      |Frederick          |Unveiled May |Act of
+  McClellan           |MacMonnies,        |2, 1907.     |Congress,
+  (equestrian),       |sculptor.          |             |$50,000.
+  Connecticut Ave.    |                   |             |
+  and Columbia Rd.    |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  McMillan Fountain   |Herbert Adams,     |Erected 1913.|Gift to city.
+  (Senator James),    |sculptor; Charles  |             |
+  McMillan Park.      |A. Platt,          |             |
+                      |architect.         |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. James B.       |Louis T. Rebisso,  |Dedicated    |Act of
+  McPherson           |sculptor.          |Oct. 18,     |Congress,
+  (equestrian),       |                   |1876.        |$25,000; part
+  McPherson Square.   |                   |             |gift to city.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. George G.      |Charles Grafly,    |Dedicated    |Gift to city by
+  Meade, Union Square.|sculptor; Simon &  |Oct. 19,     |State of
+                      |Simon, architects. |1927.        |Pennsylvania;
+                      |                   |             |(cost
+                      |                   |             |$400,000).
+                      |                   |             |
+  Navy and Marine     |Begni del Piatta,  |Erected 1935.|Gift to city;
+  Memorial, Columbia  |sculptor; Harvey W.|             |base by the
+  Island.             |Corbett, architect.|             |Government.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Francis G. Newlands |Edward W. Donn,    |Dedicated    |Gift to city.
+  Memorial Fountain,  |Jr., architect.    |Oct. 12,     |
+  Chevy Chase Circle. |                   |1933.        |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Nuns of the Civil   |Jerome Connor,     |Unveiled     |Do.
+  War Monument, Rhode |sculptor.          |Sept. 20,    |
+  Island Ave. and M   |                   |1924.        |
+  St.                 |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Peace Monument, 1st |Franklin Simmons,  |Dedicated    |Act of
+  St. and Pennsylvania|sculptor; Edward   |1877.        |Congress,
+  Ave.                |Clark, architect.  |             |$20,000; part
+                      |                   |             |gift to city.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Albert Pike, 3d St. |G. Trentanove,     |Unveiled Oct.|Gift to city.
+  and Indiana Ave.    |sculptor.          |23, 1901.    |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. Casimir Pulaski|K. Chodzinski,     |Dedicated May|Act of
+  (equestrian), 13th  |sculptor; Albert R.|11, 1910.    |Congress,
+  St. and Pennsylvania|Ross, architect.   |             |$55,000.
+  Ave.                |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. John A.        |Joseph A. Bailey,  |Erected 1874.|Act of
+  Rawlins, 18th St.   |sculptor.          |             |Congress,
+  and New York Ave.   |                   |             |$13,000.
+                      |                   |             |
+  General Rochambeau, |F. Hamar, of Paris,|Unveiled May |Act of
+  Lafayette Park.     |sculptor.          |24, 1902.    |Congress,
+                      |                   |             |$22,500.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Theodore Roosevelt  |F. L. Olmsted,     |Island       |Gift to city.
+  Memorial, Theodore  |landscape          |(formerly    |Act of May 21,
+  Roosevelt Island.   |architect; John R. |Analostan)   |1932.
+                      |Pope, architect.   |acquired     |
+                      |                   |1931.        |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Benjamin Rush, Naval|Roland Hinton      |             |Gift to city.
+  Medical School.     |Perry, sculptor.   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. San Martin     |Replica of one by  |Dedicated    |Do.
+  (equestrian),       |Dumont at Buenos   |Oct. 28,     |
+  Judiciary Square.   |Aires.             |1925.        |
+                      |                   |             |
+  General Winfield    |Henry K. Brown,    |Erected 1874.|Act of
+  Scott (equestrian), |sculptor.          |             |Congress,
+  Scott Circle.       |                   |             |$77,000.
+                      |                   |             |
+  General Winfield    |Launt Thompson,    |Erected 1873.|Gift to city.
+  Scott, Soldiers’    |sculptor.          |             |
+  Home grounds.       |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Second Division     |John R. Pope,      |Dedicated    |Do.
+  Memorial,           |architect; James E.|July 18,     |
+  President’s Park,   |Fraser, sculptor.  |1936.        |
+  facing Constitution |                   |             |
+  Avenue.             |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Serenity Statue,    |Jose Clara,        |Erected 1924.|Do.
+  Meridian Hill Park. |sculptor.          |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Alexander R.        |U. S. J. Dunbar,   |Unveiled May |Do.
+  Shepherd, 14th St.  |sculptor.          |3, 1909.     |
+  and Pennsylvania    |                   |             |
+  Ave.                |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. Philip Sheridan|Gutzon Borglum,    |Unveiled Nov.|Act of
+  (equestrian),       |sculptor.          |25, 1908.    |Congress,
+  Sheridan Circle.    |                   |             |$50,000.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. William T.     |Carl Rohl Smith,   |Unveiled Oct.|Part gift,
+  Sherman             |sculptor, and      |15, 1903.    |$11,000; acts
+  (equestrian), south |several others.    |             |of Congress,
+  of Treasury         |                   |             |$120,000.
+  Building.           |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. George H.      |J. Q. A. Ward,     |Dedicated    |Act of
+  Thomas (equestrian),|sculptor.          |Nov. 19,     |Congress,
+  Thomas Circle.      |                   |1879.        |$25,000; part
+                      |                   |             |gift to city.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Titanic Memorial,   |Mrs. Harry Payne   |Unveiled May |Gift to city.
+  foot of New         |Whitney, sculptor; |26, 1931.    |
+  Hampshire Ave.      |Henry Bacon,       |             |
+                      |architect.         |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  General Von Steuben,|Albert Jaegers,    |Unveiled Dec.|Act of
+  Lafayette Park.     |sculptor.          |7, 1910.     |Congress,
+                      |                   |             |$50,000.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. Artemas Ward,  |Leonard Crunelle,  |Dedicated    |Gift to city.
+  Nebraska and        |sculptor.          |Nov. 3, 1938.|
+  Massachusetts Aves. |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Gen. George         |Clark Mills,       |Unveiled Feb.|Act of
+  Washington          |sculptor.          |22, 1860.    |Congress,
+  (equestrian),       |                   |             |$50,000.
+  Washington Circle.  |                   |             |
+                      |                   |             |
+  Washington Monument.|Robert Mills,      |Dedicated    |Act of Congress
+                      |architect.         |Feb. 21,     |and part gift
+                      |                   |1885.        |to city.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Daniel Webster, near|G. Trentanove,     |Unveiled Jan.|Act of
+  Scott Circle.       |sculptor.          |18, 1900.    |Congress,
+                      |                   |             |$4,000; part
+                      |                   |             |gift to city.
+                      |                   |             |
+  John Witherspoon,   |Wm. Couper,        |Unveiled May |Gift to city;
+  Connecticut Ave. at |sculptor.          |20, 1909.    |pedestal by
+  N St.               |                   |             |Congress.
+                      |                   |             |
+  Zero Milestone.     |H. W. Peaslee,     |Erected 1922.|Act of
+                      |architect.         |             |Congress.
+  --------------------+-------------------+-------------+---------------
+
+
+  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST OF BOOKS ON WASHINGTON
+  THE NATIONAL CAPITAL
+
+  HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION
+
+  (_By courtesy of the Library of Congress_)
+
+
+  A History of the National Capital, by W. B. Bryan.
+
+  A History of the United States Capitol, by Glenn Brown.
+
+  Washington in the Past, by Dr. S. C. Busey.
+
+  National Capital Centennial, 1900, compiled by William V. Cox.
+
+  With Americans of Past and Present Days, by J. J. Jusserand.
+
+  Historical Sketches of the Ten Miles Square, forming the District of
+  Columbia, by Jonathan Elliott, 1830.
+
+  The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia. (S.
+  Rept. No. 166, 57th Cong., 1st sess., 1902.)
+
+  Park Improvement Papers, 1901. (S. Doc. No. 94, 56th Cong., 2d sess.)
+
+  The Improvement of the District of Columbia; papers by the American
+  Institute of Architects, 1900.
+
+  The Restoration of the White House. (S. Doc. No. 197, 57th Cong., 2d
+  sess., 1903.)
+
+  The Reports of the National Commission of Fine Arts, Nos. 1 to 12,
+  inclusive.
+
+  Daniel H. Burnham, Architect and Planner of Cities, by Charles Moore.
+
+  Public Buildings Commission Reports.
+
+  Reports of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission.
+
+  Reports of the Columbia Historical Society.
+
+  Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C., by H. W. Crew.
+
+  Washington, the City and the Seat of Government, by Charles H. A.
+  Forbes-Lindsay.
+
+  The Capital of Our Country, by the National Geographic Society.
+
+  Our Capital on the Potomac, by Helen Nicolay.
+
+  Origin and Government of the District of Columbia, by William Tindall.
+
+  Washington: Its Beginning, Its Growth, and Its Future, by William H.
+  Taft. Published by the National Geographic Society.
+
+  Washington, Past and Present, by Charles Moore.
+
+  Art and Artists of the Capitol, by Charles E. Fairman. (S. Doc. No.
+  95, 69th Cong.)
+
+  Your Washington and Mine, by Louise Payson Latimer.
+
+  Walks About Washington, by Francis Ellington Leupp.
+
+  Washington, Its Sights and Insights, by Mrs. Harriet E. Monroe.
+
+  Early Days of Washington, by S. Somervell Mackall.
+
+  Washington and Its Romance, by Thomas N. Page.
+
+  Rand-McNally Guide to Washington and Environs.
+
+  The Standard Guide to Washington, by Charles B. Reynolds.
+
+  Rider’s Washington, by Arthur F. Rider.
+
+  The Book of Washington, by Robert Shackleton.
+
+  Washington, the National Capital, by H. P. Caemmerer.
+
+  Pictures of the City of Washington in the Past, by Dr. Samuel C.
+  Busey.
+
+  The First Forty Years of Washington Society, by Margaret Bayard Smith.
+
+  The Story of the White House, by Esther Singleton.
+
+  The Art Treasures of Washington, by Helen W. Henderson.
+
+  Washington, the Capital City, and Its Part in the History of the
+  Nation.
+
+  Development of the United States Capital. Addresses delivered in
+  the auditorium of the United States Chamber of Commerce Building,
+  Washington, D. C., April 25-26, 1929. (H. Doc. No. 35, 71st Cong.)
+
+  Washington, City of Mighty Events, by David R. Barbee.
+
+  Territorial Government of Washington, D. C., by Col. Ulysses S. Grant
+  III.
+
+  L’Enfant and Washington, by Elizabeth S. Kite.
+
+  Washington, Past and Present, by John C. Proctor.
+
+  Washington, D. C., the Nation’s Capital, a book for young people, by
+  Frances M. Fox.
+
+  Approaching Washington by Tidewater Potomac, by Paul Wilstach.
+
+  Washington, D. C., Committee on Marking Points of Historic Interest,
+  1929. (S. Doc. No. 228, 70th Cong., 2d sess.)
+
+  Society in Washington, by DeBenneville R. Keim.
+
+  Letters from a Senator’s Wife, by Mrs. Frances P. Keyes.
+
+  Our National Government; or, Life and Scenes in our National Capital,
+  by Mrs. J. A. Logan.
+
+  Picturesque Washington: Pen and Pencil Sketches of Its Scenery,
+  History, Traditions, Public and Social Life, by Joseph West Moore.
+
+  The Washington Sketch Book, by Joseph B. Varnum.
+
+  Washington: City and Capital. Federal Writers’ Project. Government
+  Printing Office, 1937.
+
+  Records of the Columbia Historical Society.
+
+
+
+
+  PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES,
+  CHIEF MAGISTRATES OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL
+
+
+  1. GEORGE WASHINGTON, April 30, 1789, to March 3, 1797.
+
+  2. JOHN ADAMS, March 4, 1797, to March 3, 1801.
+
+  3. THOMAS JEFFERSON, March 4, 1801, to March 3, 1809.
+
+  4. JAMES MADISON, March 4, 1809, to March 3, 1817.
+
+  5. JAMES MONROE, March 4, 1817, to March 3, 1825.
+
+  6. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, March 4, 1825, to March 3, 1829.
+
+  7. ANDREW JACKSON, March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1837.
+
+  8. MARTIN VAN BUREN, March 4, 1837, to March 3, 1841.
+
+  9. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, March 4, 1841, to April 4, 1841.
+
+  10. JOHN TYLER, April 6, 1841, to March 3, 1845.
+
+  11. JAMES K. POLK, March 4, 1845, to March 3, 1849.
+
+  12. ZACHARY TAYLOR, March 5, 1849, to July 9, 1850.
+
+  13. MILLARD FILLMORE, July 10, 1850, to March 3, 1853.
+
+  14. FRANKLIN PIERCE, March 4, 1853, to March 3, 1857.
+
+  15. JAMES BUCHANAN, March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1861.
+
+  16. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, March 4, 1861, to April 15, 1865.
+
+  17. ANDREW JOHNSON, April 15, 1865, to March 3, 1869.
+
+  18. ULYSSES S. GRANT, March 4, 1869, to March 3, 1877.
+
+  19. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, March 4, 1877, to March 3, 1881.
+
+  20. JAMES A. GARFIELD, March 4, 1881, to September 19, 1881.
+
+  21. CHESTER A. ARTHUR, September 20, 1881, to March 3, 1885.
+
+  22. GROVER CLEVELAND, March 4, 1885, to March 3, 1889.
+
+  23. BENJAMIN HARRISON, March 4, 1889, to March 3, 1893.
+
+  24. GROVER CLEVELAND, March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1897.
+
+  25. WILLIAM MCKINLEY, March 4, 1897, to September 14, 1901.
+
+  26. THEODORE ROOSEVELT, September 14, 1901, to March 3, 1909.
+
+  27. WILLIAM H. TAFT, March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1913.
+
+  28. WOODROW WILSON, March 4, 1913, to March 3, 1921.
+
+  29. WARREN G. HARDING, March 4, 1921, to August 2, 1923.
+
+  30. CALVIN COOLIDGE, August 3, 1923, to March 3, 1929.
+
+  31. HERBERT HOOVER, March 4, 1929, to March 3, 1933.
+
+  32. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, March 4, 1933-
+
+
+
+
+QUOTATIONS FROM GREAT AMERICANS ON WASHINGTON, THE NATIONAL CAPITAL
+
+
+  “I most earnestly hope that in the National Capital a better
+  beginning will be made than anywhere else; and that can be made only
+  by utilizing to the fullest degree the thought and the disinterested
+  efforts of the architects, the artists, the men of art, who stand
+  foremost in their professions here in the United States and who ask
+  no other reward save the reward of feeling that they have done their
+  full part to make as beautiful as it should be the Capital City of
+  the Great Republic.”
+
+  THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
+
+  “If General Washington, at a time when his country was a little
+  hemmed-in nation, boasting but a single seaboard, with a population
+  of only five million, and with credit so bad that lot sales,
+  lotteries, and borrowing upon the personal security of individuals
+  had to be resorted to in order to finance the new capital, could look
+  to the future and understand that it was his duty to build for the
+  centuries to come and for a great nation, how much more should we do
+  so now?”
+
+  WILLIAM H. TAFT.
+
+  It is hereby ordered that whenever new structures are to be erected
+  in the District of Columbia under the direction of the Federal
+  Government which affect in any important way the appearance of the
+  city, or whenever questions involving matters of art and with which
+  the Federal Government is concerned are to be determined, final
+  action shall not be taken until such plans and questions have been
+  submitted to the Commission of Fine Arts, designated under the act of
+  Congress of May 17, 1910, for comment and advice. (Executive order of
+  November 28, 1913.)
+
+  WOODROW WILSON.
+
+  “We are embarking on an ambitious building program for the city
+  of Washington. The Memorial Bridge is under way with all that it
+  holds for use and beauty. New buildings are soon contemplated. This
+  program should represent the best that exists in the art and science
+  of architecture. Into these structures, which must be considered as
+  of a permanent nature, ought to go the aspirations of the nation,
+  its ideals, expressed in forms of beauty. If our country wishes to
+  compete with others, let it not be in the support of armaments but
+  in the making of a beautiful capital city. Let it express the soul
+  of America. Whenever an American is at the seat of his Government,
+  however traveled and cultured he may be, he ought to find a city of
+  stately proportions, symmetrically laid out and adorned with the best
+  that there is in architecture, which would arouse his imagination
+  and stir his patriotic pride. In the coming years Washington should
+  be not only the art center of our own country but the art center of
+  the world. Around it should center all that is best in science, in
+  learning, in letters, and in art. These are the results that justify
+  the creation of those national resources with which we have been
+  favored.”
+
+  CALVIN COOLIDGE.
+
+  “This is more than the making of a beautiful city. Washington is
+  not only the Nation’s Capital, it is the symbol of America. By its
+  dignity and architectural inspiration we stimulate pride in our
+  country, we encourage that elevation of thought and character which
+  comes from great architecture.”
+
+  HERBERT HOOVER.
+
+  “In the Capital an example should be set for the country as a whole
+  in the matter of planning. Our national monuments will attract
+  seekers of the ideal in art. More and more it will become the
+  tendency to establish the headquarters of societies of literature and
+  art in Washington and to make bequests of collections to the National
+  Capital. Already there is a definite project to establish here in
+  Washington a national gallery of painting. Thus the Capital may be
+  foreseen as an art center responding to the desire of visitors from
+  all over the world and satisfying that demand. The public buildings,
+  as finally located and constructed, should place Washington in the
+  forefront of the architecturally beautiful cities of the world.”
+
+  ANDREW W. MELLON.
+
+  “The people of America are beginning to see that it is not necessary
+  to be commonplace in order to have common sense * * *. They wish for
+  themselves in the public buildings of municipalities and of States
+  and Nation to have the best results of time and the best attainments
+  of genius. What the people desire, their representatives in State
+  legislature, in municipal body, and in the Congress of the United
+  States desire for them. The art of our fathers, the art of our
+  private citizens, is to be the art of our people and of our whole
+  people.”
+
+  ELIHU ROOT.
+
+  “A city planned on such a noble scale as Washington is rare in the
+  world. It is almost unique. One hundred years of use has demonstrated
+  its merit. The plan of its founders should be maintained as the basis
+  for future development.”
+
+  CASS GILBERT.
+
+
+A TRIBUTE FROM VISCOUNT BRYCE
+
+  “In these circumstances may not the city of Washington feel that
+  its mission in life is to be the embodiment of the majesty and the
+  stateliness of the whole Nation, representing all that is finest
+  in American conception, all that is largest and most luminous in
+  American thought; embodying: the Nation’s ideal of what the Capital
+  of such a Nation should be * * * the highest aspirations as to
+  external dignity and beauty that a great people can form for that
+  which is the center and national focus of their life.”
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abingdon, site of, 117.
+
+  Ackerman & Ross, architects, 284.
+
+  Adams Memorial, 187, 325.
+
+  Adams, President John, 40.
+
+  Adams, President John Quincy, 45, 176, 268.
+
+  Agriculture, Department of, 89, 145, 284.
+
+  Alexandria, Va., 8, 37, 117.
+
+  Allied Architects, Inc., of Washington, 235.
+
+  American Battle Monuments Commission, 315.
+
+  American Institute of Architects, 73, 81, 146.
+
+  American Institute of Pharmacy, 277.
+
+  American University, 279.
+
+  Anacostia Park, 10, 161.
+
+  Arboretum, National, 161, 296.
+
+  Architecture, classical order of, 86, 165, 171, 196, 235, 261.
+
+  Archives Building, National, 284.
+
+  Arlington Mansion, 182, 309.
+
+  Arlington Memorial Amphitheater, 313.
+
+  Arlington Memorial Bridge, 93, 135, 284, 296.
+
+  Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission, 135.
+
+  Arlington National Cemetery, 82, 142, 309, 311.
+
+  Army War College, 284.
+
+  Art in the United States, influence on:
+    Centennial Celebration of 1876, 65.
+    World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893, 65.
+
+
+  Bacon, Henry, Architect, 131, 333, 343.
+
+  Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co., 45.
+
+  Bancroft, George, 177.
+
+  Barsotti, Chevalier Carolo, gift of, 339.
+
+  Bennett, Parsons & Frost, architects, 284.
+
+  Bingham, Theodore A., Superintendent Public Buildings and Grounds,
+  146.
+
+  Blair, Gist, 153, 155.
+
+  Blashfield, Edwin Howland, mural painter, 247.
+
+  Blodgett Hotel, 43.
+
+  Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 65.
+
+  Botanical Society of Washington, 11.
+
+  Botanic Garden, 296.
+
+  Brown, Arthur, architect, 284.
+
+  Brown, Glenn and Bedford, architects, 284.
+
+  Boundary Stones, District of Columbia, 19.
+
+  Bryce, Viscount, 279, 358.
+
+  Budget, Director of the, 307.
+
+  Building Regulations of President Washington, 21, 101, 105.
+
+  Bulfinch, Charles, Architect of the Capitol, 219.
+
+  Burke, Edmund, statue of, 343.
+
+  Burnes, David, 15.
+
+  Burnham, Daniel H., 77, 80, 210, 235.
+
+  Burnham & Co., D. H., 80, 235, 241.
+
+
+  Cabin John Bridge, 215.
+
+  Calvert Street Bridge, 284.
+
+  Capitol, the:
+    Bronze doors of, 224.
+    Description of, an early, 165.
+    Description of, a later, 219.
+    Enlargement of, 49, 219.
+    Group, 85.
+    House of Representatives wing of, bronze doors of the, 228.
+    Paintings in Rotunda of, 221.
+    Senate wing of, bronze doors of the, 226.
+
+  Capitol Grounds and Union Station Plaza, development, 296, 301.
+
+  Capitol Prison, old, 43.
+
+  Capper-Cramton Act, the, 108, 151.
+
+  Carnegie, Andrew, 276.
+
+  Carnegie Institution of Washington, 277.
+
+  Carrere & Hastings, architects, 235, 277, 313.
+
+  Carrollsburgh, 37.
+
+  Casey, Edward Pearce, architect, 245, 275, 284, 343.
+
+  Casey, Thomas Lincoln, 205.
+
+  Cassatt, Alexander J., president Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 84.
+
+  Catholic University of America, 279.
+
+  Centennial Celebration, influence on Art, 65.
+
+  Central Heating Plant for Public Buildings, 284.
+
+  Chain Bridge, 284.
+
+  Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, 277.
+
+  Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Co., 45, 109, 182, 183.
+
+  Chicago, 65.
+
+  Chief of Engineers, 147.
+
+  Chodzinski, Kasimiriez, sculptor, 331.
+
+  Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., 117.
+
+  Christ Church, Washington, 187, 190.
+
+  Churches in Washington, National, 289.
+
+  Clarke, Gilmore D., 119.
+
+  Clay, Henry, 99, 176.
+
+  Columbia Institution for the Deaf, 279.
+
+  Columbia Island, 137, 142.
+
+  Columbus Monument, 241.
+
+  Commerce Building, Department of, 279.
+
+  Committee on the Library, 98, 161.
+
+  Congress of the United States, 228.
+
+  Congressional Cemetery, 190.
+
+  Congressional Record, 232.
+
+  Connogochegue River, 7.
+
+  Constitution Avenue, 135, 293.
+
+  Constitution Hall, 275.
+
+  Constitution of the United States:
+    Provision for Federal District, in, 4.
+    In Library of Congress, 247.
+
+  Continental Congress, the:
+    Cities occupied by, 1.
+    Inconvenienced by moving, 2.
+
+  Coolidge, President Calvin, 276, 296.
+
+  Coolidge, Mrs. Elizabeth Sprague, 250.
+
+  Council of Fine Arts, 95, 99.
+
+  Corbett, Harvey W., architect, 119.
+
+  Corcoran Gallery of Art, 65, 179, 275.
+
+  Corcoran House, 179.
+
+  Couper, William, sculptor, 326.
+
+  Courts of the District of Columbia, 193.
+
+  Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, 224, 226.
+
+  Cret, Paul P., architect, 252, 276, 284.
+
+  Custis, George Washington Parke, 182, 203, 309.
+
+
+  Dante, statue of, 159, 339.
+
+  D’Arc, Jeanne, statue of, 159, 333.
+
+  Daughters of the American Revolution, National Society of the, 275.
+
+  Decatur House, 176.
+
+  Declaration of Independence, 9.
+    In Library of Congress, 245.
+
+  Delano, Frederic A., 163.
+
+  Delano & Aldrich, architects, 284.
+
+  Dermott, James R., plan of, 32.
+
+  District of Columbia, the:
+    Act establishing, 7
+    Agreement for purchase of land for--
+      Terms of, 15;
+      Signers of, 16.
+    Board of Commissioners of, 7, 102, 305.
+      Government of the, 305.
+    Boundary stones of, 19.
+    Description of 1810-1815, 41.
+    Georgetown made part of, 179.
+    Government of the, 305.
+    Highway Plan of, 69.
+    One hundredth anniversary of removal of the seat of government to
+    the, 73.
+    Origin and form of government of, 305.
+
+  District of Columbia Courthouse, 193.
+
+  Douglas, Stephen A., 321.
+
+  Downing, A. J., 145.
+
+  Dubois, Paul, sculptor, 333.
+
+  Dunbar, U. S. J., sculptor, 326.
+
+  Dupont Memorial, 333.
+
+
+  Early, Gen. Jubal A., 57.
+
+  Early settlements along the Potomac, 9.
+
+  Eastern Branch, 7, 8, 13.
+
+  East Capitol Street, extending the Mall axis eastward, 109, 111.
+
+  East Potomac Park, 155.
+
+  Eliot, Dr. Charles W., 240, 243.
+
+  Ellicott, Andrew, 19, 28, 29.
+
+  Ellicott Plan, 29.
+
+  Elliott, Hon. Richard N., 299.
+
+  Embassies and Legations, 289.
+
+  Engraving and Printing, Bureau of, 273, 284.
+
+  Expositions held in the United States, 68.
+
+
+  Federal City, the:
+    Movement to establish, 1.
+    Naming streets of, 20.
+    Original agreement for, 15.
+    Preliminary studies of, 25.
+    Site of, 13.
+
+  Federal Hall, 5.
+
+  Federal Reserve Board Building, 276.
+
+  Federal Trade Commission Building, 284.
+
+  Fernald, Senator Bert N., 299.
+
+  Flagg, Ernest, architect, 275.
+
+  Folger Shakespeare Library, 252.
+
+  Ford’s Theater, 57, 215.
+
+  Fort Drive, 108, 111.
+
+  Fort Stevens, 57.
+
+  Fort Washington, Md., 109, 151.
+
+  Foundry Methodist Church, 45.
+
+  Foxall, Henry, 45.
+
+  Francis Scott Key Bridge, 284.
+
+  Fraser, James E., sculptor, 139, 343.
+
+  Freedom, statue of, 224.
+
+  Freer Gallery of Art, 89, 256, 284.
+
+  French, Daniel Chester, sculptor, 133, 333.
+
+  Friedlander, Leo, sculptor, 139.
+
+
+  Garden Club of America, 163.
+
+  Garfield Park, 147.
+
+  General Accounting Office, 284.
+
+  George Washington Bicentennial Celebration, 129.
+
+  George Washington Birthplace National Monument, 129.
+
+  George Washington Memorial Parkway, 115, 296.
+
+  George Washington National Masonic Memorial, 119.
+
+  George Washington University, 279.
+
+  Georgetown, 40, 48, 179;
+    University, 279.
+
+  Giegengack, A. E., Public Printer, 260.
+
+  Gilbert, Cass, architect, 175, 273, 277, 304.
+
+  Goodhue, Bertram Grosvenor, architect, 276.
+
+  Government department building, first, 266, 272.
+
+  Government of the United States, the:
+    Act for establishment of the temporary and permanent seat of, 7.
+    Amendment to act establishing, 8.
+
+  Government Printing Office, 257-261.
+
+  Grand Army of the Republic Memorial to Benjamin F. Stephenson, 331.
+
+  Grant, Gen. U. S., Memorial 82, 87, 148, 339.
+
+  Grant, President Ulysses S., 61, 203.
+
+  Great Falls of the Potomac, 45, 109, 115.
+
+  Greenough, Horatio, sculptor, 321.
+
+  Gregory, John, sculptor, 254.
+
+  Guerin, Jules, mural painter, 133.
+
+
+  Hadfield, George, architect, 190, 193, 219, 309.
+
+  Hallet, Stephen H., 219.
+
+  Hamburg, 37.
+
+  Hamilton, Alexander:
+    Part taken in locating National Capital, 6.
+    Secretary of the Treasury, first, 271.
+    Statue of, 343.
+
+  Hamilton, Mrs. Alexander, 203.
+
+  Hamilton, Mount, 161.
+
+  Harding, President Warren G., 135.
+
+  Hay, John, 91, 177.
+
+  Heath, Hon. Ferry K., 299.
+
+  Height of Buildings, 103.
+
+  Hewlett, J. Monroe, 275.
+
+  Highway Plan of the District of Columbia, 69.
+
+  Hoban, James, architect of the White House, 219, 261.
+
+  Hoover, President Herbert, 263.
+
+  Houdon, Jean Antoine, sculptor, 319.
+
+  House of Representatives Office Building, new, 235, 296.
+
+  Howard University, 279.
+
+  Hughes, Charles Evans, Chief Justice of the United States, 304.
+
+
+  Independence Hall, 3.
+
+  Indian Tribes in and about the District of Columbia, 10.
+
+  Interior Department, 127, 143, 276, 306.
+
+  Internal Revenue, Bureau of, Building, 284.
+
+  Interstate Commerce Commission Building, 279.
+
+
+  Jackson, President Andrew:
+    Suggests location of Arlington Memorial Bridge, 135.
+    Department of the Treasury Building, selects site for, 272.
+    Statue of, 321.
+
+  James Creek, 37.
+
+  Japanese Cherry Trees, 155.
+
+  Jeanne d’Arc statue, 333.
+
+  Jefferson Pier, 91, 202.
+
+  Jefferson, President Thomas:
+    Architect of the Capitol, appoints, 40, 167.
+    Improves Pennsylvania Avenue, 40.
+    Influence on architecture, 68, 86.
+    Library of, purchase of, 219, 248.
+    National Capital, the--
+      Alternate plan of, for, 15.
+      Founding of, in, part of, 6.
+      L’Enfant’s plans for, in directing, part of, 25.
+    Pennsylvania Avenue, in the time of, 40, 299.
+    Pew of, in Christ Church, 188.
+    Secretary of State, 266.
+    Streets in, for naming, plan of, 20.
+    Suggests that L’Enfant study plans of Old World capitals, 24.
+    Trees, to preserve, desire of, 143.
+    Washington in days of, 37.
+
+  Jennewein, C. Paul, sculptor, 139.
+
+  John Marshall Place, 193.
+
+  Johnson, President Andrew, 57.
+
+  Johnston, Harriet Lane, 157.
+
+  Jones Point, cornerstone of the District of Columbia at, 19.
+
+  Jones, Thomas Hudson, sculptor, 315.
+
+  Justice, Department of, Building, 284.
+
+
+  Key, Francis Scott, Mansion, 42, 182.
+
+  Keyes, Senator Henry W., 299.
+
+  King Map, 33.
+
+  Klingle Ford Bridge, 284.
+
+
+  Labor Department Building, 279.
+
+  Lafayette, General:
+    Entertained at--
+      Arlington, 182.
+      Tudor Place, 187.
+    Mount Vernon, visits, 123, 126.
+    Statue of, 325.
+    Washington, visits, 45.
+
+  Lafayette Park, 147, 153.
+
+  Land Office Building, old, 196.
+
+  Landscape Architects, American Society of, 82.
+
+  Latrobe, Benjamin H., Architect of the Capitol, 40, 167, 219, 304,
+  319.
+
+  Lawrie, Lee, sculptor, 276.
+
+  Lear, Tobias, burial place of, 190.
+
+  Legations, Embassies and, 289.
+
+  L’Enfant, Pierre Charles:
+    Accompanies President Washington and Commissioners to view site for
+    Federal City, 20.
+    Biography of, 23.
+    Designs Fort Washington, 151.
+    Plan of--
+      Apparently forgotten, 49, 145.
+      Basis of Plan of 1901, 83, 89.
+      Description of, 25, 32, 93, 146.
+      Influence on parks and highways, 108, 145, 147.
+      Methods and features of, 25.
+      Preserved in Library of Congress, 29.
+      Tomb of, in Arlington, 313.
+
+  Library of Congress, 245, 296.
+
+  Lincoln Memorial, the:
+    Description of, 131.
+    Decorations in, 133.
+    On main axis with Capitol and Washington Monument, 91.
+    Statue of Abraham Lincoln, in, 133.
+
+  Lincoln Memorial and surrounding area, 135.
+
+  Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Basin, 135.
+
+  Lincoln Museum, 215.
+
+  Lincoln, President Abraham:
+    Assassination of, 215.
+    Fort Stevens, under fire at, 57.
+    Funeral of, 57.
+    Washington in the time of, 53, 147.
+
+  Little Falls of the Potomac, 45.
+
+  Logan, Gen. John A., 313.
+
+  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, statue of, 326.
+
+  Luce, Robert, Congressman, 163.
+
+  Lynn, David, Architect of the Capitol, 301, 304.
+
+
+  McCall, Congressman Samuel W., 95.
+
+  McClellan, Gen. George B., 176.
+
+  McKim, Mead & White, architects, 137, 284, 333.
+
+  McKim, Charles F., architect, 77, 80, 81, 91.
+
+  McKinley, President William, 177.
+
+  McMillan, Senator James, 77, 146, 304.
+
+  McMillan Park Commission:
+    Members of, 77.
+    Plans of--
+      Discussed, 28, 73, 83, 105, 146.
+      Important feature of, 301.
+      Influence on parks, 150.
+      Mall developed, according to, 109.
+
+  McNary, Senator Charles L., 163.
+
+  Madison, Mrs. Dolly, 43, 175, 203, 263.
+
+  Madison, Dolly, House, 153, 175.
+
+  Madison, President James, 43, 173, 175, 188, 201.
+
+  Maginnis & Walsh, architects, 288.
+
+  Mall, the:
+    Development of, 87, 145, 296.
+    Extension of, 91, 155.
+    Head of, 87.
+    Restoring axis of, 89.
+
+  Marshall, John:
+    George Washington, monument to, author of resolution for erecting a,
+    199.
+    Chief Justice, President Washington Monument Society, 201.
+    Secretary of State, 266.
+    Statue of Washington, comment on, 319.
+
+  Maryland Legislature, offer of, 2.
+
+  Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission, 108.
+
+  Mayors of Washington, 305.
+
+  Meade, Gen. George G.:
+    Grand Review in 1865, participates in, 57.
+    Memorial to, 87, 150.
+
+  Meigs, Gen. Montgomery C., 215, 224, 311.
+
+  Mellon, Andrew, W., 256, 301.
+
+  Meridian Hill Park, 157.
+
+  Merriam, John C., 163.
+
+  Metropolitan Museum in New York, 65.
+
+  Mills, Clark, sculptor, 224, 321.
+
+  Mills, Robert, architect, 196, 197, 201, 272.
+
+  Mint, the, Bureau of, 273.
+
+  Monroe, President James, Washington in time of, 45, 101, 188.
+
+  Moore, Charles, former chairman, National Commission of Fine Arts, 82.
+
+  Morris, Robert, 35, 271.
+
+  Morse, S. F. B., first telegraph office of, 196.
+
+  Mount Pleasant, 57.
+
+  Mount Vernon, 121.
+
+  Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, 108, 117, 296.
+
+  Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union, 126.
+
+  Mullett, A. B., architect, 268, 284.
+
+  Municipal Center, the, 296.
+
+  Municipal Fish Wharf, 113.
+
+  Murphy, Frederick V., architect, 288.
+
+
+  National Academy of Sciences, 276.
+
+  National Capital, the, development of, 13, 105.
+
+  National Capital Park and Planning Commission, 51, 69, 99, 102, 105,
+  150, 306.
+
+  National Cathedral School, 288.
+
+  National churches in Washington, 289.
+
+  National Commission of Fine Arts, 95, 99, 102, 105, 150, 161, 296,
+  315.
+
+  National Conference on City Planning, 82.
+
+  National Gallery of Art, 89, 256, 284.
+
+  National Geographic Society, 277.
+
+  National Museum, 89, 256, 284.
+
+  National Park Service, 127, 143, 218.
+
+  National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, 288.
+
+  National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 275.
+
+  Naval Academy, 319.
+
+  Naval Hospital, 284, 296.
+
+  Naval Observatory, 284.
+
+  Navy Department Building, 296.
+
+  Noyes, Mrs. Frank B., 163.
+
+
+  Octagon House, 81, 173.
+
+  Oldroyd Collection of Lincolniana, 215.
+
+  Olmsted, Frederick Law, jr., landscape architect, 82, 87, 163.
+
+
+  Page, William Tyler, 209.
+
+  Palisades of the Potomac, 93.
+
+  Pan American Union, 276.
+
+  Park system of the National Capital, 143, 306.
+
+  Partridge, William T., study of L’Enfant plan by, 25.
+
+  Patent Office, 42, 48, 197.
+
+  Peaslee, Horace W., architect, 333, 343.
+
+  Pennsylvania Avenue, 37, 145, 299.
+
+  Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 84.
+
+  Pension Office Building, old, 284.
+
+  Perry, Hinton R., sculptor, 284.
+
+  Piccirilli Brothers, marble cutters, 133.
+
+  Platt, Charles A., architect, 284.
+
+  Polk, President James K., 51.
+
+  Pope, John Russell, architect, 257, 275, 277, 284.
+
+  Porter, Commodore, owner of Meridian Hill Park site, 159.
+
+  Post Office Department Building, 48, 284.
+
+  Potomac Parks, 131, 155.
+
+  Presidents of the United States, list of, 355.
+
+  Proctor, A. Phimister, sculptor, 284.
+
+  Public Buildings Act of 1926, 296, 299, 301.
+
+  Public Buildings Commission, 293, 301.
+
+  Public Buildings Program, 293.
+
+  Public Health Service Building, 276.
+
+  Public Library, 284.
+
+  Pulaski, Gen. Casimir, statue of, 331.
+
+  Putnam, Herbert, Librarian of Congress, 252.
+
+
+  Q Street Bridge, 284.
+
+  Quotations from great Americans on the National Capital, 357.
+
+
+  Railroad into the District, first, 48.
+
+  Rankin, Kellogg & Crane, architects, 284.
+
+  Red Cross, American National, 275.
+
+  Renwick, James, architect, 256, 284.
+
+  Rhind, J. Massey, sculptor, 331.
+
+  Rich, Lorimer, architect, 315.
+
+  Rinehart, William H., sculptor, 226, 228.
+
+  Riverside Drive, 93, 142.
+
+  Rock Creek Cemetery, 187, 325.
+
+  Rock Creek Church, 187.
+
+  Rock Creek Park, 148, 159.
+
+  Rock Creek Parkway, 93, 148.
+
+  Rockefeller, John D., 129.
+
+  Rodgers House, 177.
+
+  Rogers, Randolph, 224.
+
+  Roosevelt, President Theodore, 89, 91, 179, 279.
+
+  Root, Elihu, 91, 95, 98.
+
+  Ross, Albert R., architect, 333.
+
+  Rust, Mrs. Harry Lee, 129.
+
+
+  Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 77, 81, 91, 325.
+
+  Scottish Rite Temple, 277.
+
+  Senate and House of Representatives Office Buildings, 235.
+
+  Seven Buildings, the, 266.
+
+  Shaw Lily Gardens, 161.
+
+  Shepherd, Alexander R.:
+    District of Columbia, Governor of, 61.
+    Statue of, 326.
+
+  Sherman, Hon. John, 203, 209.
+
+  Shipstead-Luce Act, 95, 102.
+
+  Shrady, Henry Merwin, sculptor, 343.
+
+  Simon, Louis, architect, 284.
+
+  Six Buildings, the, 39, 266.
+
+  Smith, Capt. John, 9, 13.
+
+  Smithsonian Institution, 256, 284.
+
+  Social Security Building, 296.
+
+  Société des Femmes de France à New York, 159, 339.
+
+  Soldiers’ Home, 211.
+
+  Sousa Bridge, John Philip, 284.
+
+  St. John’s Church, 153, 190, 192.
+
+  Standards, Bureau of, 284.
+
+  Star, Evening, 51, 299.
+
+  Star-Spangled Banner, national anthem:
+    Act of Congress designating, 185.
+    Original, in National Museum, 185.
+
+  State, Department of, 81, 265.
+
+  State, War, and Navy Building, 61, 81, 268, 284.
+
+  State Zoning Enabling Act, 101.
+
+  Statues and Monuments in Washington, list of, 347.
+
+  Street cars, Introduction in Washington of, 57.
+
+  Sultan, Brig. Gen. Dan. I., 284.
+
+  Supreme Court Chamber, 304.
+
+  Supreme Court Building Commission, 304.
+
+  Surveyor’s Office, District of Columbia, 33, 69.
+
+  Suter’s Tavern, 19.
+
+
+  Taft, President William Howard, 91, 263, 279, 331.
+
+  Taft, Mrs. William Howard, 157.
+
+  Taft, William Howard, Bridge, 159, 284.
+
+  Thomas, Havard, sculptor, 343.
+
+  Thornton, Dr. William, 42, 173, 185, 190, 197, 219.
+
+  Tiber Creek, 37.
+
+  Tobacco barn, old (original Christ Church), 188.
+
+  Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 296, 315.
+
+  Town House site, 32.
+
+  Treasury, Department of the, 48, 267, 271.
+
+  Trees of Washington, 63, 111.
+
+  Triangle development, 301.
+
+  Trinity College, 279.
+
+  Tripoli Column, 319.
+
+  Trowbridge, Alexander B., 252.
+
+  Trowbridge & Livingston, architects, 275.
+
+  Tudor Place, 182, 185.
+
+
+  Union Army, the, Grand Review of, 57.
+
+  Union Square, 87.
+
+  Union Station, 84, 235-241.
+
+  Union Station, Plaza of, 103, 301.
+
+  United States Botanic Garden, 296.
+
+  United States Engineer Office, 113.
+
+  United States Naval Academy, 319.
+
+  United States Supreme Court Building, 296, 301.
+
+  Unknown Soldier, the:
+    Burial of, 135.
+    Tomb of, 142, 296, 315.
+
+
+  Van Ness Mansion, 177, 276.
+
+  Vedder, Elihu, painter, 245.
+
+  Virginia:
+    Offer of Legislature of, 6.
+    Part of District of Columbia receded to, 51.
+
+
+  Wakefield National Memorial Association, 127, 129.
+
+  Wakefield, Va.:
+    Ancestors of Washington settle at, 10.
+    Birthplace of George Washington, 127.
+
+  Walter Reed General Hospital, 284, 296.
+
+  Walter, Thomas U., 86, 219, 224, 268.
+
+  War Department Building, 296.
+
+  Ward, John Quincy Adams, sculptor, 5.
+
+  Warden, David Baillie, 41.
+
+  Washington:
+    Early, 35.
+    1810-1815, 41.
+    1816-1839, 45.
+    1840-1859, 49.
+    1860-1870, 53.
+    Improvements made in, during administration of President Grant, 61.
+    Metropolitan area of, 105.
+
+  Washington, Col. John, 10.
+
+  Washington, Judge Bushrod, 126.
+
+  Washington, President George:
+    Appoints Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 13.
+    Arrives at Suter’s Tavern, Georgetown, 19.
+    Birthplace of, 127.
+    Capitol, cornerstone of, lays, 219, 228.
+    Confers with Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 20.
+    Federal City, site for, authorized to select, 7, 8.
+    Home of, 121.
+    Inauguration of, 5.
+    L’Enfant, high regard of, for, 24.
+    Potomac Canal, constructs, 4, 151.
+    Statues of, 5, 319, 321.
+    Trowel used at laying of cornerstone of Capitol by, 117, 118.
+
+  Washington Aqueduct, 57.
+
+  Washington Cathedral, 284.
+
+  Washington Channel and water front, 113.
+
+  Washington City Post Office, 241.
+
+  Washington Meridian, 159.
+
+  Washington Monument, the:
+    Detailed description of, 197.
+    Laying cornerstone of, 49, 202.
+
+  Washington National Airport, 117.
+
+  Washington National Monument Society, 199, 209.
+
+  Webster-Ashburton treaty, tablet commemorating, 268.
+
+  Webster, Daniel:
+    Capitol extension, orator at laying of cornerstone of, 9, 219.
+    Describes General Jackson, 135.
+    Residence of, 179.
+
+  White House, the:
+    Early description of, 41, 171, 173.
+    Later description of, 261.
+
+  Weinman, A. A., sculptor, 277, 303.
+
+  White, Stanford, architect, 325.
+
+  Wilson, James, Secretary of Agriculture, 161.
+
+  Wilson, President Woodrow, 243, 288.
+
+  Winter, Ezra, painter, 276.
+
+  Winthrop, Robert C., 202, 209.
+
+  Witherspoon, John, statue of, 326.
+
+  Wood, Waddy B., architect, 276.
+
+  World’s Columbian Exposition, 65.
+
+  World War, influence on Washington, 101, 293.
+
+  World War Memorials in Europe, 99.
+
+  Wyeth, Nathan C., architect, 284.
+
+  Wyeth & Sullivan, architects, 235.
+
+
+  York & Sawyer, architects, 279.
+
+
+  Zantzinger, Borie & Medary, architects, 284.
+
+  Zero Milestone, 333.
+
+  Zoning of the Capital, 101, 108.
+
+  Zoning Commission, 103
+
+  Zoological Park, National, 159, 256, 257, 284.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIPTIONS OF CHARTS AND MAPS
+
+
+Page 14:
+
+  SKETCH
+  OF
+  WASHINGTON IN EMBRYO,
+  Previous to its Survey by Major L’ENFANT.
+  Compiled from the rare historical researches
+  --of--
+  D^{r}. JOSEPH M. TONER,
+  who by special favor has permitted the use of his labor and materials
+  for the publication of a grand historical map of this District
+  Compilers
+  E.F.M. FAEHTZ & F.W. PRATT.
+  1874.
+
+  _This sketch establishes the exact location
+  of Hamburgh and Carrollsburg and
+  approximated metes and bounds
+  of every estate then embraced
+  within the precincts granted
+  by the President.
+  In addition thereto the subsequent
+  avenues as well as several
+  other early improvements,_
+
+
+Page 17:
+
+  MAP SHOWING THE ORIGINAL MILESTONES OR
+  BOUNDARY STONES OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  AND THEIR
+  APPROXIMATE LOCATION
+  FRED E WOODWARD
+
+
+Page 21:
+
+  TERMS AND CONDITIONS declared by the PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES,
+  this seventeenth day of October, seventeen hundred and ninety-one,
+  for regulating the Materials and Manner of the Buildings and
+  Improvements on the LOTS in the CITY of WASHINGTON.
+
+  1st. That the outer and party-walls of all houses within the said
+  City shall be built of brick or stone.
+
+  2d. That all buildings on the streets shall be parallel thereto, and
+  may be advanced to the line |of th|e street, or withdrawn therefrom,
+  at the plea|sure| of the improver: But where any such build|ing is|
+  about to be erected, neither the foundation or party-wall shall be
+  begun without first applying to the person or persons appointed by
+  the Commissioners to superintend the buildings within the city,
+  who will ascertain the lines of the walls to correspond with these
+  regulations.
+
+  3d. The wall of no house to be higher than forty feet to the roof in
+  any part of the city; nor shall any be lower than thirty-five feet on
+  any of the avenues.
+
+  4th. That the Person or persons appointed by the Commissioners to
+  superintend the buildings may enter on the land of any person to set
+  out the foundation and regulate the walls to be built between party
+  and party, as to the breadth and thickness thereof. Which foundation
+  shall be laid equally upon the lands of the persons between whom
+  such party-walls are to be built, and shall be of the breadth and
+  thickness determined by such person proper; and the first builder
+  shall be reimbursed one moiety of the charge of such party-wall,
+  or so much thereof as the next builder shall have occasion to make
+  use of, before such |n|ext builder shall any ways use or break into
+  the wall--The charge or value thereof to be set by |t|he person or
+  persons so appointed by the Commissioners.
+
+  5th. As temporary conveniencies will be proper for lodging workmen
+  and securing materials for building, it is to be understood that
+  such may be erected with the approbation of the Commissioners: But
+  they may be removed or discontinued by the special order of the
+  Commissioners.
+
+  6th. The way into the squares being designed |in| a special manner
+  for the common use and convenience of the occupiers of the respective
+  squares--The property in the same is reserved to the public, so
+  that there may be an immediate interference on any abuse of the use
+  thereof by any individual, to the nuisance or obstruction of others.
+  The proprietors of the Lots adjoining the entrance into the squares,
+  on arching over the entrance, and fixing gates in the manner the
+  Commissioners shall approve, shall be intitled to divide the space
+  over the arching and build it up with the range of that line of the
+  square.
+
+  7th. No vaults shall be permitted under the streets, nor any
+  encroachments on the foot way above by steps, stoops, porches, cellar
+  doors, windows, ditches or leaning walls; nor shall there be any
+  projection over the street, other than the eves of the house, without
+  the consent of the Commissioners.
+
+  8th. These regulations are the terms and conditions under and upon
+  which conveyances are to be made, according to the deeds in trust of
+  the lands within the city.
+
+  George Washington.
+
+  TERMS of SALE of LOTS in the CITY of WASHINGTON, the Eighth Day of
+  _October_, 1792.
+
+  All Lands purchased at this Sale, are to be subject to the Terms and
+  Conditions declared by the President, pursuant to the Deeds in Trust.
+
+  The purchaser is immediately to pay one fourth part of the purchase
+  money; the residue is to be paid in three equal annual payments,
+  with yearly interest of six per cent. on the whole principal
+  unpaid: If any payment is not made at the day, the payments made
+  are to be forfeited, or the whole principal and interest unpaid
+  may be recovered on one suit and execution in the option of the
+  Commissioners.
+
+  The purchaser is to be entitled to a conveyance, on the whole
+  purchase money and interest being paid, and not before. No bid under
+  Three Dollars to be received.
+
+
+Page 27:
+
+  PLAN
+  of the City intended for the
+  Permanent SEAT of the
+  Government of the UNITED STATES
+  Projected agreeable to the direction
+  of the PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES
+  in pursuance of an ACT of CONGRESS posted the
+  sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC,
+  “establishing the Permanent Seat
+  on the bank of the Potowmac”
+  By Peter Charles L’Enfant.
+
+  OBSERVATIONS explanatory of the PLAN.
+
+  I. The positions for the different Grand Edifices and for the several
+  Grand Squares or Areas of different shapes as they are laid down were
+  first determined on the most advantageous ground commanding the most
+  extensive prospects, and the better susceptible of such improvements
+  as the various intents of the several objects may require.
+
+  II. Lines or Avenues of direct communication have been devised as
+  connect the separate and most distinct objects with the principal,
+  and to preserve through the whole a reciprocity of sight at the same
+  time. Attention has been paid to the passing of those leading Avenues
+  over the most favorable ground for prospect and convenience.
+
+  III. North and South lines, intersected by others running due East
+  and West, make the distribution of the City into Streets, Squares,
+  etc., and those lines have been so combined as to meet at certain
+  given points with those divergent Avenues so as to form on the spaces
+  “first determined” the different Squares or Areas, which are all
+  proportional in Magnitude to the number of Avenues leading to them.
+
+  _Breadth of the Streets._
+
+  Every grand transverse Avenue and every principal divergent one,
+  such as the communication from the President’s house to the Congress
+  house, etc., are 160 feat in breadth and thus divided:
+
+    10 feet of pavement on each side                          20 Feet
+    30 feet of gravel walk planted with trees on each side    60
+    80 feet in the middle for carriage way                    80
+                                                             --- 160
+  The other streets are of the following dimensions, viz.:
+    Those leading to public buildings or markets             130 Feet
+    Others                                                   110-90
+
+  In order to execute the above plan, Mr. Ellicott drew a true
+  Meridional line by celestial observation which passes through the
+  Area intended for the Congress house; this line he crossed by another
+  due East and West, which passes through the same Area. These lines
+  were accurately measured and made the bases on which the whole plan
+  was executed. He ran all the lines by a Transit Instrument and
+  determined the Acute Angles by actual measurement, and left nothing
+  to the uncertainty of the Compass.
+
+  REFERENCES.
+
+  A. The equestrian figure of George Washington, a Monument voted in
+  1783 by the late Continental Congress.
+
+  B. An historic Column, also intended for a Mile or itinerary Column,
+  from whose station (a mile from the Federal house), all distances of
+  places through the Continent are to be calculated.
+
+  C. A Naval itinerary Column proposed to be erected to celebrate the
+  first rise of a Navy and to stand a ready Monument to consecrate its
+  progress and Achievements.
+
+  D. This Church is intended for National purposes, such as public
+  prayer, thanksgivings, funeral Orations, etc., and assigned to the
+  special use of no particular Sect or denomination, but equally open
+  to all. It will be likewise a proper shelter for such monuments as
+  were voted by the late Continental Congress for those heroes who
+  fell in the cause of liberty and for such others as may hereafter be
+  decreed by the voice of a grateful Nation.
+
+  E. Five grand fountains intended with a constant spout of water. N.
+  B. There are within the limits of the City about 25 good springs of
+  excellent water abundantly supplied in the driest season of the year.
+
+  The Squares coloured yellow, being fifteen in number, are proposed to
+  be divided among the several States in the Union for each of them to
+  improve, or subscribe a sum additional to the value of the land for
+  that purpose, and the improvements round the Squares to be completed
+  in a limited time.
+
+  The center of each Square will admit of Statues, Columns, obelisks,
+  or any other ornaments, such as the different States may choose to
+  erect, to perpetuate not only the memory of such individuals whose
+  Counsels or military achievements were conspicuous in giving liberty
+  and independence to this Country, but also those whose usefulness
+  hath rendered them worthy of general imitation; to invite the youth
+  of succeeding generations to tread in the paths of those Sages or
+  heroes whom their Country has thought proper to celebrate.
+
+  The situation of these Squares is such that they are the most
+  advantageously and reciprocally seen from each other, and as equally
+  distributed over the whole City district, and connected by spacious
+  Avenues round the grand Federal improvements, and as contiguous to
+  them, and at the same time as equally distant from each other, as
+  circumstances would admit. The settlements round those Squares must
+  soon become connected.
+
+  This mode of taking possession of, and improving the whole District
+  at first must leave to posterity a grand idea of the patriotic
+  interest which promoted it.
+
+  Those figures coloured red, are intended for use of all religious
+  denominations, on which they are to erect places of worship, and
+  are proposed to be allotted to them in the manner as those coloured
+  yellow to the different States in the Union; but no burying grounds
+  will be admitted within the limits of the City, an appropriation
+  being intended for that purpose without. N. B. Then a number of
+  Squares or Areas unappropriated, and in situations proper for
+  Colleges and Academies, and of which every Society whose object is
+  national may be accommodated. Every house within the City will stand
+  square on the Streets, and every lot. even those on the divergent
+  Avenues, will run Square with their fronts, which on the most acute
+  angle will not measure less than 56 feet and many will be above 110
+  feet.
+
+  Pine Creek, whose water, if necessary, may supply the City, being
+  turned into James White’s branch.
+
+  Perpendicular height of the    }  F.  I. Pts.
+    source of Tiber Creek,       } 236   7 ⁵⁄₈
+    above the level of the       }
+    tide in said Creek.          }
+
+  Perpendicular height of James White’s Spring, being part of Tiber
+  Creek, above the level of the tide in said Creek.
+
+  This branch of the Tiber, is intended to be conveyed to the
+  President’s house.
+
+  The water of this Creek is intended to be conveyed on the high
+  ground, where the Congress house stands, and after watering that
+  part of the city, its overplus will fall from under the base of that
+  Edifice, and in a Cascade of 20 feet in height, and 50 in breadth
+  into the reservoir below; thence to run in three fills through the
+  Garden into the grand Canal.
+
+  The perpendicular height of the ground where the Congress house
+  stands, is above the tide of Tiber Creek, 78 feet.
+
+                           °  ′
+  Lat. Congress House,    38.53.N.
+  Long.                   _0′. 0′._
+
+  References.
+
+  F. Grand Cascade, formed of the Water from the sources of the Tiber.
+
+  G. Public walk, being a square of 1,200 feet, through which carriages
+  may ascend to the upper Square of the Federal house.
+
+  H. Grand Avenue, 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length,
+  bordered with gardens, ending in a slope from the houses on each
+  side. This avenue leads to the Monument A, and connects the Congress
+  Garden with the
+
+  I. President’s park, and the
+
+  K. Well improved field, being a part of the walk from the President’s
+  house, of about 1,800 feet in breadth, and ³⁄₄ of a mile in length.
+  Every lot, deep coloured red, with green plots, designates some of
+  the situations which command the most agreeable prospects, and which
+  are the best calculated for spacious houses and gardens, such as may
+  accommodate foreign Ministers, etc.
+
+  L. Around this Square, and all along the
+
+  M. Avenue from the two bridges to the Federal house, the pavement on
+  each side will pass under an Arched way, under whose cover Shops will
+  be most conveniently and agreeably situated. This street is 160 feet
+  in breadth, and a mile long.
+
+
+Page 31:
+
+                   °  ′
+  Lat. Capitol    38:53, N
+  Long             0: 0.
+
+  OBSERVATIONS
+  explanatory of the
+  Plan.
+
+  I. The positions for the different Edifices and for the several
+  Squares or Areas of different shapes, as they are laid down, were
+  first determined on the most advantageous ground, commanding the most
+  extensive prospects, and the better susceptible of such improvements,
+  as either use or ornament may hereafter call for.
+
+  II. Lines or Avenues of direct communication have been devised to
+  connect the separate and most distant objects with the principal,
+  and to preserve through the whole a reciprocity of sight at the same
+  time. Attention has been paid to the passing of those leading Avenues
+  over the most favorable ground for prospect and convenience.
+
+  III. North and South lines intersected by others running due East and
+  West, make the distribution of the City into Streets, Squares, &c.;
+  and those lines have been so combined as to meet at certain given
+  points with those divergent Avenues, so as to form on the Spaces
+  “first determined,” the different Squares or Areas.
+
+  Perpendicular height of the source of    } F. I. Pts.
+    Tiber Creek above the level of the     } 236.7.⁵⁄₈
+    tide in said Creek                     }
+
+  This branch and that of the Tiber may be conveyed to the President’s
+  house.
+
+  The water of this Creek may be conveyed on the high ground where the
+  Capitol stands, and after watering that part of the City, may be
+  destined to other useful purposes.
+
+  The perpendicular height of the ground where the Capitol is to stand,
+  is above the tide of Tiber Creek 78 Feet.
+
+  Perpendicular height of the West    } F. I. Pts.
+    branch above the tide in          } 115.7.²⁄₈
+    Tiber Creek                       }
+
+  _PLAN_
+  of the CITY of
+  Washington
+  in the Territory of Columbia,
+  _ceded by the States of_
+  VIRGINIA and MARYLAND
+  _to the_
+  United States _OF_ America,
+  _and by them established as the
+  SEAT of their GOVERNMENT,
+  after the Year_
+  MDCCC.
+
+Breadth of the Streets.
+
+  The grand Avenues, and such Streets as lead immediately to public
+  places are from 130 to 160 feet wide, and may be conveniently divided
+  into foot ways, walks of trees, and a carriage way. The other streets
+  are from 90 to 110 feet wide.
+
+  In order to execute this plan, Mr. Ellicott drew a true Meridional
+  line by celestial observation, which passes through the Area intended
+  for the Capitol; this line he crossed by another due East and West
+  which passes through the same Area. These lines were accurately
+  measured, and made the basis on which the whole plan was executed. He
+  ran all the lines by a Transit Instrument, and determined the Acute
+  Angles by actual measurement, and left nothing to the uncertainty of
+  the Compass.
+
+
+Page 81:
+
+  MAKE NO LITTLE PLANS; THEY HAVE NO MAGIC
+  TO STIR MEN’S BLOOD, AND PROBABLY THEMSELVES
+  WILL NOT BE REALIZED. MAKE BIG PLANS; AIM
+  HIGH IN HOPE AND WORK, REMEMBERING THAT A
+  NOBLE, LOGICAL DIAGRAM ONCE RECORDED WILL
+  NEVER DIE, BUT LONG AFTER WE ARE GONE WILL
+  BE A LIVING THING. ASSERTING ITSELF WITH EVER
+  GROWING INSISTENCY. REMEMBER THAT OUR
+  SONS AND GRANDSONS ARE GOING TO DO THINGS
+  THAT WOULD STAGGER US. LET YOUR WATCH-
+  WORD BE ORDER AND YOUR BEACON BEAUTY
+
+  DANIEL H. BURNHAM
+
+
+Page 100:
+
+  WASHINGTON D.C.
+  THE MALL--CENTRAL AREA
+  STUDY FOR DEVELOPMENT--1937
+  NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION
+
+
+Page 104:
+
+  VIRGINIA PROJECTS
+  SHOWN IN ACCORDANCE WITH STUDIES OF
+  VIRGINIA-NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK
+  AND PLANNING COMMISSION
+  ARLINGTON COUNTY ZONING COMMISSION
+
+  MARYLAND PROJECTS
+  SHOWN IN ACCORDANCE WITH STUDIES OF
+  MARYLAND-NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK
+  AND PLANNING COMMISSION
+  WASHINGTON SUBURBAN SANITARY COMMISSION
+
+  EXISTING PUBLIC PARKS
+  PROPOSED PUBLIC PARKS
+  PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
+  PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS
+  CEMETERIES
+  PROPOSED AIRPORTS
+  GOLF & COUNTRY CLUBS
+  EXISTING PRINCIPAL HIGHWAYS
+  PROPOSED PRINCIPAL HIGHWAYS
+  EXISTING INTERMEDIATE HIGHWAYS
+  PROPOSED INTERMEDIATE HIGHWAYS
+  CITIES AND TOWNS
+  STATE LINE
+  COUNTY LINE
+  DISTRICT LINES
+
+
+Page 110:
+
+  - INDEX -
+  PROPOSED PARKWAY
+  EXISTING PARK LANDS
+  PROPOSED PARK ACQUISITION
+  EXISTING INSTITUTIONS, CEMETERIES ETC.
+
+  PRELIMINARY PLAN
+  FORT DRIVE
+  PARKWAY CONNECTING THE CIVIL WAR FORTS ENCIRCLING THE CITY
+  WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION
+  LT. COL. U.S. GRANT 3^{RD} - EXECUTIVE AND DISBURSING OFFICER
+  MAJ. CAREY H. BROWN - ENGINEER
+  CHARLES W. ELLIOTT 2^{ND} - CITY PLANNER
+  FEBRUARY 1937
+
+
+Page 114:
+
+  -LEGEND-
+  PARKS & PUBLIC GROUNDS
+  PROPOSED PARKS
+  PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS
+  PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
+  PROPOSED PUBLIC GROUNDS
+
+
+Page 149:
+
+  PARK, PARKWAY & PLAYGROUND
+  PROJECTS
+  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK & PLANNING COMMISSION
+
+
+Page 158:
+
+  ROCK CREEK PARK
+  WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+  SCALE IN FEET
+
+  OFFICE OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC PARKS
+  LIEUT. COL. U.S. GRANT, 3^{RD}, DIRECTOR
+
+  G.E. CLARK, ENGINEER IN CHARGE OF SURVEYS
+  G.S. ELLIOTT - CHIEF OF PARTY
+
+  LEGEND
+  LEAVE CAR OR BUS LINES FOR PARK
+  MACADAM ROADS
+  DIRT STREETS OR ROADS
+  FOOT PATHS
+  SPRINGS OR FOUNTAINS
+  IMPROVED STREETS
+  BRIDLE PATHS
+  PICNIC GROVES
+
+  REVISION 1933
+
+
+Page 171:
+
+  Basement Plan
+  1800
+
+
+
+
+  Transcriber’s Notes
+
+
+  Inconsistencies and (factual or linguistic) errors in the text have
+  been retained, except as mentioned under Changes below. Carrere and
+  Carrére have not been changed to Carrère (the more common spelling).
+  Missing or wrong accents in French words have not been corrected.
+  Several proper and geographic names are spelled either in their
+  original or in anglicised spelling (or both) or in variations
+  thereof; these have not been standardised. The differences (in
+  wording and structure) between the Table of Contents, List of
+  Illustrations and the chapter and section titles and illustration
+  captions in the text have not been corrected either.
+
+  Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their
+  settings, not all elements may display as intended.
+
+  The quality of several of the maps and charts was insufficient to
+  display them fully legible and with all details visible, or to
+  transcribe the text in the chart or map.
+
+  Page 14, note in lower left corner of map: the note in the source
+  document ends (unexpectedly) in ... several other early improvements,
+
+  Page 27, 31: The (minor) differences between the texts in the charts
+  and those in the transcriptions as printed in the source document
+  have not been rectified.
+
+  Page 146, quote from L’Enfant, and Page 27 (transcription from
+  chart): the minor differences between the quoted text and the map
+  have not been rectified.
+
+  Page 201, By a resolution adopted February 29, 1847 ...: 1847 was not
+  a leap year.
+
+
+  Changes made
+
+  Illustrations have been moved outside text paragraphs.
+
+  Some obvious minor typographical, spelling and punctuation errors
+  have been corrected silently.
+
+  Where relevant and possible notes, explanatory texts, legends,
+  etc. from illustrations have been transcribed separately; these
+  transcriptions may be found towards the end of the text. In these
+  transcriptions, most of the (sometimes elaborate) formatting has been
+  ignored.
+
+  Page 42: It was erected by Mr. Blodget ... changed to It was erected
+  by Mr. Blodgett....
+
+  Page 252: Alexander B. Trowridge changed to Alexander B. Trowbridge.
+
+  Page 284: Ackermann & Ross, architects changed to Ackerman & Ross,
+  architects; A. B. Mullet, supervising architect changed to A. B.
+  Mullett, supervising architect.
+
+  Page 325: ... for the statute and pedestal ... changed to ... for the
+  statue and pedestal ....
+
+  Page 349: Antion Popiel, sculptor changed to Antoni Popiel, sculptor
+
+  Index: some names have been standardised with the spelling used in
+  the text.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL ON THE ORIGIN AND
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+<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A manual on the origin and development of Washington, by H. Paul Caemmerer</p>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
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+
+<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: A manual on the origin and development of Washington</p>
+<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: H. Paul Caemmerer</p>
+<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 18, 2023 [eBook #69827]</p>
+<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
+  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Tim Lindell, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p>
+<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL ON THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WASHINGTON ***</div>
+
+<div class="tnbox">
+<p class="center">Please see the <a href="#TN">Transcriber&#8217;s Notes</a> at the end of this text.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
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+
+<hr class="chap">
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+<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover image">
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+</div><!--cover-->
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<div class="container" id="Frontispiece">
+
+<img src="images/illo001.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Fairchild Aerial Surveys (Inc.).</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">THE HEART OF THE NATION’S CAPITAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="titlepage">
+
+<p class="center highline2 fsize80"><span class="allsmcap">75TH</span> CONGRESS, <span class="allsmcap">3D</span> SESSION
+<span class="padl6 padr6">·</span> SENATE DOCUMENT NO. 178</p>
+
+<h1>A MANUAL ON THE<br>
+ORIGIN AND<br>
+DEVELOPMENT OF<br>
+WASHINGTON</h1>
+
+<p class="center highline4"><i>By</i> H. PAUL CAEMMERER, Ph. D.</p>
+
+<p class="center blankbefore2 fsize90">“The City of Washington—the central star of the constellation<br>
+which enlightens the whole world.”</p>
+
+<p class="center blankbefore2 fsize80"><i>General Lafayette, as Guest of the Nation, October 12, 1824.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center highline2 blankbefore4 fsize90">UNITED STATES<br>
+GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE<br>
+WASHINGTON: 1939</p>
+
+</div><!--titlepage-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pageii">[ii]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">SENATE RESOLUTION NO. 280<br>
+<span class="subtitle hayden">Submitted by Mr. <span class="smcap">Hayden</span></span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p class="center blankbefore2"><span class="smcap">In the Senate of the United States</span>,</p>
+
+<div class="senateresolution">
+
+<p class="right padr2"><i>April 20 (calendar day, May 18), 1938.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the manuscript entitled “A Manual of
+the Plan of Washington,” prepared by H. P. Caemmerer,
+be printed in such style and manner as may be directed
+by the Joint Committee on Printing, as a Senate Document.</p>
+
+<p>Attest:</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap padr4">Edwin A. Halsey,</span><br>
+<span class="padr2"><i>Secretary</i>.</span></p>
+
+</div><!--senateresolution-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pageiii">[iii]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE</h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>This Manual on the Origin and Development of Washington is published for
+the use of students, particularly in high schools, desiring to make a study of the
+National Capital a part of their course in civics.</p>
+
+<p>The 25 chapters composing the book are of such interest and importance that
+an hour a week may profitably be devoted to each, but the chapters on public
+buildings and monuments require each two or three periods for effective presentation.
+In this manner the Manual may serve as a textbook for a year’s work; it
+will also be found helpful by the general reader interested in Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The Manual deals historically with the founding and development of the
+National Capital. Beginning with the twentieth century we find a new impetus
+given to the development of the city by the McMillan Park Commission of 1901.
+Its work has been carried forward by the Commission of Fine Arts and the
+National Capital Park and Planning Commission, in cooperation with the Government
+of the District of Columbia, including the Zoning Commission; also, of
+course, in cooperation with the President of the United States, officials of the
+Government, and the Congress of the United States, which by virtue of the
+Federal Constitution exercises “exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever” over
+the District of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>It should be kept in mind that in the study of the National Capital we are
+studying the seat of government of the greatest nation in the world, a city that
+was laid on a broad, firm foundation, and although neglected for decades during
+the last century, the twentieth century has seen Washington transformed into a
+city in keeping with the dignity, power, and wealth of this great Nation.</p>
+
+<p>The Plan of Washington is at the basis of city planning in the United States.
