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-<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of An essay towards a natural history of serpents, by Charles Owen</p>
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: An essay towards a natural history of serpents</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Charles Owen</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 16, 2023 [eBook #69818]</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
- <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: deaurider, Barry Abrahamsen, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p>
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY TOWARDS A NATURAL HISTORY OF SERPENTS ***</div>
-
-<div class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/cover.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c000' />
-</div>
-<div>
- <h1 class='c001'>AN<br /><em class='gesperrt'><span class='c002'>ESSAY</span></em><br />TOWARDS A<br /><span class='c003'>NATURAL HISTORY</span><br />OF<br /><em class='gesperrt'><span class='c004'>SERPENTS</span></em>:<br /><span class='c005'>IN TWO PARTS</span>.</h1>
-</div>
-<p class='c006'>I. The First exhibits a general View of <span class='sc'>Serpents</span>, in their various
-Aspects; such as their Kinds, Bulk, Food, Motion, Propagation, Coverture,
-Colours. In which is inserted a short Account of Vegetable,
-Mineral, and Animal Poison, particularly that of the <span class='sc'>Serpent</span>; and
-its Cure in various Nations; where also the <span class='sc'>Serpent</span> is used as
-Food and Physick.</p>
-<p class='c007'>II. The Second gives a View of most <span class='sc'>Serpents</span> that are known in the
-several Parts of the World; described by their various Names, different
-Countries, and Qualities.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
- <div class='nf-center'>
- <div><span class='c008'>Illustrated with <span class='sc'>Copper-Plates</span>, Engraved by the <span class='sc'>Best Hands</span>.</span></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c009'>III. To which is added a Third Part; containing Six <span class='sc'>Dissertations</span>
-upon the following Articles, as collateral to the Subject.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>1. Upon the <span class='sc'>Primeval Serpent</span> in <span class='sc'>Paradise</span>.</div>
- <div class='line'>2. The <span class='sc'>Fiery Serpents</span> that infested the Camp of <span class='sc'>Israel</span>.</div>
- <div class='line'>3. The <span class='sc'>Brazen Serpent</span> erected by <span class='sc'>Moses</span>.</div>
- <div class='line'>4. The <span class='sc'>Divine Worship</span> given to <span class='sc'>Serpents</span> by the <span class='sc'>Nations</span>.</div>
- <div class='line'>5. The <span class='sc'>Origin</span> and <span class='sc'>Reason</span> of that <span class='sc'>Monstrous Worship</span>.</div>
- <div class='line'>6. Upon the <span class='sc'>Adoration</span> of different Kinds of <span class='sc'>Beasts</span> by the <span class='sc'>Egyptians</span>, with divers Instances of the same Stupidity in&nbsp;other Nations.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c1'>
- <div class='nf-center'>
- <div>The whole intermix’d with Variety of <span class='sc'>Entertaining Digressions</span>, <span class='sc'>Philosophical</span> and <span class='sc'>Historical</span>.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<hr class='c010' />
-
-<div class='nf-center-c1'>
- <div class='nf-center'>
- <div><span class='c011'>By <span style="letter-spacing: 5px;"><i>CHARLES OWEN</i> D. D.</span></span></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<hr class='c010' />
-
-<div class='nf-center-c1'>
- <div class='nf-center'>
- <div><span style="letter-spacing: 5px;"><i>LONDON</i>:</span></div>
- <div>Printed for the <span style="letter-spacing: 5px;">AUTHOR.</span></div>
- <div>Sold by <span class='sc'>John Gray</span>, at the <i>Cross-Keys</i> in the <i>Poultry</i>, near <i>Cheapside</i>.</div>
- <div>M.DCC.XLII.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c012' />
-</div>
-<div class='figcenter id002'>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_iii'>iii</span>
-<img src='images/i003.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div><span class='c008'><em class='gesperrt'>TO</em></span></div>
- <div><span class='c004'>Sir <i>Hans Sloane</i> Bar<sup>t</sup>.</span></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>SIR</i>,</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Serpent [<i>Subject</i> of the following
-Sheets,] being one part of your
-celebrated and expensive Collection
-of Rarities, naturally leads me to beg the
-Honour of your Name to grace its Entrance
-into the publick World.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I can’t enter into the vanity of thinking,
-that the Book can be any improvement to
-one who has been so long and laborious an
-Enquirer after Truth, and penetrated so far
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_iv'>iv</span>into the Empire of Nature: but as in Divinity,
-a willing Mind; so in Learning, the
-best Endeavour will be accepted. And tho’
-the Book cannot recommend it self to you,
-your Name may recommend it to others.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Happy are the Times, when Knowledge
-is the study of those who have superior Abilities
-for it: Happy therefore is the present
-Age, that has you, among many other Learned,
-so eminent an Encourager of it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Tho’ elevated Minds direct all their concern
-to what they <i>should be</i>, and not to any
-Applause for what they <i>really are</i>; yet, if
-to delineate their Excellency be offensive to
-Modesty, the Sincerity with which it is done,
-will, it is hoped, secure their Pardon.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Now, what is it that makes the great Character,
-but Knowledge in all its diversity, a
-Sollicitousness for the Spread of Arts and
-Sciences, excelling in one’s particular Station
-of Life, and being divinely forward to all
-the high Offices of Humanity? This is the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span>Picture of real Worth, and what can forbid to
-say, that Sir <span class='sc'>Hans Sloane</span> is the Life?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>That you may long continue the Restorer
-of Health, the Ornament of the Day,
-and in triumph over all the deadly Power
-of the <i>Old Serpent</i>, at last possess eternal
-Health, are the most sincere Wishes of him,
-who with a just Sense of Obligation, and the
-greatest Regards, is,</p>
-<p class='c014'><i>SIR</i>,</p>
-<p class='c015'><i>Your most humble</i>,</p>
-<p class='c016'><i>and devoted Servant</i>,</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Warrington</span>,</div>
- <div class='line'><i>March 1, 1741-2</i>.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c017'><span class='c018'>Cha. Owen.</span></p>
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c012' />
-</div>
-<div class='figcenter id002'>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_vi'>vi</span>
-<img src='images/i006.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c000'>
- <div><em class='gesperrt'>TO THE</em></div>
- <div><span class='c002'><em class='gesperrt'>READER</em>.</span></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>The Divine Wisdom so variously displayed in the Works of
-Nature, even the lowest Order of them, entertains the human
-Eye with Prospects exquisitely beautiful and pleasurable:
-As our Knowledge is defective, we are at a loss how
-to account perfectly for the particular Ends of their Formation, and
-Manner of their Subserviency to the Whole of the Eternal Design.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>However, by Observation and Improvements in Natural
-Philosophy, we are assured thus far; that as the Almighty Creator
-made nothing in vain, so all his Works are good, and admirably fitted
-to answer the Purposes of his Will, and that his Wisdom, like
-his tender Mercies, shines through all the Systems of his Creatures.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>That there is not a wise Purpose in every thing that is made,
-because we do not understand it, is as absurd as for a Man to say,
-there is no such thing as Light, because he is blind, and has no Eyes
-to see it.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>For the Illustration of this, we may take a short View of
-Creatures, in vulgar account too diminutive and despicable a Species,
-to deserve a close Attention: And among these, if we consider the
-Noxious, we shall find, if not an Argument why they should be made,
-yet we shall be able to discern no Reason why they should not, because
-their Noxiousness is not so unavoidable, but that we may, and almost
-every one does avoid it.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span><i>General Histories of these Kinds we have been
-furnished with in the Writings of the Learned: Here I apply myself
-to the Discussion of one</i> particular Species, <i>viz.</i> the Serpent: <i>in which
-I don’t pretend to new Discoveries, but only to collect, and bring into
-one View, what has been said by different Persons, which is not to be
-found by any without</i> many Books, <i>and</i> much Time; <i>and which,
-without the present</i> English <i>Dress, would not be understood by others
-at all</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>In accounting for some things relative to the Subject, I have always
-chosen the Words of the Learned in the Physical Profession.</i>
-<i>The Subject being like</i> Dust, <i>the</i> Food of the Serpent, very dry,
-<i>I have endeavoured to give it some Agreeableness, by a Variety of
-Passages from History, and Reflections of many kinds; which, though
-they may not always naturally arise from the Subject, yet being intended
-for the Reader’s Entertainment and Instruction (as he goes
-along in the principal Design of the Book) I hope they will find a favourable
-Judgment</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>Give me leave, upon this occasion, to adopt Sir</i> William
-Temple’<i>s Words</i>, viz. “It is not perhaps amiss, <i>says he</i>, to relieve
-or enliven a busy Scene sometimes with such <i>Digressions</i>, whether
-to the Purpose or no.”<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c019'><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r1'>1</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Temple</i>’s Memoirs from 1672 to 1679. <i>Second
-Edit<sup>n</sup>. p.</i> 57, 58, 59.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>I shall only add, that in cultivating this Subject, I have
-attempted to give a short Display of the Divine Perfections, which,
-as they appear eminent in the System of the Creation in general, so in
-the Serpent they may be seen in particular; and if it produces in the
-Reader a more exquisite Perception of God in all his Works, I have my
-End; who am</i></p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
- <div class='nf-center'>
- <div>Your Humble Servant.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='figcenter id003'>
-<img src='images/i007.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c012' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>Directions for the Binder, where to put the Plates,</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<table class='table0' summary=''>
-<colgroup>
-<col width='50%' />
-<col width='50%' />
-</colgroup>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>Plate I.</td>
- <td class='c022'>after p. 54.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>Plate II.</td>
- <td class='c022'>after p. 70.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>Plate III.</td>
- <td class='c022'>after p. 78.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>Plate IV.</td>
- <td class='c022'>after p. 86.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>Plate V.</td>
- <td class='c022'>after p. 94.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>Plate VI.</td>
- <td class='c022'>after p. 142.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>Plate VII.</td>
- <td class='c022'>after p. 152.</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c000' />
-</div>
-<table class='table1' summary=''>
-<colgroup>
-<col width='23%' />
-<col width='76%' />
-</colgroup>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>Pag.</td>
- <td class='c023'>ERRATA[<a href='#TN-3'>TN</a>].</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>25</td>
- <td class='c023'>Read <i>Bocca</i>, instead of <i>Baca</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>25</td>
- <td class='c023'>Four Lines from bottom, after <i>honor</i>, r. <i>other</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>34</td>
- <td class='c023'>Line 2. r. <i>tho’ the Venom may</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>53</td>
- <td class='c023'>After <i>Dauphiny</i>, r. <i>and instead of or</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>58</td>
- <td class='c023'>Quotation, r. <i>Natural History of Lancashire</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>74 L. 14.</td>
- <td class='c023'>instead of <i>Amphisbænick Animals</i>, r. <i>Whether there be two-headed Serpents or not</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>76 L. 14.</td>
- <td class='c023'>from bottom, for <i>Tython</i>, r. <i>Python</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>95 L, 5. r.</td>
- <td class='c023'><i>made</i>, for <i>move</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>109 L. 3.</td>
- <td class='c023'>for <i>could</i>, r. <i>would</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>112 L. 1. r.</td>
- <td class='c023'><i>Quinquennian.</i></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>114 L 17.</td>
- <td class='c023'>for <i>emits</i>, r. <i>emit</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>115 L. 2.</td>
- <td class='c023'>for <i>if they</i>, r. <i>the wounded</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>122 Head LXXXIV.</td>
- <td class='c023'>r. <i>Americina</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>132 Head CXI.</td>
- <td class='c023'>r. <i>Agnasen</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>134 —— CXIV.</td>
- <td class='c023'>r. <i>Attaligatus</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>141 Head CXXVI.</td>
- <td class='c023'>for <i>Navigation</i>, r. <i>Natation</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>147 —— CXXXIV.</td>
- <td class='c023'>r. <i>Reptiles and Insects</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>148 Head IId.</td>
- <td class='c023'>for <i>it</i>, r. <i>them</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>162</td>
- <td class='c023'>Instead of <i>Dæmon</i>, r. <i>Damon</i>. L. 4. from bottom, in Quotation, r. <i>ποιημα</i></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>171 L. 9.</td>
- <td class='c023'>r. <i>their other Faculties were</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>195</td>
- <td class='c023'>r. <i>Verdegrease</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>196</td>
- <td class='c023'>r. <i>Nehushtans</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>211</td>
- <td class='c023'>r. <i>Gades</i>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>231</td>
- <td class='c023'>Dele 3.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c021'>237</td>
- <td class='c023'>L. 14. a Comma should be after <i>adore</i>.</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-<p class='c013'><i>N. B.</i> In the Story of the Elephant, pag. 86. it is a mistake, to place the Action at <i>Newcastle</i>; the Scene of it being in the <i>East-Indies</i>, according to a Book called <i>Hamilton’s Travels</i>.</p>
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c012' />
-</div>
-<div class='figcenter id002'>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span>
-<img src='images/i009.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div><span class='c003'>A</span></div>
- <div class='c012'><span class='c024'><span class='sc'>List</span> of the SUBSCRIBERS.</span></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>A.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Lady</i> Abney, B. 4.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Eliz. Abney.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>The Reverend Mr.</i> Acres, <i>R. of</i> Newbury.</div>
- <div class='line'>Joseph Adams <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Cornelius Adams.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> James Adams.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Adams <i>Esq</i>; of Whitland.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Adair, <i>Merchant</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Edward Addicot, <i>Apothecary at</i> Exeter.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Adkin.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>The Rev. Mr.</i> Aldred, <i>of</i> Morley, Yorkshire.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>The Rev.</i> John Allen, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> —— Allen, <i>deceased</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> Alcock, <i>of</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Ambrose.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>The Rev. Mr.</i> Amory of Taunton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Robert Anbury, <i>Surgeon</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Joseph Andrews <i>Esq.</i>; F.R.S.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Andrews.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Andrews, M. D. <i>at</i> Exeter.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Mordecai Andrews.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Antelby.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Joseph Archer.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jeremiah Armiger.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Arnold.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Sarah Ashurst.</div>
- <div class='line'>Thomas Ashurst <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> B. A. Atkinson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Benjamin Avery, LL. D.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>B.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Sam. Bagnal, <i>of</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Bakewell.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Bakewell.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Geo. Baker.</div>
- <div class='line'>Joshua Baker <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Edmund Baker.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Dan. Bailey, <i>of</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Samuel Bailey, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Bance, <i>of</i> Newbury.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Rich. Banon, <i>of</i> Leeds.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> James Bankhead, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> John Barker.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Edward Barnard.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Francis Barkstead.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Barron, M. D. <i>of</i> Haverford-West.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Baring <i>Jun.</i> <i>of</i> Exeter.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span><i>Mrs.</i> El. Barns, <i>of</i> Warrington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Barns, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Barns, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Roger Barnston <i>Esq.</i>; <i>of</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Roger Barnston, <i>Prebendary of</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Joseph Baron, <i>of</i> Bury.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Joseph Barret, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> N. Basnet.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Joshua Bayes.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Beech.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> William Benson.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Nathaniel Bentley.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Bentley.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> John Bent, <i>of</i> Chorley.</div>
- <div class='line'>Francis Beyer <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>William Bilbie <i>Esq.</i>; <i>Alderman of</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Bilbie, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jos. Bilbie, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Robert Birch, <i>of</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Geo. Bird, <i>of</i> Warrington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Elliot Bishop.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Mal. Blake, <i>of</i> Blandford.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Blakesly, <i>of</i> Leicester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Blackmore, <i>of</i> Coventry.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Blinkhorn, <i>of</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Nic. Blowing.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Nic. Blunt.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Blythe.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> James Boddington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> George Boddington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Samuel Boler.</div>
- <div class='line'>Benjamin Bond <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> Bond.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> Eliz. Bond.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Nathan Booth, <i>of</i> Warrington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Daniel Booth.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Bostock, <i>of</i> Liverpool, <i>Merchant</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Bourchier, M. A. <i>Minister of</i> All-Saints, <i>at</i> Hertford.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Bourn, <i>of</i> Knowesly.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Bowles.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Bowles.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Boydal, <i>of</i> Coventry.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Braddock, <i>at</i> Bury.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Thomas Bradbury.</div>
- <div class='line'>Thomas Brereton <i>Esq.</i>; <i>Member of Parliament</i>, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'>George Bridges <i>Esq.</i>; <i>Member of Parliament</i>, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Bridges, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Brinton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> James Bristow.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jos. Brixy.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> Brooke.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> M. Brooke.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Brooks, <i>of</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Brock.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Robert Brodribb.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Brooksbank, <i>of</i> Elland.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Andrew Bruen, <i>of</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Buck, <i>of</i> Bolton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jonathan Buckerfield.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Budgen, at Croydon.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Benjamin Bull.</div>
- <div class='line'>Daniel Burgess <i>Esq</i>. B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> James Burgess, <i>of</i> Bolton le Sands.</div>
- <div class='line'>Alexander Burden <i>Esq.</i>; <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span><i>Mr.</i> Alexander Burden, <i>of</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>James Burrow <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Jane Burrow.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Burne, <i>Surgeon</i>, <i>at</i> Croydon.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Burton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Busk, <i>of</i> Leeds.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Butterworth, <i>of</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Butterworth, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Edward Butler.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>C.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Cadel, <i>Bookseller</i>, <i>in</i> Bristol.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Edmund Calamy, B. D.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Adam Calamy, <i>Attorney at Law</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Jos. Cappe, <i>of</i> Leeds.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Paul Cardale, <i>of</i> Evesham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Geo. Carlyle, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Charles Carleton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Zech. Carleton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Carruthers, <i>of</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> James Castel.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Catcott, <i>of</i> Bristol.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Causton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Peter Chaffont.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Mary Chandler, <i>of</i> Bath.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Richard Chandler, <i>of</i> Gloucester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Chandler, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Samuel Chandler.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Benjamin Champion.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Christopher Cheesborough.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jacob Chitty. B. 7.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Cholmley.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Cholmley.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Revd. Mr.</i> Choppin, <i>of</i> Dublin, B. 7.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Edward Chorlton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Samuel Clarke, <i>of</i> St. Albans.</div>
- <div class='line'>Matthew Clark, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Edward Clarke, <i>of</i> Bury.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Richard Clarke, Alderman <i>of</i> Hertford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Jos. Clay <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Isaac Clegg, <i>of</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Samuel Cleuer.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> George Clifford, <i>Merchant</i>, <i>in</i> Amsterdam.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Coe <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Coe.</div>
- <div class='line'>Thomas Coe, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Thomas Coad, <i>of</i> Bere.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Robert Fowler Coad, <i>Merchant</i> <i>in</i> Lyme.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Coles.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> Collyer, <i>of</i> Tooting.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> Hester Collyer, <i>of</i> d<sup>o</sup>. B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Joseph Collyer.</div>
- <div class='line'>—— Collett, M. D. <i>at</i> Uxbridge.</div>
- <div class='line'>James Colebrooke <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>James Colebrooke <i>Junior</i> <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> James Collier, <i>Sollicitor in Chancery</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Collibee, <i>at</i> Bath.</div>
- <div class='line'>Peter Colthurst, M. D. <i>at</i> Knutsford. B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Benjamin Cooke, <i>of</i> Hallifax.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Richard Cooke, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Richard Coope <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span><i>Mr.</i> William Cooper, <i>Apothecary at</i> Leicester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Cooper, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Cooper, B. 3.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> James Cooper <i>Jun.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>John Copeland <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Peter Copeland.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Samuel Corner.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Corner.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Costard <i>Jun.</i> <i>of</i> Frodsham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Cox.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Cox.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Cox.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Henry Crane, <i>of</i> Kidderminster.</div>
- <div class='line'>Peter Creffield <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Crisp, <i>of</i> Bloomsbury-Square.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Eliz. Crisp, <i>of</i> Warrington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Crisp.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Nicholas Crisp.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Anthony Crop, <i>Merchant in</i> Amsterdam.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Daniel Cropper, <i>Merchant at</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> James Crosby, <i>Merchant at</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> George Crosby.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Cha. Croughton, <i>of</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jo<sup>n</sup>. Cruikshank, <i>Merchant</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Culcheth, <i>at</i> Macclesfield.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Daniel Cuningham, <i>Attorney at Law</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> James Cuninghame, <i>Merchant in</i> Amsterdam.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> David Curry, <i>of</i> Kirkudbright.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c014'>D.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Richard Daniel, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'>Samuel Daniel, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Sam. Darbyshire, <i>of</i> Bolton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Darbyshire, <i>near</i> Warrington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Darling.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Ev. Davies, <i>of</i> Haverford-West, B. 8.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Rees Davies, <i>of</i> Abergavenny.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Tim. Davies, <i>of</i> Cardiganshire.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Davison, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Abraham Dawson, <i>of</i> Rivington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Dawson, <i>of</i> Leeds.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Samuel Day.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Day, <i>of</i> Lancaster.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> James Deane.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Dell, <i>of</i> Canterbury.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Jos. Denham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Nathaniel Denison, <i>Merchant in</i> Leeds.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Derby <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Diaper, <i>of</i> Bristol.</div>
- <div class='line'>Michael le Dicker, M. D. <i>of</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'>Michael Dickson, M. D. <i>of</i> Taunton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Dickson, <i>of</i> Newport-Pagnel.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Richard Dickinson, <i>of</i> Ware.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Rivers Dickinson, B. 3.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Dimsdale, <i>Surgeon at</i> Hertford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Robert Dinwoody, M. D. B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Edward Dixon.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Dobson, <i>at</i> Cocky-Moor.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Ph. Doddridge, D. D.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Dodsworth.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span><i>Mrs.</i> Margaret Dolins.</div>
- <div class='line'>Daniel Dolins <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Dove.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Drinkwater.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Sir</i> William Dukinfield <i>Bart.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>John Duer <i>Esq.</i> <i>of</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Dunn.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Duncomb.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> —— Dunster, D. D. <i>Prebendary of</i> Sarum.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Sarah Dyson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jeremiah Dyson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Ely Dyson.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>E.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Eames, F. R. S.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Jabez Earle, D. D.</div>
- <div class='line'>Peter Eaton, <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Dr.</i> Eaton, <i>of</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Eaton, <i>Surgeon at</i> Warrington.</div>
- <div class='line'>Tim. Edwards, <i>Esq.</i>; <i>of</i> Carnarvanshire.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. William Edwards.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Stephen Egginton.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Ellicot, F. R. S.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Sir</i> Richard Ellis <i>Bart.</i> <i>dec<sup>d</sup>.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. John Enty, <i>of</i> Exon, B. 3.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. David Evans, <i>in</i> Cardiganshire, B. 6.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Evans, <i>Salt-Merchant in</i> Exon, B. 2.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>F.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Eliz. Fagg, <i>of</i> Mystole, Kent.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Faner, <i>of</i> Elland, Yorkshire.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jos. Farrer, <i>near</i> Hallifax.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Farringdon <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Hugh Farmer.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Benjamin Farrow.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Fawcet, <i>of</i> Taunton.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jonathan Fawconer, F.R.S.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Fellows, <i>of</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Fentham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Ferne, <i>of</i> Avington, Hants.</div>
- <div class='line'>Matthew Fetherstone <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Field.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Figgins.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nathaniel Firmin.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. E. Fisher.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Fleetwood, <i>of</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Robert Fleetwood, <i>of</i> ditto, <i>Bookseller</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Fletcher, <i>of</i> Ware, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Fletcher, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Jane Fletcher.</div>
- <div class='line'>Litchford Flitcroft <i>Esq.</i>; <i>of</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Martin Folkes <i>Esq.</i>; <i>President of the R. S.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. William Ford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Gilbert Ford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Forrest, <i>of</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. James Foster.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Joseph Foster.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jacob Foster.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Simon Foster.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Jac. Fowler, M. A.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Foxcroft, <i>of</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Franceway, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Frone, <i>of</i> Croft.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Freeland, <i>of</i> Bromsgrove.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span>Mrs. Delicia Fryer.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Benjamin Fuller.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>G.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Samuel Gale <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Nathaniel Garland <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Garmston.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Gardner, <i>of</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Robert Gaskhill, <i>of</i> Warrington.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Gaskhill, <i>of</i> Burtonwood.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Benjamin Gaskell.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jonathan Gee, <i>of</i> Coventry.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Grace Gellibrand, <i>of</i> Ashford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Gibbs, <i>Apothecary</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Gibson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Gifford, <i>of</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Robert Gilbert, <i>at</i> Okeham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. William Gillespie.</div>
- <div class='line'>Richard Gildart <i>Esq.</i>; <i>Member of Parliament</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Gillison, <i>of</i> Lancaster.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Girle, <i>Surgeon</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Glover, <i>of</i> Croydon.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Alexander Glover, <i>of</i> Sutton.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Edward Godfrey.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Edward Godwin.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Goldham <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Abraham Goodwin.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Goodwin.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nicolaus van Goer, <i>Merchant in</i> Amsterdam.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Grace.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Green, <i>of</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Godfrey Green, <i>of</i> Dublin, <i>Merchant</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Anthony Green, <i>of</i> d<sup>o</sup>. d<sup>o</sup>.</div>
- <div class='line'>William Green, <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. George Green, <i>Surgeon at</i> Croydon.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Young Green, <i>at</i> Poole.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Aldress Green.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Gregg.</div>
- <div class='line'>Charles Grey <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Jonathan Griffith, <i>of</i> Bettus.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Joshua Griffith, <i>of</i> Frenchay.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Evan Griffith, <i>in</i> Pembrokeshire.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Rebecca Griffith.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Samuel Griffiths.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Grimshaw.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Benjamin Grosvenor, D. D.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Grundy, <i>Esq</i>; <i>of</i> Thornton.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nicholas Grundy, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Grundy, <i>of</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> John Guyse, D. D.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. William Guyse.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Richard Gynes.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>H.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Haddock.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jos. Hall.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Francis Hall.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Thomas Halley.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Hallows.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Jos. Hallet, <i>of</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'>William Hallet, M. D. <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. John Halford.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Corn. Handcock, <i>of</i> Uxbridge.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Matt. Handcock, <i>of</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Hardman, <i>Merchant at</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xv'>xv</span>Mr. James Hardman, <i>Merchant at</i> Rochdale.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. George Hardy, <i>at</i> Farnham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Richard Harper.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Robert Harris.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nathaniel Harris.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Harrison.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Robert Harrison.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Amos Harrison.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Harrop.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Thomas Harrop, <i>of</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Sir</i> John Hartopp, <i>Bart.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Hart, <i>of</i> Warrington.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. George Hart, <i>Apothecary at</i> Chard.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Samuel Harward.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Oxenbridge Harward, B. 3.</div>
- <div class='line'>Samuel Haswel <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Farnham Haskul.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Hatton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Haynes, <i>of</i> Nantwich, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Hazel.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Sarah Henry, <i>of</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. John Henson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Henderson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Richard Hett, <i>Bookseller</i>, B. 6.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Heskith, <i>of</i> Eastwood.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Hewish, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Hewitt, <i>at</i> Knutsford, <i>Bookseller</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Arthur Heywood, <i>Merchant at</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Eli. Heywood.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Robert Hibbert <i>Junior</i>, <i>of</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>—— —— Higgs, M. D. <i>at</i> Birmingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Higham, <i>Apothecary</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Hinks, <i>Merchant at</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Hocker.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Hodge, <i>at</i> Gloucester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Hodges, <i>Surgeon</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Hodshon, <i>Merchant in</i> Amsterdam.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Holt.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Holloway, <i>Esq.</i>; <i>at</i> Farnham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Timothy Hollis.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Philip Hollingworth.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Edward Holbrook, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Richard Holland, <i>at</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Holland, <i>at</i> Mobberly.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Holland, <i>Merchant in</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Holden, <i>at</i> Rochdale.</div>
- <div class='line'>Fraser Honywood <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Hool, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Hood.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Mary Hood.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Hope.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Hopkins, B. 4.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Mary Hopkins.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Elizabeth Hopkins.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Hopkins, <i>at</i> Northwich.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Horsman.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Sir</i> Henry Houghton, <i>Bart.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Howe.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Edward Howse, <i>Apothecary in</i> Bath.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Andrew Howard, B. 6.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Huckle.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Obadiah Hughes, D. D. B. 16.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Ph. Hughes.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xvi'>xvi</span>Mr. John Hughes.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Ob. Hughes, <i>at</i> Clifton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. William Hunt.</div>
- <div class='line'>Phineas Huffey <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> Huthwait, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>I.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Richard Iles, <i>at</i> Hertford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Anne Iles, <i>at</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Samuel Inglesant, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Joshua Iremonger <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Matthew Iremonger, <i>at</i> St. Albans.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Ives, <i>at</i> Ware.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>J.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. John Jackson, <i>Prebend. of</i> Wherwel, <i>&amp;c.</i> <i>at</i> Leicester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Henry Jacomb <i>Esq.</i> B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. George James, <i>in</i> Pembrokeshire.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Jee.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Jee <i>Junior</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Bartholom. Jeffery <i>Esq. of</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Jo<sup>n</sup>. Jennings, <i>at</i> St Ives.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Obadiah Jones.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Sam Jones, <i>at</i> Pentwyn.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Jones, <i>Merchant</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Griff. Jones, <i>R. of</i> Llandowror.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Griff. Jones, <i>V. of</i> Llandewey-Velfrey.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Richard Jones, <i>Surgeon at</i> Coventry.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. William Johnston.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>K.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>—— Kay, M. D. <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Richard Kay, <i>near</i> Bury.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Kennedy, <i>Merchant in</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Kershaw, <i>near</i> Hallifax.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. George Kilby.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. King, <i>Apothec. at</i> Newbury.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> H. Knight, M. A. <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>L.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>James Lamb <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Lamb.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Mary Lamb.</div>
- <div class='line'>Tho. Lane <i>Esq. Counsel. at Law</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. William Langford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jos. Langford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Jos. Langford <i>Esq. of</i> Basford.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. N. Lardner.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jac. Larwood <i>Jun. Merchant in</i> Amsterdam.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Sam. Latham, <i>Apothecary</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Lavington, <i>of</i> Exon, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Wm. Lavington, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Andr. Lavington, M. D. <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Samuel Lawrence, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Edward Lawrence.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Leckonby, <i>Merc. in</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'>—— Legh, D.D. <i>V. of</i> Halifax.</div>
- <div class='line'>Thomas Legh <i>Esq. of</i> Booths.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jonath. Lees, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Lees.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Leigh, <i>Archd. of</i> Salop.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Leigh, <i>at</i> Leeds.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Daniel Legg.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Pet. Legrand, <i>at</i> Canterbury.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> John Leland, D. D.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Lemon, <i>Jun.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Sam. Lessingham <i>Esq. Treasurer of</i> St. Thomas’s <i>Hospital</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Lessingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Lethieullier.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Sarah Lethieullier <i>Jun.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xvii'>xvii</span>James Lever <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Lewin.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Lewis, M. A. <i>of</i> Mergate.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Benjamin Lewis, <i>at</i> Leominster.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Lewis.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Lingard, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Ralph Lingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. George Lisle.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. William Lister.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Littlefear, <i>Apothecary</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Alexander Littlejohn, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Richard Llewhelyn, <i>in</i> Pembrokeshire.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Lloyd.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. H. Lloyd.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Benjamin Lomas.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev</i>. Mr. Dav. Longueville, M.A.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Pastor of the</i> English <i>Church in</i> Amsterdam.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Lord, <i>at</i> Knutsford.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Lowe, <i>of</i> Losco.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Robert Lowe.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev</i>. Mr. Moses Lowman.</div>
- <div class='line'>Roger Lyde <i>Esq.; of</i> Bristol.</div>
- <div class='line'>Lionel Lyde <i>Esq.; of</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Lyde, <i>of</i> ditto.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>M.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Daniel Mace, <i>of</i> Newbury.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Mackin <i>Junior, at</i> Warrington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Makant, <i>at</i> Chorley.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Marshal.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Marshal, <i>of</i> Treby.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Marsden, <i>of</i> Chorley.</div>
- <div class='line'>Thomas Mather, M. D. <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Isaac Mather, <i>Apothecary</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>William Matson <i>Esq.; at</i> Kendale.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Hugh Matthews.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Henry Maundy.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Maundy, <i>at</i> Sandwich.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. William Maurice, <i>in</i> Pembrokeshire.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Thomas Maurice, <i>in</i> Cardiganshire.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. William May.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Meakin.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nathaniel Meakin.</div>
- <div class='line'>Richard Mead, M.D. <i>and</i> F.R.S. <i>Physician in Ordinary to his Majesty</i>, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'>Benjamin Mee <i>Esq.</i> B. 4.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Rob. Merry, <i>at</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Merriman, <i>at</i> Newbury.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. H. Miles, <i>at</i> Tooting.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Miller.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Mills, <i>at</i> Maidstone, B. 7.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Samuel Milnar.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> John Milner, D. D.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Mitchel, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Mitchel.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. David Mitchel.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Moore, <i>Apothecary in</i> Bath.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Moore, <i>of</i> Knutsford, <i>Singing-Master</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xviii'>xviii</span>Mrs. Morley, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>William Morehead <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Robert Morgan, <i>Surgeon</i>, B. 7.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Morgan Morse, <i>Attorney at Law</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Moss.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. William Moth, <i>at</i> Basingstoke.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Mottershead, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Moult, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Moulton.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Moulson, <i>in</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Mount, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Sarah Mount.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Anne Mount.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Eliz. Mount.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Peter Schout Muilman, <i>Merchant in</i> Amsterdam.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nicolaus Muilman, ditto <i>in</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Dionis Muilman, d<sup>o</sup>. <i>in</i> d<sup>o</sup>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Daniel Roelof Muilman, d<sup>o</sup>. <i>in</i> d<sup>o</sup>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Murray, <i>Merchant in</i> Chester.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>N.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Richard Nangreave, <i>of the</i> Inner Temple, <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Iliff Narborough.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Daniel Neal, M. A. B. 5.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nathaniel Neal.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. David Nesbet, <i>of</i> Glasgow, B 7.</div>
- <div class='line'>—— Nettleton, M. D. <i>of</i> Halifax.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Anne Newey.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Newham, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Newdigate.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Newman.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Thomas Newman, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nathaniel Newnham <i>Jun.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> Eliz. Newnham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Newton.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Nicholas.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Nicholson, <i>Merchant at</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'>—— Nicholson, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Nicholson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Benj. Noble.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Samuel Noble, <i>Attorney at</i> Taunton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Norris, <i>at</i> Newbury.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Norris.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Francis Norris.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John North, <i>at</i> Ware.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>O.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>The Right Rev.</i> Thomas <i>Lord Bishop of</i> Oxford.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>The Right Hon.</i> Arthur Onslow <i>Esq.;</i> <i>Speaker of the House of Commons</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Samuel Ogden, <i>Merchant at</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Oldham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Denzil Onslow <i>Esq.;</i> <i>Member of Parliament</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Orchard.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Job Orton, <i>of</i> Salop.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Osborne.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Osgood.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Osland, <i>of</i> Bewdley.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Josiah Owen, <i>of</i> Widdens.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xix'>xix</span><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Josiah Owen, at Rochdale.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>P.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Page, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Paget.</div>
- <div class='line'>Nathaniel Paice <i>Esq.</i> B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Geo. Palmer, <i>at</i> Swanzey, B. 7.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. H. Palmer, <i>in</i> Pembrokeshire.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Pangbourne.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Bartholomew Par, <i>Surgeon in</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Par, M. D. <i>at</i> Knutsford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Edw. Clark Parish.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Anne Parker, <i>at</i> Bath.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. John Partington, M. A.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Parsons, <i>in</i> Bristol.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Patch, <i>Surgeon in</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Paul, <i>Surgeon</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nathaniel Peacock, <i>of</i> High-Legh.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Thomas Pearce, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Pearless.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Peck <i>Junior</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. John Peirce, <i>at</i> Mere.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jos. Peirce.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Peirce, <i>at</i> Newbury.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Aldress Pennel.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. H. Pennel, <i>at</i> Knutsford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Penny, <i>at</i> Bathwick.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. John Penny, <i>V. of</i> Ashton.</div>
- <div class='line'>Thomas Percival, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Percival, <i>Merchant in</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Henry Perkins, <i>Merchant in</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nicholas Peters, <i>Surgeon at</i> Topsham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Pettit.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Phillimore.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Phillimore.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Lewis Philips, <i>in</i> Carmarthenshire.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. John Philips, <i>at</i> Kingsley.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Robert Philpot, <i>in</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Philpot, <i>in</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Robert Phipps.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Pickering <i>Esq.; of</i> Cheshire.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Pilkington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Pilkington, <i>at</i> Preston.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Pilkington.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Edward Pitts.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Michael Pope.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Miles Poole, <i>of</i> Kingston.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Poulson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Pougfher.</div>
- <div class='line'>William Powel <i>Esq.; of</i> Clapham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Powell.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Benjamin Powell.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Poyner, <i>at</i> Islington.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Price.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Samuel Price.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jonathan Priestly, <i>near</i> Halifax.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Stephen Prutheroe, <i>of</i> Haverford-West.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Smoult Pye.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xx'>xx</span>R.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>The Right Hon. the Countess of</i> Rothes.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Daniel Radford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Radford.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> Mary Radford.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Ogle Radford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Matthew Raper <i>Esq.;</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Moses Raper <i>Esq.;</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Moses Raper.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Peter Rasbotham, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Ratcliffe.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Rawlins.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Rawson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Rawstorn, <i>in</i> Canterbury.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Raymond.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Kirby Rayner, <i>in</i> Bristol.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Jos. Rayner, <i>at</i> Leeds.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. H. Read.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Simon Reader.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev</i>. Thomas Rennell, D. D. <i>Rector of</i> Drewsteington, Devonshire.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Reynolds.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Master</i> Richard Reynolds, <i>at</i> Hertford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Rhodes, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. George Rhodes, <i>Surgeon at</i> Modbury.</div>
- <div class='line'>Richard Riccards <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Richards, <i>in</i> Bristol.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Travers Richards.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Richards.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Richard Richardson, <i>at</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Rigby, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Roberts.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Richard Roberts.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. William Robinson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Samuel Robinson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. James Roffee.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Thomas Rogers.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Ca. Rotheram, <i>at</i> Kendal.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Geo. Ruck.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Rudsdale, <i>at</i> Gainsborough.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>S.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Sampson Salt, <i>at</i> Macclesfield.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Edward Sandercock.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Edward Sanderson.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nathaniel Sanderson.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. J. Sandford, <i>at</i> Pontefract.</div>
- <div class='line'>Servington Savery <i>Esq.; of</i> Exon, B. 3.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Savidge.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Samuel Say.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Edward Score, <i>Bookseller in</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Daniel Scot, <i>Apothecary</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Robert Seagrave, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Arthur Shallett.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mrs. Sharp, <i>of</i> Treby.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Peter Sharp.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Edward Shepheard, B. 4.</div>
- <div class='line'>Thomas Shepherd <i>Esq. of</i> Kendal.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Sherbrook, <i>of</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. John Sherbrook.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Nathaniel Sheffield, <i>Attorney at Law</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'>Mr. Ellis Shipley, <i>Attorney at</i> Leicester.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxi'>xxi</span><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Sidebottom.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Mr. Jos. Simmons.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Nathaniel Simpson.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> Simpson.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Patr. Simpson, <i>at</i> Coventry.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Slinger.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> James Sloss, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Smallwood.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Eliz. Smith.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Sarah Smith.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Margaret Smith, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'>William Snell <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Staples.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Staples.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Jos. Standen.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Stanley.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Frederick Stanton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jos. Stell, <i>at</i> Keighley.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Stephens <i>of</i> Epsom.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Bennet Stephenson, D. D. <i>of</i> Bath, B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Steward.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Samuel Steyart.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Miss</i> Mary Stile.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Stockport, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Stoddon, <i>at</i> Taunton.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Stone, <i>at</i> Treby.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jos. Stubbings, <i>at</i> Brockstow.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> William Stukely, M.D. <i>and</i> F. R. S.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Gerrard Suffield.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Sutton, M. D. <i>of</i> Leicester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Swain, <i>at</i> Walsal.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Robie Swan, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> James Smith, <i>Banker in</i> Dublin.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Swinton, <i>at</i> Knutsford.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>T.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Henry Tatham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Tatnall.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Anne Tatnall.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Samuel Taylor, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Richard Taylor, <i>at</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Sam. Taylor, <i>at</i> Rochdale.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Tayler, B. 3.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Taylor, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Mary Temple.</div>
- <div class='line'>Sir John Thompson <i>Knt. and Alderman of</i> London.</div>
- <div class='line'>William Thomas <i>Esq.;</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Samuel Thomas, <i>at</i> Carmarthen, B. 6.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Thomas.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Thomas Thorburn, <i>at</i> Keighley.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Thornhill, <i>Sen.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Tipping, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Tomlins.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Isaac Toms.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Toms.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Matt. Toogood.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Richard Tottie, <i>at</i> Leeds.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Cha. Totterdel, <i>Surgeon</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Touchet, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Touchet, <i>at</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Peter Touchet.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxii'>xxii</span><i>Mrs.</i> Jane Trimnell.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Eben. Tristram, <i>at</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jonathan Tucker, <i>Merchant in</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Turner, <i>in</i> Canterbury.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Turner, <i>at</i> Warrington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Twells.</div>
- <div class='line'>Thomas Tylston, M. D. <i>in</i> Chester.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>U.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jonathan Underwood.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>V.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Thomas Valentine, <i>at</i> Epsom.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Vawdry.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Venables, <i>at</i> Oswestry.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Venables, <i>in</i> Chester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Mason Victor.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jos. Vipen, <i>at</i> Sutton-Golt.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Henry Visser, <i>Merchant in</i> Amsterdam.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Catharina Visser, <i>in</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Abraham de Vrijer, <i>Merchant in</i> ditto.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>W.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>John Wade <i>Esq.; of</i> Gloucester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Abel Wainwright, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Wainman, <i>at</i> Pudsey.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Wakeford, <i>at</i> Odiham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Daniel Walker, <i>at</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> John Walker, M. A.</div>
- <div class='line'>Anthony Walburge <i>Esq.;</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> John Walrond, <i>in</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'>Henry Walrond <i>Esq.; in</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Samuel Waring, <i>at</i> Bury.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Ward, <i>V. of</i> Presbury.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Edmund Warkman.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Warner.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Warren, <i>at</i> Coventry.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Robert Wastfield.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Isaac Watts, D. D. B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'>Richard Watts, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Joel Watson, <i>Merchant</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Michael Watson.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Watson <i>Jun.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Weaver.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jos. Weaver.</div>
- <div class='line'>George Wegg <i>Esq.;</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> B. Wellington, <i>Surgeon at</i> Hertford.</div>
- <div class='line'>Simon Welman <i>Esq.;</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Wells, <i>Attorney at Law</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Welsh, <i>at</i> Rossendale.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas West.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Weston.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Wheelwright.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> White.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Whitby <i>Esq.;</i> <i>of</i> Staffordshire.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Whitlock, <i>at</i> Radford.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Whitaker, <i>at</i> Leeds.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Whitty <i>Junior</i>, M. D. <i>at</i> Lyme B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Obadiah Wickes.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Willets, <i>at</i> Newcastle-under-Lyme.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Wilkinson.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Tho. Wilkinson, <i>at</i> Arnold.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiii'>xxiii</span>Francis Wilkes <i>Esq.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>John Wilkes <i>Esq.</i> <i>at</i> Croydon.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Jos. Williams, <i>at</i> Kidderminster. B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Thomas Williams, <i>at</i> Haverford-West.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Williams, <i>at</i> ditto.</div>
- <div class='line'>Clerke Wilshawe, M. D.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Wilson.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Samuel Wilson.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Wimpey, Bookseller <i>at</i> Newbury.</div>
- <div class='line'>Henry Winder, D. D. <i>at</i> Liverpool.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Withers, <i>in</i> Exon.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Peter Woodcock, <i>Merchant at</i> Warrington.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Woodcock, <i>of</i> d<sup>o</sup>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Woodcock.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> James Wood, Lancashire, B. 7.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Wood.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Nathaniel Wood, <i>at</i> St. Albans.</div>
- <div class='line'>William Woodhouse, M. D. <i>at</i> Leicester.</div>
- <div class='line'>John Godden Woolfe <i>Esq.;</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Wight Woolley <i>Esq.;</i></div>
- <div class='line'>Houlton Woolley <i>Esq.;</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Tho. Woolrich, <i>at</i> Leeds.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> John Worsley, <i>at</i> Hertford, B.3.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Hugh Worthington, <i>in</i> Cheshire.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Hugh Worthington, M. A. <i>at</i> Leicester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Samuel Wreyford.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev.</i> Samuel Wright, D.D. B. 2.</div>
- <div class='line'>Henry Wright <i>Esq.; of</i> Mobberly.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Samuel Wright.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Witter, <i>at</i> Hull. B. 20.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Tim. Wylde, <i>Merchant</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Wylde, <i>at</i> Nottingham.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Isaac Wylde, <i>at</i> ditto.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c025'>Y.</p>
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Yarnold.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Rob. Yates, <i>at</i> Darwen.</div>
- <div class='line'>Jos. Yates <i>Esq.;</i> <i>of</i> Manchester.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Rev. Mr.</i> Geo. Lewis Young.</div>
- <div class='line'>──────────</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> Edmund Atkinson.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mrs.</i> Fletcher <i>Junior</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Mr.</i> William Foster.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='figcenter id003'>
-<img src='images/i023.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c012' />
-</div>
-<div class='figcenter id002'>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span>
-<img src='images/i051.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>A</div>
- <div class='c026'><span class='c027'>NATURAL HISTORY</span></div>
- <div class='c026'><em class='gesperrt'>OF</em></div>
- <div class='c026'><em class='gesperrt'><span class='c028'>SERPENTS</span></em></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<hr class='c010' />
-<div class='chapter'>
- <h2 class='c029'>PART I.</h2>
-</div>
-<hr class='c030' />
-<h3 class='c001'>SECTION I.</h3>
-
-<p class='c031'>I begin with the Division of Serpents, which I distribute
-into <i>Terrestrial</i>, that live upon Land only;
-<i>Aquatick</i>, that live in Water; and <i>Amphibious</i>, that
-inhabit both Elements. Under these I comprehend
-all the Relatives to the venomous Tribe. But how
-can Land-Serpents live in Water? I answer, their Bodies are
-equally formed for both Places.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among Animals, some breathe by <i>Lungs</i>, and others by <i>Gills</i>,
-as all sanguineous Fish, (excepting the <i>Whale</i>.) By <i>Gills</i>, I mean
-those membranous cartilaginous Parts on both sides the Head,
-whereby they hear and respire: What we call <i>Gills</i> in Fish, are
-properly their <i>Lungs</i>. Respiration (which is an involuntary Motion
-of the Breast, whereby Air is alternately taken in and thrown
-out) is as necessary to Fish as to Land-Animals: In Water, is a
-great Quantity of Air inclosed, and it is that Air they respire, and
-by their <i>Gills</i> they separate the Air from the Water, and present
-it to the <i>Blood</i>, after the same manner as ’tis presented to the
-Lungs of Land-Animals.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>The <i>Gills</i> of Fish have an alternate Motion of Dilatation and
-Compression; when they <i>dilate</i> their <i>Gills</i>, the Water is taken
-in; when they <i>contract</i> them, ’tis expelled again. Thus the
-Water is carried in by the Mouth, and carried off again (stript
-of its Air) by the <i>Gills</i>, which perform the Office of Lungs. Their
-sucking Water is Breathing, and their Food as little of Water,
-perhaps, as other Creatures use.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>SERPENTS</i> will swim in all Liquids; this appears in the
-Experiment made by a <i>learned Italian</i>, who put a Serpent into a
-large Glass-Vessel of Wine, where it lived swimming about six
-Hours: and when it was by force immersed and kept under that
-Liquid, it lived only about an Hour and a half. He put another
-in common Water, where it lived three Days; but when
-it was kept under Water, it lived only about twelve Hours<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c019'><sup>[2]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f2'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r2'>2</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Fr. Redi Exper. circa res nat.</i> p. 170.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some Serpents are reptitious, creep on the Belly, and some
-have Feet; the Form of their Legs is peculiar and different in
-divers Species, whence the slow Motion of some, and wonderful
-Agility and Swiftness in others: Their Feet are some cloven (as it
-were) into Hoofs, others divided into Claws, with Variety of different
-Nails to answer the several Purposes of Life; among them
-are <i>Flying Serpents</i>: for which purpose, they are furnished with
-Wings to buoy themselves up in the fluid Air, whereby they
-keep their Bodies on a due Balance in their Motion.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Serpents are provided with Tails of different Length
-and Size; these also are necessary to adjust their Motion, and
-guard them against Stimulation of Flies. In winged Serpents, the
-Tail serves as a Rudder to govern them in flying through the Air;
-and, in the marine Serpents, they serve as Oars. But another says,
-the flying of a Bird, in effect, is quite a different Motion from
-the sailing of a Ship: Birds don’t vibrate their Wings towards the
-Tail, as Oars are struck towards the Stern, but waft them downward;
-nor does the Tail of the Bird cut the Air at right Angles
-as the Rudder does the Water, but it is disposed horizontally, and
-preserves the same Situation what way soever the Bird turns<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c019'><sup>[3]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f3'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r3'>3</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Borelli.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>They are painted with variety of Colours, as red, black,
-white, brown, green; the Composition of these, in some of their
-Garnitures, forms Beauties exquisitely fine. Some of them have
-very little Eyes, others large ones: Some wound with their Teeth,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>others with the Tail that terminates in a Sting, which is an
-Apparatus in the Body of certain Insects like a little Lance,
-serving them as a Weapon of Offence. Mention is made by
-Historians of harmless Serpents, and of Persons who have tamed
-Serpents, and whose Hair has been kissed by a tame Dragon, and
-which, with its Tongue, gently lick’d its Master’s Face<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c019'><sup>[4]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f4'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r4'>4</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Raii Synopsis. Ælian. Hist.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Serpent seems to be one of the distinguished Favourites
-of the Air, seeing it subsists by aerial Food all Winter; that is, in
-those Regions where it dare not turn Ranger. Sleep is the Nurse
-of Nature, a Nurse that greatly indulges the animal Spirits, and,
-by arresting voluntary Motion, prevents their daily Consumption,
-and, at the same time, allows the perpetual Motion of the Arteries,
-Veins, Heart. We know but little of the real peculiar
-Nature of what we call Air, only that it is the most heterogeneous
-Body in the World, a kind of secondary Chaos, being a Compound
-of minute Particles of various Kinds, Earth, Water, Minerals,
-Vegetables, Animals, <i>&amp;c.</i> collected either by solar or artificial
-Heat.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>These Particles together constitute an Appendage to our
-Earth, called Atmosphere; or that thin, elastick, fluid Mass, wherein
-we live, move, and have our being; which Air we continually
-receive, and expel by Respiration, and no Animal can live, or
-Vegetable grow without it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus Serpents inclosed in the Receiver, are immediately
-(I may say) starved when deprived of Air, which is their only
-Winter-Food.—<i>N. B.</i> Whatever is put in a Receiver so exhausted,
-is said to be put <i>in Vacuo</i>: Animals that have two Ventricles,
-and no <i>Foramen Ovale</i>, as Birds, Dogs, Cats, Mice,
-die in it in less than half a Minute; a Mole died in one Minute;
-a Bat lived seven or eight; Insects, as Wasps, Bees, Grashoppers,
-seem dead in two Minutes<a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c019'><sup>[5]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f5'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r5'>5</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Derham.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Nor will any Vegetation proceed <i>in Vacuo</i>, or without Air:
-Seeds planted will not grow. <span class='sc'>Objection.</span> <i>Beans grow in Vacuo.</i>
-I answer, they grow a little tumid, but that kind of Vegetation
-is only owing to the Dilatation of the Air within them;
-they swell a little by the Expansion of the Air, but they never
-bud.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>Among the Ancients were very strange Notions about the <i>Original</i>
-of Serpents, and other Animals: <i>Bees</i>, says a certain Orator,
-Historian, and Philosopher, were bred from the Carcass of
-Oxen; <i>Wasps</i> from the Corruptions of Horses; <i>Beetles</i> from Asses;
-and <i>Serpents</i> from human Marrow: Hence they consecrated a
-Dragon to Kings and Princes, as a Creature peculiar to Man<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c019'><sup>[6]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f6'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r6'>6</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Plutarch</i>’s Lives of <i>Cleomenes</i> and <i>Agis</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>I don’t know how to form an Apology for the old Philosophers,
-whose Account of spontaneous Generation is perfectly romantick:
-What can be more so, than to say Frogs are engendered
-of Slime, or in the Clouds, and dropt down in the Showers of
-Rain? So the <i>Egyptians</i> said, that Mice were produced from
-the Mud of <i>Nilus</i>, and Insects from putrified Matter animated by
-the Sun. The Principle of this equivocal Generation, was the
-old Doctrine of <i>Egypt</i>, and now justly exploded, as contrary to
-Reason and common Sense, as well as to the Design of the
-Creator in making Animals Male and Female; the End of which
-Difference in Sexes, all Animals exactly answer, as if they were
-endued with human Reason. No Woman more tender of her
-Babe, or careful in providing for it, than Animals are of their
-Young Ones.</p>
-<hr class='c030' />
-<h3 class='c001'>SECTION II.</h3>
-
-<p class='c031'>The knowledge of mere Animals (who have no School for
-Arts and Sciences) is most surprising; these without visible
-Instructors, know how to perpetuate their Species to the End of
-the World; and how to order their Eggs, as those, who are apprized,
-their Successors were contained in them, and that it was
-in their power to produce them, and to perpetuate, or keep up
-the Name of their Family.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Serpentine Animals are thus taught by Nature; these
-differ in the Mode of Propagation; some of them are <i>viviparous</i>,
-an Epithet applied to such Animals, who lay their Eggs
-within their Bellies, who bring forth their Young Ones alive and
-perfect, as Vipers, Sheep, Hares; others are <i>oviparous</i>, and bring
-forth their Young from Eggs, as Serpents, Snakes, Lizards,
-Frogs, Salmon, Tortoise, Herrings, <i>&amp;c.</i><a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c019'><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f7'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r7'>7</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Omnia ab ovo animalia.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>In this Contrivance of Male and Female, and different Method
-of Multiplication for perpetuating the Species, we may see an
-admirable Instance of divine Wisdom: But for this Difference in
-Sexes, there would be no Increase of Serpents nor other Animals.