+The organization of the National Conference on City Planning in 1907 was inspired
+by the work of the McMillan Park Commission of 1901. Many of the
+leading artists of the country—architects, sculptors, painters, and landscape
+architects—have served in the work of beautifying the city. Washington is a
+city that is ever growing and it is destined to be the most beautiful city in the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>The writer wishes to express his grateful appreciation to Senator Carl Hayden
+for having introduced the legislation to print this volume.</p>
+
+<p class="right highline2 padr2"><span class="smcap">H. Paul Caemmerer.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pageiv">[iv]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center blankbefore6 blankafter6 highline2 fsize80">THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PURCHASED FROM THE<br>
+SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE<br>
+WASHINGTON, D. C. AT $2.00 A COPY (BUCKRAM)</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pagev">[v]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<table class="tocloi">
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="left fsize80">Chapter</td>
+<td class="right fsize80">Page</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">I</td>
+<td class="title">The Federal City: Story of the Movement Which Established the Seat of Government Near the Potomac</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page1">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">II</td>
+<td class="title">Establishment of the Temporary and Permanent Seats of Government</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page7">7</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="5" class="chapno">III</td>
+<td class="title">Development of the National Capital—The Plan of the City</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page13">13</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title level2">Site of the Federal City</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page13">13</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title level2">Terms of Original Agreement</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page15">15</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title level2">Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page19">19</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title level2">Preliminary Studies</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page20">20</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">IV</td>
+<td class="title">Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page23">23</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" class="chapno">V</td>
+<td class="title">The L’Enfant Plan</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page25">25</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title level2">The Ellicott Plan—The L’Enfant Plan Enlarged</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page29">29</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">VI</td>
+<td class="title">Early Washington</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page35">35</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">VII</td>
+<td class="title">Washington 1810-1815</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page41">41</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">VIII</td>
+<td class="title">Washington 1816-1839</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page45">45</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">IX</td>
+<td class="title">Washington 1840-1859</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page49">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">X</td>
+<td class="title">Washington 1860-1870</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page53">53</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XI</td>
+<td class="title">Improvements Made During President Grant’s Administration</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page61">61</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XII</td>
+<td class="title">The Influence of the Centennial Celebration and of the World’s Columbian Exposition on Art in the United States</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page65">65</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XIII</td>
+<td class="title">Highway Plan of the District of Columbia</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page69">69</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XIV</td>
+<td class="title">The McMillan Park Commission—The Plan of 1901</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page73">73</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XV</td>
+<td class="title">National Commission of Fine Arts</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page95">95</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XVI</td>
+<td class="title">Zoning of the Capital</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page101">101</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XVII</td>
+<td class="title">The National Capital Park and Planning Commission</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page105">105</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XVIII</td>
+<td class="title">The Lincoln Memorial and the Arlington Memorial Bridge</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page131">131</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XIX</td>
+<td class="title">The Parks of the District of Columbia</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page143">143</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XX</td>
+<td class="title">Architecture of Early Days</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page165">165</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XXI</td>
+<td class="title">Public and Semipublic Buildings</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page219">219</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XXII</td>
+<td class="title">The Public-Buildings Program</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page293">293</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XXIII</td>
+<td class="title">The Government of the District of Columbia</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page305">305</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XXIV</td>
+<td class="title">Arlington National Cemetery</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page309">309</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="chapno">XXV</td>
+<td class="title">Statues and Monuments</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page319">319</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="6">&#160;</td>
+<td class="title">Appendix</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page347">347</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title level2">List of Statues and Monuments in Washington</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page347">347</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title level2">Bibliographical List of Books on Washington the National Capital</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page353">353</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title level2">List of Presidents of the United States</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page355">355</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title level2">Quotations from Great Americans on Washington the National Capital</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page357">357</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Index</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page359">359</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pagevii">[vii]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pagevi">[vi]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<table class="tocloi">
+
+<tr>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+<td class="right fsize80">Page</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">The heart of the Nation’s Capital</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Adams Memorial, the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page324">324</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Anacostia Park, plan of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page160">160</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Aqueduct Bridge, old</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page180">180</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Arboretum, National, map of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page162">162</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Arlington Cemetery, Arlington Mansion, and Fort Myer</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page308">308</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Arlington Mansion, reception hall</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page310">310</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Arlington Memorial Bridge</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page138">138</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Arlington Memorial Bridge, architect’s design</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page136">136</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Arlington Memorial Bridge development</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page141">141</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Arlington Memorial Bridge, eagle and fasces</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page139">139</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Arlington Memorial Bridge, eagle and bison head</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page137">137</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Arlington National Cemetery—Memorial Amphitheater</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page312">312</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Arlington National Cemetery—Maine Monument and the Memorial Amphitheater</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page316">316</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Arlington, plan for development of greater</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page142">142</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Baltimore &amp; Ohio Railroad Station, old</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page73">73</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Boundary stone near Sixteenth Street NW.</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page19">19</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Boundary stones of the District of Columbia</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page17">17</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Boundary stones, three of the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page18">18</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">British Embassy</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page290">290</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Building regulations issued by President Washington</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page21">21</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Burke, statue of Edmund</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page344">344</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Burnham, Daniel H., on city planning</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page81">81</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Cabin John Bridge</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page214">214</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page220">220</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, the, 1840</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page49">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, the, 1870</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page60">60</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol at night</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page222">222</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, basement plan of, 1800</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page171">171</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, bronze doors to the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page225">225</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, bronze doors to the House of Representatives wing</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page229">229</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, bronze doors to the Senate wing</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page227">227</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, design by Thornton, 1800</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page165">165</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, from Pennsylvania Avenue, 1830</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page166">166</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, from the west, showing the Tripoli column</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page167">167</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol Grounds and Union Station Plaza, 1917</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page96">96</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol Grounds, treatment of the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page297">297</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol Prison, old</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page53">53</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, showing uncompleted dome, 1860</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page54">54</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, treatment for area west of the, plan of 1901</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page85">85</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol upon its restoration, 1827<span class="pagenum" id="Pageviii">[viii]</span></td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page164">164</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, view from dome of, looking east</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page106">106</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Capitol, view of dome of the, looking south</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page107">107</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Central composition of the National Capital</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page100">100</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Chesapeake &amp; Ohio Canal, Georgetown, lock of the old</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page178">178</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Chesapeake &amp; Ohio Canal, gatehouse</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page48">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Christ Church, Washington</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page189">189</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Christ Church, Alexandria, Va</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page120">120</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Christ Church burial ground, later known as Congressional Cemetery</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page44">44</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Columbia Island Plaza and Memorial Avenue</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page140">140</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Constitution Hall</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page278">278</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Dante, statue of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page337">337</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Decatur House</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page176">176</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Declaration of Independence and the Constitution</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page251">251</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Dermott map, the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page32">32</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">District of Columbia Supreme Court Building</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page194">194</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Dolly Madison House</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page175">175</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Dupont Memorial Fountain</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page335">335</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">East Capitol Street</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page111">111</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Ellicott plan, the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page30">30</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Ellicott map, the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page39">39</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Executive Building, 1820-66</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page267">267</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Fish market along the water front</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page115">115</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Folger Shakespeare Library</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page253">253</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Folger Shakespeare Library, exhibition hall</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page254">254</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Ford’s Theater</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page216">216</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Fort Drive</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page110">110</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Francis Scott Key Bridge</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page181">181</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Francis Scott Key House</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page183">183</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Freedom, statue of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page223">223</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Gatehouse by Bulfinch, formerly near the Capitol</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page72">72</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Gatepost designed by Bulfinch, near the Capitol</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page63">63</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">George Washington Memorial Parkway</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page114">114</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Georgetown, house of the early days in</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page184">184</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Government Printing Office, the United States</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page258">258</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Grand Army of the Republic Memorial</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page330">330</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Grand review of Union Army, May 1865</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page58">58</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Grant, Gen. U. S., memorial</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page338">338</a>, <a href="#Page342">342</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Grant, Gen. U. S., memorial, Artillery group</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page341">341</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Grant, Gen. U. S., memorial, Cavalry group</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page340">340</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Great Falls of the Potomac</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page116">116</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Hamilton, statue of Alexander</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page345">345</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Haymarket Square, old</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page59">59</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Horse cars, view showing</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page61">61</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">House of Representatives Chamber</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page231">231</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">House of Representatives about 1820, painting by Samuel F. B. Morse</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page46">46</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">House of Representatives Chamber, 1830<span class="pagenum" id="Pageix">[ix]</span></td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page169">169</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">House of Representatives Office Building, New</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page233">233</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">House of Representatives Office Building, Old</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page233">233</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Italian Embassy</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page291">291</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Jackson, statue of Gen. Andrew</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page323">323</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Jeanne d’Arc, statue of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page334">334</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Joaquin Miller Cabin in Rock Creek Park</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page159">159</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">King map, the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page33">33</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Lafayette Park, showing statue of Gen. Andrew Jackson</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page152">152</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Lafayette, statue of General</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page327">327</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">L’Enfant, Maj. Pierre Charles</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page23">23</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">L’Enfant plan, the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page26">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">L’Enfant plan, sketch of the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page22">22</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">L’Enfant, tomb of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page317">317</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Library of Congress</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page244">244</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Library of Congress addition</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page248">248</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Library of Congress, grand staircase</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page246">246</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Library of Congress, reading room</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page249">249</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Lincoln died, house in which President</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page217">217</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Lincoln, second inaugural of President, 1865</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page56">56</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial, the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page130">130</a>, <a href="#Page154">154</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial and approaches, the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page130">130</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Basin</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page134">134</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial, site of the, 1901</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page92">92</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial, statue of Abraham Lincoln</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page132">132</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Lincoln Memorial, Memorial Bridge, and Riverside Drive, plan of 1901</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page93">93</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Longfellow, statue of Henry Wadsworth</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page328">328</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mall about 1890, view of the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page64">64</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mall, the, 1930</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page97">97</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mall, view from the Washington Monument, looking east</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page295">295</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mall, view from the Capitol dome, looking west</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page294">294</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mall, the, inundated</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page79">79</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mall and Monument Gardens, plan of 1901</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page88">88</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mall, plan of the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page90">90</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mall, the, showing railroad tracks crossing it</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page78">78</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Meridian Hill Park, lower garden</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page156">156</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Meridian Hill Park, upper garden</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page156">156</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mount Vernon</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page125">125</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mount Vernon from the air</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page124">124</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mount Vernon Memorial Highway</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page118">118</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, bridge over Hunting Creek</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page121">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, north of Little Hunting Creek</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page117">117</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, bridge over Boundary Channel</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page119">119</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, underpass at highway bridge</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page121">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">National Archives Building</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page282">282</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">National Archives Building, mural paintings in<span class="pagenum" id="Pagex">[x]</span></td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page283">283</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">National Gallery of Art</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page281">281</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">National Geographic Society</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page278">278</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page287">287</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">New Hampshire Avenue</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page144">144</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Octagon House</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page174">174</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Old Tobacco Barn (old Christ Church)</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page188">188</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Park areas acquired to July 1, 1938</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page149">149</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Patent Office Building, Old</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page198">198</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Pennsylvania Avenue, plan of 1910, plan for developing south side</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page293">293</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Pennsylvania Avenue, between the Treasury and the Capitol</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page298">298</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Pennsylvania Railroad Station, old</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page77">77</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Pulaski, statue of Gen. Casimir</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page332">332</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Rock Creek Church</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page186">186</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Rock Creek Park, map of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page158">158</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Senate Chamber</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page230">230</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Senate Chamber, 1830</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page168">168</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Senate Office Building</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page232">232</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Six Buildings, the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page36">36</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Smithsonian Institution</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page255">255</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Soldiers’ Home, United States</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page212">212</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">St. John’s Church</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page191">191</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">St. John’s Church, early view of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page192">192</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">State Building, Department of, 1801</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page265">265</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">State Building, Department of, when remodeled</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page264">264</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Thornton, Dr. William</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page197">197</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Treasury Building, Department of the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page270">270</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Treasury Building, Department of the, 1855</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page52">52</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Treasury Building, site and material for, 1839</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page47">47</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Triangle group of public buildings along Constitution Avenue</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page280">280</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Tripoli Column, at Annapolis, Md</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page320">320</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Tudor Place, showing gardens on the east side</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page187">187</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Tudor Place, Thirty-first and Q Streets</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page185">185</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Unknown Soldier of the World War, the Tomb of the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page314">314</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Union Square, plan of 1901</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page86">86</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Union Station</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page234">234</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Union Station, concourse</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page236">236</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Union Station, waiting room</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page238">238</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Union Station and Plaza, looking north from the dome of the Capitol</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page300">300</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">United States Supreme Court Building</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page302">302</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">United States Supreme Court Chamber</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page303">303</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Van Ness Mansion</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page177">177</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Wakefield, at Popes Creek, Westmoreland County, Va</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page127">127</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Wakefield, Washington family burying ground</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page129">129</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington and Wakefield, map showing</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page128">128</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, 1852<span class="pagenum" id="Pagexi">[xi]</span></td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page50">50</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, 1890</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page62">62</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington and environs, regional plan of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page104">104</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington Cathedral</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page285">285</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington Cathedral, interior</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page286">286</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington City Post Office</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page242">242</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, early, showing the Jefferson poplars</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page38">38</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, view of early</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page34">34</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington from Arlington Heights, 1865</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page55">55</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington from Arlington, plan of 1901</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page76">76</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington from the President’s House, 1830</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page44">44</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, the future</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page94">94</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington in 1792</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page12">12</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington in embryo</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page14">14</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, looking north from the White House</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page70">70</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, looking south from Sixteenth Street and Columbia Road</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page71">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, model of the future, plan of 1901</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page75">75</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, model of, showing conditions in 1901</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page74">74</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, George, Houdon bust of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page122">122</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, George, statue of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page322">322</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, George, statue of Gen.</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page318">318</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington, tomb of</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page126">126</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington Monument, the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page208">208</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington Monument, as seen from the Mall grounds</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page206">206</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington Monument, plan of the, by Robert Mills</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page200">200</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington Monument, uncompleted, as it appeared from 1852-78</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page204">204</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington Monument, under construction, 1872</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page202">202</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Washington Monument, view northwest from the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page274">274</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Water front, plan for improvement of the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page112">112</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">White House, early view of the</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page170">170</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">White House, north side</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page262">262</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">White House, view showing terrace on south side, 1827</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page172">172</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Witherspoon, statue of John</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page329">329</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">World’s Columbian Exposition, Court of Honor, looking east</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page66">66</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">World’s Columbian Exposition, Court of Honor, looking west</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page67">67</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="title">Zero milestone</td>
+<td class="pagnr"><a href="#Page336">336</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page1">[1]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pagexii">[xii]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter I</span><br>
+<span class="title">THE FEDERAL CITY</span><br>
+<span class="subtitle">STORY OF THE MOVEMENT WHICH ESTABLISHED THE SEAT
+OF GOVERNMENT NEAR THE POTOMAC</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+
+<p>The problem of establishing a permanent seat of government for the United
+States was most perplexing. The Continental Congress was obliged for its own
+protection to travel from place to place to conduct its sessions. By the treaty of
+Paris, in 1783, the independence of the Colonies had been recognized, but they
+were then united simply as a confederation, and there was lacking Federal authority
+through which the needs of the Government could be asserted and provided for.
+This was felt keenly in the matter of obtaining the necessary revenue to maintain
+the Government, for the Continental Congress did not have the power of taxation
+and had to depend upon the good will of the Colonies.</p>
+
+<p>The demands upon the Continental Congress were many. The War of Independence
+had impoverished the Colonies. There were the debts of war incurred
+by the Continental Congress and also the debts of the Colonies themselves—in
+all, $20,000,000, a huge sum in those days, and a factor which, as we shall see,
+figured in the location of the Federal City south of the Mason and Dixon line.
+Then, too, there was an army of soldiers being discharged, with no funds at hand
+to pay them for their services.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to the establishment of the Federal City on the banks of the Potomac,
+the Continental Congress met in eight different cities and towns, viz:</p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia, September 5, 1774, to December 12, 1776.</p>
+
+<p>Baltimore, December 20, 1776, to February 27, 1777.</p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia, March 4 to September 18, 1777.</p>
+
+<p>Lancaster, Pa., September 27, 1777.</p>
+
+<p>York, Pa., September 30, 1777, to June 27, 1778.</p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia, July 2, 1778, to June 21, 1783.</p>
+
+<p>Princeton, N. J., June 26, 1783, to November 4, 1783.</p>
+
+<p>Annapolis, Md., November 26, 1783, to June 3, 1784.</p>
+
+<p>Trenton, N. J., November, 1784, to December 24, 1784.</p>
+
+<p>New York City, January 11, 1785, to March 4, 1789.</p>
+
+<p>From March 2, 1781, the Continental Congress was also called by some the
+Congress of the Confederation. The first Congress under the Constitution met
+on March 4, 1789, and adjourned September 29, 1789. On December 6, 1790,
+the third session of the First Congress began in Philadelphia, which was the
+temporary seat of government until November, 1800.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page2">[2]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Continental Congress was seriously inconvenienced by this moving from
+place to place. They could not take with them their records and files, were
+required to seek protection, and there was lack of adequate accommodations in
+some of the towns where they met. In Princeton the sessions were held in the
+college building, Nassau Hall, where the average attendance was only 22 Members.</p>
+
+<p>The suggestion had been made in November, 1779, by some Members that
+the Congress purchase a few square miles near Princeton village, whereon to
+erect public offices and buildings for a permanent home for Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The two leading factors that entered into the question of establishment of a
+seat of government of the United States were jurisdiction and geographical location.
+It was deemed very important to give to the National Capital a central
+location along the Atlantic coast. Debates on this question continued until 1790.</p>
+
+<p>On January 29, 1783, the trustees of the corporation of Kingston, N. Y., took
+the first recorded action by sending a memorial to the New York State Legislature
+that “their estate be erected into a separate district for the Honorable Congress
+of the United States.” It was proposed to grant to Congress 1 square mile within
+the limits of the town of Kingston, and the New York Legislature consented to
+this by the adoption of a resolution on March 14, 1783. Upon the suggestion of
+Alexander Hamilton and William Floyd this area was, in September, increased
+to 2 square miles.</p>
+
+<p>On May 12, 1783, the corporation of Annapolis adopted a resolution calling
+upon the Maryland Legislature to allow the establishment of the seat of government
+at Annapolis, because of its central location along the Atlantic coast. The
+Continental Congress took note of this on June 4, 1783. New Jersey, on June
+19, 1783, offered a site anywhere in the State. On June 28, 1783, the Legislature
+of Virginia offered to Congress the town of Williamsburg and agreed to present
+the capitol, the palace, and all the public buildings, together with 300 acres of
+land adjoining the city, and a sum of money not to exceed £100,000. This money
+was to be expended in erecting 13 hotels for the Delegates to Congress. Also
+the town would cede a district contiguous to it not exceeding 5 miles square.
+The legislature also offered to cede a like district on the banks of the Potomac
+and to assure a sum not exceeding £100,000 for the erection of hotels, and would
+also purchase 100 acres of land for the erection of public buildings. Virginia
+offered to cede land along the banks of the Potomac if Maryland would unite
+and offer a similar tract on the opposite bank of the river; but should Congress
+build on the Maryland side only the sum of £40,000 would be appropriated and
+the State would be expected to supply the deficiency.</p>
+
+<p>The offers of New York and Maryland, as recorded in the proceedings of
+Congress of June 4, 1783, having emphasized the importance of the subject to
+establish a permanent seat of government, we are told in the annals of Madison<span class="pagenum" id="Page3">[3]</span>
+that a day in October was named when the subject would be considered. However,
+during that very month a mutiny of dissatisfied soldiers took place. A band
+of soldiers started from Lancaster, Pa., on June 17, 1783, for Philadelphia, to
+demand from the Continental Congress the money then due. Congress appointed
+a committee to appeal to the executive council of the State of Pennsylvania, in
+session in the same building, for protection against the threatened attack by the
+soldiers, but the council refused, saying that the militia would doubtless not be
+willing to take up arms “before their resentment should be provoked by some
+actual outrages.” The soldiers, about 300 in number, proceeded to the state-house—Independence
+Hall—where Congress and the executive council were in
+session, surrounded that building, but attempted no violence. Occasionally some
+soldier would use offensive language and point his musket at the windows of the
+Halls of Congress, but at night the soldiers departed. Congress thereupon
+adjourned hastily to meet in Princeton eight days later. General Washington
+ordered a court-martial, in which two of the mutineers were sentenced to death
+and four to receive corporal punishment; but the convicted men were all pardoned
+by Congress. General Washington regarded the mutineers as “recruits and soldiers
+of a day who have not borne the heat and burden of war, and who can have in
+reality very few hardships to complain of.” The legislators were invited to return
+to Philadelphia, but the offer was refused, for the reason that the armed soldiers
+had grossly insulted Congress and it seemed useless to apply to the executive
+council for protection. This led to the appointment of a committee, of which
+James Madison was chairman, on the subject of a permanent seat of government.
+They submitted a report on September 18, 1783.</p>
+
+<p>The committee reported on two questions: First, the extent of the district
+necessary; second, the power to be exercised by Congress in that district. As
+to the first question, it was reported that a district should not be less than 3 miles
+or more than 6 miles square; and second, that Congress ought to have exclusive
+jurisdiction. The report was referred to a committee as a whole, but there is no
+record that further action was taken.</p>
+
+<p>When the question of a permanent seat of government was again taken up
+by the Continental Congress, it was the question of location that predominated;
+the question of exclusive jurisdiction had generally been conceded. The discussion
+was finally limited to two sites: First, a location on the banks of the Potomac
+at least as far south as Georgetown, which was favored particularly by the southern
+Members of Congress as being the geographical center of the United States;
+second, a site on the Delaware River near the falls above Trenton, which Pennsylvania,
+Delaware, and the other States near by favored.</p>
+
+<p>On October 7, 1783, Congress decided that a permanent seat of government
+should be established on the Delaware River site, and a committee was appointed<span class="pagenum" id="Page4">[4]</span>
+to visit the location. Ten days later, on October 17, 1783, Congress decided that
+there should be a National Capital at the lower falls of the Potomac, at Georgetown.
+This is the first mention of the present location of the National Capital.
+Pending the completion of necessary buildings, it was decided that the Continental
+Congress would meet at Trenton and Annapolis. But the idea of having two
+capitals was ridiculed by such men as Francis Hopkinson, who suggested that
+there be one Federal town to be placed on a platform supported by wheels and
+two places of residence. As to a statue of George Washington that had been
+authorized by Congress at the same session, he suggested it be placed on wheels
+and be taken to wherever Congress met. The idea of having two capitals was
+abandoned by legislation adopted at Trenton on December 23, 1784.</p>
+
+<p>Two years elapsed before Congress took up the subject again. In the meantime
+a movement began, under the leadership of George Washington, to promote
+trade relations between Virginia and Maryland, and to establish trade with the
+western frontier by the construction of a canal along the banks of the Potomac.
+Washington became president of the Potomac Company at the time of its organization
+in 1785, and was its guiding spirit for a period of four years, until 1789,
+when he resigned from that office to take up his duties as first President of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>A trade convention, held at Annapolis, led to the call for the Constitutional
+Convention, February 21, 1787, to meet in Philadelphia in May of that year.</p>
+
+<p>On May 29,1787, the draft of the Constitution submitted by Charles Pinckney,
+of South Carolina, first mentions the section relating to the Federal district in the
+form in which it became a part of the Constitution of the United States (Art. I,
+sec. 8, par. 17), under the powers of Congress—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding 10
+miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the
+seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased
+by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts,
+magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>There was objection on the part of some lest such a provision in the Federal
+Constitution would create a government that would become despotic and tyrannical
+and result in unjust discrimination in matters of trade and commerce between
+the merchants within and outside of the district. But on the other hand the advocates
+for a Federal City over which Congress would have exclusive jurisdiction
+called attention to the great importance for the Government to have a permanent
+residence for the Congress and the executive departments, with their files and
+records properly housed, and cited the mutiny in Philadelphia as an illustration
+as to what might happen to the Government again in the absence of such Federal
+authority. On September 17, 1787, the Constitution of the United States was
+adopted and soon after was ratified by a majority of the States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page5">[5]</span></p>
+
+<p>When the time came for the inauguration of President Washington, on April
+30, 1789, in New York City, the Continental Congress was completing its sessions,
+having resided in that city from 1785, a period of four years. Of a population
+of 25,000 in 1776, the city in 1789 had a population of only half that number, due
+to the continuous occupation by the British Army for a period of seven years.
+During the evacuation the city was partly ruined. But a new era began; trade
+increased, and the city began to grow rapidly. The Continental Congress was
+meeting in the old city hall, which had been used by the British as a prison and
+was in a dilapidated condition. As Washington was to be inaugurated in New
+York, the people thought that city would become the seat of government, so the city
+hall was torn down and a new building erected on the site where the subtreasury
+building on Wall Street now stands.</p>
+
+<p>It was recognized that the presence of that national body was a valuable asset
+to the city. Pierre Charles L’Enfant, who late in 1791 made the plan for the Federal
+City, was selected to design and construct the building. When the Members
+of Congress assembled for the First Congress under the Federal Constitution,
+they met in a building constructed with classical arches and columns, painted
+ceilings and marble pavements, and furnished in a magnificent manner with crimson
+damask canopies and hangings. The exterior was marked by a portico with arcaded
+front and highly decorated pediments. But the building had been erected too
+rapidly to endure permanently; poor work had been done, and in a few years it
+was demolished.</p>
+
+<p>The building was called Federal Hall. Here on April 30, 1789, a date never
+to be forgotten in the annals of American history, George Washington was inaugurated
+first President of the United States of America. The spot where General
+Washington stood is now marked, as nearly as possible, by the J. Q. A. Ward
+statue of the first President, which stands in front of the subtreasury building on
+Wall Street. Just inside the door, preserved under glass, is a brownstone slab
+on which is inscribed:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">STANDING ON THIS STONE, IN THE BALCONY OF FEDERAL HALL, APRIL 30, 1789,
+GEORGE WASHINGTON TOOK THE OATH AS THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</p>
+
+<p>During the sessions of this Congress long and careful consideration was given
+to the question of a permanent seat of government. It had its place with great
+problems before Congress at the time—as the revenue bill, which would provide
+money for the newly established Republic, creating executive departments, plans
+for the funding of the public debt and the assumption of State debts, disposal of
+public lands, and establishing a judicial system. At the opening of the last month
+of the session the question of a residence for the United States Government was
+brought up. Protest was made against consideration of the subject in view of the
+other important questions pending before Congress that seemed to some to be<span class="pagenum" id="Page6">[6]</span>
+more urgent, also because, they said, Congress was properly housed, and that
+other towns like Trenton, Germantown, Carlisle, Lancaster, York, and Reading
+would be glad to have Congress locate with them.</p>
+
+<p>However, the southern Members, led by Richard Bland Lee and James
+Madison, Representatives from Virginia, argued for present consideration of the
+subject. They favored the Potomac River site at least as far south as Georgetown,
+which they asserted would be geographically the center of the United
+States. They claimed for their section of the country in this matter the consideration
+of justice and equality. They argued that there was no question more
+important—one in which the people of the country were so deeply interested
+and one on the settlement of which the peace and the permanent existence of
+the country so much depended. The question of location finally resolved itself
+into the consideration of two localities: First, a site near the falls of the Susquehanna,
+at Wrights Ferry, Pa., 35 miles from tidewater; and second, a site at
+Georgetown, Md., near the lower falls of the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>Great stress was laid on the importance of a site that would place the seat of
+government on a navigable stream far enough from the sea to be safe from hostile
+attacks. But it was also deemed very important to select a place that would offer
+means of communication with the western country, which was a subject, as we
+have seen, in which George Washington was interested for years previously.
+This argument was effective, as it offered advantages for carrying on trade with
+the vast western country for which the Potomac Company had been established.</p>
+
+<p>The subject received the consideration of both the House and Senate in September,
+1789, but its final consideration was deferred until the following year, in
+June, 1790. The southern Members, especially the Representatives of Maryland
+and Virginia, were particularly active, believing a decision on the Potomac River
+site was in their favor. In December, 1789, Virginia had made a grant of
+$120,000, and a sum equal to two-thirds of that amount had been voted by the
+Legislature of the State of Maryland for the construction of buildings, in addition
+to their willingness to cede the portion of the 10-mile square in their respective
+States along the Potomac River desired for the Federal district.</p>
+
+<p>The final disposition of this question was settled by compromise.</p>
+
+<p>At the time Hamilton had the funding bill before Congress, and lacked one
+vote in the Senate and five in the House to secure its passage, he came to an agreement
+with Robert Morris, financier of the Revolution, on the question of location
+of the seat of government. Also, Thomas Jefferson tells us, in his “Anas,” of a
+dinner given by him at which the residence question was discussed and an
+agreement reached whereby the southern Members agreed to the funding bill
+in consideration of the designation of Philadelphia as the seat of government for
+a 10-year period and thereafter along the Potomac.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page7">[7]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter II</span><br>
+<span class="title">ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT
+SEATS OF GOVERNMENT</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>The House of Representatives had proposed a bill naming Baltimore as the
+site, but the Senate struck out this provision, and on July 1, 1790, voted 14 to 12
+for the Potomac River site between the mouth of the Eastern Branch and the
+Connogochegue, a tributary of the Potomac, 20 miles south of the Pennsylvania
+State line. The bill which became a law July 16, 1790, reads as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="center blankbefore75 blankafter75">An Act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the
+Government of the United States</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> <i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
+America in Congress assembled</i>, That a district of territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be
+located as hereafter directed on the river Potomac, at some place between the mouths of the Eastern
+Branch and Connogochegue, be, and the same is hereby, accepted for the permanent seat of the government
+of the United States. <i>Provided nevertheless</i>, That the operation of the laws of the state
+within such district shall not be affected by this acceptance, until the time fixed for the removal of
+the government thereto, and until Congress shall otherwise by law provide.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> <i>And be it further
+enacted</i>, That the President of the United States be authorized to
+appoint, and by supplying vacancies happening from refusals to act or other causes, to keep in
+appointment as long as may be necessary, three commissioners, who, or any two of whom, shall,
+under the direction of the President, survey, and by proper metes and bounds define and limit a
+district of territory, under the limitations above mentioned; and the district so defined, limited and
+located, shall be deemed the district accepted by this act, for the permanent seat of the government
+of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> <i>And be it further
+enacted</i>, That the said commissioners, or any two of them, shall have
+power to purchase or accept such quantity of land on the eastern side of the said river, within the
+said district, as the President shall deem proper for the use of the United States, and according to
+such plans as the President shall approve, the said commissioners, or any two of them, shall, prior
+to the first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred, provide suitable buildings
+for the accommodation of Congress, and of the President, and for the public offices of the government
+of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> <i>And be it further
+enacted</i>, That for defraying the expense of such purchases and buildings,
+the President of the United States be authorized and requested to accept grants of money.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> <i>And be it further
+enacted</i>, That prior to the first Monday in December next, all offices
+attached to the seat of the government of the United States, shall be removed to, and until the said
+first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred, shall remain at the city of
+Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, at which place the session of Congress next ensuing the
+present shall be held.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page8">[8]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> <i>And be it further
+enacted</i>, That on the said first Monday in December, in the year one
+thousand eight hundred, the seat of the government of the United States, shall, by virtue of this
+act, be transferred to the district and place aforesaid. And all offices attached to the said seat of
+government, shall accordingly be removed thereto by their respective holders, and shall, after the
+said day, cease to be exercised elsewhere; and that the necessary expense of such removal shall be
+defrayed out of the duties on imposts and tonnage, of which a sufficient sum is hereby appropriated.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>It is said that the loftiest minds of Congress were swayed by the judgment of
+George Washington in this matter. They agreed with him that America should
+establish the precedent of a nation locating and founding a city for its permanent
+capital by legislative enactment. Furthermore, they wished to honor that first
+President and great general and counselor, who had made their independence possible,
+by conferring upon him the power to select for this Federal City the locality
+he had in prophetic vision chosen as a suitable site for the capital of the Republic.
+By this act Congress expressed its faith in President Washington by permitting
+him to establish the capital anywhere along the Potomac between the Eastern
+Branch and the Connogochegue, a distance of 80 miles. The boundaries of no
+other city were ever fixed with more certainty. It is recorded that George
+Washington was harassed by the importunities of anxious residents and aggressive
+speculators, but that he never wavered in his purpose to select for the site
+of the Federal City that which in former years he had chosen for the Federal
+home upon the establishment of the Republic.</p>
+
+<p>By proclamation of January 24, 1791, President Washington directed that a
+preliminary survey be made, or, in the President’s words, “lines of experiment”
+were to be run. This survey was substantially in accord with the lines subsequently
+adopted, moving the southern boundary point of the “ten miles square”
+farther south so as to include a convenient part of the Eastern Branch and also
+the town of Alexandria.</p>
+
+<p>The act of July 16, 1790, was thereupon amended accordingly by act approved
+March 3, 1791, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress
+assembled</i>, That so much of the act, entitled “An act for establishing the temporary and
+permanent seat of the government of the United States,” as requires that the whole of the district
+of territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be located on the river Potomac, for the permanent
+seat of the government of the United States, shall be located above the mouth of the Eastern Branch
+be and is hereby repealed, and that it shall be lawful for the President to make any part of the territory
+below the said limit, and above the mouth of Hunting Creek, a part of the said district, so as to
+include a convenient part of the Eastern Branch, and of the lands lying on the lower side thereof
+and also the town of Alexandria, and the territory so to be included, shall form a part of the district
+not exceeding ten miles square, for the permanent seat of the government of the United States, in
+like manner and to all intents and purposes, as if the same had been within the purview of the above
+recited act: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing herein contained, shall authorize the erection of public buildings
+otherwise than on the Maryland side of the river Potomac, as required by the aforesaid act.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page9">[9]</span></p>
+
+<p>Thus within a period of nine months the limits of the Federal territory were
+established. The corner stone was set with appropriate ceremonies at Jones Point,
+Alexandria, Va., April 15, 1791. Not a cent was advanced by Congress for buildings
+or grounds. In fact, the Treasury was empty, and without credit Congress
+was unable to give financial assistance. Washington himself drew up the original
+agreement by which the owners were to convey the land to the Government
+which the Cincinnatus of the West bought from the landholders at £25 per acre.</p>
+
+<p>Of George Washington, Daniel Webster said, at the ceremonies for enlarging
+the Capitol to its present size, on July 4, 1851:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>He heads a short procession over naked fields, he crosses yonder stream on a fallen tree, he
+ascends to the top of this eminence, where original oaks of the forest stood as thick around as if the
+spot had been devoted to Druidical worship, and here he performed the appointed duty of the day.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>In earlier years Washington had noted the beauty of the broad eminence on
+which the Capitol was destined to be reared, and had marked the breadth of the
+picture and the strong colors of the landscape with its environing wall of wooded
+heights, which rolled back against the sky as if to inclose a beautiful area fit for
+the supreme deliberation of the governmental affairs of a great Republic in the
+New World, founded on the truths “that all men are created equal; that they are
+endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are
+life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” These truths, as set forth in the
+unanimous declaration of the thirteen original colonies of the United States of
+America adopted July 4, 1776, formed the basis of the Magna Charta of American
+liberty, known to us as the Declaration of Independence.</p>
+
+<h3>HISTORY OF EARLY SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE POTOMAC</h3>
+
+<p>Somewhat more than a century and a half before (in 1608) Capt. John Smith
+and his men sailed up the Patawomeck and visited the site of the future Federal
+City. The famous adventurer only partially explored the country, the principal
+item in the log book of his voyage being that they found the river full of luscious
+fish and its shores lined with ferocious savages. They met with opposition from
+Chief Powhatan and were subject to continual attacks. Nevertheless the exploration
+was continued up the Potomac as far as Little Falls, about 5 miles above
+the city of Washington. At the time of this exploration there were about 30
+tribes, principal and subordinate, living along the shores of Chesapeake Bay in
+Maryland and Virginia. The chief of these principal tribes were the Powhatans,
+the Manahoacs, and the Monacans. The Powhatans lived along the shores of the
+Chesapeake as far north as the Patuxent in Maryland, and the other two lived in
+the territory contiguous to the York and Potomac Rivers. The Manahoacs and
+the Monacans, who were continuously at war with the Powhatans in Virginia,<span class="pagenum" id="Page10">[10]</span>
+inhabited the present District of Columbia. The Manahoacs were almost exterminated
+by war, pestilence, and spirituous liquors, and about 1712 migrated to
+the west, joining the Iroquois and the Tuscaroras. Among the smaller tribes
+were the Nacotchants and the Toags, who were friendly to Capt. John Smith.
+The Toags lived near Mount Vernon, as is shown by the name Tauxement on
+Capt. John Smith’s map. The Moyaones lived directly opposite Mount Vernon,
+in Maryland, at the mouth of the Piscataway. The Nacotchants lived just below
+the Eastern Branch, within the District of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>There is a tradition of the early settlers of Maryland that the valley at the foot
+of Capitol Hill, drained by Tiber Creek, was a popular fishing ground of the Indians,
+and that they gathered not far from there, at Greenleaf’s Point, for their councils.
+The Indians of Maryland and Virginia closely resembled each other. Those of
+Maryland were descendants of the same race as the Powhatans and spoke dialects
+of the great Algonquin language. Powhatan claimed jurisdiction over the Patuxent,
+but it is doubtful whether he ever enforced the claim.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians lived along the banks of the rivers in this part of the country, and
+thus many Indian names, suggested by the suffixes “annock” and “any,” have
+come down to us, as the Susquehanna, Rappahannock, Allegheny, and Chickahominy.
+The name Chesapeake is said to have come from the Algonquin language,
+and Potomac comes from the Indian name Patawomeck. The Powhatans were won
+over to the English by the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe, but the marriage,
+though notable in history, offered no advantages to the settlers. The original
+inhabitants were finally driven out by the relentless Iroquois. Among the early
+fighters against the Indians was Col. John Washington, who came to America
+in 1657 and settled at Bridges Creek, Va., later called Wakefield. He led 1,000
+men against the Susquehannas. The Maryland tribes were gradually consolidated
+with the Piscataways, and about 1700 they moved to a new settlement on the
+lower Susquehanna, near Bainbridge, Pa. Here, in 1765, they numbered about
+150 persons and were under the jurisdiction of the Iroquois. Thereafter they
+moved to the Ohio Valley and joined the Delawares.</p>
+
+<p>To-day the name Anacostia, derived from the name of the small Indian tribe
+of Nacotchants, reminds us of the occupation of the District of Columbia by
+Indians. As has been said, they lived just below the Eastern Branch, in a suburb
+of Washington known as Anacostia. The great Anacostia Park, in the immediate
+vicinity, is named after them. They were a tribe of peaceful Indians, about 80 in
+number, and were kind and well disposed to Capt. John Smith and his explorers.
+The name of Anacostia was also given to an island near the shores of Virginia, at
+Georgetown. Later it took the name Analostian and also Anacostian Island.
+When George Mason, prominent delegate to the Virginia Legislature, purchased
+it in 1777, it came to be known as Masons Island. Later it was called Analostan<span class="pagenum" id="Page11">[11]</span>
+Island. Stone implements and fragments of pottery and traces of Indian villages
+have been found in these locations, which give evidence of habitations of the
+Indians in the District of Columbia in those days. It was a region favored by the
+Indians for its game of all kinds, as well as fish. The soil was rich and fertile and
+crops were plentiful. Then, too, the climate was agreeable; that is, it did not have
+the extreme cold of the North, nor did the inhabitants suffer from the continued
+heat of a tropical sun. The latitude of Washington is 38° 52′ 37″ N. and the
+longitude 76° 55′ 30.54″ W.</p>
+
+<p>Weather reports of a hundred years ago give 97° for the average of maximum
+in summer and 24° above zero for the winter. This mild climate has had its consequent
+effect on the flora of the District of Columbia. A report of the Botanical
+Society of Washington, made in 1825, gives us the names of 860 distinct species
+and varieties of plants in the District of Columbia. To-day grow here the oak,
+walnut, hickory, elm, maple, and other hardy trees; pine trees in all their
+varieties, and magnolia, also the rhododendron, laurel, box bushes, privet hedges,
+holly; and roses bloom in Washington almost the entire year. In spring the
+beautiful Japanese cherry trees add charm to the city.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page12">[12]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo025.jpg" alt="" class="bordered">
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, 1792</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page13">[13]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter III</span><br>
+<span class="title">DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL
+THE PLAN OF THE CITY</span></h2>
+
+<h3>SITE OF THE FEDERAL CITY</h3>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>The first mention of the upper Potomac and adjacent regions to Indianhead,
+about 35 miles south of Washington, is made by Capt. John Smith, who explored
+this region from the Jamestown settlement in Virginia in 1608. In 1634 Henry
+Fleet, who was taken captive by Indians, visited the falls of the Potomac. In 1635
+a tract of land (400 acres) called Rome was laid out for Francis Pope, gentleman.
+The Capitol is said to be on this land. In 1790 the region in which the city
+of Washington has been built was in the form of 17 large farm tracts, as is
+shown on the following page. They were covered with woods and streams;
+the arable portions were tilled and produced wheat, maize, and tobacco. Two
+hamlets, Carrollsburg (where the War College now stands), and Hamburg
+(about where the Naval Hospital is located), which was then southeast of the
+thriving port of Georgetown, were within the limits of the early survey.</p>
+
+<p>On April 30, 1783, 19 days after the proclamation of peace between the
+American Colonies and England, the subject of a permanent capital for the General
+Government of the States was brought up in Congress. The act of July 16, 1790,
+heretofore cited, provided for the selection of a permanent site on the upper
+Potomac River for the National Capital—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="noindent">according to such plans as the President shall approve and prior to the first Monday in December,
+1800, and suitable buildings for the accommodation of Congress, and of the President, and for
+the public offices of the Government of the United States.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>On January 22, 1791, President Washington appointed three commissioners—Daniel
+Carroll and Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, and David Stuart, of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>By proclamation of January 24, 1791, President Washington directed that
+the three commissioners appointed pursuant to the act approved July 16, 1790,
+“proceed forthwith to run the said lines of experiment and, the same being run, to
+survey and by proper metes and bounds to define and limit the part within the
+same,” which were substantially in accord with the lines subsequently adopted,
+moving the southern boundary point of the 10 miles square farther south, so as to
+include a convenient part of the Eastern Branch and also the town of Alexandria.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page14">[14]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo027.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr01">Transcriptions</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON IN EMBRYO</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page15">[15]</span></p>
+
+<p>When President Washington arrived in the future National Capital he
+found the great task before him was to bring into harmony the rival interests of
+the Eastern Branch, or Carrollsburg, and of Georgetown. The property holders
+of Carrollsburg appeared to be anxious that the new public buildings be located
+in their town. David Burnes, who owned much of the land that now lies
+between the White House and the Capitol, was keen to have, on condition that
+he give up part of his property, the public buildings located there. Thus from
+the beginning of the history of the city there has been rivalry between various
+sections of the city while the Government was planning for its development.</p>
+
+<p>The controversy between the landholders led Thomas Jefferson to make a
+rough outline plan for a city one-fourth less in size than that which George Washington
+had in mind, to be built in the vicinity of Georgetown. This sketch
+showed the Capitol building at the site of the town called Hamburg, about
+where the Naval Hospital is now located; from there eastward public walks or
+a Mall was planned, with the location of the President’s House at about the
+present Nineteenth Street, south of Pennsylvania Avenue. Jefferson also proposed
+a rectangular system of streets, in contrast with the open spaces and
+radiating avenues planned by L’Enfant, who also reversed the position of the
+Capitol by placing that to the east of the President’s House on Jenkin’s Hill.</p>
+
+<h3 class="fsize80">TERMS OF ORIGINAL AGREEMENT</h3>
+
+<p>The terms of the sale of land to the Government were agreed to on March 30,
+1791, under which the original owners agreed to convey to the United States
+Government, free of cost, such portions of their farms as were needed for streets,
+parks, and other public reservations; and to sell such land as was needed for
+Government buildings and public improvements at £25 per acre (about $67).
+The remaining land was to be laid out in building lots and apportioned equally
+between the Federal Government and the original owners. Rufus R. Wilson, in
+Washington, the Capital City, says:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>In this way, without advancing a dollar and at a total cost of $36,000, the Government acquired
+a tract of 600 acres in the heart of the city. The 10,136 building lots assigned to it ultimately
+proved to be worth $850,000, and now represent a value of $70,000,000. Shrewd financier as he
+was, it is doubtful if Washington ever made another so good a bargain as that with Burnes and
+his neighbors.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The following is a copy of the agreement:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="center highline2">THE AGREEMENT OF PRESIDENT WASHINGTON WITH THE ORIGINAL PROPRIETORS</p>
+
+<p>We, the subscribers, in consideration of the great benefits we expect to derive from having the
+Federal City laid off upon our Lands, do hereby agree and bind ourselves, heirs, executors, and
+administrators, to convey, in Trust, to the President of the United States, or Commissioners, or
+such person or persons as he shall appoint, by good and sufficient deeds, in Fee simple, the whole
+of our respective Lands which he may think proper to include within the lines of the Federal City,
+for the purposes and on the conditions following:</p>
+
+<p>The President shall have the sole power of directing the Federal City to be laid off in what manner
+he pleases. He may retain any number of Squares he may think proper for public Improvements,<span class="pagenum" id="Page16">[16]</span>
+or other public Uses, and the lots only which shall be laid off shall be a joint property between
+the Trustees on behalf of the public, and each present proprietor, and the same shall be fairly and
+equally divided between the public and the Individuals, as soon as may be, after the City shall
+be laid off.</p>
+
+<p>For the streets the proprietors shall receive no compensation; but for the squares or Lands in
+any form, which shall be taken for public buildings, or any kind of public improvements, or uses,
+the proprietors, whose lands shall be so taken, shall receive at the rate of twenty-five pounds per
+acre, to be paid by the public.</p>
+
+<p>The whole wood on the Lands shall be the property of the proprietors.</p>
+
+<p>But should any be desired by the president to be reserved or left standing, the same shall be
+paid for by the public at a just and reasonable valuation, exclusive of the twenty-five pounds per
+acre to be paid for the land, on which the same shall remain.</p>
+
+<p>Each proprietor shall retain the full possession and use of his land, until the same shall be sold
+and occupied by the purchasers of the Lots laid out thereupon, and in all cases where the public
+arrangements as to streets, lotts, &amp;c., will admit of it, each proprietor shall possess his buildings
+and other improvements, and graveyards, paying to the public only one-half the present estimated
+value of the Lands, on which the same shall be, or twelve pounds ten shillings per acre. But in
+cases where the arrangements of the streets, lotts, squares, &amp;c., will not admit of this, and it shall
+become necessary to remove such buildings, Improvements, &amp;c., the proprietors of the same shall
+be paid the reasonable value thereof, by the public.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing herein contained shall affect the Lotts which any of the parties to this Agreement may
+hold in the Towns of Carrollsburgh or Hamburgh.</p>
+
+<p>In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and Seals, this thirtieth day of March,
+1791.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<table class="signatories">
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3">&#160;</td>
+<td class="name">Signed</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="4" class="descr">Signed &amp; sealed in presence of us—Mr. <span class="smcap">Thos. Beall</span>,
+making an exception of the Lands he sold Abraham Young not yet conveyed.</td>
+<td rowspan="4" class="brace">-</td>
+<td rowspan="4" class="brace bt bb bl">&#160;</td>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Robert Peter</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">David Burnes</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Jas. M. Lingan</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Uriah Forrest</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="thinline">&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" class="descr">Witness to all the subscribers including <span class="smcap">William Young</span></td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="brace">-</td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="brace bt bb bl">&#160;</td>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Benj. Stoddert</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Notley Young</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="thinline">&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="descr"><span class="smcap">William Bayly</span><br>
+<td rowspan="3" class="brace">-</td>
+<td rowspan="3" class="brace bt bb bl">&#160;</td>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Dan. Carroll</span> of Dn.
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span><br>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="descr"><span class="smcap">William Robertson</span><br>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Overton Carr</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="descr"><span class="smcap">John Suter</span></td>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Thos. Beall</span> of Geo.
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="thinline">&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" class="descr"><span class="smcap">Samuel Davidson</span>
+witness to <span class="smcap">Abraham Young</span>’s signing
+<td rowspan="2" class="brace">-</td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="brace bt bb bl">&#160;</td>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Charles Beatty</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Anthony Holmead</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="thinline">&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" class="descr"><span class="smcap">Benj. Stoddert</span>
+witness to <span class="smcap">Edward Peirce</span>’s signing.</td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="brace">-</td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="brace bt bb bl">&#160;</td>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Wm. Young</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Edward Peirce</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="thinline">&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="descr"><span class="smcap">Joseph E. Rowles</span> for <span class="smcap">Jno. Waring</span>.</td>
+<td colspan="2">&#160;</td>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Abraham Young</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="thinline">&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" class="descr"><span class="smcap">Wm. Deakins</span> Junr. for <span class="smcap">Wm. Prout</span>
+&amp; <span class="smcap">William King</span> as attorney in fact.</td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="brace">-</td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="brace bt bb bl">&#160;</td>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">James Peirce</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">William Prout</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="thinline">&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3" colspan="3">&#160;</td>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Robert Peter</span>, as
+attorney in fact for <span class="smcap">Eliphas Douglass</span>.
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">Benj. Stoddert</span> for <span class="smcap">Jno. Waring</span>
+by written authority from Mr. Waring.
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="name"><span class="smcap">William King</span>
+<span class="righttext">(Seal)</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page17">[17]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w60emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo030.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr02">Transcriptions</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">MAP OF BOUNDARY STONES OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page18">[18]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo031.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THREE OF THE BOUNDARY STONES</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page19">[19]</span></p>
+
+<p>The land which was being considered for the city proper consisted of about
+6,000 acres. In laying out the streets 3,606 acres were taken, and about 540 acres
+were bought by the United States as sites for the public buildings and grounds.
+The lots laid out numbered 20,272. Of these the United States took half and the
+property owners were given back the remainder. The United States sold its share
+of the lots and from the proceeds paid for the 540 acres on which it was to put the
+public buildings.</p>
+
+<p>The United States also took a fee-simple title to the streets and avenues.</p>
+
+<h3>BOUNDARY STONES OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</h3>
+
+<p>A survey of an outline of the District of Columbia was made by Andrew Ellicott.
+From the initial point at Jones Point, on Hunting Creek, at the Potomac (just
+south of Alexandria), a line was run due northwest 10 miles; thence (into Maryland)
+due northeast 10 miles to a northern boundary point (now called Sixteenth
+Street Heights); thence due southeast 10 miles; thence due southwest 10 miles, or
+back to Jones Point.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo032.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">BOUNDARY STONE NEAR SIXTEENTH STREET, NORTHWEST</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>This survey was approved by Congress with the amendment that all public
+buildings should be erected on the Maryland side of the Potomac River.</p>
+
+<p>On March 29, 1791, President Washington arrived on a visit to the Potomac
+and stayed at Suter’s Tavern in Georgetown. The next day, accompanied by<span class="pagenum" id="Page20">[20]</span>
+the three commissioners and Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant and Andrew Ellicott,
+he rode over the ground. Washington met the owners of the land the same night,
+and the general terms were then agreed upon and signed by the 19 “original
+proprietors.” The area of 100 square miles embraced about 64 square miles of
+Maryland soil (ceded previously in 1788) and about 36 square miles of Virginia
+soil (ceded in 1789).</p>
+
+<p>Thereupon the three city commissioners were ordered to have the boundary
+lines permanently marked by monuments placed 1 mile apart. One of these
+boundary stones can be seen to-day near the north corner of the District of
+Columbia. Each stone was quite large, and this particular one is well preserved.</p>
+
+<h3>PRELIMINARY STUDIES</h3>
+
+<p>When the city of Washington was planned under the direct and minute supervision
+of President Washington and Secretary of State Jefferson, the relations
+that should exist between the Capitol and the President’s House were closely
+studied. On August 7, 1791, L’Enfant sent a sketch to President Washington,
+with a note, “the plan altered agreeable to your suggestion.” Indeed, the whole
+city was planned with a view to the reciprocal relations that should be maintained
+among public buildings. Vistas and axes; sites for monuments and
+museums; parks and pleasure gardens; fountains and canals—in a word, all that
+goes to make a city a magnificent and consistent work of art were regarded as
+essential. Thus, aside from the pleasure and the positive benefits to health that
+the people derive from public parks in a capital city like Washington, there is a
+distinct use of public spaces as the indispensable means of giving dignity to
+Government buildings and of making suitable connections between the great
+departments.</p>
+
+<p>The original plans were prepared after due study of great models. The
+stately art of landscape architecture had been brought oversea by royal governors
+and wealthy planters, and both Washington and Jefferson were familiar with the
+practice of that art.</p>
+
+<p>On September 8, 1791, it was decided by Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State,
+and James Madison, in conference with the Commissioners of the District of
+Columbia—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="noindent">to name the streets of the Federal City alphabetically one way and numerically the other from
+the Capitol and that the name of the City and Territory shall be the City of Washington and
+the Territory of Columbia.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The city had also been divided into four sections—namely, northeast, northwest,
+southeast, southwest—with the Capitol as the center and North and
+South Capitol Streets dividing the east and west sections and East Capitol
+Street and the Mall the north and south sections.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page21">[21]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w30emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo034.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr03">Transcriptions</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">BUILDING REGULATIONS ISSUED BY PRESIDENT WASHINGTON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page22">[22]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo035.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">SKETCH OF THE L’ENFANT PLAN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page23">[23]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter IV</span><br>
+<span class="title">MAJ. PIERRE CHARLES L’ENFANT</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant was born in Paris August 2, 1754, the son of an
+academician, who was “Painter in ordinary to the King in his Manufacture of the
+Gobelins,” with a turn for landscape and especially for battles, as is shown by the
+collections at Versailles and Tours. Trained as a French military engineer, young
+L’Enfant at the age of 23 obtained a commission as a volunteer lieutenant in the
+French colonial troops, serving at his own expense.</p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo036.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MAJ. PIERRE CHARLES L’ENFANT</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>L’Enfant preceded Lafayette to America by a month. Arriving in 1777, he
+entered the Continental Army at his own expense. In February 1778 he was
+made a captain of engineers and as such proved his valor in battles about Charleston,
+where he was wounded and was included in the capitulation and exchanged.
+He was made a major in 1783.</p>
+
+<p>He was “artist extraordinary” to the Army, drawing likenesses (including
+one of Washington at Valley Forge), decorating ballrooms, and building banquet
+halls. Then by turn he became a drillmaster, like Von Steuben. When peace
+was declared he made a brief visit to France to see his father and, incidentally,<span class="pagenum" id="Page24">[24]</span>
+to establish the Society of the Cincinnati in France and procure the gold eagles
+he had designed as insignia of the organization. Then he returned to remodel
+the New York City Hall for the reception of the first Congress of the United
+States, a building of such beauty never before having been seen by the assembled
+representatives of the people. L’Enfant was an artist, and this Washington
+knew when he selected him to design the Federal City. He was imbued with
+the artistic development of Paris, with its fine central composition from the
+Tuileries to the Arch of Triumph, the beauty of the Champs Elysees, the Place
+de la Concorde and adjacent great buildings as the Louvre; and with Versailles,
+built by Louis XIV, with its fountains, terraces, gardens, and parks, which still
+thrill thousands of visitors each year. He understood the art of city planning.</p>
+
+<p>L’Enfant was long maturing in his mind the plan he so quickly put on paper.
+In September, 1789, while yet the idea of creating a capital city was still in the air,
+he wrote to President Washington asking to be employed to design “the Capital
+of this vast Empire.” The nations of Europe wondered at the probable future of
+the new Republic. Visualizing the future, L’Enfant wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>No nation ever before had the opportunity offered them of deliberately deciding upon the
+spot where their capital city should be fixed, or of considering every necessary consideration in
+the choice of situation; and although the means now within the power of the country are not
+such as to pursue the design to any great extent, it will be obvious that the plan should be
+drawn on such a scale as to leave room for that aggrandizement and embellishment which the
+increase of the wealth of the Nation will permit it to pursue to any period, however remote.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>Major L’Enfant, a man of position and education and an engineer of ability,
+was also familiar with those great works of the master Le Nôtre, which are still
+the admiration of the traveler and the constant pleasure of the French people.
+Moreover, from his well-stocked library Jefferson sent to L’Enfant plans “on a
+large and accurate scale” of Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfort, Carlsruhe, Strasburg,
+Orleans, Turin, Milan, and other European cities, at the same time felicitating
+himself that the President had “left the planning of the town in such good hands.”</p>
+
+<p>Thereupon the name of L’Enfant became, and has since remained, inseparably
+associated with the plan and development of the Nation’s Capital. He was gifted
+but eccentric, a characteristic that got him into many and serious difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>President Washington had high regard for him and wrote of him as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>Since my first knowledge of the gentleman’s abilities in the line of his profession, I have viewed
+him not only as a scientific man, but one who added considerable taste to professional knowledge,
+and that, for such employment as he is now engaged in—for projecting public works and carrying
+them into effect—he was better qualified than anyone who had come within my knowledge in this
+country, or indeed in any other, the probability of obtaining whom could be counted upon. I had
+no doubt at the same time that this was the light in which he considered himself; and of course he
+would be tenacious of his plans as to conceive they would be marred if they underwent any change
+or alteration. *&#160;*&#160;* Should his services be lost, I know not how to replace them.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page25">[25]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter V</span><br>
+<span class="title">THE L’ENFANT PLAN</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>The L’Enfant plan, as before stated, was prepared for the Federal City under
+the direction of President Washington and Thomas Jefferson in 1791 by Maj.
+Pierre Charles L’Enfant, and applied to the 10 miles square set apart as Federal
+territory and called the District of Columbia. This was the first and most
+comprehensive plan ever designed for any city. It was a masterpiece of civic
+design. As originally drawn it extended only to Florida Avenue NW. and was
+designed for a city of 800,000, the size of Paris at the time. It was submitted to
+Congress by President Washington on December 13, 1791.</p>
+
+<p>The original plan shows explanatory notes and references by Major L’Enfant,
+among which he calls attention to the position of the main buildings and squares,
+the leading avenues, and the plan of intersection of the streets and their width.
+The avenues were to be 160 feet in width. No city designed merely for commercial
+purposes would have avenues of such width; hence the whole plan indicates
+that it was especially designed for the seat of government of the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>There are two great focal points in the L’Enfant plan—the Capitol and the
+White House—each with its intersecting avenues, that add beauty and charm to
+the city and at the same time make distant parts of the city easy of access.</p>
+
+<p>The methods and features of L’Enfant’s plan, which included the reports and
+correspondence between L’Enfant and President Washington, in 1930 were given
+intensive study by William T. Partridge, consulting architect of the National
+Capital Park and Planning Commission. Mr. Partridge’s findings and his review
+of the features of the plan, which are still possible of attainment, constitute a
+notable contribution to the research in this field, and we quote at length:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>A study of L’Enfant’s plan, as well as a careful reading of his descriptions, shows the effort
+made to model his design to the existing topography. No mention can be found of Versailles or
+London as an inspiration. He reiterates again and again in his letters that this plan of his was
+“original” and “unique.” In a letter to Jefferson requesting some Old World city maps he deprecates
+any copying and asks for this information only as a means for comparison or to aid in refining
+and strengthening his judgment.</p>
+
+<p>In order to investigate how far the existing conditions of the site for the Federal City dictated
+the plan of present Washington, a topographical map of the terrain, as existing at that period, has
+been carefully prepared from old maps and descriptions and an attempt made with an open mind
+to follow L’Enfant’s procedure. Much was assumed, only to be corroborated by later study of
+the original manuscripts and reports. All printed transcriptions of L’Enfant’s reports have
+been altered by their editors in the effort to interpret L’Enfant’s strange English, a fact leading to
+misinterpretation on the part of trained architectural commentators dependent solely on these
+printed transcriptions.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page26">[26]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo039.jpg" alt="" class="bordered">
+
+<p class="caption">THE L’ENFANT PLAN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page27">[27]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo040.jpg" alt="" class="bordered">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr04">Transcriptions</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">TRANSCRIPTION OF NOTES INSCRIBED ON L’ENFANT PLAN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page28">[28]</span></p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>At the convention of the American Institute of Architects held in Washington in 1929, the
+history and development of the National Capital was the principal topic of discussion. The
+merits of the plan of L’Enfant were duly acknowledged by all, though emphasis was laid upon the
+progress of those modern projects sponsored and carried through largely by the efforts of the
+institute or its individual members. The work of the McMillan Commission and the admirable
+recommendations of that trained and experienced body, that the “central area” be restored with
+some resemblance to L’Enfant’s original plan were generally acknowledged. There was no comparison,
+however, attempted between the proposed plan of L’Enfant and the much-altered modern
+plan, nor was there discussion in detail of the “public walk” of the original design. The real merit
+of the original L’Enfant plan was sensed only by one speaker at the convention mentioned,
+Mr. Medary, when he spoke of the early structures maintaining their places as dominating
+elements in the original design and confirmed the judgment of L’Enfant “in fitting the plan of the
+proposed city to the topography of the site.”</p>
+
+<p>There has come down to us only a single manuscript plan which students have accepted as the
+original design and on which they have based all their comments. This drawing depicts only an
+intermediate stage of the plan. The first plan was much altered by L’Enfant himself at the request
+of President Washington, but by a careful study of internal evidence of the later drawing the
+designer’s masterly original may be restored. Existing documents tell us that not only were
+considerable changes made in the plan by order of President Washington, but alterations in the
+layout were also made by L’Enfant’s successors, all of which disturbed considerably its skillful
+symmetrical fitting to the irregular topography. If this submitted restoration proves correct, there
+is no ground left for further accusation of his indebtedness to both Versailles and the London plan
+for minor details. It is the writer’s conclusion that L’Enfant did exactly what he claimed—devised
+an original plan, entirely unique. He arrived at his parti only after a careful study on the spot of the
+best sites for the principal buildings, allocated in the order of their importance, and located with
+consideration of both prominence and outlook. He tied these sites together by means of a rectangular
+system of streets and again connected them by means of diagonal avenues. The principal
+avenues followed closely the existing roads. Additional avenues were extended to the “outroads”
+or city entrances and were laid out primarily for the purpose of shortening communication—an
+engineering consideration. L’Enfant mentions that the diagonal avenues would afford a “reciprocity
+of sight” and “a variety of pleasant ride and being combined to insure a rapide Intercourse
+with all the part of the City to which they will serve as does the main vains in the animal body to
+diffuse life through smaller vessels in quickening the active motion to the heart.”</p>
+
+<p>The similarity of the angles of the two principal avenues (Pennsylvania east, from Eastern
+Branch Ferry to the Capitol, and Maryland east, from the Bladensburg Road entrance to the
+Capitol) which followed closely for some distance the existing roads, doubtless suggested the
+radial pair-avenue idea. This was entirely accidental and the outgrowth of existing conditions.
+The system of a rectangular-street plan with radial avenues is not only borne out by the mention
+he makes himself in his descriptions but was followed by Ellicott in his redrafting of the plan for the
+engraver.</p>
+
+<p>Our artistic, hasty-tempered genius refused to give Ellicott any documents or any information.
+Ellicott states in his letters on the subject that, although he was refused the original plan, he was
+familiar with L’Enfant’s system and had many notes of the surveys he had made of the site himself,
+so it is possible that the plan was recreated by Ellicott.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page29">[29]</span></p>
+
+<p>Space and time do not permit an excursion into the squabble over this engraved plan. Changes
+were made in reduction to the proper size of the plate. These changes led to violent protests on
+the part of L’Enfant, although in later years his memorial states that the changes were not so very
+damaging. To an architectural mind the alterations in question destroyed the unity and symmetry
+of the whole, and L’Enfant’s later softened protest can be explained by his desire for payment by
+Congress. He could not afford at that time to imperil his chances.</p>
+
+<p>In the attempt to find the method by means of which L’Enfant arrived at the system underlying
+his plan for the city, we are handicapped at the very start by lack of sufficient data for
+identification of the various plans mentioned in the old records. There was made in Washington,
+as the work progressed, a large map with numbered squares. Many references are made to this
+“large plan” in the old correspondence, but it must not be confused with the layout of the original
+design under discussion. A letter from the commissioners states it was in L’Enfant’s hands some
+time after his dismissal.</p>
+
+<p>As far as we now know, there is but one original drawing in existence, which, after 100 years of
+neglect and careless handling, is now sacredly preserved in the Library of Congress. The elaborateness
+and care shown in the carefully lettered notes and profuse marginal references marks this a
+presentation copy. This plan included “the alterations ordered by Washington and sent to
+Philadelphia on August 19, 1791, for transmission to Congress.”</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<h3>THE ELLICOTT PLAN—THE L’ENFANT PLAN ENLARGED</h3>
+
+<p>The executed plan of the Federal City as redrawn by Andrew Ellicott
+departs but little from the modified L’Enfant plan. The changes are perhaps an
+improvement on the layout as modified by President Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Discussion recently has arisen in reference to the credit Ellicott should be given
+for the executed plan of Washington. In 1802 a congressional committee found—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="noindent">that the plan of the city was originally designed by Major L’Enfant, but that in many respects
+it was rejected by the President, and a plan drawn up by Mr. Ellicott, purporting to have been
+made from actual survey, was engraved and published by order of General Washington in the
+year 1792.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The chief alteration shown in Ellicott’s engraved plan is the straightening of
+what is now Massachusetts Avenue. The suppression of the eastern portion
+leading to the upper bridgehead made it end at what is now known as Lincoln
+Square, the drawbridge over Eastern Branch being reached by what is now
+Kentucky Avenue.</p>
+
+<p>By moving the marine hospital site north some distance and ignoring the Rock
+Creek Ford at the other end, Ellicott was enabled to run Massachusetts Avenue
+in nearly a direct line; the western end reached the road to Frederick, as it did
+in L’Enfant’s plan.</p>
+
+<p>The settlement of this section of the city was at that date problematical, and
+no serious attention was given to the change in plan. The area was marshy and
+was a popular place for hunting snipe. This fact explains the meandering of
+Florida Avenue to the northwestern boundary line of the old city.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page30">[30]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo043.jpg" alt="" class="bordered">
+
+<p class="caption">THE ELLICOTT PLAN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page31">[31]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo044.jpg" alt="" class="bordered">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr04">Transcriptions</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">TRANSCRIPTION OF NOTES INSCRIBED ON ELLICOTT PLAN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page32">[32]</span></p>
+
+<p>In an overlay of the two plans of L’Enfant and Ellicott, prepared with great
+accuracy by the hydrographic section of the Navy, only the main east-west and
+north-south axes of the Capitol and White House coincide. An examination of
+this drawing shows that the art of surveying had not at that period reached
+present-day accuracy.</p>
+
+<div class="container w50emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo045.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE DERMOTT OR TIN CASE MAP OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON, 1797-98</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>Several suppressed sections of the L’Enfant plan were restored in the engraved
+plan. Maryland Avenue was carried through to the “Grand Avenue,” and South
+Carolina Avenue extended to New Jersey Avenue and the “Town House” site.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of James R. Dermott, the officially approved plan, had many more
+city squares, and consequently more lots for sale. It is known as the Tin Case
+Map, because about 50 years later it was thus found preserved. The cry of
+grasping owners and voracious speculators was for more lots; and L’Enfant’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page33">[33]</span>
+letter of warning to President Washington dated August 19, 1791, against this
+evil proved more than justified. This city plan also indicated the names of the
+avenues.</p>
+
+<p>What is known as the King Map was made by Robert King, a surveyor in the
+office of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, and published in 1818.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo046.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE KING MAP</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The map is of interest in that we note in it the word <i>Judiciary</i> in what is
+known as Judiciary Square. We learn from L’Enfant’s Memorial addressed to
+Congress on December 7, 1800, that L’Enfant intended the third coordinate
+branch of the Government, the Judiciary, be located there. To-day the Square
+is largely occupied by court buildings.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page34">[34]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo047.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">VIEW OF EARLY WASHINGTON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page35">[35]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter VI</span><br>
+<span class="title">EARLY WASHINGTON</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>While Major L’Enfant drew the plan of the Federal City, it was Andrew
+Ellicott who afterward carried it out. The building of the city attracted many
+speculators, who invested heavily. Robert Morris, James Greenleaf, Thomas
+Law, John Nicholson, and Samuel Blodgett were among those who lost thereby.</p>
+
+<p>When Washington became the seat of government in 1800 there were 109
+brick and 263 frame houses, sheltering a total population of about 3,000. The
+early years of the city’s development were difficult and too much praise cannot
+be given the men who carried the burden. The departments of the government
+that existed then were State, Treasury, War, Navy, the Office of the
+Attorney General, and the Postal Service. They employed a total of 137 clerks.</p>
+
+<p>We have brief accounts of the appearance of Washington written by travelers
+who visited the United States during the period from 1790 to 1800. There
+is an interesting description by Duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, who wrote
+an account of his “Voyage dans les États-Unis d’Amerique fait en 1795-97.”
+The accounts of several inhabitants in Washington of the period is well summed
+up by Albert J. Beveridge in his Life of John Marshall (vol. III, pp. 1-4):</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>A strange sight met the eye of the traveler who, aboard one of the little river sailboats of the
+time, reached the stretches of the sleepy Potomac separating Alexandria and Georgetown. A
+wide swamp extended inland from a modest hill on the east to a still lower elevation of land about
+a mile to the west. Between the river and morass a long flat tract bore clumps of great trees,
+mostly tulip poplars, giving, when seen from a distance, the appearance of a fine park.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the hill stood a partly constructed white stone building, mammoth in plan. The slight
+elevation north of the wide slough was the site of an apparently finished edifice of the same material,
+noble in its dimensions and with beautiful, simple lines, but “surrounded with a rough rail fence
+5 or 6 feet high unfit for a decent barnyard.” From the river nothing could be seen beyond the
+groves near the banks of the stream except the two great buildings and the splendid trees which
+thickened into a seemingly dense forest upon the higher ground to the northward.</p>
+
+<p>On landing and making one’s way through the underbrush to the foot of the eastern hill, and up
+the gullies that seamed its sides thick with trees and tangled wild grapevines, one finally reached
+the immense unfinished structure that attracted attention from the river. Upon its walls laborers
+were languidly at work.</p>
+
+<p>Clustered around it were fifteen or sixteen wooden houses. Seven or eight of these were
+boarding-houses, each having as many as ten or a dozen rooms all told. The others were little
+affairs of rough lumber, some of them hardly better than shanties. One was a tailor shop; in
+another a shoemaker plied his trade; a third contained a printer with his hand press and types, while
+a washerwoman occupied another; and in the others were a grocery shop, a pamphlets-and-stationery
+shop, a little dry-goods shop, and an oyster shop. No other human habitation of any
+kind appeared for three-quarters of a mile.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page36">[36]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo049.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit left"><i>Courtesy of National Photo Co.</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">THE SIX BUILDINGS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page37">[37]</span></p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>A broad and perfectly straight clearing had been made across the swamp between the eastern
+hill and the big white house more than a mile away to the westward. In the middle of this long
+opening ran a roadway, full of stumps, broken by deep mud holes in the rainy season, and almost
+equally deep with dust when the days were dry. On either border was a path or “walk” made firm
+at places by pieces of stone; though even this “extended but a little way.” Alder bushes grew
+in the unused spaces of this thoroughfare [the present notable Pennsylvania Avenue], and in the
+depressions stagnant water stood in malarial pools, breeding myriads of mosquitoes. A sluggish
+stream meandered across this avenue and broadened into the marsh.</p>
+
+<p>A few small houses, some of brick and some of wood, stood on the edge of this long, broad
+street. Near the large stone building at its western end were four or five structures of red brick
+looking much like ungainly warehouses. Farther westward on the Potomac hills was a small but
+pretentious town with its many capacious brick and stone residences, some of them excellent
+in their architecture and erected solidly by skilled workmen.</p>
+
+<p>Other openings in the forest had been cut at various places in the wide area east of the main
+highway that connected the two principal structures already described. Along these forest
+avenues were scattered houses of various materials *&#160;*&#160;*. Such was the City of Washington,
+with Georgetown nearby, when Thomas Jefferson became President and John Marshall Chief
+Justice of the United States—the Capitol, Pennsylvania Avenue, the “Executive Mansion” or
+“President’s Palace,” the department buildings near it, the residences, shops, hostelries, and
+streets.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The south lines of the 10-mile square—the Federal district in which the new
+Capital lay—were to run from the intersection of the Potomac River and the
+Eastern Branch, but, as has been related, by the act of March 3, 1791, these
+boundary lines were moved south to include Alexandria and part of Virginia
+within the Federal territory. The land lying within the bounds of the proposed
+city was given by the proprietors to trustees appointed by the Government
+under an agreement by which the Nation received the land necessary for streets
+without charge, purchasing the areas for parks and building sites at the rate of
+£25 per acre. The remaining land was divided equally with the original proprietors.
+The first settlements were made on grants given chiefly to retired naval
+officers who named their holdings after their camps—Mexico, Jamaica, and Port
+Royal. There were two settlements on the site—Carrollsburg, named after its
+founder, and Hamburg, an early real-estate development near and south of
+Georgetown. A stream of considerable size known originally as Goose Creek ran
+through the city. It later became known as Tiber Creek, because a resident
+named Pope, whose estate he facetiously called Rome, contended that if there
+was a Pope in Rome, his residence should be situated on the Tiber.</p>
+
+<p>As is noticed by reference to the plans, a canal extended from the point about
+where the Lincoln Memorial is located, along B Street, now Constitution Avenue,
+east to the Capitol; thence along James Creek, known to-day as Canal Street. In
+those days Pennsylvania Avenue was a dusty road, lined with poplar trees, and
+often so flooded that it was not an uncommon sight to see boats floating on
+it. For a long time an isolated group of buildings known as the Six Buildings
+at Twenty-first Street and Pennsylvania Avenue stood halfway between the
+Capitol and Georgetown.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page38">[38]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo051.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">EARLY WASHINGTON, SHOWING THE JEFFERSON POPLARS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page39">[39]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w50emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo052.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE ELLICOTT MAP</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>Washington as the infant city appeared in 1800 is best described by John
+Cotton Smith, Member of Congress from Connecticut, in a letter written by him
+at the time, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>Our approach to the city was accompanied with sensations not easily described. One wing of
+the Capitol only had been erected, which with the President’s House, 1 mile distant from it, both
+constructed with white sandstone, were shining objects in dismal contrast with the scene around<span class="pagenum" id="Page40">[40]</span>
+them. Instead of recognizing the avenues and streets, portrayed on the plan of the city, not one
+was visible, unless we except a road, with two buildings on each side of it, called the New Jersey
+Avenue. The Pennsylvania Avenue, leading, as laid down on paper, from the Capitol to the Presidential
+Mansion, was nearly the whole distance a deep morass covered with alder bushes, which
+were cut through to the President’s House; and near Georgetown a block of houses had been erected
+which bore the name of the “six buildings” *&#160;*&#160;*. The desolate aspect of the place was not a
+little augmented by a number of unfinished edifices at Greenleaf’s Point.</p>
+
+<p>There appeared to be but two really comfortable habitations, in all respects, within the bounds
+of the city, one of which belonged to Dudley Carroll and the other to Notley Young. The roads
+in every direction were muddy and unimproved. A sidewalk was attempted, in one instance, by a
+covering formed of the chips hewed for the Capitol. It extended but a little way and was of little
+value; for in dry weather the sharp fragments cut our shoes, and in wet weather covered them
+with white mortar. In short, it was a new settlement.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>Newspapers in New York, Philadelphia, and New England and satirists everywhere
+cracked many amusing jokes at the expense of the embryonic city. The
+Capitol was called “the palace in the wilderness” and Pennsylvania Avenue “the
+great Serbonian Bog.” Georgetown was declared “a city of houses without
+streets” and Washington “a city of streets without houses.”</p>
+
+<p>The Abbe Correa de Serra, the witty minister from Portugal, bestowed upon
+Washington the famous title of “the city of magnificent distances,” referring to
+the great spaces between the scattered houses; while Thomas Moore, just then
+coming into prominence as a poet, visited the city in 1804, and contributed to
+the general fund of humor by the composition of this satire:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+
+<div class="poetry">
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<div class="verse indent0">In fancy now beneath the twilight gloom,</div>
+<div class="verse indent0">Come, let me lead thee o’er this second Rome,</div>
+<div class="verse indent0">Where tribunes rule, where dusky Davi bow,</div>
+<div class="verse indent0">And what was Goose Creek once is Tiber now.</div>
+</div><!--stanza-->
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<div class="verse indent0">This fam’d metropolis, where fancy sees</div>
+<div class="verse indent0">Squares in morasses, obelisks in trees;</div>
+<div class="verse indent0">Which second sighted seers e’en now adorn</div>
+<div class="verse indent0">With shrines unbuilt and heroes yet unborn.</div>
+</div><!--stanza-->
+
+</div><!--poetry-->
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>During the administrations of Adams and Jefferson the city improved considerably.
+Jefferson secured money from Congress for public buildings. In 1803
+he appointed Benjamin Latrobe as the Architect of the Capitol, and by him
+the construction of the Capitol was carried on so energetically that he gave
+form to the old portion of the Capitol that Thornton had simply planned.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Jefferson also secured money from Congress for the improvement
+of Pennsylvania Avenue, which was then a dusty highway in the summer and
+swampy place in winter; planted poplar trees and did what he could to redeem
+that thoroughfare from its lamentable condition. He applied his artistic taste
+and skill to the work of beautifying the city.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page41">[41]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter VII</span><br>
+<span class="title">WASHINGTON, 1810-1815</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+
+
+<p>An interesting account of Washington during this period is given by David
+Baillie Warden in his book entitled “A Description of the District of Columbia,”
+published in Paris in 1816, and dedicated to Mrs. George Washington Parke
+Custis. He states:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>It is scarcely possible to imagine a situation more beautiful, healthy and convenient than of
+Washington. The gentle undulated surface throws the water into such various directions, as
+affords the most agreeable assemblage. The rising hills, on each side of the Potomac, are truly
+picturesque; and as the river admits the largest frigates, their sails, gliding through the majestic
+trees which adorn its banks, complete the scenery.</p>
+
+<p>The city extends from northwest to southeast about four miles and a half, and from northeast
+to southwest about two miles and a half. The public buildings occupy the most elevated and convenient
+situations, to which the waters of the Tiber Creek may be easily conducted, as well as to
+every other part of the city, not already watered by springs.</p>
+
+<p>The streets run from north to south, and from east to west, crossing each other at right angles,
+with the exception of fifteen, that point to the State of which each bears the name. The capitol
+commands the streets called the Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania avenues; the President’s
+House, those of Vermont, New York, and Connecticut; and all these different intersections form
+eleven hundred and fifty squares. The Pennsylvania Street, or avenue, which stretches in a direct
+line from the President’s house to the capitol, is a mile in length, and a hundred and sixty feet in
+breadth. That of the narrowest streets is from ninety to a hundred feet, which will give a fine
+appearance to the city; but in a region where the summer sun is so intensely hot, and the winter
+winds so severely cold, narrow streets, affording shade and shelter, would be of great utility.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of the city of which we have prefixed an engraving (There is a plan by Major L’Enfant,
+engraved at the expence of the Government, on the scale of a hundred poles to an inch), is
+universally admired. The most eligible places have been selected for public squares and public
+buildings. The capitol is situated on a rising ground, which is elevated about eighty feet above
+the tide-water of the Potomac. This edifice will present a front of six hundred and fifty feet, with
+a colonade of two hundred and sixty feet, and sixteen Corinthian columns thirty-one feet and a
+half in height. The elevation of the dome is a hundred and fifty feet *&#160;*&#160;*.</p>
+
+<p>The President’s house consists of two stories, and is a hundred and seventy feet in length, and
+eighty-five feet in breadth. It resembles Leinster-House in Dublin. *&#160;*&#160;* The view from the
+windows fronting the river is extremely beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>The Public Offices, the Treasury, Department of State, and of War, are situated in a line with,
+and at the distance of four hundred and fifty feet from the President’s House. These buildings, of
+two stories, have a hundred and twenty feet in front, sixty in breadth, and sixteen feet in height,
+and are ornamented with a white stone basement, which rises six or seven feet above the surface.
+It was originally proposed to form a communication between these offices and the house of the
+president, a plan which was afterwards abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>The Jail consists of two stories, and is a hundred by twenty-one feet.</p>
+
+<p>The Infirmary is a neat building.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page42">[42]</span></p>
+
+<p>There are three commodious Market-places built at the expence of the corporation.</p>
+
+<p>The public buildings at the Navy Yard are the barracks, a work-shop, and three large brick
+buildings for the reception of naval stores. The Barracks, constructed of brick, are six hundred
+feet in length, fifty in breadth, and twenty in height. At the head of the Barrack-yard is the
+Colonel’s house, which is neat and commodious. The Workshop, planned by Latrobe, is nine
+hundred feet in length.</p>
+
+<p>The Patent Office, constructed according to the plan of J. Hoban, esquire (who gained the
+prize for that of the President’s house) consists of three stories, and is a hundred and twenty feet
+long, and sixty feet wide. It is ornamented with a pediment, and six Ionic pilasters. From the
+eminence (This eminence has the shape of a tortoise-shell) on which it stands, the richly-wooded
+hills rise on every side, and form a scenery of unequaled beauty. It was erected by Mr. Blodgett
+to serve as a public hotel *&#160;*&#160;*. In 1810 this edifice was purchased by the government.—Dr.
+Thornton, director.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1814 this metropolis was taken possession of by an English naval and land
+force, which set fire to the Capitol, President’s house, Public Offices, and Navy Yard. The loss
+sustained was $1,215,111.</p>
+
+<p>Two of the luxuries of life, pine-apples and ice, are found at Washington at a cheap rate. The
+former, imported from the West Indies, are sold at twenty-five cents each. The latter article is
+purchased, throughout the summer, at half a dollar per bushel. *&#160;*&#160;*</p>
+
+<p>It is deeply to be regretted, that the government or corporation did not employ some means
+for the preservation of the trees which grew on places destined for the public walks. How agreeable
+would have been their shade along the Pennsylvania Avenue where the dust so often annoys,
+and the summer sun, reflected from the sandy soil, is so oppressive. The Lombardy poplar, which
+now supplies their place, serves more for ornament than shelter.</p>
+
+<p>Water may be distributed to any part of Washington from several fine springs, and also from
+the Tiber Creek, the source of which is 236 feet above the level of the tide in the same stream. *&#160;*&#160;*</p>
+
+<p>The canal, which runs through the centre of the city, commencing at the mouth of Tiber
+Creek, and connecting the Potomac with its eastern branch, is nearly completed. Mr. Law
+(Brother to Lord Ellenborough) the chief promoter of this undertaking, proposes to establish packet-boats
+to run between the Tiber Creek and the Navy-Yard—a conveyance which may be rendered
+more economical and comfortable than the hackney-coach. This canal is to be navigable for boats
+drawing three feet of water.</p>
+
+<p>The population of the territory of Columbia, in 1810, amounted to 24,023. That of the city
+was 8,208; of Georgetown, 4,948; of Alexandria, 7,227.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>On August 24, 1814, the British arrived in Washington at about 6 o’clock in
+the evening. That night they burned the Capitol, the President’s House, the
+Treasury, State and Navy Department Buildings, and a number of private houses
+on Capitol Hill. The flames could be seen from the Francis Scott Key mansion at
+Georgetown. Several wagonloads of valuable documents had been taken a few
+days previously from the State Department to Leesburg, Va., 35 miles northwest
+of Washington, to a place of safety.</p>
+
+<p>The British also intended to burn the Patent Office, but Commissioner
+Thornton met them boldly, saying: “Are you Englishmen or Goths and vandals?
+This is the Patent Office, the depository of the ingenuity of the American<span class="pagenum" id="Page43">[43]</span>
+Nation, in which the whole civilized world is interested. Would you destroy
+it? If so, fire away and let the charge pass through my body.” The British
+allowed it to remain and withdrew.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Dolly Madison, having secured such property from the White House as
+could be carried, including the Gilbert Stuart portrait of General Washington,
+which she cut from the frame, went through Georgetown and that night slept in
+a camp of soldiers with a guard about her tent. Later the President, who had
+taken refuge in a tavern near McLean, in Virginia, joined Mrs. Madison. The
+southwest end of the bridge over which they had crossed the Potomac—it was
+then a pile bridge 1 mile long—was burned, and they were thereupon required
+to make their return to Washington by boat. The residence of the President was
+then established at the Octagon House at Eighteenth Street and New York
+Avenue. In 1815 the residence of the President was removed to the “Seven
+Buildings,” at the northwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Nineteenth
+Street, one of the early homes of the Department of State. Here it remained
+until the Executive Mansion was restored, March, 1817.</p>
+
+<p>After the withdrawal of the British the Blodgett Hotel building, acquired for
+the use of the Patent Office, was for a time occupied by Congress for its sessions.
+Later Congress moved into a building at First and A Streets NE., known later as
+the Old Capitol Building and used during the Civil War as a military prison.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page44">[44]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo057a.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, FROM THE PRESIDENT’S HOUSE, 1830</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo057b.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">CHRIST CHURCH BURIAL GROUND, LATER KNOWN AS “CONGRESSIONAL CEMETERY”<br>
+<span class="subcaption">SHOWING CENOTAPHS ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS IN EARLY DAYS</span></p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page45">[45]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter VIII</span><br>
+<span class="title">WASHINGTON, 1816-1839</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>The administration of President Monroe, who served two terms (1817-1825)
+is known as the “era of good feeling,” but so far as developing the plan of Washington
+little was done. In 1820 the population of Washington was 13,247.</p>
+
+<p>During these years the Capitol was rebuilt and was reoccupied by Congress.
+In 1820 the corner stone of the city hall on Judiciary Square was laid. In 1824
+General Lafayette made his memorable visit to Washington.</p>
+
+<p>In 1825 trees were planted on two squares of the filled lowlands south of Pennsylvania
+Avenue. That year, also, the eastern portico of the Capitol was completed;
+Pennsylvania Avenue was graded from Seventeenth to Twenty-second
+Streets; the grounds of the White House, as the Executive Mansion came to be
+known after the War of 1812, and the grounds of the city hall were also graded.
+At that time there were about 13 miles of brick paving, average width 13 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Among churches that were built during this period was Foundry Methodist
+Church, founded in 1816, at Fourteenth and G Streets NW. The site was given
+by Henry Foxall, who operated a foundry about a mile above Georgetown, near
+the site of the canal, in fulfillment of a vow that if his foundry were spared during
+the attack on Washington he would make this gift.</p>
+
+<p>On January 27, 1824, the Legislature of Virginia granted a charter to the newly
+organized Chesapeake &amp; Ohio Canal Co., which was to supersede the old
+Potomac Co., of which George Washington had been first president, and which
+had developed commerce with the West. At Little Falls, on the north side of the
+river, a canal 2¹⁄₂ miles long, with 4 masonry locks having a total elevation of 37
+feet, had been constructed. At Great Falls, on the south side, a canal 1,200
+yards long, with 5 locks having a total difference of level of 76 feet 9 inches, was
+constructed. The two lower locks were cut in solid rock.</p>
+
+<p>On July 4, 1828, President John Quincy Adams turned the first spadeful of
+earth for the new canal, which was completed to the first feeder at Seneca on
+July 4, 1831. From this place to Point of Rocks work was delayed by a legal
+contest with the Baltimore &amp; Ohio Railroad Co., which extended its first 45
+miles along the same course as the canal. That railroad company, organized in
+1828 at Baltimore, was the beginning of one of the great railroad systems of the
+United States that were to revolutionize commerce and industry. To-day the
+Chesapeake &amp; Ohio Canal remains the property of the United States Government,
+and is to be made into a great park.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page46">[46]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo059.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ABOUT 1820<br>
+<span class="subcaption">FROM PAINTING MADE BY SAMUEL F. B. MORSE, SHORTLY
+AFTER REBUILDING OF THE CAPITOL AFTER THE FIRE OF 1814
+ORIGINAL IN THE CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART</span></p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page47">[47]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo060.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of National Photo Co.</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">SITE AND MATERIAL FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUILDING, 1839</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page48">[48]</span></p>
+
+<p>Georgetown had become a great trading center. From 1815 to 1835 products
+to the value of $4,077,708 were exported from Georgetown to foreign markets,
+and from 1826 to 1835 nearly $5,000,000 worth of products to other American
+cities, including a million barrels of flour and 5,400 hogsheads of tobacco.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo061.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">GATEHOUSE, BUILT IN 1835, ALONG THE OLD CHESAPEAKE &amp; OHIO CANAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>In the spring of 1828, shortly before what was called the corner stone of the
+main line was laid, Congress enacted a law granting entrance of a railroad line
+into the District. Some six years passed before the Washington branch reached
+the District line. The first service began on Monday, July 20, 1835, with two
+trains each way. A great celebration, in which 1,000 passengers and 2 bands on
+4 trains took part, marked the entrance of the railroad service to the National
+Capital. The steam cars passed through the city on their daily trips to the depot
+at the northwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Second Street. October 1,
+1835, it was reported that the average number of travelers per day was 200.</p>
+
+<p>During this period the construction of the present Treasury Department,
+Patent Office, and old Post Office Department Buildings was authorized. They
+conformed to the Capitol and the White House in their fine style of classical
+architecture, and emphasized the fact that Washington is the National Capital.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, it was during this period that great mistakes were made—such
+as giving over part of the Mall to garden purposes and in letting Government
+areas, so much desired now, go for private purposes; also in the location of certain
+public buildings, as erecting the Treasury Department in the center of
+Pennsylvania Avenue.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page49">[49]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter IX</span><br>
+<span class="title">WASHINGTON, 1840-1859</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>In 1840 Washington had a population of 23,364. The city was still in a very
+much undeveloped state, though the fact that it was the National Capital was
+not lost sight of. In 1846 the construction of the Smithsonian Institution
+Building was begun, and on July 4, 1848, the corner stone of the Washington
+Monument was laid. On July 4, 1851, the corner stone for the enlargement of
+the Capitol according to plans as we see it to-day, was laid.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo062.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL, 1840</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>However, so far as city development was concerned, little was done during this
+period. The L’Enfant plan seemed either forgotten or entirely too large for the
+National Capital. In the city of Washington not a street was lighted up to 1860
+excepting Pennsylvania Avenue. Pigs roamed the principal thoroughfares.
+Pavements, save for a few patches here and there, were altogether lacking. An
+open sewer carried off common refuse, and the police and fire departments might
+have sufficed for a small village rather than for a nation’s capital.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page50">[50]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo063.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, 1852</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page51">[51]</span></p>
+
+<p>In 1846 the part of the District of Columbia on the west bank of the Potomac,
+including Alexandria, was re-ceded to Virginia. This was done pursuant to an
+act of Congress of July 9 of that year, and with the assent of the people of the
+county and town of Alexandria, at an election on the first and second days of
+September, 1846, by a vote of 763 for retrocession and 222 against it. On
+September 7, 1846, President Polk issued a proclamation giving notice that the
+portion derived from the State of Virginia, about 36 square miles, was re-ceded to
+that State. The action of Congress and the President was based upon petitions of
+the people of the town and county of Alexandria. The chief reasons were two:
+First, that the United States did not need Alexandria County for the purpose
+of the seat of government; the public buildings were all erected on the north side
+of the river, as required by law—none on the south side—and it was declared
+that so far as it could be foreseen the United States would never need that part
+of the District of Columbia for the purpose of the seat of government. Secondly,
+the petitioners said that the people of Alexandria had failed to derive or share in
+the benefits which had been enjoyed by the residents of the Maryland portion
+of the District of Columbia in the disbursements for public improvements, etc.,
+while on the other hand they were deprived of those political rights incident to
+citizenship in a State.</p>
+
+<p>Since then the United States has acquired something over 2 square miles of
+this territory for use as a military post, a national cemetery, a Signal Corps
+station, and the Department of Agriculture Experiment Farm.</p>
+
+<p>The constitutionality of the retrocession has often been questioned. But
+Congress had expressed itself clearly on the subject, and the majority of the
+voters had their way in the matter. In a test case before the Supreme Court of
+the United States in 1875 (Phillips v. Payne), the court, while not directly ruling
+on the question, held that an individual is estopped from raising the question.
+According to an opinion rendered by an attorney general about 1900, it would
+now take the consent of the State of Virginia to reinclude the Virginia portion as
+part of the District of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>In the development of the National Capital the portion in Virginia is properly
+included in the metropolitan area of Washington. The National Capital Park
+and Planning Commission is, by authority of Congress, cooperating with similar
+commissions of the States of Maryland and Virginia. The great object is to
+secure for the remote regions of the National Capital area the same harmonious
+development as there is in the heart of the city. Both the States of Maryland and
+Virginia are cooperating to the fullest extent in this matter.</p>
+
+<p>On December 16, 1852, the first issue of the Washington Evening Star,
+which has grown into one of the great national dailies, appeared.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page52">[52]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo065.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUILDING, 1855</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page53">[53]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter X</span><br>
+<span class="title">WASHINGTON 1860-1870</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>Washington in 1860 was still a comparatively small and undeveloped city,
+with a population of 61,122. But the people were soon aroused to intense
+excitement because of the strife between the States. When the Civil War began,
+the eyes of the Nation were turned on Washington. The city increased in
+population to over 100,000 in a few months time and was the center of great
+war-time activities. On April 18, 1861, 500 Pennsylvania troops, the first to
+answer President Lincoln’s call for volunteers, entered the city, and the day
+following they were joined by the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. Soon thousands
+of additional men were here from all the States in the North. Washington
+became an armed camp. Schools, churches, and public halls were turned into
+hospitals to care for the sick and wounded. A chain of forts and batteries was
+erected about the city to protect it, and by October 1862 there were 252,000
+soldiers encamped around Washington on both sides of the river. There were
+70 hospitals, caring for 30,000 sick and wounded men.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo066.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">OLD CAPITOL PRISON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page54">[54]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo067.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL, SHOWING UNCOMPLETED DOME, 1860</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page55">[55]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo068.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, FROM ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, 1865</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page56">[56]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo069.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">SECOND INAUGURAL OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN, 1865</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page57">[57]</span></p>
+
+<p>On the morning of July 11, 1864, great fear spread over the city as Gen. Jubal
+A. Early reached a point about 6 miles to the north of the city where the Walter
+Reed General Hospital now stands. General Grant sent the Sixth and part of the
+Nineteenth Corps to Washington, and their arrival on the afternoon of that day
+saved the city. On the following day a skirmish of troops and sharp engagement
+took place, which President Lincoln witnessed as a spectator at Fort Stevens,
+exposing himself for a time to the fire. That evening General Early, finding himself
+opposed by a greater force than he was prepared to meet, withdrew, recrossing
+the Potomac at White Fords, Va.</p>
+
+<p>During the four years of the war thousands of troops passed through Washington
+on their way to the front, thrilled by the thought of being in the Nation’s
+Capital. Even though the Civil War was a great handicap to the carrying out of
+improvements in the city, still several notable improvements were made, among
+these being the work of enlarging the Capitol and completing the Dome as we see
+it to-day. In that period also the first street-car line was opened, the Long Bridge
+was rebuilt, and work on the Washington Aqueduct developed so that from that
+time water has been brought from the Potomac at Great Falls to the city.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861 the number of employees of the Government was 3,466, and in 1865
+they numbered 7,184.</p>
+
+<p>On October 2, 1862, the first horse-drawn street cars commenced operation,
+running from the Navy Yard to Georgetown; they continued in use for 40 years.</p>
+
+<p>On April 14, 1865, occurred the great tragedy when President Lincoln was
+assassinated at Ford’s Theater by the actor John Wilkes Booth. The funeral procession
+was a great solemn occasion, for Abraham Lincoln, on whom the Nation
+had depended during four years of war to guide it safely through the bitter conflict,
+had given his life for the cause that the Union might be preserved. On
+May 23 and 24 took place the Grand Review on Pennsylvania Avenue of 200,000
+men, requiring six hours for General Meade’s army on the first day and seven
+hours for General Sherman’s army on the second day to pass before President
+Johnson and General Grant. In a few days those who made up these armies
+passed from military life and resumed their places among their fellow citizens.</p>
+
+<p>Buildings that had been used as hospitals were again given over to peaceful
+pursuits, and the forts that surrounded the city were dismantled. Lumber from
+temporary buildings that were torn down was used to begin the construction of
+houses in a new subdivision called Mount Pleasant. But the great era for civic
+improvements was not to take place for another five years, until the administration
+of President Grant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page58">[58]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo071.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Photograph by courtesy of the Oldest Inhabitants Association</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">GRAND REVIEW OF UNION ARMY, MAY, 1865</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page59">[59]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo072.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">OLD HAYMARKET SQUARE, LOUISIANA AVENUE BETWEEN NINTH AND TENTH STREETS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page60">[60]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo073.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL, 1870</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page61">[61]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XI</span><br>
+<span class="title">IMPROVEMENTS MADE DURING PRESIDENT GRANT’S
+ADMINISTRATION</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>The year 1870 marked the beginning of a new and effective movement for
+the development of the National Capital. Washington was then a city of 109,199.</p>
+
+<p>Great efforts to relocate the National Capital in some other city, preferably
+farther to the west, were made by some who were familiar with conditions in
+Washington. St. Louis offered to spend several millions of dollars for the erection
+of public buildings. Congress settled this agitation by appropriating $500,000
+as an initial sum for the construction of the State, War, and Navy Building.</p>
+
+<p>By an act of Congress approved February 21, 1871, a Territorial form of
+government, consisting of a governor, a board of public works, and a legislative
+assembly, was created. Alexander R. Shepherd, better known as “Boss”
+Shepherd, a native of Washington, was appointed a member of the board of
+public works and, later, governor of the new Territory.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo074.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">VIEW SHOWING HORSE CARS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page62">[62]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo075.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, 1890</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page63">[63]</span></p>
+
+<p>Great projects were placed under way for the development of the city. One
+hundred and eighty of the 300 miles of half-made streets and avenues were improved,
+and nearly all the thickly settled streets of the city were paved with
+wood, concrete, or macadam; 128 miles of sidewalks were built and 3,000 gas
+lamps were installed. A general and costly system of sewers was begun. Old
+Tiber Creek was filled in, and the greatest nuisance of Washington thereby
+put out of sight. Scores of new parks were graded, fenced, and planted with trees
+and beautified by fountains. A special park commission was appointed for this
+work. It planted 60,000 trees, and a movement was thus begun which has given
+to Washington one of its most characteristic features. To-day there are 114,000
+trees along street curbs because of the custom that has prevailed to plant trees
+along curbs when new streets are opened for traffic. Many of the small triangles
+for which Washington is noted were transformed from rubbish heaps into beautiful
+reservations and planted with trees. There were soon more paved streets
+here than in any other city of the country, and President Grant, in his message
+to Congress, said, “Washington is rapidly becoming a city worthy of the
+Nation’s Capital.”</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo076.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">GATEPOST DESIGNED BY BULFINCH, NEAR THE CAPITOL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>However, the public took issue with Governor Shepherd, whose drastic measures
+paved the way for modern Washington. Bonds were issued to meet the
+expenses incurred by these improvements, taxes piled up to the point of confiscation,
+and Shepherd was banished from the city. Yet without the support of
+President Grant it would have been impossible for Governor Shepherd to have
+brought about those civic improvements for which he is remembered.</p>
+
+<p>The Territorial form of government lasted three years, or until June 20, 1874,
+when Congress provided that a new form of municipal government with three
+commissioners appointed by the President, with the consent of the Senate, should
+be established in the District of Columbia. This, known as the temporary form
+of government, lasted until July 1, 1878, when the present form was established.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page64">[64]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo077.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">VIEW OF THE MALL ABOUT 1890</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page65">[65]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XII</span><br>
+<span class="title">THE INFLUENCE OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION
+AND OF THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION
+ON ART IN THE UNITED STATES</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 at Philadelphia marked a century of progress.
+It aroused the country to its opportunities, after a period of lethargy and
+unrest that followed the Civil War. A decade had elapsed since the end of that
+terrible conflict, and a new day dawned. President Grant gave the people confidence
+that he would guide the affairs of the Nation safely as their Chief Executive.
+Industries were established, commerce and trade developed, and prosperity
+followed. The Philadelphia Centennial of 1876 brought a sense of the
+power of the United States in material resources, coupled with an admission
+of poverty in the things of the spirit, and a determination to remedy shortcomings
+in this respect. The people then turned their attention to the
+finer things of life and became interested in erecting monuments and establishing
+art galleries. Thus, the Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington, D. C., the Metropolitan
+Museum in New York, and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts were
+chartered about the time of the centennial celebration.</p>
+
+<p>Again, in 1893, the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, had a great effect
+on art in the United States. It stirred the whole world by the production of
+beautiful and impressive groups of buildings, so arranged and coordinated as to
+create the sense of unity in the whole composition. The White City along the
+shores of Lake Michigan still lives in the minds of many people to-day. The use
+of landscape effects, of canals and basins, of statuary and paintings, all contributed
+to impress the public and to lift people to new standards and ideals of achievement.
+It marked the beginning of a new era of civic development. In Chicago, for the
+first time, men saw the advantage of teamwork to produce a result finer than anything
+before dreamed of. A number of the great artists in the United States
+to-day served their apprenticeship during the preparation of the World’s Columbian
+Exposition, Chicago. Several of the artists served on the decorations of
+the Congressional Library, which was completed in 1897. A considerable
+number of the beautiful creations in architecture and sculpture in Washington
+during the past 35 years by great artists reflect the experience and inspiration
+received during that period.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page66">[66]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo079.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO—COURT OF HONOR, LOOKING EAST</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page67">[67]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo080.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO—COURT OF HONOR, LOOKING WEST</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page68">[68]</span></p>
+
+<p>A most remarkable result of the aesthetic achievements of the World’s
+Columbian Exposition was the influence it had on the architecture of several
+national expositions which were held at the close of the nineteenth and the
+beginning of the twentieth centuries. The first of these expositions was the
+Trans-Mississippi Exposition, which was held at Omaha, Nebr., 1897-1898.
+Several classical buildings were erected for it, as were erected also for the
+Pan-American Exposition, held at Buffalo, N. Y., in 1901, to emphasize the
+progress of Americans of the western continents during the nineteenth century.
+Then followed the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which ranks as the third great
+World’s Fair held in this country in 1904, in celebration of the one hundredth
+anniversary of the transfer of the Louisiana Territory by France to the United
+States, during the administration of President Jefferson. It is significant that
+as Thomas Jefferson had introduced the classical style of architecture into this
+country, so at this Exposition most of the 15 largest buildings resembled in
+character the classical buildings of the Chicago World’s Fair. The next exposition
+in which architecture had an important part was the Alaska-Yukon
+Pacific Exposition, held at Seattle, Wash., in 1909. Again the classical style
+of architecture was emphasized, and, as at the Chicago Exposition, the buildings
+had an ivory-white appearance. It was stated at the time:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>The influences of an Exposition are of course many, but one of the most palpable influences of
+our American expositions has been their power to stimulate a powerful interest in architecture
+and building.</p>
+
+<p>The beneficent influence of the Chicago World’s Fair on our architecture is of inestimable
+value, not only for the architects but for the entire country. Many Americans owe their interest
+in buildings and architecture to a visit to Chicago in 1893, just as many cities and towns recall in
+their municipal and government structures the revival of classic splendor seen in the stucco palaces
+of the World’s Fair.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The next exposition of importance was the Panama-Pacific Exposition at
+San Francisco, Calif., held in 1915. In 1906 almost the entire central part of the
+city had been destroyed by a frightful earthquake and fire. In less than a decade
+the city was rebuilt, and by 1915 there had also been planned and constructed
+the great Exposition. Its principal buildings were built in the classical style of
+architecture.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page69">[69]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XIII</span><br>
+<span class="title">HIGHWAY PLAN OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>The street-planning process has experienced several stages of development.</p>
+
+<p>1. The narrow streets of Georgetown are typical of the first stage.</p>
+
+<p>2. The wide avenues and streets of the area included in the L’Enfant plan
+are appropriately referred to as outstanding proof of the value of proper planning.
+The merit of this generous street plan was never more widely appreciated than
+at present, when other cities are spending millions of dollars to have their streets
+widened to meet traffic requirements.</p>
+
+<p>3. The dark days of the National Capital, as far as its circulation system is
+concerned, were those during which, outside the city planned by L’Enfant,
+streets were dedicated without reference to any comprehensive plan. This
+period was from about 1866 to 1893. The lack of authority to enforce a plan
+allowed land-owners, insensible to the superior qualities of the L’Enfant scheme,
+to do as they pleased. Prior to 1893 no city plan existed beyond the original
+city limits. Streets could be created entirely at the will of the subdivider by
+the simple recording of a plat, for there was no authority to control or coordinate
+subdivisions. Sixteenth Street was blocked at Florida Avenue, just as
+Seventeenth Street is today. Vermont, Connecticut, New Jersey, New Hampshire,
+North Carolina, and Tennessee Avenues were ignored. Widths of important
+streets were reduced, and a method of land subdivision came into vogue
+wholly out of keeping with a capital city.</p>
+
+<p>4. The reaction brought the so-called highway plan outside of the original
+city limits of Washington and Georgetown. It was in effect an extension of
+the plan of the original city to apply to all parts of the District of Columbia,
+with such changes as were influenced by the topography. All subdivisions
+subsequent to 1893 conform, by requirement of law, to this official plan. This
+highway plan, first made effective in 1898, was a belated but praiseworthy
+effort to extend the L’Enfant plan with its scheme of streets and avenues beyond
+the old city. Considering the period in which it was prepared, and the state of
+city-planning science at the time, it was a notable achievement. The work was
+done by a board on street extensions, with a membership entirely ex officio,
+known as the Highway Commission, established by the act of Congress of 1893.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page70">[70]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo083.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy Army Air Corps</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, LOOKING NORTH FROM THE WHITE HOUSE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page71">[71]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo084.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy Army Air Corps</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, LOOKING SOUTH FROM SIXTEENTH STREET AND COLUMBIA ROAD</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page72">[72]</span></p>
+
+<p>5. Since then the Surveyor’s Office of the District of Columbia and the
+National Capital Park and Planning Commission, which superseded the Highway
+Commission of 1893, have made an intensive study of the highway problems
+of the District of Columbia, including street railroad problems. This has
+required a differentiation of street functions, and an application of the best
+methods of modern land subdivision to the remaining undeveloped areas; also
+an attempt to restate the L’Enfant ideal in the terms of a motor age. The results
+achieved appear in the changes in the highway plan already approved by the
+Commission or being recommended to the Commissioners of the District of
+Columbia from time to time. Many changes in the highway plan have thus
+been made, each case having required careful study of effects on topography,
+trees, drainage, lot depths and sizes, etc. The acts of Congress of 1914 and 1925
+authorized additional changes in the Highway Plan. The act approved December
+15, 1932 (Public, No. 307, 72d Cong.), authorizes the Commissioners of the
+District of Columbia “to readjust and close streets, roads, highways, or alleys
+in the District of Columbia rendered useless or unnecessary.” The desirability
+of discontinuing streets which have never been opened and which exist only on a
+map and only part of which are in public ownership, when a better and cheaper
+way of giving the same traffic connection can be found, seems so manifest as to
+require no further justification.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo085.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">GATEHOUSE BY BULFINCH WHICH FORMERLY STOOD NEAR THE CAPITOL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>With a view to creating direct arteries in which the vital traffic flow of the
+community may freely move, a major thoroughfare scheme, extending into the
+metropolitan area of Washington, has also been studied. The District Commissioners
+have an interesting map illustrating the Highway Plan. The Highway
+Department of the District of Columbia has charge of upkeep and maintenance
+of highways in the District of Columbia. Out of 1,020 miles of streets in
+the District of Columbia 855 miles are paved.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page73">[73]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XIV</span><br>
+<span class="title">THE McMILLAN PARK COMMISSION—THE PLAN OF 1901</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>In 1900 a great celebration commemorating the one-hundredth anniversary
+of the removal of the seat of government to the District of Columbia was held
+in Washington. The keynote of the celebration was the improvement of the
+District of Columbia in a manner and to the extent commensurate with the
+dignity and the resources of the American Nation. The population was 218,196.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo086.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">OLD BALTIMORE &amp; OHIO RAILROAD STATION</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>While the centennial exercises were in progress the American Institute of
+Architects, in session in Washington, discussed the subject of the development
+of parks and the placing of public buildings; the tentative ideas of a number of
+the leading architects, sculptors, and landscape architects of the country were
+heard; and as a result the Institute appointed a committee on legislation. Consultations
+between that committee and the Senate Committee on the District
+of Columbia were followed by the order of the Senate for the preparation and
+submission of a general plan for the development of the entire park system of
+the District of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page74">[74]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo087.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MODEL OF WASHINGTON SHOWING CONDITIONS IN 1901</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page75">[75]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo088.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MODEL OF THE FUTURE WASHINGTON, PLAN OF 1901</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page76">[76]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo089.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON, FROM ARLINGTON, PLAN OF 1901</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page77">[77]</span></p>
+
+<p>Thus, Hon. James McMillan, of Michigan, chairman of the Senate Committee
+on the District of Columbia, submitted the following resolution, which
+was adopted by the United States Senate on March 8, 1901:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Committee on the District of Columbia be, and it is hereby, directed to consider
+the subject and report to the Senate plans for the development and improvement of the entire
+park system of the District of Columbia. For the purpose of preparing such plans the committee
+may sit during the recess of Congress and may secure the services of such experts as may be necessary
+for a proper consideration of the subject. The expenses of such investigation shall be paid
+from the contingent fund of the Senate.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo090.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">OLD PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STATION</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>On March 19, 1901, the subcommittee of the District Committee having the
+matter in charge met the representatives of the American Institute of Architects
+and agreed to their proposition that Daniel H. Burnham, architect, and Frederick
+Law Olmsted, jr., landscape architect, be selected as experts, with power to add
+to their number. These gentlemen accepted, and subsequently invited Charles
+F. McKim, architect, and Augustus Saint-Gaudens, sculptor, to act with them
+in the preparation of plans. The services of men who had won the very highest
+places in their several professions had thus been secured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page78">[78]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo091.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE MALL, SHOWING RAILROAD TRACKS CROSSING IT</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page79">[79]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo092.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE MALL INUNDATED</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page80">[80]</span></p>
+
+<p>The nature and scope of the work having been outlined to the commission,
+they entered upon their task, but not without hesitation and misgivings. The
+problem was both difficult and complex. Much had to be done; much, also, had
+to be undone. Also the aid and advice of the commission was sought immediately
+in relation to buildings and memorials under consideration, and thus the importance
+and usefulness of the commission were enhanced.</p>
+
+<p>The commission, in order to make a closer study of the practice of landscape
+architecture as applied to parks and public buildings, made a brief trip to Europe,
+visiting Rome, Venice, Vienna, Budapest, Paris, London, and their suburbs. Attention
+was directed principally to ascertaining what arrangement of park areas best
+adapts them to the uses of the people and what are the elements that give pleasure
+from generation to generation, and even from century to century. The many
+and striking results of this study were given in the Park Commission Report,
+including plans and illustrations. The Committee on the District of Columbia
+submitted the report to the Senate on January 15, 1902. It was adopted and
+ordered to be printed as Senate Report No. 166, Fifty-seventh Congress, first
+session.</p>
+
+<h3>McMILLAN PARK COMMISSION</h3>
+
+<p>The members of the McMillan Park Commission were:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel H. Burnham</span>, architect, of Chicago. He became head of the firm of
+Burnham &amp; Root, one of the first great architectural firms of the country, and
+later of D. H. Burnham &amp; Co. Designer of many buildings, among them the Railway
+Exchange and Marshall Field’s retail store in Chicago, and the Wanamaker
+stores in New York and Philadelphia; in 1893 he became chief architect and director
+of works of the World’s Columbian Exposition. Mr. Burnham was instrumental
+in securing the adoption of a scheme of construction which placed that exhibition
+in the very front rank of international exhibitions, and by the display of rare
+executive ability he brought about and maintained the effective cooperation of the
+architects and artists, who then and there gave to American art both a new
+direction and a tremendous impetus. In 1901 he became chairman of the McMillan
+Park Commission for beautifying the National Capital; in 1908 he built the Union
+Station at Washington; in 1910 he became a member of the National Commission
+of Fine Arts and its first chairman. He also laid out plans for Chicago, Cleveland,
+and Manila. He died in 1912 while on a trip abroad.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles F. McKim</span>, architect, of New York City, studied architecture at
+Harvard University and at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. He organized the
+firm of McKim, Mead &amp; White, architects, of New York City, who for half a
+century have led the architectural profession in the design of classical buildings,
+such as the Boston Public Library, Harvard University buildings, the Columbia<span class="pagenum" id="Page81">[81]</span>
+University Library, the Morgan Library, the Rhode Island Capitol, the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Station in New York City, the restoration of the White House,
+and are the architects of the Arlington Memorial Bridge. Mr. McKim, as a member
+of the McMillan Park Commission, designed the Mall plan, and also made a
+sketch for the Lincoln Memorial. Mr. McKim was president of the American
+Institute of Architects in 1902 and 1903, and was instrumental in the purchase of
+the Octagon House as the headquarters of the American Institute of Architects.
+In 1903 he was awarded the royal gold medal given by King Edward VII for the
+promotion of architecture. Mr. McKim was a champion of good architecture and
+keenly interested in the development of the National Capital. He deplored the
+appearance of the State, War, and Navy Building, and said he would find pleasure
+during leisure hours in raking off the columns—a work that is contemplated in the
+remodeling of the building as the State Department Building. He died in 1909.</p>
+
+<div class="container w50emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo094.jpg" alt="Burnham quote">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr06">Transcription</a></p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</span>, sculptor, born in Dublin, Ireland, on March 1,
+1848, came to the United States in infancy and learned the trade of a cameo
+cutter. He studied drawing at the Cooper Institute in 1861, and in 1865 and 1866
+was a student of the National Academy of Design. From 1867 to 1870 he studied<span class="pagenum" id="Page82">[82]</span>
+at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. Mr. Saint-Gaudens was the greatest American
+sculptor, and, indeed, one of the greatest of all time. His great works of art
+are numerous and inspiring. Among them are The Puritan; the statue of
+Abraham Lincoln, Chicago; the Farragut, the Peter Cooper, and the Sherman
+Victory monuments in New York; the Shaw Memorial in Boston; the Amor
+Caritas at the Luxembourg Gallery in Paris; and the celebrated Adams Memorial
+in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington. He also designed a $20 gold piece. As a
+member of the McMillan Park Commission he wrote that part of the report pertaining
+to Arlington National Cemetery and advised in the matter of location of
+the Grant Memorial at the head of the Mall. He died in 1907.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frederick Law Olmsted</span>, landscape architect, from the time that he became
+a member of the McMillan Park Commission of 1901 has given uninterrupted
+service in the development of the National Capital. He was one of the original
+members of the National Commission of Fine Arts, appointed in 1910, and served
+as landscape architect member until 1918. From 1924 he served as landscape
+architect member of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Mr.
+Olmsted was president of the American Society of Landscape Architects and from
+its organization in 1907 a member of the National Conference on City Planning.</p>
+
+<p>His father laid out Central Park, New York City, about 1858 (2,300 men were
+employed on it in September of that year), and in 1872 he prepared the landscape
+plan for the United States Capitol Grounds as they have existed since then.
+Mr. Olmsted and his firm have in more recent years laid out the Metropolitan
+Park System of Boston, the Vanderbilt Estate in North Carolina, the Baltimore
+Park System, and Redondo Beach, Los Angeles County, Calif. The smaller park
+areas which Mr. Olmsted has designed are too numerous to mention.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Moore</span> has devoted fully 50 years to the development of the National
+Capital, and is a former chairman of the National Commission of Fine Arts.
+Mr. Moore was for many years clerk to the Senate Committee on the District of
+Columbia, rendering most valuable service to the committee, of which Senator
+McMillan was chairman, as well as to the National Capital. The reports on
+the elimination of grade crossings in the District of Columbia and on the charitable
+institutions of the District of Columbia, as well as the Park Commission
+Report of 1901, are memorable documents of that period which were largely prepared
+by him. His influence has always been strong with Members of Congress
+in favor of the development of the District of Columbia upon a noble scale. His
+appointment as one of the original members of the National Commission of Fine
+Arts was a fitting recognition not only of past services but of his preeminent
+qualifications to pass upon subjects relating to the beautification of the National
+Capital. He was chairman from 1915 to 1937. Mr. Moore also helped prepare the<span class="pagenum" id="Page83">[83]</span>
+plan of Chicago. He is the author of a number of books, among them being Under
+Three Flags, the Life of Daniel H. Burnham, the Life of Charles F. McKim, the
+Family Life of George Washington, Washington Past and Present; and has
+contributed also innumerable articles to magazines in the course of the years.</p>
+
+<h3>PLANS OF THE McMILLAN PARK COMMISSION</h3>
+
+<p>The plans prepared by the McMillan Park Commission and submitted, with
+its report, to the Senate, constituted the first and most notable proposal for
+grouping of public buildings ever put forward in the United States. The outlying
+sections of the District of Columbia were studied in relation to a system of
+parks, both large and small areas being indicated; the most convenient and the
+most picturesque connections between the various parks were mapped; the individual
+treatment which each important park should undergo was recommended;
+an extension of the park system to Great Falls and to Mount Vernon was discussed.
+Primarily, however, the development of the Mall received detailed and
+elaborate treatment, and the location of new public buildings, whether legislative,
+executive, or municipal in character, was arranged according to a rational
+system of grouping; and those memorials which mark distinct epochs in our
+national history were brought into harmonious relation with the general scheme
+of development.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of this study, the desirability of making every considerable undertaking
+within the District of Columbia a part of a general plan was made evident,
+so that each undertaking should contribute its part to enhancing the value of the
+whole; and no undertaking would be allowed to invade, to mutilate, or to mar
+the symmetry, simplicity, and dignity of the one great composition designed to
+comprehend the entire area.</p>
+
+<p>In working out the plans the park commission found it necessary to have prepared
+two models, one showing the existing disturbed conditions in the section
+from the Library of Congress westward to the Potomac, and the other showing
+the arrangement proposed. These models, constructed with the utmost attention
+to the details of topography by George C. Curtis, were accurate maps of the section
+they so graphically depicted, and served as guides in carrying the plans to
+completion. To present in graphic fashion particular features of the plans, the
+accurate architectural drawings were rendered in color by leading artists, and by
+means of these pictures a clear and distinct idea of the completed work was
+obtained.</p>
+
+<p>One of the greatest obstacles to a restoration of the Mall as provided for in
+the L’Enfant plan was the fact that since 1872 the Mall had been occupied by
+railroad tracks, the board of aldermen and the board of common council having
+on March 20, 1871, granted the Mall site to the Baltimore Potomac Railroad<span class="pagenum" id="Page84">[84]</span>
+Co., later the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., which action was confirmed by act of
+Congress May 21, 1872. The Mall was then no better than a common pasture.
+The railroad had taken the place of the canal, which it paralleled, and held the
+right to use the property by a title good in law and in equity; also by virtue of an
+act of Congress adopted in 1890 the railroad space had been enlarged, in consideration
+of the surrender of street trackage and the proposed elevation of the tracks
+within the city of Washington.</p>
+
+<p>It so happened that the chairman of the commission, Mr. Burnham, was the
+architect of the new Pennsylvania Railroad Station at Pittsburgh, and he had also
+drawn for the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. the preliminary plans for the Baltimore
+&amp; Potomac Railroad Station in Washington. After consultation, Mr. Burnham
+proposed to the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. that the station be
+built on the south side of the Mall and the adjoining lands; and, while the matter
+received serious consideration, no action was taken. It was during the stay of the
+commission in London that President Cassatt announced to Mr. Burnham his
+willingness to consider the question, not of moving the Baltimore &amp; Potomac
+Railroad Station to the south side of the Mall but of withdrawing altogether
+from that region and uniting with the Baltimore &amp; Ohio Railroad Co. in the
+erection of a union station on the site established by legislation for the new
+depot of that road, provided suitable legislation be secured to make compensation
+for the increased expense such a change would involve, and provided, also, that
+the approaches to the new site be made worthy of the building the railroads proposed
+to erect.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequent examination convinced the commission that from an esthetic
+standpoint there were insuperable objections to the depot site provided by law;
+the chief objection being that were the station to front on C Street a train shed
+800 feet long would be thrown across Massachusetts Avenue, one of the great
+thoroughfares of the city. Not only would the vista be blocked by a commercial
+building, but also the street would be carried underneath this enormous structure
+in a tunnel so long as to cause the avenue to be avoided by traffic. The commission
+thereupon proposed a site fronting on Massachusetts Avenue, and that was
+the one adopted for the Union Station. The plans called for a station 8 feet and
+8 inches longer than the Capitol, the building to be of white marble, the façade
+Roman in style of architecture, and the construction and arrangements so planned
+as to make this station superior to any structure ever erected for railway purposes.
+Facing the Capitol, and yet not too near that building, the new station was designed
+to front upon a plaza 600 feet in width and 1,200 feet in length, where bodies of
+troops or large organizations could be formed during inaugural times or on other
+like occasions. Thus located and so constructed, the Union Station makes a great
+and impressive gateway to Washington.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page85">[85]</span></p>
+
+<p>In considering the views of the commission, and in reaching his decision, the
+president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. looked at the matter from the standpoint
+of an American citizen, saying in substance that he appreciated the fact that
+if Congress intended to make of the Mall what the founders of the city intended
+it to be, no railroad should be allowed to cross it, and that he was willing to vacate
+the space provided the matter could be arranged without sacrificing the interests
+of the stockholders of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. This conditional consent
+on the part of the railroad, which was later agreed to by Congress, removed the
+one great obstacle to the preparation of adequate plans for the improvement of the
+city. Lesser obstacles, such as the lack of surveys of the oldest parks in the District
+and the difficulties of getting together the widely scattered data, were surmounted.
+On the other hand, the work was much lightened by the excellent
+topographical maps of the District outside of the city prepared by the Coast and
+Geodetic Survey.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo098.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">TREATMENT FOR AREA WEST OF THE CAPITOL, PLAN OF 1901</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<h3>THE CAPITOL GROUP</h3>
+
+<p>Naturally the plan of 1901 began at the Capitol. It was recommended that
+the chief legislative building of the Nation be surrounded by structures dependent
+on or supplementary to legislative work. The Library of Congress had been
+completed in 1897. The enjoyment and satisfaction taken in the Library by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page86">[86]</span>
+thousands of persons from all parts of the country who visit it daily is an indication
+of the manner in which the American people regard the upbuilding of their
+Capital. Since the Library Building was designed we have learned lessons of
+subordination in grouping (as shown in the Senate and House Office Buildings
+and in the Union Station), and also of restraint in decoration; but the Library
+contains individual work of the leading painters and sculptors of its era.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo099.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">UNION SQUARE, PLAN OF 1901</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The idea of office buildings for the Members of the Senate and the House of
+Representatives was in mind when the plan was being made, and therefore the
+areas these buildings would naturally occupy were marked. The three buildings
+were designed and constructed in such manner as to make them an integral
+part of the Capitol group. Simple, elegant, and dignified, the Senate and House
+of Representatives Office Buildings carry on the great tradition established by
+Washington and Jefferson in the selection of the Thornton design for the original
+building, and persistently maintained by President Fillmore in the extension of
+the Capitol by Thomas U. Walter.</p>
+
+<p>By common consent the remaining space facing the Capitol on the east was
+assigned to a building for the Supreme Court of the United States, which since
+the removal of the seat of government to the District of Columbia in 1800 occupied
+the same building with the Congress.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page87">[87]</span></p>
+
+<p>On the south below the House of Representatives Office Buildings the frontage
+is occupied by nondescript buildings, all undignified and unsightly. The
+obvious use of this land is building sites and house gardens to balance Union
+Station Plaza on the north. This also is a project for the future.</p>
+
+<h4>THE HEAD OF THE MALL</h4>
+
+<p>The area directly west of the Capitol grounds was marked on the L’Enfant map
+as an open plaza, affording an approach to that building similar to the one on the
+east. Owing to the slow development of Washington the west front underwent
+various vicissitudes. The Baltimore &amp; Ohio Railroad Co. tracks once were located
+about on a line with the Peace and Garfield Monuments. The Botanic Garden
+area was reclaimed from an alder swamp, and the James Creek Canal wound its
+way through it. A quarter of a century ago the House passed a bill for the
+removal of the Botanic Garden fence, with the view of giving the public access to
+that park in the same manner that other parks are open.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of 1901 aimed to restore this area to its intended uses as a broad
+thoroughfare so enriched with parterres as to form an organic connection between
+the Capitol Grounds and the Mall. Anticipating the improvement of this square,
+named Union Square, as outlined in the plan, Congress located therein the memorial
+to General Grant, the base of which was designed to be used as a reviewing
+stand, and later a site in the same area was designated for the monument to
+General Meade. The Grant Memorial was completed a number of years ago, the
+Meade Monument is also in place, and the Botanic Garden has been relocated
+south of Maryland Avenue, near the Capitol. The new plan for Union Square
+as carried out, was made by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1935.</p>
+
+<h4>DEVELOPMENT OF THE MALL</h4>
+
+<p>That section of the Mall between Third and Four-and-a-half Streets has
+been laid out and planted with elms in accordance with the plan of 1901, and
+Congress has provided for putting in the roadways. The temporary buildings in
+the Mall were so located that upon removal the roadways will be in accordance
+with the Mall plan, and as fast as the buildings are razed the planting of trees can
+be made. The space between Four-and-a-half and Sixth Streets was so improved
+and restored during the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1921.</p>
+
+<p>Congress has authorized the occupation of the north side of the Mall between
+Third and Seventh Streets (former site of the Pennsylvania Station) by the
+National Gallery of Art, designed by John Russell Pope. Plans for the building
+approved by the Commission of Fine Arts are classical in style of architecture.</p>
+
+<p>Auditoriums, both large and small, designed for the uses of conventions,
+inaugural exercises, and meetings of patriotic societies are among the prime
+necessities of Washington. Such gathering places would meet governmental and
+semipublic needs and be advantageous to the growth of American feeling.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page88">[88]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo101.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MALL AND MONUMENT GARDENS, PLAN OF 1901</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page89">[89]</span></p>
+
+<p>The space between Third and Seventh Streets, on the south side of the Mall
+is being considered for the Smithsonian Gallery of Art, authorized by Congress,
+to house the collections of works of art that have been given to the Nation.
+The planting and roadways continuous with those already in place on the Mall
+can then be put in.</p>
+
+<p>The new National Museum Building was the first structure to be located and
+erected according to the plan of 1901, having been aligned in conformity to the
+new Mall axis. On the south side of the Mall the new Freer Gallery also conforms
+to the revised axis. This gallery is a constituent portion of the National
+Gallery of Art. It represents one of the largest gifts ever made by an individual
+to the Government. Although comparatively small in extent, both the building
+itself and the collections now being arranged within it represent the very highest
+standards of art. Moreover, the Freer Gallery is a type of the small, adequately
+housed, and well-endowed gallery which doubtless will be established from time
+to time by private individuals and given to the Nation to be administered by the
+Smithsonian Institution for the instruction and gratification of the people.</p>
+
+<p>The section of the Mall between Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets is occupied
+by the Department of Agriculture. The location of the two wings of the building
+designed to accommodate the administrative offices of the department precipitated
+a contest, on the result of which depended the fate of the plan of 1901. It
+was due to the firm stand taken by President Roosevelt and Secretary of War
+Taft that the location was made in accordance with the plan. That crisis having
+been met satisfactorily, the future of the Mall scheme was assured, and since then
+the plan for park connection between the Capitol and the White House has
+become an established fact.</p>
+
+<p>While L’Enfant had planned a driveway through the center of the Mall, the
+Mall Plan of 1901 consists of an expanse of undulating green park, a mile in
+length and 300 feet wide, extending from the Capitol to the Monument. This
+central green space is bordered by park roads, flanked by four rows of American
+elms, under the shade of which are walks and resting places. Back of these rows
+of trees are other roads furnishing access to public buildings like the National
+Museum, the Department of Agriculture Building, the Freer Gallery, and the
+National Gallery of Art, which have been located according to the plan.</p>
+
+<h4>RESTORING THE MALL AXIS</h4>
+
+<p>According to the L’Enfant plan the Monument to George Washington was
+to be located at the point where a line drawn due west from the center of the
+Capitol would intersect a line drawn due south from the center of the White
+House. On these axial relations the Mall composition depended for its effect.
+The builders of the Washington Monument, despairing of securing adequate
+foundations in the lowlands at the intersection of the main and the cross axes,
+located the Monument without regard to points fixed in the plan. Feeling the
+absolute necessity of restoring these relationships, the Park Commission boldly
+determined to create a new main axis by drawing a line from the Capitol Dome
+through the Washington Monument and prolonging it to the shore of the Potomac,
+where they proposed, on the then unimproved lands dredged from the river
+to form Potomac Park, a site for a new memorial. Here they placed the long-contemplated
+memorial to Abraham Lincoln. This they did with full comprehension
+of the fact that by common consent Lincoln is the one man in the history
+of this Nation worthy to stand with Washington in the great central composition.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page90">[90]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo103.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">PLAN OF THE MALL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page91">[91]</span></p>
+
+<p>The original intersection had been marked by Thomas Jefferson by a small
+monument known as the Jefferson Pier. In the McMillan Park Commission plan
+of 1901 this pier is indicated by a circular pool. That commission, as has been
+said, restored the cross axis of the Mall, and from the Mall plan of 1901 by actual
+measurement the Washington Monument is 371.6 feet east of the north and
+south axis of the White House, and 123.17 feet south of the Capitol axis.</p>
+
+<h4>EXTENDING THE MALL AXIS TO THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL</h4>
+
+<p>While this location of the Lincoln Memorial commended itself to men like
+Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay, Elihu Root, and William H. Taft, it was opposed
+by many others, who had regard to the immediate future and who did not consider
+either the historical significance of the situation or the prospective development
+of Potomac Park, then far from the more populous parts of the city and thus
+seemingly isolated and remote. The struggle over this location, and indeed over
+any memorial of an ideal character, was long and bitter. Nor was it ended during
+the lifetime of Mr. McKim and Mr. Saint-Gaudens. Happily, however, the result
+was determined in accordance with the commission plan, and to-day no other site
+seems possible. This was a distinct victory for the plan, virtually insuring the
+realization of the large scheme as laid out in 1901.</p>
+
+<p>The Park Commission wrote as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>From the Monument garden westward a canal 3,600 feet long and 200 feet wide, with central
+arms and bordered by stretches of green walled with trees, leads to a concourse raised to the height
+of the Monument platform. Seen from the Monument this canal, similar in character to the canals
+at Versailles and Fontainebleau in France and Hampton Court in England, introduces into the
+formal landscape an element of repose and great beauty. At the head of the canal a great rond-point,
+placed on the main axis of the Capitol and the Monument, becomes a gate of approach to the park
+system of the District of Columbia. Centering upon it as a great point of reunion are the drives
+leading southeast to Potomac Park and northwest by the Riverside Drive to the Rock Creek system
+of parks. From this elevation of 40 feet the Memorial Bridge leads across the Potomac directly to
+the base of the hill crowned by the mansion house of Arlington.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page92">[92]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo105.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">SITE OF THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL, 1901</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page93">[93]</span></p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>Crowning the rond-point, as the Arc de Triomphe crowns the Place de l’Etoile at Paris, should
+stand a memorial erected to the memory of that one man in our history as a nation who is worthy
+to stand with George Washington—Abraham Lincoln. Whatever may be the exact form selected
+for the memorial to Lincoln, in form it should possess the quality of universality, and also it should
+have a character essentially distinct from that of any other monument either now existing in the
+District or hereafter to be erected. The type which the commission has in mind is a great portico
+of Doric columns rising from an unbroken stylobate.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The foregoing recommendations were among the fundamentals of the plan of
+1901. Ten years were required to embody them in legislation. To-day the Lincoln
+Memorial and the Arlington Memorial Bridge are completed along the general
+lines suggested.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo106.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL, MEMORIAL BRIDGE, AND RIVERSIDE DRIVE, PLAN OF 1901</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>There are many other features of the McMillan plan that the report of 1901
+describes to which attention is called in the subsequent pages of this volume;
+thus there is the Rock Creek Parkway, the Anacostia Park development, the Fort
+Drive, the parkway along the Palisades of the Potomac to Great Falls, and the
+Mount Vernon Highway. The plans for these projects required authorization
+by Congress and time to make necessary land purchases; but at the present time
+there is indication that they will be completed in the near future. The day has
+come when the Greater Washington, or the metropolitan area of Washington, is
+being brought into the scheme of development of the National Capital.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of 1901 reasserted the authority of the original plan of L’Enfant,
+extended to meet the needs of the Nation after a century of growth in power,
+wealth, and dignity, and also marked the path for future development.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page94">[94]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo107.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE FUTURE WASHINGTON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page95">[95]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XV</span><br>
+<span class="title">NATIONAL COMMISSION OF FINE ARTS</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>Immediately after abolishing the Council of Fine Arts President Taft undertook
+to interest Congress in the establishment of a permanent Commission of
+Fine Arts. A bill was accordingly presented in the United States Senate by
+Hon. Elihu Root. In the House of Representatives the bill was sponsored by
+Hon. Samuel W. McCall. Various amendments were made to the measure in
+both the Senate and House of Representatives and it was finally adopted by the
+act approved May 17, 1910, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in
+Congress assembled</i>, That a permanent Commission of Fine Arts is hereby created to be composed
+of seven well-qualified judges of the fine arts, who shall be appointed by the President, and shall
+serve for a period of four years each, and until their successors are appointed and qualified. The
+President shall have authority to fill all vacancies. It shall be the duty of such Commission to
+advise upon the location of statues, fountains, and monuments in the public squares, streets, and
+parks in the District of Columbia, and upon the selection of models for statues, fountains, and
+monuments, erected under the authority of the United States and upon the selection of artists for
+the execution of the same. It shall be the duty of the officers charged by law to determine such
+questions in each case to call for such advice. The foregoing provisions of this act shall not apply
+to the Capitol Building of the United States and the building of the Library of Congress. The
+Commission shall also advise generally upon questions of art when required to do so by the President,
+or by any committee of either House of Congress. Said Commission shall have a secretary
+and such other assistance as the Commission may authorize, and the members of the Commission
+shall each be paid actual expenses in going to and returning from Washington to attend the
+meetings of said Commission and while attending the same.</p>
+
+<p>Sec. 2. That to meet the expenses made necessary by this act an expenditure of not exceeding
+$10,000 a year is hereby authorized.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The duties of the Commission of Fine Arts have been enlarged since then
+from time to time by Executive orders. Congress has also stipulated in many
+recent enactments that the plans for certain designated buildings, monuments,
+etc., must be approved by the Commission before they can be accepted by the
+Government. The act of May 16, 1930, gives the Commission control over certain
+portions of the District of Columbia in the matter of private buildings,
+under what is known as the Shipstead-Luce Act. Reports are published
+periodically.</p>
+
+<p>The duties of the Commission, therefore, now embrace not only advising upon
+the location of statues, fountains, and monuments in the public squares, streets,
+and parks in the District of Columbia, etc., but in fact all questions involving
+matters of art with which the Federal Government is concerned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page96">[96]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo109.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">CAPITOL GROUNDS AND UNION STATION PLAZA, 1917</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page97">[97]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo110.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE MALL, 1930</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page98">[98]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Commission has been in existence 29 years, during which time many
+great artists of this country have served as its members. The membership comprises
+three architects, a sculptor, a painter, a landscape architect, and a lay
+member. Congress permits the Commission to hold meetings, including committee
+meetings, both in and outside of the District of Columbia, thus enabling
+it to give attention to works of art in any part of the country in which the
+Government is interested. A meeting of the Commission is usually held in
+Washington each month, where the public-buildings program and other great
+projects under way for the development of the National Capital are requiring
+its particular attention.</p>
+
+<p>In the work of the Commission of Fine Arts we see the splendid results
+achieved through the collaboration of architects, sculptors, painters, and landscape
+architects. The Commission exists primarily to serve the Congress and
+its committees, the President, and the heads of the Government Departments.
+There are exceptional cases when the Commission of Fine Arts is called upon
+to advise with reference to fine arts projects submitted by individuals. The
+Commission aims to maintain standards of taste. The members themselves are
+prominent in their respective professions and are “well-qualified judges of the
+fine arts.”</p>
+
+<p>Prior to the establishment of the Commission of Fine Arts it was the practice
+of Congress when legislation was enacted providing for a public building, a
+monument, or other work of art to authorize the appointment of a committee to
+advise it concerning the specific fine arts project. Such a committee was as a
+rule composed of laymen, unqualified to give advice on matters of art. Thereupon
+money was appropriated to meet the expenses of a jury of award, in addition
+to those of the committee; and when the project was completed, the committee
+disbanded, leaving Congress without a recognized body to whom matters pertaining
+to the fine arts could be referred, and requiring a repetition of the appointment
+of a new committee for procuring some new work of art desired by Congress.
+It was just such a situation as this that existed in 1910 when Senator Root was
+a member of the Committee on the Library. In a letter addressed to the Chairman
+of the Commission of Fine Arts at the twenty-fifth anniversary of its establishment
+in May 1935, Senator Root stated:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>Sometime about the early spring of 1910 some Senator had introduced in the Senate a resolution
+providing for the purchase by the Government of a number of paintings that nobody wanted
+to buy and under the rule that resolution was referred to the Committee on the Library. The
+responsibility for protecting the Government against a waste of money was thus thrown upon
+the Committee.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page99">[99]</span></p>
+
+<p>A little discussion developed the fact that all the members of the Committee had an uncomfortable
+feeling that the pictures were probably worthless and no such purchase ought to be made
+but that no member of the Committee felt any such confidence in his own knowledge and judgment
+about such things as to feel like making a report to the Senate based on his opinion, and
+maintaining that opinion on the floor. We all felt that the Committee ought to have some way
+of getting an expert opinion to guide it in making its report.</p>
+
+<p>In the discussion we recalled Theodore Roosevelt’s appointment of a Fine Arts Council, which
+fell to the ground because it had no legal standing, and we recalled also the advantage received
+from the report of park development of the informal commission selected by the McMillan Committee,
+and we finally determined to ask Congress to provide for the appointment of a fine arts
+commission which would meet the need that our Committee was then experiencing and a similar
+need which was liable to occur in a multitude of cases under which Government officers had to pass
+on questions of art without being really competent to perform such a duty. *&#160;*&#160;* I drafted a
+very brief statute *&#160;*&#160;* and a little informal explanation of the need which the Committee felt
+for expert assistance in the performing of its duties carried the bill through.</p>
+
+<p>And so, without creation of any power of legal compulsion, there was brought to the service
+of the Government the authority of competent opinion upon questions of art arising in the course
+of administration, and widespread and habitual deference to such an opinion has saved the Government
+and the community from God knows how many atrocities.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>From the time of its establishment, the Commission has been consulted about
+every detail of the progress of the Plan of Washington, and also about many
+works of art for which the Government makes appropriations. This includes also
+works of art which our Government, as a result of congressional enactment,
+presents to the governments and the peoples of other countries to express our
+friendship and good will, or erects for the use of our diplomatic corps abroad, or to
+perpetuate the memory of our soldiers’ deeds of daring and courage. Good
+examples are the statue of Leif Ericsson to Iceland, the statue of Henry Clay
+to Venezuela, the American Embassy Building in Japan, and the World War
+Memorials in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>In creating the National Capital Park and Planning Commission by act of
+April 30, 1926, Congress provided that purchases of lands made thereunder shall
+have the advice of the Commission of Fine Arts. During the years all proposed
+purchases have been approved. The two Commissions have acted harmoniously
+in the work of developing the District of Columbia according to carefully devised
+plans for parks, playgrounds, and highways.</p>
+
+<p>The first project that came before the Commission of Fine Arts, in 1910, was
+the Lincoln Memorial. The memorial during a period of 12 years had the continual
+attention of this Commission, and since its dedication on May 30, 1922, it
+has been recognized as one of the great memorials of the world. In the past 15
+years the row of beautiful white marble buildings near the Lincoln Memorial
+have been built, as also the new Department buildings on Constitution Avenue.
+These are a part of the great public buildings program that is in progress in the
+National Capital.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page100">[100]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo113.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr07">Transcription</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">THE CENTRAL COMPOSITION OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page101">[101]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XVI</span><br>
+<span class="title">ZONING OF THE CAPITAL</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>Our first President, by proclamation of October 17, 1791 (illustrated on <a href="#Page21">page
+21</a>), established a height restriction of 40 feet on buildings in the new Capital.
+Although not a regulation by zones, it might have been the beginning of a zoning
+policy if the growth of the Capital had been foreseen. However, the restriction
+was suspended under President Monroe in 1822, and it was not until 1910 that a
+comprehensive height regulation became effective. The act of 1910 established
+height limits, depending upon the width of adjacent streets.</p>
+
+<p>The first zoning ordinance for an American city was adopted by New York
+City in 1916. The World War held the problem of zoning our cities in abeyance.
+Washington was zoned by the act of 1920. Since then fully 1,500 towns and
+cities throughout the United States, ranging from 5,000 to 6,000,000 (New York
+City) in population, have adopted zoning ordinances.</p>
+
+<p>Zoning not only controls the use and development of land but also regulates
+the height and bulk of buildings, the open spaces which must be provided for
+light and ventilation, and the density and distribution of population. It is a
+legislative function under the police power. The usual procedure in establishing
+zoning control in our cities has been to pass an ordinance under the authority of
+the State Zoning Enabling Act, dividing the city into use, height, and area districts,
+throughout each of which the governing regulations are the same. Separate
+districts are provided for residence, business, and industry. Thus business
+and industry are excluded from the residence districts. There may or may not
+be separate districts provided for light and heavy industry, or for local business
+and general business. The residence district is usually subdivided according to
+types of dwellings into areas for single-family dwellings, two-family dwellings,
+multiple-family dwellings, or apartment houses. Multiple-family dwellings are
+usually excluded from the single-family areas. This practice has received the
+hearty approval of home owners. Undeveloped land in suburban sections is
+usually placed in the residence district and restricted to single-family use. If
+conditions warrant, and there is no opposition from the owners, it may later be
+rezoned for more profitable multiple-family or business use.</p>
+
+<h3>ARCHITECTURAL STANDARDS ABSENT</h3>
+
+<p>The zoning ordinance has not attempted to regulate buildings, except as to
+height and size, nor set any standard of architectural fitness to
+the surroundings.<span class="pagenum" id="Page102">[102]</span>
+If it had attempted any such thing, it could never have become a law. Only
+in recent years have citizens begun to think that attractiveness may add a cash
+value to houses, or that insistence on beauty is becoming in a democracy.</p>
+
+<p>The Shipstead-Luce Act, adopted May 16, 1930, gives the Commission
+of Fine Arts a limited control over private buildings in the District of
+Columbia and provides that private buildings facing important Government
+buildings and parks, in areas specified in the act, must harmonize in appearance
+with the latter. Although not affecting the Zoning Act, it is, like the height law
+of 1910, part of the zoning restrictions.</p>
+
+<p>The provisions of the Zoning Act of 1938 do not apply to Federal public
+buildings.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>However, the location, height, bulk, number of stories, and size of Federal public buildings
+and the provision for open space in and around the same, will be subject to the approval of the
+National Capital Park and Planning Commission.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>Approximately one-half of the area of the Capital is under Government control
+and one-half is open to private development. That private development
+should proceed in harmony with the plans of the local and Federal Governments
+was acceptable as an ideal, and a determined effort was made in 1918 to introduce
+zoning into Washington. In that year and the year following congressional committees,
+the District Commissioners, and others formulated plans, and a zoning
+bill became a law effective August 30, 1920. After a period of 18 years, during
+which several important changes in the law had suggested themselves, Congress
+adopted a new Zoning Act, which was approved by the President on June 20,
+1938 (Public, No. 684, 75th Congress).</p>
+
+<p>The act provides that the regulations heretofore adopted by the Zoning Commission
+under the authority of the act of March 1, 1920, including official maps,
+shall be deemed to have been made and adopted and in force under this present
+act. The act empowers the Zoning Commission “to regulate the location,
+height, bulk, number of stories, and size of buildings and other structures, the
+percentage of lot which may be occupied, the sizes of yards, courts, and other
+open spaces, the density of population, and the uses of buildings, structures, and
+land for trade, industry, residence, recreation, public activities, or other purposes
+*&#160;*&#160;*.”</p>
+
+<p>Many people do not understand the importance and necessity of a zoning law
+in a city; they think it deprives them of private rights. Yet without a good
+zoning law living conditions in cities of the present day become chaotic. Section
+2 of the act of June 20, 1938, sets forth the purpose of the zoning regulations and
+also points out the benefits to be derived from zoning, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>Such regulations shall be made in accordance with a comprehensive plan and designed to lessen
+congestion in the street, to secure safety from fire, panic, and other
+dangers, to promote health and<span class="pagenum" id="Page103">[103]</span>
+the general welfare, to provide adequate light and air, to prevent the undue concentration of
+population and the overcrowding of land, and to promote such distribution of population and of
+the uses of land as would tend to create conditions favorable to health, safety, transportation,
+prosperity, protection of property, civic activity, and recreational, educational, and cultural
+opportunities, and as would tend to further economy and efficiency in the supply of public services.
+Such regulations shall be made with reasonable consideration, among other things, of the character
+of the respective districts and their suitability for the uses provided in the regulations, and with a
+view to encouraging stability of districts and of land values therein.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The Zoning Commission may from time to time amend the regulations and
+the maps, but before doing so a public hearing must be held, and at least 30 days’
+notice of the time and place of the hearing must be published at least once in a
+daily newspaper in the District of Columbia, giving full information concerning
+the proposed amendment. A favorable vote of not less than a full majority of
+the members is necessary for the adoption of an amendment.</p>
+
+<p>The Zoning Commission consists of five members, namely, the three Commissioners
+of the District of Columbia, the Director of the National Park Service,
+and the Architect of the Capitol.</p>
+
+<p>The act of 1938 provides for a Zoning Advisory Council, to which suggested
+amendments to the regulations are submitted for consideration and recommendation.
+The act also provides for a Board of Zoning Adjustment, which shall have
+the power to hear and decide appeals where it is alleged a hardship will be
+imposed by carrying out and enforcing any regulation adopted under the Zoning
+Act, and to hear and decide on complaints regarding zoning, as also requests for
+special exceptions or map interpretations. In exercising its powers, “the Board
+of Adjustments may, in conformity with the provisions of this act, reverse or
+affirm, wholly or partly, or may modify the order, requirement, decision, determination,
+or refusal appealed from or may make such order as may be necessary to
+carry out its decision or authorization, and to that end shall have all the powers
+of the officer or body from whom the appeal is taken.” The concurring vote of
+not less than a full majority of the members of the Board is necessary for any
+decision or order.</p>
+
+<h3>HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS RESTRICTED BY THE CAPITOL DOME</h3>
+
+<p>The preeminence of the Dome of the Capitol has dominated the height of both
+public and private buildings. The 110-foot-height limit is found in a small section
+of the center of the downtown business district. On streets 110 feet wide in
+the 110-foot-height district, 130 feet is allowed under set-back provisions, and
+this maximum height cannot be exceeded by buildings (except spires, penthouses,
+or other excrescences) erected under the zoning regulations. Before 1929 but
+few buildings exceeded this height. The act of 1910 limited the height of buildings
+to front or abut Union Station Plaza to 80 feet.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page104">[104]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w45emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo117.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr08">Transcriptions</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">REGIONAL PLAN OF WASHINGTON AND ENVIRONS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page105">[105]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XVII</span><br>
+<span class="title">THE NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING
+COMMISSION</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>A new period in the development of the city may be said to date from 1901
+with the filing of the report of the McMillan Park Commission, for since that
+time there has been a constant increase in the interest taken by the public. The
+outstanding dates recording the progress of this increased interest are 1910, 1912,
+1920, and 1924. The Fine Arts Commission was established in 1910. A new
+beginning of control of private property was made in 1910 after many years’
+lapse of the original restrictions imposed by President Washington. This new
+beginning consisted in control of the height of buildings, the passage of a height
+law, and was followed in 1920 by a comprehensive zoning law.</p>
+
+<p>In 1924 the lack of provision of public parks and the failure to carry out the
+proposals of the plan of 1901, in so far as park areas were concerned, led to the
+formation of the National Capital Park Commission, with authority to purchase
+lands for park purposes. The organization of the Commission was the result of
+combined efforts of many nation-wide organizations.</p>
+
+<p>The new Commission soon found that an intelligent choice of park lands could
+not be made without knowledge of the interrelation of parks, highways, zoning,
+public buildings, and other elements of city and regional planning. The authority
+of the Commission was therefore increased in 1926, and its membership enlarged.