-The oviparous and viviparous Manner of Propagation is as wonderful;
-for,</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Were they all <i>viviparous</i>, that is, brought forth living Births,
-there would be but a small Number, and not sufficient to support
-the whole animal Body: Corn, Grass, Fruits, <i>&amp;c.</i> are no Production
-of the Sea, therefore can be no Food for Fish: The Almighty
-Creator so ordained it, that they should feed one upon
-another; and this made it necessary that they should be <i>oviparous</i>,
-that they might increase in great Plenty, which they could not do,
-if they were of the <i>viviparous</i> Kind; that is, brought forth their
-living Offspring, as Vipers, Sheep, Hares, Cows do.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>But Fish being <i>oviparous</i>, propagating their Kind by Eggs,
-which, for Number, are infinite, their Progeny is innumerable,
-and sufficient to support all the Branches of the Marine Family;
-even the lesser Kind of Fish send forth an incredible Number of
-Spawn.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>On the other hand, if four-footed Beasts were propagated by
-Eggs, they would soon cover the Face of the Earth, without a
-daily Destruction of them, which would take up no little time,
-tho’ an <i>Army of Nimrods</i> were employed. Birds increase by Eggs,
-and bring forth great Numbers; and perhaps, for this reason,
-that Birds of Prey and Serpents, Kitchens, <i>&amp;c.</i> might not want
-proper Supplies. Now, if a Female Bird was great with six or
-twelve Young Ones at once, the Burden would be intolerable, her
-Wings would fail, and she would become an easy Prey to her
-Enemies.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>But you will say, what if they brought forth only one or two
-at a time, till they amounted to the usual Number of their Eggs?
-I answer, that then they would be troubled all the Year long
-with feeding their Young, or bearing them in their Womb.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Production of Creatures by Eggs, is a wonderful Phænomenon
-in the animal World; the Eggs are shelly and hard, to
-preserve the included Embryo from Accidents, and to contain
-suitable Nutriment for it. ’Tis observable that Chickens, while in
-their dark embryotick State, are nourished by the <i>White</i> alone, till
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>grown big, and then feed on the <i>Yolk</i>, as the stronger Diet; and,
-when that is consumed, the Shell opens, and lets out the Prisoners.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Though all Fowl are hatched from Eggs, yet it is not always
-by the Parent’s Incubation, or Brooding, but by some other
-Warmth: The <i>Tortoise</i> is said to lay no less than fifteen hundred
-Eggs, which she covers in the Sand, and leaves the Sun to hatch
-them. The Eggs of the <i>Ostrich</i><a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c019'><sup>[8]</sup></a> are hatched after the same manner;
-so the Serpent lays, and leaves her Eggs in the Dunghill.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f8'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r8'>8</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Job</i> xxxix. 14, 15. <i>Willoughby’s Ornithol.</i>
-<i>lib.</i> ii. <i>cap.</i> 8.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Eggs</i> of Serpents, and certain other Animals, are Parts
-formed in the Ovaries of the Female, covered with a Shell, which
-includes an Embryo of the same Species. In the days of old, the
-Egg was the Symbol of the World; the World, by Tradition, being
-made of an <i>Egg</i>: Hence Eggs became of singular Importance
-in the Sacrifices of <i>Cybele</i> the Mother of the Gods. Some
-of the Pagan Deities were said to be produced from Eggs.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In some Parts of <i>Asia</i>, and at <i>Grand Cairo</i> in <i>Egypt</i>, they hatch
-their Chickens in Ovens; each Oven contains several thousand
-Eggs which the Country brings in, and have their Eggs returned
-in Chickens.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>By this Method, they generally want some integral Part, as
-an Eye, a Claw, <i>&amp;c.</i> which may be owing to a Want of equal
-Impression of Heat, tho’ the artificial Warmth be continued.
-There are thousands, yea Millions at a Batch, thus produced in
-<i>Egyptian Ovens</i>;—and may as well be in <i>Europe</i>, if our Bakers
-had the knack on’t. An Experiment has been made by a <i>Duke of
-Tuscany</i>, who having built such Ovens, did produce living Chickens
-in the same manner.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Under this <i>Section</i>, I shall consider the wonderful Sagacity
-of Serpents, in chusing their Paths for Deambulation, and finding
-out proper Receptacles for their Repose and Security in Winter;
-and that in Climates that are Opposites in their Nature.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In Summer, generally speaking, they are found in solitary and
-unfrequented dry Situations; others delight in moorish fenny
-Grounds; and in hot Countries, near to Groves, Rivulets—These,
-like other Animals, strictly adhere to the Constitutions of their
-Family, without Deviation.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>They take up their Winter-Quarters in Caverns, hollow
-Places, Burrows, Rocks, old Hedges, and under the Roots of
-Vegetables, especially the Birch, others say Beech-Trees, which
-were consecrated by the Pagans to the supreme Numen.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In these lonesome Habitations they repose themselves during
-the Winter, in a kind of sleepy State, as half dead, with <i>open
-Eyes</i><a id='r9' /><a href='#f9' class='c019'><sup>[9]</sup></a>. In this Solitude they lie dormant, indulg’d with a little
-humid Air, till the Sun, by its Entrance into the northern Constellations,
-restores them to the active Life; without some Air
-they could not live. Mr. <i>Boyle</i> made the experiment, by putting
-Vipers into the exhausted Receiver, which soon died upon pumping
-out the Air.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f9'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r9'>9</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Apertis Oculis.</i> Conrad. Gesner. pag. 3. <i>de Serp.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It argues no little Penetration, that they know when and
-how to shelter themselves in Places of Safety in all Seasons; and
-what is yet more astonishing, is, that they live there so many
-Months without Food and without Action; and when released
-from their hybernal Confinement, how soon do they find out
-their appointed Food? Taken in this light, they are not singular;
-for ’tis believed, there are other Animals that pass the Winter-Season
-in a state of Indolence and Inactivity, as Cuckows and
-Swallows, making way by their Retreat for Woodcocks and
-Fieldfares, which visit us in Winter, and then return northwards:
-They are said to breed in colder Countries, as <i>Norway</i>, <i>Russia</i>,
-<i>Sweden</i>, and the <i>Islands of Orcades</i>, the most northern Parts of
-<i>Scotland</i>; which Islands were formerly in possession of the <i>Norwegians</i>,
-and given and annex’d to <i>Scotland</i> by <i>Christiern</i> I. King
-of <i>Denmark</i> and <i>Norway</i>, on the Marriage of his Daughter <i>Margaret</i>,
-with <i>James</i> III. King of <i>Scotland</i>, about the Year 1474.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is probable, that when these northern Countries are buried in
-Snow, and their Rivers are frozen up, these Birds take their Flight
-hither, and such like Places, where they have access to Water, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-But as to Cuckows and Swallows, as intimated above, ’tis generally
-allow’d that they sleep in Winter, having, as ’tis said, been found
-in hollow Trees and Caverns. Nor is this at all unlikely; tho’
-on the other hand, I can see no Absurdity in supposing that these
-should go upon a Summer, as the other do upon a Winter Pilgrimage;
-that these pursue a lesser Heat, as well as the others fly
-from a greater Cold. Yea, <i>Vegetables</i> are said to <i>sleep in Winter</i>,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>and to be awake and lively in Summer: During the Months of
-their Rest, a quantity of Oil is laid up in them for their Defence
-against the Cold, and in proportion to the Degrees of it, which
-they are to sustain; whence it is, that the Trees of the northern
-Climates so much abound with Oil.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>On the other hand, there are <i>Reptiles</i> and <i>Insects</i> that have
-Sense enough to lay up Winter-Store in Summer, as the <i>Bee</i>,
-<i>Wasp</i>, <i>Field-Mouse</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> a Property foreign to the ancient House
-of Serpents.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In Summer, the <i>Bees</i> labor hard for Winter Provision: As
-soon as the Air grows mild and warm, they are out betimes, and
-gather their Harvest from the Simples of the Fields, which they
-suck into their Bodies, and upon their Return to the Hive they
-disgorge it, as Pigeons do their Food wherewith they feed their
-Young. When the Bees have fill’d their Storehouse with the Delicacies
-of Nature, they lock the Doors, which they seal up with
-delicate white Wax, to prevent the Emanation of the Honey,
-which is a vegetable Juice: The Combs in which their Treasure
-is lodg’d, are geometrically nice, and exceed the most exquisite
-Art of Man.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Ants also in this respect, are remarkable for Penetration
-and Foresight. In <i>America</i> are Ants which raise Hillocks four or
-five Foot high, and have such a way of cementing the Earth
-about them, that ’tis as firm as Lime and Stone, which protects
-them against the <i>Ant-Bears</i>, or Pismire-eaters; <i>i. e.</i> a kind of
-Creatures as big as Dogs, that feed on these Insects.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>One observes, that the <i>Spaniards</i> left <i>Jamaica</i>, and went to
-<i>Cuba</i>, for this Reason among others, because their Childrens Eyes
-were eaten by these Ants, when left by themselves in the
-Cradle<a id='r10' /><a href='#f10' class='c019'><sup>[10]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f10'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r10'>10</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Sir <i>Hans Sloan</i>’s <i>Introduction to his Voyage</i>, p. 68.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Ceylon in the <i>East-Indies</i> produces several sorts of remarkable
-Ants, particularly a large red kind, which make their Nests on
-the Boughs of great Trees, with Leaves wrapt together in Clusters,
-in which they lay their Eggs: And another sort call’d <i>Vacos</i>,
-whose Hinder-part is white, and the Head red; these swarm
-over the Land and devour every thing, but Stone and Iron: They
-creep on House-walls, and always build an Arch over themselves;
-on these their Poultry live chiefly; some of them bite desperately.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>To these I might add the <i>Wasps</i>, that have their Winter-Treasures
-in subterranean Cells, and the Field-mice that know
-the proper Season to gather Acorns, which they carefully hide
-in hollow Places, (as Mole-runs) in the Earth. Thus we see
-no Creatures so mean in our View, but a Ray of divine Wisdom
-shines in their Foresight and Contrivance: When we consider
-how wonderfully these inferior Creatures are conducted in their
-Operations, how punctually they obey the Laws of their Creator,
-how solicitously every one propagates his Kind, and makes proper
-Provisions for his Family; it looks as if it were done by some
-Principle that’s more perfect than the common Reason of Man.
-Nevertheless ’tis past doubt, that Brutes of the highest Order,
-and most refin’d, are but Brutes, <i>i. e.</i> irrational, and it’s well for
-us they are so.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This is call’d <i>Instinct</i>, a natural Disposition, or Sagacity
-wherewith Animals are endued; by virtue whereof they are enabled
-to provide for themselves, know what is good for them,
-and are determin’d to propagate and preserve their Species. <i>Instinct</i>
-bears some Analogy to Reason or Understanding, and supplies
-the Defect of it in Brutes. The Narrative of <i>Eve</i>’s Temptation
-begins with affirming, <i>The Serpent was more subtle than any
-Beast of the Field</i>. And <i>Christ</i> recommends the Wisdom of the
-Serpent, but not without the Innocence of the Dove.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Proofs of its Subtilty are not so obvious; some produce
-such as these, telling us, that the Serpent <i>Cerastes</i> hides itself in
-the Sand, with a view to bite the Horse’s Foot that he might
-throw the Rider. <i>Jacob</i> seems to allude to this, in the Blessing
-he gave to <i>Dan</i>, of whom ’tis said, <i>Dan shall be a Serpent by
-the Way, an Adder in the Path, that bites the Horse’s Heels, so
-that his Rider shall fall backward</i>. Gen. xlix. 17. But more in
-Part third.</p>
-<hr class='c030' />
-<div>
- <span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>
- <h3 class='c001'>SECTION III.</h3>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>Serpents are supposed to have many Enemies, besides
-Man, as the <i>Eagle</i>, <i>Hawk</i>, <i>Stork</i>, <i>Ibis</i>, <i>Ichneumon</i>, <i>Magaure</i>,
-<i>&amp;c.</i> I shall only touch upon some of these: <i>Ibis</i> is a
-Bird of <i>Egypt</i>, and a faithful Ally in the War against Serpents;
-vast Numbers of winged Serpents are annually bred in <i>Arabia</i>,
-from whence, at certain Seasons, Swarms of them take their flight
-across the <i>Red-Sea</i> into <i>Egypt</i>: Upon the first notice of their Arrival,
-the <i>Ibidian</i> Birds assemble in Troops, and immediately fly
-upon the Invaders, and soon destroy them. In the same manner
-they execute Vengeance upon the Serpents of <i>Ethiopia</i>, when
-they molest the Land<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c019'><sup>[11]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f11'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r11'>11</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Conradus Gesn.</i> p. 55. <i>Ray. Gyllius.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Storks</i> destroy all Serpents that fall in their way, and
-are so greatly regarded in <i>Thessaly</i> for this kind office, that it is
-counted a capital Crime to kill a <i>Stork</i>, and the Criminal is punished
-as in the case of Man-slaughter.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c019'><sup>[12]</sup></a>The Stork’s Bill is very long and sharp, with which it makes
-a rattling kind of Noise: It is said, the Chirurgeons have learn’d
-the Clysterick Art from these Birds.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f12'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r12'>12</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Pliny’s Nat. Hist.</i> Tom. i. B. 10.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Storks</i> also are esteemed the Clergy’s Friends, for the Author
-of the <i>Book of Nature</i> says, they will not inhabit any City
-in <i>Germany</i>, where no Tythes are paid to the Priest. An Orthodox
-Brood of Birds!</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When <i>Moses</i> conducted the <i>Egyptian</i> Army against the <i>Ethiopians</i>,
-he was to pass through a Country full of Serpents, and to
-secure his Forces from them in their March, he carried with him
-several of these <i>Ibidian</i> Birds, before whose Fury they fell or
-fled<a id='r13' /><a href='#f13' class='c019'><sup>[13]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f13'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r13'>13</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Josephus</i>, B. ii. Cap. v. p. 65.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>ICHNEUMON</i> is a little Animal of bold Spirit, and a
-great Destroyer of Serpents, and therefore the <i>Egyptians</i> keep it
-in their Houses, as we do Cats; and the young ones are commonly
-sold for that end at <i>Alexandria</i>. In form it resembles an
-overgrown Rat, and is called the <i>Indian-Rat</i>, and <i>Pharaoh’s
-Rat</i>; and by its mighty Atchievements, it must be of some considerable
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>Bulk; for in its Encounters with great Dogs, Crocodiles,
-Serpents, <i>&amp;c.</i> it generally comes off victorious: Upon their Approach
-it bunches up, and bristles up its Hair, in token of Defiance:
-It couches on the Ground, and leaps like a Bull-dog at
-its Prey.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>By some it is call’d the <i>Egyptian Otter</i>; ’tis of a dun Colour,
-has round Ears, black Legs, and long Tail: It cannot endure the
-Wind, and runs for Shelter, when it rises, sometimes thrusting
-its Head between its hinder Legs, in a round Form like a Hedge-hog.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Those who have examined into Kites Nests, have found
-Vipers in them, which are supposed to be Food for their young
-ones. In <i>China</i> is a little Creature like a Weezel, called <i>Magaure</i>,
-that is a mortal Enemy to Serpents, which it kills by striking its
-Teeth into their Heads. The <i>Chameleon</i> trembles at the Sight of
-this little Furioso<a id='r14' /><a href='#f14' class='c019'><sup>[14]</sup></a>; whose Ears are short and round, its Nose
-like that of a Ferret, its Tongue and Teeth like a Cat, which
-is a Creature it destroys in a Minute, though not the easiest to be
-killed. The <i>Argoli Serpents</i> in <i>India</i> destroy Asps; therefore
-by <i>Alexander</i> the Great’s Command, they were transported to
-<i>Alexandria</i><a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c019'><sup>[15]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f14'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r14'>14</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>L. Le Comte’s Memoirs</i>, p. 504.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f15'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r15'>15</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Johnstonus</i>, p. 16.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Whether the Serpent hates Man more than other Creatures,
-is with me a question; be that as it will, it is wonderful
-to think, that notwithstanding Man’s and other Creatures invincible
-Hatred of Serpents, yet hitherto they have been able to support
-themselves in a State of War against all the World.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Even among Vegetables are found Enemies to Serpents; as
-the <i>Dittany</i> of <i>Virginia</i>, or the <i>wild Penny-royal</i>; the Leaves of
-which, says my Author, being bruised, we tied in the Cleft of a
-long Stick, and held them to the Nose of the <i>Rattle-Snake</i>, who
-by turning and wriggling, laboured hard to avoid it, and in half
-an hour’s time was kill’d by it: This was done <i>July</i> 1657, at
-which Season those Creatures are computed to be in the greatest
-Vigour of their Poison; it is also remarkable, that in those Places
-where the <i>wild Penny-royal</i> grows, no Rattle-Snakes are observed
-to come<a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c019'><sup>[16]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f16'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r16'>16</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Philos. Transact.</i> abridg’d by <i>Lowthorp</i>, p. 811.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class='c030' />
-<div>
- <span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>
- <h3 class='c001'>SECTION IV.</h3>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>That <i>Dust</i> was not the original Food of the Serpent,
-seems evident from the Sentence passed upon the Paradisaic
-Serpent, but the necessary Consequence of the Change made
-in the manner of its Motion, <i>i. e.</i> the prone Posture of its Body,
-by which it’s doomed to live upon Food intermix’d with Earth,
-dried to a Powder; <i>Dust shalt thou eat</i>, is one part of the Curse.
-It’s true, Serpents eat Flesh, Birds, Frogs, Fish, Fruits, Grass,
-but as they continually creep on the Earth, ’tis impossible but
-their Food must be often defiled with Dirt; some of them may
-eat Earth out of Necessity, or at least Earth-Worms, which they
-cannot swallow without some Dirt with them. No Animal but
-has its proper Food; even the most minute Insects; those that
-seemingly feed upon Dust, in reality feed only upon some nutritive
-Particles therein. Insects have been seen through a Microscope
-to eat some Particles of Dust, and reject many others, having
-accurate Organs of Sight, Smelling, and Feeling, as well accommodated
-to Dust, as the Organs of Ducks and Hogs are to
-find their Food in Dirt.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>And here it may be observed, that what the Serpent does
-through a Necessity from the Divine Sentence, the earthly Man
-does from his own Will; the Serpent only by the Will of another,
-Man eats it from his own Inclination to it; the Serpent
-would have better Food if it could, Man might have better and
-will not: This shews that Man has a mind to be Companion with
-the Serpent, and to carry on the Acquaintance, that was begun
-in Paradise; the Serpent licks the Dust materially, the earthly
-Person licks it morally; the one has its Tongue upon it, the other
-has his Heart. The earthly Man is only a Man in shape, but a
-Serpent in Practice: What is the Punishment of the Serpent, is
-made the Happiness of the earthly Mind.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some Serpents are <i>carnivorous</i>, and feed on Flesh; others
-are <i>verminivorous</i>, and feed on Reptiles: Their Sustenance is various,
-suited to their several Constitutions, and Nature of the
-Climates, where they inhabit. Vipers and Adders feed on Herbs,
-Weeds, Dews, as well as upon Lizards, Mice, Frogs.—When
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>they take Food into their Mouths, they raise up their Bodies a
-little, that they may swallow their Prey with less difficulty.
-They swallow those little Animals whole without chewing.
-In a Viper dissected by a certain Gentleman, he found three large
-Mice, intire, without any Change of their Form by hard Compressure.
-<i>Scorpions</i> live chiefly upon Locusts, and other winged
-Insects. In <i>Arabia</i>, ’tis said, they feed upon <i>Balsam-Juices</i>, and
-seem to delight much in the Shadow of that Tree<a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c019'><sup>[17]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f17'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r17'>17</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Conrad, Gesner.</i> 85.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is remarkable, that Nature has provided young Vipers with
-poisonous Teeth grown to Perfection, commensurate to their
-Bulk, that so they may immediately feed themselves, by being
-able, in some measure, to kill their Prey as soon as they are born.
-Some of these Animals have temporary Parts, as the <i>Lacerta
-Aquatica</i>, a little Water-Serpent, which, when young, has four
-ramified Fins, to poise and keep its Body upright, (which gives
-it the Resemblance of a young Fish) and these fall off when the
-Legs are grown: So Frogs and Toads, in their <i>Tadpole State</i>, have
-Tails, which fall off when their Legs are grown out<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c019'><sup>[18]</sup></a>. These
-pass through various Transmigrations, before they arrive at their
-perfect State.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f18'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r18'>18</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Derham’s Phys. Theol.</i> B. IV.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<hr class='c030' />
-<h3 class='c001'>SECTION V.</h3>
-
-<p class='c031'>As Serpents differ in Kind, so in Size; the Length to which
-some of them grow is most surprizing. A certain Number
-is sent out with little Bodies; others are of monstrous Bulk,
-and capable of making the strongest Efforts against all the Attempts
-made to destroy them; yea, are strong enough to contend
-with <i>Elephants</i>, the greatest of Animals, and conquer them. <i>e. gr.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>ATTILIUS REGULUS</i>, the <i>Roman</i> General in <i>Africa</i>,
-is said to encounter a Serpent in that Country, of vast Strength and
-Stature, near the River <i>Bagrada</i>, 120 Feet long, which he and
-his Army could not subdue, without discharging all their Engines
-of War against it; and, when conquered and flea’d, its Skin was
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>conveyed to <i>Rome</i> in Triumph<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c019'><sup>[19]</sup></a>. This is the more credible,
-says <i>Pliny</i>, because, in <i>Italy</i>, we see other Serpents, called <i>Boæ</i>, so
-large that in the Reign of <i>Claudius</i>, there was one of them killed
-in the <i>Vatican</i>, within whose Belly was found an Infant whole<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c019'><sup>[20]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f19'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r19'>19</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Prœlium grands &amp; acre eumque magna totius exercitus conflictatione, balistis
-atque catapultis diu oppugnatum—Ejusque interfecti longum corium pedes 120. Aul.
-Gellii Noct. Att.</i> <i>Liber</i> VI. <i>Cap.</i> iii.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f20'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r20'>20</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nat. Hist.</i> B. VIII. <i>Cap.</i> xiv.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among the <i>Andes</i> in <i>America</i>, are Serpents of prodigious Magnitude,
-from 25 to 30 Foot long<a id='r21' /><a href='#f21' class='c019'><sup>[21]</sup></a>. In the Province of <i>Caria</i>,
-are Serpents ten Yards long, and Ten Hands broad, and their Eyes
-as large as two small Loaves. In <i>Brasil</i>, are found Serpents 30
-Foot long. In <i>Gresham-College, London</i>, is a Snake preserved in
-Spirits, that is near two Yards long.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f21'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r21'>21</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>De Le Vega.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Norway</i>, we read of two Serpents of very large Proportion:
-One of two hundred Foot long, and lives in Rocks and desolate
-Mountains, near the Sea, about <i>Bergen</i>; which in Summer-Nights
-ranges about in quest of Plunder, devouring Lambs,
-Calves, Swine, and other Animals, that fall in its way. In a
-calm Sea, it ransacks the Superficies of the Water, and devours
-the <i>Polypus</i> (<i>i. e.</i> a little Fish of many Feet) and all sorts of Sea-Crabs.——Upon
-the Approach of a Ship, this Serpent lifts up
-its Head above Water, and snatches at the Mariners. My Author
-adds, that it rolls itself round about the Ship, the more effectually
-to secure its Prey<a id='r22' /><a href='#f22' class='c019'><sup>[22]</sup></a>. The Representation of this you have
-in <i>C. Gesner.</i></p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f22'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r22'>22</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Olaus Magn.</i> B. xxi. c. 27. p. 23. <i>Gesner ex Scalig.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The other Serpent is in the Diocess of <i>Hammer</i>, about fifty
-Cubits long, by Conjecture. In <i>Bothnia</i>, on the <i>Livonian</i> Sea,
-we read of monstrous Serpents, with which the Shepherds of that
-Country were in constant War. Wonderful Things are reported
-of the large Serpents that infest the <i>Helvetian Mountains</i>. From
-the Instances above, ’tis evident that the Northern Climates breed
-Serpents as well as the South; but with this Difference, that they
-are not so venomous as those in <i>Africa</i>, tho’ <i>Olaus Magnus</i>, Archbishop
-of <i>Upsal</i>, seems to except the Shrew-Serpent. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>There are <i>Marine</i>, as well as <i>Land-Dragons</i>, of uncommon
-Bigness: Some in <i>Ethiopia</i> of 30 Paces long, and in <i>Phrygia</i> ten
-Paces long.——<i>N. B.</i> A geometrical Pace is five Foot;
-but if it be the lesser Pace only, <i>viz.</i> the Measure of two Foot
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>and a half, it must be a monstrous Animal<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c019'><sup>[23]</sup></a>.——In the
-Reign of <i>Philadelphus</i>, two <i>Live-Dragons</i> were brought from
-<i>Ethiopia</i> to <i>Alexandria</i>, one 13, the other 14 Cubits long. In
-the Reign of King <i>Euergetes</i>, they took three Dragons, one seven
-Cubits, the other nine Cubits long. The third was carefully
-nursed in the Temple of <i>Esculapius</i>, and no Creature so highly
-reverenced<a id='r24' /><a href='#f24' class='c019'><sup>[24]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f23'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r23'>23</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Gesner</i>, p. 44.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f24'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r24'>24</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian</i>, l. 16. c. 39. p. 957.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>On the <i>Pellonæon Hill</i> in <i>Chius</i>, was a <i>Dragon</i> whose hideous
-Noise filled the Vicinity with Horror and Dread; so terrible,
-that none durst approach so near as to take its Dimensions. It
-happened, the Wilderness wherein it lived, took fire in a Storm;
-and being involved in the Smoke and fire, it perished, and, upon
-viewing its Bones, ’twas concluded to be of a monstrous Bulk.
-<i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Ethiopian Dragons</i> just mentioned, have no proper Name,
-and are only known by a Periphrasis, <i>viz.</i> <i>Killers of Elephants</i>.
-The Method is, by winding themselves about the <i>Elephants</i> Legs,
-and then thrusting their Heads up their Nostrils, sting them, and
-suck their Blood till they are dead.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>ALEXANDER</i>, in his Tour thro’ the <i>Red-Sea</i>, says,
-he saw Serpents of incredible Magnitude, some about 30 Cubits
-long<a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c019'><sup>[25]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f25'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r25'>25</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian</i>, lib. 17.
-cap. 1.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>We read of monstrous Dragons, particularly two Draconic
-Monsters mentioned by <i>Alexander</i>’s Ambassadors, seen by them
-in their Return from the Kingdom of <i>Abisaris</i>, one of 80 Cubits
-long, the other 140<a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' class='c019'><sup>[26]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f26'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r26'>26</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Strabo</i>, de situ orbis, lib. 15. βιασαρου χωρα <i>Bisari</i>, alias <i>Abisari Regio</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In places adjacent to <i>Batavia</i>, a <i>Dutch</i> Settlement in the <i>East-Indies</i>,
-we read of Serpents 50 Feet long; and the Skin of one,
-which was 20 Feet long, that swallowed an <i>Infant</i>, is shewn in
-<i>Batavia</i>, the <i>Metropolis</i> of the <i>Dutch</i> Empire in the <i>East-Indies</i>.
-In <i>America</i> also are Serpents of prodigious Bulk, from 25, to 30
-Feet long<a id='r27' /><a href='#f27' class='c019'><sup>[27]</sup></a>; but this Subject will be further considered in the
-<i>Second Part</i> of this Book.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f27'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r27'>27</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Atlas American.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>On the other hand, there are Serpents, as remarkably little as
-the <i>Amphisbæna</i>, <i>Gallic</i> Viper, and some of the Lizards, that are
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>not above four or six Inches long. Most of these Minutillos vary
-in outward Form.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>And here, I can’t but observe that as the Magnitude of some
-other Animals is very wonderful, so, on the contrary, the Minuteness
-of some is equally astonishing, if not more so: There are
-some very <i>little Insects</i> that are conspicuous to the Eye, but more
-that are <i>invisible</i> without the Help of a <i>Microscope</i>, which is an
-optical Instrument, that magnifies Objects, and makes them bigger
-than really they are; it helps to discover minute Particles, of
-which Bodies are composed, and the curious Contexture of
-them.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>To those who are not used to a rigid mathematic Proof, this
-may be illustrated by the Smallness of many organized Bodies.