+The new National Capital Park and Planning Commission was charged—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="noindent">with the duty of preparing, developing, and maintaining a comprehensive, consistent, and coordinated
+plan for the National Capital and environs (an area of some 1,539 square miles, lying
+roughly within 20 miles of the White House, and involving the cooperation of 2 States, 4 counties,
+2 cities, and numerous incorporated places), which plan shall include recommendations to the proper
+executive authorities as to traffic and transportation; plats and subdivisions; highways, parks, and
+parkways; school and library sites; playgrounds, drainage, sewerage, and water supply; housing,
+building, and zoning regulations; public and private buildings; bridges and water fronts; commerce
+and industry; and other proper elements of city and regional planning.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The largest single factor in determining the extent and character of the development
+of the National Capital will be the extent, character, and wisdom of the
+permanent investments by the public in public areas and improvements. This
+Commission has, therefore, considered as of primary importance the proper location
+and extent of public lands, whether used for streets, parks, public buildings,
+or other public services; and the timely acquisition and development of these
+areas for their particular purposes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page106">[106]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo119.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">VIEW FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL, LOOKING EAST</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page107">[107]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo120.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">VIEW OF THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL, LOOKING SOUTH</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page108">[108]</span></p>
+
+<p>Since the areas needed for public use can not be chosen without regard to the
+use and extent of private developments, it follows that some control over the
+use of private property—as by zoning—is an essential part of city or regional
+planning.</p>
+
+<p>When city planning is mentioned most people think first of streets. In this
+field the commission has been active in three ways—first, in an effort to make the
+streets fit the land and to follow along the hills and valleys instead of across them;
+second, in establishing a major thoroughfare system guiding the development of
+the main highways within the District of Columbia and extending the principles
+of the original L’Enfant plan to the limits of the District; and third, in securing
+public support of a regional highway system which will provide more adequately
+for traffic both into the city and between suburban areas.</p>
+
+<p>With the first of these aims in view many changes in the highway plan of the
+District have been made in cooperation with the District officials. These changes
+were advantageous to preserve natural topography, to fit the streets to property
+lines, to save trees, to provide drainage, or for like reasons. Several important
+street openings and widenings have been undertaken in accordance with the commission’s
+major thoroughfare plan, such as New York Avenue beyond the limits
+of the L’Enfant plan, the opening of a new Louisiana Avenue from the Union
+Station to Pennsylvania Avenue at Union Square, straightening of Michigan
+Avenue, and extension of Sixteenth Street to the District line. The plan which
+follows the recommendations of the commission has been recognized by the District
+officials in the adoption of a 5-year highway program.</p>
+
+<p>Several new regional highway projects are now complete or going forward in
+accordance with the regional plan. The Mount Vernon Memorial Highway and
+the Lee Boulevard establish new standards in highway design. The extension of
+Rhode Island and Massachusetts Avenues fits the plan. The Maryland-National
+Capital Park and Planning Commission has adopted practically all of the suggestions
+made by the Commission for the Maryland area as part of the Maryland
+master plan.</p>
+
+<p>Where parks are concerned the Commission has a special responsibility. The
+plans for parks both in the District of Columbia and out of it have received the
+indorsement of Congress in the Capper-Cramton Act.</p>
+
+<p>For the District the Commission is now acquiring parks of three types: (1) A
+parkway (the Fort Drive) around the city, 28 miles long and connecting the sites
+of the Civil War forts on the second row of hills; (2) a system of recreation centers
+and playgrounds distributed throughout the area in association with the
+schools and so far as possible providing a play area within a quarter of a mile of
+every child; (3) preservation of stream valleys and correction of the boundaries
+of Rock Creek Park.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page109">[109]</span></p>
+
+<p>The principal physical feature of the region is the Potomac River, so it is
+natural that the corresponding feature of the park system is along the river
+banks. Below Washington, where the broad lakelike scenery exists, parkways are
+under construction or contemplated on the Virginia side to Mount Vernon and
+on the Maryland shore to Fort Washington. Above Washington a park is projected
+to preserve the natural scenery of the Palisades, rapids, woodlands, and
+Great Falls of the Potomac, together with the Patowmack Canal, built by George
+Washington, and the Chesapeake &amp; Ohio Canal on the Maryland side of the river.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission has taken an active part in the effort to have the public
+buildings of Washington grouped and arranged not only for the convenience and
+beauty of the result but also that they may fit into the future plans for streets,
+highways, and parks, and thus promote the orderly development of the city and
+region. When the first important step in the public-buildings program was taken
+in 1926 the Commission urged the purchase of all of the land necessary for a
+plan of the group as a whole instead of undertaking individual building projects
+as separate units in the scheme. The problems of parking and transit facilities in
+relation to the public-buildings groups have caused the Commission great concern,
+and efforts have been made to secure the cooperation of the architects in charge of
+the building program in order to solve these problems. In all of its activities
+concerning the public-buildings program the Commission has been guided by the
+principles announced by the plan of 1901, under which Federal buildings will be
+concentrated along the axis of the Mall and about the White House. The Commission
+has given favorable consideration to an enlargement of this program by
+which semipublic buildings and possibly State buildings might be located along
+East Capitol Street in order to help the balance between the northwest and the
+eastern portions of the city of Washington.</p>
+
+<p>In the same way the Commission advises the appropriate authorities on matters
+of zoning and control of use of private property. Zoning has now been adopted
+not only in the District but also in the Maryland suburban area and in Arlington
+County and Fairfax County, Va. Also Alexandria has prepared a zoning plan.
+It is hoped that in the not distant future other portions of the Maryland and
+Virginia areas may be added to this list. In matters relating to zoning in the District,
+the Commission has contributed statistical data and expert opinion, and was
+particularly active in the segregation of single-family houses from 2-family and
+community groups.</p>
+
+<p>In brief, it is the function of the Commission to revive, review, and revise the
+efforts of past generations toward a “great and effective city for the seat of our
+Government” and to keep that ideal constantly before the public, to the end that
+each separate undertaking by the countless public and private agencies concerned
+may be coordinated and related to produce a result in which future generations
+may take pride.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page110">[110]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w50emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo123.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr09">Transcriptions</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">FORT DRIVE CONNECTING THE CIVIL WAR FORTS ENCIRCLING WASHINGTON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page111">[111]</span></p>
+
+<h3>EAST CAPITOL STREET—EXTENDING THE MALL AXIS
+EASTWARD</h3>
+
+<p>Some one has said “the beauty of Washington is its trees.” No one who has
+seen the thousands of trees in Washington and in the country adjacent to the city
+can deny this. There is no national capital in the world that has more beautiful
+trees than Washington. Those seen on East Capitol Street are typical of the large
+massive trees throughout the city. Thousands of them were planted during the
+Presidency of General Grant, and it has been the policy of the District of Columbia
+government to plant trees along streets opened for residential sections.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo124.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">EAST CAPITOL STREET</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The climate of Washington, which is semitropical, permits the growth of trees
+found both in the North and the South. Thus there are oak, walnut, maple, and
+cedar trees amidst magnolias, Japanese cherry trees, and the mountain laurel, to
+mention only a few. Congress has authorized the establishment of a national
+arboretum in the National Capital, which will comprise at least 500 acres and
+will be a most interesting place for the planting of many varieties of trees and the
+study of them. A plan to widen East Capitol Street and build a stadium on the
+axis of the street in Anacostia Park is being made by the National Capital Park
+and Planning Commission.</p>
+
+<h3>THE FORT DRIVE</h3>
+
+<p>The citizens’ movement to connect by a boulevard a considerable part of the
+Civil War defenses of Washington was incorporated in the plan of 1901. These
+old defenses, occupying strategic positions, are capable of being converted into
+small parks of high excellence and availability, and a connecting boulevard will
+have an added historic interest. Of these so-called forts a number are already
+in possession of the Government. Among those that have been purchased is
+Fort Stevens, near the Army Medical Center, where during General Early’s raid,
+on July 12, 1864, President Lincoln was under fire until ordered to the rear by
+the officer in command. The Fort Drive is being developed by the National
+Capital Park and Planning Commission. There will be a continuous parkway of
+suitable width connecting the sites of the following old forts: Fort Greble, Fort
+Carroll, Battery Ricketts, Fort Stanton, Fort Wagner, Fort Baker, Fort Davis
+(United States owned), Fort Dupont (United States owned), Fort Shaplin, A
+Battery, Fort Mahan, Fort Bunker Hill, Fort Totten, Fort Slocum, Fort Stevens
+(United States owned), Fort De Russye, Fort Bayard, Battery Kemble, Battery
+Vermont (United States owned), and Battery Parrott. There is another Civil
+War fortification in the Arlington National Cemetery, called Fort McPherson,
+which is being preserved for its historic character. From it a commanding view
+of the cemetery and of the river is obtained.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page112">[112]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo125.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">PLAN FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE WATER FRONT</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page113">[113]</span></p>
+
+<h3>WASHINGTON CHANNEL AND THE WATER FRONT</h3>
+
+<p>The water front of Washington is to be similar to the magnificent water fronts
+of large cities of Europe. The plan provides for a quay, with space for commercial
+piers, warehouses, steamboat offices, commercial houses, boathouses, and recreational
+piers. There will be a beautiful boulevard drive along “Water Street”
+which will connect with Anacostia Park, also adequate street-railway accommodations.
+Washington has 18 miles of water front, and this will be a most interesting
+part of it.</p>
+
+<p>It is proposed to replace all existing structures on the water front at “Water
+Street,” with the exception of the Municipal Fish Wharf, with modern buildings.
+Head houses and transit sheds are to be of brick and tile, with slate roofs and of
+a modified colonial architecture. A total of six wharves is projected for immediate
+construction and a portion of the frontage available is to be reserved for future
+additions. Yacht basins and small-boat anchorage are included in the plan. The
+plan has been prepared by the United States Engineer Office, with the idea that
+Washington is not primarily an industrial city, nor will it ever be, so that railroad
+connections with the piers and slips were omitted. Such industrial developments
+as might require ship-to-rail transfers can be accommodated in other locations.
+Buzzards Point is to be developed for maritime commercial uses.</p>
+
+<p>Under the improvement program “Water Street” is to be made a 160-foot
+boulevard, with separate lanes for traffic, street cars, and trucks, and marginal and
+central landscaping. The old 4-line street-car lanes on a portion of the street
+have been removed. To permit of direct connection with East Potomac Park and
+the Highway Bridge, a bridge is to be built just below the railroad crossing at the
+head of the Washington Channel. Water Street is now Maine Avenue.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page114">[114]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo127.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr10">Transcriptions</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">GEORGE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL PARKWAY</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page115">[115]</span></p>
+
+<p>The cost of the entire project is estimated at $3,691,600. The report was
+submitted by the Secretary of War to the Speaker of the House of Representatives
+on November 26, 1929, and then was referred to the Committee on Rivers
+and Harbors. The project is now under development.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo128.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">FISH MARKET ALONG THE WATER FRONT</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<h3>GEORGE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL PARKWAY</h3>
+
+<p>The George Washington Memorial Parkway, designed by the National Capital
+Park and Planning Commission, was authorized by the Capper-Cramton Act,
+approved May 29, 1930, and carrying with it an authorization of $33,500,000 for
+the development of a comprehensive park, parkway, and playground area in the
+District of Columbia and the surrounding regions of Maryland and Virginia. This
+parkway is designed “to include the public control of both banks of the river
+between Mount Vernon and Great Falls on the Virginia side and between Fort
+Washington and Great Falls on the Maryland side, with the exception of areas at
+Alexandria and in Washington which are reserved for commercial development.”</p>
+
+<p>This is a project in which both residents of the District of Columbia and of the
+States of Maryland and Virginia may take equal pride—namely, to preserve
+Great Falls and the banks of the Potomac, so that the Potomac River, as it flows
+through the National Capital, may flow through a continuous park from Great
+Falls to Mount Vernon. Washington is to be envied in having so near to it such
+beautiful scenery as the Palisades of the Potomac and Great Falls, which are said
+to be “the finest specimens of nature in this part of the country.” Already, along
+the Palisades of the Potomac, quarries have been established and beautiful
+timber is being converted into lumber and firewood. These invasions will in
+time destroy natural beauties that can not be restored.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page116">[116]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo129.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">GREAT FALLS OF THE POTOMAC</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page117">[117]</span></p>
+
+<h3>THE MOUNT VERNON HIGHWAY ROUTE</h3>
+
+<h4>THE MOUNT VERNON HIGHWAY TRAVERSES HISTORIC TERRITORY</h4>
+
+<p>The route traverses a territory full of historic associations and reminiscent
+of the days of Washington. About halfway between Washington and Alexandria
+it passes close to the site of Abingdon, the home of John Parke Custis,
+Mrs. Washington’s son. Here Nellie Custis, Washington’s adopted daughter,
+was born. A beautiful view of the river and a panorama of Washington and the
+north shore is seen from this point. Also here the Potomac is being dredged,
+making new land for Washington National Airport, to be the finest in the
+United States. Work will be completed in 1941.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo130.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY, NORTH OF LITTLE HUNTING CREEK</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>Passing on to Alexandria the route enters the city by Washington Street and
+passes directly by Christ Church, where the Washington pew may still be seen.</p>
+
+<p>Alexandria was Washington’s own town. It was his market place, his post
+office, and his voting place. It was the meeting place of the lodge of Masons to
+which he belonged, and the lodge hall is now the repository of a great many articles
+and paintings associated with him. The trowel, square, and plumb bob used in<span class="pagenum" id="Page118">[118]</span>
+laying the corner stone of the Capitol may be seen here, as also the Bible used
+in the Masonic lodge of which Washington was a member. Among many other
+things of historical interest is a portrait of George Washington painted by W.
+Williams for the lodge.</p>
+
+<p>There is scarcely a foot of ground in Alexandria that Washington did not
+tread. The old quarters of the volunteer fire company to which he belonged
+still stand. In Gadsby’s Inn, now the City Hotel, he recruited the first company
+of provincial troops authorized by Governor Dinwiddie, and with which
+he fought the Battle of Great Meadows.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo131.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>In the ballroom of Gadsby’s Inn in 1798 was held the first celebration of Washington’s
+birthday. From the steps of the same building he gave his last military
+command to the Alexandria Light Infantry Blues; and here, also, in November,
+1799, less than 30 days before his death, he cast his last vote.</p>
+
+<p>At the Carlyle House, still standing, he received his appointment as an officer
+in the British Army on General Braddock’s staff; and in this house also, at the
+Convention of the Five Governors assembled to confer with General Braddock,
+the first suggestion of colonial taxation was made—a step which ultimately led
+to the revolt of the Colonies.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page119">[119]</span></p>
+
+<p>A short side trip from Washington Street down King Street takes the traveler
+to the George Washington National Masonic Memorial, which has been erected
+at the western outskirts of the town on Shooters Hill. It is 333 feet high, and
+was designed by Harvey W. Corbett, architect.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to Washington Street and proceeding southward the traveler passes
+the Confederate Monument, and soon reaches the southern limits of the town
+and passing within a stone’s throw of the first corner stone of the District of
+Columbia, still standing on Jones Point.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving Alexandria the route crosses Hunting Creek to Fort Hunt, thence to
+the entrance gates of Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<h4>FEATURES OF THE HIGHWAY DESCRIBED</h4>
+
+<p>The making of surveys, preparation of plans, and supervision of construction
+have all been done by the Bureau of Public Roads of the United States Department
+of Agriculture, and Gilmore D. Clarke, Consulting Landscape Architect.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo132.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY—BRIDGE OVER BOUNDARY CHANNEL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The location selected for the highway required the construction of fills across
+approximately 2³⁄₄ miles of open water, which was accomplished by pumping
+gravel and sand from the Potomac River.</p>
+
+<p>The highway throughout its entire length, with the exception of the section
+through Alexandria, has been designed to provide for a free flow of traffic over a
+surface with a minimum width of 40 feet, and where there is any volume of cross
+traffic it passes either under or over the highway.</p>
+
+<p>Except through the city of Alexandria, the highway follows closely the shore
+of the Potomac River for the greater portion of the distance. This situation
+affords beautiful vistas of Washington and the Potomac River, which, in combination
+with the landscaping and development of the project itself, make this
+highway a fitting tribute to the memory of George Washington.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page120">[120]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo133.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VA.</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page121">[121]</span></p>
+
+<p>Below Alexandria the highway has been widened at points of outstanding
+beauty, so that motorists can stop for a few minutes to enjoy the view.</p>
+
+<p>The bridges in general are of reinforced-concrete arches, faced with native
+stone laid in random bond. Special attention has been given to harmonizing their
+lines with the general plan of development.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo134a.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY—UNDERPASS AT HIGHWAY BRIDGE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The intersection of the memorial highway with U. S. Highway No. 1 near the
+beginning of the project has been so designed that a large volume of traffic can flow
+from one highway to the other without crossing the center line of either route.</p>
+
+<p>A large parking area at Mount Vernon that will accommodate the thousands
+of visitors to this national shrine has been provided, and a concession building of
+colonial design has been erected to provide for their comfort.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo134b.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY—BRIDGE OVER HUNTING CREEK</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<h3>MOUNT VERNON</h3>
+
+<p>Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington the greater part of his life, is
+situated along the historic Potomac, 14.7 miles south of the city of Washington,
+which he was instrumental in founding, though referring to it as the Federal City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page122">[122]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w45emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo135.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">GEORGE WASHINGTON<br>
+<span class="subcaption">FROM THE HOUDON BUST, MODELED FROM LIFE AT MOUNT VERNON IN 1785</span></p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page123">[123]</span></p>
+
+<p>The history of Mount Vernon goes back to the time of Capt. John Smith,
+who explored the regions of the Potomac River in 1608. Some 40 years later
+Scotch and Irish emigrants settled along the banks of the Potomac, both on the
+Virginia and Maryland sides. In 1674 a tract of 5,000 acres, 15 miles south of
+Washington on the Virginia side of the river, was granted by Lord Culpeper to
+John Washington and Nicholas Spencer. Half of this tract was inherited by
+the half-brother of George Washington, Lawrence Washington. Mount Vernon
+was built in 1743 by Lawrence Washington, who named it after Admiral Vernon,
+under whom he served. It occupies a most picturesque spot on high ground
+overlooking the river, which it faces.</p>
+
+<p>The mansion is well built. Its foundations are of stone and brick. The framework
+is of oak and the sheathing of pine wood. Also much copper was used in its
+construction. On the main floor is a central hall, a music room, a family dining
+room, a sitting room, and parlor; also a library and a banquet room, which were
+added by George Washington. On the second floor is the room in which Washington
+died; also, among several others, the Lafayette room. There are six bedrooms
+on the third floor. The house is 96 feet long and 30 feet wide, with a
+portico 25 feet high; the height of the building to the cupola is about 50 feet.
+Beautiful gardens are near by.</p>
+
+<p>In 1752 Lawrence Washington died. Augustine Washington had provided
+that in the case of Lawrence’s death without heirs Mount Vernon should pass to
+George, and this provision Lawrence incorporated in his own will. To his widow
+he left a life interest in the property, with a reversion to his infant daughter, Sarah,
+who, as it happened, survived her father only a few weeks. Thus there was only
+the widow’s life interest to be considered. Anne Fairfax Washington lived until
+1761, and at her death George Washington became the proprietor of Mount Vernon.
+The mansion was then enlarged for its new mistress, Martha Dandridge
+Custis, whom he had married in 1759.</p>
+
+<p>During Washington’s years of public life he longed for the day when he could
+be at home at Mount Vernon with his beloved Martha and the family. It was
+undoubtedly one of the very best-managed estates in the Colonies, and Washington
+himself was regarded one of the richest men. The main entrance to Mount
+Vernon was from the west, which gateway was flanked by two porters’ lodges.
+The large portico on the east side of the mansion was used for outdoor gatherings
+and entertainment of visitors. Among the many guests entertained at Mount
+Vernon was the distinguished young French patriot, General Lafayette. On the
+main floor in a glass case hangs a key to the Bastille, sent by Lafayette to Washington
+in 1790, with the message: “That the principles of America opened the
+Bastille is not to be doubted, therefore the key comes to the right place.”</p>
+
+<p>Washington was called from Mount Vernon to serve his country on three
+most noteworthy occasions, and each time after an interval of several years: In
+1775, when he was made Commander in Chief of the Continental Army; in 1787,
+when he became president of the convention in Philadelphia that framed the
+Federal Constitution; and in 1789, when he became first President of the United
+States of America.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page124">[124]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo137.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Army Air Corps.</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page125">[125]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo138.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page126">[126]</span></p>
+
+<p>Washington died at Mount Vernon on December 14, 1799. Martha Washington
+lived there during the remainder of her lifetime. On her death in 1802
+the property was inherited by her nephew, Bushrod Washington, an Associate
+Justice of the Supreme Court. Thereafter the estate suffered for need of repairs.
+In 1858 the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union was organized.
+The association purchased the property for $200,000 and to-day own and control
+Mount Vernon, including about 400 acres of the old estate.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo139.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">TOMB OF WASHINGTON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>Mount Vernon each day is the place of pilgrimage of hundreds of American
+and foreign visitors, who go there by motor or steamboat to visit the mansion
+and see the many historical articles of interest that once belonged to George
+Washington and his family and are now there on exhibition, but more particularly
+do they go to Mount Vernon to pay homage at the Washington tomb,
+which is near the mansion. Here also Lafayette came on his second visit to the
+United States during 1824-25, after an interval of almost 40 years.</p>
+
+<p>The number of visitors at Mount Vernon for the year ended December 31,
+1938, was 633,514.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page127">[127]</span></p>
+
+<h3>WAKEFIELD, THE BIRTHPLACE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON</h3>
+
+<p>After more than a century and a half of neglect, a group of patriotic persons
+have within recent years taken steps to restore Wakefield, the birthplace of
+George Washington, situated about 50 miles south of Mount Vernon, along the
+Potomac, amidst beautiful landscapes between Popes Creek and Bridges Creek.
+The Government erected a monument at the site in 1895 to mark the birthplace
+and provided a watchman to care for the grounds. Until within the past few
+years the little Government reservation of 11 acres, acquired in 1882, was inaccessible
+because the Government dock was washed away and the road leading
+into Wakefield from the main highway was almost impassable. The State of
+Virginia recently completed a sand and gravel road to the place. The new road,
+about 2 miles in length, intersects the George Washington Highway from Fredericksburg,
+between Oak Grove and Potomac Mills. The Wakefield National
+Memorial Association (Inc.) has been organized to purchase the lands at Wakefield
+and thus save them from threatened encroachments of hunting and fishing
+clubs, which are now securing valuable sites along the Potomac River. Thus
+the association is doing for Wakefield what the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
+of the Union accomplished for the preservation of Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo140.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WAKEFIELD, AT POPES CREEK, WESTMORELAND COUNTY, VA.</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>Congress early in 1930 appropriated $50,000 toward erecting a colonial house,
+typical of the Virginia houses at the time of George Washington. Bricks for the
+house were made from the clay at Wakefield. The construction work was carried
+out under the supervision of the National Park Service of the Department
+of the Interior, which has jurisdiction over the maintenance of Wakefield
+since the project of restoration was completed. John D. Rockefeller, jr., gave
+$115,000 for the purchase of 267 acres, and the association purchased approximately
+100 additional acres. The association raised about $200,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page128">[128]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo141.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MAP SHOWING WASHINGTON AND WAKEFIELD</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page129">[129]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo142.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WAKEFIELD—WASHINGTON FAMILY BURYING GROUND</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The money, aside from the amounts spent to buy land, was expended in erecting
+a house that is as nearly a replica of the original birth house as could be
+planned on the basis of available data, in restoring the gardens, and in protecting
+the ancient graveyard where lie the remains of 31 members of the Washington
+family, including his great-grandfather, grandfather, father, and brother, and to
+build a resthouse at the site. The original house was built between 1717 and
+1720, and was burned Christmas, 1780. From pieces of china found in the ruins
+the celebrated Lenox china, showing the Washington coat of arms, has been
+reproduced and made available to the public by the Wakefield National Memorial
+Association. In the work of restoration the association was led by its president,
+the late Mrs. Harry Lee Rust, of Washington, D. C., who was a native of Westmoreland
+County, Va., and spent her childhood days in the vicinity of the Washington
+estate. She was a most indefatigable worker toward the realization of this
+project.</p>
+
+<p>Wakefield was dedicated on February 11, 1932, the birthday of George
+Washington (old style), which month marked the beginning of the George Washington
+bicentennial celebration. Wakefield is known to-day as the George
+Washington Birthplace National Monument.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page130">[130]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo143a.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL AND APPROACHES</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo143b.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page131">[131]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XVIII</span><br>
+<span class="title">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL<br>
+THE ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE</span></h2>
+
+<h3>THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL</h3>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>At the west end of the Mall is the Lincoln Memorial. The site was fixed by
+the McMillan Park Commission in 1901, which extended the Mall area of the
+original L’Enfant plan west three-fourths of a mile to the Potomac River. The site
+and surrounding area is known as Potomac Park. The reclaimed land, about 640
+acres, comprises West Potomac Park and East Potomac Park (the island park).</p>
+
+<p>Congress provided for the construction of the memorial to Abraham Lincoln
+by an act approved February 9, 1911, following the centennial year of the birth of
+Lincoln. The corner stone was laid February 12, 1915. The memorial is built of
+Colorado marble and cost $2,940,000. It was dedicated May 30, 1922. Lincoln
+died in 1865, so that it was 57 years later that this memorial to him in the National
+Capital was built. Henry Bacon, who died February 16, 1924, was the architect.</p>
+
+<p>Very nearly 300,000 persons visited the Lincoln Memorial in the year 1923,
+and more than 1,000,000 in 1930. At present the daily average of visitors is 3,000.
+It is a shrine in which those who love God and country can find inspiration
+and repose.</p>
+
+<p>The following is part of a technical description by the architect:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>From the beginning of my study I believed that this memorial to Abraham Lincoln should be
+composed of four features—a statue of the man, a memorial of his Gettysburg speech, a memorial
+of his second inaugural address, and a symbol of the Union of the United States, which he stated
+it was his paramount object to save—and which he did save. Each feature should be related to
+the other by means of its design and position, and each should be so arranged that it becomes an
+integral part of the whole, in order to attain a unity and simplicity in the appearance of the
+monument.</p>
+
+<p>Surrounding the walls inclosing these memorials of the man is planned a colonnade forming a
+symbol of the Union, each column representing a State—36 in all—for each State existing at the
+time of Lincoln’s death, and on the walls appearing above the colonnade, and supported at intervals
+by eagles, are 48 memorial festoons, one for each State existing at the present time.</p>
+
+<p>The colonnade is 188 feet long and 118 feet wide, the columns being 44 feet high and 7 feet
+8 inches in diameter at their base. The outside of the Memorial Hall is 84 feet wide and 156 feet
+long; the total height of the structure above the finished grade at the base of the terrace is 99 feet.
+The steps are 132 feet wide, leading to the entrance, which is flanked by tripods, each 11 feet high.</p>
+
+<p>The central hall, where the statue stands, is 60 feet wide, 70 feet long, and 60 feet high. The
+interior columns are of the Ionic order and are 50 feet high.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page132">[132]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo145.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN AS SEEN THROUGH THE COLUMNS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page133">[133]</span></p>
+
+<h3>THE STATUE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p>The statue of Abraham Lincoln, in the center of the Lincoln Memorial, is by
+Daniel Chester French.</p>
+
+<p>It represents Abraham Lincoln as the great war President, with mental and
+physical strength and confidence in his ability to bring the Nation safely through
+the great conflict.</p>
+
+<p>President Lincoln is seated in a great armchair 12¹⁄₂ feet high, over the back of
+which a flag has been draped. The figure of Lincoln is 19 feet high from the top of
+his head to the sole of his boot. The head measures 3 feet in height. The boot is
+3¹⁄₂ feet long, and from the boot to the kneecap the distance is 8 feet. The pedestal,
+which is 18 feet 2 inches wide and 19 feet deep, rests on a marble platform 34¹⁄₂
+feet wide and 28 feet deep. The statue weighs 150 tons; with its pedestal and base
+it rises to a height of 30 feet; and without the pedestal it is 21 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p>The statue is of Georgia marble, was cut by Piccirilli Bros., marble-cutters, of
+New York City, and four years were required for its completion. The pedestal
+and base are of Tennessee marble.</p>
+
+<p>Over the head of Lincoln is the inscription—</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">
+IN THIS TEMPLE<br>
+AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE<br>
+FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION<br>
+THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN<br>
+IS ENSHRINED FOREVER</p>
+
+<p>The interior is lighted through translucent panels of marble and by the great
+front opening. Recently a special system of lighting was installed.</p>
+
+<h4>DECORATIONS</h4>
+
+<p>The two decorations by Jules Guerin representing Emancipation and Reunion
+are painted on canvas. Each canvas weighs 600 pounds and is 60 feet long and
+18 feet wide. The figures, of which there are 46 in the two panels, are 8¹⁄₂ feet
+high and were painted by the artist without assistance. Almost as many models
+as figures were used. The head of Mr. Bacon, the architect, appears in the decoration
+on the north wall, being the fourth figure in the group at the left of the angel.</p>
+
+<p>The decorations are absolutely weatherproof, the paint being mixed with
+white wax and kerosene. The wax hardens but does not allow the paint to
+crack. Chemically it is similar to the wax, still pliable, which was found in the
+tombs of the Kings of Egypt. The decorations are affixed to the wall with a
+mixture of white lead and Venetian varnish.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page134">[134]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo147.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL REFLECTING BASIN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page135">[135]</span></p>
+
+<h3>THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL AND SURROUNDING AREA</h3>
+
+<p>The Lincoln Memorial, while it terminates the Mall composition, has a
+position similar to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, in that from it radiate drives
+and parkways in all directions—the Rock Creek Parkway to the north; westward
+across the Memorial Bridge to the Arlington National Cemetery, connecting also
+with the Mount Vernon Highway, the Lee Highway, and the George Washington
+Memorial Parkway; southward to East Potomac Park; and eastward along
+the Mall to the Capitol. The whole area is a remarkable achievement in city
+planning and shows what can be done with reclaimed land, for 20 to 25 years ago
+all the land surrounding the Lincoln Memorial was swampy.</p>
+
+<p>The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Basin is 2,000 feet long and 160 feet wide.
+It has an average depth of about 3¹⁄₂ feet and reflects the entire Washington
+Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. It is lined with trees and walks that will
+ultimately extend to the Capitol. The beauty of the future Mall treatment
+between the Capitol and the Washington Monument is indicated by the development
+between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.</p>
+
+<p>The water gate is a part of the great Lincoln Memorial composition. It
+consists of granite steps 206 feet wide at the top and 230 feet wide at the bottom.</p>
+
+<p>Constitution Avenue will be the great “Memorial Boulevard” from the
+Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial, and thence to Arlington National Cemetery.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately to the south of the reflecting basin on the north and south axis is
+the marble band stand erected as the District of Columbia World War Memorial.</p>
+
+<h3>THE ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE</h3>
+
+<p>The Arlington Memorial Bridge was built under the supervision of the
+Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission, of which the President is chairman.
+The Commission of Fine Arts was consulted and advised as to the plans.</p>
+
+<p>The project of building the Arlington Memorial Bridge has been before Congress
+since 1884. Previous to that time Daniel Webster, in an address on July 4,
+1851, at the laying of the corner stone for enlarging the United States Capitol,
+referred to it as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>Before us is the broad and beautiful river, separating two of the original thirteen States, which
+a late President, a man of determined purpose and inflexible will, but patriotic heart, desired to
+span with arches of ever-enduring granite, symbolical of the firmly established union of the North
+and the South. That President was General Jackson.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page136">[136]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo149.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE, ARCHITECTS’ DESIGN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page137">[137]</span></p>
+
+<p>The need of a bridge direct to Arlington National Cemetery was most
+urgently felt on Armistice Day, November 11, 1921, when the remains of the
+Unknown Soldier were entombed. Led by President Harding and officials of this
+Government and of many foreign countries, thousands of people who made the
+trip to Arlington did so under most difficult circumstances, because of the crowded
+traffic conditions. The Commission of Fine Arts was in session at the time, and
+at once recommended to Congress the
+preparation of plans for an Arlington
+Memorial Bridge, with an initial appropriation
+of $25,000. Congress
+responded quickly and made the appropriation
+available for expenditure
+by the Arlington Memorial Bridge
+Commission, by act approved June
+12, 1922. On April 22, 1924, the commission
+submitted to Congress a comprehensive
+report on the subject and
+a set of approved plans that contemplated
+an expenditure of $14,750,000
+for the project. Congress adopted
+the report and plans and has made the
+necessary funds available for the construction
+work as fast as the project
+developed. The architects of the bridge are McKim, Mead &amp; White, of New York
+City, who are noted for the many great and beautiful classical structures they
+have built throughout the United States,
+as the Boston Public Library, the library
+at Columbia University, the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Station in New York City,
+and the McKinley Memorial at Niles,
+Ohio. This firm also had charge of the
+building of additions to the White House
+during the administration of President
+Roosevelt.</p>
+
+<div class="split5050">
+
+<div class="left5050">
+
+<div class="container w30emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo150b.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">EAGLE SURMOUNTING PYLONS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+</div><!--leftsplit-->
+
+<div class="right5050">
+
+<div class="container w30emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo150a.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">BISON HEAD</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+</div><!--rightsplit-->
+
+</div><!--split-->
+
+<p class="allclear">The bridge extends from the Lincoln
+Memorial to Columbia Island, has a
+length of 2,138 feet, and is 90 feet wide,
+the width of Fifth Avenue in New York
+City. The bridge has been built as low
+as possible, consistent with good proportions,
+in order not to interfere with the
+view of the Lincoln Memorial from
+Columbia Island. There are 6 lanes on the bridge, each 10 feet wide, and 2 sidewalks,
+each 15 feet wide. The balustrade is 4 feet high. Suitable lighting is also provided.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page138">[138]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo151.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Horydczak</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page139">[139]</span></p>
+
+<p>The bridge has 9 segmental arches of 166-foot span at the ends of the bridge
+and spreading gradually to 184 feet at the center. The terminal arches rise to a
+point 28 feet above average water height, increasing gradually to 35 feet in the
+central arch. The piers are 32 feet wide and are firmly embedded in rock 35 feet
+below water. The superstructure is built of North Carolina granite.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo152.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">EAGLE AND FASCES</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>At the entrance to the bridge at the Lincoln Memorial there will be two large
+sculptural groups, each 16 feet high. The pylons at the Columbia Island end of the
+bridge, which are 35 feet high, are surmounted by eagles 8 feet high, each cut out of
+a solid block of granite, according to the design of C. Paul Jennewein, sculptor.</p>
+
+<p>At the sides of the bridge appear large sculptured disks, each 12 feet in diameter,
+and at the keystone of the arches there are buffalo heads 6 feet in height.
+These were also designed by Mr. Jennewein.</p>
+
+<p>The two sculptural groups at the entrance to the bridge will be symbolic of
+War. They were designed by Leo Friedlander, sculptor. At the entrance to the
+Rock Creek Parkway there will be two sculptural groups symbolic of Peace and
+the arts of Peace, designed by James E. Fraser, sculptor. There will be appropriate
+inscriptions carved on the bridge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page140">[140]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo153.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">COLUMBIA ISLAND PLAZA AND MEMORIAL AVENUE TO ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page141">[141]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo154.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE DEVELOPMENT, LOOKING TOWARDS THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page142">[142]</span></p>
+
+<p>At the center of the bridge is a drawspan, each leaf of which has a length
+of 92 feet, the height of an 8-story building. One minute is required for opening
+and closing the drawspan, which is operated by electricity. Each leaf weighs
+6,000 tons. It is in itself an interesting achievement in bridge engineering.</p>
+
+<p>From Columbia Island westward there is the boundary channel bridge. From
+there to the Arlington National Cemetery is a memorial parkway 240 feet
+wide, 2,200 feet in length, lighted, lined with planting, and providing space at
+intervals for memorials.</p>
+
+<p>At Arlington National Cemetery there is a large memorial entrance, from
+which walks and driveways lead to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the
+Memorial Amphitheater and to Arlington House.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo155.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREATER ARLINGTON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>Not only was the Arlington Memorial Bridge built in a period of 7 years,
+but one of the finest compositions in city planning has been carried out in connection
+with it. In addition to the treatment on Columbia Island Plaza and the
+approach to Arlington National Cemetery, there is also the great plaza at the
+approach to the bridge at the Lincoln Memorial, a sea wall for the Riverside
+Drive leading to it, and the water gate—steps of granite 215 feet wide—nearby.</p>
+
+<p>The bridge was dedicated and opened for travel in 1932.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page143">[143]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XIX</span><br>
+<span class="title">THE PARKS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>The park system of the National Capital is under the jurisdiction of the
+National Park Service, Department of the Interior.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1871 in many ways, particularly municipal affairs, the National Capital
+has been in the lead among American cities. Having begun with a logical and
+well-thought-out plan for the original city, the new Federal City was provided
+with an ample system of public reservations and parks.</p>
+
+<p>However, in the early days of the city there was so much unoccupied land
+that it was hard to believe there would ever be any necessity for parks and open
+spaces developed and maintained at public expense. For three-quarters of a
+century Washington was so spread out within the borders of the original plan
+that the street rights-of-way and public grounds reserved by the L’Enfant plan
+seemed to be entirely out of scale with the needs of the city and were looked
+upon by some as a burden rather than as a benefit. It was not until the increase
+in population, which has continued steadily since the Civil War, and the congestion
+of the streets in recent years with automobiles and a great volume of traffic,
+that the building lots have been occupied with structures and the full width of
+the streets needed for traffic, so that the public reservations have become the
+only refuge for the play of children and the recreation of older people.</p>
+
+<p>It is, therefore, easy to understand the lack of appreciation of the city park
+system during the first half of the nineteenth century. A few far-sighted individuals
+only realized the necessity for preserving these reservations until they
+would be needed as breathing spaces in a thickly settled city, and they had to
+wage a persistent and hard-fought campaign through the years against those who
+constantly wanted to sell off the public reservations for building development
+of some kind or other, or to have the Government itself use them for buildings.
+In the two or three cases in which the latter was done we now have reason to
+regret it; in a few cases in which the reservations were sold the Government is
+now having to buy them back at considerable cost. It was not a matter of
+little importance which led President Thomas Jefferson to exclaim: “How I
+wish that I possessed the power of a despot.” The company at the table
+stared at a declaration so opposed to his disposition and principles. “Yes,” continued
+he, in reply to their inquiring looks, “I wish I was a despot, that I might
+save the noble, the beautiful trees that are daily falling sacrifices to the cupidity
+of their owners, or the necessity of the poor.” “And have you not authority
+to save those on the public grounds?” asked one of the company. “No,”
+answered Mr. Jefferson, “only an armed guard could save them. The unnecessary
+felling of a tree, perhaps the growth of centuries, seems to me a crime little
+short of murder; it pains me to an unspeakable degree.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page144">[144]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo157.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">NEW HAMPSHIRE AVENUE, NORTHWEST</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page145">[145]</span></p>
+
+<p>The same desire to cut down trees in order to make room for more concrete
+and masonry persists to this day and can only be controlled by constant vigilance.
+The importance of open spaces and city parks, developed into beauty spots by
+the art of the landscape architect, should be evident to all.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, perhaps the most unusual and original feature of the
+L’Enfant plan was the idea of building the city about two coordinate axes of
+parks—one a park system nearly a third of a mile wide, leading from the Capitol
+westward to the Potomac River, and the other the same width, leading from
+the White House south to the river, with the Washington Monument at their
+intersection. This was an innovation and a departure from the usual development
+of a city about a commercial street—a main street or a market street.
+Provision was made in the plan for such a great commercial street on the diagonal
+of the triangle, the avenue joining the Capitol with the White House, and
+named Pennsylvania Avenue, for the State in which the Federal Government
+had up to then spent the greater part of its life.</p>
+
+<p>Much of the Mall leading westward from the Capitol was unfortunately
+taken up by the estuary of Tiber Creek, which overflowed at high tide. It was
+the intention of Major L’Enfant and his urgent recommendation that this creek
+be confined to a canal which he proposed to construct along the northern part
+of the proposed park. This canal would not only afford water transportation for
+heavy and bulky materials to and from the business part of the city but at the
+same time would be a water feature of the proposed park. Unfortunately,
+while the canal was built, Tiber Creek was not entirely confined to it, and its
+estuary was allowed to continue to overflow the Mall area and thus delay its
+development.</p>
+
+<p>When the Washington Monument was located, instead of being placed at the
+exact intersection of the two park axes, it was placed on a natural hill near by
+which was safely above tide level. The idea of an avenue from the Capitol to
+the Washington Monument seems to have been abandoned for many years, and
+when the Smithsonian Institution was built in the Mall the plan made by A. J.
+Downing was adopted for the entire Mall, superseding that of L’Enfant. These
+were the days when the so-called naturalistic park development was in vogue,
+and everything had to be consciously picturesque. No road or path could be
+straight, and no regularity in planting or plan was tolerated. The L’Enfant plan
+was again disregarded in laying out the Department of Agriculture grounds in
+1867. With the avenue of the Mall out of the picture, there was no reason<span class="pagenum" id="Page146">[146]</span>
+apparent to those in authority for refusing permission to the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Co. to run its tracks across the Mall and build its passenger station in
+the Mall itself, at Sixth Street.</p>
+
+<p>It was this station, however, which brought about the restudy of the plan
+of Washington and the return to the Mall development in accordance with
+L’Enfant’s principles, for Col. Theodore A. Bingham, then in charge of Public
+Buildings and Grounds, on hearing that legislation was about to be passed
+authorizing the railroad to build a viaduct across the Mall to this station, and
+realizing that this expensive structure would probably make the carrying out of
+L’Enfant’s plan impossible, got the plan out of the files and started a campaign
+to prevent the legislation from passing and to rehabilitate the authority of the
+L’Enfant plan. He was fortunate in finding those among his superiors who appreciated
+the situation, and in securing the very wise and effective help of Senator
+McMillan and of the American Institute of Architects.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, the interest in the National Capital, excited in this way and more or
+less focused upon it by the centenary of its occupation as the seat of the Federal
+Government, resulted in the McMillan Park Commission of 1901 and its very
+valuable recommendations for the development and beautification of the National
+Capital. In recent years the development of the Mall in accordance with the plan
+of 1901 has been authorized by Congress and is being carried on step by step as
+it becomes possible in connection with the public-buildings program.</p>
+
+<p>The smaller reservations and parks suffered neglect equally, as was to be
+expected. In making his plan L’Enfant had located public reservations at various
+important street and avenue intersections. Where more than two streets crossed
+at one point, a circle or square to take up and distribute the traffic among the
+various streets was almost necessary, or at least would be necessary to-day, and
+it is fortunate that what L’Enfant did for appearance should now be proving to
+have real utilitarian value. His own ideas about the purpose and function of
+these squares are expressed in his report, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>The center of each Square will admit of Statues, Columns, Obelisks, or any other ornament
+such as the different States may choose to erect: to perpetuate not only the memory of such individuals
+whose counsels or Military achievements were conspicuous in giving liberty and independence
+to this Country; but also those whose usefulness hath rendered them worthy of general
+imitation, to invite the youth of succeeding generations to tread in the paths of those sages, or
+heroes whom their country has thought proper to celebrate.</p>
+
+<p>The situation of these Squares is such that they are the most advantageously and reciprocally
+seen from each other and as equally distributed over the whole City district, and connected by
+spacious avenues round the grand Federal Improvements and as contiguous to them, and at the
+same time as equally distant from each other, as circumstances would admit. The Settlements
+round those Squares must soon become connected.</p>
+
+<p>This mode of taking possession of and improving the whole district at first must leave to
+posterity a grand idea of the patriotic interest which prompted it.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page147">[147]</span></p>
+
+<p>While Lafayette Park, in front of and north of the White House, was graded as
+early as 1826, it was not planted and really developed as a park for some time after
+that. In 1853 the Clark Mills statue of Jackson was placed in it as its central feature.</p>
+
+<p>Similarly, the equestrian statue of Washington brought about the improvement
+of Washington Circle at the westerly end of Pennsylvania Avenue. Garfield
+Park, now one of the most beautiful parks in the city, was graded and to some
+extent improved in 1838, in connection with its use as a nursery for trees to
+ornament the public grounds and Pennsylvania Avenue.</p>
+
+<p>A botanic garden, which had been talked about from the very first, and was
+finally brought to a head by the necessity for providing for the botanic collection
+of the Smithsonian Institution, was gradually established at the east end of the
+Mall between First and Third Streets. It did not become a really important feature
+of public benefit to the city until 1852, when it was placed in the hands of
+William R. Smith, who had had experience in Kew Gardens in England and made
+sufficient progress for the Botanic Garden to be described in 1859 “as a pleasant
+place to visit, with gravel walks, bordered with box, rare plants, and trees.”</p>
+
+<p>How little these parks were needed then to give the requisite touch of nature
+in urban surroundings and to what extent the National Capital still retained its
+character of a few scattered settlements in the midst of farm land is shown by the
+fact that the one or two which had been improved had to be fenced in to protect
+their young trees and shrubs against the cattle, goats, and sheep that roamed the
+streets. As late as 1870 the danger to pedestrians from the domestic animals
+allowed at large was the subject of protest in formal speeches in Congress. During
+the Civil War many of the public reservations were used for camps, hospitals,
+and drill grounds, which use naturally did not help their appearance.</p>
+
+<p>While the parks and reservations not used by the Federal Government remained
+relatively unimproved and in the condition of unsightly village commons, the
+grounds around the public buildings of the Federal Government were given a little
+more attention and were gradually improved. The north grounds of the White
+House were fixed up in Jefferson’s administration and rearranged from time to
+time subsequently, but so little importance was attached to appearances that the
+south grounds of the White House remained unimproved through the first half of
+the century. It was not until after the Civil War that real importance was
+attached to the beautification of the grounds and the systematic planting of trees
+in the streets. The public buildings and grounds were turned over to the Chief
+of Engineers in 1867, and since that time have received a great deal more attention
+than ever before. In 1898 the municipal parks were transferred from the city
+government to the Chief of Engineers and have been systematically improved since.</p>
+
+<p>With the street trees and the improved city parks scattered about the central
+part of the city, Washington has acquired a characteristic appearance of its own<span class="pagenum" id="Page148">[148]</span>
+and offers the charm and amenities which other American cities were not wise
+enough to provide for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>As the city grew outside of the original plan, a few projects for large and extensive
+parks were adopted. The beautiful Rock Creek Valley was purchased for a
+park and for the Zoological Garden under the act approved September 27, 1890;
+and provision was made by the act approved August 2, 1882, for the filling in of
+the Potomac tidal flats. This latter project has developed nearly 1,000 acres of
+reclaimed park land extensively used for recreation of all kinds. It also extended
+the axis of the Mall about three-fourths of a mile beyond what was originally
+planned, thus affording a suitable terminal in the site for the Lincoln Memorial.</p>
+
+<p>In 1893 the evils of new, rapidly growing subdivisions outside the limits of the
+L’Enfant plan—laid out without any regard to the latter—were sufficiently recognized
+to bring about the passage of legislation for making a highway or street plan
+of the entire District of Columbia. This law was further amended in 1898 and resulted
+in a street layout followed ever since, with modifications from time to time.
+But this, being a street plan, made no provision for the extension of the system of
+city parks into the new territory, nor for merging the newly authorized major
+park projects with the street system. Hence one of the major duties with which
+the McMillan Commission was charged in 1901 was the design of appropriate
+parks outside of the L’Enfant plan.</p>
+
+<p>The high talents and national reputation of the members of this commission
+insured that their recommendations for the beautification and development of the
+Capital would really be a new, grand, basic plan. After mature study, in the light
+of the finest examples the world had produced, this commission reinstated the
+authority of the L’Enfant plan and carried it to its logical conclusions in new territory.
+This action reflected credit not only on the genius of L’Enfant but also on
+the commission itself, which had the wisdom to recognize the supreme merit of
+the original plan and the good sense, and modesty, to build upon it.</p>
+
+<p>However, the 1901 commission’s plan never received general legislative sanction,
+and approval of some of its individual major projects was obtained only
+after great effort and much urging by the executive authorities and some far-sighted
+Members of the Congress. First, the railroads arranged for a Union
+Station (1903), and the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. removed its tracks and station
+from the Mall, so that to-day the traveler by rail enters the city through a great
+monumental portal and finds himself in sight of the Capitol. In 1913 the Rock
+Creek and Potomac Parkway was authorized, to connect the Rock Creek Valley
+with the Potomac Park system. In 1911 the Lincoln Memorial and the development
+of the Mall between it and the Washington Monument were provided for. A
+law approved in 1901 provided for construction of the General Grant Memorial
+at the east end of the Mall at the base of Capitol Hill, while a memorial to
+Gen. George G. Meade, located in relation to the Grant Memorial, was subsequently
+(1926) accepted from the State of Pennsylvania. In 1924 the Arlington
+Memorial Bridge was approved.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page149">[149]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo162.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr11">Transcription</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">PARK AREAS ACQUIRED TO JULY 1, 1938</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page150">[150]</span></p>
+
+<p>In 1910 the National Commission of Fine Arts was set up to—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="noindent">advise upon the location of statues, fountains, and monuments in the public squares, streets, and
+parks in the District of Columbia, and upon the selection of models for statues, fountains, and
+monuments erected under the authority of the United States and upon the selection of the artists
+for the execution of the same.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>This commission, which has numbered in its membership the greatest architects
+and artists of the country, has helped greatly not only in raising the standard
+of the public works of art but also in securing the adoption of important parts of
+the 1901 plan.</p>
+
+<p>With the general paving of streets, the filling of vacant lots with houses, and
+the increasing automobile traffic, it became necessary to provide safe play
+places for children and necessary recreation facilities for adults. In response to
+this demand, a system of playgrounds was adopted and a playgrounds department
+set up in 1911.</p>
+
+<p>While all these projects were good and necessary, they failed to keep pace
+with the needs of the rapidly growing city. Intrusted to different executive
+authorities, these efforts could not be properly coordinated, and occasionally
+were designed without the fullest consideration of other projects affected by
+them. The proposed system of playgrounds was not extended as intended, and
+even if it had been would have proved inadequate. Lands recommended for
+park use in 1901 were built on with expensive improvements and put to private
+or commercial uses.</p>
+
+<p>The progress made in the quarter century 1901 to 1926 was so unsatisfactory
+that a Park and Planning Commission was established (1924, amended 1926)—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="noindent">to develop a comprehensive, consistent, and coordinated plan for the National Capital and its
+environs in the States of Maryland and Virginia, to preserve the flow of water in Rock Creek,
+to prevent pollution of Rock Creek and the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers, to preserve forests
+and natural scenery in and about Washington, and to provide for the comprehensive, systematic,
+and continuous development of park, parkway, and playground systems of the National Capital
+and its environs *&#160;*&#160;*.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>Besides its city-planning work, this commission recommended a complete system
+of city parks, playgrounds, and recreation centers, as well as a system of
+regional parks.</p>
+
+<p>The main new city park feature is a circumferential parkway joining the old
+Civil War forts built to defend the city against attack, but now too near urban
+development to be of any military efficacy. But the sites of the forts themselves,
+besides the interest of the remains of the military works,
+are excellently suited<span class="pagenum" id="Page151">[151]</span>
+for local parks, and because of their commanding positions afford many unique
+and magnificent views, while the drive joining them, besides giving opportunity
+for an unusually picturesque pleasure drive, will provide very much-needed
+cross connections of great traffic value between the radial streets entering the city.</p>
+
+<p>There is to be a series of neighborhood recreation centers from 10 to 20 acres
+in size for each residential community, with playgrounds for small children interspersed
+at intervals of about half a mile. The recreation system is to comprise
+fields for major sports and swimming pools and constitutes a reasonable effort to
+meet the policy that “every child shall have a place to play.”</p>
+
+<p>The regional park system contemplates the acquisition of the shores of the
+Potomac from Mount Vernon to and including Great Falls as a memorial park
+in memory of George Washington. This will include an area of unique historical
+and scenic value of such picturesque attractiveness as can not be found in such
+close proximity to any other great city, and a possible natural playground within
+reach of millions of the city dwellers of the Atlantic seaboard.</p>
+
+<p>The new memorial highway to Mount Vernon is an important element of
+this project, which was completed in 1932. In the north end of the project, near
+Great Falls, are the remains of the Old Potomack Canal, of which George Washington
+himself supervised the construction, while on the Maryland shore is the
+Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, formally initiated by President John Quincy Adams
+in 1828, and a most perfect example of the type of canal which brought about the
+development of our country in the first half of the nineteenth century. Its quiet
+waters and overgrown towpath and banks have unusual charm and afford a most
+charming and interesting contrast with the torrential river below in its rugged
+canyon.</p>
+
+<p>As a natural terminal on the Maryland bank of the river, nearly opposite
+Mount Vernon, is picturesque old Fort Washington designed by Major
+L’Enfant after the War of 1812, and one of the best-preserved forts of this type
+in the South Atlantic States. From its parapet one can enjoy one of the best views
+of the Capital City L’Enfant so gloriously and successfully planned.</p>
+
+<p>The regional park system also proposes the extension of Rock Creek Park
+into Maryland and various other similar connections with projects in the District
+of Columbia. Perhaps the most important is the opportunity for a parkway, like
+the Bronx Parkway, between Washington and Baltimore, following up the Anacostia
+Valley, Northwest Branch, and Indian Creek.</p>
+
+<p>The recommendations of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission
+as to parks were given legislative sanction by the act approved May 29, 1930,
+and are being carried out as fast as funds are made available. The opportunities
+here for a nearly ideal park and playground system are so unusual that the entire
+country must be interested in seeing their early completion. Other cities can
+have monumental buildings, but no other large city can still have at reasonable
+cost the park and recreational facilities essential to the amenities of life and the
+raising of a new generation under conditions assuring, for poor and rich alike, a
+sound mind in a sound body.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page152">[152]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo165.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">LAFAYETTE PARK, SHOWING STATUE OF GEN. ANDREW JACKSON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page153">[153]</span></p>
+
+<h3>LAFAYETTE PARK</h3>
+
+<p>The L’Enfant plan shows the ground now known as Lafayette Park, or
+Lafayette Square, comprising about 7 acres, to have been a part of the President’s
+Park, extending on the north side from H Street southward to the Monument
+Grounds, between Fifteenth and Seventeenth Streets. Similarly, the subsequent
+Ellicott plan and the Dermott plan make provision for such a spacious park to
+surround the President’s House. These plans show no street dividing Lafayette
+Park from the White House Grounds.</p>
+
+<p>When L’Enfant prepared his plan this was a neglected area, a common
+without trees. A race course was laid out, in 1797, on the west side of the
+grounds, extending westward to Twentieth Street. Huts for workmen who
+helped build the President’s House were erected on the grounds, and when these
+were removed a market was established there. This was later relocated farther
+to the center of the town, on Pennsylvania Avenue, between Seventh and Ninth
+Streets. Thomas Jefferson first undertook really to improve the grounds and
+marked the east and west limits as they are to-day, called Madison Place and
+Jackson Place, respectively.</p>
+
+<p>Until 1816 the only important building that had been erected adjacent to
+Lafayette Park was St. John’s Church. Then, in 1818, the Dolly Madison House
+was built, and in 1819 the Decatur House. From then on and for more than 50
+years following Lafayette Park became the center of social life in Washington.
+Nearly every house surrounding it became noted for its historical associations.
+However, the park seems to have been neglected the greater part of this period.
+In 1840 there was an ordinary fence around it.</p>
+
+<p>Just when this park area took the name of Lafayette Park is not definitely
+known. As has been said, originally this area was a part of the President’s Park,
+and D. B. Warden, in his volume entitled “Description of the District of Columbia,”
+published in 1816, refers to it as such by saying, in connection with rates of
+fare for hackney carriages—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>From the President’s Square to Greenleaf’s Point, and also to Hamburg Wharf, or to the
+western limits of the city, the rate is but 25 cents, and half the distance one-half that sum.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>In his voluminous history of Lafayette Square, Gist Blair states—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>Its name has come from the people and arose after this visit of Lafayette to the city in 1824.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page154">[154]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo167.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page155">[155]</span></p>
+
+<p>Again, speaking of the many social events held in Washington during this
+visit of Lafayette, Mr. Blair says:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>Socially, the season of 1824-25 was the most brilliant Washington had seen, so it is natural to
+understand how everyone at this time may have started to call this square Lafayette Square.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>In the office of the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, there is
+a map dated 1852, on which Lafayette Park is shown to be separated from the
+White House Grounds. The first printed report of the Commissioner of Public
+Buildings, on file in that office, is of the year 1857. In that report there is a
+reference to Lafayette Square with an account of certain work being done there
+in that year.</p>
+
+<p>During more than a quarter of a century past the grounds have been properly
+maintained as a park. To-day there are five notable monuments in Lafayette
+Park; namely, the Jackson, Lafayette, Rochambeau, Von Steuben, and the
+Kosciuszko.</p>
+
+<h3>POTOMAC PARKS</h3>
+
+<p>It is of interest to note from the L’Enfant plan of 1791 the absence of land in
+the area known to-day as West and East Potomac Parks. Seventy-five years ago
+the area had developed into a marshy region, which became so malarial as to
+affect seriously the health of residents of the city. In 1901 the McMillan Park
+Commission decided to extend the axis of the Mall westward three-fourths of
+a mile, and as a result one of the greatest and most remarkable developments in
+city planning has been accomplished, for at that time, in connection with the
+park improvement project, the location of the Lincoln Memorial and the Arlington
+Memorial Bridge was determined upon in plan, together with the Rock
+Creek and Potomac Parkway development. The dredging of these swampy
+regions by the United States Engineer Office resulted in the creation of West
+Potomac Park, comprising 394 acres.</p>
+
+<p>East Potomac Park is located along the Potomac River not far from the
+Lincoln Memorial and has developed during the past few years into the most
+prominent recreational park of the city. The golf course, field house, and picnic
+groves are features of the park. It is one of the three great island parks of the
+world and comprises 327 acres of land reclaimed from the Potomac River, with
+a water front of 3⁵⁄₈ miles. The park is bounded by a motor drive, which is
+lined with Japanese cherry trees. A canal to cross the park, connecting Washington
+Channel with the Potomac River, is in plan.</p>
+
+<h4>JAPANESE CHERRY TREES</h4>
+
+<p>The Japanese cherry trees along the Tidal Basin and the Potomac Park
+Driveway attract thousands of visitors to Washington during the cherry
+blossom season, which is early in April of each year. They are the gift of the city
+of Tokyo to the National Capital. Upon arrival the first consignment of 2,000
+trees was found to be infected by fungous diseases and insect pests, and thereupon
+they were destroyed. In the winter of 1911-12 the city of Tokyo renewed
+the gift, and in March, 1912, a consignment of 3,020 trees arrived in Washington.
+These were examined by experts of the Department of Agriculture and pronounced
+healthy specimens.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page156">[156]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo169a.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MERIDIAN HILL PARK—UPPER GARDEN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo169b.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MERIDIAN HILL PARK—LOWER GARDEN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page157">[157]</span></p>
+
+<p>Arrangements were made immediately for planting them. Mrs. William
+Howard Taft planted the first tree and Viscountess Chinda the second early in
+April. When the news was received in Japan that the trees had been successfully
+planted, the following message from Mayor Ozaki, of Tokyo, was received:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>It will remain to the citizens of Tokyo a pleasing memory as well as civic pride that their small
+offering will be permitted to contribute to the advancement of the beautiful Capital of the great
+Republic which they all admire.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The cherry trees of Washington are almost entirely of the flowering species,
+of the single and double blossom varieties; the former, planted at the edge of the
+Tidal Basin, appear first. There they are near, also, to the Washington Monument
+and the Lincoln Memorial, and with their tinted blossoms present a
+charming vista. The double-flowering variety in East Potomac Park appears
+about two weeks later.</p>
+
+<h3>MERIDIAN HILL PARK</h3>
+
+<p>Meridian Hill Park is located between Fifteenth and Sixteenth and W and
+Euclid Streets NW. It comprises about 12 acres. The design for improving the
+park has been completed and approved and a large-scale model of the southern
+portion prepared for special study in carrying out the details.</p>
+
+<p>In design Meridian Hill Park is similar to an Italian garden, containing an
+upper and a lower garden, and as a formal garden of its kind there is no other like
+it in the United States. The upper garden extends from Euclid Street about 900
+feet south on a practically level stretch of mall to the grand terrace, which forms
+the cross axis of the park. Concert groves and promenades, with niches for
+statues and monuments in the hemlock hedge, are features of the upper garden.
+This part of the park has been for the most part completed.</p>
+
+<p>From the terrace a commanding view of the city is obtained. Immediately to
+the south is a cascade, descending to a pool in the lower garden. East of the pool
+there is a statue of President Buchanan, erected by authority of Congress as the
+gift of Harriet Lane Johnston to the United States. In the lower garden there
+is also a great exedra, forming the main point from which to view the cascades.
+Along the sides of the lower garden are walks amidst planting, leading to the
+upper garden. The main entrance to Meridian Hill Park is on Sixteenth Street.
+A tablet here suggests the name given to the park. It bears this inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">THE STONE MARKING THE WASHINGTON MERIDIAN WAS FORMERLY LOCATED 52 FEET
+9 INCHES WEST OF THIS TABLET, WHICH WAS PRESENTED BY THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPTER
+OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1804-1923.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page158">[158]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo171.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr12">Transcriptions</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">MAP OF ROCK CREEK PARK</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page159">[159]</span></p>
+
+<p>On the grand terrace is a copy of the famous Dubois statue of Jeanne d’Arc,
+given by the Société des Femmes de France à New York to the National Capital.
+There is also a statue of Dante in the lower garden, the gift of Chevalier Carlo
+Barsotti, editor of a leading Italian newspaper of New York City. An armillary
+sphere is in the great exedra of the lower garden.</p>
+
+<p>While a million dollars could not buy the land occupied by Meridian Hill
+Park, it is of interest to know that for the 110 acres, which extended from what
+is now Florida Avenue to Columbia Road and east of Sixteenth Street, Commodore
+Porter paid $13,000 in 1816.</p>
+
+<h3>ROCK CREEK PARK</h3>
+
+<p>One of the largest and most beautiful natural parks in the world is Rock
+Creek Park, extending from the William Howard Taft Bridge northward to the
+boundary line of the District of Columbia, and comprising 1,632 acres. Congress
+authorized the creation of the park in 1890, with an appropriation of
+$10,000. Adjacent to the park is the National Zoological Park.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo172.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">JOAQUIN MILLER CABIN IN ROCK CREEK PARK</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page160">[160]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo173.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">PLAN OF ANACOSTIA PARK</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page161">[161]</span></p>
+
+<h3>ANACOSTIA PARK</h3>
+
+<p>The plan for the development of this project provides for the reclamation of
+what are known as the Anacostia Flats, along the Anacostia River, on the east
+side of the District of Columbia, into Anacostia Park, of 1,100 acres. The distance
+from the point near the War College to the District line is about 6 miles. The
+park will be one of the largest and most beautiful waterside parks in this country.
+The breaking of ground for the park took place August 2, 1923.</p>
+
+<p>As has been related, more than three centuries ago, or in the summer of 1608,
+Capt. John Smith, in an exploration of the tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay,
+landed on these very banks. He found a tribe of peaceful Indians, the Nacotchtant
+(Anacostans), numbering some 80 men, kind and well disposed, who did their
+best to content Captain Smith and his fellow explorers. These Indians no doubt
+made their home in this neighborhood on account of the abundance of game.</p>
+
+<p>One of the largest water-lily gardens, the Shaw Lily Gardens, is situated opposite
+Mount Hamilton, on the east side of the Anacostia River. It is thought
+these ultimately will become part of the Anacostia Park. The Anacostia is
+also a popular place for fishing, and it is expected fish ponds will be established
+there later.</p>
+
+<p>A large stadium and playground at the end of East Capitol Street, adjoining
+Anacostia Park, is proposed. The National Arboretum will be adjacent to it
+from Mount Hamilton eastward.</p>
+
+<h3>NATIONAL ARBORETUM</h3>
+
+<p>The movement to establish a National Arboretum was first definitely proposed
+by Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, in his report for the fiscal
+year 1899—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>One in which can be brought together for study all the trees that will grow in Washington,
+D. C., *&#160;*&#160;* furnishing complete material for the investigations of the Department of Agriculture,
+and so managed as to be a perennial means of botanical education.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>In 1918 the Commission of Fine Arts, at the request of the House Committee
+on the Library, made a study of the problem of the location of a proposed botanical
+garden and arboretum. After an elaborate study, conducted with the help of the
+Department of Agriculture, the commission recommended the purchase of Mount
+Hamilton and adjacent land, and Hickey Hill, together with the lands between
+those heights and the Anacostia marshes, in northeast Washington. The report
+of the commission encountered opposition, but its logic has prevailed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page162">[162]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo175.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">MAP OF NATIONAL ARBORETUM PREPARED BY THE NATIONAL COMMISSION OF FINE ARTS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page163">[163]</span></p>
+
+<p>The act providing for the establishment of the National Arboretum, approved
+March 4, 1927, is one of the few measures that survived the filibuster in the
+Senate on the closing day of that session, because of the untiring efforts of Senator
+Charles L. McNary, of Oregon, chairman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture
+and Forestry. Hon. Robert Luce, chairman of the Committee on the Library,
+handled the bill in the House of Representatives. The sum of $300,000 was
+authorized by the act for the National Arboretum, and this amount was subsequently
+appropriated. The act provided also for the appointment by the Secretary
+of Agriculture of an advisory council in relation to the plan and development of
+the National Arboretum. To serve on this council the Secretary of Agriculture
+appointed the following persons:</p>
+
+<p>Frederic A. Delano, Washington, D. C., member of the Board of Regents,
+Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p>Henry S. Graves, New Haven, Conn., dean of the School of Forestry, Yale
+University; fellow of the Society of American Foresters; and formerly president
+of the American Forestry Association.</p>
+
+<p>Harlan P. Kelsey, Salem, Mass., member and former president of the American
+Association of Nurserymen.</p>
+
+<p>John C. Merriam, Washington, D. C., president of the Carnegie Institution
+of Washington; member of the National Academy of Sciences and of the National
+Research Council.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Frank B. Noyes, Washington, D. C., chairman of the District of
+Columbia committee of the Garden Club of America.</p>
+
+<p>Frederick Law Olmsted, Brookline, Mass., member and former president of
+the American Society of Landscape Architects.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Glen Cove, Long Island, N. Y., secretary of the Garden
+Club of America.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Pyle, West Grove, Pa., president of the American Horticultural
+Society and a director of the Society of American Florists and Ornamental
+Horticulturists.</p>
+
+<p>Vernon Kellogg, permanent secretary of the National Research Council.</p>
+
+<p>It is proposed to purchase about 500 acres, 400 of which, including Mount
+Hamilton and adjacent portions of Anacostia Park, have already been secured.
+Thirty-two distinct varieties of soils suited to the growth of trees and plants
+have been found in this area.</p>
+
+<p>Due to mild climatic conditions in Washington, at the gateway of the South,
+where there is neither the extreme cold of the North nor the extreme heat of
+the South, many varieties of trees and plants of both North and South will
+grow, making it one of the most favorable localities in the United States for
+the establishment of a National Arboretum. Many countries which have
+established an arboretum in their capital cities have provided not only an
+attractive place of public interest but also the source of millions of dollars
+in revenue.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page164">[164]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo177.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL UPON ITS RESTORATION, 1827</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page165">[165]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XX</span><br>
+<span class="title">ARCHITECTURE OF EARLY DAYS</span></h2>
+
+<h3>THE CAPITOL</h3>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo178.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">DESIGN OF THE CAPITOL, BY THORNTON, 1800</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>When the seat of government was moved from Philadelphia to Washington
+in the year 1800 there had been erected for the purposes of the Government a
+small rectangular building, familiarly known to-day as the Supreme Court section
+of the Capitol, and in this building were housed the Senate, the House of Representatives,
+the Supreme Court, the courts of the District of Columbia, and the
+library, now known as the Library of Congress. South of this building was a
+large vacant space, practically the extension of East Capitol Street. Through
+this area people from the western and eastern parts of the city passed to and fro.
+Conveniently located in that section now occupied by the central portion were
+two wells, which for many years furnished water to citizens residing in that
+vicinity, for the Capitol Grounds were then occupied by residences. South of
+this vacant space were the foundations of another building, equal in area and
+intended to compare in cubic contents with the portion already erected and occupied.
+For some time after the inauguration of President Jefferson but little was
+done toward the erection of the southern building, now known as the Statuary
+Hall section, except that the foundation walls progressed slowly, and within the
+area of these walls there was built a 1-story elliptical-shaped building of brick
+construction, known to the people of that period as “The Oven,” designed for
+the accommodation of the House of Representatives and occupied until 1807,
+when the Hall of the House of Representatives was completed. In 1800 there
+were 32 Senators and 106 Members of the House.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page166">[166]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo179.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL, FROM PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, 1830</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page167">[167]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo180.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">CAPITOL, FROM THE WEST, SHOWING THE TRIPOLI COLUMN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>Thomas Jefferson sought the assistance of the best talent of the country to
+complete the Capitol, and on March 6, 1803, appointed Benjamin H. Latrobe,
+whose fame as an architect had caused his services to be in such great demand in
+several cities that he could not immediately take up his residence in Washington.
+But he arranged to assume the duties of Architect of the Capitol by personal
+visits to the city and made a thorough study of the plans for the Capitol. The
+plans for the Hall of the House of Representatives as developed by Mr. Latrobe
+required sculptural decoration, and this was made the subject of an interesting
+letter on March 6, 1805, addressed to Philip Mazzei, an Italian physician, asking
+for assistance in selecting a sculptor:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>By direction of the President of the United States I take the liberty to apply to you for your
+assistance in procuring for us the services of a good sculptor in the erection of the public buildings
+in this city, especially the Capitol.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page168">[168]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo181.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">SENATE CHAMBER, 1830</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page169">[169]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo182.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CHAMBER, 1830</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page170">[170]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo183.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">EARLY VIEW OF THE WHITE HOUSE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page171">[171]</span></p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>The Capitol was begun at a time when the country was entirely destitute of artists, and even
+of good workmen in the branches of architecture, upon which the superiority of public over private
+buildings depends. The north wing, therefore, which is carried up, although the exterior is
+remarkably well finished as to the masonry, is not a good building. For two or three years after
+the removal of Congress to this city the public works were entirely discontinued. In the year
+1803, however, they were resumed, and under the patronage of the President and the annual appropriations
+by Congress the south wing of the Capitol has been begun and carried on. It is now so
+far advanced as to make it necessary that we should have as early as possible the assistance of a
+good sculptor of architectural decorations *&#160;*&#160;*.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The principal sculpture required was 24 Corinthian capitals, 2 feet 4 inches
+in diameter at their feet and open enriched entablatures of 147 feet (both English
+measure) in length. Also five panels (tavole) enriched with foliage and an eagle
+of colossal size in the frieze, the distance between the tips of the extended wings
+to be 12 feet 6 inches. As to material, yellowish sandstone of fine grain was to
+be used.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo184.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="transcript"><a href="#Trscr13">Transcription</a></p>
+
+<p class="caption">PLAN, IN BLACK, SHOWING PART FIRST OCCUPIED BY CONGRESS, 1800</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The later history of the Capitol will be found on <a href="#Page219">page 219</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>THE WHITE HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>The most definite description of the White House as it existed during its
+earlier days is to be found in American Scenery, published in London in 1840
+and edited by Nathaniel Parker Willis, who writes as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>The residence of the Chief Magistrate of the United States resembles the country seat of an
+English nobleman in its architecture and size; but it is to be regretted that the parallel ceases when
+we come to the grounds. By itself it is a commodious and creditable building, serving its purpose
+without too much state for a republican country, yet likely, as long as the country exists without
+primogeniture and rank, to be sufficiently superior to all other dwelling houses to mark it as the
+residence of the Nation’s chief.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page172">[172]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo185.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">VIEW SHOWING TERRACE ON SOUTH SIDE OF THE WHITE HOUSE, 1827</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page173">[173]</span></p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>The President’s House stands near the center of an area of some 20 acres, occupying a very
+advantageous elevation, open to the view of the Potomac and about 44 feet above high water, and
+possessing from its balcony one of the loveliest prospects in our country—the junction of the two
+branches of the Potomac which border the District and the swelling and varied shores beyond of
+the States of Maryland and Virginia. The building is 170 feet front and 86 deep and is built of
+white freestone, with Ionic pilasters, comprehending two lofty stories, with a stone balustrade.
+The north front is ornamented with a portico sustained by four Ionic columns, with three columns
+of projection, the outer intercolumniation affording a shelter for carriages to drive under. The
+garden front on the river is varied by what is called a rusticated basement story, in the Ionic style,
+and by a semicircular projecting colonnade of six columns, with two spacious and airy flights of
+steps leading to a balustrade on the level of the principal story.</p>
+
+<p>The interior of the President’s House is well disposed and possesses one superb reception room
+and two oval drawing-rooms (one in each story) of very beautiful proportions. The other rooms are
+not remarkable, and there is an inequality in the furniture of the whole house (owing to the unwillingness
+and piecemeal manner with which Congress votes any moneys for its decoration) which
+destroys its effect as a comfortable dwelling. The oval rooms are carpeted with Gobelin tapestry,
+worked with the national emblems, and are altogether in a more consistent style than the other
+parts of the house. It is to be hoped that Congress will not always consider the furniture of the
+President’s House as the scapegoat of all sumptuary and aristocratic sins, and that we shall soon
+be able to introduce strangers not only to a comfortable and well-appointed, but to a properly
+served and nicely kept, Presidential Mansion.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The White House as it is at present is described on <a href="#Page261">page 261</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>OCTAGON HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>Octagon House is a beautiful example of early American architecture. It
+is situated at the corner of Eighteenth Street and New York Avenue NW., two
+blocks west of the White House, and was built in the year 1800 by Col. John
+Tayloe from designs by the Architect of the United States Capitol, Dr. William
+Thornton. It is said President Washington himself selected the site for his
+friend.</p>
+
+<p>The building is a fine, octagonal brick structure, Georgian in design, with a
+central circular hall and a noteworthy staircase. The materials used in its construction,
+including beautiful sculptured mantels, were brought from England.
+Gardens surrounded it, and the old brick stables and smokehouse still close the
+vista from the stair landing.</p>
+
+<p>The house was the center of official and social life as the home of the Tayloe
+family. It achieved particular distinction when used as the Executive Mansion
+by President Madison for more than a year after the burning of the White House
+by the British in 1814.</p>
+
+<p>The building was later used at various times as a Government office building.
+The Government Hydrographic Office, with its drafting rooms, was located
+there, and the building was also used for storage. During the 139 years it
+appears to have suffered little from damage and deterioration.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page174">[174]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo187.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">OCTAGON HOUSE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page175">[175]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Octagon House became the home of the American Institute of Architects
+on January 1, 1899, through the particular efforts of Charles F. McKim, Cass
+Gilbert, and Frank Miles Day, former presidents of the institute, and complete
+ownership of the property was acquired in the year 1902.</p>
+
+<p>One of its present treasures is the table on which the treaty of Ghent was
+signed by President Madison.</p>
+
+<h3>DOLLY MADISON HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>The Dolly Madison House, at the corner of H Street and Madison Place NW.,
+adjacent to Lafayette Square, was built by Dolly Madison’s brother-in-law in 1818.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo188.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">DOLLY MADISON HOUSE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>After the death of President Madison in 1833 Mrs. Madison returned to
+Washington and resided in the house until her death in 1849. In her day it was
+a little gray residence, but a place where she presided as a charming hostess for
+many years. The purchase by Congress of the Madison Papers for $30,000 made
+it possible for her to live there. Born in the year 1768, she became intimately
+acquainted with many who took part in the Revolutionary War, and through her
+long life linked her generation with that of the present day.</p>
+
+<p>Among the men and women of importance who were frequent visitors in her
+home, who exerted an influence to strengthen the seat of government and became<span class="pagenum" id="Page176">[176]</span>
+noted characters in American history, were Mr. and Mrs. John Quincy Adams,
+Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Mrs. Alexander Hamilton, Mrs. Stephen Decatur,
+Mrs. William Thornton, Mrs. Tobias Lear, and Gen. John Peter Van Ness.</p>
+
+<p>During the Civil War the house was occupied by Gen. George B. McClellan,
+at that time in command of the Army of the Potomac, and about the year 1885
+the house was purchased by the Cosmos Club, which now occupies it.</p>
+
+<h3>DECATUR HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>The Decatur House, located at the corner of H Street and Jackson Place NW.,
+was designed by Benjamin Latrobe and built about 1819 by Commodore Stephen
+Decatur, it is said, from Barbary pirates’ prize money.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo189.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">DECATUR HOUSE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>Scarcely had the house been completed and through the trophies of the naval
+hero made a place of great interest when, on March 22, 1820, Decatur was mortally
+wounded in a duel with Commodore James Barron which took place at
+Bladensburg, Md. Decatur died in his home that night and was buried at Kalorama,
+a prominent estate in those days in northwest Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Thereupon Henry Clay, who was then a Member of the House of Representatives
+and subsequently Secretary of State in the Cabinet of John Quincy Adams,
+occupied the Decatur House. After the Civil War the house was bought by
+Gen. Edward H. Beale, a friend of General Grant. It was inherited by Truxton
+Beale, who resided there many years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page177">[177]</span></p>
+
+<h3>OTHER HISTORICAL HOUSES</h3>
+
+<p>Other houses adjacent to Lafayette Square and the White House grounds
+which became historically important were:</p>
+
+<p>The Cameron House, adjacent to the Dolly Madison House, was built in 1828
+by Benjamin Ogle Tayloe. Later it was altered somewhat to suit the fine taste of
+Mrs. Cameron, wife of James Donald Cameron, who served as a Senator from the
+State of Pennsylvania from 1877 to 1897. The Cameron House to-day is occupied
+by the Cosmos Club, which, as has been stated, also occupies the Dolly Madison
+House. The beautiful gardens surrounding it are a source of much pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>The Van Ness Mansion formerly stood on the site now occupied by the
+Pan American Building, near Seventeenth Street and Constitution Avenue.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo190.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">VAN NESS MANSION</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The Rodgers House was occupied by Secretary of State Seward at the time
+he and his son were nearly fatally stabbed on the night President Lincoln was
+assassinated. In 1895 the house was torn down to make way for an opera house,
+called the Lafayette Square Opera House, and later the Belasco Theater.</p>
+
+<p>John Hay, Secretary of State under Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt, lived
+at Sixteenth and H Streets.</p>
+
+<p>The home of George Bancroft was at No. 1623 H Street. Here he completed
+his History of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page178">[178]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo191.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">LOCK OF THE OLD CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL, GEORGETOWN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page179">[179]</span></p>
+
+<p>The historian Henry Adams, grandson of President John Quincy Adams,
+lived at 1605 H Street.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Ashburton lived in the large square house next to the old Arlington
+Hotel, at H Street and Vermont Avenue. Charles Sumner also lived near by.</p>
+
+<p>The Corcoran House stood at the corner of H Street and Connecticut Avenue,
+where now stands the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. In that
+house Daniel Webster lived while Secretary of State under Presidents William
+Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor.</p>
+
+<p>The original Corcoran Gallery of Art Building stands at the corner of Pennsylvania
+Avenue and Seventeenth Street.</p>
+
+<p>No. 22 Jackson Place, now the home of the Women’s City Club, was the
+house of President Polk’s Secretary of War, William L. Marcy. The house was
+occupied by President and Mrs. Roosevelt for a few months while the White
+House was being restored in 1901.</p>
+
+<h3>GEORGETOWN</h3>
+
+<p>Georgetown was laid out pursuant to an act of the Province of Maryland
+dated June 8, 1751, passed in response to a petition of a number of inhabitants,
+who stated that “there was a convenient place for a town on the Potomac River
+above the mouth of Rock Creek,” and recommended that 60 acres be there laid
+out for a town. The town was never incorporated as a city, but was commonly
+called the city of Georgetown as a consequence of the casual reference to it by
+that title in numerous acts of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The general supposition is that Georgetown was so named in honor of
+George II, then the reigning sovereign of Great Britain, but it is also contended
+that it was named as a compliment to George Gordon and George Beall, the
+owners of the 60-acre tract, and from whom the site was obtained. The town
+was subsequently surveyed and divided into 80 lots. On December 25, 1789,
+the town was incorporated by an act of the General Assembly of Maryland,
+with a mayor, recorder, aldermen, and common council. The first mayor was
+appointed for a term of one year, to commence January 1, 1790.</p>
+
+<p>The streets in the part of Georgetown laid out under the act of June 8, 1751,
+were acquired by the public in practically the same manner in which the title
+to the original streets of the city of Washington was derived.</p>
+
+<p>Georgetown was enlarged by numerous additions, until, as calculated by the
+surveyor of the District of Columbia, it embraced about 543 acres. Its charter
+was revoked by the act of Congress of February 21, 1871, by which its name was
+retained as a topographical designation until its consolidation with Washington
+by the act of February 11, 1895, which stated it “shall be known as and shall
+constitute a part of the city of Washington.” By this act the Commissioners
+of the District of Columbia were authorized to change the names of the streets
+and avenues of Georgetown to conform to those of Washington as far as practicable.
+At the time of the consolidation the population of Georgetown was
+about 15,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page180">[180]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo193.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">OLD AQUEDUCT BRIDGE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page181">[181]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo194.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">FRANCIS SCOTT KEY BRIDGE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page182">[182]</span></p>
+
+<p>Soon after its establishment Georgetown became a prominent port, and one
+of the interesting places there to-day is the old customhouse. A number of mills,
+the ruins of which can still be seen, were there. It is said that flour shipped in
+colonial times from Georgetown to Europe was so good that consignees did not
+think it necessary to open the barrels for inspection. Tobacco and corn were
+the two other chief exports. Georgetown University was established in 1789,
+the year George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the Republic.
+The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 182 miles long, commenced in 1828, had its
+beginning in Georgetown. It cost $13,000,000. Georgetown’s exports in 1792
+amounted to $348,539. Much coal was also shipped to Alexandria for towns on
+the Atlantic coast.</p>
+
+<p>Georgetown also became noted for the many fine houses which were built
+there, such as Tudor Place, Woodley, the Oaks, Montrose, the Bowie Mansion,
+and Bellevue, later known as the Rittenhouse Mansion. In the early days, while
+houses in the new Federal City were being built, many Members of Congress
+preferred to travel the dusty road from the Capitol to Georgetown because of
+the suitable residences there in which they could live.</p>
+
+<p>Among the mansions near Georgetown, to be mentioned here, is Arlington
+Mansion (described fully on <a href="#Page309">page 309</a>), built in 1802 by George Washington
+Parke Custis, the adopted son of President Washington. The original Arlington
+estate comprised 6,000 acres. The design of the portico of the house resembles
+that of the Temple of Theseus at Athens, which stands to-day one of the
+best-preserved buildings of antiquity. Mr. Custis lived there till his death in
+1857. He entertained Lafayette at Arlington during his visit to the United
+States in 1824.</p>
+
+<h3>FRANCIS SCOTT KEY MANSION</h3>
+
+<p>The Francis Scott Key Mansion, at Georgetown, stands remodeled as a store
+building on old Bridge Street, now M Street, one-half block from the Francis
+Scott Key Bridge. Originally it was a 3-story “colonial” brick building, which
+stood there as such until about the year 1917, when the Francis Scott Key
+Bridge was built to replace the old Aqueduct Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>Entering the front door at the left of the building, there was a spacious hall
+extending through the entire house. At the right of the hall were two large
+parlors. In the basement was the dining room, kitchen, and “cold room,” a room
+bricked up and used as a refrigerator and pantry. In the second story were
+two large bedrooms and a large hall. The third story contained four bedrooms.<span class="pagenum" id="Page183">[183]</span>
+The window frames were small, 4 by 6 inches, supported in heavy sashes, as was
+the custom in building such houses.</p>
+
+<p>In the rear of the house was a beautiful garden, which sloped gracefully to
+the river. The Chesapeake &amp; Ohio Canal was later built through it. This area
+is now occupied by factories, warehouses, and store buildings.</p>
+
+<div class="container w55emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo196.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">FRANCIS SCOTT KEY HOUSE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>Mr. Key, an attorney and poet, lived here with his family many years, and
+resided here at the time of the bombardment of Fort McHenry. Near by was
+his law office, a little brick building.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page184">[184]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo197.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">HOUSE OF THE EARLY DAYS IN GEORGETOWN ON OLD BRIDGE (M) STREET</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page185">[185]</span></p>
+
+<p>In 1814, while the British fleet was in Chesapeake Bay, Mr. Key attempted
+to secure the release of his friend Dr. William Beane, of Marlboro, Md., who had
+been captured. He was held on shipboard during the shelling of Fort McHenry
+on the night of September 13. Key’s anxiety became intense. With the first
+approach of dawn Mr. Key turned his eyes in the direction of the fort and its flag,
+but darkness had given place to a heavy fog. Finally, through a vista in the smoke
+and vapor he could dimly see the flag of his country. Overjoyed and inspired by
+the sight, he composed The Star-Spangled Banner. This is now our national anthem
+by an act of Congress approved March 3, 1931, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in
+Congress assembled</i>, That the composition consisting of words and music known as The Star-Spangled
+Banner is designated the national anthem of the United States of America.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The historic flag that flew over Fort McHenry is on exhibition at the Historical
+Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<h3>TUDOR PLACE</h3>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo198.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">TUDOR PLACE, THIRTY-FIRST AND Q STREETS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>Tudor Place, located at Thirty-first and Q Streets NW., is one of the fine
+examples of the architecture of the early days of the Republic in Washington.
+It was designed by Dr. William Thornton, Architect of the Capitol, and built
+about 1805 by Thomas Peter, who was one of the original landowners of the
+District of Columbia. Mr. Peter married Martha Parke Custis, Mrs. Washington’s
+granddaughter. Tudor Place is still the residence of lineal descendants of
+Martha Washington and contains many heirlooms of the family. General
+Lafayette and other distinguished visitors were entertained here.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page186">[186]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo199.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">ROCK CREEK CHURCH</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page187">[187]</span></p>
+
+<p>Tudor Place to-day is well preserved, and its gardens give it added beauty.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo200.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">TUDOR PLACE, SHOWING GARDENS ON THE EAST SIDE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<h3>ROCK CREEK CHURCH (ST. PAUL’S) IN
+ROCK CREEK CEMETERY</h3>
+
+<p>Rock Creek Church is to the north of the Soldiers’ Home. The original building
+was erected by the people of the Eastern Branch and Rock Creek in 1719 in
+what was then St. Paul’s Parish, and was for many years the oldest parish
+church in the District of Columbia. It was rebuilt in 1775 and remodeled in
+1868. It burned on April 6, 1921, but was again rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>In 1726 the separation of this parish from St. John’s (Georgetown) marked a
+religious era in the future National Capital. Of the seven men appointed to
+establish the town of Georgetown, five were officers of this parish.</p>
+
+<p>In the cemetery surrounding the church is the famous Adams Memorial by
+Saint-Gaudens.</p>
+
+<h3>CHRIST CHURCH</h3>
+
+<p>Although Washington had been planned as a city in 1791, it did not become
+the actual seat of government until 1800. It was necessary, therefore, for those
+desiring a Protestant Episcopal Church in Washington to apply to the Maryland<span class="pagenum" id="Page188">[188]</span>
+Assembly. This application was made and an act passed to form a new parish to
+be known as Washington Parish.</p>
+
+<p>On May 25, 1795, a meeting was held, and the parish of Christ Church,
+Washington Parish, was incorporated and vestrymen elected. At this meeting
+Rev. George Ralph was appointed the first rector.</p>
+
+<p>The first services were held in an old building, originally used as a tobacco
+barn, located on New Jersey Avenue near D Street SE.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo201.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">OLD TOBACCO BARN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>On May 6, 1806, two offers of sites for a new church were made. The one by
+William Prout—the present site—was accepted, and in 1807 the present building
+was erected. Three free pews were set aside—one for the use of the President of
+the United States; one for Mr. Prout, the donor of the land; and the third for
+the rector. The church stands on G Street, near Seventh SE.</p>
+
+<p>For many years each incoming President was notified that a pew had been
+reserved for his use. During their terms of office Presidents Jefferson, Madison,
+and Monroe worshiped in Christ Church. During all these years the fame of the
+church has grown, from its antiquity as the mother church of the Capital and
+from its spiritual work and ministrations.</p>
+
+<p>A history of the parish would not be complete without some notice of its
+burying ground (illustrated on <a href="#Page44">page 44</a>).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page189">[189]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo202.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">CHRIST CHURCH</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page190">[190]</span></p>
+
+<p>On March 30, 1812, Henry Ingle deeded to Christ Church vestry a square of
+ground known as square 1115, and the name of Washington Parish Burial Ground
+was given it. On May 30, 1849, the vestry changed it to Washington Cemetery.
+Yet in popular nomenclature it is known as Congressional Cemetery.
+Title can be traced back to its early connection with the National Legislature.</p>
+
+<p>On April 15, 1816, the vestry assigned 100 sites for the interment of deceased
+Members of Congress. On December 15, 1823, 300 more sites were donated for
+the same purpose. Congress afterwards bought more sites and erected small
+freestone cenotaphs, which form a conspicuous feature, made sundry appropriations
+for improvements, and began to add its name to the cemetery. Many
+Congressmen and Government officials are buried there, including Tobias Lear,
+private secretary and friend of George Washington, who died in 1816; Dr.
+William Thornton, who drew the original plans of the Capitol, and died
+March 28, 1828; George Hadfield, an assistant architect of the Capitol; George
+Clinton, of New York, and Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, Vice Presidents
+of the United States. The cemetery, located at Eighteenth Street and Pennsylvania
+Avenue SE., is adjacent to the Anacostia River and comprises 30 acres.</p>
+
+<h3>ST. JOHN’S CHURCH</h3>
+
+<p>St. John’s Church, sometimes called the President’s Church, while not the
+oldest in the city, has a history which is unique. Probably no other church of
+any denomination in the United States has had throughout its history such a
+distinguished roster of communicants as has St. John’s, located at Sixteenth and
+H Streets NW.</p>
+
+<p>The title, the “President’s Church,” was derived in this way: In 1816,
+before the church was consecrated or any pews sold, a committee from the vestry
+was instructed to make the offer of a pew to President Madison. He accepted
+and thereafter occupied pew No. 28 even more frequently than his pew in
+Christ Church. The custom of preserving a pew for the President has been
+continued, and a number have regularly worshiped there.</p>
+
+<p>Situated in the heart of official Washington, for a century it has been the
+place of worship of Presidents, Cabinet officers, distinguished soldiers and diplomats,
+and leaders in the professional life of the city. In the year 1812 there were
+two Episcopal churches within the present city limits—Christ Church, Navy
+Yard, and St. John’s, Georgetown. There was need for a third, caused by the
+fact that the White House and departmental buildings were erected at a point
+almost midway between these two. Washington in those days undoubtedly
+seemed a city of magnificent distances. So, on April 6, 1812, a committee was
+appointed by the vestry of the mother parish of Christ Church to meet the
+situation. Then came the War of 1812, when both the city and the public
+buildings suffered, and it was not until September 14, 1815, that the corner
+stone of St. John’s, Washington, was laid.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page191">[191]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo204.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">ST. JOHN’S CHURCH</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page192">[192]</span></p>
+
+<p>Jonathan Elliott, in his history of the District published in 1831, said of
+St. John’s Church:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>It was built of brick, covered with rough stucco, in the form of a Grecian cross; but being
+too small for its congregation, in 1820 it was enlarged by lengthening its western arm, to the form
+of a Latin cross; and a portico and tower were also added.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo205.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">EARLY VIEW OF ST. JOHN’S CHURCH</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The most notable changes were made in 1863, when a sanctuary was added,
+the interior remodeled, and many fine additions put in place. Since that time
+there have been few changes of importance save in the interior decorations and
+sanctuary beautification. The eye can not glance in any direction without seeing
+some memorial. Over the altar is a brass cross, commemorating President Arthur.
+In the west wall is a window commemorating Presidents Madison, Monroe, and
+Van Buren. A window in the east wall commemorates Presidents Tyler, Harrison,
+and Taylor. Over the south gallery is a memorial window to Gen. Winfield Scott.
+The atmosphere of the old church is vibrant of memories. But St. John’s is
+far from being entirely a church of memories. It has made possible several
+undertakings of institutional character in the diocese.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page193">[193]</span></p>
+
+<h3>THE COURTS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</h3>
+
+<p>The District of Columbia Courthouse is situated in Judiciary Square, along
+Indiana Avenue, facing south, with John Marshall Place immediately in front
+of it, leading down a slope of 30 feet to Pennsylvania Avenue. It is the old
+city hall, now used for the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and is one
+of the oldest buildings in the city. Designed by the English architect, George
+Hadfield, the corner stone was laid August 22, 1820. The building is 250 feet long,
+47 feet high, and 166 feet deep. Each of the wings is 50 feet wide. Its style resembles
+the classical type of architecture which received an impetus during the period
+from 1830 to 1840, when the Patent Office, the old Post Office, and the Department
+of the Treasury Buildings were erected. It was remodeled by the Architect
+of the Capitol, and in 1920, a century after the corner stone was laid, was
+officially rededicated as the United States Courthouse. It will be at the head of
+the new municipal center which has been authorized by Congress to occupy four
+squares, two on each side of John Marshall Place.</p>
+
+<p>The District of Columbia as the seat of the Federal Government of the
+United States of America was without a court from 1791 until February 9, 1801.
+In the latter year the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia was organized
+under the provisions of the act of Congress providing a judiciary for the said
+District. From 1790 until the year 1801 all litigation arising within the District
+was disposed of by the Maryland courts, at Annapolis.</p>
+
+<p>The first session of the circuit court was held in Market Square, Alexandria,
+situated in the territory ceded by Virginia. The first session on the Maryland
+side was held in Washington on March 23, 1801, in the old brick Capitol, occupying
+a room adjoining the Senate Chamber which had been assigned to the
+Supreme Court of the United States. The circuit court was rather nomadic,
+occupying a number of sites before the city hall was finally built in 1820 as its
+permanent home. It was in the Capitol at the time of the War of 1812 and was
+removed to “Mr. Carroll’s house” near the Capitol. After the war the court
+returned to the Capitol and sat continuously until 1819. After passing through
+many heartbreaking annoyances, the court finally settled in the building erected
+for municipal affairs and for the local courts, located in what is now known as
+Judiciary Square.</p>
+
+<p>As time progressed the judicial system expanded, the local government underwent
+radical changes, and the edifice erected to house a dual tenancy was acquired
+by the United States and assigned to the circuit court as a permanent home. It
+remained there until the court was abolished by Congress on March 3, 1863.</p>
+
+<p>When President Lincoln entered the White House just before the rupture
+between the North and South, he was not satisfied with the personnel of the
+circuit court. He prevailed upon Congress to abolish the circuit court and
+provide for its successor—history hints this was a political move—and also
+that the President be supported by a judicial system upon which he could rely
+for complete loyalty to his administration. He believed that at least two of the
+justices were in sympathy with the South and would use means to embarrass
+his administration. The thought in his mind was that more satisfaction could
+be derived by the abolition of the court and the enactment of a new judicial
+system entirely friendly to his ideas of personal liberty and justice than through
+the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page194">[194]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo207.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SUPREME COURT BUILDING, BY GEORGE HADFIELD.</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page195">[195]</span></p>
+
+<p>Congress complied with President Lincoln’s wishes, and on March 3,
+1863, created the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, giving him the
+appointment of the new justices and the clerk. This court was to have all the
+jurisdiction of its predecessor—which by statute and decisions of the Supreme
+Court of the United States had greater powers than any of the United States
+circuit courts—not only a court of local jurisdiction, but also a court of admiralty,
+equity between residents and nonresidents, common-law jurisdiction, and the
+right of mandamus and common-law certiorari over all Government officials,
+with an appellate branch to be composed of three of the five justices to review
+the decisions of its special terms.</p>
+
+<p>On May 4, 1863, the court organized and promulgated rules of practice.
+From that date until February 9, 1893, it held its appellate jurisdiction. The
+members of the bar previous to that date had interceded with Congress for a
+separate court of appeals in order to circumvent any comment against the
+supreme court owing to the close association of its justices sitting as an appellate
+tribunal to review the decisions of their brothers holding the special terms. This
+was accomplished. On February 9,1893, the court of appeals was created. It is
+now composed of five justices, as against three provided for in the organic act.</p>
+
+<p>With its probate court—district court, embracing admiralty, condemnation
+of adulterated articles under the pure-food act; the widening of streets, and the
+condemnation of alleys and privately owned property for carrying out the
+enlargement and beautification of Washington; its purely local jurisdiction to
+settle disputes in equity and law; the jurisdiction over Government officials and
+inferior courts of the District—it is taxed to the limit of human endeavor to keep
+up with the tide of modern requirements and hold all who come within its jurisdiction
+to an orderly and legal course of conduct. Its opinions have always
+received wide notice and are continually quoted in State and Federal courts.</p>
+
+<p>Many noted cases have been disposed of, as disclosed by its records. President
+Grant was sued for damages for false arrest of an individual. When the case was
+tried the verdict of the jury was in favor of the President. The trial of Charles J.
+Guiteau for the assassination of President Garfield was held here, and after a long-drawn-out
+and stormy session covering many weeks the assassin was convicted.<span class="pagenum" id="Page196">[196]</span>
+The famous oil-scandal cases against Doheny and Sinclair, involving the bribery
+of Albert B. Fall, a former Secretary of the Interior, were tried by this court.
+Many other cases of note could be mentioned, but space will not permit.</p>
+
+<p>Under the various acts of Congress, the number of justices has gradually
+increased until at the present time the destiny of this court is in the control of
+ten justices. The bench as constituted to-day is composed of a chief justice, the
+Hon. Alfred A. Wheat, and the following associate justices, the Hon. Jennings
+Bailey, the Hon. Peyton Gordon, the Hon. Jesse Corcoran Adkins, the Hon.
+Oscar R. Luhring, the Hon. Joseph W. Cox, the Hon. James M. Proctor, the
+Hon. F. Dickinson Letts, the Hon. Daniel W. O’Donoghue, and the Hon. Bolitha
+J. Laws.</p>
+
+<p>The orphans’ court in the District of Columbia, as constituted by the act of
+1801, continued until 1870, when its functions were transferred to one of the
+justices of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia holding a special term
+for probate business; the register of wills is also clerk of the probate court.</p>
+
+<p>Justice-of-the-peace courts continued until 1912, when they were superseded
+by the present municipal court, with a jurisdiction in debt and landlord and tenant
+cases, replevin and tort actions not exceeding $1,000, and the right of litigants to
+apply to the court of appeals for a writ of error if they feel aggrieved.</p>
+
+<p>A police court, divided into two branches—municipal and Federal—with
+appeal to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, is presided over
+by judges.</p>
+
+<div class="container right w40pcmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo210.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">DR. WILLIAM THORNTON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<h3>OLD LAND OFFICE BUILDING</h3>
+
+<p>One of the interesting historic landmarks in the National Capital is the old
+Land Office Building at Seventh and Eighth and E and F Streets NW., where it
+occupies an entire square. It was designed by Robert Mills in 1830 and
+constructed of marble from New York and Maryland under the supervision of
+Thomas U. Walter, Architect of the Capitol, at a cost exceeding $2,000,000. It was
+built during that decade when the Patent Office and the Department of the Treasury
+Buildings, similar in their classical type of architecture, were authorized by
+Congress and placed under way during the administration of President Jackson.</p>
+
+<p>This building was erected as the first permanent building for the Post Office
+Department and of the city post office.</p>
+
+<p>Here, in 1844, the first telegraph office in the United States and of the world
+was opened and operated by S. F. B. Morse, the site being marked by a bronze
+plaque in the wall on the east side of the building.</p>
+
+<p>The first attempt to determine longitude by telegraph also was made in
+this building in 1846. Earlier in the century a building stood here in
+which the<span class="pagenum" id="Page197">[197]</span>
+first theatrical performance in the National Capital was given. The site, too, was
+at one time considered for the Botanic Garden. Until 1880 this section was the
+residential district of the city.</p>
+
+<p>During the World War the building was occupied by Gen. Enoch Crowder,
+in charge of the National Selective Draft Board. On his return from France,
+General Pershing made it his headquarters. Since his retirement the building
+has been occupied in part by the United States Tariff Commission.</p>
+
+<h3>OLD PATENT OFFICE BUILDING</h3>
+
+<p>The original two buildings burned, whereupon Congress authorized the
+erection of a new Patent Office Building according to the designs of Robert
+Mills, architect. The present building
+was begun in 1837 and completed
+in 1867. Doctor Thornton was the
+first Commissioner. It occupies
+two squares, at Seventh and Ninth
+and F and G Streets NW., at the site
+where L’Enfant had indicated in his
+plan there should be a great national
+church. It is a monumental marble
+building, Doric in its style of architecture,
+and with its large pediments
+and columns—in design and size like
+those of the Parthenon—creates the
+impression of simple dignity and
+beauty that is eternal. Models of
+American inventions to the number
+of 200,000 were kept in this building
+until the new National Museum was
+built. The Patent Office has been
+moved into the new Department of Commerce Building. It is one of the large
+bureaus of the Department of Commerce.</p>
+
+<h3>THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT</h3>
+
+<p>On August 7, 1783, the year that witnessed the treaty of peace at Paris,
+Congress ordered—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>That an equestrian statue of General Washington be erected at the place where Congress
+shall be established, *&#160;*&#160;* in honor of George Washington, the illustrious Commander in Chief
+of the Armies of the United States of America during the War which vindicated and secured their
+liberty, sovereignty, and independence.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page198">[198]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo211.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">OLD PATENT OFFICE BUILDING, NOW CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION BUILDING</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page199">[199]</span></p>
+
+<p>But no action was taken to carry out this legislation. The monument was to
+have been executed by Ceracchi, a Roman sculptor, and paid for by contributions
+of individuals. As has been mentioned, a site for it was marked on the L’Enfant
+map of the city of Washington at the intersection on the Mall of the axis of the
+Capitol and the White House.</p>
+
+<p>As President, by his wise administration of the affairs of the new Republic,
+General Washington so added to his fame and so won the gratitude of his countrymen
+that on his death a select joint committee of both Houses of Congress was
+appointed to consider a suitable manner of paying honor to his memory. Thus,
+on December 23, 1799, on motion of John Marshall in the House of Representatives,
+it was resolved by Congress—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>That a marble monument be erected by the United States in the Capitol, at the city of Washington,
+and that the family of General Washington be requested to permit his body to be deposited
+under it; and that the monument be so designed as to commemorate the great events of his military
+and political life.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>It was then proposed to make an area in front of the Capitol available for the
+monument, and an appropriation of $100,000 was proposed to carry the resolution
+into effect. Instead of an equestrian statue, by the terms of this resolution
+the monument was to take the form of a “mausoleum of American granite and
+marble, in pyramidal form, 100 feet square at the base and of a proportionate
+height.”</p>
+
+<p>On January 1, 1801, the House of Representatives passed a bill appropriating
+$200,000 for the monument. The Senate, however, did not concur in this act,
+due, it is thought, to political questions that absorbed the attention of Congress
+and the people until the War of 1812.</p>
+
+<p>In 1816 the General Assembly of Virginia endeavored to secure the consent
+of Judge Bushrod Washington, then proprietor of Mount Vernon, to have the
+remains of President Washington removed to Richmond, there to be marked by a
+fitting monument to his memory.</p>
+
+<p>When this came to the attention of Congress a select joint committee was
+appointed which recommended that a tomb should be prepared in the foundations
+of the Capitol for the remains of George Washington and that a monument
+should be erected to his memory. But this plan failed, because Judge Bushrod
+Washington declined to consent to the removal of the body of George Washington
+from the vault at Mount Vernon, where it had been placed in accordance
+with Washington’s express wish. Nevertheless, a vault appears to have been
+prepared beneath the center of the Dome and Rotunda of the Capitol and beneath
+the floor of the crypt.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page200">[200]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo213.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">PLAN OF THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT, BY ROBERT MILLS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page201">[201]</span></p>
+
+<p>In 1833 a group of public-spirited citizens organized the Washington National
+Monument Society, for the purpose of erecting “a great National Monument to
+the memory of Washington at the seat of the Federal Government.” The first
+meeting was held on September 26, 1833, in the city hall, now the District of
+Columbia Supreme Court Building. Chief Justice John Marshall, then 78 years
+of age, was chosen the first president of the society. The population of the United
+States had grown from 3,329,214 in 1790 to 12,866,020 in 1830, with 28 States in
+the Union at that time. In 1835 the president of the society, John Marshall, died
+and was succeeded in the office by ex-President James Madison, who took steps to
+inaugurate a national campaign to secure contributions through agents appointed
+to collect funds. Upon the death of Mr. Madison the society amended its constitution
+so that thereafter the President of the United States should be ex officio
+its president. The first to so occupy the office was Andrew Jackson.</p>
+
+<p>The progress of the society was at first slow, and in 1836 only about $28,000
+had been collected. In 1836 advertisements were published by order of the society
+inviting designs from American artists, but no limitation was placed upon the form
+of the design. It was determined by the society, and so recommended, that any
+plans submitted should “harmoniously blend durability, simplicity, and grandeur.”
+The estimated cost for the proposed monument was not less than $1,000,000. A
+great many designs were submitted, but the one selected among the number was
+that of Robert Mills, a well-known and eminent architect of that period. This
+plan was published. It is the design of an obelisk 500 feet high and 70 feet at the
+base, rising from a circular colonnaded building 100 feet high and 250 feet in diameter,
+surrounded by 30 columns of massive proportions, being 12 feet in diameter
+and 45 feet high. There was to be an equestrian group over the portal. The interior
+was designed to be “a spacious gallery and rotunda,” which was to be a
+national pantheon, adorned by statues of the Colonial Fathers, paintings commemorative
+of battle scenes of the Revolution, and a colossal statue of George
+Washington. The feature of the pantheon surrounding the shaft was never formally
+adopted by the society as a part of the Monument. Its first purpose was to
+secure the necessary funds for the shaft.</p>
+
+<p>By December 10, 1838, the funds of the society had reached $30,779.84, and
+the following year a restriction of a contribution to the sum of $1 appears to
+have been removed. In 1846 the society, through its ex officio president, James
+K. Polk, made another appeal, stating the society wished to proceed with the
+erection of the Washington Monument, and it was hoped legislation would be
+enacted at the following session of Congress to provide a location for it. By a
+resolution adopted February 29, 1847, the United States consuls abroad were also
+invited to solicit subscriptions “for the erection of a suitable National Monument
+to the memory of Washington from American citizens, seamen, and others of liberal
+patriotic feelings.” In that year the fund was increased to $70,000. Congress
+thereupon, in January, 1848, granted authority for the erection of the Washington<span class="pagenum" id="Page202">[202]</span>
+Monument on public reservation No. 3, on the plan of the city of Washington,
+containing upward of 30 acres, where the Monument now stands, near the Potomac
+River, west of the Capitol and south of the President’s house. As has been
+related, the actual location of the Monument was fixed at a point more east and
+south of the position indicated in the plan of L’Enfant, because it was somewhat
+more elevated ground and regarded more secure for the foundation. The original
+intersection had been marked by Thomas Jefferson by a small monument, known
+as the Jefferson pier. In the McMillan Park Commission plan of 1901 the site of
+this pier is indicated for a circular pool.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo215.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT UNDER CONSTRUCTION, 1872</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>On July 4, 1848, under a bright sky, in the presence of the President and Vice
+President of the United States, Senators and Representatives in Congress, heads
+of the executive departments and other officers of the Government, the judiciary,
+representatives of foreign governments, military organizations, associations of
+many descriptions, delegations from the States and Territories and from several
+Indian tribes, the corner stone was laid. Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Speaker of
+the House of Representatives, delivered the oration. Three distinguished persons
+of George Washington’s time were present on this notable occasion: Mrs. Dolly<span class="pagenum" id="Page203">[203]</span>
+Madison; Mrs. Alexander Hamilton, widow of the first Secretary of the Treasury;
+and George Washington Parke Custis, the adopted son of George Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The corner stone laid, the society began operations to lay foundations and to
+raise the shaft. Every precaution was taken to test the understrata where the
+foundations were laid. At a depth of 20 feet a solid bed of gravel was reached;
+the strata were found to be very compact, requiring a pick to break them up.</p>
+
+<p>By January, 1853, the Monument was 126 feet high, and in about six years
+from the date of the laying of the corner stone it had reached the height of 152
+feet. During this period the society continued most actively at work in the raising
+of funds to carry the Monument forward. In 1854, however, an act occurred at
+the Monument which created much indignation and public discussion through
+the country. A block of marble, which had originally stood in the Temple of
+Concord at Rome, and which had been sent by the Pope to be set in the wall of
+the Monument, was stolen, and no trace of it was ever found. At the time contributions
+of stones from societies, municipalities, and the several States were being
+encouraged, so the Pope’s stone was not an unusual gift. The disappearance of
+the stone angered and estranged a large body of citizens and discouraged the collection
+of public contributions, so that all construction work ceased. By 1854,
+$230,000 had been spent on the structure, and funds for it were now exhausted.
+In 1859 Congress passed an act incorporating the Washington National Monument
+Society for the purpose of completing the Monument. In 1869 Senator
+Nye introduced a bill to insure completion of the Monument, and several like
+bills were introduced during the next few years. On February 22, 1873, a
+committee of the House of Representatives recommended an appropriation of
+$200,000. It was estimated that $700,000 would be required to finish the shaft,
+constructing also a suitable base, and that the work would be completed by
+July 4, 1876, the one hundredth anniversary of American independence.
+This gave the needed impetus to the completion of the project.</p>
+
+<p>Vigorous campaigns for funds were conducted in the States, and campaign
+meetings were held in several large cities. In June, 1876, the society published
+a further appeal, signed by its officers. President Grant was ex officio president
+of the society at the time. On August 2, 1876, Senator John Sherman offered a
+concurrent resolution in the Senate that the Monument to commemorate the
+achievements of George Washington in behalf of the Republic be completed
+during the centennial year. A bill appropriating $200,000 for the project was
+approved by the President that day. At the same time a special board of officers
+was detailed from the Corps of Engineers to investigate and report on the
+sufficiency of the foundations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page204">[204]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo217.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">UNCOMPLETED WASHINGTON MONUMENT AS IT APPEARED FROM 1852 TO 1878</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page205">[205]</span></p>
+
+<p>The board appointed in 1876 reported that the foundations were not sufficient,
+and the first work undertaken by the Government consisted in underpinning
+the structure. This was accomplished under the direction of Lieut. Col. Thomas
+Lincoln Casey, afterwards Chief of Engineers, United States Army, who was
+the engineer in charge of construction of the State, War, and Navy Building
+at the time, and later of the Congressional Library Building. Colonel Casey was
+assisted by Capt. George W. Davis, United States Infantry, later major general,
+who was afterwards relieved by Bernard R. Green, C. E. The work of excavating
+beneath the Monument was commenced January 28, 1879, and the new foundation
+was finished May 29, 1880. Colonel Casey stated in his report:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>The project or design of the work is an obelisk 550 feet in height, faced with white marble and
+backed with dressed granite rock. Of this structure 156 feet is already finished.</p>
+
+<p>The base of the Monument is 55 feet square, the top will be 34 feet 6 inches square, and it will
+be crowned with a pyramidion, or roof, 50 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p>The proportions of the parts of this obelisk are in exact accordance with the classic proportions
+of parts of this style of architecture, as determined after careful research by Hon. George P.
+Marsh, American minister at Rome.</p>
+
+<p>The shaft as proportioned, both in dimensions and weight, will be entirely stable as against
+winds that could exert a pressure of 100 pounds or more per square foot upon any face of the
+structure.</p>
+
+<p>The project includes the preparation of the foundation so as to enable it to carry this structure.
+This preparation or strengthening consists in making the existing foundation wider and deeper, in
+order to distribute the weight over a greater area, and in bringing upon each square foot of the
+earth pressed no greater weight than it is known to be able to sustain.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The mass of concrete beneath the old foundation is 126 feet 6 inches square,
+13 feet 6 inches in depth, and extends 18 feet within the outer edge of the old
+foundation and 23 feet 3 inches beyond this line. In placing this work, 70 per cent
+of the area of the earth upon which the Monument was standing was removed.</p>
+
+<p>The second part of the strengthening of the foundation consisted in constructing
+a continuous buttress beneath the shaft and extending out upon the concrete
+slab, so as to distribute the pressure over the foundation. In this operation sections
+of the rubble masonry were removed and replaced with concrete. As compared
+with the original bulk of the old foundation, 51 per cent of its contents was
+removed and 48 per cent of the area of the base of the shaft undermined. The
+new foundation rests on a bearing surface 126 feet 6 inches square, or 16,002
+square feet, as compared with 6,400 square feet for the old foundation.</p>
+
+<p>The entire work of underpinning was accomplished without causing the
+slightest crack or the least opening in any joint of that portion of the Monument
+already constructed, which, including the foundation, was 80 feet square at its
+base. The new foundation rests upon a bed of fine sand 2 feet in thickness, below
+which is a bed of bowlders and gravel. Borings were made in this deposit for a
+depth of 18 feet without passing through it. Thus, as completed, the new foundation
+covers two and a half times as much area and extends 13¹⁄₂ feet deeper
+than the old one, being 36 feet 10 inches in depth. The bottom of the work is
+only 2 feet above the level of high tide in the Potomac. No settlement has
+occurred to date.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page206">[206]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo219.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT AS SEEN FROM THE MALL GROUNDS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page207">[207]</span></p>
+
+<p>Work was resumed on the shaft in 1880. The first 13 courses—26 feet—were
+faced with white marble from Massachusetts. The remainder is Maryland
+white marble similar to that used in the lower section. The new work was
+backed with dressed New England granite to the 452-foot elevation, above
+which the walls are entirely of marble, of through-and-through blocks, and from
+the 470-foot level, where the ribs of the pyramidion begin, the courses are secured
+to each other by mortise and tenon joints cut in the builds and beds of the stone.
+During the working season of 1880, 26 feet were added to the shaft; in 1881 there
+were added 74 feet; in 1882, 90 feet; in 1883, 70 feet; in 1884, 90 feet. These
+additions brought the walls of the shaft to a height of 500 feet on August 9, 1884.
+The pyramidion topping the shaft is supported on 12 marble ribs, which spring
+from the interior faces of the walls of the well, beginning at the 470-foot level.
+The covering slabs are 7 inches in thickness and are supported upon projections
+or spurs on the marble ribs. The pyramidion has a vertical height of 55 feet 5¹⁄₈
+inches and consists of 262 separate stones. The weight of the pyramidion is
+300 tons. The capstone, which weighs 3,300 pounds, was set in place on December
+6, 1884. Over it is a small pyramid of pure aluminum 5.6 inches at its base, 8.9
+inches high, and weighs 100 ounces, the largest piece of this metal ever cast in
+any country to that time. The following inscriptions appear on the four faces
+of the aluminum capstone:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">JOINT COMMISSION AT SETTING OF CAPSTONE:<br>
+CHESTER A. ARTHUR, M. E. BELL, EDWARD CLARK, JOHN NEWTON,<br>
+ACT OF AUGUST 2, 1876.</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">CORNER STONE LAID ON BED OF FOUNDATION JULY 4, 1848.<br>
+FIRST STONE AT HEIGHT OF 152 FEET LAID AUGUST 7, 1880.<br>
+CAPSTONE SET DECEMBER 6, 1884.</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">CHIEF ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT, COL. THOMAS LINCOLN CASEY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS.<br>
+ASSISTANTS: GEORGE W. DAVIS, CAPTAIN FOURTEENTH INFANTRY;<br>
+BERNARD GREEN, CIVIL ENGINEER; MASTER MECHANIC, P. H. MCLAUGHLIN.</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">LAUS DEO.</p>
+
+<p>The entire height has been made slightly greater than ten times the breadth of
+the base, producing an obelisk that for grace and delicacy of outline is not excelled
+by any of the larger Egyptian monoliths, while in dignity and grandeur it surpasses
+any that can be mentioned. The Monument tapers one-fourth of an inch to
+the foot, being 15 feet thick at the base and 18 inches thick at the top of the shaft.
+When the capstone was set in place a salute was fired by artillery stationed near
+the base, while the national flag was unfurled to the breeze in the rigging far
+above. The cost of the Monument was $1,300,000. To the criticism that the
+obelisks of old were monoliths, the reply was made that this Monument to Washington
+will not be less significant or stately because of being made up of many
+separate stones, for our country has been proud to give examples of both political
+and material structures which owe their strength to union; and this Monument
+embodies the idea of our national motto, E Pluribus Unum.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page208">[208]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo221.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page209">[209]</span></p>
+
+<p>With a view of having the States of the Union properly represented in the
+Monument the society extended an invitation for each State to furnish for insertion
+in the interior walls a block of marble or other durable stone—a production
+of its soil—of the following dimensions: 4 feet long, 2 feet high, and with a bed of
+from 12 to 18 inches, the name of the State to be cut thereon in large letters, and if
+desirable to the donor, the State’s coat of arms also. Later, this invitation to
+contribute memorial blocks of stone was extended to embrace such a gift from a
+foreign government. In response to these invitations many rich and durable
+blocks of stone were received which now adorn the interior walls of the shaft (in
+1929 the memorial stones numbered 187) from all parts of the world, including
+one from the Parthenon at Athens, the ruins of ancient Carthage, and the tomb
+of Napoleon at St. Helena. These memorial stones begin at a height of 30 feet
+and end at 290 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Great preparations were made for dedication of the Monument. This took
+place on February 21, 1885, with Hon. John Sherman, chairman of the commission,
+presiding. Several descendants and relatives of the Washington family
+were present. The orator of the day was again the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop,
+who as Speaker of the House of Representatives had delivered the
+oration at the laying of the corner stone July 4, 1848. His oration on this occasion
+was read, as illness prevented him from being present. Among those in Washington
+to-day who witnessed the dedication is Hon. William Tyler Page, then
+serving as a page in the House; later becoming Clerk of the House of Representatives
+and executive secretary of the George Washington Bicentennial Commission.
+Thus when we are reminded of the three friends of George Washington
+who were present at the corner-stone laying of the Washington Monument we
+must indeed admit that we even of this day are not far removed from him and his
+times, and that our Republic is still young, though greater achievements have
+been wrought in the past 100 years than in the previous 1,000 years of the
+world’s history.</p>
+
+<p>The efforts of the Washington National Monument Society had at last been
+realized, and the American people beheld the consummation of their desire—a
+great monument erected at the seat of the Federal Government to the name and
+memory of George Washington.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page210">[210]</span></p>
+
+<p>The interior is lighted by electricity, affording an opportunity to see the
+memorial stones. Ascent is made by means of an elevator and an iron stairway,
+supported by 8 vertical iron columns—4 columns terminating at a height of
+500 feet and 4 within the roof at 517 feet—which sustain the elevator machinery
+above. The iron stairway consists of short flights, strung along the
+north and south sides of the wall, connecting with iron platforms 4 feet 8 inches
+wide (to a height of 150 feet) and 7 feet 10³⁄₄ inches wide, 20 feet apart on a side,
+and extending along the east and west walls. There are 50 flights and 900
+steps. From these steps and platforms the inscriptions may be read.</p>
+
+<p>In 1926 a new elevator was installed. It is of the electrically driven, gearless,
+single wrap, traction type, with a speed of 500 feet per minute and a lifting
+capacity of 6,000 pounds, exclusive of the weight of the car and cables. It is
+equipped with a micro-leveling device, which insures exact leveling of the car at
+landings and also makes possible the operation of the elevator at slow speed in
+case of failure of the main motor, thus eliminating the danger of stalling the car
+between landings. It accommodates 30 persons and makes 12 trips per hour.
+There are 8 windows at a height of 504 feet above ground—2 windows in each
+of the 4 faces of the pyramidion—4 feet above the 500-foot landing. These
+windows measure 18 inches by 3 feet on three sides, and on the east side 2 feet
+by 3 feet. Looking to the east from the windows one sees the stately Capitol; to
+the north, across the President’s Park, the beautiful mansion of the Chief Magistrate;
+to the northeast, the Soldiers’ Home; to the northwest, the great residential
+section, the Naval Observatory, and the Washington Cathedral; to the west
+the beautiful Potomac River, as it winds its way for miles past the city, and
+Arlington National Cemetery, the Nation’s most sacred resting place for those
+who served in defense of their country; and as we follow the Potomac southward
+there is Alexandria, 6 miles beyond, and in the faint distance Mount Vernon,
+where is the tomb of the immortal Washington. And on that lofty height, the
+greatest single piece of masonry in the world, we think also of other high structures—the
+Empire State Building, with 86 stories, 1,248 feet; Chrysler Building,
+68 stories, 1,046 feet; Bank of Manhattan, 65 stories, 838 feet; Woolworth Tower
+60 stories, 792 feet; Metropolitan Life Insurance Building, 700 feet; The New
+York Life Insurance Building, 610 feet, at the site of the former famous Madison
+Square Garden; Singer Tower, 612 feet; spires of Cologne Cathedral, 524 feet;
+spire of Old St. Paul’s, London, 508 feet; Pyramids of Cheops, 480 feet; Book
+Tower, Detroit, 472 feet; Victoria Tower, Westminster, 325 feet; Statue of Liberty,
+317 feet; Bennington Battle Monument, 306 feet; the Capitol, 287 feet;
+Bunker Hill Monument at Boston, 221 feet. In 1890 Daniel H. Burnham completed
+the Masonic Temple, in Chicago, “the tallest building in the world,” 21
+stories high, among the first of all-steel construction. In New York City the<span class="pagenum" id="Page211">[211]</span>
+caisson for high-building foundation work was first adopted in the Manhattan
+Life Insurance Building, near Exchange Place on Broadway, in 1894. Built on a
+foundation of bedrock 55 feet below the surface, the structure of 18 stories was
+built 350 feet in height from the sidewalk.</p>
+
+<p>The masonry constructed by the Government is the best known to the engineering
+art, and the weight is so distributed that, subject to a wind pressure of
+100 pounds per square foot on any face, corresponding to a wind velocity of 145
+miles per hour, the Monument would have a large factor of safety against overturning.
+The entire weight is 81,120 tons. The weight of the foundations is
+36,912 tons, and there is a maximum pressure on the underlying soil of 9 tons
+per square foot.</p>
+
+<p>In the morning the Monument catches the first rays of the sun. In stormy
+weather the top stands like a mountain peak, immovable, as seen amidst clouds.
+So, indeed, does the great and noble Washington overtower all of his contemporaries
+of the Revolutionary War and the formative period of this Republic. The
+Washington Monument has been fittingly described as typifying the character of
+George Washington—lofty in its grandeur, plain in its simplicity, and white in
+its purity. The following is a quotation from the oration of Speaker Winthrop
+delivered at the laying of the corner stone on July 4, 1848:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>Lay the corner stone of a monument which shall adequately bespeak the gratitude of the whole
+American people to the illustrious Father of his Country. Build it to the skies; you can not outreach
+the loftiness of his principles! Found it upon the massive and eternal rock; you can not make
+it more enduring than his fame. Construct it of peerless Parian marble; you can not make it purer
+than his life. Exhaust upon it the rules and principles of ancient and modern art; you can not make
+it more proportionate than his character.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<h3>SOLDIERS’ HOME</h3>
+
+<p>In the United States the founding of a soldiers’ home dates from March 3,
+1851, when an act of Congress was passed and approved “to found a military
+asylum for the relief and support of invalid and disabled soldiers of the Army of
+the United States.” For years before this, however, the principal officers of the
+Army, particularly Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott, had given the subject attention
+and had made special efforts to procure the needed legislation. In February, 1848,
+General Scott transmitted to the Secretary of War a draft for $100,000 as part of
+the tribute levied by him on the City of Mexico for the benefit of the Army, and
+he expressed the hope that it might be allowed to go to the credit of an Army
+asylum.</p>
+
+<p>This home for the Regular Army was established in the District of Columbia
+in 1851-52. It is located about 3 miles due north from the Capitol. The
+original purchase of land was 256 acres. Additional tracts added since the
+original purchase make a total of 500³⁄₄ acres.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page212">[212]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo225.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">UNITED STATES SOLDIERS’ HOME</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page213">[213]</span></p>
+
+<p>The south part of the main building is named for Gen. Winfield Scott, the
+founder of the home; the addition on the north for Gen. William T. Sherman.
+Constructed of white marble; it was commenced in 1852 and completed in 1891;
+is of Norman Gothic design, 251¹⁄₂ feet long by 158¹⁄₂ feet wide, and has a clock
+tower; it will accommodate 370 members and contains a library and billiard hall.</p>
+
+<p>The old homestead building near to and west of the Scott Building is named
+after Gen. Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter renown, to commemorate the fact
+of his early advocacy of and great interest in the establishment of the home. It
+was the home of the first members and has frequently been used as the summer
+residence of the President. President Buchanan occupied it in 1856-1860, President
+Lincoln in 1861-1864, President Hayes in 1877-1880, and President Arthur
+in 1882-1884. President Garfield thought of occupying it in the summer of 1881.</p>
+
+<p>The eastern building—especially for members—was the first erected and is
+called the King Building, after Surg. B. King, for 13 years the attending surgeon
+and secretary and treasurer of the home.</p>
+
+<p>The brick quarters northwest of the Sherman Building, erected in 1883, is
+called the Sheridan Building, in honor of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, who was the
+president of the board of commissioners when the building was erected.</p>
+
+<p>More recently built structures are the Grant Building, completed in 1911, of
+white marble, accommodating 272 members and containing the hall of the general
+mess, mess kitchen, and cold storage.</p>
+
+<p>Stanley Hall, named for a former governor of the home, was completed in
+1897, and is the general amusement hall, seating about 700 persons.</p>
+
+<p>A neat chapel, built of red stone, was completed in 1871. Religious worship—Protestant
+and Roman Catholic—is regularly observed.</p>
+
+<p>A well-designed hospital was completed in 1876 and is known as the Barnes
+Building. The Forwood Building and the La Garde Building have since been
+added. The maximum capacity of the present hospital is 500 beds. It is not only
+for the sick, but is an infirmary for the aged and helpless members.</p>
+
+<p>The home maintains a library of 20,385 volumes, with newspapers and magazines,
+which are added to yearly as funds will permit.</p>
+
+<p>A portion of the spacious grounds is cultivated for the benefit of the home;
+but the largest part is woodland, and through it all, taking advantage of its topography,
+nearly 10 miles of graded macadamized roads have been constructed, winding
+through groves of selected trees of native and foreign varieties and over the
+open ground, commanding fine views of the city, the Potomac River, and the
+surrounding country for miles. The park is open to the public.</p>
+
+<p>Soldiers of 20 years’ service, and men, whether pensioners or not, who disabled
+by wounds or disease in the service and in the line of duty and have been
+honorably discharged from the Army are admitted to the home.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page214">[214]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo227.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">CABIN JOHN BRIDGE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page215">[215]</span></p>
+
+<h3>CABIN JOHN BRIDGE</h3>
+
+<p>Erected about 1860 by Gen. Montgomery G. Meigs, this bridge spans Cabin
+John Run, about 7 miles northwest of Washington. It is a part of the aqueduct
+system, and the arch spanning the stream is 220 feet across at the base and 105
+feet in height. The entire length of the bridge is 584 feet. The thickness of the
+bridge above the arch is 14¹⁄₂ feet, and it is 20 feet in width. Until a few years ago
+it was the largest stone arch in the world.</p>
+
+<h3>FORD’S THEATER</h3>
+
+<p>Ford’s Theater Building, in which President Lincoln was assassinated while
+attending a performance on the night of April 14, 1865, is on the east side of
+Tenth Street between E and F Streets NW.</p>
+
+<p>The building was originally a Baptist Church and used as such for more than
+15 years. It was used as a theater less than three years—from 1862 to 1865—and
+never as such after the night of the assassination. Taken over immediately by
+Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, it was made over into a 3-story building for
+use of the War Department and was so used for many years. Now it is a Government
+building, housing in part a portion of the Oldroyd collection from the
+Lincoln museum. On April 9, 1893, while repairs were being made, the three
+floors collapsed, killing 22 clerks and injuring 68.</p>
+
+<p>The residence of Harry C. Ford, who was manager of the theater for his
+father, John T. Ford, stood adjacent to the theater on the right.</p>
+
+<h3>LINCOLN MUSEUM AND THE OLDROYD
+COLLECTION OF LINCOLNIANA</h3>
+
+<p>Across the street from Ford’s Theater stands a red brick house (No. 516
+Tenth Street NW.) to which President Lincoln, after being shot about 10.30
+o’clock on the night of April 14, 1865, was carried and where, after an interval of
+9 hours, he died at 22 minutes after 7 o’clock the following morning without
+regaining consciousness.</p>
+
+<p>The room to which the martyred President was brought is a little front one
+on the main floor. In size and simplicity it was a room like that of the log cabin
+in Kentucky in which the great man was born. As a man of the people, though
+they had elevated him to the highest position the Nation could bestow on any of
+its citizens, he died amidst simple surroundings as one of them.</p>
+
+<p>The house was purchased by the United States Government in 1897 for $30,000;
+the Oldroyd Lincoln Memorial Collection was purchased for $50,000 and taken
+over by the Government September 1, 1926. It is now under the jurisdiction
+of the National Park Service, and is visited by many thousands each year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page216">[216]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo229.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Leet Brothers</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">FORD’S THEATER</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page217">[217]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w35emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo230.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE HOUSE IN WHICH PRESIDENT LINCOLN DIED</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page218">[218]</span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Oldroyd gathered in the course of 50 years upward of 3,000 articles pertaining
+to the martyred President. These can be seen by visitors to the house.
+The room in which Abraham Lincoln died has been kept as nearly as possible
+as it was when Lincoln passed away and when Stanton said, “Now he belongs
+to the ages.”</p>
+
+<p>The following are some of the articles that can be seen: Wreaths that lay upon
+the casket in Washington and at the final burial in Springfield, Ill., and a rose
+taken from his bosom just before the casket was closed—faded, but hermetically
+sealed in a small glass case, it still appears a rose. There is also in the house furniture
+used by Mrs. Lincoln in Springfield, including her cookstove; the plain office
+desk and chair Abraham Lincoln used while practicing law with William H.
+Herndon; a plain black and white shawl that he wore in place of an overcoat, as
+men did in those days; the last bit of writing he did; the Bible his mother, Nancy
+Hanks, gave to him before she died, when he was not yet 9 years of age, and from
+which he was taught to read; the desk upon which much of the Emancipation
+Proclamation was written; also many documents, prints, and books describing
+his life.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page219">[219]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XXI</span><br>
+<span class="title">PUBLIC AND SEMIPUBLIC BUILDINGS</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<h3>THE CAPITOL</h3>
+
+<p>The site for the Capitol, or the Federal House, as selected by L’Enfant, is on
+what was then known as Jenkin’s Hill, 88 feet above the level of the Potomac
+River.</p>
+
+<p>The northwest cornerstone of the main building was laid on September
+18, 1793, by President Washington with Masonic ceremonies. The building is
+of Virginia sandstone from quarries on Aquia Creek.</p>
+
+<p>The north wing was finished in 1800 and the south wing in 1811. A wooden
+passageway connected them. Congress convened there for the first time at the
+second session of the Sixth Congress, which began November 17, 1800, and ended
+March 3, 1801.</p>
+
+<p>The original designs were prepared by Dr. William Thornton, and the work
+was done under the direction of Stephen H. Hallet, James Hoban, and George
+Hadfield. Benjamin H. Latrobe was the architect. Washington and Jefferson
+favored the classical type of architecture for the building, and it was adopted.</p>
+
+<p>On August 24, 1814, the interior of both wings was destroyed by fire set by
+the British. Many books of the small Library of Congress housed in the building
+at that time were burned, whereupon Congress purchased the library of Thomas
+Jefferson at Monticello. The damage to the Capitol was immediately repaired.</p>
+
+<p>In 1818 the central portion of the building was commenced under the architectural
+superintendence of Charles Bulfinch, architect, of Boston. The original
+building was finally completed in 1827. Its cost, including the grading of the
+grounds, alterations, and repairs, up to 1827, was $2,433,844.13.</p>
+
+<p>Because of the growth of the Republic, after half a century it became necessary
+to build a Senate Chamber on the north and a House of Representatives
+Chamber on the south. The cornerstone of the extensions to the Capitol which
+increased it to its present size was laid on July 4, 1851, by President Fillmore.
+Daniel Webster was the orator of the day. This work was prosecuted under the
+direction of Thomas U. Walter, Architect of the Capitol until 1865, when he
+resigned, and was completed under the supervision of Edward Clark. The
+House extension was first occupied for legislative purposes December 16, 1857,
+and the Senate extension January 4, 1859.</p>
+
+<p>The white marble used in the walls is from Massachusetts and that in the
+columns from Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page220">[220]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo233.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Commercial Photo Co.</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page221">[221]</span></p>
+
+<p>The entire length of the building from north to south is 751 feet 4 inches and
+its greatest dimension from east to west is 350 feet. The area covered by the
+building is 3¹⁄₂ acres.</p>
+
+<p>The Dome of the original central building was constructed of wood, covered
+with copper. The present structure of cast iron was commenced in 1856, and
+completed in 1865. The entire weight of iron used is 8,909,200 pounds.</p>
+
+<p>The Dome is crowned by the bronze Statue of Freedom, 19 feet 6 inches high
+and weighing 14,985 pounds. It was modeled by the sculptor Thomas Crawford.
+The height of the Dome above the base line of the east front is 287 feet 5 inches.
+The height from the top of the balustrade of the building is 217 feet 11 inches.
+The greatest diameter at the base is 135 feet 5 inches.</p>
+
+<p>The Rotunda is 97 feet 6 inches in diameter, and its height from the floor to
+the top of the canopy is 180 feet 3 inches. The canopy overhanging the Dome,
+portraying the Apotheosis of Washington, was painted by Brumidi.</p>
+
+<p>The Rotunda frieze, 65 feet above the floor, making a circle 300 feet in length
+around the walls, illustrates important periods in American history.</p>
+
+<p>Paintings in the Rotunda are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>The Landing of Columbus on San Salvador, October 12, 1492, by Vanderlyn.</p>
+
+<p>The Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto, 1541, by W. H. Powell.</p>
+
+<p>The Baptism of Pocahontas, Jamestown, Va., 1613, by John G. Chapman.</p>
+
+<p>The Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Delft-Haven, July 22, 1620, by Robert W. Weir.</p>
+
+<p>The Signing of the Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia, July 4, 1776, by John Trumbull.</p>
+
+<p>The Surrender of Burgoyne, Saratoga, October 17, 1777, by John Trumbull.</p>
+
+<p>The Surrender of Cornwallis, Yorktown, Va., October 19, 1781, by John Trumbull.</p>
+
+<p>The Resignation of General Washington, December 23, 1783, by John Trumbull.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The Senate Chamber is 113 feet 3 inches in length by 80 feet 3 inches in
+width and 36 feet in height. The galleries will accommodate 682 persons.
+The House of Representatives Chamber is 139 feet in length by 93 feet in
+width and 36 feet in height. In 1800 the Chambers were lighted by lamps and
+tallow candles, and the 142 Representatives were seated in chairs. To-day
+there are 435 Members of the House of Representatives, in addition to 2 Delegates
+and 2 Resident Commissioners, who are seated on benches, which are
+arranged in a semicircle like those of the theater of Dionysius. To-day the
+Capitol is lighted by electricity and equipped with a modern ventilating system.</p>
+
+<p>The room later occupied by the Supreme Court of the United States was
+the Senate Chamber until 1859. Previous to that time the court occupied the
+room immediately beneath, now used as a law library.</p>
+
+<p>Beautiful paintings by Brumidi, Trumbull, and others adorn the Capitol, and
+many statues, gift of the States, may be seen in Statuary Hall, set apart as such
+in 1864, being formerly the House of Representatives Chamber.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page222">[222]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo235.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE CAPITOL AT NIGHT</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page223">[223]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo236.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF FREEDOM</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page224">[224]</span></p>
+
+<p>Massive bronze doors by Rogers, depicting scenes from the life of Christopher
+Columbus, are at the main entrance, the east, and open from the portico to the
+Rotunda. They call to mind the Ghiberti doors in Florence.</p>
+
+<p>There are 24 columns of Maryland sandstone, 30 feet high, in the central
+portico. Statues by Greenough and Persico flank the steps.</p>
+
+<p>The Capitol is to-day the most significant building in this country. Its
+assessed value in 1930 for building and grounds was $45,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>On the east portico of the Capitol newly elected Presidents of the United
+States take the oath of office.</p>
+
+<h4>STATUE OF FREEDOM</h4>
+
+<p>As has been stated, the Statue of Freedom surmounting the Dome of the Capitol
+is the work of one of America’s great artists, Thomas Crawford. The modeling
+was done in Rome, and at the time of his death, in 1857, he was endeavoring to
+secure the necessary funds for the casting of it at the Royal Foundry at Munich.
+On April 19, 1858, the plaster model was shipped from Leghorn, Italy, and after
+a perilous voyage to New York it arrived in Washington in April, 1859. At that
+time work on completion of the Capitol was proceeding under the supervision of
+Thomas U. Walter, architect.</p>
+
+<p>On May 24, 1860, the Secretary of War, in a statement concerning the casting
+of the statue stated that—</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="noindent">it will be cast by Clark Mills and he will be paid for his services and for the rent of his foundry
+[at Mills Avenue toward Bladensburg, where the Andrew Jackson equestrian was cast in 1853]
+and necessary expenses at the rate of $400 per month and that the material, fuel, labor, etc., will
+be paid for by the Government.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>This arrangement had been entered into and the work had progressed to
+quite an extent, when Captain Meigs, who had returned to duty at the Capitol,
+issued a formal statement of the existence of war, on May 15, 1861, suspending
+work on the Capitol extension and the new Dome. But subsequently, even
+though the existence of war between the States handicapped the Government,
+the necessary arrangements for completing the Dome and for casting the statue
+were made. The statue was hoisted in place on the Dome amid a salute of 35
+guns on December 2, 1863.</p>
+
+<p>The original model of the statue may be seen to-day in the rotunda of the
+Museum of History Building of the Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<h4>BRONZE DOORS OF THE CAPITOL</h4>
+
+<p>These bronze doors, the central and most elaborate of the Capitol, were
+modeled by Randolph Rogers at Rome in 1858, and cast at the Royal Bavarian
+Foundry in Munich by Ferdinand von Muller, director, at a cost of $17,000.
+Each of the doors is 19 feet high and 5 feet wide. They are surmounted by a
+semicircular transom-panel or lunette representing the landing of Columbus in
+the New World on October 12, 1492. The casing border is a decorative scheme
+composed of anchors, rudders, and armor; four figures in low relief typify
+Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. At the top of the casing arch is a bust of
+Columbus.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page225">[225]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo238.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">BRONZE DOORS AT MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE CAPITOL, BY ROGERS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page226">[226]</span></p>
+
+<p>Each of the doors is separated into four panels, portraying scenes in alto-relief
+from life of Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>The lowest panel on the left-hand door pictures Columbus before the Council
+of Salamanca. Then follows his departure from the Convent of La Rabida for
+the Spanish Court. The next is the audience before Ferdinand and Isabella, and
+the last the sailing from Palos on the first voyage.</p>
+
+<p>The top panel on the right-hand door represents the first encounter with the
+Indians. The next the triumphal entry into Barcelona. Then follows Columbus
+in chains, and the last depicts the death of the discoverer.</p>
+
+<p>The borders of the separate doors each contain eight figures representing
+prominent personages of the fifteenth century who played important parts in the
+events connected with the discovery of America.</p>
+
+<h4>BRONZE DOORS OF THE SENATE WING</h4>
+
+<p>The bronze doors of the Senate wing were designed by Thomas Crawford,
+sculptor, though the actual work of executing the plaster models was done by
+William H. Rinehart. They represent Crawford’s last work as a sculptor. It
+was first contemplated that one of the doors should be cast at the Royal Bavarian
+Foundry in Munich and that the other door should be cast in this country. The
+death of Thomas Crawford in 1857 and the subsequent occurrence of the Civil
+War caused many of the plans to be changed. The doors, the first of that kind in
+America, were finally cast in 1868 at Chicopee, Mass., by James T. Ames, and
+the expense, $50,000, was far greater than was anticipated at the time when it
+was planned to have the work done in this country. They weigh 14,000 pounds.
+The sculptor, Rinehart, received about $9,000.</p>
+
+<p>Each of the doors consists of three panels and a medallion picturing events of
+the Revolutionary War.</p>
+
+<p>The upper panel of the right-hand door contains a representation of the death
+of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775; the center
+panel shows General Washington rebuking Gen. Charles Lee at the Battle of
+Monmouth, N. J., on June 28, 1778; the lower panel pictures the storming of a
+redoubt at Yorktown, Va., led by Alexander Hamilton, on October 14, 1781;
+the medallion at the bottom represents a conflict between a Hessian soldier and
+a New Jersey farmer.</p>
+
+<p>The medallion at the bottom of the left-hand door represents Peace and Agriculture.
+Above is a panel showing General Washington passing underneath an
+arch of flowers at Trenton, N. J., while on his way to New York City to be
+inaugurated as the first President of the United States; the middle panel represents
+Washington taking the oath of office as President, which was administered
+by Chancellor Livingston on April 30, 1789—the United States Supreme Court
+had not as yet been organized, so that the oath could not be administered by the
+Chief Justice. The top panel represents President Washington laying the corner
+stone of the Capitol on September 18, 1793.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page227">[227]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo240.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">BRONZE DOORS AT THE SENATE WING, BY CRAWFORD</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page228">[228]</span></p>
+
+<h4>BRONZE DOORS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WING</h4>
+
+<p>The bronze doors of the House of Representatives resemble in general outline
+and arrangement the bronze doors of the Senate. Each door consists of three panels
+and a medallion picturing events in American history. The design is that of
+Thomas Crawford, sculptor, but the modeling and completion was that of
+William H. Rinehart. The models after being transported to this country remained
+for a long time in storage and were finally cast by M. H. Mosman, at Chicopee,
+Mass., who had succeeded to or continued the business organization of James T.
+Ames, by whom the Senate doors were cast.</p>
+
+<p>The doors were installed in the autumn of 1905, the cost to the Government
+being $45,000.</p>
+
+<p>The upper panel of the left-hand door portrays the Massacre of Wyoming,
+July 17, 1778; the center panel the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775; the lower
+panel presentation of flag to Gen. William Moultrie for his defense of Sullivans
+Island, Charleston Harbor, June 28, 1776; and the medallion at the bottom shows
+the death of General Montgomery in the attack on Quebec, December 31, 1775.</p>
+
+<p>The upper panel of the right-hand door depicts the reading of the Declaration
+of Independence; the center panel the signing of the Paris treaty of peace
+between the United States and Great Britain, September 3, 1783; the lower
+panel Washington’s farewell to his officers at New York, December 4, 1783; and
+the medallion at the bottom contains a seated figure of Franklin in his study.</p>
+
+<h3>THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES</h3>
+
+<p>Congress is one of the three coordinate branches of the United States Government.
+It is the legislative branch and consists of a Senate, to which the Members,
+two from each State, are elected for a term of six years; and the House of Representatives,
+to which the Members are elected for a term of two years. The
+membership is based on the population of the United States, and in January, 1939,
+numbered 435 Members. The apportionment is made among the several States in
+the ratio that the whole number of persons in each State bears to the total population
+of the country. States arrange for their own congressional districts after the
+number of Members of the House of Representatives from each State has been
+determined upon. There are in the House, also, 2 Territorial Delegates—1 each
+from Alaska and Hawaii—and 2 Resident Commissioners—1 from the Commonwealth
+of the Philippines and 1 from Puerto Rico. They have the right to
+debate but not to vote.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page229">[229]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo242.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">BRONZE DOORS AT THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WING, BY CRAWFORD</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page230">[230]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo243.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">SENATE CHAMBER</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page231">[231]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo244.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CHAMBER</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page232">[232]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Constitution provides that Congress shall assemble on January 3 of each
+year (20th amendment); and each Congress usually consists of two sessions.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo245.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">SENATE OFFICE BUILDING</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The powers of Congress are set forth in Article I, section 8 of the Constitution,
+which is divided into 18 clauses. The power to raise revenue originates in
+the House of Representatives, which carries the burden in providing necessary
+appropriations; the Senate has the power of confirming or rejecting appointments
+made by the President and to ratify treaties. Measures are originated in the
+form of bills or resolutions, which are thereupon referred to committees for
+report before being introduced in the Senate or House of Representatives.</p>
+
+<p>The age requirement for eligibility as a Member of the House of Representatives
+is 25 years, and for the Senate 30 years; each person must have been a citizen
+of the United States for seven years and a citizen of the State from which elected.</p>
+
+<p>Members of Congress are by the Constitution granted exemption from arrest
+under certain conditions while attending the sessions of their respective Houses
+and in going to and returning from such sessions, “and for any speech or debate
+in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.”</p>
+
+<p>The proceedings and debates in Congress are published in the Congressional
+Record, which is printed daily at the Government Printing Office with such
+rapidity that even though a session of Congress may continue until late in the
+night a copy of the Record is at hand for each Member the following morning.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page233">[233]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo246a.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">OLD HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OFFICE BUILDING</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo246b.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">NEW HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OFFICE BUILDING</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>A bill or resolution, to become a law, must be passed by both the House of
+Representatives and the Senate and approved by the President. If there are
+points of disagreement in the Senate or House of Representatives in the enactment
+of legislation, each body appoints conferees to settle the points in dispute. The
+President has the power to veto a bill, but the measure can become law if reconsidered
+and passed by both the Senate and the House of Representatives by a
+two-thirds majority. Occasionally the President makes use of the “pocket
+veto”; that is, if the bill was passed within 10 days (Sundays excepted) of the
+adjournment of Congress, the President may retain (pocket) the bill, which is
+thus killed at the end of the session without the interposition of a direct veto, and
+without risking the chances of its passage over the veto. If the President does
+not interpose the ordinary veto, a bill becomes law at the expiration of 10 days.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page234">[234]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo247.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">UNION STATION</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page235">[235]</span></p>
+
+<p>The President is given authority by the Constitution to convene either or
+both Houses of Congress in extraordinary session.</p>
+
+<h3>SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OFFICE BUILDINGS</h3>
+
+<p>The Senate and House Office Buildings, the former flanking the Capitol to the
+north and the latter to the south, were designed by Carrere &amp; Hastings, architects,
+and are in the classical style of architecture. A new House Office Building,
+designed by the Allied Architects, Inc., of Washington, has recently been completed,
+and also the East Wing of the Senate Office Building, designed by Wyeth
+&amp; Sullivan, architects of Washington. Each Senator is provided with offices
+of from two to three rooms, and likewise each Representative, excepting a few
+whose offices are in the Capitol.</p>
+
+<h3>UNION STATION</h3>
+
+<p>In the design of the station much thought was given to the architectural
+features. Since Greece and Rome have furnished architectural inspiration for so
+many of the public buildings of Washington, a freely interpreted classic may be
+considered as the recognized architecture of these structures; and as the new
+station was to be the monumental gateway to the National Capital, it seemed
+fitting that the architectural motives should be drawn from the triumphal arches
+of Rome. They inspired Mr. Burnham to design the Union Station as he did.