-There is a Plant called <i>Harts-Tongue</i>, ten thousand Seeds of which
-hardly make the Bulk of a Pepper-Corn. Now the Cover of the
-true Body of each Seed, the parenchymous and ligneous Parts of
-both; the Fibres of those Parts, the Principles of those Fibres, and
-the homogeneous Particles or Atoms of each Principle, being moderately
-multiplied one by another, afford a hundred thousand
-Millions of formed Atoms in the space of a Pepper-Corn, says the
-learned Dr. <i>Grew</i><a id='r28' /><a href='#f28' class='c019'><sup>[28]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f28'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r28'>28</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Cosmologia Sacra</i>, B. i. chap. 3.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The same is yet more evident from the Stupendous Smallness
-of some Animals, especially in the Sperm of smaller Insects;
-which have been observed by Mr. <i>Leeuwenhoek</i>, to be some Millions
-of times smaller than a grain Sand. This learned Gentleman
-has observed more of them in the Spawn of a Cod-fish, than
-there are People living on the Face of all the Earth at once<a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c019'><sup>[29]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f29'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r29'>29</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Numerum animalculorum ex unius asselli
-majoris lactibus provenientium, plus decies superare homines in universo terrarum orbe
-viventes.</i>—<i>Epistola ad Dom. N. Grew</i>, p. 1.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c032'><i>N. B.</i> It is the infinite Number of these little invisible Animals
-that makes stagnating Waters or Pools appear of so
-many different Colours, as green, reddish, brown,—according
-to the several Natures of these little Animals that live
-therein.</p>
-
-<p class='c031'>Thus, among Men, we find big and little; <i>Giants</i> and <i>Pygmies</i>:
-Whether that Disproportion be from meer natural Causes,
-or by Designation of Providence, I determine not. It is very
-questionable whether there be a particular Nation of <i>Pygmies</i>; but
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>no doubt is made about the Existence of <i>Dwarfs</i> in many Places
-as well as Giants. <i>Julia</i>, the Niece of <i>Augustus</i>, had a Dwarf
-called <i>Canopas</i>, that was about two feet in height. <i>Philippa
-French</i>, born at <i>Milcomb</i> in <i>Staffordshire</i>, aged about 36, being
-then married, wanted something of three Feet in height<a id='r30' /><a href='#f30' class='c019'><sup>[30]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f30'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r30'>30</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Dr. <i>Plot</i>’s Natural History.—<i>Oxford</i> 16.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>On the other hand, we are not without Instances of Men, that
-were of a <i>gigantick Stature</i>, after, as well as before the Deluge,
-as <i>Goliah</i> and the Sons of <i>Anak</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Days of <i>Claudius</i> the Emperor, <i>Pliny</i> tells us, that one
-called <i>Gabara</i>, brought out of <i>Arabia</i>, was nine Feet and nine
-Inches high: He tells us also, of two others in the days of <i>Augustus
-Cæsar</i>, <i>Iducio</i> and <i>Secundilla</i>, that were half a Foot taller than
-<i>Gabara</i><a id='r31' /><a href='#f31' class='c019'><sup>[31]</sup></a>. <i>Maximinus</i> the Emperor, was eight Foot and a half
-in height. But to come near home:</p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f31'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r31'>31</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nat. Hist.</i> B. vii. cap. 16.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>WILLIAM EVANS</i> born in <i>Monmouthshire</i>, and Porter
-to King <i>Charles</i> I. was two Yards and a half high. <i>Walter Parsons</i>,
-Porter to King <i>James</i> I. was about the same height. “Some
-say, <i>William Evans</i> exceeded <i>Walter Parsons</i> two Inches in
-height, but was far beneath him in proportion of Body. Tho’
-he halted a little, and going out squalling with his Feet, yet
-made a shift to dance in an <i>Antimasque</i> at Court, where he
-drew <i>Little Jeffrey</i>, the <i>Dwarf</i>, out of his <i>Pocket</i>, first to the
-Wonder, then to the Laughter of the Spectators<a id='r32' /><a href='#f32' class='c019'><sup>[32]</sup></a>.”</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f32'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r32'>32</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Fuller’<i>s Worthies of</i> Engl. Monmouthshire, <i>p.</i> 54.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<hr class='c030' />
-<h3 class='c001'>SECTION VI.</h3>
-
-<p class='c031'>The Apparatus in Serpents for their Motion is admirable.
-How curious the Structure of their Muscles, and their
-Junction to every Point, whereby they are prepared for their different
-Motions, and enabled to move according to their different
-Nature and Situation!</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In those that go upon their Bellies, the Movement is very singular,
-which is in a Form curvilineal, different winding of their
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>Bodies. The Serpentine Line, among Mathematicians, is borrowed
-from the Foldings of a Serpent in its Motion.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Learned observe, there is a great deal of geometrical
-Niceness in the sinuous Motion of Snakes, Vipers, and other Serpents;
-to assist them in the right Management of it, the annular
-Scales under their Bodies are very remarkable, lying cross the Belly,
-contrary to what those in the Back, and the rest of the System do;
-which Contrivance facilitates their Motion.
-This tortuous creeping Motion of the Reptile Species is very
-curious: The whole Body of a Worm is, as it were, but a Chain
-of annular or spiral Muscles, whose round Fibres, by contracting,
-make each Ring more strong. The Back-Bones of Serpents are
-a wonderful Composition: How thick are they with Joints? How
-numerous and strong are their co-operating Muscles? By this curious
-Articulation of the Joints, they can turn and wind their Bodies
-any way without any difficulty.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Outside of their Skin is a most elegant Composition: to a
-common Eye, their Tegument has a rugged uneven Aspect; but,
-to a proper Judge, the Scales of Vipers are found to be a most exquisite
-Piece of Mechanism; the Symmetry of the whole is geometrically
-exact, and vastly beautiful; not imitable by human Skill:
-Some of them are guarded by a coverture not penetrable by a
-human Arm, which is their Security in a perilous Situation; yea,
-a greater Security than many innocent Inhabitants of the Field
-are privileged with. Among Serpents, some are clothed as with
-a Coat of Mail, <i>i. e.</i> an Armature of strong Scales; and such of
-them as want that crustaceous Covering, have either a Sting in the
-Tail, or a Tooth in their Mouth, that bids the Assailant keep off,
-and observe his Distance.</p>
-<hr class='c030' />
-<h3 class='c001'>SECTION VII.</h3>
-
-<p class='c031'>What is Poison? I answer, that, generally speaking, ’tis
-taken to be a malignant Quality in some Vegetables,
-Minerals, and Animals, a small Quantity of which is hurtful,
-and even mortal, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>The Learned in the Faculty tell us, <i>Poisons</i> operate in various
-manners; some by dissolving the Blood, others by coagulating it,
-and some by corroding and destroying the Solids. The Learned
-Sir <i>Hans Sloane</i> says, “Some attack equally all Parts, some only
-a particular one. Thus the <i>Lepus Marinus</i> is an Enemy to
-the Lungs, <i>Cantharides</i> to the Bladder<a id='r33' /><a href='#f33' class='c019'><sup>[33]</sup></a>.”</p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f33'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r33'>33</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>His Voyage.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some Vegetables again, which prove Poison to Man, serve
-for Food to other Animals. Thus, says that learned Gentleman,
-<i>Mandragora</i> and <i>Jusquiamnus</i> that feed Hogs, kill Man.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>HEMLOCK</i>, that is hurtful to Man, is wholesome for
-Goats; yea, the <i>Cassavi Plant</i> poisons unprepared; but prepared,
-is the very Bread of the <i>West-Indians</i>, particularly <i>Jamaica</i> and
-the hotter Parts, with which they victual Ships. <i>Ibid.</i> Tea is
-said to be poisonous before it is cured.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This perhaps may serve to obviate an Objection made against
-the Goodness of the Deity, in planting a Tree in Paradise that
-had such malignant Influences; because, supposing that it had any
-Properties, which might tend to the Dissolution of the human
-System, yet the same Tree might be very salutary and useful to
-other Beings in the Creation.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Having divided <i>Poison</i> into <i>Three Parts</i>, I shall, in the next
-Place consider them distinctly.</p>
-<p class='c033'>I. <i>This Contrivance of Divine Wisdom is so universal, that
-we find, in the vegetable Kingdom, something more than what is
-merely analogous to Poison, both in Land and Water-Plants</i>; as
-the <i>Napellus</i>, <i>Cassivi</i>, <i>Nux Vomica</i>, <i>Aconite</i>, <i>Cicuta Aquatica</i>,
-<i>Solanum Lethale</i>, <i>Aconitum Hyemale</i>. Some Poisons are of a
-Narcotic Quality, as Poppy and Henbane—being taken in too
-great a Quantity, become poisonous. I shall only add some Instances
-of Persons kill’d by eating poisonous Plants, Roots, and
-Herbs. The Wife of <i>W. Matthews</i>, near <i>Salop</i>, who having
-gathered a Quantity of <i>Dog-Mercury</i>, which she took to be
-another Herb, boiled it for their Supper, which very sensibly affected
-the whole Family. One of the Children slept from
-<i>Thursday</i> Night till <i>Monday</i> Evening, then just opened her Eyes,
-and died immediately. The other two Children slept about 24
-Hours, and, upon their awakening, fell a vomiting and purging,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>which, ’tis thought, saved their Lives<a id='r34' /><a href='#f34' class='c019'><sup>[34]</sup></a>. A certain Woman near
-<i>Kilkenny</i> in <i>Ireland</i>, eating by mistake, a <i>Hemlock-Root</i> among
-<i>Parsnips</i>, was immediately seized with a Raving and Madness.
-<i>Ibid.</i></p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f34'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r34'>34</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp</i>’s Abridg. Vol. II.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Eight young Lads went a fishing to a Brook near <i>Clonmel</i>
-in <i>Ireland</i>, and there meeting with a great Parcel of <i>Oenanthe
-Aquatica succo viroso</i>, they mistook the Roots of it for <i>Sium
-Aquaticum</i> Roots, and did eat heartily of them. About four or
-five hours after coming home, the eldest of them, on a sudden,
-fell down backwards, and lay kicking and sprawling on the
-Ground, foaming at the Mouth; soon after, four more were
-seized the same way, and they all died before Morning: not one
-of them having spoken a Word from the Moment in which the
-venenate Particles surprised the <i>Genus nervosum</i><a id='r35' /><a href='#f35' class='c019'><sup>[35]</sup></a>. Of the other
-three, one ran stark-mad, but recovered; another had his Hair
-and Nails fallen off; the third alone escaped: perhaps it might
-be owing to a strong Constitution, and eating less of that fatal
-Root; or perhaps it might be attributed to his speedy running
-above two Miles home (after he saw one young Man fall) together
-with his drinking a very large Draught of warm Milk from the
-Cow, in his midway, and a violent Sweating, which might expel
-many of those venemous Particles. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f35'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r35'>35</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ibid.</i> p. 641.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>An Experiment has been made upon a Dog, by giving him
-the <i>Nux Vomica</i>, which soon poisoned him. The <i>American
-Physick Nut</i> is said to be so poisonous, that no Animals make a
-near Approach to it. Wormwood in <i>Persia</i> is so venemous, that
-if Horses, or any other Creatures, eat thereof, they die immediately;
-upon which account, say the Duke of <i>Holstein</i>’s Ambassadors,
-we durst not unbit that day<a id='r36' /><a href='#f36' class='c019'><sup>[36]</sup></a>. The <i>Indians</i> have what
-they call <i>Juico Juice</i> among them, which deprives such as drink
-of it of their Reason, and renders them perfect Idiots; tho’ at
-the same time it leaves them in the perfect Enjoyment of their
-Health and natural Powers.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f36'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r36'>36</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Their Voyages and Travels to <i>Muscovy</i> and <i>Persia</i>, p. 228. A. D. 1637.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>CHARCOALS</i> prepared from <i>Vegetables</i>, have a poisonous
-Quality; for, when kindled, they exhale a Vapour, which, if it
-be kept up, and confin’d to a close Place, proves fatal. ’Tis said,
-Charcoal made in <i>Cornwal</i> affords a manifest arsenical and sulphurous
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>Smell beyond others; and yet Charcoal is a <i>commodious</i>
-Fuel.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Even when the sharp Points of Nettles pierce the Flesh, they
-instil a kind of venemous Juice into the Wound, which gives
-a painful Sensation. The Leaf of a Nettle has some relation to a
-Sting; ’tis covered with very sharp Prickles, whose Base, which
-is a Bladder of a flexible Substance, has a Hole in the middle, by
-which this venemous Liquor runs into the wounded Part, and
-excites Pain.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This may be easily perceived with a Microscope; if a Man
-press with the Finger, the End of those Prickles against its
-<i>Base</i>: for then, thro’ these Prickles which are transparent, this Liquor
-is manifestly seen to mount, and to descend, as the ingenious
-Mr. <i>Hook</i> assures us, he had often made the Experiment.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Carmania Deserta</i>, towards the <i>Persian</i> Gulph, they have
-two sorts of dangerous Shrubs, one called <i>Gulbad-Samour</i>, i. e.
-the Flower that poisons the Wind, where there are many of these
-<i>Shrubs</i>. The Wind that passes thro’ them, kills those who are
-near it. The other is <i>Kerzehre</i>, the <i>Gall</i> of <i>Asses</i>, because it kills
-those Creatures, and others that eat of it; yea, the Water that falls
-from it is poisonous. They say, that Part of its Root which
-spreads to the East is Poison: for which, that on the South-side
-is an Antidote<a id='r37' /><a href='#f37' class='c019'><sup>[37]</sup></a>.——<i>N. B.</i> Is not our Author mistaken?
-for can any Poison grow in the delicious Plains of the East, consecrated
-to the Service of the Altar and Knee?</p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f37'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r37'>37</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Tavernier</i>, in <i>Atl. Geo.</i> p. 349, and 396.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>An Overdose of Opium, which is the condensed Juice of Poppies,
-is poisonous. The <i>Turks</i> take <i>Opium</i>, which they call <i>Affion</i>,
-without any Preparation, it being merely the Juice of black
-Poppy, dried in the Sun, without any purification. It is wonderful,
-<i>that use should make that Liquid which is Poison to us, a
-Cordial to them</i><a id='r38' /><a href='#f38' class='c019'><sup>[38]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f38'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r38'>38</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Wheeler</i>’s Voyages, p. 203.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Vapour arising from vegetable Liquors during their Fermentation,
-ought not to be approached too near, because it is poisonous:
-We have Accounts in the <i>French</i> and <i>German Transactions</i>,
-of People who were immediately struck dead, by receiving
-at the Nose the Fumes that issued from large Vessels of Wine in
-the State of Fermentation<a id='r39' /><a href='#f39' class='c019'><sup>[39]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f39'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r39'>39</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Boerhaave</i>, p. 120, 130.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>“I think, says a learned Physician, that God made no Poison,
-but all things in the World were made for the Use of Man;
-their chiefest <i>Deleterium</i> is either in the Quantity, or some
-other Circumstance, as in Lettice, Leeks,—whose <i>Integra</i> are
-Aliments, the Juices mortiferous. Those things that are pernicious,
-by their external Form, as beaten Glass, Sponges, have
-not deserved the Brand of Poison; those that are really lethiferous,
-are but the Excrescences of Sin, and came in with the
-Thorns. The Serpent was rather destructive to the Soul than
-the Body.”</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among the Ancients was a Plant that killed Mice with its
-bare smell, according to <i>Pliny</i>: The Poets feign it to have sprung
-from the Foam of the Dog <i>Cerberus</i>, when <i>Hercules</i> dragg’d him
-out of Hell.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Aconite Plants</i> also are extremely caustic and acrimonious,
-in virtue whereof they have produced terrible Inflammations,
-that end in Mortification. So great was the People’s Dread
-of this Plant, for its venemous Quality, that they durst not touch
-it and yet, ’tis said, they made use of it against the Sting of
-<i>Scorpions</i>, which is supposed to be deadned by the Touch of the
-Aconite, and restored to its Vigour by that of <i>Hellebore</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c032'><i>N. B.</i> The Root of the Plant is said to cure all Diseases proceeding
-from Melancholy, as Disaffections from the <i>Hypochondria</i>,
-<i>Herpes</i> or cutaneous Inflammations.</p>
-<p class='c034'>It is also reported that Arrows dipped in the Juice of <i>Aconite
-Plants</i>, proved mortal wherever they wounded.</p>
-<p class='c033'>II. <i>The Globe we inhabit, abounds with Variety of Minerals,
-of a very mischievous Nature</i>; as <i>Arsenic</i>, found in Copper-mines;
-<i>Orpiment</i>, a Mineral found among Copper-mines, in Stones of
-different Bigness, Colour and Figure. These, and others of the
-same venemous Nature, are less or more dangerous, according as
-their Salts receive a different Force from the metallic Particles.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Mineral Kingdom is very subject to Damps, or noxious
-Streams, and often found in Mines, Pits,——and in Kinds various.
-There are also Exhalations, a sort of Fumes issuing from Body,
-and diffusing themselves in the Atmosphere. Some make difference
-between Vapours and Exhalations: The Term <i>Vapour</i>, they
-say, is appropriated to the moist Fumes raised from Water, and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span><i>Exhalation</i>, to the dry ones emitted from solid Bodies, as Earth,
-Fire, Minerals, Sulphur.
-The nocuous Effluvia sent forth from them may infect the
-Air, and cause epidemical Distempers, and even new Diseases.
-About Mines and deep Caverns, are frequently found copious Exhalations
-continually streaming out, which, in a Moment, destroy
-any Animal that comes within their reach; so much as the very
-Insects themselves not escaping: Therefore these Places were by
-the Ancients called <i>Gehennæ</i>, <i>Averni</i>,—intimating thereby, that
-a <i>Mineral Pit</i> was <i>Hell</i>, and that <i>Subterraneous Exhalations</i> were
-<i>Steams</i> from the <i>Fiery Lake</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>STRABO</i> takes notice of a <i>Cave</i> or <i>Grotto</i> in <i>Natolia</i>, from
-whence issue pestilential Vapours that infect the Air: No sooner
-is any Animal put in, but it immediately dies. Bulls have been
-put in, and suddenly taken out dead. Sparrows that have been
-thrown in, dropt down dead instantly.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Turks</i> fancy it to be haunted by evil Spirits, because those
-who had the Curiosity to enter it, have either <i>died</i> or fallen desperately
-<i>sick</i><a id='r40' /><a href='#f40' class='c019'><sup>[40]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f40'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r40'>40</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Strabo Geograph.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Mineral Poisons are more or less dangerous, as their Salts
-receive a greater or less Force from the metallic Particles: And
-hence, as the most virulent may be mitigated by breaking the
-Points of the saline Crystals, the most innocent Minerals may
-become corrosive, by combining them with Salts, as is seen in the
-Preparations of Silver, Antimony, Iron.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Nothing more fatal than mineral Poison, which often
-brings swift Destruction without remedy. To a large Dog,
-says the learned Dr. <i>Mead</i>, was given a Drachm of <i>Mercury Sublimate</i>,
-mixt with a little Bread, who after violent Evacuations,
-died next Morning. The same Gentleman observes, that in <i>Arsenic</i>
-is a very noxious quality: the factitious white is the most
-violent of all kinds, superior in force to <i>Mercury sublimate</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>These mortiferous Steams that flow from the Earth, are
-called <i>Mephites</i>, <i>poisonous Damps</i>; and are very common in Countries
-fruitful of Minerals and Mines: <i>Damps</i> happen in most of
-the <i>Hungarian-Mines</i>, not only in the direct Passages, where they
-walk on horizontally, but also in the perpendicular Descents.
-Now, to guard themselves against the fatal Effects of these Exhalations,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>they sometimes clear their way by Fire and the Bellows,
-but generally by long Tubes or Pipes, reaching from top to bottom,
-thro’ which they let the Air in and out; and by this Circulation
-of the Air, they carry on their Work for some time
-without Danger.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>CREMNITS</i> in <i>Hungary</i> (a small Town, reckon’d the
-chief of the Berg, or Mine-Towns) is famous for its Gold-Mine
-which has been work’d on 900 Years, where the Workmen sometimes
-are troubled with pernicious Damps, and many are kill’d
-by them; and so it happens in the Mines at <i>Schemnits</i>, the fairest
-of the seven Mine-Towns<a id='r41' /><a href='#f41' class='c019'><sup>[41]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f41'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r41'>41</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atl. Geograph.</i> p. 1640, —1, —2, —3.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among the Minerals known to us, there are many more
-noxious than wholesome and the Power of the former to do mischief,
-is more efficacious than the Power of the latter to do good;
-which is evident from the little Benefit the Miner’s Health receives
-from any mineral Effluvia, compar’d with the great and
-sudden Damps, that are often caused by the Expirations of <i>Orpiment</i>,
-<i>Sandarac</i>, and <i>white Arsenic</i>, which is a deadly Poison,
-and most fatal of the whole Tribe of Fossils. Hence the Refiners
-dread nothing so much as <i>Arsenic</i> in their Metals; for its Fumes
-taken into the Lungs kill instantly, and the oftner ’tis sublim’d,
-the ranker it grows<a id='r42' /><a href='#f42' class='c019'><sup>[42]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f42'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r42'>42</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Boerhaave’s Theory of Chemistry.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>MERCURY</i> is extremely volatile, being convertible into
-Fumes, even by a Sand-heat. Those who practise the Art of
-Gilding, are but too well acquainted with these mercurial Fumes,
-which frequently render them epileptic and paralytic, and sometimes
-throw them into a Salivation. This kind of Poison is found
-in <i>Friuli</i>, a Province in <i>Italy</i>, belonging to the Emperor, and also
-in <i>Spain</i>, <i>Hungary</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The miserable People condemn’d, or hired to work in these
-Mines, all die in a little time: they are so affected with those venemous
-Fumes, that from Tremors they proceed to salivate, then
-their Teeth drop.—One of them who had been there six Years,
-was so full of <i>Mercury</i>, that holding a Piece of <i>Gold</i> in his Mouth
-a little while, it became of a <i>Silver Colour</i>, and when taken out, it
-was found heavier than before, <i>ibid.</i> p. 74.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>COPPER</i> is another poisonous Mineral, difficult of Fusion, and
-when fused, if a single Drop of Water do but fall upon it; or any
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>Vessel it be cast in, be ever so little moist, it flies into innumerable
-Fragments, with incredible Noise, and destroys all the Persons
-near it. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>TIN</i>, the lightest of all Metals, when urged by an easy Fire,
-it shines exceedingly; but this Splendor is succeeded by a sulphurous
-Steam, very destructive to the Lungs, and throws the Body
-into a Consumption. <i>ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>At <i>Mendip</i> in <i>Somersetshire</i>, those who are employ’d in melting
-<i>Lead-ore</i>, if they work in the Smoke, are subject to killing
-Diseases. There is a Flight (or Steam) in the Smoke, which falling
-on the Grass, poisons the Cattle that eat it. Those who live
-very near where Lead-ore is wash’d, can’t keep either Dog or
-Cat, or any sort of Fowl, but they all die in a short time<a id='r43' /><a href='#f43' class='c019'><sup>[43]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f43'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r43'>43</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp</i>’s <i>Abr.</i> vol. ii. p. 576.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Such are the <i>mephitical</i> Exhalations in a little Cavern in <i>Italy</i>,
-call’d <i>Bacca Venosa</i>, the poisonous Mouth, not far from <i>Naples</i>,
-but more generally known by <i>Grotto de Cani</i>, the <i>Dog’s Cave</i>;
-because the Experiment of its poisonous Nature is frequently made
-upon Dogs; tho’ it be fatal as to any other Creatures that come
-within the Reach of its venemous Fumes. This wonderful Cave
-is (situated at the Bottom of a Hill) in Dimension, about eight
-Foot high, twelve long, and six broad.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>From the Ground within it, arises <i>a thin warm Fume</i> (visible
-to the Eye) which is one continued Steam covering the
-whole Surface of the Bottom of the Cave; it does not disperse
-itself into the Air like Smoke, but quickly after its Rise, falls
-back again into the Earth. The Fumes rise about a Foot high
-and never higher, and hurt no Creature whose Head is above that
-height; but when a little Dog, or the Head of any other Creature
-is forcibly held in the Steam, it falls down dead, the
-Limbs convuls’d, and trembling; and if left there a little while,
-it dies, but if taken out soon, and laid in the open Air, comes to
-Life again, and sooner, if thrown into the adjacent Lake.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>CHARLES</i> the Great, King of <i>France</i>, and Emperor of
-the <i>West</i> (a Title of Honour other <i>Gallick Monarchs</i> have had in full
-view for some time) made the Experiment upon an <i>Ass</i>, whose
-Head was held in the Fume, and was soon destroy’d. <i>Two Slaves</i>
-put in with their Heads kept down to the Earth, were both soon
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>kill’d. To this, I shall add some Experiments made by the ingenious
-Mr. <i>Addison</i>, who says——</p>
-
-<p class='c032'>—“A Dog that has his Nose held in the Vapour (within the
-Cave) loses all the Signs of Life in a very little time.” Then
-he observes, how long a Dog was expiring the first time, and after
-his Recovery, and found no sensible Difference. “A <i>Viper</i>
-put in, adds he, bore it nine Minutes the first time we put it
-in, and ten the second. When we brought it out after the first
-Trial, it took such a vast quantity of Air into its Lungs, that
-it swell’d almost twice as big as before, and it was perhaps, on
-this Stock of Air, that it lived a Minute longer.</p>
-
-<p class='c035'>“A Torch, Snuff and all, goes out in a moment, when dipt into
-the Vapours or Steams of that Cave——A Pistol can’t fire in
-it. I split a Reed, and laid in the Channel of it a Train of
-Gun-powder, so that one end of the Reed was above the Vapour,
-and the other at the bottom of it; and I found, tho’ the
-Steam was strong enough to hinder a Pistol from taking fire in
-it—that it could not intercept the Train of Fire, when it once
-begun flashing, nor prevent it from running to the very end—fire
-will live in it no longer than in Water, because it wraps itself
-in the same manner about the Flame, and by its Continuity
-hinders any quantity of Air, or Nitre from coming to its
-succour<a id='r44' /><a href='#f44' class='c019'><sup>[44]</sup></a>.”</p>
-<div class='fn c036'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f44'>
-<p class='c037'><span class='label'><a href='#r44'>44</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>His Works</i>, vol. iii. p. 8, 97.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>Nor are our Mines in <i>Great-Britain</i> altogether free from
-these fatal Damps, that have turn’d Coal-pits into Graves. In a
-Coal-pit belonging to Lord <i>Sinclair</i> in <i>Scotland</i>, seven or eight
-Men intending to work in a Place where they had been the Day
-before, but stepping a little further, they all fell down dead, as
-if they had been shot. The Wife of one of them, venturing to
-see her Husband, fell down dead as soon as she came near the
-Corps<a id='r45' /><a href='#f45' class='c019'><sup>[45]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f45'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r45'>45</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp</i>’s <i>Abridgment</i>, vol. ii. p. 373.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<p class='c033'>III. We come now to the sensible Region, where animal Poisons
-reign; that is, Poison drawn from Animals, as the Viper, Asp,
-Scorpion, Lepus Marinus: and here we are to encounter with an
-Army of Serpents, and their formidable Train.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When we speak of the Poison of Serpents, we must not suppose
-it diffused thro’ the whole Body, as some have imagined.
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>Many Errors about the particular Situation of it, have been happily
-removed by the Learned Dr. <i>Redi</i>, and Dr. <i>Mead</i>, who observes
-the Viper has always been so notorious for its Poison, that
-the most remote Antiquity, made it an Emblem of what is hurtful
-and destructive, but were not agreed from whence the Poison
-proceeded, whether from the <i>Saliva</i>, the <i>Teeth</i>, the <i>Gall</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-which leads me to a Passage in the <i>noble Italian</i>, who says:</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>... That as a certain Learned Society in <i>Italy</i> were debating
-this Point, one <i>Jacobus Sozzi</i> (<i>audiendi gratiâ</i>) who was allow’d to
-be present, stationed himself in a corner of the Place, and hearing
-some of them affirm that the Poison was in the Gall-bladder,
-fell a smiling; and being ask’d the Reason, he answer’d, that
-the Serpent’s <i>Gall</i> was an innocent Part: Whereupon, in their
-Presence, he drank a Glass of Wine, mixt with the <i>Gall of a
-Viper</i>, without any ill Effect.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>One of the Company said, he came thither with his Body
-prepared by Alexipharmicks. He, to convince them of the contrary,
-try’d the Experiment upon Dogs, and other Animals, by
-giving them the <i>Gall</i> of Vipers to drink in abundance, without
-any Danger ensuing<a id='r46' /><a href='#f46' class='c019'><sup>[46]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f46'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r46'>46</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Redi nobilis Aretini Experim. in Res Naturales</i>, pag. 163, 164, 165.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Debate about the Seat of the Poison, the famous <i>Italian</i>
-maintains, that all the <i>Venom</i> of a Serpent consists in a <i>yellow
-Liquor</i> contain’d in a Bladder, at the bottom of its Tooth, which
-Liquor, upon its biting, by the Pressure of the Bladder, is forced
-thro’ a Tube within the Tooth, into the Wound, and thence ensue
-direful Effects. This Hypothesis he supports by a good number
-of Experiments upon various Animals, which were bit by a
-Viper, after those venemous Bags were taken out, without any
-Signs of Poison, or any ill Consequence at all<a id='r47' /><a href='#f47' class='c019'><sup>[47]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f47'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r47'>47</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Seignior Redi.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Another <i>celebrated Physician</i> maintains, that this <i>yellow
-Liquid</i> is not poisonous, that he had given it to Pigeons as Food,
-without their being at all disorder’d thereby.—That the Viper’s
-Bite, he had always found mortal to Animals, even after the venemous
-Bag was taken out, as well as before.—That therefore
-the Poison must lie in the <i>irritated Spirits of the Viper</i>, which it
-exhales in the Ardor of its biting, and which are so cold that
-they curdle the Blood, and stop the Circulation<a id='r48' /><a href='#f48' class='c019'><sup>[48]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f48'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r48'>48</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Monsieur Charras.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>Both these are ingenious Men; their Systems are opposite,
-yet both maintain’d by well-attested Experiments. The Publick,
-however, give into the Sentiments of <i>Seignior Redi</i>, as answering
-the best to the Mechanism of the Parts.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Seignior <i>Vigani</i> has in some measure reconciled these two
-Learned Combatants, who alledges, that the <i>yellow Liquor</i> wherewith
-Dr. <i>Redi</i> kill’d Pullets, <i>&amp;c.</i> after the death of the Viper,
-was either saturated with the Spirits of the enraged Viper, by
-whipping it before, or else (as ’tis probable) in the hot and dry
-Climates of <i>Italy</i>, those Creatures are more venemous than in
-colder Countries.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Poison of Vipers seems to lie in their hollow Teeth,
-because the Mountebanks of old, to impose on the People, used
-to stop those Cavities, or hollow Places in the Teeth, with some
-kind of <i>Paste</i>, before they suffered the Vipers to bite them in sight
-of Spectators; which was commonly done, and succeeded according
-to their wish;—and sometimes, with a Needle scratch’d
-the Gums, and press’d out the Poison<a id='r49' /><a href='#f49' class='c019'><sup>[49]</sup></a>. <i>Pliny</i> says, they have
-but one venemous Tooth.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f49'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r49'>49</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp</i>’s <i>Abridg.</i> vol. ii. p. 815.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Dr. <i>Mead</i>, having given the various Symptoms attending venemous
-Wounds, proceeds to the Remedies; and in particular,
-mentions the <i>volatile Salt of Vipers</i>, as alone sufficient to do the
-Work, if given in due time, in proper quantities, and duly repeated<a id='r50' /><a href='#f50' class='c019'><sup>[50]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f50'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r50'>50</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Mechanical Account.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Mr. <i>Robert Burdet</i>, an <i>English</i> Merchant at <i>Aleppo</i> (in <i>Turkish
-Asia</i>) was bit by a Serpent about ten in the Morning, and died about
-three in the Afternoon. The People of that Country say,
-the only Cure in that Case, is immediately to suck the Wound;
-but they must rub first their Gums and Teeth with Oil, that none
-of the Poison may touch any place where the Skin is broken,
-and spit out immediately what they suck<a id='r51' /><a href='#f51' class='c019'><sup>[51]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f51'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r51'>51</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp</i>’s <i>Abridg.</i> vol. ii. p. 814.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Learned <i>Batavian</i> observes, as a present and effectual
-Remedy in the Case of the Bite of a mad Dog, or other venemous
-Animal, immediately to burn the affected Part with a hot Iron,
-or rather thrust deep into the Wound; for by this means, the
-Juices about the Part being coagulated, and an Escar produced,
-all Communication of the Poison to any other Vessels is stopt,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>and thus the Cure may be easily effected. Not that the hot Iron
-draws out the Poison, as is vulgarly imagined, but renders the
-Parts uncapable of being penetrated, or affected thereby<a id='r52' /><a href='#f52' class='c019'><sup>[52]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f52'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r52'>52</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Boerhaave</i>’s <i>new Method of Chemistry</i>, part. iii. <i>proces.</i> 104. p. 213.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>But to come nearer home, and to a cheap and easy Antidote
-against the serpentine and canine Venom, by a certain Experiment
-lately made in <i>England</i>, which was thus, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>... One <i>William Oliver</i>, and his Wife from <i>Bath</i>, who follow
-the Business of catching and selling Vipers, offer’d themselves—to
-be bit by any Viper, that should be procured, trusting to the
-Virtue of a certain Remedy they had found out by chance in trying
-things, when the Woman was once accidentally bitten.——The
-usual known Medicine, even the <i>Oil of Vipers</i>, having no
-Effect in assuaging her Pains, they had recourse to the <i>common
-Oil of Olives</i>, which proved an effectual Remedy. The Circumstances
-of the Case were——</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>On the first of <i>June 1735,</i> in the Presence of a great number
-of Persons, the said <i>William Oliver</i> was bit by an old black
-Viper, or Adder, (brought by one of the Company) upon the
-Wrist, and Joint of the Thumb of the Right-Hand, so that Drops
-of Blood came out of the Wounds: He immediately felt a violent
-Pain, both at the top of his Thumb, and up his Arm, even before
-the Viper was loosen’d from his Hand: Soon after he felt a
-Pain resembling that of Burning, trickle up his Arm; in a few
-Minutes, his Eyes began to look red and fiery, and to water
-much.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In less than half an Hour, he perceived the Venom seize his
-Heart, with a prickling Pain, which was attended with Faintness,
-Shortness of Breath, cold Sweats: In a few Minutes after this,
-his Belly began to swell, with great Gripings, and Pains in his
-Back, which were attended with violent Vomitings, and Purgings.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>During the Violence of these Symptoms, his Sight was
-gone for several Minutes; but he could hear all the while: He
-said, that in his former Experiments, he had never defer’d making
-use of his Remedy longer than he perceived the Effects of the Venom
-reaching his Heart; but this time, being willing to satisfy
-the Company throughly, and trusting to the <i>speedy Effects of the
-Oil</i>, which had never fail’d him, he forbore to apply any thing
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>till he found himself exceeding ill, and quite giddy. About an
-Hour and Quarter after the first of his being bit, a Chafing-dish
-of glowing Charcoals was brought in, and his naked Arm was
-held over it as near as he could bear it, while his Wife rubb’d in
-with her Hand the <i>Sallad Oil</i>, turning his Arm continually round,
-as if she wou’d have roasted it over the Coals.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>He said the Pain soon abated, but the Swelling did not diminish
-much; most violent Purgings and Vomitings soon ensued, and his
-Pulse became so low and so often interrupted, that it was thought
-proper to order him a Repetition of Cordial Potions. He said he
-was not sensible of any great Relief from these, but that a Glass
-or two of <i>Olive Oil</i> drank down seemed to give him ease: Continuing
-in this dangerous Condition, he was put to Bed, where
-his Arm was again bath’d over a Pan of Charcoal, and rubb’d
-with <i>Sallad Oil</i> heated in a Ladle over the Charcoal, by Dr.
-<i>Mortimer</i>’s Direction.——Whereupon he declared he found immediate
-Ease, as tho’ by some Charm——then fell into a profound
-Sleep, and after about nine Hours found Rest, awak’d, about six
-the next Morning, and found himself very well; but in the
-Afternoon, on Drinking some Rum and strong Beer, so as to be
-almost fuddled, the Swelling return’d with much Pain and cold
-Sweats; which abated soon on bathing the Arm as before, and
-wrapping it up in a brown Paper soaked in the Oil.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The learned Dr. <i>Mortimer</i>, relates the Success of this simple
-Medicine, tried afterwards on other Animals, who were purposely
-bitten, both by the same, and by fresh Vipers, to experience
-the Efficacy of it<a id='r53' /><a href='#f53' class='c019'><sup>[53]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f53'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r53'>53</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Dr. <i>Cromwell Mortimer</i> R. S. Secr. his <i>Narrative</i> relating to the Viper-catchers.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Sequel, he has occasion to mention a Remedy for the
-Bite of a mad Dog, under the Title of <i>Dampier’s Powder</i>, the
-Composition of which is, <i>viz.</i> <i>ash Colour Groundwort and black
-Pepper</i>. It was first published by Sir <i>Hans Sloane</i>, in <i>Numb. 237</i>
-of <i>the Transactions</i>, A. D. 1720, under the Name of <i>Pulvis Antilyssus</i>;
-where the Manner of giving it, not only to Men, but to
-Dogs and Cattle, is accurately set down. The Doctor says, the
-<i>Lichen Cinereus Terrestris</i> is accounted exceedingly efficacious in
-curing Dogs bitten by mad Dogs; then adds, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>That King <i>James</i>, when Duke of <i>York</i>, caused this <i>Lichen
-Cinereus Terrestris</i> to be given to a whole Kennel of Dogs bit by
-a mad one, which were all cured, except one of them, to whom
-none of it was given<a id='r54' /><a href='#f54' class='c019'><sup>[54]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f54'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r54'>54</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Philosophical Transact.</i> Numb. 443, for <i>Oct. 1736</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Norway</i>, and on a great Moss near <i>Warrington</i>, are many
-Serpents; and their Wounds are cured by <i>Venice-Treacle</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Africa</i>, they have an odd Way of curing Persons hurt by
-Poison; they rub the Venom of Snakes with their own Spittle, between
-two Stones and having mixed them well, they scratch
-upon the Wings of the Stomach, and to the Part so scratch’d,
-which is bloody, they apply a small Part of the Mixture; the rest
-they take inwardly.——This never fails to expel the Poison in the
-Wound, or in any other Part affected with it: In about a Month’s
-time a perfect Cure is made; in order to which, when they
-judge the Poison is expell’d, they cleanse the Wound, and apply
-to it the leaves of <i>Buchu</i>, <i>Dacha</i>, and other <i>salutiferous</i> Herbs:
-But they say, the least Neglect of such a Wound, (be it by a poisonous
-Arrow, or any other way) is dangerous<a id='r55' /><a href='#f55' class='c019'><sup>[55]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f55'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r55'>55</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Peter Kolben</i>’s present State of the Cape of
-<i>Good Hope</i>, and of the <i>Hottentots</i>,
-writ in <i>High-German</i>, and translated by Mr. <i>Guido Medley</i>, p. 304-5.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Snake-wood is very common in the Island of <i>Ceylon</i>, (suppos’d
-to be the <i>Taprobane</i> of <i>Ptolemy</i>) which is much esteem’d by
-the <i>East-Indians</i>, who, with the Powder of it taken in Water or
-Wine, cure many Distempers, and among others, the Stings of
-Serpents, which abound in that Country.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Their Naturalists say, the Virtue of it was first discovered
-by a small Creature, like our Ferrets, which when stung by Serpents,
-runs and eats of the Snake-wood, and is cur’d.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Father <i>Regnault</i>, speaking of Poisons, mentions several
-Methods of Cure, as Incisions, Ligatures, Caustics, Vomits, Oil
-of Olive, Baths, Treacle, Juice of Citron.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>By a Ligature, which hinders the Poison from spreading.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>By Caustics, or red-hot Iron brought within a certain Distance
-of the Wound; because Heat attenuates the Poison by its
-action, and dissipates it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Effect of Poison has some Analogy with that which
-happens upon syringing (thro’ Curiosity) some acid Liquor into
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>the Veins of a living Dog, or other Creature; for in a short time
-he falls into Convulsions, and dies. A Decoction of <i>white Hellebore</i>
-injected into the jugular Vein of a Dog, as soon as it enter’d
-the Heart, kill’d as suddenly as if shot thro’ the Heart with a
-Bullet. On <i>January 4, 1679</i>, a Drachm and a half of <i>Spirit of Salt</i>,
-diluted in an Ounce and half of Water, and injected into the jugular
-Vein of a Dog, kill’d him immediately. We kill’d a Dog
-almost in a Moment by injecting into his jugular Vein an Ounce
-of <i>Spirit of Wine</i>, in which was dissolved a <i>Drachm of Camphire</i>:
-The same Day we injected warm into the crural Vein of a Cat,
-50 Grains of <i>Opium</i>, dissolved in an Ounce of Water, which was
-soon seized with convulsive Motions, and died within a Quarter
-of an Hour. We injected an <i>Ounce of Oil of Olives</i> into the jugular
-Vein of a Dog, which suffocated him the same Moment.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
- <div class='nf-center'>
- <div><i>N. B.</i> In all that were suffocated by Oil, we found their</div>
- <div>Lungs fill’d with a very thick Froth<a id='r56' /><a href='#f56' class='c019'><sup>[56]</sup></a>.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f56'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r56'>56</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Mr. <i>Benj. Motte</i>’s Philosophical Transact. abridg.