+Construction work was begun in August, 1902, the terminal opened October
+27, 1907, and was completed in April, 1908.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the elements entering into the design of the terminal were unique.
+In most cities the probable future growth and nature of the traffic plays an important
+part in the planning of a passenger terminal. Washington has very little
+suburban traffic; and as it will never become a commercial center, the question
+of providing for future growth was of minor importance. The main problem was
+how to care for and provide against abnormal conditions, which arise at least once
+every four years. The handling of inauguration crowds had always been a heavy
+expense to the railroads, because they had to provide such elaborate temporary
+facilities. On the other hand, to provide adequate permanent facilities meant
+a large expenditure, with the attendant heavy carrying charges. On account
+of the dilapidated condition of the passenger facilities owned by the companies,
+and the urgent need of larger and better terminals, a union terminal seemed to
+show advantages over the separate stations provided for in the acts of 1901.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page236">[236]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo249.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Courtesy of Commercial Photo Co.</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">UNION STATION—CONCOURSE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page237">[237]</span></p>
+
+<p>The layout embraces every feature and facility involved in the construction
+of a first-class terminal, including a depot building planned and constructed after
+the most modern lines, and containing every feature for the convenience, comfort,
+and pleasure of the traveling public; the most complete and up-to-date
+facilities for conducting the business of a large railroad station; a main power
+plant for furnishing power of every kind required for the successful operation of
+the station and yards; a large and completely equipped express terminal for caring
+for the express business handled by the companies; a modern commodious roundhouse
+and shop layout for caring for repairs to equipment; the most complete interlocking
+layout and intercommunication system ever constructed; one of the
+most complete passenger-equipment yards ever built; and a track system covering
+yards and main tracks within the passenger-terminal zone aggregating about 60
+miles of single track.</p>
+
+<p>The station building proper is 626 feet 10 inches long and 210 feet 9 inches
+wide, exclusive of the space taken up by the columns in front of the central
+pavilion or main portico. The front and ends are made up of groups of semicircular
+arches characteristic of Roman architecture. The main portico or central
+pavilion consists of 3 arches, each 29 feet 6 inches wide and 48 feet 9 inches high.
+Flanking it on either side are 7 arches, each 12 feet 4 inches wide and 24 feet 8
+inches high, while the end pavilions are composed of arches 22 feet wide and 38
+feet 6 inches high.</p>
+
+<p>The west end is made up of 5 arches 19 feet 2 inches wide and 37 feet 7 inches
+high, and 1 arch 12 feet 4 inches wide and 24 feet 8 inches high. The former are
+used as exits for carriages from the carriage porch, the latter to carry out the open
+portico treatment across the front. At the east end leading to the open portico
+are 2 windows with arch treatment, and there are 5 arches 12 feet 6 inches wide
+and 24 feet 8 inches high, 1 arch 22 feet wide and 38 feet 6 inches high, leading
+to a carriage pavilion.</p>
+
+<p>The east pavilion leads to a suite of rooms for the use of the President and the
+guests of the Nation, the west pavilion to the carriage porch at the west end of
+the ticket lobby. The central and end pavilions are connected by a portico or
+loggia from 14 feet 6 inches to 16 feet 6 inches wide, the portico and pavilions
+forming a continuous covered porch the entire length of the structure, and affording
+protection from the elements. The east and west wings of the building are
+69 feet 7¹⁄₂ inches above the floor level, and the domes over the carriage entrances
+are 78 feet 3¹⁄₂ inches above the same point. The dome over the main waiting room
+is 122 feet 10 inches high.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page238">[238]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo251.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">UNION STATION—WAITING ROOM</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page239">[239]</span></p>
+
+<p>The concourse in the rear of the main building is 760 feet long and 130 feet
+wide, exceeding by nearly nine feet the length of the Capitol. It is covered by a
+segmental arched ceiling 45 feet high in the center and 22 feet at the springing
+line above the main floor. About 40 per cent of the ceiling area is of glass, the
+remainder is artistically coffered ornamental plaster. The concourse is divided by
+the usual train fence into two sections, that on the station side being 83 feet and
+that on the track side 47 feet wide.</p>
+
+<p>There are 32 tracks leading to the station—20 on the level of the waiting
+rooms and 12 depressed below the street level a distance of 20 feet. Two tubes
+of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. and Southern Railway Co., each 16 feet wide,
+run from the station south along First Street between the Library of Congress
+and the Capitol for about a mile. At the Fountain of Neptune the tunnel is 40
+feet below the surface. Approximately 285 trains enter and leave the railway
+station each day; the daily number of passengers is approximately 30,000.</p>
+
+<p>The general waiting room has a clear width of 120 feet, is 219 feet long, exclusive
+of the colonnades, and is covered by a Roman barrel-vaulted ceiling, its
+highest point, exclusive of coffers, being 96 feet above the floor level. The
+decorations are sunken panels patterned after the baths of Diocletian. It is
+lighted by a semicircular window 72¹⁄₂ feet in diameter at the east end, by three
+semicircular windows in the south side and five on the north side, each 27¹⁄₂ feet in
+diameter, and by the glass roof over the ticket lobby at the west end. Imperial
+Rome at her greatest did not possess a hall of such proportions.</p>
+
+<p>The Union Station is built of Vermont white granite. In the construction of
+this massive building Mr. Burnham set a standard for civic improvement for the
+construction of railroad terminals in this country.</p>
+
+<p>The complete architectural treatment of the front elevation of the station
+includes six stone statues and four eagles, the former over the central pavilion,
+and the latter over the carriage entrances at the east and west ends. This statuary
+is placed in front of the great friezes over the main entrance arches and over
+the carriage archways and, with the inscriptions in the panels between, have
+been made a special architectural feature.</p>
+
+<p>Before the adoption of the scheme a number of suggestions for the subjects of
+the statues and inscriptions were secured, ranging from the explorers and discoverers
+of this country to the various inventors who have had most to do with
+the development of transportation. The general architectural treatment of the
+building, however, was such as to preclude the usual portrait statues. To make
+them take their place as part of the architecture required that they be limited to
+allegorical draped figures, forming simple, massive silhouettes against the vast
+frieze. In the development of the complete scheme, embracing the subjects for
+the statuary, with appropriate inscriptions in the intervening panels, the late<span class="pagenum" id="Page240">[240]</span>
+Charles W. Eliot, former president of Harvard University, was consulted. The
+result is an appropriate and adequate treatment of the decorative frieze over the
+doorway of the vestibule to the Capital of the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>The general decorative features of the main entrance to the building consist of
+six massive stone columns, two on each side and one in front of each pier supporting
+the main arches. Upon pedestals on the tops of these columns the granite
+statues, about 18 feet high, are placed, those on the west side of the entrance
+representing Prometheus and Thales, typifying Fire and Electricity, those on the
+east side Ceres and Archimedes, typifying Agriculture and Mechanics, while
+Freedom and Imagination are depicted by the central figures. Those on the west
+side represent two of the great forces connected with the operation of railroads,
+while those on the east owe much of their development and wealth to the railroads.
+The central figures typify the atmosphere of freedom in which the inventive
+imagination has been able to accomplish such great results. The columns
+flanking the carriage entrances are surmounted by stone eagles about 8 feet high.</p>
+
+<p>The following inscriptions are cut in the granite panels over the main entrance:</p>
+
+<div class="split5050">
+
+<div class="left5050">
+
+<p class="center highline2"><i>West</i> (<i>Prometheus and Thales</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">FIRE—GREATEST OF DISCOVERIES<br>
+ENABLING MAN TO LIVE IN VARIOUS CLIMATES<br>
+USE MANY FOODS—AND COMPEL<br>
+THE FORCES OF NATURE TO DO HIS WORK</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">ELECTRICITY—CARRIER OF LIGHT AND POWER<br>
+DEVOURER OF TIME AND SPACE—BEARER<br>
+OF HUMAN SPEECH OVER LAND AND SEA<br>
+GREAT SERVANT OF MAN—ITSELF UNKNOWN</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">THOU HAST PUT ALL THINGS UNDER HIS FEET</p>
+
+</div><!--left5050-->
+
+<div class="right5050">
+
+<p class="center highline2"><i>Central</i> (<i>Freedom and Imagination</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">SWEETENER OF HUT AND OF HALL<br>
+BRINGER OF LIFE OUT OF NAUGHT<br>
+FREEDOM O FAIREST OF ALL<br>
+THE DAUGHTERS OF TIME AND THOUGHT</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">MAN’S IMAGINATION HAS CONCEIVED ALL<br>
+NUMBERS AND LETTERS—ALL TOOLS, VESSELS<br>
+AND SHELTERS—EVERY ART AND TRADE—ALL<br>
+PHILOSOPHY AND POETRY—AND ALL POLITIES</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">THE TRUTH SHALL MAKE YOU FREE</p>
+
+</div><!--right5050-->
+
+<p class="thinline allclear">&#160;</p>
+
+</div><!--split5050-->
+
+<p class="center highline2"><i>East</i> (<i>Ceres and Archimedes</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">THE FARM—BEST HOME OF THE FAMILY—MAIN<br>
+SOURCE OF NATIONAL WEALTH—FOUNDATION OF<br>
+CIVILIZED SOCIETY—THE NATURAL PROVIDENCE</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">THE OLD MECHANIC ARTS—CONTROLLING NEW<br>
+FORCES—BUILD NEW HIGHWAYS FOR GOODS<br>
+AND MEN—OVERRIDE THE OCEAN—AND MAKE<br>
+THE VERY ETHER CARRY HUMAN THOUGHT</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">THE DESERT SHALL REJOICE AND BLOSSOM<br>
+AS THE ROSE</p>
+
+<p>In the panels over the entrances to the carriage porch and state apartment
+the following inscriptions are cut:</p>
+
+<div class="split5050">
+
+<div class="left5050">
+
+<p class="center highline2"><i>Carriage Porch</i> (<i>south elevation</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">HE THAT WOULD BRING HOME THE<br>
+WEALTH OF THE INDIES MUST CARRY<br>
+THE WEALTH OF THE INDIES WITH HIM<br>
+SO IT IS IN TRAVELLING—A MAN<br>
+MUST CARRY KNOWLEDGE WITH HIM<br>
+IF HE WOULD BRING HOME KNOWLEDGE</p>
+
+</div><!--left5050-->
+
+<div class="right5050">
+
+<p class="center highline2"><i>State Apartment</i> (<i>south elevation</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">LET ALL THE ENDS THOU AIMEST AT BE<br>
+THY COUNTRY’S, THY GOD’S, AND TRUTH’S,<br>
+BE NOBLE, AND THE NOBLENESS THAT<br>
+LIES IN OTHER MEN—SLEEPING BUT<br>
+NEVER DEAD—WILL RISE IN MAJESTY<br>
+TO MEET THINE OWN</p>
+
+</div><!--right5050-->
+
+<p class="thinline allclear">&#160;</p>
+
+</div><!--split5050-->
+
+<p class="center highline2"><i>State Apartment</i> (<i>east elevation</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">WELCOME THE COMING<br>
+SPEED THE PARTING GUEST</p>
+
+<p class="inscription unionstation">VIRTUE ALONE IS SWEET SOCIETY<br>
+IT KEEPS THE KEY TO ALL<br>
+HEROIC HEARTS AND OPENS YOU<br>
+A WELCOME IN THEM ALL</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page241">[241]</span></p>
+
+<p>The decorations immediately in front of and along the sides of the east and
+west entrances consist of stone balustrades upon which at proper intervals are
+ornamental lamp posts.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately in front of the main entrance to the Union Station there are
+three ornamental iron flagstaffs 110 feet in height, the ornamental base and
+decorative portions of which are in bronze. These were designed by D. H.
+Burnham &amp; Co., architects of the Union Station.</p>
+
+<p>Since the completion of the Union Station in 1908 there have also been placed
+on the Plaza the Columbus Memorial Fountain in front of the main entrance, and
+two large fountains, one on each side of the memorial.</p>
+
+<p>All stone used in the decoration of the Plaza, except that in the bowls of
+the fountains, is Vermont white granite, from the same quarry as that used in
+the station building. The fountain bowls are of Maine green granite. The
+upper bowls are 13 feet in diameter and cut from a single piece of stone; the
+lower bowls are 22 feet 6 inches in diameter, the rims being made from eight
+separate pieces of granite. The bottoms of these bowls are of reinforced concrete
+and are lined with sheet lead.</p>
+
+<h3>WASHINGTON CITY POST OFFICE</h3>
+
+<p>The Washington City Post Office moved into its present quarters on September
+5, 1914. The building faces on Massachusetts Avenue and extends from North
+Capitol Street to First Street NE.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of occupancy it was considered the model post office for the rest
+of the country, being provided with the most modern mail-handling equipment
+that human ingenuity could devise. There are conveyor belts through a tunnel
+under the streets for bringing the enormous amount of Government mail from the
+Government Printing Office directly into the post office, where it is made up for
+dispatch to trains; other belts for conveying mail from one section of the office
+to another; bucket lifts for raising mail from a lower to a higher floor; gravity
+chutes to send mail from an upper to a lower level; miniature trolley systems to
+carry smaller amounts of mail, or even single important letters, from one section
+of the workroom floor to another; and other devices to save footsteps of the
+employees and conserve their time.</p>
+
+<p>The building is three stories above the ground level and two stories below.
+The two upper floors and one of the lower ones are given over to Post Office
+Department activities, such as the Postal Savings Division, the Division of
+Stamps, the Division of Equipment and Supplies, and others. The building is so
+constructed that the maximum of natural daylight is permitted to enter. It has
+no heating plant of its own, being supplied with heat from the plant located at
+First and E Streets SE. that supplies the Capitol, Senate and House Office
+Buildings, and the Government Printing Office. The necessary pipes are brought
+into the building through underground tunnels.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page242">[242]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo255.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON CITY POST OFFICE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page243">[243]</span></p>
+
+<p>There are approximately 6 acres of floor space available for the Washington
+Post Office. This additional space was secured by a new addition. It was
+thought at the time the post office moved into its new quarters that the floor space
+provided would be ample to take care of all increases in the volume of mail for a
+period of 50 years. In a few years the office far outgrew this space, and Congress
+appropriated for an addition to the building about equal in size to the original
+one. The construction of this addition cost $4,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>The original building cost $3,028,000, and the general style of the architecture
+is that of the monumental work of Roman times and was designed by Peirce
+Anderson, architect, to harmonize with the Union Station, which adjoins, and
+to which it is connected by a covered bridge, over which mail to and from the
+trains is trucked.</p>
+
+<p>The main exterior motive consists of an Ionic colonnade flanked by corner
+pavilions treated with round arches, inclosed in a strong frame of columns and
+pilasters and surmounted by solid attics carrying inscriptions as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">MESSENGER OF SYMPATHY AND LOVE<br>
+SERVANT OF PARTED FRIENDS<br>
+CONSOLER OF THE LONELY<br>
+BOND OF THE SCATTERED FAMILY<br>
+ENLARGER OF THE COMMON LIFE</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">CARRIER OF NEWS AND KNOWLEDGE<br>
+INSTRUMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY<br>
+PROMOTER OF MUTUAL ACQUAINTANCE<br>
+OF PEACE AND OF GOOD WILL<br>
+AMONG MEN AND NATIONS</p>
+
+<p>Many visitors to Washington will stop and read these inscriptions and, being
+interested in the authorship thereof, will make inquiry concerning it. Research
+shows that the originals were prepared by Dr. Charles W. Eliot, at that time
+president of Harvard University, but that some slight changes were made in the
+text by the late President Wilson to the extent of the alteration of some three or
+four words. It is this revision that appears on the building.</p>
+
+<p>The material of the exterior of the building is Vermont white granite and is
+the same as that used in the construction of the Union Station. The general treatment
+of the main lobby, which is 250 feet in length, is that of a high cella, 30 feet
+wide and 53 feet high, and surrounded by an order of pilasters in Tavernelle
+marble. The adjoining vestibules are ornamented by 24 monolithic columns of
+gray-green granite from New Hampshire. These columns are 2 feet and 4 inches
+in diameter and 20 feet in height. The floor is of Tennessee marble, laid in patterns
+of pinks and grays. The main lobby ceiling has an elaborate coffered design
+inspired from the best period of the Italian Renaissance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page244">[244]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo257.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">LIBRARY OF CONGRESS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page245">[245]</span></p>
+
+<p>The gross receipts of the Washington Post Office have increased from $1,792,917
+in 1914 to nearly $7,000,000 in 1938.</p>
+
+<p>In order to make postal facilities as easily accessible as possible, there are
+located throughout the city 31 classified and 41 contract stations.</p>
+
+<p>To properly transport mail from the main office to the various stations, electric-line
+terminals, steamboat wharves, and aviation fields, and to make collections
+from the street letter boxes and deliver parcel-post packages, the office operates
+a fleet of fully 100 Government-owned automobile trucks.</p>
+
+<p>Designed by Graham Anderson, Probst &amp; White and built of white Vermont
+granite, the addition was completed in 1937 and it doubled the size of the city
+post office.</p>
+
+<h3>LIBRARY OF CONGRESS</h3>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress, the world’s largest and most elaborate building
+devoted wholly to library uses, occupies two city squares east of and facing the
+Capitol Grounds, also an addition recently completed.</p>
+
+<p>The architecture is of the Italian Renaissance order, from plans made by J. J.
+Smithmeyer and Paul Pelz, and modified by Edward P. Casey. The exterior walls
+are of New Hampshire granite. Fifty masters of painting and sculpture worked
+together to make it a treasure house of the best contemporary American art, fit
+to shelter one of the greatest libraries of the world. Army engineers superintended
+its construction.</p>
+
+<p>Begun in 1886, completed in 1897, the building measures 340 feet by 470 feet
+and covers about 3¹⁄₂ acres. Its cost to date has been $7,868,951. The addition
+was designed by Pierson &amp; Wilson, architects of Washington, and built of
+Georgia marble.</p>
+
+<p>In front of the Library is a bronze fountain by Hinton Perry, sculptor, representing
+the Court of Neptune.</p>
+
+<p>The grand stair hall of the entrance pavilion is of Italian white marble, is
+particularly beautiful at night, when visitors delight to see it. It leads to the
+great rotunda, which is the reading room. To the right are the library rooms of
+Senators and Representatives and the periodical room. To the left are the rooms
+for the blind and the conservatory of music.</p>
+
+<p>On the second floor at the head of the staircase is Elihu Vedder’s famous
+mosaic, Minerva. On this floor also are on exhibition the original Declaration of
+Independence, the original Constitution of the United States, and the Gutenberg
+Bible. To the right is the prints division, now called the division of fine arts, and
+to the left the manuscripts division.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page246">[246]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo259.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">LIBRARY OF CONGRESS—GRAND STAIRCASE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page247">[247]</span></p>
+
+<p>The reading room contains the card-index catalogue of the books in the Library,
+will accommodate 1,000 readers at a time, and is free to any reader over 16 years
+of age. The alcoves are devoted to books on particular subjects.</p>
+
+<p>The reading room is under the dome, which is 100 feet in diameter and 195
+feet high to the lantern. In the lantern of the dome is a female figure indicating
+Human Understanding, and on the collar surrounding the lantern, 150 feet in
+circumference, is the Evolution of Civilization, symbolic of the 12 nations and
+epochs which have contributed to the world’s advance—both great works of art
+by Edwin Howland Blashfield. The dome is beautifully decorated, and the series
+of statues in bronze by famous American sculptors at intervals on the balustrade
+encircling the rotunda make the scene impressive.</p>
+
+<p>The pillars in the rotunda are 40 feet high, the windows 32 feet wide.</p>
+
+<p>There are 16 bronze statues surrounding the railing of the gallery under the
+dome, representing leaders in great fields of learning, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p><i>Religion</i>: Moses the great lawgiver, holding the Tables of the Law, given at Mount Sinai,
+by Charles Henry Niehaus; St. Paul, with sword and scroll, by John Donoghue.</p>
+
+<p><i>Commerce</i>: Christopher Columbus, by Paul Bartlett; Robert Fulton, holding a model of his
+first steamboat, Clermont, by Lewis Potter.</p>
+
+<p><i>History</i>: Herodotus, the “Father of History,” by Daniel Chester French; Edward Gibbon,
+author of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by C. H. Niehaus.</p>
+
+<p><i>Art</i>: Michelangelo, by Paul Bartlett; Beethoven, by Theodor Bauer.</p>
+
+<p><i>Philosophy</i>: Plato, by John J. Boyle; Francis Bacon, by John J. Boyle.</p>
+
+<p><i>Poetry</i>: Homer, by Augustus Saint-Gaudens; Shakespeare, by Frederick W. MacMonnies.</p>
+
+<p><i>Law</i>: Solon, by F. Wellington Ruckstuhl; James Kent, by George E. Bissell.</p>
+
+<p><i>Science</i>: Newton, by Cyrus E. Dallin; Joseph Henry, by Herbert Adams.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>Numerous paintings, mosaics, and inscriptions adorn the interior walls. The
+dark Tennessee, the red Numidia, and the shades of yellow Sienna marble give
+the room a rich color effect.</p>
+
+<p>When the collection of a million books was moved from the crowded Capitol
+it was believed that the increase for the next hundred years had been amply provided
+for; but before 15 years had passed it had been found necessary to roof over
+one of the four great open courts (more than a quarter of an acre in extent) and fill
+it with a 10-story steel bookstack to hold 1,500,000 volumes. By 1927 another
+court had been filled with a 14-story stack. Two years later four levels were
+added to the first of these court stacks, making the two equal.</p>
+
+<p>To meet the great increase in the future, Congress appropriated for the purchase
+of a square and a half of land to the eastward and the construction of an
+annex building costing $9,300,000. To the annex will be transferred the copyright<span class="pagenum" id="Page248">[248]</span>
+office, card division, printery, and bindery, but leaving room in it for eight or ten
+million volumes of less active material, such, for example, as the 97,000 volumes
+of bound newspapers. There are 20 acres of floor space in the new building.</p>
+
+<p>The Library’s resources for research are unsurpassed in the Western Hemisphere;
+its service as a national library is unexcelled. The printed book collection
+on June 30, 1938, totaled 5,591,000, surpassed in numbers only by that of the
+Bibliothèque National in Paris, and increasing at a greater rate than those in any
+other library. Last year 196,000 volumes were added.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo261.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ADDITION</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>Founded in 1800 by an act appropriating $5,000 for the purchase of “books
+for the use of both Houses of Congress,” the Library continued, down to the
+midpoint of its 139 years of history, to be no more than its name implies—a
+collection for the use of the National Legislature. By 1865 the Library had
+attained a growth of 82,000 volumes, which was notable among American libraries
+neither in size nor in service rendered.</p>
+
+<p>The collections include the library of Thomas Jefferson (6,760 volumes, the
+nucleus of the present collections, purchased for $23,950 in 1815), the Peter
+Force and the Toner collections of American history, the Smithsonian Institution’s
+unequaled collection of the proceedings of learned societies of the world,
+the Yudin collection of Russian books (with later additions probably the largest
+outside of Russia), the collection of John Boyd Thacher (fifteenth-century books,
+and books on the French Revolution, early Americana, autographs of European
+notables), the Schiff-Deinard collection of Hebrew literature, and 130,000
+Chinese books, understood to be one of the largest and best-organized collections
+outside the Orient. Most notable among recent accessions is the Vollbehr collection
+of 3,000 fifteenth-century books (incunabula), for whose purchase Congress
+appropriated $1,500,000 in July, 1930. The gem of this group is the
+Gutenberg Bible, one of the three extant perfect copies on vellum of the first
+great book printed in Europe from movable type (A. D. 1450-1455).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page249">[249]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo262.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">LIBRARY OF CONGRESS—READING ROOM</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page250">[250]</span></p>
+
+<p>Manuscripts relating chiefly to American history are among the Library’s
+greatest treasures. The reproducing by photography of manuscript materials for
+American history in foreign archives and libraries, which since 1927 has formed
+so significant a portion of the division’s work, has added more than 2,000,000 pages
+to the resources which students of that history can use in Washington without
+going to Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Chief among originals beyond all price are the Declaration of Independence,
+the Constitution of the United States—both added in 1921—the personal papers
+of President Washington, many Presidents, and other statesmen.</p>
+
+<p>The Library is rich in music. This collection numbers over 1,194,000 pieces
+and volumes, surpassed only in two or three European libraries. An auditorium
+of 500 seats, given and richly endowed by Mrs. Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge,
+provides free concerts and lectures.</p>
+
+<p>Other notable groups are 1,400,000 maps and views; 542,000 engravings and
+other pictorial reproductions, including the splendid Pennell collections; the law
+library (404,000 volumes). The social and political sciences are represented by
+890,500 volumes, language and literature by 350,000, history by 420,000, and pure
+science by 265,500.</p>
+
+<p>The most recent important development in service is the division of aeronautics,
+established through a benefaction of $140,000 from the Daniel Guggenheim Fund
+for Aeronautics, now supplemented by an annual congressional appropriation.</p>
+
+<p>Special facilities for serious research include some 50 individual study rooms
+and (elsewhere) 125 special desks or tables. Interlibrary loans for investigators
+whose work is likely to advance the boundaries of knowledge are sent far and wide
+through the United States and some abroad.</p>
+
+<p>There is a service for blind readers which last year loaned 42,000 volumes in
+embossed type to some 3,000 readers in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Printed catalogue cards, numbering 110,000,000, prepared by the Library for
+its own catalogues, are sold at cost to some 6,300 other libraries, effecting for the
+subscribers prodigious savings in their cataloguing bills but yielding a revenue to
+the Treasury of $328,405.</p>
+
+<p>Until very recently Congress alone provided the funds to meet all the
+Library’s expenses, excepting one gift of $20,000 received in 1904. But in 1925
+the Library of Congress Trust Fund Board was created by Congress, the Secretary
+of the Treasury and the Librarian of Congress being ex officio chairman and
+secretary of the board, respectively. The act authorized the board to receive and
+invest funds for permanent endowments, and the Librarian to receive gifts of
+money for immediate disbursement. Already endowments aggregating about
+$2,000,000 and gift funds of $1,415,000 for immediate expenditure have been
+received and have yielded an income from 1925 to 1938 of $726,000. These new
+resources add to the bibliographic apparatus and support a project for developing
+an archive of American folk song. One endowment yields $4,000 per year for the
+purchase of recent Hispanic literature and employs a consultant to suggest items
+for purchase in this particular field.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page251">[251]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo264.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE CONSTITUTION</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page252">[252]</span></p>
+
+<p>Six consultants, men of professional rank and experience, are engaged (without
+any administrative duties) in advising the maturer users of the Library in their
+investigations. This unique service is to be found nowhere else in libraries.</p>
+
+<p>Notable among gifts are those of John D. Rockefeller, jr.—one of $450,000 for
+the acquisition in facsimile copies of source material for American history existing
+in the archives of foreign countries, and another of $250,000 for the development
+of a great union catalogue of important books in other American libraries.</p>
+
+<p>The scheme of classification, covering 5,000 printed pages, has been adopted
+in 80 large libraries in America and Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Herbert Putnam, the Librarian, took office on April 5, 1899.</p>
+
+<p>The Library staff, organized in 30 divisions, consists of 1,055 persons, of whom
+585 are doing library work proper; 136 handle the copyright business, which
+since 1870 has been under direction of the Librarian; 204 constitute the building
+force, which guards the building day and night, keeps it in beautiful order,
+attends to heating, lighting, and ventilating the 15 acres of floor space, vacuum
+cleans—the year round—the 162 miles of books, and looks after the countless
+other mechanical matters. The remainder (111 persons) are printers and bookbinders
+engaged on Library work, but under the Public Printer’s direction; 19
+are engaged on special projects.</p>
+
+<h3>FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY</h3>
+
+<p>When Henry C. Folger, of New York City, decided to build the library his
+first thought was to have this monument to the glory of Shakespeare designed in
+harmony with the architecture of Shakespeare’s time. However, the library being
+in Washington, very near the Capitol, the House of Representatives and Senate
+Office Buildings, and the Library of Congress (to which group was added the
+Supreme Court Building), made it appear somewhat dangerous to introduce
+Elizabethan architecture in such a classical frame.</p>
+
+<p>After a conference with Dr. Paul Cret, architect, and Alexander B. Trowbridge,
+consultant, Mr. Folger agreed with this view, and a white marble structure of
+classic design was agreed upon. However, if the façades of a building are part of the
+scenery, once the door is passed, it is quite legitimate to harmonize
+the interiors<span class="pagenum" id="Page253">[253]</span>
+with the collections therein displayed. It was with this end in view that the
+general plan was studied and adopted.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo266.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The requirements of the donor necessitated a reading room as free as possible
+from disturbance, and to find, for the benefit of the public, a room where
+could be displayed some selected material—books, prints, costumes, paintings,
+and works of art relating to Shakespeare. An exhibition room and theater were
+laid out to form a somewhat separated unit. The location of this reading room
+on the courtyard side away from the street noise is also more favorable to study.
+Below the reading room are two stories of stacks fully lighted by the courtyard.</p>
+
+<p>The exhibition hall and the reading room form the center of the plan. The east
+wing is occupied by the lecture room-theater, which has its own lobby, and can be
+used at night independently of the rest of the building. The retiring rooms and
+dressing rooms are in the basement, and stairs lead to the balcony.</p>
+
+<p>The west wing is occupied by the administration. On the main floor are the
+founder’s rooms and the offices of the director, his assistants, and clerks. On
+the second floor are the library staff workrooms and five private study rooms for
+scholars.</p>
+
+<p>The over-all size of the building is 226 feet by 111 feet. It rises to a height of
+48 feet on a property 364 feet by 186 feet. Work was started in November 1929.
+The façades were to harmonize in masses and material with classic Washington.<span class="pagenum" id="Page254">[254]</span>
+A quiet modern Georgia marble façade, with silver grilles and balconies, was
+designed, using, as principal decoration, a set of nine bas-reliefs illustrating
+Shakespeare’s plays and some inscriptions emphasizing its purpose of memorial
+to a great poet.</p>
+
+<div class="container w50emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo267.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">EXHIBITION HALL—FOLGER SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>The sculptural theme is based on the following plays: Macbeth, Romeo and
+Juliet, King Lear, Julius Caesar, Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of
+Venice, Richard the Third, Hamlet, and Henry the Fourth. Their execution
+was entrusted to John Gregory of New York. They are placed so as to have more
+importance than the usual frieze—below each window of the exhibition room, at
+the proper height for the passer-by, and along a marble terrace raised 3 feet above
+the street level.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page255">[255]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo268.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page256">[256]</span></p>
+
+<h3>SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION</h3>
+
+<p>The Smithsonian Institution was established by act of Congress in 1846,
+under the terms of the will of James Smithson, an Englishman, who in 1826 bequeathed
+his fortune to the United States to found, at Washington, under the
+name of the “Smithsonian Institution,” an establishment for the “increase and
+diffusion of knowledge among men.” The Institution is legally an establishment,
+having as its members the President of the United States, the Vice President, the
+Chief Justice, and the President’s Cabinet. It is governed by a Board of Regents.
+The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is its executive officer and the director
+of its activities. The building was designed by James Renwick, architect.</p>
+
+<p>The regents are empowered to accept gifts without action of Congress, in
+furtherance of the purpose of the Institution, and to administer trusts in accordance
+therewith. Throughout its history, the Smithsonian Institution has conducted
+and encouraged important scientific researches, explorations, and investigations,
+which have contributed largely to the advancement of knowledge, and
+thereby accomplishing the “increase of knowledge.” The “diffusion of knowledge”
+is carried on through several series of publications based on its researches
+and collections, through its museum and art gallery exhibits, and through an
+extensive correspondence. The Smithsonian issues 13 series of scientific publications
+which are distributed free to libraries, learned societies, and educational
+institutions throughout the world. It also maintains a library of 876,000 volumes,
+which consists mainly of transactions of learned societies and scientific
+periodicals.</p>
+
+<p>The Institution has charge of the National Museum, the National Gallery of
+Art, the National Collection of Fine Arts, the Freer Gallery of Art, the International
+Exchange Service, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the National
+Zoological Park, and the Astrophysical Observatory (with several field stations).</p>
+
+<p>The United States National Museum is the depository of the national collections.
+It is rich in the natural history, geology, paleontology, archeology, and
+ethnology of America, and has large and important collections illustrating American
+history, including military and naval material, and also valuable series relating
+to arts and industries. It is an educational and research museum and issues
+scientific publications. Its aeronautical collection includes the airplane <i>The Spirit
+of St. Louis</i>, deposited by Col. Charles A. Lindbergh in the spring of 1928.</p>
+
+<p>The National Gallery of Art is a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution created
+by joint resolution of Congress approved March 24, 1937, as a result of the gift
+of Andrew W. Mellon to the Nation of his art collection of masterpieces valued
+at $50,000,000 and $10,000,000 to erect a building to house it. The above act
+accepting Mr. Mellon’s gift provided that the art collections already in possession
+of the Smithsonian Institution and therefore designated the National Gallery of
+Art should thereafter be known as the National Collection of Fine Arts. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page257">[257]</span>
+National Gallery of Art is administered for the Smithsonian Institution, in which
+title is vested, by a Board of Trustees. The monumental marble building,
+designed by John Russell Pope, is now under construction on the site on the
+north side of the Mall between Fourth and Seventh Streets. (See <a href="#Page281">p. 281</a> for
+illustration.)</p>
+
+<p>The Bureau of American Ethnology is engaged particularly in the collection
+of information relating to the American Indians. The National Zoological Park
+has an area of 175 acres and is located adjacent to Rock Creek Park. Its collection
+comprises about 3,000 animals.</p>
+
+<h3>GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE</h3>
+
+<p>The Government Printing Office, in which the printing and bookbinding for
+the various branches of the National Government is executed, is located on
+North Capitol Street between G and H Streets NW. Covering almost a city
+block with its eight-story, red-brick building, this plant is the best-equipped and
+is reputed to be the largest printing office of its kind in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Printing for the Government of the United States was first mentioned during
+the initial session of Congress, in 1789, in the form of a recommendation to that
+body that proposals be invited for “printing the laws and other proceedings of
+Congress.”</p>
+
+<p>The first specific appropriation for public printing was passed in 1794, when
+an expenditure of $10,000 was authorized for “firewood, stationery, and
+printing.”</p>
+
+<p>Between 1804 and 1814, Congress had no fixed policy in relation to printing.
+A contract system by the lowest bidder was adopted. The plan prevailed for 5
+years but was very unsatisfactory, and Congress was compelled to look for a
+better method. In December, 1818, both houses passed a resolution appointing
+a joint committee to “consider and report whether any further provisions of law
+are necessary to insure dispatch, accuracy, and neatness in printing the documents
+of the two Houses of Congress.” The inquiries by this committee led them to
+New York and Philadelphia, where they studied printing costs and methods, and
+upon returning to Washington they made a report declaring most emphatically
+for the establishment of a national printing office as the only means by which
+Congress could secure necessary printing at reasonable costs.</p>
+
+<p>No definite action was taken on the report, with the result that for the next
+forty-odd years the method of handling public printing was constantly changing.
+Some years there was a “Printer to the Senate” and a “Printer to the House,”
+both elected by a ballot of Congress, and in other years there was a “Superintendent
+of Public Printing.” Altogether it was expensive and impractical, and
+by act of Congress on June 23, 1860, a national printing office was authorized.
+On February 19, 1861, $135,000 was appropriated, and with this money the
+printing establishment of Joseph T. Crowell, located at H and North Capitol
+Streets, Washington, D. C., was purchased, upon approval of the Joint Committee
+on Printing. This building had been constructed in 1856 by Cornelius
+Wendell, as a private office. The building at that time was 243 by 61¹⁄₂ feet, 4
+stories high, but by subsequent appropriations up to 1876 several additions were
+made to the original structure.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page258">[258]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo271.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page259">[259]</span></p>
+
+<p>The plant, as taken over in 1861, employed between 300 and 400 persons and
+evidently was, for that period, very complete. It consisted of a drying room,
+pressroom, wetting room, job room, folding room, reading room, office, bindery,
+machine shop, boiler house, and stable. Among some of the items of equipment
+were 1 timepiece, 5 wrenches, one 40-horse engine, 104 pressboards, 2 wetting
+tubs, and a large assortment of book and job type. The reading room had eight
+armchairs, two pine desks, and one mahogany desk. The bindery had but few
+machines, with only 2 ruling and 2 cutting machines, but the list carried 10 pairs
+of shears, 4 bodkins, and other minor equipment. The pressroom had 23 Adams
+presses and 3 cylinder presses. With the stable came two horses, one wagon,
+and one carryall, and the boiler house had one 60-horse boiler, 525 feet of fire hose,
+five buckets, etc.</p>
+
+<p>On March 23, 1861, President Lincoln appointed Hon. John Defrees, of Indiana,
+as the Superintendent of Public Printing. He reported that at once the cost
+of work decreased at least 15 percent from the old contract prices.</p>
+
+<p>On March 3, 1873, the printing of the debates of Congress, then known as
+the Congressional Globe and handled under private contract, was taken over by
+the Government Printing Office and thereafter became the Congressional Record.</p>
+
+<p>In 1876, Hon. A. M. Clapp, then Congressional Printer, was designated the
+first Public Printer, at a yearly salary of $3,600. Composing rooms employed 520
+persons, pressroom 209, and bindery 591; in all, 1,361 persons were on the roll.
+The total yearly pay roll was $786,493. It cost $188,198 to print the Congressional
+Record in 1876, while binding of all kinds cost $402,069, paper $298,251,
+and the total output of the Office was charged at $1,617,469. The total purchase
+of machinery and equipment in that year was only $342.50.</p>
+
+<p>In 1878 the building known as the Globe Vault was purchased from the private
+owner, together with the bound and unbound volumes of the Congressional
+Globe and all the stereotyped plates. The price paid was $100,000.</p>
+
+<p>Fireproof extensions to the Government Printing Office were erected in 1879
+and 1880. In 1882 the first fire escapes were installed, and force pumps proved
+such an attraction to the public that the apparatus had to be covered with canvas.
+Bows and arrows were also provided which would enable life lines to be
+“shot” through the upper windows.</p>
+
+<p>By the act of January 12, 1895, the Office of the Superintendent of Documents
+was established in the Government Printing Office. Previously it was a part of<span class="pagenum" id="Page260">[260]</span>
+the Interior Department. The principal functions of the office were the preparation
+of the official catalogs and indexes of the Government and distribution and
+sale of Government publications.</p>
+
+<p>The Office was placed under operation of the civil-service law August 1, 1895.
+In the same year the Annex Building, formerly used by the Superintendent of
+Documents, was constructed, and in the following year the Public Printer reported
+the total floor space of the entire Office had increased to 8³⁄₄ acres.</p>
+
+<p>In 1898 Congress appropriated $190,000 for the purchase of ground occupied
+by the present building. In 1899 the building was started. It was completed
+about 4 years thereafter, at a cost of $2,430,000.</p>
+
+<p>In 1903 a small space in the Old Building was set aside as the “sick room.” Its
+equipment consisted of a cot, blanket, and a small supply of medicines contributed
+by the employees. This was the nucleus from which developed the first emergency
+hospital in any Government establishment and was the initial step toward
+scientific medical and surgical service. In 1907 an emergency room was installed
+and an additional physician and matron were assigned to that service.</p>
+
+<p>The first linotype machine and the first monotype keyboard were installed in
+1904. In 1912 electric trucks displaced the horse-and-wagon delivery. In 1915
+the Government Printing Office was an exhibitor at the Panama-Pacific International
+Exposition held in San Francisco, Calif.</p>
+
+<p>Between 1921 and 1934 several innovations were made. A few of the outstanding
+are as follows: The eighth floor was remodeled and raised to provide
+room for the Cafeteria, Harding Hall, recreation rooms, rest rooms, and large
+space for productive work. The Cafeteria serves around 2,800 meals daily, and
+Harding Hall, seating 1,200, is devoted to social activities of employees and may
+be quickly converted into a ballroom, a motion-picture theater, or a forum.
+Recreational activities include orchestra, baseball clubs, bowling alleys, dances,
+moving pictures and lectures, annual excursions, and similar affairs. The photo-engraving
+plant was also added as one of the new mechanical departments and is
+also located on the eighth floor. A roof garden was built, covering practically
+the entire building. The emergency hospital was enlarged, and wards for men
+and women were provided, with beds, toilets, and shower baths.</p>
+
+<p>Two hundred apprentices received training for occupational pursuits in the
+various printing and bindery trades represented in the Office.</p>
+
+<p>A testing laboratory was established in the Office for the purpose of standardizing
+all materials, supplies, and stock used in the manufacture of printing.</p>
+
+<p>The boiler and generating rooms were abolished, and the purchase of electric
+current and steam from the Capital Power Plant was started.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1934, under the direction of Public Printer A. E. Giegengack, the
+Government Printing Office has continued to grow not only in size but also in<span class="pagenum" id="Page261">[261]</span>
+public esteem. Under his leadership, appropriations for a much-needed building
+program were granted by Congress, and the erection of a warehouse and an
+eight-story, red-brick addition to the main Printing Office building was accomplished.
+The cost of this building program, which included buildings, machinery
+and equipment, furnishings, the expense of moving, and other incidentals,
+amounted to $7,700,000.</p>
+
+<p>Among the many noteworthy improvements inaugurated for the betterment
+of service to the Government, to the public, and to the 5,500 employees of the
+Office, are the following:</p>
+
+<p>The establishment of a department of typography, through which there are
+incorporated into Government printing the accepted improvements in the field
+of typography; the standardization of a type-metal alloy for all type-casting
+machines; the installation of a more efficient cost-finding and pay-roll bookkeeping
+system; the reestablishment of the Government Printing Office Apprentice
+School; and encouragement of greater employee participation in all social, fraternal,
+and welfare activities sponsored by the Office.</p>
+
+<p>Uncle Sam’s Book Shop sold 10 million copies from its list of 65,000 publications
+in 1937. This department is called the Office of the Superintendent of
+Documents, which is located in the Government Printing Office building, and
+these Government publications, covering almost every phase of human endeavor,
+are for sale to the public at a reasonable price.</p>
+
+<h3>THE WHITE HOUSE</h3>
+
+<p>The site of the White House, or the President’s House, was selected by
+President Washington. It was part of the David Burnes farm, and at the time
+it was chosen a cornfield extended one-half mile south to the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>The cornerstone of the President’s House was laid on October 13, 1792, but
+not by George Washington, as the records show that he and his family were in
+Philadelphia at the time. The design was made by James Hoban, an architect of
+Dublin, Ireland, who won a $500 prize and a lot for the best plan. In its exterior
+it somewhat resembles the palace of the Duke of Leinster in Ireland. That,
+however, has Corinthian columns over a rusticated base, showing the influence
+of the Renaissance in England; and there are other distinctions in their classical
+motives.</p>
+
+<p>The White House was first occupied by President and Mrs. John Adams,
+who moved in the latter part of November, 1800, the year Washington became
+the seat of government. At the time it was very incomplete, and much discomfort
+was experienced, particularly as to heating and lighting. The East Room
+was used to dry the family wash. The White House was not finished until 1826.
+Then and for many years following it secured its water from springs a short
+distance to the northeast, in the vicinity of what is now Franklin Square.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page262">[262]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo275.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE WHITE HOUSE—NORTH SIDE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page263">[263]</span></p>
+
+<p>The President’s House, as it was then called, was considerably damaged by
+fire by the British, who threatened the destruction of the city in 1814. The
+building, except for the wings at each side, which were used for offices and servants’
+quarters, was restored by Hoban. Of white sandstone, the building which
+became discolored by the fire was thereupon painted white and has since been
+known as the White House. It was first lighted by gas in 1848, and a system of
+heating and ventilating was installed in 1853.</p>
+
+<p>The White House was remodeled during the administration of President
+Roosevelt in 1902, when the Executive Office was taken out of the building and
+placed in a temporary building to the west of the main building. This was
+enlarged during the administration of President Taft in 1909 to twice its former
+size. It was further remodeled in 1927 by making the building fireproof and
+constructing a third story out of the attic.</p>
+
+<p>In 1929 it was found necessary by President Hoover to use also the basement
+for an office. In the same year the building was partially burned, but has since
+been rebuilt. It is thought by some that in the years to come the remodeled State
+Department Building will become the permanent Executive Office Building, and
+the State Department will have a new building on the west side of Lafayette Square.</p>
+
+<p>The White House has a length of 183 feet (east and west) and a width of
+85 feet; it is 58 feet high. The portico of Ionic columns forms a porte-cochère
+and measures 40 feet by 59 feet (east and west), and is 50 feet high.</p>
+
+<p>The building contains many beautiful paintings and other works of art, among
+them a Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington, called the Lansdowne
+Stuart, which was saved by Dolly Madison by cutting the picture from its frame
+when the White House was burned by the British in 1814. It is now in the
+East Room, which is the great reception room, 82 feet long (the width of the
+mansion), 40 feet wide, and 22 feet high. From the ceiling hang three massive
+crystal chandeliers. In addition to numerous paintings, large vases and other
+articles adorn the room.</p>
+
+<p>Other interesting rooms are the State Dining Room, the scene of brilliant State
+functions; the Blue Room—the President’s reception room—the walls of which
+are covered with rich blue corded silk, with window hangings of blue; the Red
+Room, the walls and window draperies of which are of red velvet; and the Green
+Room, which has on the walls green velvet. The wainscoting of the Green Room
+is of white enamel.</p>
+
+<p>Large and beautiful grounds bound the White House on the south. Here the
+Marine Band plays every Saturday afternoon during the summer months. Also
+it is here where the annual Easter egg rolling takes place, always a great day for
+the boys and girls of Washington. The area is called the White Lot because about
+1850 a board fence that later was painted white surrounded these grounds.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page264">[264]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo277.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">DEPARTMENT OF STATE BUILDING AS IT WILL APPEAR WHEN REMODELED</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page265">[265]</span></p>
+
+<p>Originally the main entrance to the White House was on the south side,
+while the portico on the opposite side was a garden where the family spent their
+evenings. This is the arrangement observed to-day at Arlington House and at
+Mount Vernon, and is an indication that in the colonial days the back yards of
+homes were as nicely kept as were the front yards.</p>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF STATE</h3>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo278.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">DEPARTMENT OF STATE BUILDING, 1801</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>In 1788 the Department of Foreign Affairs moved from Fraunce’s Tavern to
+a house owned by Philip Livingston, on the west side of Broadway, near the
+Battery, in New York City. Later it moved to another house on the same street
+on the opposite side. The Capital having been again located at Philadelphia, the
+department took up its abode first on Market Street, then on the southeast corner
+of Arch and Sixth Streets, then in North Alley, and finally at the northeast
+corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets, where it remained until it was moved to
+Washington, except for an interval of three months—from August to November,
+1798—when it occupied the statehouse at Trenton, N. J., the office being moved
+from Philadelphia on account of an epidemic of yellow fever.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page266">[266]</span></p>
+
+<p>On July 27, 1789, the act establishing an executive department to be called
+the Department of Foreign Affairs was approved; but the Sedgwick Act, approved
+September 15, 1789, changed this title to the Department of State and
+that of the principal officer to the Secretary of State. A few days later John Jay,
+who was Secretary of Foreign Affairs under the Confederation, was nominated
+to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Thomas Jefferson to be Secretary
+of State, and both were commissioned on September 26. Jay accepted at once,
+but continued to discharge the duties of Secretary of State for some months.
+Under date of October 13 President Washington informed Jefferson of his
+appointment, and added that Mr. Jay had been so obliging as to continue his
+good offices. When this letter was written Jefferson had not returned to America
+from his mission to France. Upon his arrival Jay recommended to him favorably
+“the young gentlemen in the office.” Jefferson formally entered upon the discharge
+of his duties on March 22, 1790.</p>
+
+<p>When the seat of government was established in the District of Columbia in
+1800 the archives and the seven employees of the Department of State were
+crowded into the Treasury Office, a building of 30 rooms, to the east of the
+White House. It was the only Government building sufficiently completed to
+receive them. John Marshall was then Secretary of State. On August 27, 1800,
+the Department of State was removed to one of the Seven Buildings on Pennsylvania
+Avenue and Nineteenth Street NW.</p>
+
+<p>It has been interesting to determine positively the name of this historic group
+of buildings, because some confusion has arisen through there being in 1800 two
+groups or rows of houses, near to one another, one called the Six Buildings and
+the other the Seven Buildings. Christian Hines, in his Early Recollections of
+Washington City (1866), says, when giving a list of the few houses standing in
+the year 1800:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>One square between Pennsylvania Avenue and K and Twenty-first and Twenty-second Streets,
+the Six Buildings, three stories high, owners and occupants not recollected *&#160;*&#160;*. One square
+bounded by Pennsylvania Avenue and I and Nineteenth and Twentieth Streets, 10 houses—one
+3-story frame, occupied by a Mr. Middleton; one 2-Story frame, owned and occupied by William
+Waters, Esq., and the Seven Buildings, brick, 3 stories high.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>Samuel C. Busey, in his Pictures of the City of Washington in the Past (1898),
+refers to and confirms Hines’s statements as to these two sets of buildings, and
+adds that in the Six Buildings was located O’Neal’s famous hotel. All writers
+apparently agree that the first home of the Department of State in Washington
+was in the house on the northwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Nineteenth
+Street. This row of buildings—Nos. 1901-1913 Pennsylvania Avenue—is
+still standing, though it has undergone considerable change.</p>
+
+<p>From the early part of 1820 to November, 1866, the Department of State was
+located at the corner of Fifteenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW., in what<span class="pagenum" id="Page267">[267]</span>
+was known as the Executive Building. The picture shown below was given to
+William McNeir, chief of the division of accounts of that department, by
+Thomas Ridgate, who found it in the attic of the old building. It will be noted
+from the picture, which shows the Treasury Department Building columns at the
+extreme left, that it was taken before the building was razed to make room for
+the north wing of the present Treasury Department Building; the rest of the new
+building had at that time been erected. Of this building Jonathan Eliot states,
+in his Historical Sketches of the Ten Mile Square, describing Washington in 1830:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>At the distance of about 200 yards, on the east of the President’s house, are situated two buildings
+for the Department of State and of the Treasury; and at the same distance on the west are
+two others for the War and Navy Departments. These buildings are all of the same dimensions
+and construction; they are 160 feet long and 55 feet wide, of brick, two stories in height; they
+are divided in their length by a broad passage, with rooms on each side, and a spacious staircase
+in the center. The two most northerly buildings are ornamented with an Ionic portico of six
+columns and pediment. The grounds about these offices have been graduated and planted of late
+years, and the shrubbery begins to present a pleasing appearance.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo280.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">EXECUTIVE BUILDING, 1820-1866</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p>W. K. Force, in his Picture of Washington for 1850, said, speaking of the
+northeast Executive Building:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>The first floor is occupied by the Fifth Auditor of the Treasury at the east end, and the Second
+Comptroller of the Treasury at the west end. On the second floor are the apartments of the
+Secretary of State and his suite; also the library of the department, containing some ten or twelve
+thousand volumes.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page268">[268]</span></p>
+
+<p>John Quincy Adams was Secretary of State when the move to this new home
+was made, and thereafter followed a long list of distinguished Secretaries, the
+last to occupy this building being William H. Seward, from 1861 to 1869.</p>
+
+<p>The north wing of the present Treasury Department Building bears on its
+exterior wall on Fifteenth Street a tablet, erected April 30, 1929, by the Kiwanis
+Club of Washington, in cooperation with the Committee on Marking Points of
+Historic Interest, which contains the following inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription long">FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA WAS DEVELOPED AND
+STRENGTHENED BY THE SIGNING OF THE WEBSTER-ASHBURTON TREATY, ON AUGUST 9,
+1842, IN THE OLD STATE DEPARTMENT BUILDING WHICH STOOD ON THIS SITE. THIS TREATY
+ESTABLISHED THE NORTHEASTERN BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES.</p>
+
+<p>On March 3, 1871, Congress appropriated half a million dollars to start work
+on the State, War, and Navy Departments Building. The act provided:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>For the construction under the direction of the Secretary of State, on the southern portion of
+the premises now occupied by the War and Navy Departments, of a building which will form the
+south wing of a building that, when completed, will be similar in ground plan and dimensions to
+the Treasury Building and provide accommodations for the State, War, and Navy Departments.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The original plans were drawn by Thomas U. Walter, a noted Philadelphia
+architect, who designed the Dome of the Capitol and the completed Treasury
+Building, but A. B. Mullett, Supervising Architect of the Treasury, undertook
+the work, and finally only the interior conformed to the original plans.</p>
+
+<p>The building was erected in five different sections. The south wing was
+commenced in 1871 and completed in time for the Department of State to move
+in July 1, 1875. The east wing was commenced in 1872 and completed seven
+years later, so that on April 16, 1879, the War and Navy Departments moved
+into that wing. The old War Department Building, which had occupied the site
+of the north wing of the present building, was demolished in 1879, and the new
+building or north wing was completed three years later, the War Department
+moving into it in December, 1882. The west and center wings were the last to be
+erected, work on them commencing March 31, 1883, and being completed
+January 31, 1888. For a long time each wing was necessarily separated by a
+solid wall—and later by an iron grill, or gates in the corridors—but finally these
+disappeared, and the beauty of the long corridors as they now are appeared.
+The total cost of the whole building was slightly more than $10,000,000, and
+appropriations therefor spread over a period of 17 years. Separate permanent
+buildings for the War and the Navy Departments are now to be erected, these
+two departments being housed at present largely in temporary buildings. The
+Department of State alone remains in the building.</p>
+
+<p>In 1910 a building for the Department of State was recommended for a
+site along Fifteenth Street, south of Pennsylvania Avenue, where now the<span class="pagenum" id="Page269">[269]</span>
+Department of Commerce has been built. In 1917 it was recommended that a
+Department of State Building be erected on the west side of Lafayette Square.</p>
+
+<p>In the new Federal building program Congress has provided that the present
+State, War, and Navy Building be remodeled to conform in design to the Treasury
+Department Building, and to be known as the Department of State Building. The
+building will thus properly balance the White House. Congress made a fund of
+$3,000,000 available for this work. The Secretary of the Treasury appointed
+Waddy Wood, architect of Washington, to prepare the design, which has been
+approved by the Commission of Fine Arts. However, the project has been held
+in abeyance.</p>
+
+<p>The Department of State was created as the first department of the Government
+in 1789, in order to help the President in carrying on our foreign relations.
+However, in the early years of our country the Department of State not only
+had charge of foreign affairs, but, as Thomas Jefferson, the first Secretary of State,
+once wrote, it also had charge of all important matters of domestic government as
+well, except matters of war and finance. In the early days the Secretary of State
+even managed the mint. Until 1849 he had charge of the Patent Office, until 1859
+handled all copyright matters, and until 1850 the census of the United States
+was taken under his direction. Before the Civil War, United States judges,
+marshals, and attorneys all received their instructions from the Department of
+State, but in 1870 a new Department of Justice was established to take care of
+these matters, and little by little much of the domestic work was taken from this
+department and put under new departments, such as the Department of the
+Interior, the Department of Labor, and the Department of Commerce. Therefore,
+to-day the Department of State devotes most of its time to handling foreign affairs,
+although it is still the custodian, or the keeper, of the great seal, the official seal of
+the Government of the United States. When Congress passes new laws the original
+copies are kept in this department, and when there is any correspondence
+between the various States of the Union and the Federal Government it is
+carried on through the Department of State.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of State has a force of some 950 people in the department in
+Washington, and about 3,800 people scattered over all the world in the Foreign
+Service of the United States. The department in Washington is divided into
+35 divisions and offices, each with its special work to perform. Six divisions have
+charge of matters pertaining to foreign countries—South and Central America;
+the Far East, as China, Japan, and Siam; the division of Western European affairs;
+Eastern European affairs; a division of the Near East; and the Mexican division.</p>
+
+<p>One of the largest offices in the department is the passport division, which
+issues passports to American citizens traveling in foreign countries. Last year
+134,737 Americans obtained passports so that they might travel abroad, the
+fees for which amounted to nearly $1,500,000, almost enough to pay the entire
+expenses of the Department of State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page270">[270]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo283.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUILDING</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page271">[271]</span></p>
+
+<p>When foreigners wish to come to this country they must first go to one of our
+American consuls to obtain a visa or a permit. The immigration of foreigners
+into this country is now restricted by law. Therefore our consuls examine the
+foreigners abroad, so that they may know before starting on their journey whether
+they will be allowed to remain in this country. The visa division of the Department
+of State has charge of that work.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever there are expositions or meetings of various kinds abroad, and it is
+decided that the United States Government shall take part in them, such participation
+has to be arranged through another of the divisions of the Department
+of State. As many as 150 cables are sent every day to all parts of the world,
+which are taken care of in the department’s telegraph office. In many foreign
+countries our Government is now buying and constructing its own buildings
+for our ambassadors and consuls, and one of the offices in the department attends
+to these matters.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of State is assisted in the direction of all these officers and
+offices by an Under Secretary of State, four Assistant Secretaries of State, and a legal
+adviser. The United States has an ambassador or minister in 54 different countries
+of the world. There are 314 foreign commercial cities where the United States
+has a consul general, consul, vice consul, or consular agent, who, among other
+duties, help steamship lines and great business establishments to promote commerce
+with the United States. Our consuls protect and assist the hundreds of
+American missionaries whose stations are in remote foreign regions of the world.
+In addition to their many duties they help thousands of visitors during trips
+abroad who seek advice. And when an American is visiting in a foreign land,
+even though scenery and ruins that recall civilizations of past ages give him
+pleasure, there is nothing that gives him more joy than to see in such places the
+Stars and Stripes waving over a United States consulate.</p>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY</h3>
+
+<p>The Department of the Treasury was created by act of Congress September
+2, 1789. Robert Morris, of Pennsylvania, financier and statesman, one of the
+Signers of the Declaration of Independence, was the first financial officer of the
+Government and was Superintendent of Finance from 1781 to 1784. Upon the
+resignation of Morris the powers conferred upon him by the Continental Congress
+were transferred to the Board of the Treasury. This board served until
+Alexander Hamilton, of New York, the first Secretary of the Treasury, assumed
+office. Hamilton served from September 11, 1789, to January 31, 1795, thus
+serving under President Washington. Since the formation of the Government<span class="pagenum" id="Page272">[272]</span>
+there have been 50 Secretaries of the Treasury; the present incumbent, Hon.
+Henry Morgenthau, jr., of New York, assumed office January 1, 1934. The
+Secretary of the Treasury, of course, has supervision over the finances of the
+Government. The annual estimates, however, since 1921 have been transmitted
+to Congress by the Director of the Budget for the President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The first building of the Treasury Department situated at this location east of
+the White House was a small wooden structure, called the State and Treasury
+Departments Building. It was built at the time the seat of government was established
+in the District of Columbia in 1800 and comprised 30 rooms. This original
+building was burned by the British during the invasion of Washington in 1814.
+A second building was erected. This was destroyed by fire in 1833. In 1836
+Congress authorized the erection of “a fireproof building of such dimensions as
+may be required for the present and future accommodations.” Also the material
+for the building was to be similar to that used for the Capitol and the White House.
+The architect was Mr. Robert Mills, who at the same time was designing the
+Patent Office Building and later won the competition for the design of the Washington
+Monument. When it came to the question of location of the new building,
+it is said that President Andrew Jackson, becoming impatient at the delay, said
+“Here, right here, is where I want the corner stone laid.” Thus the building stands
+where it is to-day. In 1839 the department was installed in the unfinished building.</p>
+
+<p>The Treasury Building consists of a 4-story rectangle around a large central
+court; this court is divided by a corridor of offices. On the west the building faces
+the beautiful White House Grounds, its north side is on Pennsylvania Avenue,
+its east front runs along Fifteenth Street, and its south side overlooks a half-mile
+stretch of park leading down to the Potomac River.</p>
+
+<p>The building completed in 1842 included only the middle portion of the present
+east wing and the central corridor and offices. The south wing was completed
+in 1861, the west wing in 1864, and the north wing in 1869. It is an imposing
+granite structure. In design it is pure Grecian, furnishing what is claimed to be
+one of the finest examples of this style of architecture in Washington, if not in the
+entire country. There are great pediments on the north, south, and west sides.
+Monolithic columns of the Ionic order adorning the façades are the distinguishing
+feature of the building architecturally. There are 72 of these columns, each 36
+feet in height, 30 being set to form an unbroken colonnade 341 feet long on the
+east front. Most of the granite used was brought to Washington in sailing
+vessels from Maine. The building has 488 rooms and cost over $6,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>The department long ago outgrew the building. The personnel in Washington
+now numbers more than 22,000, with some 26 main bureaus and divisions.
+At present Department of the Treasury bureaus occupy, in addition to
+the main building, 9 entire buildings and part of 6 other buildings owned by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page273">[273]</span>
+Government and 5 rented quarters. The Treasury Annex is an imposing building,
+designed by Cass Gilbert, across Pennsylvania Avenue on the north. Congress
+has authorized its extension to H Street.</p>
+
+<p>The Department of the Treasury is the central agency through which the
+Federal Government conducts its financial affairs. Generally speaking, it receives
+and has custody of all funds paid to the Government and disburses all moneys of
+the Government. At the head of the department are the Secretary of the Treasury,
+the Under Secretary of the Treasury, and three Assistant Secretaries of the
+Treasury, whose offices are all located in the main building.</p>
+
+<p>The receipts of the Government come chiefly from internal-revenue collections
+and customs duties. The Bureau of Internal Revenue administers and enforces
+the internal-revenue laws and collects all internal-revenue taxes. The personnel
+of this bureau has been brought together and now occupies a beautiful new
+building recently completed as part of the development along the Mall. Import
+duties or customs are collected by the Bureau of Customs.</p>
+
+<p>Disbursements of Government funds can be made only on the authorization
+of Congress. When any payment is authorized, a warrant signed by the Secretary
+of the Treasury and countersigned by the Comptroller General of the
+United States is drawn. Upon this authority payment is made. The division
+of bookkeeping and warrants, under the general supervision of the commissioner
+of accounts and deposits, keeps complete records of all appropriation accounts as
+well as of public moneys covered into the Treasury and of warrants authorizing
+disbursements.</p>
+
+<p>The Treasurer of the United States is charged with responsibility for the
+actual receipt and disbursement of all public moneys that may be deposited in
+the United States Treasury and in all other depositaries authorized to receive
+deposits of Government funds for credit in the account of the Treasurer of the
+United States. He has also many other fiscal duties.</p>
+
+<p>The public-debt service handles the records and operations pertaining to the
+issue and retirement of the public debt and the interest payments thereon, under
+the supervision of the commissioner of the public debt.</p>
+
+<p>The Bureau of the Mint manufactures the coin circulating medium of the
+country. It maintains mints at Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Denver for the
+coinage of money, as well as assay offices in New York and elsewhere. The
+Bureau of Engraving and Printing at Washington engraves and prints notes,
+bonds, securities, stamps, checks, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The Comptroller of the Currency is charged under the law with the supervision
+of national banks.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page274">[274]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo287.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">VIEW NORTHWEST FROM THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page275">[275]</span></p>
+
+<h3>OTHER IMPORTANT BUILDINGS</h3>
+
+<p>Lack of space in this book makes it necessary merely to mention the more
+important of the other monumental buildings in the National Capital. Detailed
+information concerning them may be found in the author’s Washington
+the National Capital and in other books on Washington. They should be
+studied in connection with the buildings described in this chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Attention is called first to the group of monumental semipublic buildings,
+classical in design, on Seventeenth Street north of Constitution Avenue and along
+that Avenue from Seventeenth Street west to the Potomac River. It has been
+said that nowhere else in the world is there such a fine group of marble buildings.</p>
+
+<h4>THE CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART</h4>
+
+<p>This Gallery had its beginning in the year 1869. It ranks as one of the great
+art galleries in the United States. The present building (at New York Avenue
+and Seventeenth Street) was designed by Ernest Flagg, architect, and completed
+in 1897. It is built of Georgia marble. It houses rare masterpieces of painting
+and sculpture.</p>
+
+<h4>THE AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS</h4>
+
+<p>Adjacent to the Corcoran Gallery on the south, the American National Red
+Cross occupies three large buildings constructed of Vermont marble. They
+were designed by Trowbridge &amp; Livingston, architects, of New York City.
+The Red Cross had its beginning during the Civil War. In 1905 the organization
+was chartered by Congress along its present lines. There are 5,500,000 adult
+members and 8,500,000 Junior members (as of June 30, 1938).</p>
+
+<h4>MEMORIAL CONTINENTAL HALL</h4>
+
+<p>The next building to the south is the headquarters of the National Society of
+the Daughters of the American Revolution. It faces Seventeenth Street, was
+designed by Edward Pearce Casey, architect, built of Vermont marble, and completed
+in 1905. The cornerstone was laid April 19, 1904, the anniversary of the
+Battle of Lexington. On that date the organization holds its convention in
+Washington each year. It was founded October 11, 1890, and on February 1,
+1938, numbered 142,744 members, with about 2,500 chapters in all parts of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<h4>CONSTITUTION HALL</h4>
+
+<p>Another of the Society’s buildings, facing Eighteenth Street, in this square, is
+the leading auditorium of the city. It was designed by John Russell Pope,
+architect, built of Alabama limestone, and completed in October, 1929. The
+auditorium seats 4,000 persons. On <a href="#Page278">page 278</a> there is a picture of the building.
+The mural decorations of the interior are by J. Monroe Hewlett, architect.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page276">[276]</span></p>
+
+<h4>THE PAN AMERICAN BUILDING</h4>
+
+<p>This building, at the corner of Seventeenth Street and Constitution Avenue,
+is considered by some to be the most beautiful in Washington. It was designed
+by Albert C. Kelsey and Paul P. Cret, architects, in the Spanish-classical style of
+architecture. It was built of Georgia marble and was dedicated April 26, 1910.
+It is the headquarters of the 21 Republics of the Pan American Union. In it is
+the famous Hall of the Americas. Andrew Carnegie contributed $850,000
+toward the building, and the United States Government contributed the 5-acre
+tract, on which stood the Van Ness Mansion (1815) and the David Burnes
+cottage, which stood there in the days of George Washington.</p>
+
+<h4>THE NEW DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUILDING</h4>
+
+<p>Designed by Waddy B. Wood, architect, the new Department of the Interior
+building occupies two squares between C and E and Eighteenth and Nineteenth
+Streets. It is built of Indiana limestone and is the largest air-conditioned office
+building in the world.</p>
+
+<h4>PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE BUILDING</h4>
+
+<p>This building, designed by J. H. deSibour, architect, is classical in design and
+built of white Georgia marble. It was completed in 1933. It is four stories in
+height and houses the large and growing office of the Surgeon General of the
+United States and his staff of assistants. In its location on Constitution Avenue
+it forms a part of the frame for the Lincoln Memorial.</p>
+
+<h4>FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD BUILDING</h4>
+
+<p>Completed in 1937, this building forms the center of the group of monumental
+marble buildings along Constitution Avenue west of Seventeenth Street. The design,
+by Paul P. Cret, architect, is based on classical motives. It is built of white
+Georgia marble. It is the headquarters building for the Federal Reserve Board.
+In it is a large mosaic map of the United States by Ezra Winter, mural painter,
+showing the location of the 12 Federal Reserve branch banks in the different
+sections of the country.</p>
+
+<h4>NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES</h4>
+
+<p>This building, designed by Bertram G. Goodhue, architect, is immediately east
+of the Federal Reserve Board building. It is classical in design and built of white
+marble from Dover, N. Y. The building was dedicated by President Coolidge in
+April, 1924. The interior is decorated with paintings and decorations by Hildreth
+Meiere and Albert Herter; the sculptural decorations are by Lee Lawrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page277">[277]</span></p>
+
+<h4>AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY</h4>
+
+<p>Immediately north of the Lincoln Memorial stands the American Institute of
+Pharmacy. It was designed by John Russell Pope, architect, and built of white
+Vermont marble. It is classical in its style of architecture, and in its location west
+of the National Academy of Sciences completes the group of buildings on Constitution
+Avenue that form a frame for the Lincoln Memorial. The building is
+the headquarters of the druggists in the United States. More than 14,000
+druggists subscribed toward the building fund. The Pharmacopoeia of the
+United States, under which prescriptions and drugs are standardized, is supervised
+by the Institute.</p>
+
+<h4>SCOTTISH RITE TEMPLE</h4>
+
+<p>This building, at Sixteenth and P Streets NW., is the headquarters of the
+Supreme Council of the Thirty-third Degree, of the Ancient and Accepted
+Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of the Southern Jurisdiction. It is modeled after
+the tomb of Mausolus, at Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor, which was regarded by
+the ancients as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Its 33 Ionic columns
+are 33 feet tall, suggesting the 33 degrees of Masonry. On each side of the main
+entrance is a colossal sphinx, symbolic of Divine Wisdom and Power, executed
+by A. A. Weinman, sculptor. The building was designed by John Russell Pope,
+architect.</p>
+
+<h4>CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON</h4>
+
+<p>At 16th and P Streets NW. is the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The
+building was designed by Carrére and Hastings, and shows an influence of the
+French classical style of architecture.</p>
+
+<h4>CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES</h4>
+
+<p>Dedicated in 1925, this building, at Connecticut Avenue and H Streets NW.,
+is classical in its style of architecture and is adapted to modern office requirements.
+It was designed by Cass Gilbert, architect. Fully 13,000 business men
+representing almost 200 cities of the United States contributed toward the
+building.</p>
+
+<h3>NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY</h3>
+
+<p>The National Geographic Society, organized in 1888, “for the increase and
+diffusion of geographic knowledge,” is the largest educational and scientific body
+in the world.</p>
+
+<p>In its 50 years the society has sponsored a series of notable explorations,
+discoveries, and research activities of our times, and it has developed its unique
+and beautifully illustrated National Geographic Magazine as a means of disseminating
+geographic information among its world-wide membership.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page278">[278]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo291a.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo291b.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">CONSTITUTION HALL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page279">[279]</span></p>
+
+<p>The society’s administrative and editorial offices, at Sixteenth and M Streets
+NW., were enlarged by an addition which extends its handsome and dignified
+headquarters along a 214-foot frontage. A commodious and modern office building
+at Third Street and Randolph Place NE., is used for mailing its magazine,
+maps, and communications to its world-wide membership.</p>
+
+<p>In its editorial, research, technical, photographic, and clerical departments,
+and in the publishing of the National Geographic Magazine, the society now
+employs more than 800 persons. It is the largest non-Government user of the
+National Capital’s post office facilities.</p>
+
+<p>The society’s members, numbering 1,150,000 (December, 1938), represent
+every community of 100 or more persons in the United States, while its foreign
+membership of 183,709 includes residents in every country, colony, principality,
+and mandated area of the world which has any semblance of a postal system.</p>
+
+<p>To each member goes monthly the National Geographic Magazine, which has
+been called the foremost educational periodical in the world; each member also
+receives every map and panoramic illustration as issued. Thus the society has
+distributed among its more than a million member homes some 20,000,000 wall
+maps, in color, in addition to the numerous sketch maps which accompany articles
+in the magazine.</p>
+
+<p>The society’s weekly lectures, which are held in Constitution Hall, have become
+a part of the intellectual life of the National Capital. Since their inception
+more than 1,400 explorers, statesmen, and world travelers of note have addressed
+the Washington meetings. Such explorers as Rear Admiral Peary, Sir Francis
+Younghusband, Capt. Roald Amundsen, Colonel Lindbergh, and Rear Admiral
+Byrd have related their findings to the society’s members; also such noted travelers
+as the late Viscount Bryce, former Ambassador Jusserand, the late William
+Howard Taft, and Colonel Roosevelt, after his return from his African game hunt
+and his Amazon expedition.</p>
+
+<p>When these lectures are of general interest they are reprinted and illustrated
+in the magazine for the society’s entire membership.</p>
+
+<p>At its Sixteenth Street headquarters the society maintains a library of up-to-date
+geographic information, comprising some 20,000 volumes, in addition to
+maps, periodicals, and reports from foreign governments and geographic societies.</p>
+
+<p>The leading universities of the city, such as Georgetown University, founded
+1789; George Washington University, founded 1821; Catholic University,
+founded 1889; American University, founded 1893; Howard University, founded
+1867; Columbia Institution for the Deaf, founded 1857; and Trinity College,
+Brookland, founded 1897; also have their monumental buildings.</p>
+
+<p>In the Triangle group are to be found: Department of Commerce Building,
+York &amp; Sawyer, architects; Department of Labor and Interstate Commerce
+Commission Building, Arthur Brown, architect; Post Office Department Building,
+Delano &amp; Aldrich, architects; Department of Justice Building, Zantzinger, Borie
+&amp; Medary, architects; Internal Revenue Building, Louis Simon, architect;
+National Archives Building, John Russell Pope, architect; Federal Trade Commission
+(Apex) Building, Bennett, Parsons &amp; Frost, architects.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page280">[280]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo293.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE TRIANGLE GROUP OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS ALONG CONSTITUTION AVENUE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page281">[281]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo294.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page282">[282]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo295.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES BUILDING</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page283">[283]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo296a.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE MAKERS OF THE CONSTITUTION</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo296b.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page284">[284]</span></p>
+
+<p>Other buildings are: The Central Heating Plant (for heating 75 buildings), Paul
+P. Cret, architect; Bureau of Engraving and Printing, W. B. Olmstead, architect;
+Smithsonian Institution (begun in 1846), James Renwick, architect; National
+Museum Building, Hornblower &amp; Marshall, architects; Freer Gallery of Art,
+Charles A. Platt, architect; Department of Agriculture Building, Rankin, Kellogg
+&amp; Crane, architects; Department of Agriculture South Building, the Supervising
+Architect; Naval Observatory; State, War, and Navy Building, A. B. Mullett,
+supervising architect; Old Pension Office Building (General Accounting Office);
+Army War College, McKim, Mead &amp; White, architects; Walter Reed Hospital;
+Naval Hospital; Public Library, Ackerman &amp; Ross, architects; United States
+Bureau of Standards; National Zoological Park (large new buildings completed in
+1937); National Gallery of Art (now under construction), John Russell Pope,
+architect.</p>
+
+<h3>IMPORTANT BRIDGES OF WASHINGTON</h3>
+
+<p>Arlington Memorial Bridge, McKim, Mead &amp; White, architects; Calvert
+Street Bridge, Paul P. Cret, architect; Francis Scott Key Bridge, Nathan Wyeth,
+architect; Connecticut Avenue (Taft) Bridge, Edward P. Casey, architect, lions
+by R. Hinton Perry; Q Street Bridge, Glenn Brown and Bedford Brown, architects,
+A. Phimister Proctor, sculptor; Klingle Ford Bridge, Connecticut Avenue,
+Paul P. Cret, architect; New Chain Bridge, designed under supervision of Brig.