-Vol. 1. Part. ii. p. 220, 221, where you may find many Instances of
-the same Nature.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class='c038' />
-<p class='c014'>The Remarkables here are,</p>
-<p class='c033'>I. <i>That a small Portion of this venemous Liquid should in so short
-a time do such terrible Executions</i>: That it should so soon infect so
-great a Quantity of Fluid, as the whole Mass of Blood in the wounded
-Animal. A very learned Physician accounts for it thus, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c032'>“That in the Drop of Poison are pungent Salts, by which
-little Bladders in the Blood are prickt, and the elastick Matter
-in them being let out, carries those acute Salts thro’ the whole
-Region of Fluids; upon which follows a Coagulation<a id='r57' /><a href='#f57' class='c019'><sup>[57]</sup></a>.”</p>
-
-<div class='fn c036'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f57'>
-<p class='c037'><span class='label'><a href='#r57'>57</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Dr. <i>Mead</i>’s Mechanical Account.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>All venemous Creatures hurt, by instilling a liquid Poison
-into the Wound, suppose the Wound to be given by the Tooth or
-Tail. The aforesaid ingenious Physician says, <i>viz.</i> “This venemous
-Juice it self is of so <i>inconsiderable a Quantity, that it is
-no more than one good Drop that does the Execution</i>.”——In order,
-adds he, to examine the Texture of the Liquor, I enrag’d a
-Serpent till it bit upon something solid, so as to void its Poison;
-whose Parts I view’d with a Microscope as nicely as I could.</p>
-
-<p class='c032'>“Upon the first Sight, I could discover nothing but a Parcel
-of small Saks nimbly floating in the Liquor, which soon shot
-out, as it were, into <i>Crystals</i> of incredible Tenuity and Sharpness,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>with something like Knots here and there, from which
-they seemed to proceed; so that the whole Texture in a manner
-represented a Spider’s Web, tho’ infinitely finer, and more
-minute; and yet withal so rigid were these pellucid <i>Spicula</i> or
-Darts, that they remain’d unalter’d upon my Glass for several
-Months<a id='r58' /><a href='#f58' class='c019'><sup>[58]</sup></a>”.</p>
-
-<p class='c035'>——<i>N. B.</i> These saline Particles appeared to be Acids.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote c026' id='f58'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r58'>58</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ibid.</i> p. 5-6.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Most surprising this! to see an Army of Flesh and Blood,
-tremble and fall before a single Atom of Matter! to see the <i>Cedars
-of Lebanon</i> demolish’d by the single Stroke of a contemptible
-Worm. So in the Moral World. Even in the Paradisaical State,
-how malignant the Poison of forbidden Fruit that spread Mortality
-over the whole human Race, and will affect Millions; dreadful
-Effects of once eating forbidden Fruit! What a World of Evils
-flows from one Disease or Disorder in the human Nature! <i>It was
-by one false Step the unquenchable Fire was first kindled.</i></p>
-<p class='c033'>II. <i>That Poison is not so dangerous, if it does not mix with the
-Blood.</i> Even that venemous Liquid may be tasted, yea, and
-swallow’d without mortal Effects, say some of the Learned. Hence
-it is, wounded Persons have been directed to get the Venom immediately
-suck’d out, which has been practis’d without ill Consequences
-to the Sucker.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>For this Method of curing venemous Wounds by Suction,
-<i>Avicenna</i>, an old <i>Arabian</i> Philosopher and physician, is quoted;
-who says, that those who suck out the Poison are in no danger,
-so their Teeth be sound and perfect, and their Mouths be free
-from all Ulcers. At <i>Rome</i> was an Order of Servants whose Office
-was to suck venemous Wounds, which they did with Safety and
-Applause<a id='r59' /><a href='#f59' class='c019'><sup>[59]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f59'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r59'>59</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Sr. <i>Redi</i>, p. 185.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c032'>“Many <i>acid Substances</i> taken into the Stomach, are, by its
-action turned into <i>Alcalious</i>; so there is no question but these
-<i>saline Spicula</i> are, partly by the muscular Motion of the Fibres,
-partly by the salival Juice, all broken and dissolved; or if any
-escape into the Intestines, the Balsam of the Bile will be an
-Antidote for them. <i>p. 14.</i>”</p>
-
-<p class='c031'><span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>Creatures reputed venemous, are indeed no Poisons when
-swallowed, tho’ the Venom may prove so when put into Wounds.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Venom that falls upon the Skin, is not so mischievous
-as that which enters into the Stomach, or is communicated by
-a Wound. “Yea, the Venom of a Viper, in itself, is not mortal
-to a robust and strong Body; and tho’ very unhappy and
-mischievous Accidents attend it, as Convulsions, Vomitings,
-<i>&amp;c.</i>” yet in eight or ten Days at most, these are over; tho’ the
-Patient may be very ill, yet he recovers, while the Poison having
-run thro’ divers Parts of the Body, at last always throws itself
-into the <i>Scrotum</i>, and is discharg’d by a great Quantity of Urine:
-This Evacuation being the ordinary and most certain Crisis of the
-Disease<a id='r60' /><a href='#f60' class='c019'><sup>[60]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f60'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r60'>60</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Philosoph. Transactions abridged by <i>Lowthorp</i>, Vol. II. p. 814.
-<i>Noxia Serpentum est admisso sanguine partis.</i> Lucani Pharsalia.
-Amstelod. Edit. p. 266.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Water—which amphibious Serpents frequent, receives
-no venemous Tincture from them. When <i>Marcus Cato</i> commanded
-in <i>Africa</i> (the Element of poisonous Animals) he had in his
-Army a Number of those Natives called <i>Psylli</i> and <i>Marci</i>, the supposed
-Aversion of Serpents, and who suck’d the Wounds of those
-hurt by them. It is said, these <i>Psyllians</i> inchanted Serpents, who
-fled at the sight of them, as if their Bodies exhaled some <i>corpuscular
-Effluviums</i> that were most offensive to Serpents, and put
-them into such pain that made them run. To these, the General
-added another Set of Persons, famous for curing the wounded
-by other Methods; and all little enough, Serpents being the Lords
-of the Country through which they were to pass<a id='r61' /><a href='#f61' class='c019'><sup>[61]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f61'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r61'>61</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Auli Gellii Noctes Atticæ</i>, lib. 16. c. 11. p. 161.
-<i>Herodot.</i> lib. 4. <i>Plutarch in Cato.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Author of the Description of <i>Cato</i>’s marching the Remains
-of <i>Pompey</i>’s Army through the <i>Lybian Deserts</i>, observes,
-how the Army being almost choak’d with Thirst, and coming to
-a Brook full of Serpents, durst not drink for fear of being poisoned,
-till convinced by their Superiors, that their being in the
-Water, did by no means infect it: Upon which they refreshed
-themselves with Water from the Serpentine River<a id='r62' /><a href='#f62' class='c019'><sup>[62]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f62'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r62'>62</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Redi</i>, 178. Lucan<i>’s</i> Pharsal.—<i>Pocula morte carent</i>—lib. 9.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Add to this, the Example of Queen <i>Cleopatra</i>, who, to prevent
-her being carried to <i>Rome</i> in Triumph, ’tis said, poisoned
-herself, by holding a Serpent to her own Breast. <i>Galen</i> mentioning
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>this Story, relates from Authors, that she killed herself, by
-pouring the Poison of an Asp into a Wound made in her Arm
-by her own Teeth; as if under Conviction, that the Poison would
-not effectually answer the End, without touching the Blood. <i>Ibid.</i>
-Of which more in the <i>Second Part</i> of this Discourse.</p>
-<p class='c033'>III. <i>In Serpents is an inexhaustible Store of Poison.</i> If they discharge
-all their Artillery to-day, their Arsenal will be full to-morrow.
-’Tis true, by a speedy repeated Emission of Poison at
-one time, the Viper loses its force, probably by a Diminution in
-Quantity; but is recruited in a Short space. Thus, one Viper
-cannot poison six Creatures, one immediately after another; the
-Truth of which is confirmed by uncontestable Facts.——An
-Experiment was made by Dr. <i>Areskine</i>, when he was at <i>Paris</i>.—Having
-got a large female Viper, he made it bite six Pigeons, one
-immediately after another. The first and second that were bit,
-died within half an Hour; one a little before the other; the third
-lived about two Hours; the fourth seem’d to be very sick for a
-while, but recover’d; the fifth and sixth that were bitten, were
-no more hurt than if prick’d with a Pin. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The learned <i>Italian</i>, Seignior <i>Redi</i>, says, that having, at the
-Entrance of Winter, a Scorpion sent him to <i>Rome</i> from <i>Tunis</i> in
-<i>Africa</i>, he irritated it to sting Pigeons and Pullets, without any
-bad Effects; but upon the approach of warm Weather, after eight
-Months fasting it was provoked to sting two Pigeons successively,
-which soon died; but the third and fourth received no hurt from
-its Wound.
-The Author of the <i>Natural History of Carolina</i>, speaking of
-the <i>Rattle-Snakes</i>, says, they can’t renew their Poison as oft
-as they will; for he had seen a Person bit by one of them, who
-never rightly recovered, and very hardly escaped with Life; and
-another Person immediately after being bit by the same Snake, received
-no more Hurt than if bit by a Rat. <i>p.</i> 129.<a id='r63' /><a href='#f63' class='c019'><sup>[63]</sup></a></p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f63'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r63'>63</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>New Collection of Voyages, printed A. D. 1711.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c032'><i>N. B.</i> Poison in different Countries, is more or less dangerous
-according as it is exalted and heighten’d by various Degrees
-of Heat; for by Increase of Heat, that venemous Quality is
-increased.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span><span class='sc'>Objection.</span></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>How is it consistent with Divine Goodness to create such venemous
-Animals, that are so dangerous and destructive to their Fellow-Creatures?</i>
-I answer,</p>
-<p class='c033'>I. <i>That as the Power of God shines in the Formation of all
-Creatures, so does his Goodness in their natural Perfections, which is
-the Goodness of their Being.</i> Every Creature is good, and if any
-Branch of the Creation be hurtful to another, ’tis the Effect of moral
-Evil, and not any necessary Consequence arising from their Creation.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This noxious Quality in Serpents, is God’s Creature, and must
-answer some valuable Purpose, tho’ concealed from an Eye blinded
-by the Venom of Sin. Nor must we forget that they seldom hurt
-their Fellow-Creatures, but when they are provok’d; and when
-they hurt, they present us with a healing Remedy, that is, <i>the
-volatile Salt of Vipers, which if rubbed into the Wound, has been
-generally applied with Success</i>.</p>
-<p class='c033'>II. <i>Their poisonous Liquid must some way be beneficial to
-themselves.</i> We are not told what their original Food was; but
-now they live by Plunder, and by their Venom they are enabled
-to make sure of their Prey, which otherwise might escape, or
-grow too strong for them, and so they might starve for want of
-proper Means to support Life; and what they take by their venemous
-Fangs and Stings, is good Nourishment.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Their Poison also, is to them as a Life-Guard. Were there
-not something terrible in their Weapons of War, every one
-would trample upon them. Add to this, that perhaps their Constitution
-may be so modify’d and framed, that this venemous Liquid
-may be as useful to digest their Food, as our <i>Saliva</i> is to us
-in that respect.</p>
-<p class='c033'>III. <i>SERPENTS, tho’ venemous, are of special Use to
-Mankind, as they are Part of the</i> Materia Medica, <i>and bear a
-great Share in some of the best Antidotes, or Remedies against Poison</i>.
-Vipers make a considerable Article in Medicine; their Flesh either
-roasted or boiled, the Physicians unanimously prescribe as an
-excellent Restorative, particularly in Consumptions, Leprosy.——</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>The learned Dr. <i>Mead</i> recommends the Broth or Jelly of Vipers;
-or, as the Antients did, to boil and eat them as a Fish, or
-at least to drink Wine, wherein they have been long infused: The
-Apothecaries sell the <i>Pulvis Viperinus</i>, which is only <i>dried Vipers
-pulverized</i>, Heart, Liver, and all other Parts, and past through
-a fine Sieve. Some call it, <i>Animal Bezoard</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>BEZOAR</i> is a <i>Persian</i> Word, <i>Pazahar</i>, primarily denotes
-<i>Counter-Poison</i>, and is applied to several chymical Compositions of
-that Intention. <i>Theriaca</i>, or Treacle, a Name given by the Antients
-to various Compositions, is reckoned good against Poison.—The
-Basis or Foundation of the Composition is Viper’s Flesh<a id='r64' /><a href='#f64' class='c019'><sup>[64]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f64'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r64'>64</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Cyclopædia.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Even in <i>Tartary</i>, an uncultivated Nation, the Viper’s Flesh
-is reckoned to be wonderful good Physick. In some of the Rivers
-of <i>Siam</i>, are many Crocodiles, which the <i>Siamese</i> call <i>Cayman</i>,
-and use them as good Physick with Success<a id='r65' /><a href='#f65' class='c019'><sup>[65]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f65'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r65'>65</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Struys</i>’s Voyages, <i>ad annum</i> 1657. I. c. III p. 29.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is supposed, when Viper-Catchers were hurt, they immediately
-cured themselves by rubbing this <i>volatile Salt</i> of Vipers
-into the wounded Part. An Experiment was made by enraging
-a Viper to bite the Nose of a young Dog: The Part began to
-swell; to which was applied this <i>volatile Salt</i>, and the Dog was
-very well next day. The Viper was made to bite the Dog again
-in the Tongue, and no Application being made, he died within
-a few Hours<a id='r66' /><a href='#f66' class='c019'><sup>[66]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f66'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r66'>66</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Dr. <i>Mead</i>’s Mechanical Account, p. 17.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>One of the first that made use of the Viper in medicinal Purposes,
-was (as my learned Author thinks) <i>Antonius Musa</i>, the famous
-Physician to <i>Octavius Cæsar</i>; of whom <i>Pliny</i> tells, <i>that when
-he met with incurable Ulcers, he ordered the eating of Vipers; and
-by this means they were quickly healed</i>. The same Author adds
-from <i>Porphyrius</i>, that the great <i>Greek</i> Physician <i>Craterus, very
-happily cured a miserable Slave, whose Skin in a strange manner fell
-off from his Bones</i>, by advising him to <i>feed upon Vipers, drest after
-the manner of Fish</i>. Ibid.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A late eminent Physician, speaking of Vipers, says,——’Tis
-certain, very noble Medicines are prepared from them, and
-a Wine from their Flesh, singular in consumptive, leprous, and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>scorbutick Cases: They afford also a <i>volatile Salt, the most generous
-Cordial in Nature</i><a id='r67' /><a href='#f67' class='c019'><sup>[67]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f67'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r67'>67</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Dr. <i>Charles Leigh</i>’s Natural History of —— p. 148.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Italy</i> is a subterraneous Cavern, called <i>Grotto de i Serpi</i>,
-large enough to hold two Persons, perforated like a Sieve; out of
-which, in the Spring, issues a numerous Brood of young Snakes,
-of divers Colours. In this Cave they expose their leprous, paralytic,
-arthritick Patients, where the Warmth of the Steams resolving
-them into Sweat, and then Serpents clinging variously all
-around, licking their naked Bodies, they are soon restored to
-Health, by repeating the Operation. This <i>Serpentine Cave</i> was
-visited by <i>Kircher</i>, the celebrated Philosopher and Mathematician;
-who says, he saw the Holes, and heard a murmuring hissing
-Noise in them, tho’ he did not see the Serpents, it not being their
-Season to creep out; yet he saw a great Number of their <i>Exuviæ</i>,
-or <i>Sloughs</i>, and an Elm at a small distance laden with them.
-The Discovery was by the Cure of a Leper going from <i>Rome</i>, who
-losing his way, and being benighted, happen’d upon this Cave,
-and finding it very warm, pull’d off his Clothes; and being weary
-and sleepy, had, says my Author, the Good-fortune not to feel
-the Serpents about him, till they had wrought his Cure. <i>Musæum
-Wormian. in Cyclopædia.</i></p>
-<p class='c033'>IV. <i>Serpents are not only Physick, but common Food in many
-Parts of the World, and esteemed a most delicious Entertainment.</i>
-Formerly, nothing more terrible to Men than these veneniferous
-Animals, but now (Men being better acquainted with
-their natural Qualities) are very familiar to many People; insomuch
-that there are but few Persons of Distinction, in <i>France</i>,
-and other Places, where they may be had, but make use of them,
-as <i>a good and most agreeable Diet</i>; and the ingenious Virtuoso
-makes living Vipers his Domestick Divertisement.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Italian</i> and <i>French Physicians</i> do commonly prescribe
-the <i>Broth</i> and <i>Jelly</i> of <i>Vipers</i>, to purify and invigorate the Mass
-of Blood, exhausted with Age and chronical Diseases.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>We read of the <i>Ophiophagi</i>, a People so called because they
-are <i>Serpent-Eaters</i>. It is observed from <i>Aristotle</i>, that the <i>Troglodytes</i>,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>who are <i>Africans</i>, not far from the <i>Arabian Gulph</i>, leading
-a pastoral Life, lived by hunting—and fed on Serpents<a id='r68' /><a href='#f68' class='c019'><sup>[68]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f68'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r68'>68</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Strabo</i>, lib. 16. Βιος νομαδιχος—<i>Cluverii Introduct.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among the <i>Andesian</i> Mountains in <i>America</i>, is a Serpent
-called <i>Juanna</i>, big as a Rabbit, has a spotted Skin, four Feet, and
-is never observed to have any Voice, is much eaten by the Inhabitants,
-and counted better Meat than Rabbits, as it is prepared by
-the <i>Barbarians</i><a id='r69' /><a href='#f69' class='c019'><sup>[69]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f69'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r69'>69</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ray</i>, p. 329. <i>Atl. Geograph. America</i>, p. 129.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Kanina Serpent</i> that feeds upon Birds, is eaten by the Inhabitants,
-the <i>Brasilians</i>, and their <i>Negro-Labourers</i>, after they
-cut off the Head and Tail. <i>Ibid.</i> The <i>Dutch</i>, <i>Portuguese</i>, and
-others in that Country, feed upon the <i>Lyboya Serpent</i>; ’tis of a
-prodigious, large Bulk, and described in another Place. <i>Ibid.</i> In
-old <i>Mexico</i>, we read how the <i>Indians</i> took a certain Serpent that
-carried thirty Young’s, which were each a Finger long, and crept
-about immediately; and the old one being above 20 Foot long,
-served the Natives for Venison<a id='r70' /><a href='#f70' class='c019'><sup>[70]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f70'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r70'>70</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atl. Geograph. for America</i>, from <i>Laet.</i> p. 628.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>AMERICUS Vespusius</i>, (a <i>Florentine</i>, who was the first, after
-<i>Columbus</i>, that discover’d <i>America</i>, and wrote the History of his
-four Years Voyages) says, he saw some Serpents in <i>America</i>,
-which the Inhabitants commonly feed upon: They were of diverse
-Colours, and as big as Kids. In the History of that Country, we
-find the Natives of the Land fed upon Adders, Serpents, Toads,——without
-any Scruple of Mind, or Injury to their Health.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Natives of <i>Tonquin</i>, a large Kingdom of <i>India</i>, beyond
-the <i>Ganges</i>, in treating their Friends, give them <i>Arrack</i>, a rich
-Cordial, in which Snakes and Scorpions have been infus’d; and is
-esteem’d an Antidote against all Poisons.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>INDIA</i> breeds Serpents in abundance of all Sizes, and Variety
-of most charming Colours: The People of <i>Siam</i> catch prodigious
-Numbers of them in the Woods, and expose them to
-Sale in the Markets, as Eels in <i>England</i>, for Animal Food<a id='r71' /><a href='#f71' class='c019'><sup>[71]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f71'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r71'>71</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Le Comte</i>’s Memoirs, p. 504.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Experiments have been made upon Animals, as Pigeons,
-Chickens—that were bit by Serpents, which have been eaten
-without any manner of Hurt, or painful Sensation; yea, Serpents
-that were slain have been given to Dogs, who fed upon them
-without danger, or any uneasiness<a id='r72' /><a href='#f72' class='c019'><sup>[72]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f72'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r72'>72</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Sr. <i>Redi</i>, p. 178.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>The <i>Circulatores</i>, or Dealers in Serpents, devour’d at their
-Tables even their Heads, and pour’d the Gall into their Cups
-when they drank, laughing at their Neighbours Timidity, who
-transform their Imaginations into Bug-bears.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Inhabitants of Mount <i>Athos</i>, between <i>Macedonia</i> and
-<i>Thracia</i>, are called <i>Macrobii</i>, that is <i>Long-livers</i>, or long-liv’d;
-and their Longevity is attributed to their feeding on Viper’s Flesh,
-which is a most elegant Nutritive<a id='r73' /><a href='#f73' class='c019'><sup>[73]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f73'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r73'>73</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>C. Gesner</i>, p. 76.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Ethiopians</i> are number’d among those who feed upon
-Serpents, as one valuable Branch of their sustenance.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Kingdom of <i>Congo</i> in <i>Africa</i>, the <i>Negroes</i> roast the Adders,
-and not only greedily feed upon them, but esteem them as
-a most delicious Food<a id='r74' /><a href='#f74' class='c019'><sup>[74]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f74'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r74'>74</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Purchas Pilgrim</i>, Part ii. l. 7.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>ST. HELENA</i>, one of the <i>African</i> Islands, abounds with Serpents
-which the <i>Dutch</i> eat as a greater Dainty than Eels<a id='r75' /><a href='#f75' class='c019'><sup>[75]</sup></a>. We read
-of a Man who liv’d at <i>Colonia Agrippina</i> in <i>Germany</i>, that fed upon
-Spiders, as the most delicate Dish.—<i>N. B.</i> This <i>Cologne</i> is
-called <i>Agrippina</i> from <i>Agrippina</i> the Mother of <i>Nero</i> (who poison’d
-<i>Claudius</i> her own Husband, to make <i>Nero</i> her Son Emperor)
-and would have the Town honoured with a <i>Roman</i> Colony, as
-being the Place of her Birth<a id='r76' /><a href='#f76' class='c019'><sup>[76]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f75'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r75'>75</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atl. Afric.</i> p. 741.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f76'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r76'>76</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Tacitus</i>’s Annals, Vol. 1. B. iv.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Cuba</i>, an <i>American</i> Island, they were pester’d with many
-sorts of Serpents, not so much from the ill Condition of the Soil,
-as by an old superstitious Whim of the Savages, who in former
-Times were not suffered to kill them, (this being a royal game,
-and a nice Dish reserved for the Higher Powers) and were not able
-afterwards to destroy them, when it would have been suffered<a id='r77' /><a href='#f77' class='c019'><sup>[77]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f77'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r77'>77</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Heylin</i>’s Cosmography, B. iv. p. 151.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Kalmuck Tartars</i> feed very much upon Snakes, Adders
-and Foxes——The <i>Syrians</i> eat Crocodiles, which live on the Land
-only.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>MITHRIDATE</i>, formerly one of the Capital Medicines in
-the Shops, has the Name from the Inventor, <i>viz.</i> <i>Mithridates</i>
-King of <i>Pontus</i>, who being overcome by <i>Pompey</i>, would have
-poison’d himself; but no Poison would work upon him, having
-accustom’d himself to eat Poison; thus described in an old Doggrel
-Rhyme, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span><i>King</i> Mithridates <i>cou’d not poison’d be,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>He drinking Poison oft, grew Poison-free</i>.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>After King <i>Mithridates</i> was vanquish’d, <i>Cneus Pompeius</i>
-found in his Closet the following Receipt, against Poison, writ
-with his own Hand, in this Manner, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>TAKE two dry Walnut-kernels, as many Figs, of Rue twenty
-Leaves, stamp all these together into one Mass, with a Grain of Salt.</i>——Under
-this Receipt was writ——<i>Whoever eats this Confection
-in the Morning fasting, no Poison shall hurt him that Day</i><a id='r78' /><a href='#f78' class='c019'><sup>[78]</sup></a>. In
-<i>America</i>, where Lizards are very good, they eat them, and so
-large, that one Lizard is enough to satisfy four Men. ’Tis very
-probable that they were eaten in <i>Arabia</i> and <i>Judea</i>, since <i>Moses</i>
-ranks them among the unclean Creatures<a id='r79' /><a href='#f79' class='c019'><sup>[79]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f78'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r78'>78</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Pliny</i>’s Natural Hist. Tom. ii. B. 23.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f79'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r79'>79</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Calmet in verbum——Hieronym.
-contra Jovinian.</i> lib. ii.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Though the Flesh of venemous Creatures be nutrimental,
-and eaten with a good Relish, in many Places, yet it must be allow’d
-our old Historiographers in some Things hyperbolize upon
-the Subject. Thus <i>Avicenna</i>, the great <i>Arabian</i> Doctor, and others,
-speak of a young Maid, who was fed with the Flesh of
-poisonous Creatures, from her tender Age; by which her Breath
-became venemous to those who stood by her. And thus <i>Porus</i>,
-a certain <i>Indian</i> King, is said to use Poison every Day, that he
-might kill others. It is a known History, adds he, of a young
-Woman, fed with Poison, with which the <i>Persian</i> Kings destroy’d
-whom they pleas’d.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Add to this another traditional Opinion, <i>viz.</i> that some particular
-Persons have an evil Eye, which affects Children and Cattle;
-yea, that some have this unhappy Faculty, tho’ at the same Time
-void of any ill Design. This has been an old Tradition, as appears
-from that of the Poet<a id='r80' /><a href='#f80' class='c019'><sup>[80]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f80'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r80'>80</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos.</i> See
-<i>Martin</i> on the Western Islands, <i>p.</i> 122, 123.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>On the Mountains of <i>Ceylon</i> in the <i>East-Indies</i>, are Serpents of
-such vast Size, that they swallow young Cattle: Their Flesh is
-very delicate, and has a most pleasing Taste; therefore is very
-much eaten.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>This Island of <i>Ceylon</i> is one of the most charming Situation on
-the Earth, the Key and Glory of the <i>Indies</i>; the Air so temperate,
-that, properly speaking, they feel neither Heat nor Cold; the Vales
-and Hills are always covered with Flowers, the Fields cover’d
-with Fruits of all Sorts; and in the Woods are Serpents call’d <i>Lizards</i>,
-full three Hands long, whose Flesh is excellent Meat<a id='r81' /><a href='#f81' class='c019'><sup>[81]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f81'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r81'>81</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ribeyro</i>’s History of <i>Ceylon</i>, presented to
-the King of <i>Portugal</i>, 1685, translated out of <i>Portuguese</i>
-into <i>French</i>, printed at <i>Trevoux</i>, 1701.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the second Part is a more ample Description of <i>Ceylon</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Iguana</i> Serpent is amphibious, lays numerous Eggs, grateful
-to the Taste, is very good Nourishment, preferable to <i>Spanish</i>
-Rabbits; and in the City of <i>Mexico</i> these Serpents are brought to
-the Markets, especially in the quadragesimal Days.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A <i>Spanish</i> Historian says, the <i>Iguanas</i> are shap’d like the <i>Alligators</i>,
-very ugly, as big as Lap-dogs, of several Colours; the
-<i>Spaniards</i> observe, that their Flesh tastes like the Pheasants, and
-feed upon it with pleasure<a id='r82' /><a href='#f82' class='c019'><sup>[82]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f82'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r82'>82</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Herrera</i>’s Hist. Vol. ii. p. 14.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The learned <i>Ray</i>, speaking of the <i>Liboya</i>, that monstrous
-<i>American</i> Serpent, says, that after it has swallow’d a large Animal,
-its Head grows heavy and sleepy, that it can neither run nor
-fight; the Hunters finding it in this stupid Posture, soon strangle
-him with a Rope; and being kill’d, cut the Carcass into Parcels,
-and sell the Flesh for Food, which is reckon’d a delightful
-Entertainment<a id='r83' /><a href='#f83' class='c019'><sup>[83]</sup></a>. The same Author adds, that both <i>Africans</i>
-and <i>Americans</i> having cut off the Head and Tail of the <i>Kanina</i>
-Serpent, eat the Body as part of their constant Repast. <i>Ibid.</i>
-328.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f83'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r83'>83</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Raii Synopsis</i>, p. 334,—<i>Solo reste</i>—<i>caroque ejus pro
-cibo gratissimo venditur</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>BRASILIAN</i> Serpents call’d <i>Lizards</i> are slay’d, broil’d as
-little Fishes, and eaten by the Negroes or Blackmoors that are transported
-into that Country from <i>Africa</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I am inform’d of a Gentleman of the Law at <i>Ludlow</i>, who
-having prick’d a living Toad in various Parts, sucks its Moisture,
-and leaves it as must a Skeleton as the Purse of a Client.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus we see that the Almighty is so far from being chargeable
-with Defect of Wisdom and Goodness, in forming of Serpents,
-that both as Food and Physick, they may be equally improv’d
-to our Advantage.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>I shall only add one Remark here, that if Serpents, and other
-venemous Creatures, are hurtful to us, ’tis only by Accident, that
-is, they are not vexatious to us, of Necessity, but through our own
-Ignorance, Carelessness, or Mistake; <i>e. gr.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c032'>“The Birds we call <i>Stares</i>, safely feed upon <i>Hemlock</i>; <i>Storks</i>
-feed on Adders, and Slow-Worms; which, and other hurtful
-Creatures, would be as harmless to ourselves, had we always
-Caution enough to avoid them, or Wit enough to use them as
-we should. Thus <i>Aloes</i> has the Property of promoting Hæmorrhages;
-but this Property is good or bad, as ’tis used: if by one
-that has the <i>Green Sickness</i>, it will prove a good Medicine; if
-by one subject to a <i>Dysentery</i>, or to spitting of Blood, a pernicious
-Poison.”<a id='r84' /><a href='#f84' class='c019'><sup>[84]</sup></a></p>
-
-<div class='fn c036'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f84'>
-<p class='c037'><span class='label'><a href='#r84'>84</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Dr. <i>Neh. Grew</i>’s <i>Cosmologia Sacra</i>, B. iii.
-cap. 2. p. 103.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>And it is very probable, that the most dangerous Poisons skilfully
-managed, may be made, not only innocuous, but, of all other
-Medicines, the most effectual. Opium corrected, loses its narcotic
-Quality, and is safely given in great Doses, in Fluxes, Catarrhs,
-and convulsive Cases.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is generally agreed, there is no Part of a Viper, not even
-the Gall itself, but may be swallowed without harm; accordingly
-the Ancients, and, as several Authors of Credit assure us, the <i>Indians</i>
-and others at this day, both of the East and West, eat them,
-as we do, Eels.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Spontaneous Productions of the Earth were the first Food,
-and still are the Sustenance of numerous Nations. It was some
-time before they came to the Juices of Cattle, as Milk, and longer
-before they commenced carnivorous, and devoured their Fellow-Animals.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some think the Fruits of the Earth were intended as Man’s
-sole Food, and that nothing but Necessity or Luxury first prompted
-to feed upon Flesh: And indeed, by the Structure of Man’s
-Teeth, it looks as if they were not proper to devour Flesh; and
-that Nature had rather intended and prepared them for cutting
-Herbs, Roots,——than, for tearing of Flesh. Yea, Children don’t
-affect Animal Food, till their Palates be vitiated by Custom; and,
-further, when we feed upon Flesh, it must be prepared by roasting
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>or boiling, which makes it harder of Digestion, than all other
-Animal Food; and therefore forbid in Fevers, and other Distempers.</p>
-<hr class='c030' />
-<h3 class='c001'>SECTION VIII.</h3>
-
-<p class='c031'><i>That venemous Creatures have been made Instruments of divine
-and human Vengeance, is most evident.</i> The romantic
-Account given in Antiquity, of strange Feats done by a poisonous
-Breath—does not affect the Truth of this Proposition.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Antients divided Serpents, into good and evil Ministers;
-thus the <i>Egyptians</i> looked upon some of them to be Administrators
-of Mercy, and others to be Messengers of Justice. <i>Osiris</i><a id='r85' /><a href='#f85' class='c019'><sup>[85]</sup></a>
-one of their Gods, is said to send out Serpents, to chastise
-Evil-Doers<a id='r86' /><a href='#f86' class='c019'><sup>[86]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f85'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r85'>85</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line in4'>——δρακων επι νωτα δαφωινος</div>
- <div class='line'>Σμερδαλεος, του ῥ’ αυτος ολυμπιος ηκε φοως δε.</div>
- <div class='line'>Hom. Iliad. B.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote c026' id='f86'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r86'>86</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian. Hist. Animalium.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>When the Church of <i>Israel</i> murmured against God in the
-Wilderness, and censured the Conduct of Providence, he employs
-an Army of Serpents as his Agents, to correct the Rebels.——Plagues,
-and other pestilential Diseases, were, in old times, reputed
-to be the Messengers of the Gods, and commissioned by them, to
-execute Wrath upon the Wicked.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some of the Heathens had exalted Notions of Virtue, and
-believed Men of Virtue to be the Favourites of the Gods, and
-that a vicious Life, being opposite to the Sanctity of their Nature,
-they could not let it pass with Impunity.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>An Instance to this purpose we have in the History of the
-Apostles, <i>Acts</i> xxviii. 1-6. The <i>Island</i> was called <i>Melita</i>.
-<i>And when Paul had gathered a Bundle of Sticks, and laid
-them on the Fire, there came a Viper out of the Heat, and fastened on
-his Hand. And when the Barbarians saw the venemous Beast hang
-on his Hand; they said among themselves, No doubt this Man is a
-Murderer, tho’ he has escaped the Sea, yet Vengeance</i> (δικη, <i>Justice</i>)
-<i>suffers not to live——They looked when he should have swoln, or faln</i>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span><i>down—And when they saw no harm come to him, they changed
-their Mind, and said he was a God.</i> <i>How</i> came they to alter their
-Opinion? Because, according to their Divinity, none else could
-thus command, and controul a venemous Serpent, which was one
-of the <i>Messengers of the Gods</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>“No venemous Beasts, according to the fabulous Tradition, will
-live in the Island, which they ascribe to St. <i>Paul</i>’s Blessing, when
-he was shipwreck’d there.” They shew the Cave where they
-pretend he resided, and reckon the Earth of it, an Antidote against
-Poison.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>From this historical Passage, ’tis evident, that these Barbarians
-did believe a <i>Providence</i>, and the Doctrine of <i>Divine Justice</i>,
-which <i>Justice</i> they openly adored, under the Name of <i>Vindicta</i>, or
-<i>Nemesis</i>, which was the <i>Goddess</i> of <i>Revenge</i>, whose Province was to
-inspect the moral Conduct of all Men, and distribute Rewards and
-Punishments as the Case required. It was painted in the same
-manner as <i>Justice</i>, with a Pair of <i>Scales</i> in one hand, and a <i>Sword</i>
-in the other.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Ethiopia</i>, we read of a large Country, this side the <i>Cynamolgi</i>,
-that was laid waste, and entirely depopulated by Scorpions,
-before whom, the Inhabitants not being able to stand, fled for
-their Lives. The same Desolation was made by the Scorpions at
-<i>Salamin</i>, an island not far from <i>Athens</i>, called the <i>Island of Dragons</i>,
-for which <i>Lycophron</i> is quoted<a id='r87' /><a href='#f87' class='c019'><sup>[87]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f87'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r87'>87</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Conrad. Gesner. de Scorp.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Inhabitants of <i>Amyclæ</i>, a Town in <i>Italy</i>, were destroyed
-by Serpents, being, as ’tis said, of the <i>Pythagorean Race</i>, whose
-Laws forbid to kill Animals, and by suffering these venemous
-Creatures to multiply without Controul, they became insufferable<a id='r88' /><a href='#f88' class='c019'><sup>[88]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f88'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r88'>88</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ibid.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Inhabitants of <i>Pescara</i>, an antient City in <i>Africa</i>, were
-constrained to forsake their Habitations in <i>Summer</i>, by reason of
-<i>Scorpions</i> that were very numerous, and in that Season, their Sting
-most dangerous: In Winter, when their Wounds were less dangerous,
-the Refugees turned to their Houses<a id='r89' /><a href='#f89' class='c019'><sup>[89]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f89'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r89'>89</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atl. Geogr.</i> p. 319.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>DIODORUS SICULUS</i> observes how many Regions
-have been deserted, for this reason; both People and Cattle being
-driven away by an Army of <i>Scorpions</i>, and their Allies.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>In the <i>Canary-Islands</i>, these venemous Animals are more dreaded
-than the Pestilence. ’Tis said they are hunted and taken by the
-<i>Turks</i>, who prepare the <i>Oil</i> of <i>Scorpions</i> from them<a id='r90' /><a href='#f90' class='c019'><sup>[90]</sup></a>. In <i>India</i>,
-about the <i>Arrahban-Lake</i>, the Country has been intirely dispeopled
-by these mischievous Creatures. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f90'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r90'>90</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Conrad. Gesner.</i> p. 29.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In Times of War, Serpents have been prest into the Service.
-Thus <i>Heliogabalus</i> (Emperor of <i>Rome</i>, so called because he was
-<i>Priest</i> of the <i>Sun</i> before his Election) having, by his <i>Sacerdotal
-Incantators</i>, or sacred Conjurers, gathered together several Serpents,
-contrived a Method to turn them loose, before day, among
-his Enemies, which soon put them into a terrible Hurry, and a
-Motion, that was a Trial for their Lives; the Sight of the crooked
-Serpent being far more dreadful, than the Whizzing of a straight
-Arrow<a id='r91' /><a href='#f91' class='c019'><sup>[91]</sup></a>. The same Author informs us of Snakes thrown by a
-Sling-Staff into the Camp of the Barbarians, which did great Execution.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f91'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r91'>91</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Gesner. de Scorp.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>King <i>Prusias</i> being overcome by King <i>Eumenes</i>, by Land, and
-intending to try his Fate by Sea, <i>Hannibal</i>, by a new Invention,
-made him victorious. The Stratagem was this: <i>Hannibal</i> having
-procured a great Number of Serpents, put them into earthen
-Vessels; and by another Device, and in midst of the Engagement,
-convey’d them into <i>Antiochus</i>’s Fleet, which proved more
-dreadful than Fire-balls, and feather’d Weapons, that flew amongst
-them. At first, it seemed ridiculous to the <i>Romans</i>, that they
-should arm themselves, and fight with <i>earthen Pots</i>; but when
-they were broken, an Army of Snakes rush’d out, which so terrified
-the Marines, that they immediately yielded the Victory to
-<i>Prusias</i>, the <i>Carthaginian</i> Hero’s Friend<a id='r92' /><a href='#f92' class='c019'><sup>[92]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f92'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r92'>92</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Justini Hist.</i> lib.
-xxxii. ad finem.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>We read in History, how <i>Juno</i>, out of her hatred to <i>Hercules</i>,
-sent two dreadful Serpents to devour him in the Cradle, which
-he soon crush’d with his Infant-Hands.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It was common among the <i>Antient Swedes</i>, to send out certain
-Flies (which they pretended to be their Familiars) to plague
-their Enemies. They also made <i>Magical Balls</i> for the same purpose,
-boasting how they thereby conveyed Serpents into their Enemies
-Bodies.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>The <i>Laplanders</i> had their <i>Magical Tyre</i>, which was a Ball
-about the Bigness of a small Apple, (made of Moss, or Hair of
-Beasts) which, they say, is quickned and moved by a particular
-Art; they persuade themselves, that by this <i>Tyre</i>, they can send
-Serpents, or what they please, into any Man, to torment him.