+Gen. Dan I. Sultan, former Engineer Commissioner of the District of Columbia;
+John Philip Sousa Bridge, Southeast, McKim, Mead &amp; White, architects.</p>
+
+<h3>CATHEDRAL OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAUL<br>
+(WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL)</h3>
+
+<p>The cathedral is situated on Mount St. Alban, in the northwestern part of
+the city, on a hill 400 feet in height, said to be the highest point in the District
+of Columbia, giving a superb view over the National Capital.</p>
+
+<p>The cathedral, also known as the National Cathedral, was designed by George
+F. Bodley, of London, and Henry Vaughn, of Boston. It is a typical fourteenth
+century Gothic edifice. The cornerstone was laid in 1907, and since then a large
+part of the cathedral has been completed. Its ultimate cost, it is estimated,
+will be $20,000,000. The central nave is about complete, the apse and north
+transept are finished as are also several of the chapels, such as the Bethlehem
+Chapel, the Norman Chapel, the Chapel of St. John, and the Chapel of St.
+Mary. There are costly stones in the building from many parts of the world,
+including a stone from Bethlehem, which formed the cornerstone.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page285">[285]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo298.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page286">[286]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo299.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page287">[287]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo300.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">NATIONAL SHRINE OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page288">[288]</span></p>
+
+<p>The building is constructed of limestone. The sculpture and beautifully
+stained glass windows form the principal decorations.</p>
+
+<p>The total length of the building from the exterior of the apse at the eastern end
+to the main entrance at the western end will be 534 feet. The total spread of
+the transepts will be 215 feet, and each of these arms of the cross will be 105 feet
+wide. The ground area of the cathedral will be 71,000 square feet, and this
+will be ample to provide standing room for 27,000 persons or seating space for
+7,500. The central tower will rise to a height of 262 feet and each of the two
+western towers will be 195 feet high. The nave will have a span of 40 feet and
+its height will be 95 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Within the cathedral are buried Woodrow Wilson, our World War President;
+also Admiral George Dewey, General Nelson A. Miles, and several bishops of
+the Episcopal Church.</p>
+
+<p>The grounds comprise 67 acres, and the carefully designed Bishop’s Garden
+forms an interesting feature. The National Cathedral School for Girls and for
+Boys and the College of Preachers are within the grounds.</p>
+
+<h3>NATIONAL SHRINE OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION</h3>
+
+<p>This cathedral has been designed in the Roman-Byzantine style of architecture.
+It is located on Michigan Avenue, Brookland, in the Catholic University
+grounds. The cornerstone for the church was laid in 1920. It is estimated that
+the total cost will be $50,000,000. The architects are Maginnis &amp; Walsh, of
+Boston, and Professor Frederick V. Murphy, architect, of Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The building as designed is cruciform in plan, with a triple apse, at the focus
+of which is placed the central altar within a great baldachin. The apse is of vast
+scale and, with the presbytery that separates it from the transepts, will admit of
+important ceremonies. The dome will be 250 feet high; the tall campanile, or
+bell tower, 330 feet high. The building is to take its place with such notable
+memorials as Santa Maria Maggiore, of Rome, and Santa Maria del Fiore, of
+Florence. It is to stand as a symbol of American Catholic devotion to the Virgin
+Mary. The availability of the Byzantine tradition for the rendering of this idea
+was readily perceived. The crypt, capable of seating approximately 1,500 persons,
+has been completed. Here a most interesting decorative scheme in terms
+of faïence has been introduced to enrich the effect of the vaults. The central altar
+is of Algerian onyx. The pavement is of Italian marble. The crypt is richly
+treated with still other marbles and with mosaics.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page289">[289]</span></p>
+
+<h3>NATIONAL CHURCHES IN WASHINGTON</h3>
+
+<p>There is no city in the country that has so many representative churches as
+the city of Washington, which is undoubtedly due to the fact that this is the
+National Capital. The leading denominations of the country, recognizing the
+importance of religion in the life of the Nation, have erected or are raising funds
+for the erection of great edifices, including memorial churches, fittingly to represent
+them at the seat of government.</p>
+
+<p>In <a href="#Page165">chapter XX</a> attention has already been directed to the earliest churches in
+Washington.</p>
+
+<h3>EMBASSIES AND LEGATIONS</h3>
+
+<p>Among the notable buildings in the National Capital that have had a distinguished
+place since the early days of the Republic are the residences, embassies,
+and legations of the representatives from foreign countries. At the present time
+there are 53, representing the leading countries of the world.</p>
+
+<p>The legation and embassy buildings are held territory of the respective countries
+to which they belong, and fly the flag of their respective nations, excepting on
+state occasions, when they fly both their own flag and that of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>L’Enfant, in his plan of the city, contemplated diplomatic buildings to line the
+Mall. But as the Mall was delayed in its development for over a century, the
+museum type of building has been erected on the Mall and the diplomatic establishments
+located elsewhere. In later years the suggestion was offered to locate
+them in the vicinity of the State Department.</p>
+
+<p>At the present time the embassies and legations are located, for the most part,
+in the residential section of northwest Washington. Quite a number are on Sixteenth
+Street in the vicinity of Meridian Hill Park. In more recent years several
+of the leading countries have built new embassies on spacious grounds. In this
+Great Britain has taken the lead, having built a large embassy on 4 acres of
+ground at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue, near the Naval Observatory. Three
+blocks beyond, the Norwegian Legation building has recently been completed.
+In recent years the Imperial Japanese Government built a new embassy at 2514
+Massachusetts Avenue. The French Government recently purchased the home
+of John Hays Hammond for its new embassy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page290">[290]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo303.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">BRITISH EMBASSY</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page291">[291]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo304.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">ITALIAN EMBASSY</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page292">[292]</span></p>
+
+<p>A list of the countries having embassies and legations in Washington (with
+the exception of Estonia, whose representative is located in New York City) is
+as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="embassies">
+
+<li>Albania: The Mayflower Hotel.</li>
+
+<li>Argentina: 1806 Corcoran Street.</li>
+
+<li>Belgium: 1777 Massachusetts Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Bolivia: Fifteenth and K Streets.</li>
+
+<li>Brazil: 3007 Whitehaven Street.</li>
+
+<li>Bulgaria: 2881 Woodland Drive.</li>
+
+<li>Canada: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Chile: 2154 Florida Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>China: 2001 Nineteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Colombia: 1520 Twentieth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Costa Rica: 2128 Bancroft Place.</li>
+
+<li>Cuba: 2630 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Czechoslovakia: 2349 Massachusetts Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Denmark: 1868 Columbia Road.</li>
+
+<li>Dominican Republic: 2633 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Ecuador: Barr Building.</li>
+
+<li>Egypt: 2301 Massachusetts Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>El Salvador: 2400 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Estonia: Rockefeller Plaza, New York City.</li>
+
+<li>Finland: 2416 Tracy Place.</li>
+
+<li>France, Chancery: 1601 V Street.</li>
+
+<li>Germany: 1439 Massachusetts Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Great Britain: 3100 Massachusetts Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Greece: 2221 Massachusetts Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Guatemala: 1614 Eighteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Haiti: 5017 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Honduras: 2611 Woodley Place.</li>
+
+<li>Hungary: 1424 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Ireland: 2310 Tracy Place.</li>
+
+<li>Italy: 2700 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Japan: 2514 Massachusetts Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Latvia: 1715 Twenty-second Street.</li>
+
+<li>Lithuania: 2622 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Mexico: 2829 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Netherlands: 1470 Euclid Street.</li>
+
+<li>Nicaragua: 1521 New Hampshire Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Norway: 3401 Massachusetts Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Panama: 1536 Eighteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Paraguay: Wardman Park Hotel.</li>
+
+<li>Peru: 1300 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Poland: 2640 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Portugal: Wardman Park Hotel.</li>
+
+<li>Rumania: 1601 Twenty-third Street.</li>
+
+<li>Siam: 2300 Kalorama Road.</li>
+
+<li>Spain: 2801 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Sweden: 2247 R Street.</li>
+
+<li>Switzerland: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Turkey: 1606 Twenty-third Street.</li>
+
+<li>Union of South Africa: 3101 Massachusetts Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 1125 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Uruguay: 1010 Vermont Avenue.</li>
+
+<li>Venezuela: 2400 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+<li>Yugoslavia: 1520 Sixteenth Street.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page293">[293]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XXII</span><br>
+<span class="title">THE PUBLIC-BUILDINGS PROGRAM</span></h2>
+
+<h3>NEW BUILDINGS NECESSARY</h3>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>As a result of the World War, Government departments in Washington
+became overcrowded, and from 30,000 to 40,000 employees were housed in
+temporary buildings. This congested situation made a public-building program
+one of urgent need. For 40 years no real department building had been erected
+in Washington. The Department of Agriculture was in 47 rented buildings.
+The Department of War and the Department of the Navy were housed in
+many temporary war buildings.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo306.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">PLAN OF 1910 FOR DEVELOPING SOUTH SIDE OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<h3>PLANS AS DEVELOPED</h3>
+
+<p>In 1910 plans were authorized for three department buildings—Justice, Commerce
+and Labor, and State—to be built along Fifteenth Street, between Pennsylvania
+Avenue and B Street NW., now Constitution Avenue, and the land in this
+locality was bought by the Government, but the building project was deferred.
+Again, in 1913, Congress took up the question of a public-building program, and
+in 1917 a comprehensive survey was made by the Public Buildings Commission of
+the needs of the Government for additional buildings. At that time the area south
+of Pennsylvania Avenue along Fifteenth Street to Constitution Avenue, which in
+1910 was proposed for three buildings, was designated for two buildings. Then
+came the World War, during which the many temporary war buildings were
+erected. President Coolidge in his message to Congress on December 9, 1925,
+called attention to the great need for public buildings and asked for an annual
+appropriation of $10,000,000. He said:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page294">[294]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo307.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">VIEW OF THE MALL FROM THE CAPITOL DOME, LOOKING WEST</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page295">[295]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo308.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">VIEW OF THE MALL FROM THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT, LOOKING EAST</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page296">[296]</span></p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>No public buildings bill has been enacted since before the war. I am not in favor of an act
+which would be characterized as a general parceling out of favors and that usually bears a name
+lacking in good repute. I am ready to approve an act similar in character to that already passed by
+the House, providing a lump-sum appropriation to be expended under the direction of the Treasury
+or any other proper authority, over a term of years, with such annual appropriation as the national
+finances could provide.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The public buildings act was approved May 25, 1926.</p>
+
+<p>This marked the beginning of a public-buildings program in the National Capital
+greater than any which had been undertaken by the United States since the
+establishment of the seat of government along the banks of the Potomac in 1790.</p>
+
+<p>Congress placed the public-buildings program in the hands of the Secretary of
+the Treasury, both for Federal buildings in the States and for the District of Columbia.
+To assist him in the plans for new public buildings here in the National
+Capital the Secretary of the Treasury appointed a board of architectural consultants.
+The Commission of Fine Arts has been called upon regularly to advise in
+the development of the plans for the new public buildings.</p>
+
+<p>Five years had not yet elapsed when the long pent-up needs for buildings to
+accommodate public business finally burst their bonds in the act of 1926. The
+preparations for the flood had been long in the making—so long and so carefully
+considered, indeed, that the flood has always been under control. There has been
+no haphazard planning. No hasty or ill-considered work has been done. The
+harmonious development of the National Capital has progressed in form that
+would have pleased George Washington, and latterly with a speed and vigor that
+would have gladdened his heart.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the great public-buildings program and the Arlington Memorial
+Bridge, Congress authorized during the past ten years many other great projects
+for the development of the National Capital which contribute to making Washington
+the greatest and most beautiful national capital in the world. Among
+these are: The completion of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington, the
+restoration of Arlington Mansion, the Mount Vernon Highway, the George
+Washington Memorial Parkway, the enlargement of the Capitol Grounds and
+development of Union Station Plaza, development of the Mall, addition to the
+House Office Building, addition to the Library of Congress, United States
+Supreme Court Building, Government Printing Office extension, Social Security
+Building, War Department Building, Navy Department Building, new Naval
+Hospital, Municipal Center development, Walter Reed General Hospital buildings,
+Botanic Garden and new conservatory near the Capitol, and a National
+Arboretum.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page297">[297]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo310.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">TREATMENT OF THE CAPITOL GROUNDS</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page298">[298]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo311.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE BETWEEN THE TREASURY AND THE CAPITOL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page299">[299]</span></p>
+
+<h3>PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE</h3>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania Avenue is the great historic avenue of the Nation, particularly
+that portion between the legislative and executive branches of the Government—the
+Capitol and the White House—extending a distance of 1 mile. It was named
+by Congress at the time the plan of Washington was under consideration, in
+compliment to the State of Pennsylvania. In the time of Thomas Jefferson it was
+a dusty highway, and to add beauty to it he planted quick-growing poplar trees.
+Being about at sea level in elevation, it was the scene of rowboats in times of flood
+as late as the year 1880. Several large department stores of the city to-day had
+their beginning on the Avenue. The Evening Star has been published there for
+about 89 years; its home, remodeled from time to time, to-day is a large and beautiful
+building.</p>
+
+<p>Since the L’Enfant plan provided for giving Pennsylvania Avenue a conspicuous
+place in the development of the National Capital, Congress decided, by the
+public buildings act of May 25, 1926, that the necessary land on the south side of
+the Avenue from the Capitol to the Treasury should be purchased by the Government
+and monumental buildings erected thereon. In the House of Representatives
+the bill was sponsored by Congressman Richard N. Elliott. As Chairman
+of the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, he had a very prominent
+part in furthering the legislation for the public buildings program of the National
+Capital and also for the country at large. More public buildings were authorized
+during the Sixty-ninth and Seventieth Congresses (1925-1929) than in all the
+preceding Congresses. In the United States Senate the public buildings program
+was sponsored by Senator Bert N. Fernald and after his death in 1926 by Senator
+Henry W. Keyes, Chairman of the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds
+of the Senate. This is the Triangle Plan, which is now being carried out. In due
+time it is expected also that the north side will be developed to correspond to the
+south side. However, several buildings now there may be considered as established
+for decades to come.</p>
+
+<p>Here at Pennsylvania Avenue, connecting the Capitol and the White House,
+we are at the heart of the Nation. It is the Via Sacra of the great Republic of the
+New World.</p>
+
+<p>On September 5, 1931, at the ground-breaking ceremony for the Archives
+Building, at Pennsylvania Avenue and Seventh Street, Hon. Ferry K. Heath,
+Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, who was in immediate charge of the public-buildings
+program, said: “The story of the traffic and parades of this great
+Avenue would be an outline of the history of the United States.”</p>
+
+<p>The act for enlarging the Capitol Grounds, and the municipal center development
+on the north side of the Avenue, gives the Government control from the
+Capitol to Sixth Street.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page300">[300]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo313.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">UNION STATION AND PLAZA, LOOKING NORTH FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page301">[301]</span></p>
+
+<h3>TRIANGLE DEVELOPMENT</h3>
+
+<p>Upon the adoption of the public buildings act of May 25, 1926, Hon. Andrew
+W. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury, took up with the Public Buildings Commission,
+and the executive departments that were in immediate need of new
+buildings, the project to place the building program under way. Secretary
+Mellon authorized the preparation of a tentative study for new public buildings,
+and after an interval of a few months sketches were submitted to him for a series
+of buildings monumental in character and intended for the most part for locations
+south of Pennsylvania Avenue. The greater part of the Triangle development
+has been completed.</p>
+
+<h3>ENLARGEMENT OF THE CAPITOL GROUNDS AND<br>
+UNION STATION PLAZA DEVELOPMENT</h3>
+
+<p>An important feature of the McMillan Park Commission plan of 1901 was
+the creation of a series of “Congress Gardens” on the north side of the Capitol.
+For many years this project was held in abeyance pending the completion of the
+purchase of lands. The development necessitated the purchase of 12 squares and
+laying out a plan for this long-neglected area at the entrance to the city. The
+plan also provided for a new avenue to extend from Union Station to Pennsylvania
+Avenue, and street cars are routed accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the landscape features, the plan, which was designed by Bennett,
+Parsons &amp; Frost, architects of Chicago, provided for a terrace upon which
+is located a fountain and also a large basin, which reflects the Dome of the Capitol.
+To harmonize with this plan, a new approach to the northwest corner of the
+Senate Office Building has been built.</p>
+
+<p>The temporary war buildings and Government hotels, which stood on the
+grounds a whole decade after the World War, have been removed, and the work
+of developing the plan was carried forward as rapidly as possible under the direction
+of David Lynn, Architect of the Capitol.</p>
+
+<p>Through this plan the United States Capitol is given the appropriate landscape
+setting which, as the most important building in this country, it should
+have. The plan joins the plan for the Mall, giving the Capitol the open approach
+from the west and embellishing Union Square at the head of the Mall.</p>
+
+<h3>UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT BUILDING</h3>
+
+<p>The United States Supreme Court Building is in classic style, in harmony
+with the architecture of the Capitol and adjacent buildings, and is located in the
+square east of the Capitol, north of the Library of Congress, and facing the
+United States Senate Chamber.</p>
+
+<p>The building, 385 feet from east to west and 305 feet from north to south,
+has four open courtyards 64 feet square. The portico is of the Corinthian order,
+and there is a low pilaster treatment around the building.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page302">[302]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo315.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="photocredit lft"><i>Photograph by Commercial Photo Co.</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT BUILDING</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page303">[303]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo316.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT CHAMBER<br>
+<span class="subcaption">FRIEZE BY A. A. WEINMAN, SCULPTOR</span></p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page304">[304]</span></p>
+
+<p>General designs were prepared, and then, to unify every part of the design, a
+model was made which was publicly exhibited in the Rotunda of the Capitol
+for a number of months.</p>
+
+<p>The Supreme Court Chamber is placed on the main axis of the plan. It is
+characterized by appropriate simplicity and quiet dignity. It is classical in style,
+82 feet by 91 feet square in its extreme dimensions, about 64 feet square inside
+the columns, and 45 feet high from floor to ceiling.</p>
+
+<p>The second floor contains a law library and rooms for members of the bar
+and conference rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The third floor contains a law library and reading room. The justices’ rooms
+are on the first floor, convenient to the court room.</p>
+
+<p>A number of rooms for the use of lawyers are provided in the second story.
+Two large conference rooms are provided on the main floor, and on this floor also
+rooms are provided for the Attorney General, the Solicitor General, the clerk of
+the Supreme Court, and the marshal. Convenient rooms and special telephone
+booths have been provided for the press.</p>
+
+<p>The appropriation for the building authorized by Congress was $9,740,000.</p>
+
+<p>The building was designed by Cass Gilbert, architect, and the erection was
+under the charge of the Supreme Court Building Commission, Chief Justice
+Charles Evans Hughes, chairman. David Lynn, Architect of the Capitol, a
+member of the commission, was the contracting officer.</p>
+
+<h3>HOMES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES</h3>
+
+<p>The Supreme Court of the United States is the major tribunal of one of three
+coordinate branches of the Government—the judicial. During the 148 years of
+its existence the Supreme Court has sat in eight different places, always in or
+near the Capitol or place of meeting of the legislative body. Thus it met, first, in
+New York; second, in Independence Hall, Philadelphia; third, in the basement
+of the Capitol, where it was when the British burned the Capitol in 1814; fourth,
+while the Capitol was being rebuilt the Supreme Court occupied the residence of
+the clerk of the court; fifth, when the Capitol wings were built it moved into its
+former chamber; sixth, when driven out by an explosion and fire in 1898 it occupied
+the committee room of the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, of
+which Senator McMillan was chairman, and also sat for a brief period in the
+Judiciary Committee Room.</p>
+
+<p>It then moved back into what was the old Senate Chamber until 1859 which
+was designed by Benjamin Latrobe, after the model of a Greek theater, a semicircular
+hall with a low-domed ceiling. It is historic. Here Webster replied to
+Hayne; here Calhoun debated with Clay and Webster; and in it the Electoral
+Commission sat which decided the presidential contest between Hayes and Tilden
+in 1877.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page305">[305]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XXIII</span><br>
+<span class="title">THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>The first Government of the District of Columbia consisted of three Commissioners
+appointed by the President of the United States. Then 21 mayors
+served from 1802 to 1871.</p>
+
+<p>A Territorial form of government, consisting of a governor, a board of public
+works, and a legislative assembly, was provided for by an act of Congress of
+February 21, 1871. The legislative assembly consisted of 11 members, called a
+council, and 22 other members, called a house of delegates. The District also
+had a Delegate in the House of Representatives of the United States. The governor
+and the board of public works were appointed by the President of the United
+States, and the legislative assembly was elected by the people. This form of
+government lasted three years, until June 20, 1874, when Congress provided
+that the District should be governed by three commissioners, appointed by the
+President. This was known as the temporary form of government and lasted
+until June 30, 1878.</p>
+
+<p>Thereupon the Congress, by an act approved June 11, 1878, created the
+present form of government of the District of Columbia, to become effective July
+1, 1878. By this act the District was created a municipal corporation with right
+to sue and be sued.</p>
+
+<p>The act provided for the appointment of three commissioners, two of them to
+be selected by the President from persons residing in the District of Columbia for
+a period of three years preceding their appointment. The third member was to
+be an officer of the Engineer Corps, United States Army, detailed by the President,
+and to be known as the engineer commissioner. The appointments of the
+civilian commissioners are for a period of three years, or until their successors are
+appointed. The detail of the engineer commissioner is at the pleasure of the
+President. This detail is usually about four years.</p>
+
+<p>While the District has a municipal form of government, Congress, by various
+statutory enactments, has treated it as a branch of the United States Government
+by including it in legislation applying to the executive departments, such as the
+budget and accounting act, the act classifying the salaries of Federal employees,
+and the act providing for retirement of Federal employees.</p>
+
+<p>In the act of June 11, 1878, it was provided that the expenses of the government
+of the District should be borne 50 per cent by the United States Government
+and 50 per cent from the revenues of the District of
+Columbia, raised by taxation.<span class="pagenum" id="Page306">[306]</span>
+This method of financing remained in force from 1878 until 1920. In that year the
+proportionate expense was changed by Congress so that 60 per cent of the expenditures
+was raised by taxation and 40 per cent was contributed by the Federal Government.
+This provision continued in force until the year 1925, when Congress
+determined on a lump-sum contribution of $9,000,000 annually, the balance of
+the expenses to be raised by taxation; the amounts of money appropriated have
+varied since then.</p>
+
+<p>The heads of the various departments make recommendations to the commissioner
+in charge of their respective departments, and each commissioner brings
+these recommendations to meetings of the board of commissioners, which are
+held on Tuesday and Friday of each week. The secretary to the board of commissioners
+records the action on these recommendations and acts as executive
+officer of the board by issuing orders and carrying on correspondence.</p>
+
+<p>Not all of the municipal duties are, however, vested in the board of commissioners.
+The management of the public schools is vested in a school board of
+nine members appointed by the justices of the Supreme Court of the District of
+Columbia. The Public Library, with its branches, is managed by a board of trustees
+appointed by the board of commissioners. The penal, charitable, and correctional
+institutions are managed by a board of public welfare appointed by the
+commissioners. The public utilities are under a public-utilities commission, consisting
+of two civilians, appointed by the President, and the engineer commissioner,
+who is a member ex officio. The public parks are under the jurisdiction of
+the Department of the Interior, which is also in charge of public buildings and
+grounds. The water supply is under an Army engineer officer, designated
+the district engineer, but the distribution of the water is under the jurisdiction
+of the commissioners. The zoning of private property as to height of building,
+use of building, area of ground to be built upon, is handled by a zoning commission,
+of which the three commissioners are members and, in addition thereto, the
+Architect of the Capitol and the Director of the National Park Service.</p>
+
+<p>The justices of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia and the judges
+of the police, municipal, and juvenile courts are appointed by the President, as is
+also the recorder of deeds.</p>
+
+<p>The National Capital Park and Planning Commission has been created by
+Congress to advise the commissioners as to the planning of the city in laying out
+new and changing old highways. This commission purchases all land for parks
+and playgrounds. The land so purchased for parks is placed under the Department
+of the Interior and the land for playgrounds under the commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>All expenditures for municipal purposes, including the schools, parks, water
+supply, land purchases, etc., are appropriated by Congress annually, and are
+based upon estimates submitted by the heads of the District government and
+the other officials hereinbefore named.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page307">[307]</span></p>
+
+<p>These estimates are submitted by the Commissioners to the Director of the
+Budget, a Federal official, and when approved are submitted by the President to
+Congress, together with the estimates of the Federal Government. Before submitting
+such estimates the Commissioners fix upon a tax rate which they believe
+should not be exceeded. This tax rate is such that, when applied to the taxable
+value of real, personal, and intangible property in the District of Columbia, it
+will raise the funds necessary to meet the estimates of the appropriations submitted
+to the Director of the Budget. The present rate of taxation for real and
+personal property is $1.75 per $100, based on full value. For intangible personal
+property, such as money in bank, stocks and bonds, etc., the rate is $5 per thousand.</p>
+
+<p>For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1938, the assessed value of land in the
+District of Columbia was $480,473,718, and of improvements $713,025,368, a
+total of $1,193,499,086.</p>
+
+<p>The assessed value of tangible personal property for the same year was
+$81,566,107. The value of intangible personal property was $575,472,070.</p>
+
+<p>The budget estimate as submitted by the President to Congress each year is
+reviewed by subcommittees of the Appropriations Committees of the House and
+Senate, and the total amount of the Appropriation is fixed by Congress and
+approved by the President.</p>
+
+<p>Under the provisions of the Constitution, all legislation affecting the District
+of Columbia must be passed by Congress. The advice of the Commissioners is
+usually sought before such legislation is enacted.</p>
+
+<p>What has been stated is but a brief outline of the government of the District
+of Columbia. It can readily be seen that the District has a dual status as a municipal
+corporation and as a branch of the Federal Government. This situation has
+no parallel in any other city of the United States. The District is also unique
+in having no bonded debt. All of its expenses are borne from current revenues.</p>
+
+<p>The residents of the District of Columbia do not enjoy the privilege and obligation
+of suffrage. On the question of whether the people should be allowed to
+vote in national elections and in local elections there is a division of opinion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page308">[308]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo321.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">ARLINGTON CEMETERY, ARLINGTON MANSION, AND FORT MYER</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page309">[309]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XXIV</span><br>
+<span class="title">ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY</span></h2>
+
+<h3>HISTORY OF ARLINGTON</h3>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<p>The land comprising the Arlington estate, 1,100 acres, was sold by Gerard
+Alexander to John Parke Custis in December, 1778, for a consideration of £11,000
+Virginia currency. John Parke Custis never lived at Arlington, and on his death
+in 1781 his son, George Washington Parke Custis, inherited the Arlington estate.
+Mr. Custis lived at Mount Vernon, however, until after the death of
+Martha Washington, which occurred on May 22, 1802. He then took possession
+of the tract, changed the name to Arlington, after an old family seat on the
+eastern shore of Virginia. While he was building the mansion he lived in a
+small cottage on the Potomac. The two wings were built first. The central
+portion of the house, with its massive columns, is said to have been built from
+plans drawn by George Hadfield, an English architect, who came to this country
+with the intention of designing the new Capitol. The date when the mansion
+was completed is uncertain, but Mrs. Robert E. Lee is authority for the statement
+that it was completed just before the Civil War. The family lived in the
+wings for many years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1804 Mr. Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh, daughter of William Fitzhugh,
+of Chatham, at Alexandria, Va. To this union four children were born,
+but only one, Mary Ann Randolph Custis (born October 1, 1808), lived. On
+June 30, 1831, she became the wife of Lieut. Robert E. Lee. Upon the death of
+her father, in 1857, title to the estate passed to Mrs. Lee.</p>
+
+<p>On May 24, 1861, Union troops occupied Arlington, and it soon became
+an armed camp. Under an act of Congress passed June 17, 1862, certain commissioners
+of the Government were appointed to levy and collect taxes in Virginia
+and elsewhere; and if default in payment was made, to sell the real estate
+upon which the taxes were levied. Prior to January, 1864, the commissioners had
+adopted a rule by which payment of taxes in the district where the Arlington
+property was located would not be accepted unless tendered by the owner in
+person. Mrs. Lee could not comply with this rule, so she sent a cousin, Mr.
+Fendall, to pay the taxes. The money was refused, and he was informed that
+Mrs. Lee must be present in person.</p>
+
+<p>On January 11, 1864, there was due only the sum of $92.07 on the 1,100 acres
+of the Arlington estate, together with a 50 per cent penalty, when the property
+was sold “according to law,” as stated in the tax certificate. The United States
+acquired title to the property at public auction by the payment of $26,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page310">[310]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo323.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">ARLINGTON MANSION—RECEPTION HALL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page311">[311]</span></p>
+
+<p>Upon the death of Mrs. Lee, in 1873, her eldest son, George Washington Custis
+Lee, according to the will of his grandfather, George Washington Parke Custis,
+became entitled to the Arlington estate. He at once took steps looking to the
+recovery of the property. After petitioning Congress in vain, he began suit in
+ejectment in 1877 at Alexandria, Va. In 1879 the United States Circuit Court
+for the Eastern District of Virginia decided he was entitled to the estate and
+that the United States did not have lawful title. The Department of Justice
+carried the case to the United States Supreme Court, which decided that the
+property belonged to Mr. Lee. The United States was thus faced with the
+question of whether to disinter the remains of thousands of soldiers and sailors
+and vacate the property, part of which had become a military post, or purchase
+the same. However, Mr. Lee was willing to sell Arlington for $150,000. On
+March 3, 1883, the Forty-seventh Congress appropriated the necessary money,
+and on March 31 Mr. Lee executed a deed which conveyed the title to the
+United States. The deed was recorded at the Alexandria County Courthouse on
+the 14th day of May, 1883, just 22 years, less 10 days, from the day, May 24, 1861,
+when General Scott’s soldiers crossed the Potomac River and took possession.</p>
+
+<p>Mary Randolph, wife of David Meade Randolph, and a relative of the Custis
+family, is the first person known to have been buried at Arlington. In April,
+1853, Mrs. Custis, wife of the owner of the estate, George Washington Parke
+Custis, died and was laid to rest in a little plot of ground beneath huge oaks not
+far from the mansion house. The master of Arlington died on October 10, 1857,
+and was laid beside his wife. To-day their graves may be seen, surmounted by
+simple marble shafts, within an iron-fenced inclosure, where lilies-of-the-valley
+cover the ground in profusion. The Quartermaster General’s Department has
+recently erected a marker beside the grave of Mrs. Randolph, giving a short history
+of her life.</p>
+
+<h3>ARLINGTON AS A NATIONAL CEMETERY</h3>
+
+<p>Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs, Quartermaster Corps, United States Army, was
+the first to suggest to President Lincoln that the estate be converted into a military
+cemetery, and in 1864, by order of Secretary of War Stanton, 200 acres were
+set apart and dedicated as a national cemetery for the burial of Union soldiers
+and sailors. However, the first man to be buried there was a Confederate soldier
+who died in the hospital May 13, 1864.</p>
+
+<p>There are buried in Arlington a small number of those who fought in the Revolutionary
+War and some who were in the War of 1812. Their remains were
+removed to Arlington from an abandoned cemetery in 1892. Thousands of men
+who died in the Civil War are buried there, with veterans of the Spanish-American
+War and the Philippine campaign, and now the veterans of the World
+War are steadily being added to the number.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page312">[312]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo325.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY—MEMORIAL AMPHITHEATER</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page313">[313]</span></p>
+
+<p>In front of Arlington House is the tomb of Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant,
+engineer, artist, and soldier, who, under the direction of President Washington
+and Thomas Jefferson, designed the plans for the city of Washington.</p>
+
+<h4>ARLINGTON MEMORIAL AMPHITHEATER</h4>
+
+<p>On May 5, 1868, Gen. John A. Logan, commander in chief of the Grand Army
+of the Republic, issued the following general order (No. 11):</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>The 30th of May, 1868, is designated for the purpose of strewing with flowers or otherwise
+decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country, *&#160;*&#160;* posts and comrades
+will, in their own way, arrange such fitting services and testimonials of respect as circumstances
+may permit.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>There has been an annual observance of this ceremony in all the national
+cemeteries of the country since this order was promulgated.</p>
+
+<p>For years a vine-covered pergola, erected by the Quartermaster’s Department
+of the Army, was used for the Memorial Day exercises. When it was found to
+be entirely inadequate to accommodate the increasing number of people who
+attended the exercises, it was decided to erect a suitable building which would
+serve not only as a memorial to our soldiers and sailors but which would also
+provide an assembly place for those attending such exercises as might be held in
+the cemetery grounds.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, the first steps toward this end were taken in 1903, when the
+necessity for such a building and the appropriateness of its erection were first
+suggested by the commander of the Department of the Potomac, Grand Army of
+the Republic. Preliminary sketches and plans were prepared in 1905 and presented
+to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury, but no action was taken
+until 1908, when the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater Commission was
+created, and an appropriation of $5,000 to secure and present more detailed plans
+for the proposed memorial was made. No further action was taken by Congress
+for five years, when, by the act of March 3, 1913, the construction of a
+memorial amphitheater and chapel, in accordance with plans prepared by Carrere
+&amp; Hastings, architects, of New York City, was authorized. Ground was broken
+March 1, 1915, the corner stone was laid October 13, 1915, and the memorial
+was dedicated May 15, 1920.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page314">[314]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo327.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE TOMB OF THE UNKNOWN SOLDIER OF THE WORLD WAR</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page315">[315]</span></p>
+
+<p>The main feature of the structure consists of an open-air amphitheater,
+elliptical in plan, with a seating capacity of about 4,000 persons. Its diameter,
+north and south axis, is 200 feet, and 152 feet on its east and west axis. It has a
+height of approximately 30 feet. The amphitheater is inclosed by a marble
+colonnade with entrances at the ends of the principal axis. The main entrance is
+from the east, and this section contains a reception hall and stage on the main
+floor, a museum room or “Valhalla” on the second floor, and a chapel in the
+basement. Under the floor of the colonnade, crypts are provided for the burial
+of distinguished soldiers, sailors, and marines. The amphitheater, erected at a
+cost of $825,000 is built of white marble from Vermont. Inscriptions commemorate
+the great wars of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately to the east of the main entrance is the Tomb of the Unknown
+Soldier, which was completed by the War Department in accordance with plans
+that provide also for a great approach to the tomb and the amphitheater.</p>
+
+<h4>TOMB OF THE UNKNOWN SOLDIER</h4>
+
+<p>At the time when the rites for the Unknown Soldier were solemnized, on
+November 11, 1921, the time for preparation was so short that the location of
+the tomb on the terrace in front of the amphitheater was quickly decided upon.
+The casket was inclosed in what was designed to be the base of a monument
+which was to be erected later. The preliminary work was designed by Thomas
+Hastings, of the firm of Carrere &amp; Hastings, architects of the amphitheater.</p>
+
+<p>Five years later, on July 3, 1926, Congress authorized the Secretary of War
+to secure by competition designs for a monument to cost $50,000, and provided
+that the accepted design should be subject to the approval of the Arlington
+Amphitheater Commission (the Secretaries of War and of the Navy), the American
+Battle Monuments Commission, and the Commission of Fine Arts. A competition
+was held, in which there were 39 competitors, 5 of whom were selected
+to enter the final stage. The final award was made to Thomas Hudson Jones,
+sculptor, and Lorimer Rich, architect, of New York City.</p>
+
+<p>The competitors generally based their designs on such a modification of the
+terrace as would place the monument at the head of a flight of steps, the approaches
+to which called for rearrangement of the immediate foreground of the
+terrace. Congress accepted the winning design, and a supplemental appropriation
+was made for carrying out the design. The work of completing the Tomb
+of the Unknown Soldier was in charge of the Quartermaster General of the
+Army. The cost of the memorial, constructed of Colorado Yule marble, was
+$400,000.</p>
+
+<p>Within this marble sarcophagus rests the remains of the Unknown Soldier, a
+hero of the World War. The Republic has bestowed upon him its most cherished
+decoration for valor, the Congressional Medal of Honor, and all the major nations
+associated with America in the Great War have similarly honored his memory and
+the memory of the thousands of his comrades who laid down their lives in that
+titanic struggle.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page316">[316]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo329.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY—MAINE MONUMENT AND THE MEMORIAL AMPHITHEATER</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page317">[317]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo330.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">TOMB OF L’ENFANT</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page318">[318]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w25emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo331.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page319">[319]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap chapnum">Chapter XXV</span><br>
+<span class="title">STATUES AND MONUMENTS<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span></h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a>
+A complete list of the statues and monuments will be found in the Appendix, <a href="#Page347">p. 347</a>.</p>
+
+</div><!--footnote-->
+
+<h3>STATUE OF GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON</h3>
+
+<p>The most precious work of art in the United States is the life mask of George
+Washington by the noted French sculptor, Jean Antoine Houdon, who in 1785
+was commissioned by the State of Virginia to execute a marble statue of George
+Washington. Houdon crossed the ocean, setting sail from Paris, France, on July
+22 of that year for this purpose, in company with Benjamin Franklin. For 10 days
+he was a guest of General Washington at Mount Vernon, making studies and a
+cast. Having made his models, Houdon returned to France, reaching home on
+January 4, 1786. It took him two years to model and carve the statue, and the
+completed work arrived at Richmond in 1788. Eight years later the statue
+was installed in the rotunda of the State capitol, where it stands to-day. The
+statue represents Washington in the uniform of a Revolutionary officer; and,
+according to John Marshall, his intimate friend, this three-quarter view corresponds
+more to the exact likeness of Washington than any other portrait. A copy
+of this statue is in the Rotunda of the Capitol, the gift of the State of Virginia to
+the Nation. The life mask is at Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<h3>TRIPOLI COLUMN</h3>
+
+<p>This was the first and only monument that stood in Washington for a period
+of 26 years. It was erected in memory of the heroes that fell before Tripoli in
+1804. It had been made at the expense of officers of the Navy and was brought
+from Italy in the U. S. S. <i>Constitution</i> to the navy yard, where it was erected
+in 1808 under the direction of Benjamin H. Latrobe, Architect of the Capitol.
+Afterwards, when in 1814 the navy yard was burned by the British, it was
+placed at the west side of the Capitol. During the reconstruction and enlargement
+of the Capitol to its present size it was removed.</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1860, it was taken to the United States Naval Academy at
+Annapolis, where it stands to-day.</p>
+
+<p>The chief motif of the monument is an artistically designed, simple Doric
+column, surmounted by an eagle. It was procured through the efforts of Admiral
+Porter, who commissioned a noted Italian sculptor of the time, Micali, of
+Leghorn, to execute the monument.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page320">[320]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w35emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo333.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">TRIPOLI COLUMN, AT ANNAPOLIS, MD.</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page321">[321]</span></p>
+
+<h3>STATUE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON</h3>
+
+<p>This statue is by Horatio Greenough, who, born in Boston in 1805, was a
+noted American sculptor of the early days of the Republic. He was the first
+American deliberately to choose sculpture as a profession and to go abroad for
+serious study. He became absorbed with art as he saw it in Italy, and those
+who have seen the massive Roman statuary of the Farnese collection at Naples,
+in addition to the priceless collections of statuary of classical times at Rome and
+Florence, can make due allowance for the conception of the ponderous figure of
+George Washington by Greenough when he was commissioned by Congress in
+1832 to execute the statue. He was at work on the statue for eight years, during
+the period of the classical revival in this country, marked by the construction of
+the Patent Office, the old Post Office, and the Treasury Department Buildings.</p>
+
+<p>The statue is 12 feet high, and of Carrara marble. It cost $44,000. After
+many perils by sea and land, it reached this city in 1843. At the Capitol it was
+found that the doors were not large enough to permit its passage, and they were
+temporarily widened to admit the statue, where it was given a place in the
+Rotunda, but its immense weight was too heavy for the floor, and it was transferred
+to the plaza in front of and facing the Capitol. It remained there for over
+half a century, and in 1908 was removed to the National Museum.</p>
+
+<p>This statue of Washington in Roman toga, seated in a curule chair, was
+often ridiculed. One wrote that Washington was supposed to be saying, as he
+pointed in two directions, “My body is at Mount Vernon, my clothes are in the
+Patent Office.” Nevertheless, the statue had its friends. In 1841 Edward Everett
+wrote of it, “I regard Greenough’s Washington as one of the greatest works of
+sculpture of modern times.” It is an art treasure of the past, and as such is rightly
+cherished to-day.</p>
+
+<h3>STATUE OF GEN. ANDREW JACKSON</h3>
+
+<p>This statue in Lafayette Square, north of the White House, is the first equestrian
+statue cast in the United States. It is the work of Clark Mills, sculptor,
+who, while he was in the South preparing to go abroad, was persuaded to come to
+Washington and submit to Members of Congress sketches of an equestrian statue.
+They were so highly pleased with them that Mills was commissioned to produce
+the statue, and to do this he built a foundry in northeast Washington at a place
+now called Mills Avenue. The cost of the statue was $32,000. Congress appropriated
+$20,000 and the Jackson Democratic Association of Washington the
+balance. Congress also appropriated $8,000 for the pedestal. The statue was
+unveiled January 8, 1853, the thirty-eighth anniversary of Jackson’s victory at
+New Orleans. Stephen A. Douglas, then a United States Senator, delivered the
+oration.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page322">[322]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo335.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page323">[323]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo336.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF GEN. ANDREW JACKSON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page324">[324]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo337.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">THE ADAMS MEMORIAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page325">[325]</span></p>
+
+<p>Repeated attempts have been made in the past 25 years to relocate the statue,
+but without success. It has been suggested that it be placed at the north steps
+of the Treasury Department Building. Some years ago the suggestion was made
+to have the statue exchange places with the General Washington Statue in Washington
+Circle. It met with strong objection. To relocate the statue would
+require an act of Congress. However, the statue is regarded a landmark in the
+city, and, as heretofore stated, it is the first equestrian statue cast in the United
+States, having thus added historic interest.</p>
+
+<h3>ADAMS MEMORIAL</h3>
+
+<p>The Adams Memorial, a veiled female figure in bronze, by Saint-Gaudens, in
+Rock Creek Cemetery, was erected in 1891. Under the carpet of pine needles
+the bodies of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Adams are buried. There is no inscription;
+not even a date on the architectural features, designed by Stanford White. Thick
+planting of pines and shrubs completely secludes the monument. Friends of the
+sculptor deplore the fact that this, his masterpiece, has come to be known as the
+Statue of Grief, as such a title is wholly at variance with the artist’s conception.
+It is, in fact, a monument without a name, though the artist preferred the title,
+“The Peace of God.” The sculptor endeavored to comprise in the figure the
+thought of the philosophy of the ages—the great mystery of the human race and
+of history—that being called man and his destiny. It is a world-famous monument,
+and each year thousands of visitors to the National Capital gladly travel
+the 4 miles directly north of the Capitol to see it.</p>
+
+<h3>STATUE OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE</h3>
+
+<p>The statue of General Lafayette is situated on the southeast corner of Lafayette
+Square. It is a heroic bronze statue by Alexander Falguiere and Antoine
+Mercie, noted French sculptors. The statue stands on a marble pedestal, on the
+north side of which are two cherubs holding up the inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">BY THE CONGRESS IN COMMEMORATION OF THE SERVICES RENDERED BY GENERAL LAFAYETTE
+AND HIS COMPATRIOTS DURING THE STRUGGLE FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF AMERICA</p>
+
+<p>Congress appropriated $50,000 for the statue and pedestal, and it was
+completed in April, 1891. It is 45 feet high. On the east side are two heroic
+French naval figures, Comte d’Estaing (north) and Comte de Grasse (south),
+and an anchor. On the west side are two heroic French Army officers who
+served during the Revolution, Comte de Rochambeau (south) and Chevalier
+Duportail (north), and a mortar. On the south side of the pedestal is a figure
+symbolizing America, lifting up a sword to General Lafayette, with the inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">TO GENERAL LAFAYETTE AND HIS COMPATRIOTS, 1777-1783</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page326">[326]</span></p>
+
+<p>There were no ceremonies of dedication, but the statue is annually the scene
+of ceremonies, including the presentation of a wreath by some patriotic organization,
+such as the Sons of the American Revolution, on Lafayette’s Birthday,
+September 6.</p>
+
+<h3>STATUE OF ALEXANDER R. SHEPHERD</h3>
+
+<p>The statue standing in front of the District Building, at Fourteenth Street and
+Pennsylvania Avenue NW., was unveiled May 3, 1909. The cost of its erection,
+$10,192.67, was defrayed by public subscription in the city of Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The statue is the work of U. S. J. Dunbar, sculptor. It perpetuates the
+memory of a man who in the face of great opposition accomplished wonders for
+the National Capital.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Shepherd, for the years 1873 and 1874, was Governor of the District of
+Columbia, and previous to that had been vice president and executive officer of
+the board of public works, which inaugurated a program for municipal improvement
+that led to the transformation of the city in that day, as has been heretofore
+described. Driven from the city, he went to Mexico and accumulated a fortune,
+returning later to Washington. His tomb is in Rock Creek Cemetery, not far
+from the famous Adams Memorial.</p>
+
+<h3>STATUE OF HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW</h3>
+
+<p>This bronze statue is situated at the intersection of Eighteenth Street and
+Connecticut Avenue, at M Street NW., in one of the many triangular reservations
+that are so numerous in Washington and which, in addition to furnishing
+sites for monuments, help to make the city so attractive. It was presented to the
+National Capital by the Longfellow Memorial Association and unveiled May 15,
+1909. Congress appropriated $4,000 for the pedestal and furnished the site. The
+pedestal is of Milford pink granite, polished. The statue is the work of William
+Couper, sculptor. Longfellow, in academic gown, is seated.</p>
+
+<h3>STATUE OF JOHN WITHERSPOON</h3>
+
+<p>This statue stands in front of the Church of the Covenant, on Connecticut
+Avenue, near that of Longfellow. Congress provided the site and pedestal at
+a cost of $4,000. It is the work of William Couper, sculptor. It was presented
+to the United States by the Witherspoon Memorial Association, and unveiled
+May 20, 1909.</p>
+
+<p>John Witherspoon was a Presbyterian clergyman, at one time president of
+what is now Princeton University, and one of the signers of the Declaration of
+Independence, the only clergyman among the signers of that famous document.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page327">[327]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo340.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page328">[328]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo341.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page329">[329]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo342.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF JOHN WITHERSPOON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page330">[330]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo343.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC MEMORIAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page331">[331]</span></p>
+
+<p>On the north side of the pedestal is a quotation from Witherspoon, made
+during the War for Independence, as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription long">FOR MY OWN PART, OF PROPERTY I HAVE SOME, OF REPUTATION MORE. THAT REPUTATION
+IS STAKED, THAT PROPERTY IS PLEDGED ON THE ISSUE OF THIS CONTEST, AND
+ALTHOUGH THESE GREY HAIRS MUST SOON DESCEND INTO THE SEPULCHRE, I WOULD INFINITELY
+RATHER THAT THEY DESCEND THITHER BY THE HAND OF THE EXECUTIONER
+THAN DESERT AT THIS CRISIS THE SACRED CAUSE OF MY COUNTRY</p>
+
+<h3>MEMORIAL OF THE GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC
+TO DR. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN STEPHENSON</h3>
+
+<p>This memorial was presented to the United States by the Grand Army of the
+Republic, in commemoration of Dr. Benjamin Franklin Stephenson, organizer and
+founder of the Grand Army of the Republic, and stands near Pennsylvania
+Avenue at Seventh Street NW.</p>
+
+<p>The monument is a solid granite shaft, in form a triangular pyramid. The
+bronze figures represent three great principles. Fraternity, symbolized by a soldier
+and a sailor, is on the west side. Over the group is the inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">1861-1865</p>
+
+<p>Underneath is a bronze medallion of Doctor Stephenson, also the badge of
+the Grand Army of the Republic, obverse and reverse being shown, and the
+inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, ORGANIZED AT DECATUR, ILLINOIS, APRIL 6, 1866,
+BY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN STEPHENSON, M. D.</p>
+
+<p>On the southeast side of the shaft is a female figure representing Loyalty, holding
+a shield and drawn sword, and an inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">WHO KNEW NO GLORY BUT HIS COUNTRY’S GOOD</p>
+
+<p>On the northeast side Charity is represented by a woman protecting a
+child, with the inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="inscription">THE GREATEST OF THESE IS CHARITY</p>
+
+<p>The monument cost $45,000, of which $10,000 was appropriated by Congress
+for the pedestal, by act of March 4, 1907. It is the work of J. Massey Rhind,
+sculptor. The monument was unveiled July 3, 1909, during the administration
+of President Taft, who delivered an address on the occasion.</p>
+
+<h3>STATUE OF GEN. CASIMIR PULASKI</h3>
+
+<p>The Pulaski monument, completed in 1910, and dedicated May 11, 1910,
+the same day as was the Kosciuszko monument, is an equestrian by Kasimiriez
+Chodzinski, sculptor, and stands on Pennsylvania Avenue, at Thirteenth Street
+NW. It cost $55,000, which was appropriated by Congress.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page332">[332]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo345.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF GENERAL CASIMIR PULASKI</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page333">[333]</span></p>
+
+<p>The monument represents General Pulaski in his military uniform seated on
+his horse “in action.” The pedestal, which is 9 feet high, is by Albert R. Ross,
+architect. It rests on a large platform, measuring 20 by 16 feet. The equestrian,
+with its pedestal, is one of the best in the city.</p>
+
+<h3>ZERO MILESTONE</h3>
+
+<p>The Zero Milestone takes the place of the itinerary column planned by
+L’Enfant for a place 1 mile east of the Capitol, “from which all distances of places
+through the continent were to be calculated.” That column never was built.</p>
+
+<p>The Zero Milestone is immediately south of the White House grounds. It is a
+block of granite 4 feet high with a bronze compass design on top, and stands on
+the meridian of the District of Columbia. The monument shows on the street
+side the designation Zero Milestone, with the insignia of the Motor Transport
+Corps, U. S. Army. The inscriptions on the other three sides show that it
+constitutes a point from which distances may be measured on highways of the
+United States radiating from Washington, and that it was the starting point of
+the transcontinental motor-transport convoys over the Lincoln and the Bankhead
+Highways in 1919 and 1920, respectively. The monument was authorized by
+act of Congress approved June 5, 1920. It was designed by Horace W. Peaslee,
+architect, of Washington.</p>
+
+<h3>DUPONT MEMORIAL</h3>
+
+<p>The Dupont Memorial Fountain, at Dupont Circle, was designed by Daniel
+Chester French, sculptor, and Henry Bacon, architect. The fountain was dedicated
+on May 17, 1921, and cost $100,000. It replaces a portrait statue of
+Admiral Dupont. The top bowl, in one piece, is 13 feet in diameter.</p>
+
+<p>There are three figures on the supporting column of the fountain, representing
+The Sea, The Wind, and The Stars. The picture used in this book shows the
+figure typifying The Sea. The fountain is of Georgia marble.</p>
+
+<h3>STATUE OF JEANNE D’ARC</h3>
+
+<p>This statue, a copy of the celebrated Paul Dubois statue, one of the masterpieces
+of modern art standing in front of Rheims Cathedral, is situated on the
+grand terrace of Meridian Hill Park.</p>
+
+<p>The statue is not large, measuring in length 10 feet and in height 9 feet.
+The pedestal is about 6 feet high. The casting was done under the direction of
+the Ministère des Beaux Arts, in Paris. The pedestal was designed by McKim,
+Mead &amp; White, architects, of New York City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page334">[334]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo347.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF JEANNE D’ARC</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page335">[335]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo348.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">DUPONT MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page336">[336]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo349.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">ZERO MILESTONE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page337">[337]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo350.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF DANTE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page338">[338]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo351.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page339">[339]</span></p>
+
+<p>Congress authorized the erection of the statue on public grounds in the
+National Capital, and the Commission of Fine Arts advised in the matter of
+location and design of the pedestal.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1916, the commission received a communication from Mme. Carlo
+Polifeme, President Fondatrice, Le Lyceum Société des Femmes de France à New
+York, to this effect:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>Le Lyceum Société des Femmes de France à New York, in a spirit of patriotism, nurtured by
+exile, inspired with a deep sense of the friendship that binds our two sister Republics, animated
+by a sympathy born of closer and closer relations, “Le Lyceum” intends to perpetuate these sentiments
+by erecting, in their new home, a monument to Jeanne d’Arc, emblem of Patriotism, emblem
+of Love and Peace. The statue of our French heroine will be built to the glory of womanhood,
+dedicated by the women of France in New York to the women of America, and offered to the
+city of Washington.</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<p>The President and his excellency the French ambassador attended the unveiling,
+which took place on January 6, 1922, the five hundred and tenth anniversary
+of the birth of Jeanne d’Arc.</p>
+
+<p>The life of Jeanne d’Arc has been eulogized by the greatest of writers, and
+to-day she is revered as one of the world’s great liberators. Her spirit of patriotism
+and devotion has thrilled the ages.</p>
+
+<h3>STATUE OF DANTE</h3>
+
+<p>The statue of Dante, standing in Meridian Hill Park, was given to the National
+Capital by Chevalier Carlo Barsotti, editor of Il Progresso Italo-Americano, in
+behalf of the Italians of the United States in commemoration of the six hundredth
+anniversary of the death of Dante Alighieri, and unveiled on December
+1, 1921. It is in bronze, 12 feet high, and is the work of Commendatore Ettore
+Ximenes, sculptor, of Rome. The artist has represented Dante in the gown of a
+scholar and crowned with a laurel wreath.</p>
+
+<p>The statue received an appropriate landscape setting upon the completion of
+the lower garden of Meridian Hill Park.</p>
+
+<h3>GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL</h3>
+
+<p>The Grant Memorial, situated at the head of the Mall, in Union Square, near
+the Capitol, was authorized by Congress in 1901, at a cost of $250,000, the
+largest expenditure for statuary ever made by this Government. It is said to
+be the second largest equestrian statue in the world, being exceeded only by
+the Victor Emmanuel in Rome, which is less than one-half foot higher.</p>
+
+<p>The monument consists of a marble platform 252 feet in length and 69 feet at
+its greatest width, with steps on each side. In the center is a pedestal 22 feet 6
+inches high, on the top of which is a monumental bronze figure of General Grant
+on horseback watching a battle. The horse is 17 feet 6 inches high, two and
+one-half times life-size; the monument is nearly 40 feet high. The top of General
+Grant’s army hat is 65 feet above the platform. The weight of the statue is
+10,500 pounds.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page340">[340]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo353.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL—CAVALRY GROUP</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page341">[341]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo354.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL—ARTILLERY GROUP</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page342">[342]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container">
+
+<img src="images/illo355.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">GEN. U. S. GRANT MEMORIAL</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page343">[343]</span></p>
+
+<p>The infantry is represented by two bronze tablets at each side of the pedestal.</p>
+
+<p>On the platform at the right a cavalry charge is in progress. There are
+seven horses in the group.</p>
+
+<p>On the platform at the left a battery of artillery is going into action. There
+are five horses and four soldiers in this group.</p>
+
+<p>In these groups the sculptor has given particular attention to portraying the
+army equipment of the period.</p>
+
+<p>Four great bronze lions are at each corner of the main pedestal, guarding the
+flag. For the inscription the memorial has the single word “Grant.”</p>
+
+<p>The monument was cast by the Roman Bronze Works, of Brooklyn, N. Y.,
+and was dedicated April 27, 1922. Edward Pearce Casey was the architect. The
+sculptor, Henry Merwin Shrady, died on April 12, a few days before the dedication.
+The monument represents his most notable work.</p>
+
+<h3>STATUE OF EDMUND BURKE</h3>
+
+<p>The statue of the eloquent defender of the rights of the American Colonies
+in the British Parliament is situated in a triangle at the intersection of Massachusetts
+Avenue and Eleventh Street NW. It is a copy of the statue at Bristol,
+England, which city Burke represented in Parliament. It was designed by the late
+Havard Thomas, and is an excellent example of the work of one of the celebrated
+English sculptors of recent times. The statue was given by Sir Charles Cheers
+Wakefield, Bart., through the Sulgrave Institution. The pedestal was designed
+by Horace W. Peaslee, architect, of Washington. The statue was unveiled
+October 12, 1922, and accepted on the part of the United States by the late
+Hon. John W. Weeks, Secretary of War.</p>
+
+<h3>STATUE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON</h3>
+
+<p>This statue in bronze, about 9 feet in height, is on the south steps of the
+Treasury Department Building. James E. Fraser is the sculptor. The pedestal is
+of pink Milford granite and was designed by Henry Bacon, architect.</p>
+
+<p>If Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Secretary of the Treasury, waited
+for more than a century to obtain representation in a capital in part located
+through his sagacity and for the building of the department his genius created, at
+least the result was well worth the delay. By common consent the standing
+bronze figure of Hamilton, dressed in a typical colonial costume, is notable for
+virility and charm. It was unveiled May 17, 1923.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page344">[344]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo357.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF EDMUND BURKE</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page345">[345]</span></p>
+
+<div class="container w40emmax">
+
+<img src="images/illo358.jpg" alt="">
+
+<p class="caption">STATUE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON</p>
+
+</div><!--container-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page346">[346-<br>347]</span><a id="Page347"></a></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX</h2>
+
+<h3>STATUES AND MONUMENTS</h3>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+<table class="statues">
+
+<colgroup>
+<col span="4" class="w25pc">
+</colgroup>
+
+<tr class="bt bb">
+<th class="br">Name and location</th>
+<th class="br">Sculptor and architect</th>
+<th class="br">Date</th>
+<th>Cost</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Adams Memorial, Rock Creek Cemetery.</td>
+<td class="br">Augustus Saint-Gaudens.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1891.</td>
+<td>Gift of Henry Adams, historian.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Bishop Francis Asbury (equestrian), 16th and Harvard Sts.</td>
+<td class="br">Augustus Lukeman, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Oct. 15,1924.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Commodore John Barry, Franklin Park.</td>
+<td class="br">John J. Boyle, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 16, 1914.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">William Jennings Bryan, Potomac Park.</td>
+<td class="br">Gutzon Borglum, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 3, 1934.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Buchanan Memorial, Meridian Hill Park.</td>
+<td class="br">H. Schuler, sculptor; William Gordon Beecher, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled June 26,1930.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Edmund Burke, 12th St. and Massachusetts Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">Havard Thomas, sculptor; Horace W. Peaslee, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Oct. 12, 1922.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Butt-Millet Memorial Fountain, south of White House.</td>
+<td class="br">Daniel C. French, sculptor; Thomas Hastings, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1913.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Colonial Settlers Monument, Ellipse, facing 15th Street.</td>
+<td class="br">Delos Smith, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">April 25, 1936.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Columbus Memorial Fountain, Union Station.</td>
+<td class="br">Lorado Taft, sculptor; D. H. Burnham &amp; Co., architects.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled June 8, 1912.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $100,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Cuban Urn, Potomac Park.</td>
+<td class="br">From fragments of Maine Memorial.</td>
+<td class="br">1928.</td>
+<td>Gift to city by Cuba.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Louis J. M. Daguerre, Smithsonian grounds.</td>
+<td class="br">Jonathan S. Hartley, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Aug. 15, 1890.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Dante Alighieri, Meridian Hill Park.</td>
+<td class="br">C. Ettore Ximenes, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Dec. 1, 1921.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Darlington Memorial Fountain, Judiciary Square.</td>
+<td class="br">C. P. Jennewein, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">1923.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Jane A. Delano Memorial, Red Cross grounds.</td>
+<td class="br">R. Tait McKenzie, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 26,1934.</td>
+<td>Gift of Nurses of the Red Cross.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">District of Columbia World War Memorial.</td>
+<td class="br">Frederick H. Brooke, H. W. Peaslee, and Nathan Wyeth, associated.</td>
+<td class="br">November 11, 1931.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Dupont Memorial Fountain, Dupont Circle.</td>
+<td class="br">D. C. French, sculptor; Henry Bacon, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 17, 1921.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">John Ericsson, Potomac Park.<span class="pagenum" id="Page348">[348]</span></td>
+<td class="br">James E. Fraser, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 29, 1926.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $35,000; part gift of Scandinavians.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Admiral David Farragut, Farragut Square.</td>
+<td class="br">Vinnie Ream Hoxie, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 25, 1881.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $20,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">First Division Memorial, President’s Park.</td>
+<td class="br">D. C. French, sculptor; Cass Gilbert, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Oct. 4, 1924.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Fountain, Botanic Gardens.</td>
+<td class="br">Auguste Bartholdi, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">1876.</td>
+<td>Brought from Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Benjamin Franklin, 10th St. and Pennsylvania Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">Jacques Jouvenal, sculptor; after Plassman.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected Jan. 17, 1889.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gallaudet Group, Columbia Institute for Deaf Mutes.</td>
+<td class="br">Daniel Chester French, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1889.</td>
+<td>Gift of the Deaf.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">James A. Garfield, First St. and Maryland Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">J. Q. A. Ward, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 12, 1887.</td>
+<td>Congress, $37,500; and in part gift.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">James Cardinal Gibbons, 16th St. and Park Rd.</td>
+<td class="br">Leo Lentelli, sculptor; George Koyl, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1932.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Samuel Gompers and American Federation of Labor Memorial, 10th St. and Massachusetts Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">Robert Aitken, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated Oct. 7, 1933.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">General U. S. Grant Memorial, Union Square.</td>
+<td class="br">Henry M. Shrady, sculptor; Edward P. Casey, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated Apr. 27, 1922.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $250,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. Nathanael Greene (equestrian), Maryland and Massachusetts Aves. NE.</td>
+<td class="br">H. K. Brown, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1877.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Dr. Samuel Gross, Smithsonian grounds.</td>
+<td class="br">A. Stirling Calder, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 5, 1897.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Grand Army of the Republic Memorial, 7th St. and Pennsylvania Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">J. Massey Rhind, sculptor; Rankin, Kellogg &amp; Crane, architects.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled July 3, 1909.</td>
+<td>Gift to city, $35,000; Act of Congress, $10,000 for pedestal.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Hahnemann Memorial, Scott Circle.</td>
+<td class="br">Charles Henry Niehaus, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled June 21, 1900.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Alexander Hamilton, south steps of Treasury Building.</td>
+<td class="br">James E. Fraser, sculptor; Henry Bacon, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 17, 1923.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. Winfield S. Hancock (equestrian), between 7th and 8th Sts. on Pennsylvania Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">Henry J. Ellicott, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 12, 1896.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Joseph Henry, Smithsonian grounds.</td>
+<td class="br">W. W. Story, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 19, 1882.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $15,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. Andrew Jackson, Lafayette Park (first equestrian in U. S.).<span class="pagenum" id="Page349">[349]</span></td>
+<td class="br">Clark Mills, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Jan. 8, 1853.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $32,000; part gift.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Jeanne d’Arc.</td>
+<td class="br">Paul Dubois, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Jan. 6, 1922.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Thomas Jefferson Memorial, south of Tidal Basin.</td>
+<td class="br">John R. Pope, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Under construction.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $3,000,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Admiral John Paul Jones, foot of 17th St.</td>
+<td class="br">Charles H. Niehaus, sculptor; Thomas Hastings, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 17, 1912.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. Thaddeus Kosciuszko,Lafayette Park.</td>
+<td class="br">Antoni Popiel, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 11, 1910.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">General Lafayette, Lafayette Park.</td>
+<td class="br">Alexandre Falguire and Antoine Mercie.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1891.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">L’Enfant Tomb, Arlington National Cemetery.</td>
+<td class="br">Welles Bosworth, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated 1909.</td>
+<td>Gift of American Institute of Architects.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Abraham Lincoln, Judiciary Square.</td>
+<td class="br">Lott Flannery, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 15, 1868.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Lincoln the Emancipator, Lincoln Park.</td>
+<td class="br">Thomas Ball, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Apr. 14, 1876.</td>
+<td>Gift of freed slaves to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">General John A. Logan (equestrian), 13th St. and Rhode Island Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">Franklin Simmons, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated Apr. 9, 1901.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $50,000; part gift.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Henry W. Longfellow, Connecticut Ave. and M St.</td>
+<td class="br">William Couper, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 15, 1909.</td>
+<td>Gift to city; pedestal by Congress.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Martin Luther, facing Thomas Circle.</td>
+<td class="br">Replica of figure by Reitschel at Worms.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1884.</td>
+<td>$10,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Chief Justice John Marshall, Capitol grounds.</td>
+<td class="br">W. W. Story, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">do.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. George B. McClellan (equestrian), Connecticut Ave. and Columbia Rd.</td>
+<td class="br">Frederick MacMonnies, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 2, 1907.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">McMillan Fountain (Senator James), McMillan Park.</td>
+<td class="br">Herbert Adams, sculptor; Charles A. Platt, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1913.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. James B. McPherson (equestrian), McPherson Square.</td>
+<td class="br">Louis T. Rebisso, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated Oct. 18, 1876.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $25,000; part gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. George G. Meade, Union Square.</td>
+<td class="br">Charles Grafly, sculptor; Simon &amp; Simon, architects.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated Oct. 19, 1927.</td>
+<td>Gift to city by State of Pennsylvania; (cost $400,000).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Navy and Marine Memorial, Columbia Island.</td>
+<td class="br">Begni del Piatta, sculptor; Harvey W. Corbett, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1935.</td>
+<td>Gift to city; base by the Government.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Francis G. Newlands Memorial Fountain, Chevy Chase Circle.<span class="pagenum" id="Page350">[350]</span></td>
+<td class="br">Edward W. Donn, Jr., architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated Oct. 12, 1933.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Nuns of the Civil War Monument, Rhode Island Ave. and M St.</td>
+<td class="br">Jerome Connor, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Sept. 20, 1924.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Peace Monument, 1st St. and Pennsylvania Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">Franklin Simmons, sculptor; Edward Clark, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated 1877.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $20,000; part gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Albert Pike, 3d St. and Indiana Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">G. Trentanove, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Oct. 23, 1901.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. Casimir Pulaski (equestrian), 13th St. and Pennsylvania Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">K. Chodzinski, sculptor; Albert R. Ross, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated May 11, 1910.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $55,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. John A. Rawlins, 18th St. and New York Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">Joseph A. Bailey, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1874.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $13,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">General Rochambeau, Lafayette Park.</td>
+<td class="br">F. Hamar, of Paris, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 24, 1902.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $22,500.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Theodore Roosevelt Memorial, Theodore Roosevelt Island.</td>
+<td class="br">F. L. Olmsted, landscape architect; John R. Pope, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Island (formerly Analostan) acquired 1931.</td>
+<td>Gift to city. Act of May 21, 1932.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Benjamin Rush, Naval Medical School.</td>
+<td class="br">Roland Hinton Perry, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">...</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. San Martin (equestrian), Judiciary Square.</td>
+<td class="br">Replica of one by Dumont at Buenos Aires.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated Oct. 28, 1925.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">General Winfield Scott (equestrian), Scott Circle.</td>
+<td class="br">Henry K. Brown, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1874.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $77,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">General Winfield Scott, Soldiers’ Home grounds.</td>
+<td class="br">Launt Thompson, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1873.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Second Division Memorial, President’s Park, facing Constitution Avenue.</td>
+<td class="br">John R. Pope, architect; James E. Fraser, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated July 18, 1936.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Serenity Statue, Meridian Hill Park.</td>
+<td class="br">Jose Clara, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1924.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Alexander R. Shepherd, 14th St. and Pennsylvania Ave.</td>
+<td class="br">U. S. J. Dunbar, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 3, 1909.</td>
+<td>Do.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. Philip Sheridan (equestrian), Sheridan Circle.</td>
+<td class="br">Gutzon Borglum, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Nov. 25, 1908.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. William T. Sherman (equestrian), south of Treasury Building.</td>
+<td class="br">Carl Rohl Smith, sculptor, and several others.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Oct. 15, 1903.</td>
+<td>Part gift, $11,000; acts of Congress, $120,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. George H. Thomas (equestrian), Thomas Circle.</td>
+<td class="br">J. Q. A. Ward, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated Nov. 19, 1879.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $25,000; part gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Titanic Memorial, foot of New Hampshire Ave.<span class="pagenum" id="Page351">[351]</span></td>
+<td class="br">Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney, sculptor; Henry Bacon, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 26, 1931.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">General Von Steuben, Lafayette Park.</td>
+<td class="br">Albert Jaegers, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Dec. 7, 1910.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. Artemas Ward, Nebraska and Massachusetts Aves.</td>
+<td class="br">Leonard Crunelle, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated Nov. 3, 1938.</td>
+<td>Gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Gen. George Washington (equestrian), Washington Circle.</td>
+<td class="br">Clark Mills, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Feb. 22, 1860.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $50,000.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Washington Monument.</td>
+<td class="br">Robert Mills, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Dedicated Feb. 21, 1885.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress and part gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">Daniel Webster, near Scott Circle.</td>
+<td class="br">G. Trentanove, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled Jan. 18, 1900.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress, $4,000; part gift to city.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br">John Witherspoon, Connecticut Ave. at N St.</td>
+<td class="br">Wm. Couper, sculptor.</td>
+<td class="br">Unveiled May 20, 1909.</td>
+<td>Gift to city; pedestal by Congress.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="bb">
+<td class="br">Zero Milestone.</td>
+<td class="br">H. W. Peaslee, architect.</td>
+<td class="br">Erected 1922.</td>
+<td>Act of Congress.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page352">[352-<br>353]</span><a id="Page353"></a></p>
+
+<h3>BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST OF BOOKS ON WASHINGTON<br>
+THE NATIONAL CAPITAL<br>
+<span class="highline2 fsize80">HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION<br>
+(<i>By courtesy of the Library of Congress</i>)</span></h3>
+
+<ul class="booklist">
+
+<li>A History of the National Capital, by W. B. Bryan.</li>
+
+<li>A History of the United States Capitol, by Glenn Brown.</li>
+
+<li>Washington in the Past, by Dr. S. C. Busey.</li>
+
+<li>National Capital Centennial, 1900, compiled by William V. Cox.</li>
+
+<li>With Americans of Past and Present Days, by J. J. Jusserand.</li>
+
+<li>Historical Sketches of the Ten Miles Square, forming the District of Columbia, by Jonathan
+Elliott, 1830.</li>
+
+<li>The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia. (S. Rept. No. 166, 57th Cong.,
+1st sess., 1902.)</li>
+
+<li>Park Improvement Papers, 1901. (S. Doc. No. 94, 56th Cong., 2d sess.)</li>
+
+<li>The Improvement of the District of Columbia; papers by the American Institute of Architects,
+1900.</li>
+
+<li>The Restoration of the White House. (S. Doc. No. 197, 57th Cong., 2d sess., 1903.)</li>
+
+<li>The Reports of the National Commission of Fine Arts, Nos. 1 to 12, inclusive.</li>
+
+<li>Daniel H. Burnham, Architect and Planner of Cities, by Charles Moore.</li>
+
+<li>Public Buildings Commission Reports.</li>
+
+<li>Reports of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission.</li>
+
+<li>Reports of the Columbia Historical Society.</li>
+
+<li>Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C., by H. W. Crew.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, the City and the Seat of Government, by Charles H. A. Forbes-Lindsay.</li>
+
+<li>The Capital of Our Country, by the National Geographic Society.</li>
+
+<li>Our Capital on the Potomac, by Helen Nicolay.</li>
+
+<li>Origin and Government of the District of Columbia, by William Tindall.</li>
+
+<li>Washington: Its Beginning, Its Growth, and Its Future, by William H. Taft. Published by the
+National Geographic Society.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, Past and Present, by Charles Moore.</li>
+
+<li>Art and Artists of the Capitol, by Charles E. Fairman. (S. Doc. No. 95, 69th Cong.)</li>
+
+<li>Your Washington and Mine, by Louise Payson Latimer.</li>
+
+<li>Walks About Washington, by Francis Ellington Leupp.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, Its Sights and Insights, by Mrs. Harriet E. Monroe.</li>
+
+<li>Early Days of Washington, by S. Somervell Mackall.</li>
+
+<li>Washington and Its Romance, by Thomas N. Page.</li>
+
+<li>Rand-McNally Guide to Washington and Environs.</li>
+
+<li>The Standard Guide to Washington, by Charles B. Reynolds.</li>
+
+<li>Rider’s Washington, by Arthur F. Rider.</li>
+
+<li>The Book of Washington, by Robert Shackleton.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, the National Capital, by H. P. Caemmerer.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page354">[354]</span></li>
+
+<li>Pictures of the City of Washington in the Past, by Dr. Samuel C. Busey.</li>
+
+<li>The First Forty Years of Washington Society, by Margaret Bayard Smith.</li>
+
+<li>The Story of the White House, by Esther Singleton.</li>
+
+<li>The Art Treasures of Washington, by Helen W. Henderson.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, the Capital City, and Its Part in the History of the Nation.</li>
+
+<li>Development of the United States Capital. Addresses delivered in the auditorium of the United
+States Chamber of Commerce Building, Washington, D. C., April 25-26, 1929. (H. Doc. No.