-When this <i>Ball</i> is thrown, it goes like a Whirlwind, and as swift
-as a pointed Arrow<a id='r93' /><a href='#f93' class='c019'><sup>[93]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f93'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r93'>93</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Schefferus</i>’s History of <i>Lapland</i>, cap. xi. p. 60.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Book of <i>Daniel</i>, mention is made of several kinds of
-Magicians in <i>Chaldea</i>, under King <i>Nebuchadnezzar</i>; one is <i>Mecasphim</i>,
-a word which by St. <i>Jerome</i>, and the <i>Greeks</i> is translated
-<i>Malefici</i>, <i>Inchanters</i>, such People as make use of noxious Herbs
-and Drugs, the Blood of Victims, and Bones of the Dead, for
-their superstitious Operations<a id='r94' /><a href='#f94' class='c019'><sup>[94]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f94'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r94'>94</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Calmet</i>’s Hist. Crit.—Dictionary.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c032'>“The Tyrants of <i>Japonia</i> invented a strange Punishment for
-those who confessed Christ.——They hung them with their
-Heads downwards, half their Bodies into a large Hole digged in
-the Earth, which they filled with <i>Snakes</i>, <i>Lizards</i>, and other
-poisonous Vermin; but even those (says my Right Reverend
-Author, the learned and pious Bishop <i>Taylor</i>) were better Companions
-than those infernal Dragons in the Pit of Hell<a id='r95' /><a href='#f95' class='c019'><sup>[95]</sup></a>.”</p>
-<p class='c034'>The <i>Romans</i>, when they punish’d any for <i>Parricide</i>, to
-express their Abhorrence of so heinous a Murder, they shut him up in a
-Sack, with a Serpent, an Ape, and a Cock.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f95'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r95'>95</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Contemplations</i>, Book ii. chap. 6.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<p class='c013'>To these Instances, I shall add, that the Attendants of <i>Pluto</i>,
-Prince of the Infernal Regions, are represented in a <i>Serpentine
-Habit</i>, viz. the <i>Furies</i>, <i>Harpies</i>——</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In his Train, are three <i>Diræ</i>, <i>Eumenides</i>, or Furies, <i>viz.</i> <i>Alecto</i>,
-<i>Megæra</i>, and <i>Tysiphone</i>, whose Heads are covered with long
-and dreadful Snakes, instead of Hair, with Whips, Chains, and
-flaming Torches, in their Hands, to punish the Guilty. These
-also attended the Throne of <i>Jove</i>, and were accounted to be Messengers
-of the Gods, whose Office it was to execute their Decrees
-in the Infliction of Calamities upon Mortals.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>These <i>Furies</i> had their Temples and Worshippers, and were
-described in Figures of so frightful a Form, that they durst scarce
-mention their Names without Horror.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span><i>TYSIPHONE</i>, one of them, enraged at an innocent
-Youth, pluck’d off one of her Snakes, and threw it at him, which
-wound about his Body, and immediately strangled him. Some
-say, that we see these three Furies on a Medal of the Emperor
-<i>Philip</i>, struck at <i>Antioch</i>, on whose Reverse are represented three
-Women, arm’d with a Key, burning Torches, Poniards, and Serpents.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Daffodil was sacred to the Furies, and such as offered
-Sacrifice to them were crowned with it<a id='r96' /><a href='#f96' class='c019'><sup>[96]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f96'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r96'>96</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>From <i>Eustathius</i>, on the first Book of the <i>Iliad</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>As soon as departed Souls had been examined by <i>Minos</i>, <i>Radamanthus</i>,
-and <i>Æacus</i>, and found guilty, and Sentence past, they
-were delivered to the Furies, who cast them down headlong into
-<i>Tartarus</i>, the Place of Torment,—and all those who had lived
-well, were conducted to the <i>Elysian</i> Fields.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>HOMER</i> speaks of them as the Executioners of Justice upon
-false Swearers, among other Instances:</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Infernal Furies, and Tartarean Gods,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Who rule the Dead, and horrid Woes prepare</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>For perjur’d Kings, and all who falsly swear.</i></div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>The <i>Harpies</i><a id='r97' /><a href='#f97' class='c019'><sup>[97]</sup></a> were monstrous and cruel Birds describ’d with
-Women’s Faces, and <i>Dragons Tails</i>, to render them more formidable
-to Mankind: The Ancients looked upon them as Dæmons
-or Genii, which last <i>Homer</i> calls <i>Podarge</i>. About <i>Kaskan</i> in
-<i>Persia</i>, is a fine and fertile Country, but plagued with Multitudes
-of <i>Scorpions</i>, which haunt the Inhabitants, especially in that
-Town (one of the most populous and eminent Marts in that Empire)
-where the Inhabitants, for fear of that venemous Animal,
-dare not sleep upon the Floor (as in other Places, where they only
-throw a Quilt upon the Tapestry) but have light Couches,
-hanging down from the Roof, like Seamens Hammocks, or hanging
-Beds on ship-board.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f97'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r97'>97</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Aello</i>, <i>Ocypete</i>, and <i>Celæno</i>, Virg. Æneid. lib. 3.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>They have indeed a ready Help against its venemous Wounds,
-which is made of the Filings of Copper, tempered with <i>Vinegar</i>
-and <i>Honey</i>, which proves a speedy Cure; but if neglected, the
-Patient is in danger of his Life. This, says the Historian,
-I presume, has been first found out by the antipathetick Quality,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>which seems to be between <i>Scorpions</i> and <i>Copper</i>; for not far
-from the City is the Copper-Mine, where, as before, if one of
-these Animals be brought, it dies immediately. <i>Q. Whether this
-be not</i> Herbert<i>’s</i> Parthian?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Yea, to render a future State terrible to Mortals, the Heathens,
-speaking of departed Souls, feigned, that at their Descent from
-<i>Charon</i>’s Boat (who was the Ferryman of Hell) they met <i>Cerberus</i>,
-a monstrous Dog, with three Heads, who was covered all
-over with <i>Serpents</i>, instead of Hair. There was the Monster
-<i>Chimæra</i> that vomited Fire, her Head like a <i>Lion</i>, Middle like a
-<i>Goat</i>, and her Tail like a furious <i>Dragon</i>; so sings the Poet:</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>——Cerberus, <i>who soon began to rear</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>His crested Snakes—he gapes with three enormous Mouths</i>.</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Dryden’s Virgil.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>So another:</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>For as the</i> Pope <i>that keeps the Gate</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Of Heaven, wears three Crowns of State;</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>So he, that keeps the Gates of Hell,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Proud</i> Cerberus, <i>wears three Heads as well.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>And, if the World have any Troth,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Some have been canoniz’d in both</i>.</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Hudibras.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>But further, we may observe, that besides this frightful Appearance
-of Serpents to salute their Entrance into Hell, there was
-Variety of Punishments for them when there. Thus the <i>Danaides</i>
-were condemned to <i>Tartarus</i> by the Poets, to be continually employed
-in filling a Cask perforated at the bottom; <i>Phlegas</i>, condemned
-by <i>Apollo</i> to Hell, where he sat upon a rolling Stone, in
-constant danger of falling into a Pit of greater Misery; <i>Tityus</i>,
-adjudged to Hell, where a Vultur feeds on his Liver, and the
-Liver always grows with the Moon: Nay, such were the horrible
-Preparations in Hell, that <i>Virgil</i><a id='r98' /><a href='#f98' class='c019'><sup>[98]</sup></a>, after a Survey of it, declares,
-that had he a hundred Mouths and Tongues, they would not suffice
-to recount all the Plagues of the Tortured: so that it is no
-wonder to see them represent the infernal Prison in Figures the
-most frightful.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f98'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r98'>98</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Æneid.</i> lib. vi. ver. 638.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>And as the Heathen had their terrible Place for bad Men, so,
-to prompt them to Virtue, they had their <i>Elysium</i>, i. e. a Place of
-Pleasure in <i>Hades</i>, furnished with most pleasant Fields, agreeable
-Woods, Groves, Shades, Rivers; whither the Souls of good People
-were supposed to go after this Life. These are finely described
-by the Poet:</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>——<i>locos lætos &amp; amœna virenta</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Fortunatorum nemorum sedesque beatas</i>.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='figcenter id003'>
-<img src='images/i050.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c012' />
-</div>
-<div class='figcenter id002'>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>
-<img src='images/i001.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>A</div>
- <div class='c026'><span class='c027'>NATURAL HISTORY</span></div>
- <div class='c026'>OF</div>
- <div class='c026'><em class='gesperrt'><span class='c028'>SERPENTS</span></em></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<hr class='c010' />
-<div class='chapter'>
- <h2 class='c029'>PART II.</h2>
-</div>
-<p class='c040'><i>Which gives a View of most Serpents that are known
-in the several Parts of the World, describ’d by their
-various Names, different Countries, Qualities</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
-
-<hr class='c030' />
-
-<p class='c013'>The Serpents are a numerous Tribe, and their Dominions
-of large Extent, lying both in Sea and Land: No part
-of the World but what is replenish’d with them, more
-or less, in some form or other. In describing them, I shall begin
-with,</p>
-<p class='c033'>I. The <i>Viper</i>, or <i>Adder</i>, a subtle and poisonous Creature,
-slender in Body, about a Foot and half long, with fiery and flaming
-Eyes, a long and cloven Tongue, which when irritated, it
-darts forth with Violence, and looks like a glowing Firebrand;
-has a big Head, and flattest of the serpentine kind.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>It is slow in its motion, and does not leap like other Serpents,
-but is very nimble to bite when provok’d. The Scales under
-the Body resemble that of well-polish’d Steel. They appear
-in divers Colours, yellow, ash, green; and others of <i>Libya</i>, like
-the Inhabitants, of a blackish Hue; its Front not unlike that of
-a Hog.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>VIPERS</i> of other Nations, are supposed to be larger than
-the <i>European</i>, especially the <i>Troglodite-Viper</i><a id='r99' /><a href='#f99' class='c019'><sup>[99]</sup></a>, which is said to
-be above fifteen Cubits long: and the Historian adds, viz. <i>That
-there are no domestick Vipers</i>. I presume, he means they are not
-brought up among the Children of the Family, as some Serpents
-are said to have been; this little venemous Reptile being of a
-more mischievous Nature<a id='r100' /><a href='#f100' class='c019'><sup>[100]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f99'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r99'>99</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian de Nat. Animal.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f100'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r100'>100</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Conrad. Gesner. Hist.</i> p. 75.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Viper</i> differs from the <i>Snake</i> in bulk, being not so large,
-and their Scales more sharp, and Head more large: They also
-differ in this, <i>viz.</i> Snakes lay their Eggs, twenty, thirty, sixty,
-and a hundred sometimes, in one Nest, not quite so large as that
-of a Magpye (which are inclosed with a whitish Skin, but not
-with Scales) in Dunghills and other warm Situations, where they
-are hatch’d by adventitious Heat, commonly call’d Adders in this
-Country; whereas Vipers make use of their own Matrix, and
-bring forth live Vipers: Their young ones come forth wrapt up
-in thin Skins, which break on the third day, and set the little
-venemous Creatures at liberty, therefore rank’d among the viviparous
-Animals.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Their Births are much like young Snigs for Bulk; they generally
-bring forth about twenty young ones, but only one each
-day. It is observ’d of the Viper, that its Internals are not fetid,
-like those of some other Serpents, that are intolerable.
-The Eggs of <i>Lizard-Serpents</i>, which are so much esteem’d
-in the <i>French-Islands</i> of <i>America</i>, are of the same Size and Figure
-as those of Pigeons, and are generally used in all sorts of Sauces:
-When the Females lay their Eggs, they make a Hole in the Sand,
-and cover them with it, and the Heat of the Sun is sufficient to
-hatch them<a id='r101' /><a href='#f101' class='c019'><sup>[101]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f101'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r101'>101</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Fevillee’s Journal of the Phil. Math. and Bot. Obs.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>ALBERTUS</i> is quoted for a Battle between a Viper and a
-Magpye, occasioned by her creeping up into a Magpye’s Nest,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>and devouring her Brood in the Mother’s absence, who upon
-her Return made a hideous clattering, which soon brought in its
-Mate; whereupon both, with united Beaks, fell upon the Plunderer,
-and after a sharp Engagement demolish’d the Enemy.</p>
-
-<p class='c032'>Father <i>Fevillee</i> in the Woods of the Island <i>Martinique</i>,
-“being frighted by a large Serpent, which he could not well
-avoid, his Dog immediately fell on, and took the Serpent
-by the Head: The Serpent surrounded him and press’d him
-so violently, that the Blood came out of his Mouth; and
-yet the Dog never ceased till he had entirely tore it to pieces.
-The Dog was not sensible of his Wounds during the Fight,
-but soon after, his Head prick’d by the Serpent swell’d prodigiously,
-and he lay on the ground as dead; but his Master having
-found hard by a <i>Bananier</i>, which is a very watry Tree, he
-cured him with the Juice of it, and some Treacle<a id='r102' /><a href='#f102' class='c019'><sup>[102]</sup></a>.”</p>
-<div class='fn c036'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f102'>
-<p class='c037'><span class='label'><a href='#r102'>102</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Fevillee’s Journal of the Phil. Math. and Bot. Obser.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>The <i>Viper</i> is common in some parts of <i>France</i>, especially
-in <i>Dauphiny</i> and in <i>Poictou</i>, from whence all
-the Vipers come that are
-sold in <i>Paris</i>. They are usually taken with wooden Tongs, or
-by the end of the Tail, which may be done without danger; for
-while held in that Position, they can’t wind themselves up to hurt
-their Enemy. The Viper-Catchers have their Specificks, in which
-they can safely confide, as not to be afraid of being bitten; which
-they say is <i>the Fat of a Viper</i>, immediately rubb’d into the Wound,
-which is one of the most venemous in the animal World.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>These Vipers are usually put and kept in a Box with Bran
-or Moss; not that these Ingredients serve to feed upon, as some
-may fancy; because ’tis said, <i>they never eat after they are taken</i>
-and confin’d, but live on the Air, and will live so, many Months:
-But more hereafter. <i>The Destruction</i> of Vipers by human Spittle,
-the Coition of the Marine with Lampreys, the pregnant Viper
-biting off her Companion’s Head, and the Revenge of it by the
-Younglings——I place among vulgar Errors.</p>
-<p class='c033'>II. The <i>Amodytes</i> is a Serpent very venemous and fierce, of a
-sandy Colour, black Spots, and of about a Cubit long. The Wound
-given by the Female, the weaker Vessel, is said to be most dangerous:
-Its Jaws are larger than the common Vipers, and from
-some Eminencies upon the Head, like a Tuft of Flesh, is called
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span><i>Cornutus</i>. Its Wounds prove fatal without a speedy Cure. It is
-found in <i>Lybia</i>, a Limb of <i>Africa</i>, and also in <i>Illyricum</i>, and in
-some parts of <i>Italy</i><a id='r103' /><a href='#f103' class='c019'><sup>[103]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f103'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r103'>103</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Comitatu imprimis Goritiensi invenitur.</i>—<i>Ray.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Serpent is called <i>Cornutus</i>, a horned Beast<a id='r104' /><a href='#f104' class='c019'><sup>[104]</sup></a>. Of this
-Form, is a numerous Herd; we read, that in the <i>Roman</i> Army
-was a Band of Foot Soldiers called <i>Cornuti</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f104'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r104'>104</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lucan. Pharsal.</i> lib. ix.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Upon the Continent of <i>America</i> are Bulls and Cows, that
-have no Horns, says Dr. <i>Ch. Leigh</i>——who adds,</p>
-<p class='c032'>“The Defect
-of <i>Horns</i> in these Beasts, brings into my mind a remarkable
-Phenomenon of one <i>Alice Green</i>, whose Picture I have seen in
-<i>Whalley-Abby</i>, in <i>Lancashire</i>. This Woman had <i>two Horns</i>
-which grew out of the back-part of her Head; they grew
-backwards like those of Rams, and were about three Inches
-long; these she cast once in three Years, and had always intolerable
-Pains, before the Horns broke out<a id='r105' /><a href='#f105' class='c019'><sup>[105]</sup></a>.”</p>
-<div class='fn c036'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f105'>
-<p class='c037'><span class='label'><a href='#r105'>105</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>His <i>Natural History of Lancashire</i>, Book ii. p.3.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>He might have mentioned another innocent Creature, on
-whose Head a treacherous Companion inoculates a Scion, which
-intitles him to the Title of Cuckold, a word derived from <i>Cuckows</i>,
-who having no Beds of their own, invade their Neighbour’s. Of
-the <i>Cuckow</i> ’tis said, that having no Nest, she takes possession of
-some other Bird’s Nest, destroys the Eggs, and lays in it an Egg
-of her own, which the innocent Bird brings forth and nurses for
-its own<a id='r106' /><a href='#f106' class='c019'><sup>[106]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f106'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r106'>106</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Dr. <i>Willoughby</i>, who writ the History of Birds, affirms this Account of the
-Cuckow to be true upon his own Knowledge, according to Mr. <i>Ray</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>III. The <i>Cerastes</i> is a Serpent of the viperine Kind; its Head
-resembles the <i>Cornigerous</i>; it belongs to the <i>Libyan</i> and <i>Nubian</i>
-Family: Its Teeth are like those of the Viper, and it brings its
-Successors into the World after the same manner.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Its Constitution is very dry, which refines and exalts its Poison,
-and makes it more dangerous; the Wound is generally attended
-with Distraction, and continual pricking as with Needles.
-Some say, ’tis of a whitish Colour, others arenaceous; it loves
-sandy Habitations, where it often surprises the unwary Traveller:
-And all agree ’tis of a most cruel Nature; and therefore in some
-Places ’twas made the Executioner of Malefactors<a id='r107' /><a href='#f107' class='c019'><sup>[107]</sup></a>, as the Juice
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>of the <i>Cicuta</i>, (an Herb like our <i>Hemlock</i>) was among the <i>Athenians</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f107'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r107'>107</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nunc potes actutum insidiatoremque Cerasten—Non is corpus habet, sed quatuor
-aut duo profert Cornua.</i> Nicander in Ther.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div id='pl-1' class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i054.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic004'>
-<p><i>Plate 1<sup>st</sup></i></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some say ’tis of the aspick kind, as the <i>Arabians</i>; in length a
-Cubit or more, with two Horns on the Head, resembling Snail-Shells:
-It lies perdue near travelling Paths, and is very crafty in
-decoying little Birds into the Snare.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Its Wounds soon kill, if one of the <i>Psyllian</i> People be not immediately
-called in. <i>N. B.</i> These <i>Psylli</i> are a noted People of
-<i>Syrenaica</i> in <i>Africa</i>, endued with a natural Faculty of destroying
-Serpents upon sight, and curing their Wounds by a Touch of the
-Hand of whom we have this Account, <i>viz.</i> ... <i>Crates</i> of <i>Pergamus</i>
-says, that about <i>Parium</i> in the <i>Hellespont</i>, there were Men,
-named <i>Ophiogenes</i>, who cured those wounded by Serpents with a
-Touch. <i>Varro</i> testifies there were some of them in his time.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>AGATHERCIDES</i> writes, that in <i>Africa</i> the <i>Psyllians</i>
-(a People so called from King <i>Psyllus</i>, from whom they were descended,
-and whose Sepulchre is to be seen at this day in the greater
-<i>Syrtes</i>) did in the same manner heal People wounded by Serpents.
-’Tis said they had some extraordinary Quality in their Nature, that
-would suddenly kill all Serpents.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It was by these they tried the Chastity of their Wives, thus,
-<i>viz.</i> When a Child was born, and its Legitimacy questionable,
-they laid it in a <i>great Vessel</i> full of these <i>cerastick Serpents</i>, that
-immediately breathed Destruction; but when they came near the
-Child, their Rage soften’d, and they immediately fled from it;
-which proved the Legitimacy of the Child, that he was a true
-<i>Psyllian</i>, born in lawful Wedlock, because Serpents could not
-poison it, nor endure its Presence<a id='r108' /><a href='#f108' class='c019'><sup>[108]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f108'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r108'>108</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>In dolium cerastarum plenum infantem conjicere</i>,
-Ælian. lib. i. cap. 57. Gyllii Accessio, cap. 37. <i>N. B.</i> If the
-Child was begotten by a Stranger, ’twas killed by Poison; if lawfully
-begotten, the Privilege of his Father’s Blood protected him against
-the Venom.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>However this romantic Account may appear, it may doubtless
-be philosophically accounted for by Effluviums emitted from
-their Bodies, that proved fatal to Serpents.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>English</i> Annotator upon <i>Lucan</i>, who was Nephew to
-<i>Seneca</i>, observes much to the same purpose, when he says, These
-<i>Psylli</i> (a People inhabiting those parts of <i>Africa</i> called <i>Marmarica</i>,
-bordering on the <i>Nile</i>) are fortify’d by Nature with an incredible
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>Privilege against the Strength of Poison, and sustain no Harm by
-the biting of Serpents.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Serpents, says <i>Pliny</i>, are afraid of them, and when others
-are bitten by them, these <i>Psyllians</i> by sucking the Wounds, cure
-them.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Marsians</i> in <i>Italy</i>, ’tis said, are still in possession of this
-natural Power against Serpents, and are supposed to descend from
-the Son of <i>Circe</i>, the famous Enchantress.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Trial of Childrens Legitimacy by Serpents, puts me in
-mind of Hereditary Right; whose Title was try’d by the <i>Fatal-Stone</i>,
-on which the <i>Irish Monarchs</i> used to be inaugurated on the
-Hill of <i>Tarah</i>; and which being inclosed in a <i>Wooden-Chair</i>, was
-made to emit a Sound under the rightful Candidate, when he sat
-in it; but was quite silent under one who had no Title, or not a
-good one; that is, one who was not for the Druidick Priest’s
-Turn.</p>
-
-<p class='c032'>“This Stone was sent to confirm the <i>Irish</i> Colony in <i>Scotland</i>,
-where it continued to be the Coronation-Chair till in the Year
-1300, <i>Edward</i> I. of <i>England</i> brought it from <i>Scoon</i>, and placed
-it under the Coronation-Chair at <i>Westminster</i><a id='r109' /><a href='#f109' class='c019'><sup>[109]</sup></a>; and there it
-still remains, is used in the Coronation, the antientest respected
-Monument in the World<a id='r110' /><a href='#f110' class='c019'><sup>[110]</sup></a>. The Vulgar call it <i>Jacob</i>’s Stone,
-as if this had been his Pillow at <i>Bethel</i>.”</p>
-<p class='c034'><i>Note</i>, Antique Appearances
-often give birth to popular Superstitions.</p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f109'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r109'>109</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Ni fallat fatum Scoti quocunque locatum</div>
- <div class='line'>Invenient lapidem, regnare tenentur ibidem.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote c026' id='f110'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r110'>110</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Island</i>’s <i>Colect.</i> A. D. 1726.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Such natural Power against <i>Diseases</i> did in our Days appear
-in the celebrated Mr. <i>Greatrix</i>, before <i>whose Hand they fled</i>. In
-the Philosophical Transactions we have the following Account
-of it, received from Eye-Witnesses,—<i>e. g.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c032'>“... My own Brother, <i>John D——n</i>, was seized with a violent
-Pain in his Head and Back: Mr. <i>Greatrix</i> (coming by accident
-to our House) gave present Ease to his Head, by only
-stroaking it with his Hands. He then rubb’d his Back, which
-he most complain’d of, and the Pain immediately fled from
-his Hand to his right Thigh; then he pursued it with his
-Hand to his Knee, from thence to his Leg, Ancle and Foot;
-and at last to his great Toe. As it fell lower, it grew more
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>violent; and when in his Toe, it made him roar out, but upon
-rubbing it there, it vanish’d.</p>
-
-<p class='c035'>“A young Woman being seiz’d with a great Pain and Weakness
-in her Knees when a Girl, used divers Means to no effect:
-After six or seven years time, Mr. <i>Greatrix</i> coming to
-<i>Dublin</i>, he stroak’d both her Knees, and gave her present
-Ease, the <i>Pain</i> flying downward from his <i>Hand</i>, till he drove
-it out of her Toes; the Swelling that always attended it, did
-in a short time wear away, and never troubled her after.</p>
-
-<p class='c035'>“... A certain Gentlewoman being much troubled with a
-Pain in her <i>Ears</i>, and very <i>deaf</i>, Mr. <i>Greatrix</i> put some of his
-Spittle into her Ears; which, after chafing them, soon cured
-her, both of the Pain and Deafness.... Her Uncle was cured
-by him of the same Malady, and in the same manner.</p>
-
-<p class='c035'>“... A Child, being extremely troubled with the King’s-Evil,
-was touch’d by King <i>Charles</i> II. and was nothing better;
-but was soon and perfectly cured by Mr. <i>Greatrix</i>.<a id='r111' /><a href='#f111' class='c019'><sup>[111]</sup></a>”</p>
-
-<div class='fn c036'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f111'>
-<p class='c037'><span class='label'><a href='#r111'>111</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp</i>’s <i>Philosoph. Transactions
-abridged</i>, vol. iii. p. 10, 12. Edit. 2. Communicated by Mr.
-<i>Thoresby</i>, N. 256. p. 332. 1699. In Page 10. an account is given
-of the wonderful Effects of Touch and Friction.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<p class='c033'>IV. The <i>Hemorrhous</i> Serpent is an <i>Egyptian</i> of the viperine
-kind; of sandy and bright Colour, enamel’d with black and white
-Rays on the Back; flaming Eyes, corniculated Brows, and is
-defended by an Armature of rough and sharp Scales; which by
-one is given as the Reason of making some Noise as it goes,
-which another denies, because it wants the <i>Sonalia</i><a id='r112' /><a href='#f112' class='c019'><sup>[112]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f112'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r112'>112</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Caret Sonalibus.</i> <i>Nierembergius</i>, p. 269.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Creature is little in Body, but great and terrible in its
-Executions; for when it wounds any Persons, all the Blood in
-the Body flows out, at all the Apertures of it, which is immediately
-follow’d with Convulsions and Death<a id='r113' /><a href='#f113' class='c019'><sup>[113]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f113'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r113'>113</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Gyllius</i>, p. 261. <i>Raii Synopsis Meth.</i> 8vo.
-A. D. 1693. <i>Invenitur in Ægypto &amp; aliis locis quibus Thonis
-imperavit.</i> <i>ibid. &amp; in agris Jucatensibus</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>At non stare suum miseris passura cruore</div>
- <div class='line'>Squamiferos ingens Hæmorhois.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>The <i>Atlas</i> from <i>Ribeyro</i> mentions an <i>Indian Serpent</i> of the
-same malignant Nature, whose Poison operates with such Violence,
-that the Person wounded by it bleeds at the Eyes, Nostrils,
-Ears, and all the Pores of the Body, and the miserable Patient
-is irrecoverable.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>The Poet laments the Death of the <i>brave and noble Tullus</i><a id='r114' /><a href='#f114' class='c019'><sup>[114]</sup></a>,
-by this bloody Serpent; which is also found in <i>India</i> (according
-to <i>Diodorus Siculus</i>) in that part where <i>Alexander</i> the <i>Great</i> conquer’d
-<i>Porus</i>, the <i>Great</i> King of the <i>Indies</i>. The Conqueror
-bid <i>Porus</i> ask of him whatever he desired; who answered, <i>That
-he only desired to be treated as a Prince</i>: with which <i>Alexander</i>
-was so charm’d, that he not only gave him his Kingdom again,
-but some of the Provinces he had conquered in that Vicinity.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>N. B.</i> On the Bank of the River <i>Hydaspis</i>, <i>Alexander</i> built a
-Town, which he call’d <i>Bucephala</i>, in remembrance of
-<i>Bucephalus</i> his great Horse, which died and was buried there.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f114'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r114'>114</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lucan</i>, lib. ix. p. 269. <i>Impressit dentes
-Hemorhois aspera Tullo magnanimo Juveni.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>V. The Serpent <i>Seps</i>, which by some is said to be the same
-with <i>Sepedon</i>, is about two Cubits long, the Head broad, and of
-divers Colours. Both these are of the smaller Species, but most
-venemous, and therefore are rank’d in the second Class of Serpents.
-The Virulency of the Poison is not in proportion to their
-diminutive Stature.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When any are wounded by these venemous Animals, the
-Hair of the Head immediately falls off, the whole Body turns
-scurfy, leprous and putrid; yea, the very Bones, as well as the
-Flesh, putrify and corrupt; therefore some call it the <i>putrid Serpent</i><a id='r115' /><a href='#f115' class='c019'><sup>[115]</sup></a>.
-The Poet accounts for the Symptoms of its Poison<a id='r116' /><a href='#f116' class='c019'><sup>[116]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f115'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r115'>115</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nonnulli ex Scoligero, non male putriam vocare.</i>
-<i>Jonstonus</i>, p. 14.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f116'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r116'>116</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Mors est ante oculos Seps stetit exiguus—Parva modo
-Serpens, sed qua nonnulla cruentæ. Fugit rupta cutis.</i> Lucan
-Pharsal. lib. ix. p. 271.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>These Serpents are <i>Asiaticks</i>, Inhabitants of the Rocks in
-<i>Syria</i>; <i>Syria</i>, the supposed western <i>Porch</i> of <i>Paradise</i>. These
-resemble the <i>Hemorrhous</i> in Colour and external Figure: According
-to <i>Ælian</i>, they change into the Similitude of the Things they
-light upon. He might, I think, as well have said, they chang’d
-their <i>Notes</i> on different Trees, since there is a kind of relation
-between <i>Musick</i> and <i>Colour</i>, as the Learned <i>Newton</i> observes.</p>
-<p class='c033'>VI. <i>KOKOB</i> Serpent, is between three and four Foot long,
-of a dusky Colour, and made beautiful by Spots of red and light
-Blue. Its Wounds are terrible, and the Effects not very dissimilar
-to those of the <i>Hemorrhous</i>. <i>Nierembergius</i> observes, that it
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>resides among Stones; and when it rambles out, and hears any
-Noise, makes towards it like a mighty Hero. Thus the <i>Gallic</i>
-Monarch, upon Debates among Princes, marches out as sovereign
-Umpire of <i>Europe</i>, and never returns home but by way of <i>Lorrain</i>,
-<i>Corsica</i>, <i>Palatine</i>, or <i>Spanish Flanders</i>.</p>
-<p class='c033'>VII. The <i>Asp</i>, so called from the <i>Asperity</i> of its Skin, as <i>Arnoldus</i>,
-or from <i>aspiciendo</i>, because of the Acuteness of its Eyes.
-A Serpent well known, but not accurately describ’d, says the
-Learned Mr. <i>Ray</i>: Some make it a small Serpent, others say ’tis
-several Feet long; and both may judge right, for according to
-<i>Ælian</i>, there are various Species of Asps; some a Foot and half
-long, and others six.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among these different Proportions, the least of them is said
-to be most hurtful, and kills the soonest. Its Poison is so dangerous
-and quick in its Operation, that it kills almost in the very
-Instant that it bites, without a Possibility of applying any Remedy:
-They die within three Hours, says my learned Author<a id='r117' /><a href='#f117' class='c019'><sup>[117]</sup></a>;
-and the manner of their dying by Sleep and Lethargy, without
-Pain, made <i>Cleopatra</i> chuse it as the easiest way of dispatching
-herself. (More of this further on.)</p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f117'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r117'>117</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Calmet in Verbum</i>, p. 213.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><a id='TN-2t'></a>
-These Aspick Serpents, are the Growth of several Climates:
-<i>Olaus</i> observed some of them in the northern Parts, of rugged
-and rough Skins, ash Colour, sparkling Eyes, three or four Cubits
-long<a id='r118' /><a href='#f118' class='c019'><sup>[118]</sup></a>; tho’ Lovers of warm Situations, yet delight in shady
-Retirements<a id='r119' /><a href='#f119' class='c019'><sup>[119]</sup></a>. Many of them are found in the <i>Spanish</i>
-Islands[<a href='#TN-2'>TN</a>];
-but <i>Egypt</i>, <i>Libya</i>, and other Places
-in <i>Africa</i> claim the greatest Right to them, for there they are
-most numerous and venemous.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f118'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r118'>118</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstonus Hist. de Serp.</i> p. 15.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f119'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r119'>119</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Ideo <i>Seneca</i>, ad umbram exsurgere dixit.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>When provok’d, the Neck of this Creature swells, and the
-Wound then given, is most dangerous. Its Teeth are of considerable
-length, growing out of the Mouth like the Tusks of a
-Boar. The Historian says, that two of the longest Teeth have
-little Cavities in them, covered with a thin Skin, that slides up
-when it bites, by which means the poisonous Liquid runs out,
-and drops into the Puncture; after which, it recovers its Station.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>In <i>America</i>, says a celebrated Historian, are found <i>Asps</i> with
-Stings in the Tail, wherewith they strike and kill<a id='r120' /><a href='#f120' class='c019'><sup>[120]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f120'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r120'>120</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstonus Hist. Nat. de Serpentibus.</i> p. 15.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Banks of <i>Nilus</i> abound with <i>Asps</i>, who have Sagacity
-enough to remove their Habitations to a place of Safety, several
-days before that River overflows the Rising-Grounds about it:
-’Tis also said the <i>Crocodile</i> and <i>Tortoise</i> recede with their Eggs, to
-a Situation not accessible by that mighty Flood; a Flood that
-makes the Land of <i>Egypt</i>, a Region of Fertility, a Flood dreaded
-by these Animals, and ador’d by the <i>Egyptians</i>, those Sons of
-Contradiction, who consecrated their Animals to the Gods, and
-then worshipped them, and upon Occasions kill’d them. (Can
-we behold such Instincts in the <i>Crocodile</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> without acknowledging
-the Divine Wisdom that ordain’d ’em!) No Nation more
-knowing, and more sottish, <i>e. g.</i> Upon the Statue of <i>Minerva</i>,
-or the Goddess <i>Isis</i>, was this Inscription, <i>viz.</i> <i>I was she that was,
-that am, and shall be, and that am every thing</i>. Which being an
-exact Interpretation of the Word <i>Jehovah</i>, and the same Definition
-the Almighty appropriates to himself, I can’t, says the Learned
-<i>Jurieu</i>, conceive, how a Nation that was arrived to such a high
-Degree of Knowledge, should have worship’d <i>Bullocks—as Gods</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>PLUTARCH</i> gives a strange relation of them, <i>viz.</i> that in case
-of any extraordinary Calamity, as War, Plague, Famine, the <i>Egyptian</i>
-Priests used to threaten the <i>sacred Beasts</i> most horribly: If
-they failed to help them, they whipt them till the Blood follow’d;
-and if the Calamity did still continue, they kill’d those sacred
-Beasts by way of Punishment<a id='r121' /><a href='#f121' class='c019'><sup>[121]</sup></a>. The Reverse of this is given us
-in a <i>Clan</i> of <i>Tartars</i>, who, when exposed to any imminent Calamity,
-sacrifice their Priests, in order to intercede for them with
-the Gods in the other World.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f121'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r121'>121</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jurieu</i> from <i>Plut. de Is. &amp; Osir.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It has been said, that the <i>Asp</i>, when exasperated, did, with
-an erected Head, cast out of its Mouth liquid Poison; but it
-now appears, it darts it only by its Bite, or by Poison taken
-from it by Force, and poured into a Wound made by another;
-and both the Wounds so made, soon terminate in an <i>easy pleasant
-Exit</i>; which is supposed to be the reason why Queen <i>Cleopatra</i>
-chose this kind of Death, that is, to poison herself by an
-Aspick Dose. This reminds me of a certain Herb I have read of,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>in <i>Arabia</i>, which (according to the Tradition) <i>if a Man slept
-upon</i>, he died in his Sleep without any Pain.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A certain learned Pen, makes this Remark upon <i>Cleopatra</i>’s
-Case, <i>viz.</i> that she was not bit by an <i>Asp</i>, as some have
-asserted, but did that which was more secret and sure; that is,
-after she had bit her own Arm, infused Poison into the Wound,
-expressed before-hand from an <i>Asp</i> by Irritation, and preserved in
-a Phial for that purpose: Or, as <i>Dio</i> says, she wounded her Arm
-with a Needle, or Dressing-pin, and then poured the Poison into
-the bleeding Wound. This seems probable, because no Serpent
-was found in her Chamber or near it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Queen</i>, in order to find the most easy Passage out of this
-Life, made an Experiment upon Criminals by various kinds of
-Poison, and Application of diverse sorts of Serpents, and found
-nothing came up to <i>Aspick Poison</i>, which throws Persons into a
-pleasant Sleep, in which they die<a id='r122' /><a href='#f122' class='c019'><sup>[122]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f122'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r122'>122</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Plutarch</i>’s <i>Lives of Marc Anton.</i> and
-<i>Cleopatra</i>, and <i>Fr. Redi Nobilis Aretini Experiment</i>. p.
-170, -1, -2, -3.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>Obj.</i> If it be said, that in the Triumphs of <i>Augustus</i>, Queen
-<i>Cleopatra</i> is <i>drawn with an Asp in her Hand</i>:</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I answer, That I apprehend that Device might only be <i>Pictorial-Licence</i>,
-or a Flourish of the Painter to affect the People, by
-<i>displaying the Heroism</i> of a Woman, who to prevent the Disgrace
-of Captivity, <i>embraced Death at the hands of a Serpent</i>, a terrible
-Creature, to which none has so great an Aversion as the female
-Sex. Excuse a poetick Digression.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>On the ASP and its POISON.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>——<i>Welcome thou kind Deceiver,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Thou best of Thieves! who with an easy Key</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Dost open Life, and unperceiv’d by us,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Even steal us from our selves; discharging so,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Death’s dreadful Office, better than himself.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Touching our Limbs so gently into Slumber,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>That Death stands by, deceiv’d by its own Image,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>And thinks himself asleep<a id='r123' /><a href='#f123' class='c019'><sup>[123]</sup></a>.</i>——</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote c026' id='f123'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r123'>123</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Dryden</i>, <i>All for Love</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>Some are of Opinion, that the <i>Asp</i> is <i>David</i>’s <i>deaf
-Adder</i>, Psal. lviii. 45. <i>They are like the deaf Adder that stops
-her Ear, which will not hearken to the Voice of Charmers, charming
-never so wisely.</i> They are like the <i>deaf Asp</i>, says the
-<i>Hebrew</i> and the <i>Septuagint</i>. The word in the Original is
-<a id='r124' /><a href='#f124' class='c019'><sup>[124]</sup></a> <i>Pethen</i>, q. d. <i>Unpersuadedness</i>; hence, wicked Men are
-called Απειθεις in the <i>New Test.</i> unpersuadable, which the
-<i>English</i> Translation renders <i>Disobedient</i>, Tit. i. 16.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f124'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r124'>124</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>פתן . ωσουι ασπιδος κωφης.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The common Tradition is, that when Men by Inchantments
-and Charms have attempted to take these Serpents, they stopt
-one Ear with the Tail, and the other was either deaf, or made so
-by laying it close to the Ground. Some are of Opinion, that
-there is a sort of <i>Asp</i> that really is deaf, which of all others is the
-most dangerous, and is meant by the <i>Royal Prophet</i> here.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>That there was a Practice of charming Serpents by some Art
-or other, so that they could neither <i>bite</i> nor <i>sting</i>, seems evident
-from the sacred Writings, <i>e. g.</i> Eccl. x. 11. <i>Surely the Serpent
-will bite without Inchantment.</i> Jer. viii. 17. <i>I’ll send Serpents,
-Cockatrices, among you, that will not be charmed, and they shall
-bite you, says the Lord.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among other Things the word <i>Charmer</i>, some say, signifies
-<i>one</i> that conjoins and consociates; that is, that by Sorcery
-gather’d Serpents together, and made them tame and familiar;
-or the <i>Person</i> may be so call’d, because by <i>Magick Art</i>, he associated
-with <i>Demons</i>, the Lords of Serpents.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>We are inform’d by History, of some, who have summoned
-together a hundred Serpents at once; but by what method, I
-leave the Reader to judge. <i>Montanus</i>, a famous Physician, and
-Professor at <i>Padua</i> in <i>Italy</i>, says he saw this Coadunation of
-Serpents.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The learned Doctor <i>Casaubon</i> tells us, he had seen a Man,
-who from the Country around him, wou’d draw Serpents into
-the Fire, which was inclos’d in a magical Circle: When one of
-them, bigger than the rest, would not be brought in, upon repeating
-the aforesaid Charms, it submitted to the Flames.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>We read of a famous Charmer at <i>Saltsburgh</i> in the Circle of
-<i>Bavaria</i>; that, when (in sight of the People) he had charm’d a
-great Number of Serpents into a Ditch, where he kill’d them;
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>there came a Serpent of great Bulk, supposed to be the Devil, that
-leapt upon the Charmer, and immediately slew him<a id='r125' /><a href='#f125' class='c019'><sup>[125]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f125'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r125'>125</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Doctor <i>More</i>’s Antidote.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Answer me, says <i>Paracelsus</i>, (the celebrated <i>Swiss</i> Physician,
-who did wonderful Cures by Liquids extracted from Vegetables)
-from whence is it, that a Serpent of <i>Helvetia</i>, <i>Algovia</i>, or <i>Suevia</i>,
-does understand the <i>Greek</i> Idiom, <i>Osy, Osya, Osy</i>; that they
-should, at the first Sound of these Words, <i>stop their Ears</i>, remain
-immoveable, and do us no hurt with their Poison? From whence
-he infers, there was a Power in Words to operate upon the Ear,
-without Superstition. The Antients seem to have entertain’d
-some favourable Thoughts of the <i>Power of Spells</i> upon Serpents:
-Their Poets speak often of these Charms and Incantations.</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Frigidus in pratis cantando rumpitur anguis.</i> Virgil.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Vipereas rumpo verbis, &amp; carmine fauces.</i> Ovid.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Ingue pruinoso coluber distenditur arvo</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Viperes coëunt abrupto corpore nodi</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Humanoque cadit serpens afflata veneno.</i> Lucan.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'><i>PHILOSTRATUS</i> describes particularly how the <i>Indians</i>
-charm Serpents—they take a Scarlet-Coat embroider’d with golden
-Letters, and spread it before the Serpent’s Hole; and these golden
-Letters have a fascinating Power over it, and therewith its Eyes
-are overcome and laid asleep<a id='r126' /><a href='#f126' class='c019'><sup>[126]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f126'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r126'>126</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>His Life of <i>Apollonius Tyanæus</i>, writ at the Desire
-of the Empress <i>Julia</i>, lib. 3. cap 2.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>If we consider the strange Things done by <i>Force of Words</i>, so
-much extoll’d in Antiquity, it will be no wonder to see <i>Letters</i>,
-out of which <i>Words are form’d, made the Rudiment and first Study
-of human Life</i>: But as to the <i>Mode of Operation</i> by <i>Words</i>, the
-Learned are not agreed.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some say, there is a natural Virtue and Efficacy in Words,
-and appeal to the <i>notable Feats</i> done by <i>Force of Eloquence</i>. This
-was the favourite Study and View of <i>Orators</i>; in this they
-triumph’d, and never wanted Acclamations and loud Applauses.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Plutarch</i>, we have, among others, one remarkable Instance,
-<i>viz.</i> <i>Cæsar</i>, upon the Accusations brought in by <i>Tubero</i> against
-<i>Quintus Ligarius</i> (<i>Pompey</i>’s Friend) he was resolved to sacrifice
-that Rebel, till he was charm’d by the <i>Words</i> of the <i>Orator</i> that
-pleaded in his favour—No sooner did <i>Cicero</i> begin his Oration in
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>his defence, but <i>Cæsar</i>’s Countenance chang’d, and his Indignation
-begun to soften ... but when the Orator touch’d upon the
-Battle of <i>Pharsalia</i> (where <i>Cæsar</i> was Conqueror) <i>Cæsar</i>’s Heart
-tender’d, his Body trembled with Joy, and certain Papers in his
-Hands dropt to the ground.—And when <i>Cicero</i> had finish’d his
-Oration, <i>Cæsar</i>’s Wrath against his Enemy was intirely extinguish’d;
-and <i>Ligarius</i> was set at liberty<a id='r127' /><a href='#f127' class='c019'><sup>[127]</sup></a>. The same Orator,
-by the Dint of Eloquence, overthrew the Constitution of the <i>Decemviri</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f127'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r127'>127</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Plutarch</i>’s Life of <i>Cicero</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Others say, there is a mighty Force in Words in such a
-<i>Tone</i>, and <i>Talismanical Characters</i>, rightly-adapted Figures, and
-Images <i>under certain Constellations</i><a id='r128' /><a href='#f128' class='c019'><sup>[128]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f128'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r128'>128</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Paracelsus</i>, <i>C. Agrippa</i>, Life of Mr.