+35, 71st Cong.)</li>
+
+<li>Washington, City of Mighty Events, by David R. Barbee.</li>
+
+<li>Territorial Government of Washington, D. C., by Col. Ulysses S. Grant III.</li>
+
+<li>L’Enfant and Washington, by Elizabeth S. Kite.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, Past and Present, by John C. Proctor.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, D. C., the Nation’s Capital, a book for young people, by Frances M. Fox.</li>
+
+<li>Approaching Washington by Tidewater Potomac, by Paul Wilstach.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, D. C., Committee on Marking Points of Historic Interest, 1929. (S. Doc. No. 228,
+70th Cong., 2d sess.)</li>
+
+<li>Society in Washington, by DeBenneville R. Keim.</li>
+
+<li>Letters from a Senator’s Wife, by Mrs. Frances P. Keyes.</li>
+
+<li>Our National Government; or, Life and Scenes in our National Capital, by Mrs. J. A. Logan.</li>
+
+<li>Picturesque Washington: Pen and Pencil Sketches of Its Scenery, History, Traditions, Public and
+Social Life, by Joseph West Moore.</li>
+
+<li>The Washington Sketch Book, by Joseph B. Varnum.</li>
+
+<li>Washington: City and Capital. Federal Writers’ Project. Government Printing Office, 1937.</li>
+
+<li>Records of the Columbia Historical Society.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page355">[355]</span></p>
+
+<h3>PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES,<br>
+CHIEF MAGISTRATES OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL</h3>
+
+<ul class="presidents">
+
+<li>&#8199;1. <span class="smcap">George Washington</span>, April 30, 1789, to March 3, 1797.</li>
+
+<li>&#8199;2. <span class="smcap">John Adams</span>, March 4, 1797, to March 3, 1801.</li>
+
+<li>&#8199;3. <span class="smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>, March 4, 1801, to March 3, 1809.</li>
+
+<li>&#8199;4. <span class="smcap">James Madison</span>, March 4, 1809, to March 3, 1817.</li>
+
+<li>&#8199;5. <span class="smcap">James Monroe</span>, March 4, 1817, to March 3, 1825.</li>
+
+<li>&#8199;6. <span class="smcap">John Quincy Adams</span>, March 4, 1825, to March 3, 1829.</li>
+
+<li>&#8199;7. <span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span>, March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1837.</li>
+
+<li>&#8199;8. <span class="smcap">Martin Van Buren</span>, March 4, 1837, to March 3, 1841.</li>
+
+<li>&#8199;9. <span class="smcap">William Henry Harrison</span>, March 4, 1841, to April 4, 1841.</li>
+
+<li>10. <span class="smcap">John Tyler</span>, April 6, 1841, to March 3, 1845.</li>
+
+<li>11. <span class="smcap">James K. Polk</span>, March 4, 1845, to March 3, 1849.</li>
+
+<li>12. <span class="smcap">Zachary Taylor</span>, March 5, 1849, to July 9, 1850.</li>
+
+<li>13. <span class="smcap">Millard Fillmore</span>, July 10, 1850, to March 3, 1853.</li>
+
+<li>14. <span class="smcap">Franklin Pierce</span>, March 4, 1853, to March 3, 1857.</li>
+
+<li>15. <span class="smcap">James Buchanan</span>, March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1861.</li>
+
+<li>16. <span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span>, March 4, 1861, to April 15, 1865.</li>
+
+<li>17. <span class="smcap">Andrew Johnson</span>, April 15, 1865, to March 3, 1869.</li>
+
+<li>18. <span class="smcap">Ulysses S. Grant</span>, March 4, 1869, to March 3, 1877.</li>
+
+<li>19. <span class="smcap">Rutherford B. Hayes</span>, March 4, 1877, to March 3, 1881.</li>
+
+<li>20. <span class="smcap">James A. Garfield</span>, March 4, 1881, to September 19, 1881.</li>
+
+<li>21. <span class="smcap">Chester A. Arthur</span>, September 20, 1881, to March 3, 1885.</li>
+
+<li>22. <span class="smcap">Grover Cleveland</span>, March 4, 1885, to March 3, 1889.</li>
+
+<li>23. <span class="smcap">Benjamin Harrison</span>, March 4, 1889, to March 3, 1893.</li>
+
+<li>24. <span class="smcap">Grover Cleveland</span>, March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1897.</li>
+
+<li>25. <span class="smcap">William McKinley</span>, March 4, 1897, to September 14, 1901.</li>
+
+<li>26. <span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span>, September 14, 1901, to March 3, 1909.</li>
+
+<li>27. <span class="smcap">William H. Taft</span>, March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1913.</li>
+
+<li>28. <span class="smcap">Woodrow Wilson</span>, March 4, 1913, to March 3, 1921.</li>
+
+<li>29. <span class="smcap">Warren G. Harding</span>, March 4, 1921, to August 2, 1923.</li>
+
+<li>30. <span class="smcap">Calvin Coolidge</span>, August 3, 1923, to March 3, 1929.</li>
+
+<li>31. <span class="smcap">Herbert Hoover</span>, March 4, 1929, to March 3, 1933.</li>
+
+<li>32. <span class="smcap">Franklin D. Roosevelt</span>, March 4, 1933-</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page356">[356-<br>357]</span><a id="Page357"></a></p>
+
+<h3>QUOTATIONS FROM GREAT AMERICANS ON
+WASHINGTON, THE NATIONAL CAPITAL</h3>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>“I most earnestly hope that in the National Capital a better beginning will be made than anywhere
+else; and that can be made only by utilizing to the fullest degree the thought and the
+disinterested efforts of the architects, the artists, the men of art, who stand foremost in their
+professions here in the United States and who ask no other reward save the reward of feeling that
+they have done their full part to make as beautiful as it should be the Capital City of the Great
+Republic.”
+<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt.</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“If General Washington, at a time when his country was a little hemmed-in nation, boasting
+but a single seaboard, with a population of only five million, and with credit so bad that lot sales,
+lotteries, and borrowing upon the personal security of individuals had to be resorted to in order
+to finance the new capital, could look to the future and understand that it was his duty to build
+for the centuries to come and for a great nation, how much more should we do so now?”
+<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">William H. Taft.</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="allclear blankbefore75">It is hereby ordered that
+whenever new structures are to be erected in the District of Columbia
+under the direction of the Federal Government which affect in any important way the appearance
+of the city, or whenever questions involving matters of art and with which the Federal Government
+is concerned are to be determined, final action shall not be taken until such plans and questions
+have been submitted to the Commission of Fine Arts, designated under the act of Congress of
+May 17, 1910, for comment and advice. (Executive order of November 28, 1913.)
+<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Woodrow Wilson.</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“We are embarking on an ambitious building program for the city of Washington. The
+Memorial Bridge is under way with all that it holds for use and beauty. New buildings are soon
+contemplated. This program should represent the best that exists in the art and science of architecture.
+Into these structures, which must be considered as of a permanent nature, ought to go the
+aspirations of the nation, its ideals, expressed in forms of beauty. If our country wishes to compete
+with others, let it not be in the support of armaments but in the making of a beautiful capital city.
+Let it express the soul of America. Whenever an American is at the seat of his Government,
+however traveled and cultured he may be, he ought to find a city of stately proportions, symmetrically
+laid out and adorned with the best that there is in architecture, which would arouse his
+imagination and stir his patriotic pride. In the coming years Washington should be not only the
+art center of our own country but the art center of the world. Around it should center all that is
+best in science, in learning, in letters, and in art. These are the results that justify the creation
+of those national resources with which we have been favored.”
+<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Calvin Coolidge.</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“This is more than the making of a beautiful city. Washington is not only the Nation’s
+Capital, it is the symbol of America. By its dignity and architectural inspiration we stimulate
+pride in our country, we encourage that elevation of thought and character which comes from
+great architecture.”
+<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Herbert Hoover.</span></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page358">[358]</span></p>
+
+<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“In the Capital an example should be set for
+the country as a whole in the matter of planning.
+Our national monuments will attract seekers of the ideal in art. More and more it will become the
+tendency to establish the headquarters of societies of literature and art in Washington and to
+make bequests of collections to the National Capital. Already there is a definite project to establish
+here in Washington a national gallery of painting. Thus the Capital may be foreseen as an
+art center responding to the desire of visitors from all over the world and satisfying that demand.
+The public buildings, as finally located and constructed, should place Washington in the forefront
+of the architecturally beautiful cities of the world.”
+<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Andrew W. Mellon.</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“The people of America are beginning to see that it is not necessary to be commonplace in
+order to have common sense *&#160;*&#160;*. They wish for themselves in the public buildings of municipalities
+and of States and Nation to have the best results of time and the best attainments of
+genius. What the people desire, their representatives in State legislature, in municipal body, and
+in the Congress of the United States desire for them. The art of our fathers, the art of our private
+citizens, is to be the art of our people and of our whole people.”
+<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Elihu Root.</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="allclear blankbefore75">“A city planned on such a noble
+scale as Washington is rare in the world. It is almost unique. One
+hundred years of use has demonstrated its merit. The plan of its founders should be maintained
+as the basis for future development.”
+<span class="righttext padr4"><span class="smcap">Cass Gilbert.</span></span></p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<h4 class="allclear">A TRIBUTE FROM VISCOUNT BRYCE</h4>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>“In these circumstances may not the city of Washington feel that its mission in life is to be
+the embodiment of the majesty and the stateliness of the whole Nation, representing all that is
+finest in American conception, all that is largest and most luminous in American thought; embodying:
+the Nation’s ideal of what the Capital of such a Nation should be *&#160;*&#160;* the highest
+aspirations as to external dignity and beauty that a great people can form for that which is the
+center and national focus of their life.”</p>
+
+</div><!--quote-->
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page359">[359]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">INDEX</h2>
+
+</div><!--chapter-->
+
+
+<ul class="index">
+
+<li class="newletter">Abingdon, site of, <a href="#Page117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ackerman &amp; Ross, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Adams Memorial, <a href="#Page187">187</a>, <a href="#Page325">325</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Adams, President John, <a href="#Page40">40</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Adams, President John Quincy, <a href="#Page45">45</a>, <a href="#Page176">176</a>, <a href="#Page268">268</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Agriculture, Department of, <a href="#Page89">89</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Alexandria, Va., <a href="#Page8">8</a>, <a href="#Page37">37</a>, <a href="#Page117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Allied Architects, Inc., of Washington, <a href="#Page235">235</a>.</li>
+
+<li>American Battle Monuments Commission, <a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li>
+
+<li>American Institute of Architects, <a href="#Page73">73</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>American Institute of Pharmacy, <a href="#Page277">277</a>.</li>
+
+<li>American University, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Anacostia Park, <a href="#Page10">10</a>, <a href="#Page161">161</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arboretum, National, <a href="#Page161">161</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Architecture, classical order of, <a href="#Page86">86</a>, <a href="#Page165">165</a>, <a href="#Page171">171</a>,
+<a href="#Page196">196</a>, <a href="#Page235">235</a>, <a href="#Page261">261</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Archives Building, National, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arlington Mansion, <a href="#Page182">182</a>, <a href="#Page309">309</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arlington Memorial Amphitheater, <a href="#Page313">313</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arlington Memorial Bridge, <a href="#Page93">93</a>, <a href="#Page135">135</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>,
+<a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arlington National Cemetery, <a href="#Page82">82</a>, <a href="#Page142">142</a>, <a href="#Page309">309</a>,
+<a href="#Page311">311</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Army War College, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Art in the United States, influence on:</li>
+<li class="level1">Centennial Celebration of 1876, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Bacon, Henry, Architect, <a href="#Page131">131</a>, <a href="#Page333">333</a>,
+<a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Baltimore &amp; Ohio Railroad Co., <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bancroft, George, <a href="#Page177">177</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Barsotti, Chevalier Carolo, gift of, <a href="#Page339">339</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bennett, Parsons &amp; Frost, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bingham, Theodore A., Superintendent Public Buildings and Grounds, <a href="#Page146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Blair, Gist, <a href="#Page153">153</a>, <a href="#Page155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Blashfield, Edwin Howland, mural painter, <a href="#Page247">247</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Blodgett Hotel, <a href="#Page43">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Boston Museum of Fine Arts, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Botanical Society of Washington, <a href="#Page11">11</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Botanic Garden, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Brown, Arthur, architect, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Brown, Glenn and Bedford, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Boundary Stones, District of Columbia, <a href="#Page19">19</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bryce, Viscount, <a href="#Page279">279</a>, <a href="#Page358">358</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Budget, Director of the, <a href="#Page307">307</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Building Regulations of President Washington, <a href="#Page21">21</a>, <a href="#Page101">101</a>,
+<a href="#Page105">105</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bulfinch, Charles, Architect of the Capitol, <a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Burke, Edmund, statue of, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Burnes, David, <a href="#Page15">15</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Burnham, Daniel H., <a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page80">80</a>, <a href="#Page210">210</a>,
+<a href="#Page235">235</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Burnham &amp; Co., D. H., <a href="#Page80">80</a>, <a href="#Page235">235</a>, <a href="#Page241">241</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Cabin John Bridge, <a href="#Page215">215</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Calvert Street Bridge, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Capitol, the:</li>
+<li class="level1">Bronze doors of, <a href="#Page224">224</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Description of, an early, <a href="#Page165">165</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Description of, a later, <a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Enlargement of, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Group, <a href="#Page85">85</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">House of Representatives wing of, bronze doors of the, <a href="#Page228">228</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Paintings in Rotunda of, <a href="#Page221">221</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Senate wing of, bronze doors of the, <a href="#Page226">226</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Capitol Grounds and Union Station Plaza, development, <a href="#Page296">296</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Capitol Prison, old, <a href="#Page43">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Capper-Cramton Act, the, <a href="#Page108">108</a>, <a href="#Page151">151</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Carnegie, Andrew, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Carnegie Institution of Washington, <a href="#Page277">277</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Carrere &amp; Hastings, architects, <a href="#Page235">235</a>, <a href="#Page277">277</a>,
+<a href="#Page313">313</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Carrollsburgh, <a href="#Page37">37</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Casey, Edward Pearce, architect, <a href="#Page245">245</a>, <a href="#Page275">275</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>,
+<a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Casey, Thomas Lincoln, <a href="#Page205">205</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cassatt, Alexander J., president Pennsylvania Railroad Co., <a href="#Page84">84</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Catholic University of America, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Centennial Celebration, influence on Art, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Central Heating Plant for Public Buildings, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chain Bridge, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, <a href="#Page277">277</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chesapeake &amp; Ohio Canal Co., <a href="#Page45">45</a>, <a href="#Page109">109</a>, <a href="#Page182">182</a>,
+<a href="#Page183">183</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chicago<span class="pagenum" id="Page360">[360]</span>, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chief of Engineers, <a href="#Page147">147</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chodzinski, Kasimiriez, sculptor, <a href="#Page331">331</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., <a href="#Page117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Christ Church, Washington, <a href="#Page187">187</a>, <a href="#Page190">190</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Churches in Washington, National, <a href="#Page289">289</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Clarke, Gilmore D., <a href="#Page119">119</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Clay, Henry, <a href="#Page99">99</a>, <a href="#Page176">176</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Columbia Institution for the Deaf, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Columbia Island, <a href="#Page137">137</a>, <a href="#Page142">142</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Columbus Monument, <a href="#Page241">241</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Commerce Building, Department of, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Committee on the Library, <a href="#Page98">98</a>, <a href="#Page161">161</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Congress of the United States, <a href="#Page228">228</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Congressional Cemetery, <a href="#Page190">190</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Congressional Record, <a href="#Page232">232</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Connogochegue River, <a href="#Page7">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Constitution Avenue, <a href="#Page135">135</a>, <a href="#Page293">293</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Constitution Hall, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Constitution of the United States:</li>
+<li class="level1">Provision for Federal District, in, <a href="#Page4">4</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">In Library of Congress, <a href="#Page247">247</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Continental Congress, the:</li>
+<li class="level1">Cities occupied by, <a href="#Page1">1</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Inconvenienced by moving, <a href="#Page2">2</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Coolidge, President Calvin, <a href="#Page276">276</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Coolidge, Mrs. Elizabeth Sprague, <a href="#Page250">250</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Council of Fine Arts, <a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page99">99</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Corbett, Harvey W., architect, <a href="#Page119">119</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Corcoran Gallery of Art, <a href="#Page65">65</a>, <a href="#Page179">179</a>, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Corcoran House, <a href="#Page179">179</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Couper, William, sculptor, <a href="#Page326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Courts of the District of Columbia, <a href="#Page193">193</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, <a href="#Page224">224</a>, <a href="#Page226">226</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cret, Paul P., architect, <a href="#Page252">252</a>, <a href="#Page276">276</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Custis, George Washington Parke, <a href="#Page182">182</a>, <a href="#Page203">203</a>, <a href="#Page309">309</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Dante, statue of, <a href="#Page159">159</a>, <a href="#Page339">339</a>.</li>
+
+<li>D’Arc, Jeanne, statue of, <a href="#Page159">159</a>, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Daughters of the American Revolution, National Society of the, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Decatur House, <a href="#Page176">176</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Declaration of Independence, <a href="#Page9">9</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">In Library of Congress, <a href="#Page245">245</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Delano, Frederic A., <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Delano &amp; Aldrich, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dermott, James R., plan of, <a href="#Page32">32</a>.</li>
+
+<li>District of Columbia, the:</li>
+<li class="level1">Act establishing, <a href="#Page7">7</a></li>
+<li class="level1">Agreement for purchase of land for—</li>
+<li class="level2">Terms of, <a href="#Page15">15</a>;</li>
+<li class="level2">Signers of, <a href="#Page16">16</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Board of Commissioners of, <a href="#Page7">7</a>, <a href="#Page102">102</a>,
+<a href="#Page305">305</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Government of the, <a href="#Page305">305</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Boundary stones of, <a href="#Page19">19</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Description of 1810-1815, <a href="#Page41">41</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Georgetown made part of, <a href="#Page179">179</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Government of the, <a href="#Page305">305</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Highway Plan of, <a href="#Page69">69</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">One hundredth anniversary of removal of the seat of government to the, <a href="#Page73">73</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Origin and form of government of, <a href="#Page305">305</a>.</li>
+
+<li>District of Columbia Courthouse, <a href="#Page193">193</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Douglas, Stephen A., <a href="#Page321">321</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Downing, A. J., <a href="#Page145">145</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dubois, Paul, sculptor, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dunbar, U. S. J., sculptor, <a href="#Page326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dupont Memorial, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Early, Gen. Jubal A., <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Early settlements along the Potomac, <a href="#Page9">9</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Eastern Branch, <a href="#Page7">7</a>, <a href="#Page8">8</a>, <a href="#Page13">13</a>.</li>
+
+<li>East Capitol Street, extending the Mall axis eastward, <a href="#Page109">109</a>, <a href="#Page111">111</a>.</li>
+
+<li>East Potomac Park, <a href="#Page155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Eliot, Dr. Charles W., <a href="#Page240">240</a>, <a href="#Page243">243</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ellicott, Andrew, <a href="#Page19">19</a>, <a href="#Page28">28</a>, <a href="#Page29">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ellicott Plan, <a href="#Page29">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Elliott, Hon. Richard N., <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Embassies and Legations, <a href="#Page289">289</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Engraving and Printing, Bureau of, <a href="#Page273">273</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Expositions held in the United States, <a href="#Page68">68</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Federal City, the:</li>
+<li class="level1">Movement to establish, <a href="#Page1">1</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Naming streets of, <a href="#Page20">20</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Original agreement for, <a href="#Page15">15</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Preliminary studies of, <a href="#Page25">25</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Site of, <a href="#Page13">13</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Federal Hall, <a href="#Page5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Federal Reserve Board Building, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Federal Trade Commission Building, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fernald, Senator Bert N., <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Flagg, Ernest, architect<span class="pagenum" id="Page361">[361]</span>, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Folger Shakespeare Library, <a href="#Page252">252</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ford’s Theater, <a href="#Page57">57</a>, <a href="#Page215">215</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fort Drive, <a href="#Page108">108</a>, <a href="#Page111">111</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fort Stevens, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fort Washington, Md., <a href="#Page109">109</a>, <a href="#Page151">151</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Foundry Methodist Church, <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Foxall, Henry, <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Francis Scott Key Bridge, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fraser, James E., sculptor, <a href="#Page139">139</a>, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Freedom, statue of, <a href="#Page224">224</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Freer Gallery of Art, <a href="#Page89">89</a>, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>French, Daniel Chester, sculptor, <a href="#Page133">133</a>, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Friedlander, Leo, sculptor, <a href="#Page139">139</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Garden Club of America, <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Garfield Park, <a href="#Page147">147</a>.</li>
+
+<li>General Accounting Office, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>George Washington Bicentennial Celebration, <a href="#Page129">129</a>.</li>
+
+<li>George Washington Birthplace National Monument, <a href="#Page129">129</a>.</li>
+
+<li>George Washington Memorial Parkway, <a href="#Page115">115</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>George Washington National Masonic Memorial, <a href="#Page119">119</a>.</li>
+
+<li>George Washington University, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Georgetown, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page48">48</a>, <a href="#Page179">179</a>;</li>
+<li class="level1">University, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Giegengack, A. E., Public Printer, <a href="#Page260">260</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gilbert, Cass, architect, <a href="#Page175">175</a>, <a href="#Page273">273</a>, <a href="#Page277">277</a>,
+<a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Goodhue, Bertram Grosvenor, architect, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Government department building, first, <a href="#Page266">266</a>, <a href="#Page272">272</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Government of the United States, the:</li>
+<li class="level1">Act for establishment of the temporary and permanent seat of, <a href="#Page7">7</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Amendment to act establishing, <a href="#Page8">8</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Government Printing Office, <a href="#Page257">257</a>-<a href="#Page261">261</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Grand Army of the Republic Memorial to Benjamin F. Stephenson, <a href="#Page331">331</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Grant, Gen. U. S., Memorial 82, <a href="#Page87">87</a>, <a href="#Page148">148</a>, <a href="#Page339">339</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Grant, President Ulysses S., <a href="#Page61">61</a>, <a href="#Page203">203</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Great Falls of the Potomac, <a href="#Page45">45</a>, <a href="#Page109">109</a>, <a href="#Page115">115</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Greenough, Horatio, sculptor, <a href="#Page321">321</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gregory, John, sculptor, <a href="#Page254">254</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Guerin, Jules, mural painter, <a href="#Page133">133</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Hadfield, George, architect, <a href="#Page190">190</a>, <a href="#Page193">193</a>,
+<a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page309">309</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hallet, Stephen H., <a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hamburg, <a href="#Page37">37</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hamilton, Alexander:</li>
+<li class="level1">Part taken in locating National Capital, <a href="#Page6">6</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Secretary of the Treasury, first, <a href="#Page271">271</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Statue of, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hamilton, Mrs. Alexander, <a href="#Page203">203</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hamilton, Mount, <a href="#Page161">161</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harding, President Warren G., <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hay, John, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page177">177</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Heath, Hon. Ferry K., <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Height of Buildings, <a href="#Page103">103</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hewlett, J. Monroe, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Highway Plan of the District of Columbia, <a href="#Page69">69</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hoban, James, architect of the White House, <a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page261">261</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hoover, President Herbert, <a href="#Page263">263</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Houdon, Jean Antoine, sculptor, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li>
+
+<li>House of Representatives Office Building, new, <a href="#Page235">235</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Howard University, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hughes, Charles Evans, Chief Justice of the United States, <a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Independence Hall, <a href="#Page3">3</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Indian Tribes in and about the District of Columbia, <a href="#Page10">10</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Interior Department, <a href="#Page127">127</a>, <a href="#Page143">143</a>, <a href="#Page276">276</a>,
+<a href="#Page306">306</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Internal Revenue, Bureau of, Building, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Interstate Commerce Commission Building, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Jackson, President Andrew:</li>
+<li class="level1">Suggests location of Arlington Memorial Bridge, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Department of the Treasury Building, selects site for, <a href="#Page272">272</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Statue of, <a href="#Page321">321</a>.</li>
+
+<li>James Creek, <a href="#Page37">37</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Japanese Cherry Trees, <a href="#Page155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jeanne d’Arc statue, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jefferson Pier, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page202">202</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jefferson, President Thomas:</li>
+<li class="level1">Architect of the Capitol, appoints, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page167">167</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Improves Pennsylvania Avenue, <a href="#Page40">40</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Influence on architecture, <a href="#Page68">68</a>, <a href="#Page86">86</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Library of, purchase of, <a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page248">248</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">National Capital, the—</li>
+<li class="level2">Alternate plan of, for, <a href="#Page15">15</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Founding of, in, part of, <a href="#Page6">6</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">L’Enfant’s plans for, in directing, part of, <a href="#Page25">25</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Pennsylvania Avenue, in the time of<span class="pagenum" id="Page362">[362]</span>,
+<a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Pew of, in Christ Church, <a href="#Page188">188</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Secretary of State, <a href="#Page266">266</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Streets in, for naming, plan of, <a href="#Page20">20</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Suggests that L’Enfant study plans of Old World capitals, <a href="#Page24">24</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Trees, to preserve, desire of, <a href="#Page143">143</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Washington in days of, <a href="#Page37">37</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jennewein, C. Paul, sculptor, <a href="#Page139">139</a>.</li>
+
+<li>John Marshall Place, <a href="#Page193">193</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Johnson, President Andrew, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Johnston, Harriet Lane, <a href="#Page157">157</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jones Point, cornerstone of the District of Columbia at, <a href="#Page19">19</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jones, Thomas Hudson, sculptor, <a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Justice, Department of, Building, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Key, Francis Scott, Mansion, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page182">182</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Keyes, Senator Henry W., <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li>
+
+<li>King Map, <a href="#Page33">33</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Klingle Ford Bridge, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Labor Department Building, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lafayette, General:</li>
+<li class="level1">Entertained at—</li>
+<li class="level2">Arlington, <a href="#Page182">182</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Tudor Place, <a href="#Page187">187</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Mount Vernon, visits, <a href="#Page123">123</a>, <a href="#Page126">126</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Statue of, <a href="#Page325">325</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Washington, visits, <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lafayette Park, <a href="#Page147">147</a>, <a href="#Page153">153</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Land Office Building, old, <a href="#Page196">196</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Landscape Architects, American Society of, <a href="#Page82">82</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Latrobe, Benjamin H., Architect of the Capitol, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page167">167</a>,
+<a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page304">304</a>, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lawrie, Lee, sculptor, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lear, Tobias, burial place of, <a href="#Page190">190</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Legations, Embassies and, <a href="#Page289">289</a>.</li>
+
+<li>L’Enfant, Pierre Charles:</li>
+<li class="level1">Accompanies President Washington and Commissioners to view site for Federal City,
+<a href="#Page20">20</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Biography of, <a href="#Page23">23</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Designs Fort Washington, <a href="#Page151">151</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Plan of—</li>
+<li class="level2">Apparently forgotten, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Basis of Plan of 1901, <a href="#Page83">83</a>, <a href="#Page89">89</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Description of, <a href="#Page25">25</a>, <a href="#Page32">32</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a>,
+<a href="#Page146">146</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Influence on parks and highways, <a href="#Page108">108</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a>,
+<a href="#Page147">147</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Methods and features of, <a href="#Page25">25</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Preserved in Library of Congress, <a href="#Page29">29</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Tomb of, in Arlington, <a href="#Page313">313</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Library of Congress, <a href="#Page245">245</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lincoln Memorial, the:</li>
+<li class="level1">Description of, <a href="#Page131">131</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Decorations in, <a href="#Page133">133</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">On main axis with Capitol and Washington Monument, <a href="#Page91">91</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Statue of Abraham Lincoln, in, <a href="#Page133">133</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lincoln Memorial and surrounding area, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Basin, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lincoln Museum, <a href="#Page215">215</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lincoln, President Abraham:</li>
+<li class="level1">Assassination of, <a href="#Page215">215</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Fort Stevens, under fire at, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Funeral of, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Washington in the time of, <a href="#Page53">53</a>, <a href="#Page147">147</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Little Falls of the Potomac, <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Logan, Gen. John A., <a href="#Page313">313</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, statue of, <a href="#Page326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Luce, Robert, Congressman, <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lynn, David, Architect of the Capitol, <a href="#Page301">301</a>, <a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">McCall, Congressman Samuel W., <a href="#Page95">95</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McClellan, Gen. George B., <a href="#Page176">176</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McKim, Mead &amp; White, architects, <a href="#Page137">137</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>,
+<a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McKim, Charles F., architect, <a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page80">80</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a>,
+<a href="#Page91">91</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McKinley, President William, <a href="#Page177">177</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McMillan, Senator James, <a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page146">146</a>, <a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McMillan Park Commission:</li>
+<li class="level1">Members of, <a href="#Page77">77</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Plans of—</li>
+<li class="level2">Discussed, <a href="#Page28">28</a>, <a href="#Page73">73</a>, <a href="#Page83">83</a>,
+<a href="#Page105">105</a>, <a href="#Page146">146</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Important feature of, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Influence on parks, <a href="#Page150">150</a>.</li>
+<li class="level2">Mall developed, according to, <a href="#Page109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McNary, Senator Charles L., <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Madison, Mrs. Dolly, <a href="#Page43">43</a>, <a href="#Page175">175</a>, <a href="#Page203">203</a>,
+<a href="#Page263">263</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Madison, Dolly, House, <a href="#Page153">153</a>, <a href="#Page175">175</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Madison, President James, <a href="#Page43">43</a>, <a href="#Page173">173</a>, <a href="#Page175">175</a>,
+<a href="#Page188">188</a>, <a href="#Page201">201</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Maginnis &amp; Walsh, architects<span class="pagenum" id="Page363">[363]</span>, <a href="#Page288">288</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mall, the:</li>
+<li class="level1">Development of, <a href="#Page87">87</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Extension of, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page155">155</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Head of, <a href="#Page87">87</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Restoring axis of, <a href="#Page89">89</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Marshall, John:</li>
+<li class="level1">George Washington, monument to, author of resolution for erecting a, <a href="#Page199">199</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Chief Justice, President Washington Monument Society, <a href="#Page201">201</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Secretary of State, <a href="#Page266">266</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Statue of Washington, comment on, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Maryland Legislature, offer of, <a href="#Page2">2</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission, <a href="#Page108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mayors of Washington, <a href="#Page305">305</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Meade, Gen. George G.:</li>
+<li class="level1">Grand Review in 1865, participates in, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Memorial to, <a href="#Page87">87</a>, <a href="#Page150">150</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Meigs, Gen. Montgomery C., <a href="#Page215">215</a>, <a href="#Page224">224</a>, <a href="#Page311">311</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mellon, Andrew, W., <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Meridian Hill Park, <a href="#Page157">157</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Merriam, John C., <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Metropolitan Museum in New York, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mills, Clark, sculptor, <a href="#Page224">224</a>, <a href="#Page321">321</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mills, Robert, architect, <a href="#Page196">196</a>, <a href="#Page197">197</a>, <a href="#Page201">201</a>,
+<a href="#Page272">272</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mint, the, Bureau of, <a href="#Page273">273</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Monroe, President James, Washington in time of, <a href="#Page45">45</a>, <a href="#Page101">101</a>,
+<a href="#Page188">188</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Moore, Charles, former chairman, National Commission of Fine Arts, <a href="#Page82">82</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Morris, Robert, <a href="#Page35">35</a>, <a href="#Page271">271</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Morse, S. F. B., first telegraph office of, <a href="#Page196">196</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mount Pleasant, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mount Vernon, <a href="#Page121">121</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, <a href="#Page108">108</a>, <a href="#Page117">117</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union, <a href="#Page126">126</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mullett, A. B., architect, <a href="#Page268">268</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Municipal Center, the, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Municipal Fish Wharf, <a href="#Page113">113</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Murphy, Frederick V., architect, <a href="#Page288">288</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">National Academy of Sciences, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National Capital, the, development of, <a href="#Page13">13</a>, <a href="#Page105">105</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National Capital Park and Planning Commission, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page69">69</a>,
+<a href="#Page99">99</a>, <a href="#Page102">102</a>, <a href="#Page105">105</a>, <a href="#Page150">150</a>,
+<a href="#Page306">306</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National Cathedral School, <a href="#Page288">288</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National churches in Washington, <a href="#Page289">289</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National Commission of Fine Arts, <a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page99">99</a>, <a href="#Page102">102</a>,
+<a href="#Page105">105</a>, <a href="#Page150">150</a>, <a href="#Page161">161</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>,
+<a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National Conference on City Planning, <a href="#Page82">82</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National Gallery of Art, <a href="#Page89">89</a>, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National Geographic Society, <a href="#Page277">277</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National Museum, <a href="#Page89">89</a>, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National Park Service, <a href="#Page127">127</a>, <a href="#Page143">143</a>, <a href="#Page218">218</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, <a href="#Page288">288</a>.</li>
+
+<li>National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Naval Academy, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Naval Hospital, <a href="#Page284">284</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Naval Observatory, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Navy Department Building, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Noyes, Mrs. Frank B., <a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Octagon House, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page173">173</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Oldroyd Collection of Lincolniana, <a href="#Page215">215</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Olmsted, Frederick Law, jr., landscape architect, <a href="#Page82">82</a>, <a href="#Page87">87</a>,
+<a href="#Page163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Page, William Tyler, <a href="#Page209">209</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Palisades of the Potomac, <a href="#Page93">93</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pan American Union, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Park system of the National Capital, <a href="#Page143">143</a>, <a href="#Page306">306</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Partridge, William T., study of L’Enfant plan by, <a href="#Page25">25</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Patent Office, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page48">48</a>, <a href="#Page197">197</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Peaslee, Horace W., architect, <a href="#Page333">333</a>, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pennsylvania Avenue, <a href="#Page37">37</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a>, <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pennsylvania Railroad Co., <a href="#Page84">84</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pension Office Building, old, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Perry, Hinton R., sculptor, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Piccirilli Brothers, marble cutters, <a href="#Page133">133</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Platt, Charles A., architect, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Polk, President James K., <a href="#Page51">51</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pope, John Russell, architect, <a href="#Page257">257</a>, <a href="#Page275">275</a>, <a href="#Page277">277</a>,
+<a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Porter, Commodore, owner of Meridian Hill Park site, <a href="#Page159">159</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Post Office Department Building, <a href="#Page48">48</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Potomac Parks, <a href="#Page131">131</a>, <a href="#Page155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Presidents of the United States, list of<span class="pagenum" id="Page364">[364]</span>, <a href="#Page355">355</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Proctor, A. Phimister, sculptor, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Public Buildings Act of 1926, <a href="#Page296">296</a>, <a href="#Page299">299</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Public Buildings Commission, <a href="#Page293">293</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Public Buildings Program, <a href="#Page293">293</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Public Health Service Building, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Public Library, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pulaski, Gen. Casimir, statue of, <a href="#Page331">331</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Putnam, Herbert, Librarian of Congress, <a href="#Page252">252</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Q Street Bridge, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Quotations from great Americans on the National Capital, <a href="#Page357">357</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Railroad into the District, first, <a href="#Page48">48</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rankin, Kellogg &amp; Crane, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Red Cross, American National, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Renwick, James, architect, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rhind, J. Massey, sculptor, <a href="#Page331">331</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rich, Lorimer, architect, <a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rinehart, William H., sculptor, <a href="#Page226">226</a>, <a href="#Page228">228</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Riverside Drive, <a href="#Page93">93</a>, <a href="#Page142">142</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rock Creek Cemetery, <a href="#Page187">187</a>, <a href="#Page325">325</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rock Creek Church, <a href="#Page187">187</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rock Creek Park, <a href="#Page148">148</a>, <a href="#Page159">159</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rock Creek Parkway, <a href="#Page93">93</a>, <a href="#Page148">148</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rockefeller, John D., <a href="#Page129">129</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rodgers House, <a href="#Page177">177</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rogers, Randolph, <a href="#Page224">224</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Roosevelt, President Theodore, <a href="#Page89">89</a>, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page179">179</a>,
+<a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Root, Elihu, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page98">98</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ross, Albert R., architect, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rust, Mrs. Harry Lee, <a href="#Page129">129</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, <a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page91">91</a>,
+<a href="#Page325">325</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Scottish Rite Temple, <a href="#Page277">277</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Senate and House of Representatives Office Buildings, <a href="#Page235">235</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Seven Buildings, the, <a href="#Page266">266</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shaw Lily Gardens, <a href="#Page161">161</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shepherd, Alexander R.:</li>
+<li class="level1">District of Columbia, Governor of, <a href="#Page61">61</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Statue of, <a href="#Page326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sherman, Hon. John, <a href="#Page203">203</a>, <a href="#Page209">209</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shipstead-Luce Act, <a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page102">102</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shrady, Henry Merwin, sculptor, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Simon, Louis, architect, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Six Buildings, the, <a href="#Page39">39</a>, <a href="#Page266">266</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Smith, Capt. John, <a href="#Page9">9</a>, <a href="#Page13">13</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Smithsonian Institution, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Social Security Building, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Société des Femmes de France à New York, <a href="#Page159">159</a>, <a href="#Page339">339</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Soldiers’ Home, <a href="#Page211">211</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sousa Bridge, John Philip, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>St. John’s Church, <a href="#Page153">153</a>, <a href="#Page190">190</a>, <a href="#Page192">192</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Standards, Bureau of, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Star, Evening, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page299">299</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Star-Spangled Banner, national anthem:</li>
+<li class="level1">Act of Congress designating, <a href="#Page185">185</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Original, in National Museum, <a href="#Page185">185</a>.</li>
+
+<li>State, Department of, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page265">265</a>.</li>
+
+<li>State, War, and Navy Building, <a href="#Page61">61</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page268">268</a>,
+<a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>State Zoning Enabling Act, <a href="#Page101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Statues and Monuments in Washington, list of, <a href="#Page347">347</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Street cars, Introduction in Washington of, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sultan, Brig. Gen. Dan. I., <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Supreme Court Chamber, <a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Supreme Court Building Commission, <a href="#Page304">304</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Surveyor’s Office, District of Columbia, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page69">69</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Suter’s Tavern, <a href="#Page19">19</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Taft, President William Howard, <a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page263">263</a>,
+<a href="#Page279">279</a>, <a href="#Page331">331</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Taft, Mrs. William Howard, <a href="#Page157">157</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Taft, William Howard, Bridge, <a href="#Page159">159</a>, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Thomas, Havard, sculptor, <a href="#Page343">343</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Thornton, Dr. William, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page173">173</a>, <a href="#Page185">185</a>,
+<a href="#Page190">190</a>, <a href="#Page197">197</a>, <a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tiber Creek, <a href="#Page37">37</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tobacco barn, old (original Christ Church), <a href="#Page188">188</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, <a href="#Page296">296</a>, <a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Town House site, <a href="#Page32">32</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Treasury, Department of the, <a href="#Page48">48</a>, <a href="#Page267">267</a>, <a href="#Page271">271</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Trees of Washington, <a href="#Page63">63</a>, <a href="#Page111">111</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Triangle development, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Trinity College, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tripoli Column, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Trowbridge, Alexander B., <a href="#Page252">252</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Trowbridge &amp; Livingston, architects, <a href="#Page275">275</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tudor Place, <a href="#Page182">182</a>, <a href="#Page185">185</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Union Army, the, Grand Review of<span class="pagenum" id="Page365">[365]</span>,
+<a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Union Square, <a href="#Page87">87</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Union Station, <a href="#Page84">84</a>, <a href="#Page235">235</a>-<a href="#Page241">241</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Union Station, Plaza of, <a href="#Page103">103</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li>
+
+<li>United States Botanic Garden, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>United States Engineer Office, <a href="#Page113">113</a>.</li>
+
+<li>United States Naval Academy, <a href="#Page319">319</a>.</li>
+
+<li>United States Supreme Court Building, <a href="#Page296">296</a>, <a href="#Page301">301</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Unknown Soldier, the:</li>
+<li class="level1">Burial of, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Tomb of, <a href="#Page142">142</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>, <a href="#Page315">315</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Van Ness Mansion, <a href="#Page177">177</a>, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Vedder, Elihu, painter, <a href="#Page245">245</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Virginia:</li>
+<li class="level1">Offer of Legislature of, <a href="#Page6">6</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Part of District of Columbia receded to, <a href="#Page51">51</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Wakefield National Memorial Association, <a href="#Page127">127</a>, <a href="#Page129">129</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wakefield, Va.:</li>
+<li class="level1">Ancestors of Washington settle at, <a href="#Page10">10</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Birthplace of George Washington, <a href="#Page127">127</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Walter Reed General Hospital, <a href="#Page284">284</a>, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Walter, Thomas U., <a href="#Page86">86</a>, <a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page224">224</a>,
+<a href="#Page268">268</a>.</li>
+
+<li>War Department Building, <a href="#Page296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ward, John Quincy Adams, sculptor, <a href="#Page5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Warden, David Baillie, <a href="#Page41">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington:</li>
+<li class="level1">Early, <a href="#Page35">35</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">1810-1815, <a href="#Page41">41</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">1816-1839, <a href="#Page45">45</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">1840-1859, <a href="#Page49">49</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">1860-1870, <a href="#Page53">53</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Improvements made in, during administration of President Grant, <a href="#Page61">61</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Metropolitan area of, <a href="#Page105">105</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, Col. John, <a href="#Page10">10</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, Judge Bushrod, <a href="#Page126">126</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, President George:</li>
+<li class="level1">Appoints Commissioners of the District of Columbia, <a href="#Page13">13</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Arrives at Suter’s Tavern, Georgetown, <a href="#Page19">19</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Birthplace of, <a href="#Page127">127</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Capitol, cornerstone of, lays, <a href="#Page219">219</a>, <a href="#Page228">228</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Confers with Commissioners of the District of Columbia, <a href="#Page20">20</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Federal City, site for, authorized to select, <a href="#Page7">7</a>, <a href="#Page8">8</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Home of, <a href="#Page121">121</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Inauguration of, <a href="#Page5">5</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">L’Enfant, high regard of, for, <a href="#Page24">24</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Potomac Canal, constructs, <a href="#Page4">4</a>, <a href="#Page151">151</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Statues of, <a href="#Page5">5</a>, <a href="#Page319">319</a>, <a href="#Page321">321</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Trowel used at laying of cornerstone of Capitol by, <a href="#Page117">117</a>,
+<a href="#Page118">118</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington Aqueduct, <a href="#Page57">57</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington Cathedral, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington Channel and water front, <a href="#Page113">113</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington City Post Office, <a href="#Page241">241</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington Meridian, <a href="#Page159">159</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington Monument, the:</li>
+<li class="level1">Detailed description of, <a href="#Page197">197</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Laying cornerstone of, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page202">202</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington National Airport, <a href="#Page117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington National Monument Society, <a href="#Page199">199</a>, <a href="#Page209">209</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Webster-Ashburton treaty, tablet commemorating, <a href="#Page268">268</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Webster, Daniel:</li>
+<li class="level1">Capitol extension, orator at laying of cornerstone of, <a href="#Page9">9</a>,
+<a href="#Page219">219</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Describes General Jackson, <a href="#Page135">135</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Residence of, <a href="#Page179">179</a>.</li>
+
+<li>White House, the:</li>
+<li class="level1">Early description of, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page171">171</a>,
+<a href="#Page173">173</a>.</li>
+<li class="level1">Later description of, <a href="#Page261">261</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Weinman, A. A., sculptor, <a href="#Page277">277</a>, <a href="#Page303">303</a>.</li>
+
+<li>White, Stanford, architect, <a href="#Page325">325</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wilson, James, Secretary of Agriculture, <a href="#Page161">161</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wilson, President Woodrow, <a href="#Page243">243</a>, <a href="#Page288">288</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Winter, Ezra, painter, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Winthrop, Robert C., <a href="#Page202">202</a>, <a href="#Page209">209</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Witherspoon, John, statue of, <a href="#Page326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wood, Waddy B., architect, <a href="#Page276">276</a>.</li>
+
+<li>World’s Columbian Exposition, <a href="#Page65">65</a>.</li>
+
+<li>World War, influence on Washington, <a href="#Page101">101</a>, <a href="#Page293">293</a>.</li>
+
+<li>World War Memorials in Europe, <a href="#Page99">99</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wyeth, Nathan C., architect, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wyeth &amp; Sullivan, architects, <a href="#Page235">235</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">York &amp; Sawyer, architects, <a href="#Page279">279</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="newletter">Zantzinger, Borie &amp; Medary, architects, <a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Zero Milestone, <a href="#Page333">333</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Zoning of the Capital, <a href="#Page101">101</a>, <a href="#Page108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Zoning Commission, <a href="#Page103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Zoological Park, National, <a href="#Page159">159</a>, <a href="#Page256">256</a>, <a href="#Page257">257</a>,
+<a href="#Page284">284</a>.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="full">
+
+<div class="transcriptions">
+
+<h2 class="title">TRANSCRIPTIONS OF CHARTS AND MAPS</h2>
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr01"><a href="#Page14">Page 14</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<p class="center">SKETCH<br>
+OF<br>
+WASHINGTON IN EMBRYO,<br>
+Previous to its Survey by Major L’ENFANT.<br>
+Compiled from the rare historical researches<br>
+—of—<br>
+D<sup>r</sup>. JOSEPH M. TONER,<br>
+who by special favor has permitted the use of his labor and materials<br>
+for the publication of a grand historical map of this District<br>
+Compilers<br>
+E.F.M. FAEHTZ &amp; F.W. PRATT.<br>
+1874.</p>
+
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+<p class="noindent">This sketch establishes the exact location<br>
+of Hamburgh and Carrollsburg and<br>
+approximated metes and bounds<br>
+of every estate then embraced<br>
+within the precincts granted<br>
+by the President.<br>
+In addition thereto the subsequent<br>
+avenues as well as several<br>
+other early improvements,</p>
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr02"><a href="#Page17">Page 17</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<p class="center">MAP SHOWING THE ORIGINAL MILESTONES OR<br>
+BOUNDARY STONES OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA<br>
+AND THEIR<br>
+APPROXIMATE LOCATION<br>
+FRED E WOODWARD</p>
+
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr03"><a href="#Page21">Page 21</a>:</p>
+
+<p class="blankbefore75">TERMS <span class="allsmcap">AND</span> CONDITIONS declared by the
+<span class="smcap">President</span> of the <span class="smcap">United
+States</span>, this seventeenth day of October, seventeen hundred and ninety-one,
+for regulating the Materials and Manner of the Buildings and Improvements
+on the LOTS in the CITY of WASHINGTON.</p>
+
+<p class="blankbefore75">1st. That the outer and party-walls of all
+houses within the said City shall be built
+of brick or stone.</p>
+
+<p>2d. That all buildings on the streets shall be parallel
+thereto, and may be advanced to the line
+|of th|e street, or withdrawn therefrom, at the plea|sure|
+of the improver: But where any such build|ing is|
+about to be erected, neither the foundation
+or party-wall shall be begun without first applying
+to the person or persons appointed by the
+Commissioners to superintend the buildings within
+the city, who will ascertain the lines of the
+walls to correspond with these regulations.</p>
+
+<p>3d. The wall of no house to be higher than
+forty feet to the roof in any part of the city; nor
+shall any be lower than thirty-five feet on any of
+the avenues.</p>
+
+<p>4th. That the Person or persons appointed by
+the Commissioners to superintend the buildings
+may enter on the land of any person to set out the
+foundation and regulate the walls to be built between
+party and party, as to the breadth and
+thickness thereof. Which foundation shall be
+laid equally upon the lands of the persons between
+whom such party-walls are to be built, and
+shall be of the breadth and thickness determined
+by such person proper; and the first builder shall
+be reimbursed one moiety of the charge of such
+party-wall, or so much thereof as the next builder
+shall have occasion to make use of, before such
+|n|ext builder shall any ways use or break into the
+wall—The charge or value thereof to be set by
+|t|he person or persons so appointed by the Commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>5th. As temporary conveniencies will be proper
+for lodging workmen and securing materials
+for building, it is to be understood that such may
+be erected with the approbation of the Commissioners:
+But they may be removed or discontinued
+by the special order of the Commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>6th. The way into the squares being designed
+|in| a special manner for the common use and convenience
+of the occupiers of the respective
+squares—The property in the same is reserved to
+the public, so that there may be an immediate
+interference on any abuse of the use thereof by
+any individual, to the nuisance or obstruction of
+others. The proprietors of the Lots adjoining the
+entrance into the squares, on arching over the
+entrance, and fixing gates in the manner the Commissioners
+shall approve, shall be intitled to divide
+the space over the arching and build it up with
+the range of that line of the square.</p>
+
+<p>7th. No vaults shall be permitted under the
+streets, nor any encroachments on the foot way
+above by steps, stoops, porches, cellar doors,
+windows, ditches or leaning walls; nor shall there
+be any projection over the street, other than the
+eves of the house, without the consent of the
+Commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>8th. These regulations are the terms and conditions
+under and upon which conveyances are to
+be made, according to the deeds in trust of the
+lands within the city.</p>
+
+<p class="right">George Washington.</p>
+
+<hr class="regulations">
+
+<p class="center">TERMS of SALE of LOTS in the CITY of WASHINGTON,
+the Eighth Day of <i>October</i>, 1792.</p>
+
+<p class="blankbefore75">All Lands purchased at this Sale, are to be subject to the Terms and
+Conditions declared by the President, pursuant to the Deeds in
+Trust.</p>
+
+<p>The purchaser is immediately to pay one fourth part of the purchase
+money; the residue is to be paid in three equal annual payments, with yearly
+interest of six per cent. on the whole principal unpaid: If any payment is
+not made at the day, the payments made are to be forfeited, or the whole
+principal and interest unpaid may be recovered on one suit and execution
+in the option of the Commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>The purchaser is to be entitled to a conveyance, on the whole purchase
+money and interest being paid, and not before. No bid under Three
+Dollars to be received.</p>
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr04"><a href="#Page27">Page 27</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<p class="center">PLAN<br>
+of the City intended for the<br>
+Permanent <span class="smcap">Seat</span> of the<br>
+Government of the UNITED STATES<br>
+Projected agreeable to the direction<br>
+of the <span class="smcap">President</span> of the <span class="smcap">United States</span><br>
+in pursuance of an <span class="smcap">Act</span> of <span class="smcap">Congress</span> posted the<br>
+sixteenth day of July, <span class="smcap">Mdccxc</span>,<br>
+“establishing the Permanent Seat<br>
+on the bank of the Potowmac”<br>
+By Peter Charles L’Enfant.</p>
+
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+<p class="center blankbefore75"><span class="smcap">Observations</span> explanatory of the <span class="smcap">Plan</span>.</p>
+
+<table class="standard">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">I.</td>
+<td class="text noindent">The positions for the different Grand Edifices and for the several Grand Squares or
+Areas of different shapes as they are laid down were first determined on the most advantageous
+ground commanding the most extensive prospects, and the better susceptible
+of such improvements as the various intents of the several objects may require.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">II.</td>
+<td class="text noindent">Lines or Avenues of direct communication have been devised as connect the separate
+and most distinct objects with the principal, and to preserve through the whole
+a reciprocity of sight at the same time. Attention has been paid to the passing of
+those leading Avenues over the most favorable ground for prospect and convenience.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">III.</td>
+<td class="text noindent">North and South lines, intersected by others running due East and West, make the
+distribution of the City into Streets, Squares, etc., and those lines have been so
+combined as to meet at certain given points with those divergent Avenues so as to
+form on the spaces “first determined” the different Squares or Areas, which are all
+proportional in Magnitude to the number of Avenues leading to them.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class="center highline2"><i>Breadth of the Streets.</i></p>
+
+<p>Every grand transverse Avenue and every principal divergent one, such as the communication
+from the President’s house to the Congress house, etc., are 160 feat in breadth
+and thus divided:</p>
+
+<table class="standard">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="text"><span class="padl6">10 feet of pavement on each side</span></td>
+<td class="numbers">20</td>
+<td rowspan="4" class="text"><span class="padl1">Feet</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="text"><span class="padl6">30 feet of gravel walk planted with trees on each side</span></td>
+<td class="numbers">60</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="text"><span class="padl6">80 feet in the middle for carriage way</span></td>
+<td class="numbers"><span class="bb">80</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+<td class="numbers">160</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="text">The other streets are of the following dimensions, viz.:</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="text"><span class="padl6">Those leading to public buildings or markets</span></td>
+<td class="numbers">130</td>
+<td class="text"><span class="padl1">Feet</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="text"><span class="padl6">Others</span></td>
+<td colspan="2" class="text">110-90</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p>In order to execute the above plan, Mr. Ellicott drew a true Meridional line by celestial
+observation which passes through the Area intended for the Congress house; this line
+he crossed by another due East and West, which passes through the same Area. These
+lines were accurately measured and made the bases on which the whole plan was executed.
+He ran all the lines by a Transit Instrument and determined the Acute Angles by actual
+measurement, and left nothing to the uncertainty of the Compass.</p>
+
+<p class="center blankbefore75"><span class="smcap">References.</span></p>
+
+<table class="standard">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">A.</td>
+<td class="text">The equestrian figure of George Washington,
+a Monument voted in 1783 by the late Continental Congress.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">B.</td>
+<td class="text">An historic Column, also intended for a
+Mile or itinerary Column, from whose station (a mile from the
+Federal house), all distances of places through the Continent are to be calculated.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">C.</td>
+<td class="text">A Naval itinerary Column proposed to be
+erected to celebrate the first rise of a Navy and to stand a ready Monument
+to consecrate its progress and Achievements.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">D.</td>
+<td class="text">This Church is intended for National purposes,
+such as public prayer, thanksgivings, funeral Orations, etc., and assigned
+to the special use of no particular Sect or denomination, but equally open to all. It will be likewise a proper shelter
+for such monuments as were voted by the late Continental Congress for those heroes who fell in the cause of liberty and for
+such others as may hereafter be decreed by the voice of a grateful Nation.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">E.</td>
+<td class="text">Five grand fountains intended with a constant spout of
+water. N. B. There are within the limits of the City about 25 good
+springs of excellent water abundantly supplied in the driest season of the year.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p>The Squares coloured yellow, being fifteen in number, are proposed to be
+divided among the several States in the Union for each of
+them to improve, or subscribe a sum additional to the value of the land for
+that purpose, and the improvements round the Squares to be completed
+in a limited time.</p>
+
+<p>The center of each Square will admit of Statues, Columns, obelisks, or
+any other ornaments, such as the different States may choose to erect, to
+perpetuate not only the memory of such individuals whose Counsels or
+military achievements were conspicuous in giving liberty and independence
+to this Country, but also those whose usefulness hath rendered them worthy
+of general imitation; to invite the youth of succeeding generations to
+tread in the paths of those Sages or heroes whom their Country has thought proper to celebrate.</p>
+
+<p>The situation of these Squares is such that they are the most advantageously
+and reciprocally seen from each other, and as equally distributed over the
+whole City district, and connected by spacious Avenues round the grand Federal
+improvements, and as contiguous to them, and at the same time as equally
+distant from each other, as circumstances would admit. The settlements round those Squares must soon become connected.</p>
+
+<p>This mode of taking possession of, and improving the whole District at
+first must leave to posterity a grand idea of the patriotic interest which promoted it.</p>
+
+<p>Those figures coloured red, are intended for use of all religious
+denominations, on which they are to erect places of worship, and are proposed to be allotted
+to them in the manner as those coloured yellow to the different States in
+the Union; but no burying grounds will be admitted within the limits of the City, an
+appropriation being intended for that purpose without. N. B. Then a number
+of Squares or Areas unappropriated, and in situations proper for Colleges and Academies,
+and of which every Society whose object is national may be accommodated.
+Every house within the City will stand square on the Streets, and every lot.
+even those on the divergent Avenues, will run Square with their fronts, which
+on the most acute angle will not measure less than 56 feet and many will be above 110 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">Pine Creek, whose water, if<br>
+necessary, may supply the<br>
+City, being turned into<br>
+James White’s branch.</p>
+
+<table class="standard lft">
+
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3">&#160;</th>
+<th>F.</th>
+<th>I.</th>
+<th>Pts.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="text">Perpendicular height of the<br>
+source of Tiber Creek,<br>
+above the level of the<br>
+tide in said Creek.</td>
+<td class="brace bt br bb">&#160;</td>
+<td class="brace">-</td>
+<td class="numbers mdl">236</td>
+<td class="numbers mdl">7</td>
+<td class="numbers mdl">⁵⁄₈</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">Perpendicular height of James<br>
+White’s Spring, being part<br>
+of Tiber Creek, above the<br>
+level of the tide in said<br>
+Creek.</p>
+
+<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">This branch of the Tiber, is intended<br>
+to be conveyed to the President’s<br>
+house.</p>
+
+<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">The water of this Creek is intended to be<br>
+conveyed on the high ground, where the<br>
+Congress house stands, and after watering<br>
+that part of the city, its overplus will fall<br>
+from under the base of that Edifice, and<br>
+in a Cascade of 20 feet in height, and 50 in<br>
+breadth into the reservoir below; thence to<br>
+run in three fills through the Garden into<br>
+the grand Canal.</p>
+
+<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">The perpendicular height of the ground<br>
+where the Congress house stands, is<br>
+above the tide of Tiber Creek, 78 feet.</p>
+
+<table class="standard lft">
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="center"><img src="images/illo040a.png" alt="Compass" class="w03emmax">
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+<td class="center">°</td>
+<td class="center">′</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="text">Lat. Congress House,</td>
+<td class="center">38.</td>
+<td class="center">53.</td>
+<td class="center">N.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="text">Long.</td>
+<td class="center">0′.</td>
+<td class="center">0′.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class="center blankbefore75">References.</p>
+
+<table class="standard">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">F.</td>
+<td class="text">Grand Cascade, formed of the Water from the sources of the
+Tiber.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">G.</td>
+<td class="text">Public walk, being a square of 1,200 feet, through which carriages
+may ascend to the upper Square of the Federal house.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">H.</td>
+<td class="text">Grand Avenue, 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length,
+bordered with gardens, ending in a slope from the houses on
+each side. This avenue leads to the Monument A, and connects
+the Congress Garden with the</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">I.</td>
+<td class="text">President’s park, and the</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">K.</td>
+<td class="text">Well improved field, being a part of the walk from the President’s
+house, of about 1,800 feet in breadth, and ³⁄₄ of a mile
+in length. Every lot, deep coloured red, with green plots,
+designates some of the situations which command the most
+agreeable prospects, and which are the best calculated for
+spacious houses and gardens, such as may accommodate foreign
+Ministers, etc.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">L.</td>
+<td class="text">Around this Square, and all along the</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">M.</td>
+<td class="text">Avenue from the two bridges to the Federal house, the pavement
+on each side will pass under an Arched way, under whose
+cover Shops will be most conveniently and agreeably situated.
+This street is 160 feet in breadth, and a mile long.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr05"><a href="#Page31">Page 31</a>:</p>
+
+<table class="standard lft">
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="center"><img src="images/illo044a.jpg" alt="Compass" class="w03emmax"></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+<td class="center">°</td>
+<td class="center">′</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="center">Lat. Capitol</td>
+<td class="center">38:</td>
+<td class="center">53,</td>
+<td class="center">N</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="center">Long</td>
+<td class="center">0:</td>
+<td class="center">0.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class="center blankbefore75">
+<span class="smcap">Observations</span><br>
+explanatory of the<br>
+Plan.</p>
+
+<table class="standard">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">I.</td>
+<td class="text">The positions for the different Edifices and for the
+several Squares or Areas of different shapes, as they are
+laid down, were first determined on the most advantageous
+ground, commanding the most extensive prospects,
+and the better susceptible of such improvements, as either
+use or ornament may hereafter call for.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">II.</td>
+<td class="text">Lines or Avenues of direct communication have been devised
+to connect the separate and most distant objects with the
+principal, and to preserve through the whole a reciprocity of
+sight at the same time. Attention has been paid to the passing
+of those leading Avenues over the most favorable ground for prospect
+and convenience.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="counter">III.</td>
+<td class="text">North and South lines intersected by others running due East and
+West, make the distribution of the City into Streets, Squares, &amp;c.;
+and those lines have been so combined as to meet at certain given
+points with those divergent Avenues, so as to form on the Spaces “first
+determined,” the different Squares or Areas.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<table class="standard lft">
+
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3">&#160;</th>
+<th>F.</th>
+<th>I.</th>
+<th>Pts.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="text">Perpendicular height of the source of<br>
+Tiber Creek above the level of the<br>
+tide in said Creek</td>
+<td class="brace bt br bb">&#160;</td>
+<td class="brace">-</td>
+<td class="center">236.</td>
+<td class="center">7.</td>
+<td class="center">⁵⁄₈</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class="hind02">This branch and that of the Tiber may be<br>
+conveyed to the President’s house.</p>
+
+<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">The water of this Creek may be conveyed<br>
+on the high ground where the<br>
+Capitol stands, and after watering<br>
+that part of the City, may be destined<br>
+to other useful purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="hind02 blankbefore75">The perpendicular height of the ground<br>
+where the Capitol is to stand, is<br>
+above the tide of Tiber Creek 78<br>
+Feet.</p>
+
+<table class="standard lft">
+
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3">&#160;</th>
+<th>F.</th>
+<th>I.</th>
+<th>Pts.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="text">Perpendicular height of the West<br>
+branch above the tide in<br>
+Tiber Creek</td>
+<td class="brace bt br bb">&#160;</td>
+<td class="brace">-</td>
+<td class="center">115.</td>
+<td class="center">7.</td>
+<td class="center">²⁄₈</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<div class="container w10emmax">
+<img src="images/illo044b.jpg" alt="Coat of arms">
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plan</span><br>
+of the CITY of<br>
+Washington<br>
+in the Territory of Columbia,<br>
+ceded by the States of<br>
+<span class="smcap">Virginia</span> and <span class="smcap">Maryland</span><br>
+to the<br>
+United States <span class="allsmcap">OF</span> America,<br>
+and by them established as the<br>
+<span class="smcap">Seat</span> of their <span class="smcap">Government</span>,<br>
+after the Year<br>
+MDCCC.</p>
+
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+<p class="center blankbefore75">Breadth of the Streets.</p>
+
+<p class="blankbefore75">The grand Avenues, and such Streets as lead immediately to
+public places are from 130 to 160 feet wide, and may be conveniently
+divided into foot ways, walks of trees, and a carriage way.
+The other streets are from 90 to 110 feet wide.</p>
+
+<p class="blankbefore75">In order to execute this plan, Mr. Ellicott drew a true Meridional
+line by celestial observation, which passes through the Area
+intended for the Capitol; this line he crossed by another due
+East and West which passes through the same Area. These lines
+were accurately measured, and made the basis on which the whole
+plan was executed. He ran all the lines by a Transit Instrument,
+and determined the Acute Angles by actual measurement, and left
+nothing to the uncertainty of the Compass.</p>
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr06"><a href="#Page81">Page 81</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<p class="noindent blankbefore75">MAKE NO LITTLE PLANS; THEY HAVE NO MAGIC<br>
+TO STIR MEN’S BLOOD, AND PROBABLY THEMSELVES<br>
+WILL NOT BE REALIZED. MAKE BIG PLANS; AIM<br>
+HIGH IN HOPE AND WORK, REMEMBERING THAT A<br>
+NOBLE, LOGICAL DIAGRAM ONCE RECORDED WILL<br>
+NEVER DIE, BUT LONG AFTER WE ARE GONE WILL<br>
+BE A LIVING THING. ASSERTING ITSELF WITH EVER<br>
+GROWING INSISTENCY. REMEMBER THAT OUR<br>
+SONS AND GRANDSONS ARE GOING TO DO THINGS<br>
+THAT WOULD STAGGER US. LET YOUR WATCH-<br>
+WORD BE ORDER AND YOUR BEACON BEAUTY</p>
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+<p class="center fsize90"><span class="padl10">DANIEL H. BURNHAM</span></p>
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr07"><a href="#Page100">Page 100</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<p class="center blankbefore75">WASHINGTON D.C.<br>
+THE MALL - CENTRAL AREA<br>
+STUDY FOR DEVELOPMENT - 1937<br>
+NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION</p>
+
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr08"><a href="#Page104">Page 104</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<p class="center">VIRGINIA PROJECTS<br>
+SHOWN IN ACCORDANCE WITH STUDIES OF<br>
+VIRGINIA-NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK<br>
+AND PLANNING COMMISSION<br>
+ARLINGTON COUNTY ZONING COMMISSION</p>
+
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<p class="center">MARYLAND PROJECTS<br>
+SHOWN IN ACCORDANCE WITH STUDIES OF<br>
+MARYLAND-NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK<br>
+AND PLANNING COMMISSION<br>
+WASHINGTON SUBURBAN SANITARY COMMISSION</p>
+
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+<p class="noindent blankbefore75">EXISTING PUBLIC PARKS<br>
+PROPOSED PUBLIC PARKS<br>
+PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS<br>
+PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS<br>
+CEMETERIES<br>
+PROPOSED AIRPORTS<br>
+GOLF &amp; COUNTRY CLUBS<br>
+EXISTING PRINCIPAL HIGHWAYS<br>
+PROPOSED PRINCIPAL HIGHWAYS<br>
+EXISTING INTERMEDIATE HIGHWAYS<br>
+PROPOSED INTERMEDIATE HIGHWAYS<br>
+CITIES AND TOWNS<br>
+STATE LINE<br>
+COUNTY LINE<br>
+DISTRICT LINES</p>
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr09"><a href="#Page110">Page 110</a>:</p>
+
+<p class="noindent blankbefore75">- INDEX -<br>
+PROPOSED PARKWAY<br>
+EXISTING PARK LANDS<br>
+PROPOSED PARK ACQUISITION<br>
+EXISTING INSTITUTIONS, CEMETERIES ETC.</p>
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<p class="center">PRELIMINARY PLAN<br>
+FORT DRIVE<br>
+PARKWAY CONNECTING THE CIVIL WAR FORTS ENCIRCLING THE CITY<br>
+WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA<br>
+NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION<br>
+LT. COL. U.S. GRANT 3<sup>RD</sup> - EXECUTIVE AND DISBURSING OFFICER<br>
+MAJ. CAREY H. BROWN - ENGINEER<br>
+CHARLES W. ELLIOTT 2<sup>ND</sup> - CITY PLANNER<br>
+FEBRUARY 1937</p>
+
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr10"><a href="#Page114">Page 114</a>:</p>
+
+<p class="noindent blankbefore75">-LEGEND-<br>
+PARKS &amp; PUBLIC GROUNDS<br>
+PROPOSED PARKS<br>
+PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS<br>
+PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS<br>
+PROPOSED PUBLIC GROUNDS</p>
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr11"><a href="#Page149">Page 149</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<p class="center">PARK, PARKWAY &amp; PLAYGROUND<br>
+PROJECTS<br>
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA<br>
+NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK &amp; PLANNING COMMISSION</p>
+
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr12"><a href="#Page158">Page 158</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<p class="center">ROCK CREEK PARK<br>
+WASHINGTON, D.C.<br>
+SCALE IN FEET<br>
+OFFICE OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC PARKS<br>
+LIEUT. COL. U.S. GRANT, 3<sup>RD</sup>, DIRECTOR<br>
+G.E. CLARK, ENGINEER IN CHARGE OF SURVEYS<br>
+G.S. ELLIOTT - CHIEF OF PARTY</p>
+
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+<p class="noindent blankbefore75">LEGEND<br>
+LEAVE CAR OR BUS LINES FOR PARK<br>
+MACADAM ROADS<br>
+DIRT STREETS OR ROADS<br>
+FOOT PATHS<br>
+SPRINGS OR FOUNTAINS<br>
+IMPROVED STREETS<br>
+BRIDLE PATHS<br>
+PICNIC GROVES</p>
+
+<p class="center blankbefore75">REVISION 1933</p>
+
+<hr class="sec">
+
+<p class="pageref" id="Trscr13"><a href="#Page171">Page 171</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="textbox">
+
+<p class="center">Basement Plan<br>
+1800</p>
+
+</div><!--textbox-->
+
+</div><!--transcriptions-->
+
+<hr class="full">
+
+<div class="tnbot" id="TN">
+
+<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2>
+
+<p>Inconsistencies and (factual or linguistic) errors in the text have been retained, except as
+mentioned under Changes below. Carrere and Carrére have not been changed to Carrère (the more common
+spelling). Missing or wrong accents in French words have not been corrected. Several proper and geographic
+names are spelled either in their original or in anglicised spelling (or both) or in variations thereof;
+these have not been standardised. The differences (in wording and structure) between the Table of Contents,
+List of Illustrations and the chapter and section titles and illustration captions in the text have not been
+corrected either.</p>
+
+<p>Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their settings, not all elements may
+display as intended.</p>
+
+<p>The quality of several of the maps and charts was insufficient to display them fully legible and with
+all details visible, or to transcribe the text in the chart or map.</p>
+
+<p>Page 14, note in lower left corner of map: the note in the source document ends (unexpectedly) in ...
+several other early improvements,</p>
+
+<p>Page 27, 31: The (minor) differences between the texts in the charts and those in the transcriptions
+as printed in the source document have not been rectified.</p>
+
+<p>Page 146, quote from L&#8217;Enfant, and Page 27 (transcription from chart): the minor differences
+between the quoted text and the map have not been rectified.</p>
+
+<p>Page 201, By a resolution adopted February 29, 1847 ...: 1847 was not a leap year.</p>
+
+<p>Transcriptions of Page 21: Texts |between vertical bars| was illegible in the source document, and is
+a best-guess interpretation.</p>
+
+<p class="blankbefore75">Changes made</p>
+
+<p>Illustrations have been moved outside text paragraphs.</p>
+
+<p>Some obvious minor typographical, spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected silently.</p>
+
+<p>Where relevant and possible notes, explanatory texts, legends, etc. from illustrations have been
+transcribed separately; these transcriptions may be found through the hyperlinks underneath the illustrations.
+In these transcriptions, most of the (sometimes elaborate) formatting has been ignored.</p>
+
+<p>Page 42: It was erected by Mr. Blodget ... changed to It was erected by Mr. Blodgett....</p>
+
+<p>Page 252: Alexander B. Trowridge changed to Alexander B. Trowbridge.</p>
+
+<p>Page 284: Ackermann &amp; Ross, architects changed to Ackerman &amp; Ross, architects; A. B. Mullet,
+supervising architect changed to A. B. Mullett, supervising architect.</p>
+
+<p>Page 325: ... for the statute and pedestal ... changed to ... for the statue and pedestal ....</p>
+
+<p>Page 349: Antion Popiel, sculptor changed to Antoni Popiel, sculptor</p>
+
+<p>Index: some names have been standardised with the spelling used in the text.</p>
+
+</div><!--tnbot-->
+
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL ON THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WASHINGTON ***</div>
+<div style='text-align:left'>
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-25 09:59:14 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-25 09:59:14 -0800
commit	b988b8a216e47f95de2b8e33a6b4eec8d2509a68 (patch)
tree	37c6ca6b3b457fe2313332440dc367b15416ab52