-<i>Duncan Campbell</i>, <i>A. D. 1720</i>, page
-256. <i>Gaffarel.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some affirm that <i>Magick</i> consists in the <i>Spirit of Faith</i>, for
-<i>Faith</i> is the <i>Magnet of Magicians</i>, by which they draw Spirits to
-them, and by which Spirits they do wonderful Things, that to
-vulgar Eyes appear like Miracles. No doubt but several extraordinary
-Effects have been ascrib’d to the Devil, that in reality
-were natural, and artfully disguised: The Story of Sieur <i>Brioche</i>,
-a famous Puppet-player, is well known, who in a Town in <i>Switzerland</i>,
-where that <i>Show</i> had never been seen before, he was apprehended
-as a Warlock or Magician, and ran the hazard of being
-punish’d as such<a id='r129' /><a href='#f129' class='c019'><sup>[129]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f129'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r129'>129</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>De Saint Andre</i>’s Letters.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Others affirm, that <i>Charms by Words</i> are but means to
-heighten the Imagination; and the strange Effects produced by
-’em, flow’d only from the Activity of an exalted Thought, or
-Fancy of heated Brains. In proof of this ’tis said, that if a Woman
-at a certain Season, strongly fix her Imagination upon any
-particular Object, the Child will bear the Image thereof.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I think ’tis pretty obvious, that those extraordinary Impressions
-made by <i>Pagan Sophists</i> upon the Minds of their Audience
-by the Charms of Rhetorick, past for a <i>divine Afflatus</i> or
-<i>Inspiration</i>; and therefore in such Cases, we shall find this <i>Formula</i>
-(<i>Aliquis nescio quis Deus</i>) frequently used by Enthusiastical
-<i>Orators</i>, as well as their <i>Poets</i>: Thus <i>Cicero</i>, speaks of himself, that
-he was mov’d by a certain <i>Impetus</i> or Ardour<a id='r130' /><a href='#f130' class='c019'><sup>[130]</sup></a>: <i>Apollonius Tyanæus</i>,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>who was looked upon by the Christians as a notorious Magician,
-being ask’d by the Governor of <i>Rome</i> under <i>Nero</i>, what
-was his Profession? he answer’d, θειασμος, an Enthusiast, <i>q. d.</i> Fanatic, Conjurer.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f130'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r130'>130</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nulla ingenti, sed magna vis animi
-inflamantis ut me ipse non teneam.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>’Tis true, that wonderful Things have been done by Words,
-but how <i>verbal Charms</i> operated upon <i>Serpents</i>, wants Explication:
-Of some Inchanters ’tis said, that by vocal and instrumental
-Sounds, they have charm’d Rats, Mice and Serpents, some into
-a stupid State, and others into a flexible submissive State.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A remarkable Instance in <i>Rats</i> we have in the publick Records
-of <i>Hamelen</i>, (an antient City on the River <i>Weser</i> in <i>Germany</i>,
-about 28 Miles S. E. of <i>Hanover</i>) where the following strange
-Account is register’d, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>That in <i>June 26. 1284</i>, a certain Stranger undertook to
-destroy an Army of Rats with which the Town had been long
-pester’d, on promise of such a Reward; and immediately playing
-on his <i>Pipe</i> and <i>Tabret</i>, the <i>Rats</i> march’d out, and follow’d the
-Musick to the River, where they were all drown’d: But being
-denied the Reward, he threaten’d Revenge; and next day he
-went about with the same Musick, and most Children in the
-Town follow’d the Piper to the Mouth of a great Cave on a
-neighbouring Hill call’d <i>Koppelberg</i>, where he and they entered,
-and were never heard of after.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In remembrance of this <i>sad Catastrophe</i>, the Citizens for many
-Years after, dated all their publick Writings <i>from the Day they
-lost their Children</i>, as appears by their old Deeds and Records:
-They still call the <i>Street</i> thro’ which the Children went out,
-<i>Tabret-street</i>; and at the Mouth of the Cave there is a Monument
-of Stone, with a <i>Latin</i> Inscription, giving the Particulars of this
-tragical Story.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>As to the other Instance, <i>viz.</i> Serpents charm’d into a ductile
-manageable State, ’tis thus accounted for; <i>viz.</i> Serpents, they
-say, are strangely influenced by the Smell of those Emanations,
-proceeding from the <i>Cornus</i>, or Dog-tree (why not the <i>Cornelian-Cherry</i>,
-antiently dedicated to <i>Apollo</i>?) and that by a Wand or
-Rod taken from it, they are thrown into an obsequious Temper—</p>
-<p class='c032'>“When
-touch’d by a Rod from that Tree, they are immediately
-intoxicated, but so as to be able to follow the Motion of the
-Rod; but whether by reason of some great Disproportion or
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>Incompossibility, between these subtile Effluvia and the Temperament
-of the vital, spiritual Substance of the Serpent, or by
-what other way, we are not told<a id='r131' /><a href='#f131' class='c019'><sup>[131]</sup></a>. The Sassafras-tree, a Native
-of <i>America</i>, is call’d <i>Cornus</i> also, whose Wood is very odorous
-and fragrant.”</p>
-<p class='c034'>Now, say these Gentlemen why should
-it seem impossible, that he who understands this invincible Enmity,
-and how to manage a Rod of the <i>Cornus</i> with Cunning and
-Dexterity (having first intoxicated a Serpent by the Touch thereof)
-should during that Fit make it observe, and readily conform
-to all the various Motions of the Wand, so as that the unlearned
-Spectators, perceiving the <i>Serpent</i> to approach the <i>Inchanter</i>, as
-he moves the Wand near to himself, or to retreat from him, as
-he put the Wand from him, or turn round and dance as the Rod
-is mov’d to and fro, or lie still as in a Trance, as the Rod is held
-still over it; and all this Time, the People knowing nothing of
-the Virtue in the Rod, are easily deluded into a Belief, that the
-whole Scene is supernatural, and the main Energy radiated in
-those Words or Charms, which the Impostor with great Ceremony
-and Gravity of Aspect mutters forth, the better to disguise
-his Legerdemain, and dissemble Nature in the colour of a Miracle.</p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f131'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r131'>131</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Charlton.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Rattle-snakes in <i>America</i> are said to secure their Prey by
-Incantation; for they have the Power or Art, (I know not which
-to call it, says my Author) to charm Squirrels, Hares, Partridges,
-or any such Thing, in such a manner, that they run directly into
-their Mouths: This I have seen, adds he, by a Squirrel and one
-of the Rattle-snakes; and other Snakes have in some measure the
-same Power<a id='r132' /><a href='#f132' class='c019'><sup>[132]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f132'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r132'>132</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Natural History of <i>Carolina, A. D. 1711</i>. page 129.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is allowed indeed, that there are <i>dumb Creatures</i> that do exceed
-Man in some <i>sensible Perceptions</i>, particularly in that of <i>Smelling</i>,
-as the <i>Harriers</i>, and other Dogs. How strange, that
-Odours from the Hare’s Body, Should so affect the Nose of a
-Hound, as to raise in him that Sensation or Scent, by which he
-follows her all the Day (tho’ he never had a Sight of her) thro’ a
-Cloud of Opposition, from perplexing intricate Places, and Effluviums
-proceeding from other Animals!</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>These Emanations are exceeding fine Effluvia, or Particles
-flying off odorous Bodies in all Directions; and as they float in the
-Air on the Surface of the Earth (within their Atmosphere) strike
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>against the Dog’s Nose, and produce that Sensation of Smell.—<i>N.
-B.</i> The Intensity of Smell in all Creatures, is in proportion to
-the Density or Thickness where we are: This Density is always
-diminish’d in proportion to the Squares of the Distances from the
-odorous Body.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Yea, a little Cur, by the Power of Smelling, can find out his
-Master among Thousands, will trace his Steps thro’ Crouds in Fairs
-and Markets; yea, throughout a whole Country. Our Histories
-inform us of Dogs in some parts of this Island, that being put upon
-the Scent, would pursue a Thief and a Murderer; and if he
-cross’d a River, would smell where he entered, and swim after
-him; and when arrived at t’other side, would hunt about till
-they found where he landed, and then run on, till they overtook
-the Criminal.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In Animals is a sulphurous or oily Matter, so attenuated and
-subtiliz’d as to become volatile, which is denominated a Spirit:
-Now that there is such a Spirit in Man, and a peculiar one too in
-every Man, is evident from these Dogs, which will pursue the
-Game by their Nose, and follow their Master’s Track, and distinguish
-it precisely; yea, tho’ a thousand other Persons had past
-the same way.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It must be by meer Force of Smelling, that the Dog is able
-to do this, that is, to distinguish his Master from all Men by the
-Instrumentality of his Nose.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Therefore there must be some specifick Matter exhaled
-from the Master’s Body, which the Dog can perfectly distinguish
-from the various Effluvia flowing from all other Persons.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Dog must exceed us, in that he can thus exactly discern
-his Master, by these subtile, oily, or sulphurous Effluvia, which
-no human Nose was ever able to do.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>We find the like Spirit in the Hound, who when put in the
-Track which a Deer has lately been in, will follow the Steps of
-that Deer thro’ all cross Paths of a thousand others, and at last
-single out that individual Deer among a whole Herd of those Animals.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Scotland</i> are a sort of Dogs (in Colour generally red and spotted
-with black, or black with red) of extraordinary Sagacity, being,
-as ’tis said, put upon the Scent, will pursue Thieves with Success;
-and the Use of them has been authorised by the Magistrate——<i>Nullus
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>perturbet aut impediat canem trasantem, aut homines transentes
-cum ipso ad sequendum latrones aut ad capiendum malefactores</i>.</p>
-<p class='c032'><i>N. B.</i> <i>Trasantem</i> is a Word latiniz’d from the old <i>French</i>
-<i>Tracer</i> or <i>Trasser</i>, signifying to follow by the Track.</p>
-
-<p class='c031'>If any shou’d suggest, That this derogates from the Wisdom
-and Goodness of the Creator, who has given to some Beasts
-stronger Perceptions, Nerves more exquisitely fine and delicate
-than he has bestow’d upon Man:</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I answer, this is so far from derogating from divine Wisdom
-and Goodness, that it is an admirable Instance and Illustration
-of both; for were our olfactory Nerves susceptible of such
-quick Sensations as Dogs and some other Animals, we shou’d be
-continually annoy’d with pestiferous Fumes and Exhalations, so
-as not only to render most Situations troublesome, but even Life
-it self miserable and wretched.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Such quick Sensations may be very useful to carnivorous Animals,
-so as to direct them to their Prey, but to human Beings it
-wou’d be very vexatious, if not pestiferous and deadly. I shall
-only add to this Digression, a short Hint about the <i>Magic Art</i>,
-the most surprising of all Arts, and in its first Appearance most
-innocent and useful.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among the antient <i>Chaldeans</i>, <i>Babylonians</i>, and <i>Persians</i>,
-where the Art-magic was first and principally cultivated, it signified
-no more than <i>Wisdom</i> and hence the <i>Sophi</i>, or Wisemen
-of the <i>Greeks</i> were by them call’d μαγοι that is, <i>Magicians</i>; who
-being acquainted with many of the hidden Powers of Nature, directed
-them in such manner, as to produce Effects, whose Causes
-being unknown to the <i>Vulgar</i>, were attributed to <i>Dæmons</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Hence the Art in process of Time came into Disrepute, and
-Magicians have been censur’d, as working by Compact with the
-Devil: But this is invidious; for in the Gospel we find, the <i>Magi</i>
-or <i>Magicians</i>, are said to come <i>from the East to</i> Jerusalem, <i>saying,
-where is he that is born King of the</i> Jews? <i>for we—are come to worship
-him</i>. No body can imagine this to be understood of those that
-have been called <i>Sorcerers</i>, <i>Wizards</i>, <i>Conjurers</i>, <i>Witches</i> or <i>Magicians</i>,
-in the modern Sense of that Word<a id='r133' /><a href='#f133' class='c019'><sup>[133]</sup></a>; for those who were
-familiar with the Devil, would scarce come to enquire after him,
-who came to destroy his Works.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f133'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r133'>133</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Matt.</i> ii. 1, 2.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>The Notion of Witches in the Days of Ignorance and Superstition,
-was very prevailing in this Island, but of late Years has undergone
-a parliamentary Excommunication; though the <i>Lancashire</i>
-Witches, who are constituted of the fairer Part of the fairer
-Sex, triumph even over our Senators, and will maintain their fascinating
-Charms, while their rival Beauties, the Sun and Stars
-endure.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>We read of a certain King of <i>Egypt</i>, who having assembled
-his <i>Magical Priests</i> without the City <i>Memphis</i>, caus’d them to enter
-where the People were gather’d, by Beat of Drum: All of
-them made some miraculous Discovery of their Magic and Wisdom.
-<i>One</i> had his Face surrounded with a Light, like that of
-the Sun, so bright that none could look earnestly upon him.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Another seem’d as if enrob’d with precious Stones of diverse
-Colours, red, green, yellow, or wrought with Gold.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A third came mounted on a <i>Lion</i>, compass’d with <i>Serpents</i>,
-like Girdles.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The next came in with a Pavilion, or Canopy of Light, distended
-over his Head.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Another entered surrounded with Flames of Fire, turning
-about him; so that none durst come near him.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>After <i>him</i> appeared one with dreadful Birds, perching about
-his Head, and shaking their Wings like Vulturs and black Eagles.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>last</i> made his Appearance with an Army in the Air,
-marching before him, of winged Serpents and terrible Personages.——In
-fine, every one did what was taught him by the
-Star he served; and, after all, the whole Scene was but an Apparition
-and Illusion, according to their own Confession to the
-King, when the Farce was over<a id='r134' /><a href='#f134' class='c019'><sup>[134]</sup></a>.——Something analogous
-to this are the Magick Lanthorns in our days.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f134'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r134'>134</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>This Passage is taken out of the <i>Egyptian</i> History
-of the Pyramids—by <i>Murtadi</i> the <i>Arabian</i>, printed at
-<i>Tibe</i>, a City in <i>Arabia</i>, 14th of <i>Regebe</i>, 992;
-which corresponds to <i>July</i> 22d, 1584; about 156 Years ago;
-translated into <i>French</i>, and into <i>English</i>, 1672.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In antient times, the Word <i>Magician</i> generally signified <i>Men
-of Wisdom and Learning</i>, i. e. of superior Knowledge in Things
-natural and divine, and more especially in that sort of Learning
-relative to the Sun, Moon, and Stars, as we learn from <i>Porphyry</i>,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span><i>Apuleius</i>, and others. And seeing the inspired Apostle gives them
-that Name (<i>Magicians</i>) not as a Mark of Infamy, but a Title of
-Honour, therefore does the <i>English</i> Translation stile them <i>Wisemen</i>,
-such as the old <i>Greeks</i> called σοφοι, <i>Sages of their Time</i><a id='r135' /><a href='#f135' class='c019'><sup>[135]</sup></a>.
-How, and how far this Art is degenerated, I refer to the Judgment
-of the Learned: We see there are Revolutions in Words, as well
-as in Families and Kingdoms; a <i>Magician</i> being formerly a <i>Wise-man</i>,
-as well as a Knave an honest one. <i>Sed tempora mutantur.</i></p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f135'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r135'>135</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Boerhaave</i>’s New Theory, p. 211.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>I shall only add to the <i>Aspick Subject</i>, the Tribute of Veneration
-paid to this poisonous Animal in the Land of <i>Egypt</i>.
-The Historian speaks of a certain Person, who, in digging, happened
-unawares to cut an Asp with his Spade, and went mad upon
-it,—was taken into the House of <i>Serapis</i>, an <i>Egyptian</i> Idol,—the
-Relatives of the Patient praying the <i>Spectrum</i> of that Serpent
-might be destroyed,——which being accordingly done by Magick
-Art, the Man was cured.——By this we see, how highly <i>Asps</i>
-were venerated among the <i>Egyptians</i>, who not only suffer’d them
-to live, but to live in their Houses, where they were carefully fed,
-as Favourites of the Family<a id='r136' /><a href='#f136' class='c019'><sup>[136]</sup></a>. And Queen <i>Cleopatra</i>’s Case was
-not singular, for the <i>Persian</i> Kings kept an exquisite Poison by
-them, made of the Dung of an <i>Indian</i> Bird, which would kill
-without putting them to pain, that they might use it themselves
-in case of any Disaster<a id='r137' /><a href='#f137' class='c019'><sup>[137]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f136'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r136'>136</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Circurantur cibo, cum infantibus vivunt, &amp; crepitum
-digitorum vocata ex cavi prodeunt.</i> Jonstonus, p. 16.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f137'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r137'>137</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atlas, Asia.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>DEMOSTHENES</i>, who slew his Soldier, when he was
-asleep, was a merciful Executioner; a kind of Punishment the
-Mildness of no Law has yet invented. It is strange that <i>Lucan</i>
-and <i>Seneca</i> made no discovery of it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Sleep is a kind of <i>Death</i>, by which we may literally be
-said to <i>die daily</i>; and in this Sense, <i>Adam</i> may be said to die before
-his final Exit.</p>
-<p class='c033'>VIII. I now proceed to the Serpent <i>Scytale</i>; the Name is
-borrowed from the <i>Greek</i> Word σκυταλη, a Staff, or any thing like
-a Cylinder, of a long smooth round Form; the Body of this Serpent
-being in shape equally round, like a Rolling-Stone, with very
-little Variation in the Extremities of it.</p>
-
-<div id='pl-2' class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i070.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic004'>
-<p><i>Plate 2<sup>d</sup>.</i></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>It forms a beautiful Prospect, being an Aggregate of most
-charming Colours, (therefore call’d the Painted Serpent by <i>Mantuanus</i>.)
-It may be view’d without danger, because slow in its
-Motion. ’Tis an Error in <i>Lucan</i> to attribute its Slowness to a
-Design of enticing Spectators, if it be not <i>Poetica Licentia</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When released from its Winter-Confinement, the first thing
-she does, says the Historian, is to refresh her languid Body with
-Fennel-Leaves; but does not tell us what is done, in case that Herb
-can’t be readily found. It must indeed be allowed, that wild
-Fennel is a common Herb of the Field, and well known and of
-Use in Physick<a id='r138' /><a href='#f138' class='c019'><sup>[138]</sup></a>. The Poet observes, that no Snake casts her
-Coat in Winter, but the <i>Scytale</i><a id='r139' /><a href='#f139' class='c019'><sup>[139]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f138'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r138'>138</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian</i>, <i>Gyllii Accessio</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f139'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r139'>139</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Et Scytale sparsis etiam nunc sola pruinis
-Exuvias positura suas.</i>—Lucan’s Phars.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Serpent being adorned with beautiful Colours, excuse a
-short Digression upon the Doctrine of Colours in Natural Bodies.
-Know then, Colours are the Children of Fire and Light.</p>
-<p class='c033'>I. <i>Where there is Light, there is Fire</i>; and Fire shews itself to
-be present by Light. The Sensation of Light is produced when
-the Particles of Fire, directed by the Action of the Sun, reach the
-Eye in right Lines. Now, Fire thus entering the Eye, gives a
-Motion to the optic Fibres at the bottom of the Eye, and thus
-excites the Idea of Light.</p>
-<p class='c033'>II. <i>FIRE discovers itself by Colour</i>; for all Colours depend
-upon Light, and Light depends upon Fire; and different Colours
-appear in Natural Bodies, as their Surfaces are disposed to reflect
-this or that sort of coloured Rays more than others. Colour is
-a Property inherent in Light.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Colours therefore are not connate with Natural Bodies,
-which are all of the same Hue in the dark. To this the Poet
-alludes, when he makes <i>Darkness the Destruction of Colours</i><a id='r140' /><a href='#f140' class='c019'><sup>[140]</sup></a>.—Colours
-are only in the Rays of the Sun: In Natural Bodies is
-a Quality or Power to reflect the Light falling upon them, which
-striking the Eye, produces in the Spectator the Sensation of Colour.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f140'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r140'>140</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Rebus nox abstulit atra colores.</i>—Virgil.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>Clouds often appear very beautifully coloured; they consist
-of aqueous Particles, between which Air is interspersed; therefore,
-according to the various Thickness of those aqueous Particles, the
-Cloud will be of a different Colour<a id='r141' /><a href='#f141' class='c019'><sup>[141]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f141'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r141'>141</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Boerhaave</i>, <i>Gravesand</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>IX. <i>AMPHISBÆNA</i> Serpent, so called from αμφι <i>&amp;</i> βαινω
-<i>Biceps</i>, a Monster with two Heads. This is a small and weak Creature,
-equal in Bulk to a little Finger, and about a Foot long, of a
-whitish or terraceous Colour; of the oviparous Family, of small
-Eyes, no otherways visible than the Prick of a little Needle; lives
-much under ground, and is often found by digging; feeds upon
-Ants. Under this Head, the Historian mentions three Serpents,
-<i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Brasilian</i>, that has two Heads, and moves as a Crab<a id='r142' /><a href='#f142' class='c019'><sup>[142]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f142'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r142'>142</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Acosta.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Taprobanensian</i>, with four Heads; and he who believes it
-must have a four-headed Faith.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Hungarian</i>; of which elsewhere.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The same Historian adds, that the marine <i>Amphisbæna</i>,
-taken in the <i>English</i> Sea, has two Heads. <i>Ibid.</i> <i>Pliny</i>, <i>Ælian</i>,
-<i>Lucan</i>, <i>Mantuan</i>,—affirm it has two Heads; <i>Matthiolus</i> denies
-it, <i>Hesychius</i> is doubtful. Mention is made of a Serpent found
-near <i>Chipping-Norton</i>, not far from <i>Oxford</i>, having two Heads, and
-Faces like Women; one being shaped after the new Tyre of that
-Time; the other was habited after the old Fashion, and had great
-Wings resembling those of the Flinder-Mouse or Bat<a id='r143' /><a href='#f143' class='c019'><sup>[143]</sup></a>. This
-happened in the Reign of <i>Edward</i> III.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f143'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r143'>143</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Stow</i>’s Annals, <i>London</i>, printed, 1631.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>A <i>Spanish</i> Author says, that in <i>Chiapa</i> he found a two-headed
-Serpent, 18 Inches long, in the Form of a <i>Roman</i> T, and very venemous;
-it does not only kill, adds he, by its Bite, but if any
-tread upon that part of the Ground over which ’twas just gone, it
-proves fatal<a id='r144' /><a href='#f144' class='c019'><sup>[144]</sup></a>. The Poet also subscribes to two Heads<a id='r145' /><a href='#f145' class='c019'><sup>[145]</sup></a>.——If
-this two-headed Serpent has slain its Thousands, there is a certain
-metaphorical three-headed Serpent on the Banks of <i>Tyber</i>, that has
-slain its Ten Thousands.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f144'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r144'>144</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Antonio de Herrera</i>’s History of <i>America</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f145'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r145'>145</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Et gravis ingenium surgens caput
-Amphisbæna.</i>—Lucan, p. 270.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>Perhaps the Reason of ascribing two Heads to this Serpent,
-might be, because it is said to poison by the Tail and Teeth.
-Others say, both Ends are so like in Figure and Bulk, that they
-are not easily distinguished.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It seems probable to me, that this Serpent, like some Insects or
-Worms, has a double Motion, <i>antrorsum &amp; retrorsum</i>, which made
-some of the Antients conclude it had two Heads; one in the usual
-Situation, the other in the Extremity of the <i>Cauda</i>. Its Body is
-of equal Thickness, and recommended to the View by various
-and delightful Spots<a id='r146' /><a href='#f146' class='c019'><sup>[146]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f146'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r146'>146</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Conrad. Gesner.</i> <i>Ælian.</i> <i>Columella</i>, lib. vi.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>We read of this Serpent in <i>Gothland</i>, where it comes forth in
-the Spring before all other Serpents, being more able to encounter
-the cold Air<a id='r147' /><a href='#f147' class='c019'><sup>[147]</sup></a>. Some Authors tell us, that its Skin wrapt about a
-Stick, drives away all Serpents; which I place among the Tales of
-Antiquity.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f147'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r147'>147</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Olaus Magnus Hist.</i> B. xxi.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Serpent is found in the <i>Lybian Deserts</i>, and also in the
-Island of <i>Lemnos</i>, in the <i>Ægean</i> Sea. The Puncture made by its
-Wounds is so small, that it can scarcely be discerned, yet terminates
-in a dreadful Inflammation and a lingering Death.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>ERASMUS</i> was puzzled about the Sense of that <i>Greek</i> Proverb
-ὑδρος εν φιθω, <i>hydrus in dolio</i>, a Serpent in the Hogshead:
-The Meaning of it, said an Interpreter of Dreams, is this: A certain
-Person had a Vessel of Wine, that was constantly diminishing,
-tho’ carefully lock’d up; the Reason of which he could not
-account for, till he empty’d the Vessel, at the bottom of which he
-found a Serpent rioting in Wine<a id='r148' /><a href='#f148' class='c019'><sup>[148]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f148'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r148'>148</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Conradus Gesner.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Perhaps as good an Interpretation may be this, that there
-was Venom in the Cask (of which the Serpent was an Emblem)
-to all those who rioted in the Bowls of Excess. Not so, says a
-Son of <i>Bacchus</i>; for</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>The thirsty Earth soaks up the Rain,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>And drinks, and gapes for Drink again.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>The Sea itself, which one would think,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Should have but little need of Drink,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Drinks Ten thousand Rivers up.</i>——</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span><i>The busy Sun, and one would guess</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>By’s drunken fiery Face no less,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Drinks up the Sea.——</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Fill up the Bowl then, fill it high,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Fill all the Glasses there, for why,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Should every Creature drink, but I?</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Why, Man of Morals, tell me why?</i><a id='r149' /><a href='#f149' class='c019'><sup>[149]</sup></a></div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote c026' id='f149'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r149'>149</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Cowley</i>’s Anacreon.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some of the Poets have thought this <i>Amphisbæna</i> to be the
-<i>Hydra Lernæa</i>, the many-headed Serpent, that was very terrible
-to the adjacent Country, and slain by <i>Hercules</i>: When one Head
-was cut off, many others sprung up; so that there was no way to
-destroy the Monster, but by cutting off all the Heads with one
-Stroke.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Tho’ there be no <i>Amphisbænick</i> Animals, there is some Resemblance
-of it in Plants, whose <i>Cotyledon</i> is always double, and
-in the common Centre of the two, is a Point or Speck, which is
-the Plantule, or the Tree in Embryo; which Plantule being acted
-on by the Earth, warmed by the Sun, begins to expand, and
-shoots its Root both upward and downward. Thus, in a Bean
-committed to the Ground, we soon see it to cleave into two
-Parts, and in the Fissure appears a little Speck, which sends out a
-Root downwards, and a Bud upwards.—A remarkable Phænomenon,
-says the Note on <i>Boerhaave</i>’s Theory.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>X. Among Serpents, Authors place <i>Dragons</i>; Creatures terrible
-and fierce in Aspect and Nature. They are divided into
-<i>Apodes</i> and <i>Pedates</i>, some with Feet, and some without them;
-some are privileged with Wings, and others are destitute of Wings
-and Feet: Some are covered with sharp Scales, which make a
-bright Appearance in some Position. Some have observed, that
-about the <i>Ganges</i>, are Dragons whose Eyes sparkle like precious
-Stones.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>They differ in external Form: The <i>Draconopades</i> are represented
-by a human Face, and sightly Countenance; the rest of the
-Body in a tortuous winding Shape. In one of Dr. <i>Johnson</i>’s Figures,
-a Dragon is made to appear like a Man’s Face, with a Grenadier’s
-Cap on the Head. Some differ in Colour, some are
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>black in the upper Part of the Body, according to <i>Philostratus</i>;
-red, according to <i>Homer</i>; yellow, according to <i>Pausanias</i>; and
-<i>Lucan</i> makes it a golden Colour<a id='r150' /><a href='#f150' class='c019'><sup>[150]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f150'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r150'>150</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Philostratus de Vita Apol.</i> lib. iii. cap. 2. <i>Homer.</i>
-<i>Iliad</i>, lib. 12. <i>Lucan.</i> <i>Pharsal. in Jonstoni Historia
-Serpentum</i>, p. 33, 34.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The same Historian observes, that in the <i>Atlantick</i> Mountains,
-they kill where they touch, and those that are in the Kingdom
-of <i>Narsinga</i>, and dwell in the Woods, kill all they meet.
-<i>Ibid.</i><a id='r151' /><a href='#f151' class='c019'><sup>[151]</sup></a></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f151'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r151'>151</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Unde quidam in arbores &amp; chamo dracones distinxere.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>I presume, the Author means <i>Narsinga</i>, a potent Kingdom,
-bounded on the East with the Bay of <i>Bengal</i>, that noble
-Part of <i>India</i>, says <i>Herbert</i><a id='r152' /><a href='#f152' class='c019'><sup>[152]</sup></a>; where the Monarch is always attended
-with 1000 for his Guards, has 5 or 6000 Jesters, and reckons
-it one of his chief Titles to be the Husband of a Thousand
-Wives.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f152'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r152'>152</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>His Travels into <i>Africa</i> and <i>Asia</i>, the
-famous Empires of <i>Persia</i> and <i>Indostan</i>,—Oriental
-Islands.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Dragons are Inhabitants of <i>Africa</i> and <i>Asia</i>; those of
-<i>India</i> exceed most in Largeness and Longitude: In the Tower of
-<i>London</i>, is the Skin of one, which is of vast Bulk. In <i>Æthiopia</i>,
-they have no Name for <i>Dragons</i>, but <i>Killers of Elephants</i>,
-which is supposed to be the largest of Land-Animals.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Over the Water-gate in the City of <i>Rhodes</i>, there is set up
-the Head of a <i>Dragon</i>, which was 33 Foot long, that wasted all
-the Country, till it was slain by <i>Deodate de Gozon</i>, one of the
-<i>Knights of St. John Baptist</i><a id='r153' /><a href='#f153' class='c019'><sup>[153]</sup></a>. The <i>Knights of that Order</i> had
-frequently attack’d it, but in vain; for its Scales being proof against
-all their Arms, it destroyed so many of them, that the
-Grand-Master forbad them to engage the Monster any more.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f153'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r153'>153</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atlas Geog. Anatolia</i>, p. 43, -4. From <i>Tavernier</i> and <i>Du Mont.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>GOZON</i>, who, after several dangerous Onsets escaped with
-his Life, resolved to make another Trial by Stratagem; perceiving
-it was no where vulnerable but in the Eyes and Belly, contrived
-the Resemblance of a Dragon by a Machine of Pastboard,
-of equal Bulk with the Dragon, and by certain Springs made it
-leap like a true Dragon: Having trained up a Couple of fierce
-Dogs to attack it at the <i>Belly</i>, he went out privately one Morning,
-well-armed on a managed Horse with his Dogs, and rode up to the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>Den, from whence the Dragon leaped furiously at him: In the
-Encounter, the Dogs laid hold on his Belly, and forced him to lie
-down; upon which the valiant Knight alighted, thrust his great
-Sword several times into his Throat, and soon killed him: Upon
-which the Spectators drew near, and with great difficulty sever’d
-the Head from the Body, and lugged it into the Town in Triumph.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Conqueror was degraded for the sake of Form, because
-he had violated the Grand-Master’s Order; but was immediately
-restored, and soon after was elected Grand-Master himself; he
-died in the Year 1335, and on his Tomb were engraven these
-Words, <i>Draconis Extinctor</i>; <i>The Destroyer of the Dragon</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Life of <i>Attilius Regulus</i> (the <i>Roman</i> General in the War
-against the <i>Carthaginians</i>) is described a Dragon of prodigious
-Bulk near the River <i>Bagrada</i>, that annoyed all the Country round,
-without Remedy. Several Devices were formed to destroy it, but
-without effect, till the Military <i>Possé</i> was called in, who discharged
-the <i>Engines of War</i> against it with Success: And so great was this
-Deliverance, that an <i>Ovation</i>, or a small Triumph, was publickly
-made at <i>Rome</i> for the Victory.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XI. The <i>Pythian</i> Dragon, so called from its being the Guardian
-of the <i>Delphick</i> Oracle: Its Eyes are large and sharp, and
-the Body painted with Variety of Colours, as red, yellow, green
-and blue, and furnished with Scales that are resplendent, well compacted
-and hard. It has been called <i>Deucalionæus</i>, because in the
-Language of Ignorance, it was produced from the Mud left by the
-<i>Deucalionian</i> Deluge: a Serpent of prodigious Bulk.<a id='r154' /><a href='#f154' class='c019'><sup>[154]</sup></a></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f154'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r154'>154</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstonus.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>PYTHON</i> is also taken for a prophetick Demon, by St.
-<i>Luke</i><a id='r155' /><a href='#f155' class='c019'><sup>[155]</sup></a>.—<i>As we went to Prayer, a certain Damsel possest with a
-Spirit of Divination</i>, (having the Spirit of <i>Pytho</i>, according to the
-<i>Greek</i>) <i>which brought her Masters much Gain by Sooth-saying</i>, that
-is, by Predictions, telling of Fortunes. <i>Python</i> of the <i>Greeks</i> is
-supposed the <i>Typhon</i> of the <i>Phenicians</i>, and the <i>Phœnician Typhon</i>
-to be <i>Ogg</i> King of <i>Bashan</i>, and <i>Apollo</i> that slew it, to be
-<i>Joshua</i>. <i>Apollo</i> is called <i>Pythius</i> from this Serpent, or from some
-notorious Tyrant of that Name, slain by him, as the antient Geographer
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>observes. So <i>Gesner</i> from <i>Pausanias</i>. The Priestess
-of <i>Apollo</i>, that delivered the Sacred Oracles, was called <i>Pythia</i>
-and <i>Pythonissa</i>. This <i>Pythonick</i> Spirit among the Gentiles, was
-esteemed as a God, and by <i>Juvenal</i> is styled <i>Vates</i>, a Prophet.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f155'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r155'>155</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Act.</i> xvi. 16.—Πνευμα Πυθωνος.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Priestess that delivered the Sacred Oracles, was called
-<i>Pythia</i>, from <i>Apollo Pythius</i>, and must be a pure Virgin. Most
-of the Fathers of the Church were of opinion, that it was the Devil
-gave the Answers, which were generally dubious, a Sign of his
-Ignorance about Futurity.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>One <i>Œnomaus</i>, a certain Pagan Philosopher, highly resenting
-it, that he had been so often befooled by the Oracles, speaks to
-<i>Apollo</i> thus—</p>
-<p class='c032'>“When we come to consult thee, either thou knowest
-Things to come or not. If thou knowest them, why dost
-not thou speak so as to be understood? If thou knowest not,
-why dost thou pretend to it? If Things necessarily come to
-pass, why dost thou amuse us with Ambiguities?<a id='r156' /><a href='#f156' class='c019'><sup>[156]</sup></a>”</p>
-
-<div class='fn c036'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f156'>
-<p class='c037'><span class='label'><a href='#r156'>156</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Eusebius.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'><i>F. BALTHUS</i>, a learned Jesuit, and <i>F. Bouchet</i>, say there were
-real Oracles, and such that can never be attributed to Priests and
-Priestesses; and that the Devil still gives Oracles in the <i>Indies</i>, and
-that not by Idols, which would be liable to Imposture, but by the
-Mouths of Priests, and By-Standers; and that the Devil becomes
-mute, in proportion as the Gospel prevails.——</p>
-
-<p class='c032'>“It is generally believed among the more Learned, that the Pagan
-Oracles were mere Frauds and Impostures, and calculated
-to serve the political Views of Princes, and covetous
-Ends of Pagan Priests.”</p>
-
-<p class='c031'>According to the learned <i>Bayle</i>,
-they were meer human Artifices; and he is seconded by <i>Vandale</i>
-and <i>Fontenelle</i>. But to return to the Oracle at <i>Delphos</i>, which
-was very antient and much in vogue before the <i>Trojan</i> War: The
-Situation of the Place, where People were made to believe God
-spoke, was at the Mouth of a certain Cavern, whence they received
-their Intelligence. The Prophetess sat upon a <i>Tripodium</i>, a three-footed
-Stool, assisted in her Function by divers Priests.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Under her Seat, ’tis said, that some time there appeared a
-Dragon, through whose Throat Responses were audibly deliver’d,
-with a loud and strong Voice: According to <i>Eusebius</i>, a Serpent
-rolled itself about the Tripod, on which the Priest sat.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>Of all Oracles, that of <i>Apollo Pythius</i> at <i>Delphos</i>, in the <i>Ægean</i>
-Sea, was the most celebrated, and consulted as the <i>dernier Resort</i> by
-the Princes of those Times; yea, all the <i>Greeks</i> resorted thither
-for Counsel in Matters of Importance. At the first opening of
-that <i>Oracular Office</i>, Answers were given to the Querist in Verse;
-but upon People’s ridiculing the Poorness of the Verification,
-the Oracle fell to Prose. ’Tis strange, that what they made a <i>God</i>,
-could not make a <i>good Verse</i>, but not strange to see the old Serpent
-adhering to its first Scheme of Politicks, by making the weaker
-Vessel the Vehicle to convey his strong Delusions to the World.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some of these Draconick Serpents excel in the Sensations of
-Hearing and Seeing, as well as in the Art of Killing; and therefore
-a <i>Dragon</i> was made the <i>Conservator</i> of their <i>Treasures</i> and <i>Curiosities</i>;
-e. g. <i>Mauritania</i> in <i>Africa</i>, was famous for the Gardens of the
-<i>Hesperides</i> (so called from three Sisters and Daughters of King
-<i>Hesperius</i>) that produced <i>Golden Apples</i>, and were guarded by a
-<i>Dragon</i>, which <i>Hercules</i> having killed or charm’d into a profound
-Sleep, he robbed the Golden Orchard.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Rod of <i>Moses</i>, ’tis said, <i>was turned into a Serpent</i>. The
-<i>Syriack</i>, <i>Arabick</i>, and <i>Septuagint</i> Translations, say, twas turned into
-a <i>Dragon</i>; and so the Rods of the Magicians became <i>Dragons</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>XII. The <i>Basilisk</i> or <i>Cockatrice</i>, is a Serpent of the Draconick
-Line, the Property of <i>Africa</i>, says <i>Ælian</i>, and denied by others:
-In shape, resembles a Cock, the Tail excepted. Authors differ
-about its Extraction; the <i>Egyptians</i> say, it springs from the Egg
-of the Bird <i>Ibis</i>; and others, from the Eggs of a Cock: Other
-Conjectures about its Descent, being as ridiculous, I forbear to
-mention them. Nor are they agreed whether it more inclines to
-the black or yellow Colour; nor are their Sentiments less various
-about its Stature.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is gross in Body, of fiery Eyes, and sharp Head, on which
-it wears a Crest, like a Cock’s Comb; and has the Honour to be
-stiled <i>Regulus</i> by the <i>Latins</i>, the <i>Little King of Serpents</i>; and ’tis
-generally supposed to be terrible to them. The Sight of this
-Animal, and Sound of his Voice, puts them to flight, and even to
-over-run their Prey<a id='r157' /><a href='#f157' class='c019'><sup>[157]</sup></a>: Yea, Tradition adds, that his Eyes and
-Breath are killing; that is, I presume, when he grasps the Spoil.
-Several dreadful things are attributed to his venemous Qualities,
-so sing the Poets<a id='r158' /><a href='#f158' class='c019'><sup>[158]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f157'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r157'>157</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Sibilo ejus reliquos terreri &amp; prædam derelinquere.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div id='pl-3' class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i078.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic004'>
-<p><i>Plate 3<sup>d</sup>.</i></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span></div>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f158'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r158'>158</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Tam teter vacuas odor hinc exhalat in auras,</div>
- <div class='line'>Atque propinquantes penetrant non segniter artus.</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Nican.</i></div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line c012'>Ante venena nocens, late sibi submovet omne</div>
- <div class='line'>Vulgus, &amp; in vacua regnat Basiliscus arena.</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Lucan.</i> 270.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>According to <i>Pliny</i> and other antient Historians, this Serpent
-in its Motion, inclines to the Erect; it goes half upright,
-the middle and posterior parts of the Body only touching the
-Ground. The Venom of the Basilisk is said to be so exalted, that
-if it bites a Staff, ’twill kill the Person that makes use of it; but
-this is Tradition without a Voucher<a id='r159' /><a href='#f159' class='c019'><sup>[159]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f159'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r159'>159</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian. Gyllii Accessio</i>, cap. xviii. p. 247.
-<i>Jonstoni Historia Natural. Serp.</i> p. 34, 35.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The reason why this Serpent is dubb’d <i>King</i>, is not because
-’tis larger in bulk than others of the Fraternity, or because it wears
-a Crown, or because that Title seems to be recognized by a divine
-Prophet, who speaking of <i>Ahaz</i> and his Son <i>Hezekiah</i>, says,
-<i>Out of the Serpent’s Root shall come forth a Cockatrice, and his
-Fruit shall be a fiery flying Serpent</i>. The <i>Hebrew</i> expresses it by
-a word, that Signifies a <i>Prince</i> or <i>King</i>, but not with a View to
-Empire over the serpentine Race.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>But ’tis most probable, that the royal Stile is given to this
-Serpent, because of its <i>majestic Pace</i>, which seems to be attended
-with an Air of Grandeur and Authority. It does not, like other
-Serpents, creep on the Earth; which if it did, the sight of it
-would not be frightful, but moving about, in a sort of an erect
-Posture, it looks like a Creature of another Species, therefore they
-conclude ’tis an Enemy. Serpents are for Uniformity, therefore
-can’t endure those that differ from them in the Mode of Motion.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>’Tis said of this Creature, that its Poison infects the Air to
-that Degree, that no other Animal can live near it, according to
-the Tradition of the Elders famous for magnificent Tales. These
-little Furioso’s are bred in the Solitudes of <i>Africa</i>, and are also
-found in some other Places, and every where are terrible Neighbours.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The crown’d Basilisk leads me to <i>Ovid</i>, who, speaking of
-Man’s erect Posture, says ’tis a Mark of Distinction due to the
-Excellencies of the human Mind:</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span><i>A Creature of a more exalted kind</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Was wanting yet; and then was Man design’d,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Conscious of Thought, of more capacious Breast.</i>——</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>2. And partly as an Ensign of Royalty, some Characters whereof
-Naturalists have observed in some other petty Principalities;
-such as the Crown on the Dolphin, Diadem on the Basilisk, the
-Lion’s stately Mane, which serves as a Collar of Honour.——</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>But Man, being vested with an universal Monarchy, walks
-upon the Earth, like a Master in his own House.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XIII. The <i>Cæcilia</i> or <i>Typhlinus</i>, the blind Worm, as the
-<i>Greek</i> word imports; not that it wants Eyes, but because they are
-so little, that he must be furnish’d with good Optics that can discern
-them: And the Ear also is as remarkably dull, therefore call’d
-by the <i>Greeks</i> κωφιας<a id='r160' /><a href='#f160' class='c019'><sup>[160]</sup></a>; of a brown Colour, full of Spots, variegated:
-The Belly is blackish, the Neck sky-colour’d, garnish’d
-with certain black Spots: Head like a Lamprey, and is as free
-from Poison: Little Teeth, a forked Tongue, and may be handled
-without hurt<a id='r161' /><a href='#f161' class='c019'><sup>[161]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f160'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r160'>160</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Quasi surdaster, quod hebetis sit auditus.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f161'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r161'>161</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nicander</i> calls it απημαντον, quod nullam noxam inferat. <i>Jonstonus</i>, p. 19.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Serpent seems to resemble those People which we call
-<i>Myops</i>, <i>i. e.</i> Mouse-eyed, or purblind, which happens when the
-Eye is so <i>convex</i>, that the Rays of Light unite, before they come
-to the <i>Retina</i>, which makes the Eye also look small, whence the
-Name<a id='r162' /><a href='#f162' class='c019'><sup>[162]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f162'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r162'>162</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>From τυφλοω excæco, κωφοω, exsurdo.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Cæcilian Serpent</i> is about a Foot long, and distinguishable
-from our common Serpents by the Form of its Body, which is almost
-of the same Crassitude, excepting two or three Inches at the
-extremity of the Tail. <i>Conradus Gesner</i> tells us, his Wife struck
-one of these Serpents on the Head, when ’twas pregnant, and it
-immediately cast forth its young<a id='r163' /><a href='#f163' class='c019'><sup>[163]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f163'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r163'>163</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Gesner</i>, p. 36. <i>Ælian.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XIV. The <i>Cencris</i>, or <i>Cencrina</i> is a spotted Serpent, and very
-venemous; denominated from <i>Milium</i>, a small Grain call’d Millet-feed;
-to which Historians compare the Spots wherewith this
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>Serpent is adorn’d: For the same reason, a certain Species of the
-<i>Herpes</i>, that is, a cutaneous Distemper, which is a kind of spreading
-Inflammation, (and is like Millet-feed on the Skin) is called
-<i>Miliary</i>: And by some, this is called the <i>Miliary Serpent</i><a id='r164' /><a href='#f164' class='c019'><sup>[164]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f164'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r164'>164</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ab aliquibus Miliaris appellatur.</i> Jonstonus, p. 20.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Serpent is compared by <i>Nicander</i> to a <i>Lion</i>; either for
-<i>Cruelty</i> in thirsting after Blood, or for its <i>Courage</i>, which appears
-in all its Attacks. How furious in all its Wars, offensive
-and defensive! always fighting, Lion-like, with an <i>erected Tail</i>:
-Which leads me to a Digression about the <i>Turkish Standard</i>,
-which is a <i>Horse-Tail erected</i>: The Original of that Custom was
-this, <i>viz.</i> One of the <i>Turkish Generals</i> having his Standard taken
-in a Battle with the <i>Christians</i>, and perceiving his Men discouraged
-by the loss of it, he cut off a <i>Horse-Tail</i>, and fastening it to the
-top of a <i>Half-pike</i>, advanced it on high, crying out, <i>This is the
-great Standard, let those that love me follow it</i>: Upon which his
-Men rallied, fought like <i>Lions</i>, and obtained the Victory<a id='r165' /><a href='#f165' class='c019'><sup>[165]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f165'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r165'>165</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Tavernier.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>But to return to the Serpent, which moving in a direct Line,
-goes fast, but being of great Bulk, can’t suddenly wind about<a id='r166' /><a href='#f166' class='c019'><sup>[166]</sup></a>:
-Circumvolution is the way to avoid its Menaces. ’Tis commonly
-found in the Island of <i>Lemnos</i> (the old <i>Dipolis</i>, and now the <i>Stalimene</i>
-of the <i>Turks</i>) and also in <i>Samothracia</i>, an Island in the
-<i>Archipelago</i>, a Province anciently famous for the <i>Dii Cabiri</i>, that
-is, <i>certain Gods</i> worshipped by the <i>Samothracians</i> and <i>Phenicians</i>,
-and had in such high Veneration, that it was a Crime to mention
-Names so sacred among the People<a id='r167' /><a href='#f167' class='c019'><sup>[167]</sup></a>. Some say they were God’s
-Ministers, others think they were Devils.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f166'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r166'>166</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Et semper recto lapsurus limite cencris.</i> Lucan. Pharsal. p. 269.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f167'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r167'>167</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Bochart Geogr. Sacra</i>, lib. i. cap. 12.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<p class='c033'>XV. The <i>Acontia</i><a id='r168' /><a href='#f168' class='c019'><sup>[168]</sup></a>, called by the <i>Latins</i>, <i>Serpens Jacularis</i>,
-and by some, the Flying Serpent, because of the Celerity of its
-Motion. In <i>Lemnos</i> ’tis call’d <i>Sagittarius</i>, the Bowman or Archer.
-By the modern <i>Greeks</i>, <i>Saeta</i>, a Dart; for it flies like an Arrow
-at its Prey<a id='r169' /><a href='#f169' class='c019'><sup>[169]</sup></a>. A certain Person in <i>Cato</i>’s Army call’d <i>Paulus</i>, was
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>slain, not by the Poison, but the Violence of its Blow<a id='r170' /><a href='#f170' class='c019'><sup>[170]</sup></a>: Probably
-on the lateral part of the Scull.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f168'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r168'>168</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Απο του ακοντος, quod, jaculi instar, se vibret.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f169'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r169'>169</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Rumpat &amp; Serpens iter institutum</div>
- <div class='line'>Si per obliquum similis sagittæ</div>
- <div class='line in10'>Terruit mannos.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote c026' id='f170'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r170'>170</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>——immisit (jaculum vocat Africa,) serpens</div>
- <div class='line'>Perque caput Pauli transacta tempora fugit</div>
- <div class='line'>Nil ibi virus egit: rapuit cum vulnere fatum.</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Lucani Pharsalia</i>, lib. ix. p. 273.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>Authors are not agreed about its Dimensions. <i>Ambrosinus</i>
-speaking of one he had seen in the <i>Bononian Musæum</i>, says, ’tis
-about the thickness of a Staff, and about three Foot long: It is
-found in <i>Egypt</i>, its Wounds are dreadful, being attended with
-Putrefaction and Defluxion of the Flesh.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>That which <i>Bellonius</i> saw, was three Palms long, or sixteen
-Inches and a Finger’s Breadth. <i>N. B.</i> <i>Palmus</i> stands for two different
-Measures; <i>Palmus major</i> contains twelve Fingers; <i>Palmus
-minor</i>, four Inches.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It lies in wait under Bushes, from whence it rushes out unawares,
-and flies like an Arrow at Passengers: Before it leaps at
-the Prey, it lies on the Ground, and turns itself round, to give
-the greater spring to the Motion, by which she’ll do execution
-at twenty Cubits distance<a id='r171' /><a href='#f171' class='c019'><sup>[171]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f171'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r171'>171</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstonus</i>, p. 20, 21.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>These nimble Leapers are found among the <i>West-Indians</i>,
-especially in <i>Hispaniola</i>, where there are little Serpents in green
-Apparel, that hang by the Tail on the Branches, from whence
-they suddenly leap upon their Prey. Among the <i>Sabæans</i> are
-some cloathed in red, four Inches long, that thus leap upon Men
-unawares; and hurt, not only by striking, but touching.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Serpent resembles the Ash in Colour, inclining to the
-white. It traverses the <i>Lybian</i> Provinces, where it makes travelling
-dangerous: It is also found in the Island of <i>Rhodes</i>; an Island
-on which, the Poets tell us, <i>Golden Showers are rain’d</i>, and
-where the Air is never so clouded, as to hinder the Light of the
-Sun. It appears also in <i>Norway</i>, according to <i>Olaus Magnus</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>One tells us, that he was inform’d by one <i>John Vitus</i>, a
-learned <i>Hungarian</i>, that there were in that Country <i>little Serpents</i>
-about six Inches long, and without a Tail, therefore called by the
-Vulgar, the <i>curtail’d Serpent</i>, the whole Body is much of an
-equal Thickness; and these, upon View of their Prey, leap upon
-it with the Swiftness of an Arrow<a id='r172' /><a href='#f172' class='c019'><sup>[172]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f172'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r172'>172</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Conrad. Gesner. in Verbum.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>XVI. The <i>Druina Serpent</i> from δρυς, an Oak, by <i>Scaliger</i>
-called <i>Querculus</i>; it takes its Name from the Oak, in whose hollow
-places it seems to reside; and to which, it retires for Refuge,
-when assaulted by Hornets.——Some credulous Authors have
-said, that these Serpents take up their hybernal Lodgings about
-the Roots of the <i>Beach-trees</i>, and by Virtue of the Warmth,
-which those Roots derive from them, that Tree, so enhappy’d,
-flourishes all Winter.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Serpent is of the amphibious kind, and a most venemous
-Creature, therefore rang’d with the first Order of the serpentine
-Race. ’Tis of monstrous bulk<a id='r173' /><a href='#f173' class='c019'><sup>[173]</sup></a>, guarded by a rough squammatick
-Armour, in the Cavities of which, ’tis said, little Flies build
-their Nests. Whether it appears in white or blue Habit, is not
-material, nor do I see what Honour it gets by wearing a Coronet
-on its Head.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f173'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r173'>173</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>It is a Load for a Porter.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Language of Tradition, to tread upon it, will cause an
-Excoriation in the Foot, (tho’ no Wound be given) and a Tumor
-in the Leg; yea, adds the Traditionist, the Hands that attend
-the Patient, will be in danger of losing their Skin: But he who
-believes all the Fables of Antiquity, is in more danger of losing
-his Reason.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Druinical Serpent goes under various Denominations. ’Tis
-said to follow the <i>Acontia</i> in Authors, because its Figure exactly
-quadrates with <i>Bellonius</i>’s dart Serpent; and <i>Scaliger</i> was in the
-same Sentiment<a id='r174' /><a href='#f174' class='c019'><sup>[174]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f174'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r174'>174</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstonus</i>, Articul. xiii. p. 21.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>But I shall only mention that of <i>Chersydrus</i>, from <i>Nicander</i>
-in <i>Jonstonus</i>, p. 28. or <i>Chelydrus</i>, called by some a <i>Sea-Snail</i>;
-which the learned Sir <i>Hans Sloane</i> describes thus——</p>
-
-<p class='c032'>“That it is more flat than most of the cochlean Marines, consisting
-only of Circumvolutions, round the Axis of the Shell; of a fine purple
-Colour.”</p>
-
-<p class='c031'>He calls it <i>Cochlea Marina</i><a id='r175' /><a href='#f175' class='c019'><sup>[175]</sup></a>, and not without
-reason, because of their difference in Magnitude.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f175'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r175'>175</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>His Voyage to <i>Jamaica</i>, vol. i. p. 34.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The terrestrial <i>Druina</i> lives upon Frogs, and other Insects;
-many of them are found in <i>Africa-Interior</i>, and the <i>Hellespont</i>
-by <i>Constantinople</i>. It is a fetid Animal, and sends forth an ill
-Scent, especially when its Body is wounded<a id='r176' /><a href='#f176' class='c019'><sup>[176]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f176'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r176'>176</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian.</i> <i>Gyllius.</i> <i>Gesner.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>This Serpent exceeds most in bulk, and loudness in hissing,
-which resembles the Cry of <i>Sheep</i> and <i>Goats</i>, ibid. <i>Gyllius</i> makes
-the <i>Druina</i> to be the <i>Chelydrus</i>, described by the Poet, who
-makes it a <i>Calabrian</i><a id='r177' /><a href='#f177' class='c019'><sup>[177]</sup></a>: Of which, more in another place.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f177'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r177'>177</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line in14'>——<i>Nidore chelydros</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Est etiam ille malus colubris in saltibus anguis</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Postquam exhausta palus.</i>—Virg. Georg. l. iii. This is applied also to the <i>Hydrus</i>.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<p class='c033'>XVII. The <i>Elops</i> or <i>Elaphis</i> of the Antients, which some
-confound with the <i>Cæcilia</i>, as <i>Jonstonus</i> observes: It is of the
-amphibious Sort, and known at <i>Lemnos</i>, where ’tis call’d <i>Laphiati</i>
-by the Natives. In <i>Aldrovandus</i>’s Study, <i>Ambrosinus</i> saw the Picture
-of this Serpent, which was about three Foot long; the Belly
-is of a yellow Colour, the Back is brown, and distinguishable by
-three black Lines<a id='r178' /><a href='#f178' class='c019'><sup>[178]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f178'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r178'>178</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ray.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>There is a <i>marine Elope</i>, an Animal counted sacred by the
-Poets, a Set of merry Mortals, famous for turning every thing
-into a <i>God</i>, or <i>Ridicule</i>. The Historian mentions a certain Fish
-so called, that upon any loud Noise made on Land near the Shore,
-would immediately hasten towards the Place, as if it would see
-who durst rival <i>Triton</i> in Sound; <i>Triton</i>, Herald of <i>Neptune</i>, Sovereign
-of the Sea.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XVIII. The <i>Pareas</i> or <i>Parvas</i>, is a Serpent of a fiery Colour,
-sharp Eyes, wide Mouth, two Feet situated near the Tail,
-by which its Motion is guided<a id='r179' /><a href='#f179' class='c019'><sup>[179]</sup></a>: It is called the Serpent of <i>Esculapius</i>,
-being of a gentle, innocent, friendly Nature. In <i>Italy</i>
-they frequent Houses, and are no more dangerous than common
-Eels; and if provoked to exercise their Teeth, there is nothing venemous
-in the Bite. This is supposed by some to be the <i>Italian
-Baron</i>: One of its commendable Properties is, that it devours
-poisonous Serpents; and therefore is sacred to the Mysteries, and
-highly esteem’d in the Temple of <i>Dionysius</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f179'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r179'>179</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Et contentus, iter cauda sulcare Pareas.</i> Lucan. Phars. 270.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>Gesner</i><a id='r180' /><a href='#f180' class='c019'><sup>[180]</sup></a>, from <i>Albertus</i> says, it goes as it were upright, on its
-Tail, not perpendicularly upon the sharp End, but on that Part
-of the Body joined to the Tail: It is bred in <i>Syria</i>, <i>Alexandria</i>,
-and in the East, <i>&amp;c.</i> These Serpents are known also in <i>Spain</i>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>and other temperate Regions, and every where esteemed Enemies
-to hurtful Serpents, and Friends to Mankind; therefore were
-consecrated to the divine <i>Esculapius</i>, that great and glorious Exemplar
-of Humanity.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f180'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r180'>180</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Quasi totus erectus graditur super caudam.</i> l. v. p. 65.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XIX. The <i>Dipsas</i> or <i>Dipsacus</i> is a little venemous Reptile
-of the Aspick kind<a id='r181' /><a href='#f181' class='c019'><sup>[181]</sup></a>, less than a Viper, but kills sooner; and is
-most remarkable in this, that when it bites, the Poison brings an
-unquenchable Thirst on the Person affected, who finding no Relief,
-runs to the Water, and drinks till he bursts asunder<a id='r182' /><a href='#f182' class='c019'><sup>[182]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f181'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r181'>181</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Some make it of the viperine Sort. One calls it,
-<i>Vipera siticulosa. Vipera sitem facientes.</i>
-Avicenna. Conrad. Gesner, p. 42. <i>Inter aspidem &amp; viperam</i>, says
-another. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f182'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r182'>182</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Accessio Gyllii</i>, cap. 47.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Poetick Historian observes, how <i>Aulus</i>, an Ensign-bearer
-in the <i>Roman</i> Army in <i>Africa</i>, was slain by this Serpent;
-at first he felt little or no Pain from the Bite, but as soon as it began
-to operate, he was immediately scorch’d to death<a id='r183' /><a href='#f183' class='c019'><sup>[183]</sup></a>. <i>Galen</i>
-calls this Serpent <i>Diabetes</i>, and <i>Ægineta Dipsacus</i>, from the incurable
-Thirst that accompanies its Bite: By others ’tis called <i>Situla</i>,
-because of the burning Heat caused by the Wound.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f183'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r183'>183</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line in12'>——<i>Sanguinis Aulam.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Torta caput retro Dipsas calcata momordit.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Vix dolor</i>—— p. 270.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>It is about a Cubit in Length, lives in salt Marshes and shallow
-Waters; it dwells in <i>Arabia</i>, <i>Rhodes</i>, <i>Africa</i>, especially in
-<i>Lybia</i>, where some Branches of the venemous Family live on Camel’s
-Flesh, and Locusts dried in the Sun. The more hot the
-Climate, the more terrible the Wound, as it is in that hot Country,
-where they have no Springs, but a few salt Wells, which increase
-the animal Appetite of Thirst. The learned <i>Venetian</i>
-makes the Serpent <i>Dipsas</i> an <i>Hieroglyphick of illicit Love</i>, the Poison
-of which will, without timely Repentance, excite the Thirst
-of <i>Dives</i>, who wanted a Drop of Water to cool his scorched
-Tongue<a id='r184' /><a href='#f184' class='c019'><sup>[184]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f184'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r184'>184</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Joannis Pierii Valeriani Bellunensis Hieroglyphica, inter
-Collectanea</i>, p. 34. <i>Titulus</i>, <i>Amoris ignes</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XX. <i>Common Snake.</i> These Serpents in their Summer-rambles
-haunt among Bushes, mossy Grounds, uliginous and unfrequented
-Situations. In a sultry Day they may be seen basking themselves
-in the Sun, near their Apartments: The Sight of a Person
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>puts them to flight; and upon a close Pursuit of them, they
-make a Stand, raise up their Heads to a considerable Height, and
-oppose the Enemy with a loud and angry Hiss. No Danger is
-apprehended from their Bite, and they are handled with Impunity.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Species of Serpents resembles the <i>Esculapian</i>, that has
-been fed in some Families; and when provoked to use the Teeth,
-the Danger is no more than that from a Bee, whose Weapons
-are defensive, and not employed without Provocation: In Winter
-they retire into subterraneous Spaces, where they lie dormant, till
-the vernal Sun invites them out.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Though they propagate as Vipers, it does not appear that
-they sit on their Eggs, as most oviparous Animals do; for we
-often find a Brood of young Serpents in old Hedges and Dunghills,
-and no visible Sign of a common Passage to and from the Nest.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XXI. The <i>Elephantia Serpents</i> are those whose Wounds cast
-People into a Leprosy or Roughness of Skin, like that of an Elephant:
-Hence Leprosy proceeding from inward Disorders, is call’d
-<i>Elephantia</i> or <i>Elephantiasis</i>, which is a cutaneous Disease, makes
-the Skin scurfy and rough, in Colour resembling that of an Animal,
-that in Bulk and Intelligence is superior to all four-footed
-Beasts.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>Elephants</i> in <i>India</i> are said to be about 12 Foot high,
-and of a Mouse-colour, the Skin not only rough, but hard, so
-hard, that it is not penetrable by a Sword; their Eyes like those
-of Swine; two Teeth hang out beyond the rest, which are Ivory.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A memorable Instance of this gigantick Creature’s Understanding,
-we had a few Years ago at <i>Newcastle</i> in <i>Staffordshire</i>,
-where a Man travelling with an <i>Elephant</i> for a Show, one Morning
-conducting that Creature to water, happened to pass by a
-Taylor’s Shop, that was working at an open Window, and so
-near it, that the <i>Taylor</i> had the <i>Courage</i> to prick him with his
-Needle: The Beast did not then seem to resent the Affront, but
-when he returned from the Water, which he having artfully
-muddled, took into his Trunk; as he came back by the Taylor’s
-Window, spouted it in his Face, which very much disobliged a
-Piece of Scarlet-cloth on his Table.</p>
-
-<div id='pl-4' class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i086.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic004'>
-<p><i>Plate 4<sup>th</sup>.</i></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>That Elephants are subject to Wrath and Revenge, is evident
-from other Instances: <i>e. g.</i> We read of an Elephant, that
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>when he was brought into a certain Theatre, saw, as he pass’d
-along, a Keeper of wild Beasts, sitting in the Market-place, whom
-he suddenly killed: And that the occasion of this Revenge was,
-because the said Keeper about ten Years before had struck him
-with a Sword in that same Place<a id='r185' /><a href='#f185' class='c019'><sup>[185]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f185'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r185'>185</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Michael Glycas</i>’s Annal. par. 1. in the Memoirs of the Royal
-Society, vol. v, vi. p. 280, 281. <i>ibid.</i> p. 281.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>And <i>Acosta</i> writes, that a Soldier in the Town of <i>Cochine</i>,
-had thrown the Kernel of a Nut at an Elephant, which the Animal
-took up and carefully hid: Some Days after, the Elephant
-seeing the said Soldier pass by, threw it in his Face, and went
-away leaping and dancing. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In that same Town, another Soldier, meeting an Elephant
-and his Keeper, would not give way to them: Whereupon the
-Keeper complained to the Elephant of the Affront, who some
-days after, standing on the River <i>Mangata</i>, which runs through
-the Town, and seeing that sturdy Soldier stand idle, ran hastily
-towards him, lifted him upon his Trunk, and plunged him several
-Times in the River; after which, he drew him out, and left
-him where he found him. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-<p class='c033'>XXII. The <i>Scorpion</i> is one of the Inhabitants of the World in
-Miniature; though a little Insect, yet is reckoned to be one of the
-chiefest among stinging Animals, whose Poison in different Regions
-is less or more dangerous, as it is exalted by various Degrees
-of Heat. It has eight Legs, and two large Claws, resembling
-those of a Lobster, and a Body like a Crab or Craw-fish: They
-are of various Colours, as red, white, yellow, black: They differ
-also in their Size and Kinds, as the marine, terrestrial, reptile,
-winged, hurtful and innocent.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some are of the Bigness and Length of a Man’s Finger, not
-much longer than a <i>Beetle</i> or a black Fly: Those known to us
-are of a brown Colour, the Back composed of Joints resembling
-those of a Crab, but more crustaceous.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Authors differ about the Tail, whether it be knotty or
-not; but all agree, that it is furnished with a terrible Sting, worse
-than the knotted Whip. Many Places produce <i>Scorpions</i> of the
-minute Sort, not much exceeding the Length of a large Bean.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>Others are more bulky, as those at <i>Jerusalem</i>, and all
-about <i>Syria</i>, not unlike our little fluvial Crabs for Bigness, which
-they call <i>Gambari</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the <i>East-Indies</i> are large Scorpions of the winged Kind; so
-in <i>Egypt</i>, where it is reported they are armed with two Stings<a id='r186' /><a href='#f186' class='c019'><sup>[186]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f186'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r186'>186</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Conradus Gesner in Verbum</i>, p. 4.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is observable, these large Scorpions taking their Flight
-against the Wind, sometimes drop down, and so are taken by the
-Country People, and perhaps sent to scorpionize other Kingdoms.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Sea-scorpion</i> is a flying Animal, and of a red Colour,
-whose Flesh is good, and much better than what they call <i>Scorpœna</i>,
-that affects muddy Water and moorish Habitations.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>There is a vast Spread of these venemous Animals over the
-World, both of the winged and creeping Kind, in the Eastern
-and Southern Climates. Some of them move with Tails somewhat
-erected, others trailing on the ground; and are thought to
-be more dangerous than the former: The Coal-black Scorpion is
-accounted the most hurtful; ’tis said, that in many Places in <i>Persia</i>,
-the Inhabitants dare not sleep in Ground-rooms, for fear of
-these little plaguy Creatures, the most terrible of all Night-walkers:
-Of which more elsewhere.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A certain Historian informs us of stimulating Scorpions
-that infest <i>Cashan</i> in <i>Parthia</i>: They are of small Size, not strong
-in Body, but very terrible in their Wounds, there being the
-greatest Malignity in their Stings; upon which is grafted this proverbial
-Curse in that Nation, <i>May a Scorpion of</i> Cashan <i>sting
-thee</i><a id='r187' /><a href='#f187' class='c019'><sup>[187]</sup></a>: But <i>Chardin</i>, <i>Tavernier</i>, and others, place <i>Cashan</i> in <i>Persia</i>,</p>
-<p class='c041'>“where they are very much infested with Scorpions at all
-Seasons, but especially when the Sun is in that Sign, which is
-one of the twelve Signs in the <i>Zodiack</i>; so that ’tis become,
-says another Historian, a Curse, <i>May the Scorpions of</i> Cashan
-<i>sting thy Gulls</i>.”</p>
-<p class='c034'>This occasions every one to be provided with
-<i>sovereign Remedies</i> against them, which is a Piece of <i>Copper-money</i>
-they put upon the Wound, take it off 24 Hours after, and apply
-a Plaister of Honey and Vinegar. The <i>Holstein</i> Ambassadors say
-they are very black, of the Length and Thickness of a Man’s
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>Finger, and run faster than Crab-fishes, with their Tails always
-erected<a id='r188' /><a href='#f188' class='c019'><sup>[188]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f187'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r187'>187</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Herbert</i>’s Travels, Book ii. p. 13.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f188'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r188'>188</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Duke of <i>Holstein</i>’s Ambassadors Travels into <i>Persia</i>, <i>sparsim</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<p class='c013'>We read of a certain Emperor of <i>Persia</i>, who designing to
-make a Tour into <i>Media</i>, durst not undertake the Journey, for
-the vast Quantity of <i>Scorpions</i> lying in the Road: So that he was
-obliged to detach a great Number of stout Fellows to destroy
-those pestiferous Animals, promising a superior Reward to them
-that kill’d most: Till this Execution was over, he durst not venture
-his dignified Carcass abroad. The <i>Scythian Scorpions</i> are of
-the large Size, and terrible when they shoot their Stings.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Madagascar</i>, a large <i>African</i> Island, are several Sorts of
-Scorpions, particularly <i>Water-Scorpions</i>, that lie in the Marshes
-and standing Waters, which are very mischievous, killing Dogs
-and Beasts, and then sucking their Blood. There is another Sort
-of Scorpions with a great round black Belly, that are very dangerous;
-for those whom they strike immediately swoon, and
-some for two Days are weak, and cold as Ice. The only Remedy
-they have, is that used against Serpent’s Wounds, <i>viz.</i> to set
-the Patient by a great Fire, and giving him Antidotes to expel the
-Poison, which proves a Cure<a id='r189' /><a href='#f189' class='c019'><sup>[189]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f189'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r189'>189</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atlas Geograph. Asia</i>, from <i>La Croix</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Italy</i>, <i>Land-Scorpions</i> are call’d <i>Scurtificio</i>, because they
-have their Poison <i>nel-pizzo</i>, in the Extremity of their Tail.
-Among the <i>Germans</i>, <i>pizzo</i> is <i>sharp</i>, as <i>spits als een naalde</i>, pointed
-as a Needle: The Country people bring them in Sack-fuls to
-<i>Florence</i>, and take them out with naked Hands, as if they were
-so many Eels, which supposes them to be of the innocent Kind,
-like those <i>white Scorpions</i> in <i>Pharos</i>, a little Island in the Mouth
-of <i>Nilus</i>, where there is plenty of these pacifick Animals, who offer
-no Violence to their Neighbours. Mention is made of other
-Provinces where they live and hurt no body<a id='r190' /><a href='#f190' class='c019'><sup>[190]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f190'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r190'>190</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Fran. Redi opusculorum, pars prior.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>By the <i>Spaniards</i> the <i>Scorpion</i> is call’d <i>Alaicran</i>, from an
-Island in <i>America</i>, called the <i>Island of Scorpions</i>, for the numerous
-Multitude that ravage the Place. In <i>Brasil</i> is a vast Number of
-<i>Scorpions</i>, and some four or five Foot long, in Shape like those of
-<i>Europe</i>; but not so venemous: Some of them chuse to kill themselves
-rather than die by the Hands of an Enemy. A certain
-Gentleman who made the Trial observes, that a Scorpion being
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>surrounded with a Circle of burning Coals, chose to sting itself to
-Death rather than be burnt.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Ceylon</i> in the <i>East-Indies</i>, they have many Species of Serpents;
-as,</p>
-<p class='c033'>XXIII. The <i>Pimbera Serpent</i>, whose Body is said to be as
-big as a Man’s Middle, and in Length proportionable. The
-Creatures of this Kind secure their Prey, even horned Beasts
-(which sometimes are pretty large) by a sort of a Peg, or <i>pointed
-Hook</i>, that grows upon the Extremity of the Tail: They are slow
-in Motion, and therefore skulk in hollow Places; and when they
-have taken the Spoil, tho’ horned, they swallow it alive, and
-whole; which often proves fatal, because the Horns may gore the
-Belly. More, further on.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XXIV. The <i>Noya Serpent</i> is another ill-natur’d <i>Indian</i>, about
-four Foot long, will stand with its Body half upright two or three
-Hours together, thereby displaying an Air of Majesty: The Inhabitants
-call it the <i>King’s Snake</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Their Poison in that Part of the Country operates variously:
-Some after they are bitten, fall into a profound Sleep,
-and without speedy Help die in about six Hours time: Others
-grow distracted, and if neglected die in twenty-four Hours, and
-bleed at all the Pores of the Body, and are irrecoverable: Of
-which before<a id='r191' /><a href='#f191' class='c019'><sup>[191]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f191'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r191'>191</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atlas Geogr. Asia.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XXV. The <i>Polonga Serpent</i> is five or six Foot long, and a
-most venemous Creature, destroying all manner of Animals that
-fall within its Circuit, as well as Men, Women and Children.
-When the <i>Noya</i> and <i>Polonga</i> Serpents happen to meet, a bloody
-Battle ensues; they fight till one be kill’d, and then the Conqueror
-eats up the slain.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XXV. The <i>Cobres Capellos</i>, Sea-serpents from eight to ten
-Yards long, are most dangerous Beasts and frequently kill People
-in that Country<a id='r192' /><a href='#f192' class='c019'><sup>[192]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f192'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r192'>192</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ibid.</i> from <i>Baldeus</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>When <i>Alexander</i> was in the <i>East-Indies</i>, he and his <i>Macedonians</i>
-were strangely alarm’d by an Army of Serpents that sallied
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>upon ’em from the Woods, which would soon have destroy’d
-them, but for the Humanity of a <i>Native</i>, who directed them to
-a certain Herb that cured their Wounds, and saved them from
-Ruin<a id='r193' /><a href='#f193' class='c019'><sup>[193]</sup></a>. The same Historian adds, that in those great Deserts,
-frequent and terrible Scuffles happened between Elephants and
-Serpents about Water, when they met at a Spring, and it so fell
-out some time, that both perish’d; for the Serpent roll’d it self
-about the Elephant’s Leg by several Folds, who finding himself
-wounded, falls down, and in falling often crushes his Enemy to
-death. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f193'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r193'>193</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Diodor. Siculus.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>America</i> is a vast variety of Serpents, and some of prodigious
-Dimensions; in particular, they are very numerous and
-large in <i>Cordillera</i>, i. e. <i>Andes</i>, or high Mountains of <i>Chile</i>,
-which Mountains, <i>Antonio de Herrera</i> calls a Prodigy of Nature,
-not to be match’d in the kind: They are two Chains of high
-Mountains, about 1500 Leagues in length: In that spacious Region
-are Adders red as blood, seven or eight Foot long, which
-in the Night appear like burning Coals, but not so dangerous as
-other Serpents, that are Imps of Darkness. <i>Acosta</i> and other
-Writers tell us, that the Devil appear’d among the <i>Americans</i> in
-the shape of a Serpent.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>There are so many Sorts, says <i>Nieuhoff</i>, that the <i>Brasilians</i>
-reckon up no less than thirty-two, most of which are here accounted
-for.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XXVII. The <i>Caudisonant</i>, or <i>Rattle-snake</i>, is a large Species
-of the Viper, and in its exterior Form every way similar, the
-rustling Tail excepted; it moves with as much Agility as if supply’d
-with Wings, called therefore the <i>Flying-snake</i>: It has small
-Eyes, and four Teeth longer than the rest, of white Colour, and
-sharp, like Thorns; the Head is guarded with small Scales, the
-Back with larger and thicker Armour; the Tail is composed of
-several loose bony Articulaments that make a roaring Sound, loud
-enough to be heard at a distance; and therefore called the <i>Bell-Snake</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is common in <i>Virginia</i>, where it appears to be from three
-to four Foot long, and reckoned to be very poisonous; but scarcely
-hurts any, unless provoked; and when offended, like the God
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>of War, makes directly at the Enemy, without dread of Consequences.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the History of <i>Peru</i>, an Account is given of a young Woman
-who was wounded by a Rattle-snake, and died on the Spot,
-before any Relief could be had; and when they came to take up
-the Corpse, the Flesh came off her Bones; so speedily did the
-violence of the Poison dissolve the structure of the Body.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The method of killing this Snake, is thus given by Captain
-<i>Silas Taylor</i>, <i>viz.</i> Of the Leaves of <i>Dittany</i> of <i>Virginia</i> (<i>i. e.</i>
-wild Penny-royal) bruis’d, we took, says he, and having fasten’d
-them at the end of a cloven Stick, we held it to the Nose of the
-<i>Rattle-snake</i>, who by turning and wriggling, labour’d hard to avoid
-it; but was kill’d with it in less than half an Hour’s time, and as
-is supposed by the meer Scent of that Vegetable<a id='r194' /><a href='#f194' class='c019'><sup>[194]</sup></a>. This was done
-<i>A. D.</i> 1657, in <i>July</i>, at which Season those Creatures are reputed
-to be in the greatest Vigour for their Poison: It is also remarkable,
-that in those Places where this wild Penny-royal
-grows, none of these Snakes are observed to come<a id='r195' /><a href='#f195' class='c019'><sup>[195]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f194'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r194'>194</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Regnault</i>, vol. ii. from <i>Journ. des Scav.</i>
-1666. p. 113. <i>Lowthorp</i>’s Abridg. of Philos. Transact. vol. ii.
-p. 811.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f195'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r195'>195</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ibid.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The bruised Leaves of the <i>Virginian</i> Dittany are very hot, and
-biting upon the Tongue: Probably the strong Smell of it might
-stop the Passages of Respiration in those Animals, or ferment
-with the Blood, so as to suffocate them. In <i>Gresham</i> College at
-<i>London</i> may be seen fifteen Skins of Rattle-snakes checker’d——Some
-appear in ash colour: Several Rattles of those Snakes,
-most of them composed of above ten Joints.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XXVIII. The <i>Salamander</i> is an amphibious Serpent, very
-much spotted; superior in Bulk to common Lizards.
-The <i>Land-Salamander</i> is a little poisonous Reptile, that resembles
-the green Lizard, but more gross in Body; and is found
-in <i>Germany</i> and other Places.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>CONRADUS Gesner</i>, says he saw one of ’em on the <i>Alps</i>
-perfectly black, with a short Tail: When wounded, a kind of
-milky Liquid runs out. In <i>Germany</i>, are several great Woods,
-where <i>black Salamanders</i> have been seen; <i>Teste Matthiolo</i><a id='r196' /><a href='#f196' class='c019'><sup>[196]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f196'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r196'>196</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstonus de Quadrupedibus</i>, p. 137.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>This little strange Animal affects moist, cold and solitary
-Habitations. In some parts of <i>Germany</i> great numbers of them
-have been found in a Body piled up, one upon another: They
-are of the oviparous kind, and propagate their Species by Eggs,
-the common Semen of Fowls and Insects.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>They are Enemies to Frogs and the Tortoise, and feed on
-little small Insects; and when they have Access to Honey and
-Milk, they never want a Feast.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is of a poisonous Nature, and many have suffer’d by its
-Biting; so says <i>Pliny</i>, with whom agree <i>Nicander</i>, <i>Aëtius</i>, and
-<i>Abensinæ</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>GESNER</i> is in a contrary Sentiment, and says he had domestick
-<i>Salamanders</i>, that offered no violence with their Teeth
-without Provocation. <i>Jonstonus</i> adds, that in <i>Germany</i> there appeared
-no ill Effects of its Bite; but in <i>France</i> its Wounds were
-of a most deadly Nature, as appears by a Saying in that Kingdom.
-<i>viz.</i> <i>That a Man bit by a Salamander, should have as many Physicians
-to cure him, as the Salamander has Spots, which are
-numerous</i><a id='r197' /><a href='#f197' class='c019'><sup>[197]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f197'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r197'>197</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>——<i>tot medicis indigere quot maculas bestia habet, proverbio jactant</i>. Jonstonus
-de Quadrupedibus, p. 137.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Aquatic Salamander</i> is not very unlike the former, unless
-it be in Colour and Figure; some with a Tail turn’d up,
-others with a flat Tail, prominent in the middle: There are various
-sorts of them; one of which appears in the form of a Turbot,
-whose Eggs are as large as Garden-pears.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When upon Land their Mouth will not open, unless it be
-by Force, or they be cast into a Vessel of Water: When put
-upon Salt, they move the Tail and die; their Skin is close compacted,
-and not penetrable by a Sword; and ’tis said that Swine’s
-Flesh is Poison to them<a id='r198' /><a href='#f198' class='c019'><sup>[198]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f198'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r198'>198</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstonus de Quadruped.</i> p. 138.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The common Report is, that the <i>Salamander</i> is able to live
-in the Fire, which is a vulgar Error: The Hieroglyphick Historian
-observes, that upon Trial made, it was so far from quenching
-it, that it consum’d immediately<a id='r199' /><a href='#f199' class='c019'><sup>[199]</sup></a>. It is true, that <i>Newts</i>
-(or Water-lizards) Frogs, Snails, and such icy Animals, will
-endure the Fire for a longer time than others will, by reason of
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>an extraordinary degree of Coldness, which dissipates and scatters
-the Flame for a little time.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f199'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r199'>199</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Joannis Pierii Hierogl.</i> cap. 21-26. p. 195-6, 7.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>I have read an Experiment made upon a <i>Salamander</i>, that
-was thrown into the Fire, and there came from it a sort of gelid,
-moist, viscous Humour, which resisted the Power of Fire for a
-little time; but those Exhalations being dried up, was soon consum’d.
-In the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>, we have another Instance,
-which seems to carry the matter further.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>M. <i>STENO</i> writes from <i>Rome</i>, that a Knight called <i>Corvini</i>,
-had assured him, that having cast a <i>Salamander</i> (brought to him
-out of the <i>Indies</i>) into the Fire, the Animal thereupon swelled
-presently, and then vomited store of thick slimy Matter, which
-did put out the neighbouring Coals, to which the <i>Salamander</i>
-retired immediately, putting them out also in the same manner as
-they rekindled; and by this means saved his Life about two
-Hours, and afterwards lived nine Months; that he had kept it
-eleven Months, without any other Food but what it took by
-licking the Earth, on which it moved, and on which it had been
-brought out of the <i>Indies</i>, which at first was cover’d with a thick
-Moisture, but being dried afterwards, the Urine of the Animal
-served to moisten the same: Being put upon <i>Italian Earth</i>, it
-died within three days after<a id='r200' /><a href='#f200' class='c019'><sup>[200]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f200'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r200'>200</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp</i>’s <i>Abridgement</i>, v. ii. p. 816.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>As to the Possibility of the thing; I make no doubt but he,
-who made <i>Water</i> the Habitation of Fish, can make <i>Fire</i> to be
-the Residence of another sort of Beings. The Sun, which is the
-Centre of our planetary System, for aught we know, may be the
-Seat of glorious Inhabitants; or, as others conjecture, the Place
-of future Misery.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Upon the whole, the <i>Salamander</i> being of a mucous, slimy,
-and cold Body, will, like Ice, soon extinguish a little Fire, but
-will be as soon consum’d by a great Fire; therefore it was no Absurdity
-in <i>Galen</i>, when, as a <i>sceptical Medicine</i>, he recommended
-the <i>Ashes of a Salamander</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The like Humidity is observable in Water-Lizards, especially
-if their Skins be prick’d: Yea, Frogs, Snails, White of Eggs,
-will soon quench a lesser Coal. We read of <i>incombustible Cloth</i>,
-(<i>Linnen Paper</i>,) made from a Flaxen-Mineral, call’d Ασβεστος
-by the <i>Greeks</i>, and <i>Linum vivum</i> by the <i>Latins</i>.</p>
-
-<div id='pl-5' class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i094.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic004'>
-<p><i>Plate 5<sup>th</sup></i></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>This <i>Asbestos</i>, or Matter out of which this wonderful Cloth ...
-is made, is a Fossil, a mineral stony Substance, of a whitish Colour,
-and woolly Texture (call’d <i>Salamander’s-Wool</i>) the downy
-Fibres, separable into short Filaments of Threads, capable of being
-spun, and made into a sort of Cloth, which will endure the
-Fire without consuming. When foul, instead of washing, they
-throw it into the Fire, which cleanses without burning it. Whole
-Webs and Coats, Napkins, Handkerchiefs, Towels, have been
-made of it; which were so far from being consumed by Fire, that
-they were only cleansed from their Dross, and came out purified
-into a greater Lustre than if wash’d with Water.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Its principal use, according to <i>Pliny</i><a id='r201' /><a href='#f201' class='c019'><sup>[201]</sup></a>, was for making of
-Shrouds, in which the Corps of their Kings were usually burnt,
-lest their royal Ashes should be blended with common Dust.
-The Princes of <i>Tartary</i> use it to this day in burning the Dead<a id='r202' /><a href='#f202' class='c019'><sup>[202]</sup></a>.
-<i>Nero</i> had a Napkin or Towel made of it. The <i>Brachmans</i> among
-the <i>Indians</i>, are said to make Clothes of it. The Wicks
-for their perpetual Candles were made of it<a id='r203' /><a href='#f203' class='c019'><sup>[203]</sup></a>; and some to this
-day use it for Lamp-Wicks.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f201'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r201'>201</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Book xix. cap 1.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f202'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r202'>202</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Philos. Transact.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f203'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r203'>203</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Dr. <i>Lister</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Emperor <i>Constantine</i> ordered an incombustible sort of
-Linnen to be made of <i>Lapis Amianthus</i>, the growth of <i>Cyprus</i>,
-that might burn in his Lamps, which were in his <i>Baths</i> at <i>Rome</i>.
-The Commentator on St. <i>Augustin</i> says, that he saw several
-Lamps at <i>Paris</i>, which would never be consumed: and at a Feast
-at <i>Louvain</i>, there was a Napkin thrown into the Fire, which was
-restored to the Owner clearer and brighter than if it had been
-rinsed in Water<a id='r204' /><a href='#f204' class='c019'><sup>[204]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f204'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r204'>204</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ludovicus Vives, in his Scholia—de Civitate Dei.
-Pancirol. Historia rerum deperdit.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>incombustible Paper</i> is made of this lanuginous Mineral,
-viz. <i>Asbestine-Stone</i>, which will bear burning without being injured.
-Whoever would be further informed about this wonderful
-incombustible Stone, may peruse Dr. <i>Bruckman</i>, Professor at
-<i>Brunswick</i>, who has publish’d <i>a natural History of the Asbestos,</i>
-or <i>incombustible Paper</i>; and what is most remarkable, has printed
-four Copies of his Book on <i>this</i> Paper, which are deposited in the
-<i>Library</i> of <i>Wolfembuttle</i>. The manner of making this extraordinary
-Paper is described by Mr. <i>Lloyd</i>, in <i>Philosoph. Transactions</i>,
-N<sup>o</sup>. 166.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span><i>N. B.</i> The <i>Salamander</i> is said to live in the Fire, and has
-power to extinguish it: “From which Conjuncture was taken the
-<i>Device</i> of Great King <i>Francis</i>, the first of the Name, (Father
-of Arts and Sciences) <i>Nutrisco &amp; Extinguo</i>, I Feed and Extinguish<a id='r205' /><a href='#f205' class='c019'><sup>[205]</sup></a>.”</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f205'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r205'>205</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Pedro Mexia</i> and M. <i>Francesco Sansovinio</i>, the famous <i>Italian</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XXIX. The <i>Cameleon</i> belongs to the Class of Quadrupedes, and is
-a little Animal resembling a Lizard, but of a larger and longer Head:
-Its Eyes stand out of its Head above one half of their Globe,
-which he turns so obliquely, that he sees every thing behind
-him: Nature perhaps has given it this Advantage, because its
-Legs (by the slowness of its motion) are of no use to avoid his
-Enemy, by running away. There is yet something more extraordinary,
-in the motion of his Eyes, for when one of them
-moves, the other has no motion at all; one looks upward, the
-other downwards<a id='r206' /><a href='#f206' class='c019'><sup>[206]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f206'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r206'>206</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>A Journal of the Philosoph. Mathematical and Botanic Observ. by <i>Lewis
-Feuillée</i>, A. D. 1725.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The length of these Creatures does not exceed twelve Inches,
-and they have a proportionable bigness. The Skin is plaited and
-very fine, transparent, jagged like a Saw, and thin; and must
-be very compact and hard, since, according to the Historian<a id='r207' /><a href='#f207' class='c019'><sup>[207]</sup></a>,
-’tis not penetrable by the Teeth of Serpents. It has four Feet,
-and on each Foot three Claws; its Tail is long and flat, with
-which, as well as with its Feet, it fastens itself to the Branches
-of Trees: its Nose long, and ends in an obtuse point: In other
-respects it is made like a Fish; that is to say, it has no Neck<a id='r208' /><a href='#f208' class='c019'><sup>[208]</sup></a>:
-Reckoned by <i>Moses</i>, <i>among the unclean</i>—Numb. xi. 30.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f207'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r207'>207</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian,</i> iv. 33.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f208'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r208'>208</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Calmet,</i> p. 351.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Cameleon</i> is said to transform itself into variety of Colours;
-perhaps this change may arise from the different reflections of the
-Rays of Light: Thus they may put on a brown or whitish Habit,
-from Trees of that Colour, on which they sit. Others observe,
-that its Colour is changeable, according to the various Passions
-that agitate the Creature; <i>e. g.</i> When affected with Joy, ’tis
-of an emerald Green, mixt with Orange, etch’d with little grey
-and black Strokes: Anger gives it a livid and dusky Colour: Fear
-makes it pale, and like faded yellow<a id='r209' /><a href='#f209' class='c019'><sup>[209]</sup></a>. All these Colours compose
-such a pretty Medley of Shadow and Light, that Nature does
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>not afford a finer Variety of Shadowing, nor our finest Pictures
-more lively, sweet, and proportionable Drawing.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f209'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r209'>209</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Le Compte’s Memoirs</i>, p. 502.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>For the further Illustration of this Subject, I shall add something
-from the Philosophical Transactions about a female Cameleon,
-the Skin of which appear’d mixt of several Colours, like a
-Medley-cloth. The Colours discernable are green, a sandy yellow:
-And indeed one may discern, or at least fancy, some mixture
-of all, or most Colours in the Skin, whereof some are more
-predominant, at different times: There are some permanent black
-Spots on the Head, and Ridge of the Back. But our modern
-Naturalists assure us, that its common Colour, when it is at rest,
-and in the Shade, is a bluish grey; when ’tis exposed to the
-Sun, this grey changes into a darker grey, inclining to a dun
-Colour: If ’tis put on a black Hat, it appears to be of a violet
-Colour.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>... Upon Excitation or warming, she becomes suddenly full
-of little black Spots, equally dispersed on the sides, with small
-black Streaks on the Eyelids; all which afterward do vanish.
-The Skin is grain’d with globular Inequalities, like the Leather
-call’d Shagreen. The grossest Grain is about the Back and Head,
-then on the Legs; on the Sides and Belly, finest; which, perhaps,
-in several Postures, may shew several Colours; and when
-this Animal is in full Vigour, may also have in some sort, <i>Rationem
-Speculi</i>, and reflect the Colours of Bodies adjacent; which,
-together with the mixture of Colours in the Skin, may have given
-occasion to the old Tradition, <i>of changing into all Colours</i><a id='r210' /><a href='#f210' class='c019'><sup>[210]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f210'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r210'>210</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp</i>’s <i>Abridg.</i> vol. ii, p. 816.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>A certain curious Gentleman, made the following Experiment,
-when he lived at <i>Smyrna</i>, in <i>Asia-minor</i>: He bought
-some <i>Cameleons</i>, to try how long they could be preserved alive
-under Confinement; he kept them in a large Cage, and allowed
-them the Liberty to take the fresh Air, which they suck’d in
-with Pleasure, and made them brisker than ordinary. He never
-saw them either eat or drink, but seem’d to live on the Fluid in
-which we breathe.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Antients were persuaded that <i>Cameleons</i> fed upon the
-Air, for which reason one of the Fathers calls it a <i>living Skin</i><a id='r211' /><a href='#f211' class='c019'><sup>[211]</sup></a>;
-but now it appears by Experience, that they feed upon different
-Insects, as Palmer-worms, Locusts, Beetles, Flies, and also Leaves
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>of Vegetables. Father <i>Feuillée</i><a id='r212' /><a href='#f212' class='c019'><sup>[212]</sup></a>, in a Journey into <i>Asia-minor</i>,
-opened one of these Animals, and found in its Belly Peach-Leaves,
-which were not then digested.——<i>N. B.</i> Digestion is very slow
-in <i>Cameleons</i>, which is the reason why they take so little Nourishment.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f211'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r211'>211</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Pellicula vivit. Tertull. de Pallio</i>, cap. 3.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f212'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r212'>212</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Feuillée</i>’s <i>Journal. Franckf.</i> 1597. p. 3.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The same Father mentions a small Lizard, which he saw in
-<i>Peru</i>, that was not above an Inch thick, which he calls <i>Chameleontides</i>,
-because he changed his Colour, like the <i>Cameleons</i>;
-being in a certain Situation, he saw it of a dun Colour; in another,
-’twas green.... This little Creature, he says, had the same
-Figure and Proportion as the <i>Great Lizard</i>; nam’d by the <i>Spaniards</i>,
-<i>Iquanna</i>; and <i>Senembi</i>, by <i>Marcgravius</i>; and he makes
-that <i>Lizard</i> a fourth kind of <i>Cameleon</i>, and to be added to the
-two kinds of <i>Bellonius</i>, one of which is to be found in <i>Arabia</i>,
-and the other in <i>Egypt</i>, and to that mention’d by <i>Faber</i>, <i>Lynceus</i>,
-which may be seen in <i>Mexico</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Their Tongue is somewhat peculiar, it being as long as their
-Body, with which they catch Flies, and other Insects, which
-settle on their Tongues, to suck the viscous slimy Matter, adherent
-to them. The <i>Cameleon</i> puts out his Tongue to draw them
-upon it, and when ’tis full of these Insects, he pulls it in with
-wonderful Agility. Others think, it encloses its Prey with
-the tip of its Tongue, which is made in a form proper for that
-purpose.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Cameleon</i> is an oviparous Animal. <i>J. Jonstonus</i> says, it
-has above a hundred Eggs, from <i>Piereskius</i>, who nursed a Female
-on purpose to make Observations upon the Subject<a id='r213' /><a href='#f213' class='c019'><sup>[213]</sup></a>. After
-all the Gentleman’s Care about ’em at <i>Smyrna</i>, all of them
-died within five Months; and having opened the Female, found
-thirty Eggs in her, fasten’d one to another in the form of a
-Chain. <i>Ibid. supra.</i></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f213'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r213'>213</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstonus de Animalib. inter Quadrupedes</i>, p. 141.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Atlas</i><a id='r214' /><a href='#f214' class='c019'><sup>[214]</sup></a> calls the <i>Cameleon</i>, the <i>Indian Salamander</i><a id='r215' /><a href='#f215' class='c019'><sup>[215]</sup></a>;
-that goes there by the Name of <i>Gekho</i>, from the Noise it makes
-after hissing, and is thus describ’d, <i>viz.</i> ’tis about a Foot long and
-spotted, has large Eyes starting out, the Tail has several white
-Rings round it, and its Teeth sharp, and strong enough to penetrate
-an Armour of Steel: it has a slow Motion, but where it
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>fastens, ’tis not easily disengaged. This Creature is found in
-<i>Arabia</i>, <i>Egypt</i>, <i>Madagascar</i>, <i>Java</i>, and other parts of <i>India</i>.
-<i>Bellonius</i> saw several of them among the Shrubs of <i>Attica</i><a id='r216' /><a href='#f216' class='c019'><sup>[216]</sup></a>: He
-says it frequents <i>Cairo</i>, and other Places, is found among Hedges
-and Bushes; mutes like a Hawk; swallows every thing whole. It
-moves the Feet of each side alternately, but runs up Trees very
-fast, and lays hold on the Boughs with its Tail. <i>Leo</i> and <i>Sandys</i>
-say, the Neck is inflexible, and it can’t turn without moving its
-whole Body: the Back is crooked, the Skin is spotted with little
-Tumours: the Tail long and slender, like that of a Rat, when
-it sucks in the Air, its Belly swells, whence some think that the
-Air is part of its Food. One Author says, it subsists only upon
-Air; another says, ’tis a vulgar Error.——</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f214'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r214'>214</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Africa.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f215'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r215'>215</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>For <i>America</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f216'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r216'>216</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstonus de Quadrupedibus.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>’Tis said, that if a Serpent lurks near the Tree, where it sits,
-it throws a Thread out of its Mouth, with a little shining Drop
-at the end, which falls upon the Serpent’s Head, and kills it<a id='r217' /><a href='#f217' class='c019'><sup>[217]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f217'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r217'>217</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atl. Afric.</i> p. 49, 50.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>America</i> are Serpents, some of whom are so poisonous,
-that if touch’d but with a little Stick, the Venom runs up the
-Hand; and such as are touch’d with the Blood of dead Serpents,
-die a lingering Death: This is Tradition: I shall begin with the
-first of them, <i>viz.</i></p>
-<p class='c033'>XXX. <i>KUKURUKI</i>, a Serpent of <i>Brasil</i> in <i>South-America</i>,
-which is under the torrid Zone, where their Winter begins in
-<i>March</i> and ends in <i>August</i>; and is like our Summer. This Serpent
-is of an ash Colour, and in its Scales resembles the <i>Bocinga</i>,
-or Rattle-Snake, but is more gross; on the Back, variegated with
-yellow, and large black Spots. ’Tis represented as a very venemous
-Animal, eight or nine Foot long<a id='r218' /><a href='#f218' class='c019'><sup>[218]</sup></a>; and when prepared,
-the Inhabitants feed upon it.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f218'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r218'>218</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>9 &amp; interdum 12 pedes longus est.</i> Ray.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XXXI. The <i>Ibiara</i> is a <i>Brasilian</i> Adder, about a Foot and
-half long; an Inch and half in thickness. Serpents of this kind
-are very numerous in that Country, and nothing more poisonous
-than their Wounds, tho’ not incurable, if proper Remedies be
-applied in time.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>In Seasons of Danger, they shelter themselves in Cavities under
-Ground, and feed upon Pismires, which are very large in that
-Country, and in such prodigious Quantities, that the <i>Portuguese</i>
-call them, <i>Kings of Brasil</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>XXXII. In <i>Chiapa</i>, in <i>Old-Mexico</i>, now call’d <i>New-Spain</i>,
-is a noxious Animal call’d <i>Teuthlacokauqui</i>, or <i>Fortress of the Serpents</i>,
-whose Head is like an Adder, thick Belly, glittering Scales,
-the Ridge of the Body black, with an Interspersion of white
-Crosses; the Teeth poisonous, and the biting kills in twenty-four
-hours, unless the wounded part be held in the Earth so long,
-till the Pain be over.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It has a frightful Aspect; when it moves it makes a Noise
-with its Tail, that sounds an Alarm of Danger. The <i>Americans</i>,
-who have the Art of taking it by the Tail, carry it home,
-and by degrees make it tame: ’tis maintain’d at a cheap rate, for
-it can subsist a whole Year without any visible Food.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>JOHNSTONUS</i> calls this Serpent the <i>Bocininga</i>, and describes it
-from <i>Marcgravius</i> and <i>Piso</i>. The former says, ’tis four Foot and
-three Fingers long, Belly smooth, small Eyes, forked Tongue, rattling
-Tail. The other observes, the <i>Spaniards</i> call it <i>Cascavel</i>, and
-<i>Tangedor</i>, because its Tail emits the sound of a Ball; in thickness,
-as a Man’s Arm; in length, about five Foot; a cloven Tongue,
-long and sharp Teeth; of a dark Colour, inclining to the
-yellow<a id='r219' /><a href='#f219' class='c019'><sup>[219]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f219'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r219'>219</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstonus</i>, Articulus xvii. p. 23.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>According to <i>Nierembergius</i>, this Serpent is called the
-<i>Queen of Serpents</i>, which they suppose to be like the Viper, in its
-Poison, and Shape of the Head<a id='r220' /><a href='#f220' class='c019'><sup>[220]</sup></a>. By the Definitions of several
-Authors, this Serpent seems to be the <i>Caudisonant</i>; and the <i>Dutch</i>
-in <i>America</i> call it, the <i>Ratel-Stange</i>, <i>i. e.</i> Rattle-Snake.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f220'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r220'>220</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Historia Naturæ Maximè Peregrinæ</i>, p. 268-9.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Now we are in <i>Mexico</i>, excuse me in giving you two Instances
-of monstrous Cruelty; one in the Natives, the other in
-the <i>Spaniards</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When the <i>Mexicans</i> were disposed to do signal Honour to
-their Idols, they sent out Armies to bring in Prisoners for a Sacrifice,
-whose Flesh they did afterwards eat; and <i>Montezuma</i> the
-Emperor, commonly sacrificed 20000 Men, one year with another,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>and no less than 50000 some years. The Priests thought
-it dishonourable to sacrifice less than 40 or 50 Captives at a time
-to one <i>Idol</i>. At a certain Festival, they ript up the Breast of a
-manumitted Slave, pull’d out his Heart, which they offer’d to the
-Sun, and then eat up his Body.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Their Priests were bloody Men, a Brood of Vipers, and
-had such an Ascendant over their Princes, that they made them
-believe <i>their Gods were angry</i>, and not to be appeased without
-4000 or 5000 Men to sacrifice in a day; so that, right or wrong,
-they must make War on their Neighbours, to procure those
-Victims to keep their Priests in Humour.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The next, is an Instance of <i>Spanish Cruelty</i>, in this Country,
-that could have no Original but Hell, the Seat of the old Serpent.
-It runs thus, <i>viz.</i> <i>Barthol. de las Casas</i> Bishop of <i>Chiapa</i>, in a
-Letter to the <i>Emperor Charles V.</i> gives this account of the Barbarity
-of the <i>Spaniards</i> towards the poor Inhabitants, Natives of
-the Land.</p>
-
-<p class='c032'>... “Their Kings and Princes, says the Bishop, the <i>Spaniards</i>
-scorch’d to death, or tore in pieces with Dogs: The
-poor People they burnt in their Houses, and dash’d out the
-Brains of their Children: Those that were spared, they forced
-to carry greater Burdens than they were able to bear, by which
-thousands of them were destroy’d: Others who escap’d, died of
-Famine in the Woods, after they had kill’d their own Wives
-and Children, and eat them for hunger. In this one Province
-they murder’d above two Millions of Men, not sparing those of
-Quality, who had civilly entertain’d them. They tortured the
-Natives with the most hellish Inventions, to make them discover
-their Gold. <i>Diego de Valesco</i>, in particular, spared none that
-fell into his hands, so that in a Month’s time he murder’d ten
-thousand: He hang’d thirteen Noblemen.</p>
-
-<p class='c035'>“Some they starved to death, by thrusting their Heads betwixt
-Pieces of cloven Timber: Others they buried alive, leaving
-their Heads above Ground, at which they bowl’d with large
-Iron-Bullets: They also forced them to eat one another.——</p>
-<p class='c034'>Besides other hellish Cruelties too dreadful to be related<a id='r221' /><a href='#f221' class='c019'><sup>[221]</sup></a>.”
-<i>N. B.</i> This <i>Barth. de las Casas</i> had been a <i>Friar</i>, and afterwards
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>made Bishop of <i>Chiapa</i>, was a Man of more Piety and Justice than
-is commonly found among <i>Friars</i>. It was he, who procur’d the
-<i>Indians</i> their Liberty from being Slaves to the <i>Spaniards</i>, which
-they enjoy to this day, so that they are paid for what they do,
-about half a Crown a Week.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f221'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r221'>221</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Acosta</i>, <i>Gage</i>—The Civil and Moral History of the <i>Spanish West-Indies</i>, in
-<i>Atlas Geogr. America</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<p class='c033'>XXXIII. The <i>Ibitobaca</i> is a Serpent of <i>Chiapa</i>, near four
-Foot long, and of a crimson Colour, adorn’d with a pleasing
-Diversity of black and white Specks; wearing its Bones as a
-Necklace, or the Ruff in Queen <i>Elizabeth</i>’s Reign, who destroy’d
-the Invincible Armada, and made good old <i>England</i> a Terror to
-<i>Spaniards</i>.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XXXIV. The <i>Iquanna</i> is the Birth of <i>Mexico</i>, a Serpent
-like the Pope’s Anathema, of a terrible Front, but harmless; a
-glittering Comb on the Head, with a Bag under the Chin; a
-long Tail, and sharp Bones on its Back, standing up in the form
-of a Saw.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Iquannatick Serpent is of the amphibious kind, equally
-fitted to live by Land or Water; a Privilege which no Son of
-<i>Adam</i> can boast of. It is of the oviparous Tribe, and a great
-Breeder, laying about fifty Eggs at the Season as big as Acorns,
-which are of a very good Taste, and good Food when boiled,
-and so is the Serpent itself; but the Land-<i>Iquanna</i> is a more pleasant
-Food, and preferable to <i>Spanish</i> Ragous<a id='r222' /><a href='#f222' class='c019'><sup>[222]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f222'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r222'>222</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nierembergii Historia Naturalis</i>, p. 271.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XXXV. The <i>Ibiboboca</i> is a Serpent beautiful to the Eye, but
-of a venemous Nature; ’tis about three Foot long. The <i>Icon</i> of
-it in <i>Gresham-College</i> is above three Yards<a id='r223' /><a href='#f223' class='c019'><sup>[223]</sup></a>, white as Snow, decorated
-with Particles of various Colours, especially black and red.
-The Wound it gives operates gradually, and if neglected, proves
-fatal.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f223'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r223'>223</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Curzon</i>’s <i>Catalogue of Rarities</i>, p. 445.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XXXVI. The <i>Guaku</i> or <i>Lyboya</i> Serpent, is one of the largest
-of all the serpentine Brood, some of which being from eighteen
-to thirty Foot long, call’d by the <i>Portuguese</i>, <i>Hobre de Hado</i>, or
-the <i>Roebuck Serpent</i>, because it can swallow a whole Buck at once.
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>After swallowing it down, it generally falls asleep, and in that
-Posture is frequently taken, while digesting its Supper. My Author
-says, he saw one of this kind, which was 30 Foot long, of
-a greyish Colour, but others incline more to the brown<a id='r224' /><a href='#f224' class='c019'><sup>[224]</sup></a>. A
-ravenous Animal, and so voracious, that it leaps out of the
-Woods to seize its Prey; and, if disturb’d, will fight, or wrestle,
-with Man or Beast, standing upright upon the Butt-end of his
-Tail.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f224'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r224'>224</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nieuhoff in Atl. America,</i> p. 263.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XXXVII. The <i>Jararaka Serpent</i>, is another <i>Brasilian</i>, no
-longer than a Man’s Arm to the Elbow; it has swelling Veins
-on its Head; the Skin is covered with red and black Spots; the
-rest is of an Earth Colour: Its Wounds are dangerous, and attended
-with the usual Symptoms. There are three Sorts of these venemous
-Snakes besides this, <i>viz</i>. <i>One</i> sort is about ten Spans long,
-with two terrible Tusks, or great Teeth, which they stretch out
-to a great length, and strike them into their Prey. The venemous
-Liquid, which is very yellow, works with a Violence, that
-kills in a few Hours. The <i>second</i> sort resembles the <i>Spanish Viper</i>
-in Colour and Form, and is equally dangerous. The <i>third</i> and
-worst sort very much resembles the <i>first</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>XXXVIII. The <i>Biobi</i>, called <i>Gabro Verde</i> by the <i>Portuguese</i>
-in <i>Brasil</i>, i. e. the <i>Green Serpent</i>, because its Colour is porraceous,
-a shining Green like the Leek; it is between three and four Foot
-long, and about the Thickness of a Man’s Thumb; a large
-Mouth, and black Tongue, and has this good Property, that it
-hurts nobody unless irritated; but when provoked, no Poison
-more dangerous. We read of a <i>Soldier</i>, who accidentally treading
-on this Serpent, was wounded by it in the Thigh, and died a
-few Hours after, tho’ the Remedies that proved successful on the
-like occasions, had been diligently applied<a id='r225' /><a href='#f225' class='c019'><sup>[225]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f225'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r225'>225</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Raii Synopsis</i>, p. 328.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XXXIX. The <i>Caninana Serpent</i>, is another Inhabitant of
-<i>Brasil</i>, green on the back, and yellow on the Belly, about two
-Foot long, and reckoned not to be so venemous, as the rest of
-that mischievous Tribe. It feeds upon Eggs and Birds, at last becomes
-the common Entertainment of the <i>American</i> and <i>African</i>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>Tables<a id='r226' /><a href='#f226' class='c019'><sup>[226]</sup></a>. We read of other <i>green Serpents</i> in the <i>Indies</i>, that
-are indulged with little Cottages made of Straw, where they spend
-their solitary Hours, till the time of eating invites them out, then
-they repair to the House, where they fawn upon their Masters,
-and eat what is set before them, and then retire to the Huts of
-Indulgence.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f226'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r226'>226</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Raii Synopsis</i>, p. 328.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XL. The <i>Tetzawhcoatl</i>, is another Production of <i>Brasil</i>, a
-Serpent of about three Foot long, and slender Body, whose Strokes
-are pestilent: The Head is black, nether Part of the Tail reddish,
-and the Belly dash’d with black Spots. The Cure is by Suction.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Now we are travelling among the Inhabitants of <i>Brasil</i>, we
-may be allowed to take notice of Prince <i>Maurice</i>’s <i>Rational Parrot</i>,
-mentioned by Sir <i>William Temple</i> and Mr. <i>Locke</i>, which the
-<i>former</i> had from the Prince’s own Mouth. His Words were,</p>
-
-<p class='c032'>... “That he had heard of such an <i>old Parrot</i>, when
-he came to <i>Brasil</i>, and tho’ he believed nothing of it, and it
-was a good way off; yet he had so much Curiosity as to send
-for it: that it was a very great and a very old one; and when
-it came first into the Room, where the Prince was with a great
-many Dutchmen about him, it said presently, <i>What a Company
-of White-men are here!</i> They ask’d it, what he thought that
-Man was, pointing at the Prince? it answered, <i>Some General
-or other</i>. The Prince asked it, Whence come ye<a id='r227' /><a href='#f227' class='c019'><sup>[227]</sup></a>? The Parrot
-answered, <i>From Marinnan</i>. To whom do you belong,
-said the Prince? it answered, <i>To a Portuguese Prince</i>. The
-Prince ask’d, What do you there? Parrot answered, <i>I look
-after the Chickens</i>. The Prince laugh’d, and said, You look
-after the Chickens! The Parrot answered, <i>Yes, I; and I
-know well enough how to do it</i>, and made the <i>Chuck</i> four or five
-times, that People use to make to Chickens, when they call
-them....”</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote c026' id='f227'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r227'>227</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>D’où venes vous? De Marinnan. A qui estes vous? A un Portugais. Que
-fais tu-la? Je garde les poulles. Vous gardez les poulles? Ouy moy, &amp;
-je sçai bien faire.—<i>Sir</i> William Temple’s <i>Memoirs</i>, and
-<i>Mr.</i> Locke’s <i>Essay</i>, Book II. <i>chap.</i> 27.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c032'>... “I could not but tell this odd Story, because it is so much
-out of the way, and from the first hand, and what may pass for
-a good one; for I dare say, this Prince at least believed himself
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>in all he told me, having ever past for a very honest and pious
-Man. I leave it to Naturalists to reason, and to other Men to
-believe as they please upon it; however, it is not perhaps amiss
-to relieve or enliven a busy Scene sometimes with such Digressions,
-whether to the purpose or no.” So far Sir <i>William Temple</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c031'>Wonder not then, if you meet in this History with some
-romantick Sentiments entertained by learned Men concerning Serpents,
-when two such illustrious Pillars of the Commonwealth
-of Letters, give way to a Relation that has so much of the Marvellous
-in it.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XLI. These Historians inform us of many more Serpents,
-and some of great bulk, that infest those <i>American</i> Regions;
-whose Looks are ruddy, of blood-red Colour, that shine in the
-Night, like so many glittering Stars.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A modern Author writes, that in <i>America</i> are some Snakes
-that were eight Foot long, and as red as Blood, which in the
-Night look’d like Fire<a id='r228' /><a href='#f228' class='c019'><sup>[228]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f228'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r228'>228</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Anton. Herrera</i>’s History of <i>America</i>, Vol.
-II. in his Account of <i>Darien</i>, p. 72.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The former black, and these shining Serpents, remind me
-of the <i>Obsidian</i> Stones, that are very black and transparent; they
-have their Names from one <i>Obsidius</i>, who first found them in
-<i>Æthiopia</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>There is a sort of natural <i>Obsidian</i> Glass, which is rather to be
-ranked among Stones than Metals; ’tis as passive as the former,
-enduring the Graving-Tool, is diaphanous and pellucid, receiving
-Images, and, like artificial Glass, transmitting all Forms and
-Shapes.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This is found in <i>Æthiopia</i>, where the Sepulchres of the Nobles
-are usually made of it, and after this manner; <i>viz.</i> They
-take a large Stone, and make it hollow, and in the Cavity include
-the Corps, where it is not only preserved, but, as if entomb’d in
-Glass, is apparently visible to Spectators, and sends forth no ungrateful
-Scent.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Out of these <i>Obsidian</i> Stones, Looking-Glasses are wont to
-be made, and are also found on the Coasts of <i>Arabia</i>. These
-shining Stones were inserted into Rings, and in one of them was
-cut the entire Image of <i>Augustus</i>, who being much taken with
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>these Stones of Glass, caused four Elephants to be made of them,—See
-the <i>Commentary</i> upon <i>Pancirollus</i>, B. i. of <i>Jet</i>; and <i>Pliny</i>, B. xxxvi. c. 26.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XLII. <i>Boiguacu</i>, another venemous Production of <i>Brazil</i>,
-thick in the middle, and declining towards the Extremities
-of the Body; ’tis covered with large Scales on the Back, and
-lesser ones on the Belly, which is common in all Serpents.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The whole is adorned with elegant Variegations.... The
-Back and Sides set off with black Spots, inclining to the round;
-about three Inches distant from each other, and in the Centre a
-round white Spot. These beautiful Appearances, says <i>Jonstonus</i>,
-have a Grandeur in them more than rivals Imperial Majesty.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>He saw several Serpents of this kind: On <i>August</i> 7th, 1638,
-one that was eight Foot long. Another, <i>August</i> 13th, 1638,
-above five Foot long, its Flesh fat, and very white; the Heart
-being taken out, lived about 15 Minutes. <i>October</i> 16th, 1638,
-he saw another, that was near nine Foot long, and he was a Witness
-to its swallowing a She-Goat whole<a id='r229' /><a href='#f229' class='c019'><sup>[229]</sup></a>. By the Description,
-this Serpent must be the <i>Lyboia</i>, so famous for the Knack of Deglutition
-of Animals.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f229'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r229'>229</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstoni Historia Naturalis</i>, p. 25, 26.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XLIII. The <i>Brasilian Serpent</i>, called the <i>Ibiracoan</i>, makes
-its Appearance in a Habit of various Colours, trimmed with red,
-black and white Spots. Under this fine Dress, is a poisonous
-Spring; the Wound it gives, infallibly kills without immediate
-Assistance.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Before the Poison reaches the Heart, the common Practice
-is, to secure that Serpent, and boil the Flesh of it with certain
-Roots, and give it the Patient in Wine, or any other proper Liquid,
-and it will answer the Intention.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XLIV. The <i>Tarciboya</i>, and <i>Kakaboya</i>, are two Serpents much
-of the same Nature, and therefore I put them together: They are
-occasional Inhabitants of the Water and Land; in Colour black,
-and about six Hands in Length. If they hurt any Creature, it is
-only in Defence of themselves, and the Wound is easily cured by
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>Remedies well known in those Countries. They are great Devourers
-of Birds.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Here the Learned <i>Ray</i>, from <i>Piso</i>, mentions ten other Serpents,
-whose particular Characters he considers in his Description
-of Fishes; then refers his Reader to those described by <i>Joan. de
-Laet</i>.<a id='r230' /><a href='#f230' class='c019'><sup>[230]</sup></a></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f230'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r230'>230</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Raii Synopsis Animal.</i> p. 329. <i>Londini</i> 1693.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XLV. The <i>Bibera</i> is a venemous Lizard of <i>Brazil</i>. If you
-ask, What are these <i>Brasilian Lizards</i>? I answer, They are creeping
-Serpents, of various Colours, and different Sizes: Some are the
-length of a Finger, others many Feet; have sparkling Eyes.
-There is only one sort of them that is venemous, among which
-is this <i>Bibera</i>: they are like the others, but lesser, and are most
-mischievous. They are of an ash Colour, inclining to the white;
-the Body and Limbs seem thick, but the Tail is short and broad.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Wounds given by these Serpents, are full of a thin stinking
-Matter, attended with blue Swellings, and Pain in the Heart
-and Bowels. <i>N. B.</i> Great Things have been frequently done by
-little Things.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XLVI. The <i>Ambua</i>, so the Natives of <i>Brazil</i> call the <i>Millepedes</i>
-and the <i>Centipedes</i> Serpents. Those Reptiles of thousand
-Legs bend as they craul along, and are reckoned very poisonous.
-Those Lizards of hundred Legs are commonly found in the
-Woods, where they destroy the Fruit, and also do mischief both
-to Men and Cattle.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In these <i>Multipedes</i>, the Mechanism of the Body is very curious;
-in their going, it is observable, that on each side of their
-Bodies, every Leg has its Motion, one regularly after another;
-so that their Legs, being numerous, form a kind of Undulation,
-and thereby communicate to the Body a swifter Progression than
-one could imagine, where so many short Feet are to take so many
-short Steps, that follow one another, rolling on, like the Waves of
-the Sea.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Palmer-Worm</i> is also called <i>Millepes</i>, because of its many
-Feet, which are as Bristles under its Body: It is about six Inches
-long, and moves with incredible Swiftness. The upper part of
-the Body is cover’d with hard swarthy Scales, and it has a sort of
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>Claws both in its Head and Tail, of rank Poison, as the Historian
-says.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XLVII. The <i>Jebeya</i> is another <i>Brazilian</i>, and a Serpent very
-ravenous and destructive: It has four Legs, and a long Tail like
-a <i>Crocodile</i>; it lies flat and close on the Ground, artfully concealing
-itself, ’till the Prey comes within reach, and then darts out
-a couple of sharp Fins from its Fore-quarters, and kills whatever
-it strikes.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XLVIII. The <i>Giraupiagara</i> is an <i>American</i> Serpent, so call’d,
-because of its being a great Devourer of Eggs. ’Tis of a Negro-Colour,
-but a yellow Breast, and of great Length and Agility.
-It glides (as if swimming) on the tops of Trees, faster than any
-Man can run on the Ground.<a id='r231' /><a href='#f231' class='c019'><sup>[231]</sup></a></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f231'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r231'>231</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nieuhoff in Atlas, America.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It lives upon Birds, whose Nests it constantly plunders. ’Tis
-observable, that the <i>Cuckow</i> feeds very much upon <i>Eggs</i>, which
-accounts for the vulgar Notion, that it always has one or more
-little Birds, as Menials to attend it, these being some of those,
-whose Houses it plundered. There is another Charge preferred
-against the Cuckow, <i>viz.</i> The Contempt it puts upon our Vegetables,
-by spitting upon them; whereas in those Dobs of frothy
-Dew, we find little Green Insects, that are Grashoppers in the
-Embryo.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XLIX. The <i>Caminana</i> is another <i>Brazilian Serpent</i>, of a
-great length. The Body is all over green, and very beautiful in
-prospect. This also runs up the Trees, not so much because of
-the green Leaves, as in pursuit of Birds of all Colours; and having
-devoured the Contents of the Nest, seizes the Dam, and
-drinks her Blood.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The pleasing Appearance made by this Serpent in <i>Green</i>, puts
-me in mind of the <i>Turks</i>, who have so great a <i>Superstition for the
-green Colour</i> (because it was consecrated to <i>Mahomet</i>) that they
-forbid Christians to wear it on pain of Death; but the <i>Persians</i>
-(who are <i>Mahometans</i> as well as the <i>Turks</i>) allow it to every body,
-and laugh at this Superstition; so that when <i>Sultan Amurath</i>
-sent an Ambassador to <i>Sha-Abbas</i> of <i>Persia</i>, to complain that he
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>suffer’d that <i>venerable Colour</i> to be prophaned by Christians, he
-scoffingly said, that he would forbid the <i>green Colour</i> to be prophaned
-by Christians, as soon as <i>Amurath</i> would hinder the <i>green
-Meadows</i> to be prophaned by his <i>Turkish Cattle</i><a id='r232' /><a href='#f232' class='c019'><sup>[232]</sup></a>. The Eastern
-<i>Turks</i> abhor the <i>blue Colour</i>, because the <i>Jews</i>, they say, threw
-<i>Indigo</i> into <i>Jordan</i> to hinder the Baptism of
-<i>Christ</i>, but the Angels brought Water from <i>Jordan</i> to
-baptize him, before it was polluted. <i>Atlas.</i></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f232'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r232'>232</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Holstein Ambassadors.</i>—<i>Herbert.</i>—<i>Atl. Asia.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>L. <i>BOYTIAPUA</i>, is a Serpent so called by the <i>Brazilians</i>
-for its long Snout, though I don’t find it exceeds others in smelling,
-by the extension of its Nose; it is of a long slender Body,
-and feeds upon Frogs, amphibious Animals and Insects.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Serpent is in high Esteem among the Natives of <i>Brazil</i>,
-who practise the Art of Conjuration by it; and if any of them
-have a barren Wife, and are desirous of Children, they lash this
-Serpent over her Hips, pretending that such Exercise will make
-her fruitful: And if this Device should take effect, must not we
-conclude the Offspring to be a <i>Generation of Vipers</i>?</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>LI. The <i>Gaytiepua</i> is a large Snake, smells rank like a Fox, and,
-according to a learned Author, the Smell is intolerable<a id='r233' /><a href='#f233' class='c019'><sup>[233]</sup></a>, as is that
-of the Serpent <i>Boyana</i>, which is very long and slender, and of
-black Colour; of which one of the <i>Latin</i> Poets takes notice<a id='r234' /><a href='#f234' class='c019'><sup>[234]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f233'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r233'>233</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Fætor illius nullatenus—possit tolerari.</i> Raii Synopsis.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f234'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r234'>234</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Quod vulpis fuga, vipere cabile</div>
- <div class='line'>Mallem quam quod oles, olere, Bassa.</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Martial.</i></div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>If the loathsome Smell of these Creatures offend the Nose, it
-serves as a friendly Alarm of Danger, to those who have the use
-of a Nose, that they may avoid a more terrible Stroke.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Nothing so constituted in Nature, but a superficial Observer
-may construe as a Blemish to the Creation; but to a more penetrating
-Eye, those imaginary Blemishes have their Convenience
-and Use, and appear to be the Product of perfect Intelligence and
-Wisdom.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LII. The <i>Bom-Snake</i>, is another <i>Brazilian</i> Reptile, call’d
-<i>Bom</i> from the Noise it makes in its Motion. It is of a prodigious
-large Size, but is class’d among the Innocent, that do no manner
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>of hurt to Persons, <i>viz.</i> that can endure a little Sound, arising
-from a Propagation of the Pulse of the Air.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>An innocent Serpent, no Contradiction. There is good among
-the bad in the moral World.</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Virtue——needs no Defence;</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>The surest Guard is Innocence:</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>None knew, till Guilt created Fear,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>What Darts and poison’d Arrows were.</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Integrity undaunted goes</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Thro’</i> Lybian <i>Sands, and</i> Scythian <i>Snows</i>.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>In <i>Paraguay</i>, or <i>La Plata</i> in <i>America</i>, is a famous <i>white Bird</i>,
-which, though it has a very small Body, has a Voice like a <i>Bell</i>,
-and therefore the Natives call it <i>Guirapo</i>, that is, the <i>Sounding-Bird</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>How many Animals of the same kind in the moral Creation,
-that wear gaudy Feathers and Plumes, whose Sound, in the Assemblies
-of Saints and Sinners, proves to be <i>vox &amp; præterea
-nihil</i>.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LIII. The <i>Boicupecanga</i> is a Serpent, so called because its
-Back looks as if it were overgrown with Briers and Thorns, the
-Ridge being sharp pointed, which makes the Beast look as if he
-were guarded by little Spears: This prickle-back’d Serpent is of
-a monstrous Extension, very frightful, and venemous, the very
-sight of which strikes Terror into Man and Beast.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LIV. The <i>Cucurijuba</i> is a Water-Snake of twenty-five or
-thirty Foot long, and three Foot in Compass, will swallow a Hog
-or a Stag at once; has Teeth like those of Dogs, but makes no
-use of them as Instruments of Mastication.
-<i>HARRIS</i> in the <i>Atlas America</i>, mentions one kill’d when
-asleep, that was twelve Yards and a half long, and proportionably
-big, in whose Belly they found two wild Boars. This Creature
-I take to be the <i>Lyboya</i>, (or a near Relative) a gigantick Serpent,
-already described, therefore I dismiss the Monster, and proceed
-to the</p>
-<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>LV. <i>MANIMA</i>, another Water-Snake, of the same Proportion
-with the former, if not more bulky: The sight is terrible;
-the Monstrosity of Dimensions is sufficient to render it so;
-but we are told, the Terror vanishes in some Degree upon a view
-of the Skin, which is exquisitely painted, and the <i>Brazilians</i> not
-only love to see so spruce an Animal, but reckon it an Omen of
-a long Life.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>If you ask, What a long Life is? I answer, ’Tis nothing but
-a lingering, slow Consumption: Life itself, what is it, but a meer
-practical Tautology, a Repetition of the same things over and
-over, and looks more like a Penance imposed upon Mankind than
-Pleasure.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LVI. The <i>Terpomongo</i> is another Serpent, which in the <i>Brazilian</i>
-Dialect, signifies to <i>stick close</i>, so close to whatever it touches,
-that it is not to be parted. It is about the bigness of a Cable-Rope,
-which being fasten’d to the Anchor, holds the Ship fast
-when it rides.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Property in the Serpent, may be an Hieroglyphick; or
-Symbol of true Friendship, which is a sacred Mixture: My Friend
-and I are as two Rivers joined in one, not to be separated; we
-stick close and fast, traversing the Wilderness hand-in-hand: He
-who strikes one, wounds the other—No Schism in true Friendship.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LVII. <i>JACORE Lizard</i>; some of these Serpents are as big
-as Dogs, and resemble them in the Nose; their Teeth large and
-long, and their Skin impenetrable. They do no harm to their
-Neighbours, and therefore are generally allow’d to live. They
-make a loud Noise, by which their Haunts are discovered, and
-their Liberty hazarded.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>They lay Eggs as large as those of a Goose, of an elastick
-Nature, so hard, that when one is struck against another, they
-ring like Iron: they frequent both Land and Water.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It’s observable here, that this Animal is obstreporous, and by
-its Noise invites Danger; whereas Silence would be his Security:
-yea, its Eggs are as so many roaring Bells. This may serve for
-a Document to the unruly Member: <i>Thersites</i>, in <i>Homer</i>, was
-counted a Fool for babbling. A talkative Tongue is the Spring,
-Ringleader, and Head of Faction in all places.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>The first Rudiments in <i>Pythagoras</i>’s School, was <i>Quinquennian</i>,
-<i>Silence</i>. The Scholars were not allow’d to talk for five Years,
-that is, till they had learned the <i>Art of Silence</i>. <i>Harpocrates</i> was
-the <i>God of Silence</i>, therefore painted with his Finger on his Lip,
-and was worshipped in <i>Egypt</i> with <i>Isis</i> and <i>Serapis</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>ANGERONA</i> was the Goddess of Silence at <i>Rome</i>, and
-painted with a Cloth about her Mouth. Nor is it less venerable
-at <i>Venice</i>, where after they come out of the Senate-house, they
-are as silent about what was said and done, as if they had power
-to forget all that was said and done.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>To the above-mention’d Serpents, the learned Mr. <i>Ray</i> adds,
-by way of Supplement, a Catalogue of fifteen <i>East-Indian Serpents</i>,
-which he had from the Learned Dr. <i>Tancred Robinson</i>,
-whose Descriptions he had from the College at <i>Leyden</i>, which I
-shall annex to the foregoing<a id='r235' /><a href='#f235' class='c019'><sup>[235]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f235'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r235'>235</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ray</i>’s <i>Synopsis Animalium</i>, p. 330.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>LVIII. <i>SERPENS Indicus Coronatus</i>, an <i>Indian</i> Serpent,
-that makes its Appearance with a crowned Head, which it holds
-up on high, as if proud of the Honour. This is an Emblem of
-Pride, that Dropsy of the Mind; to yield to its Thirst, is to
-swallow the Bait, that turned the <i>Seraph</i> into a <i>Devil</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Remedy used by the <i>Indians</i> for its Wounds, is what
-they call the <i>Serpent-Stone</i>, which, according to <i>Thevenot</i> and
-others, is an artificial Composition, and not taken out of this
-Serpent’s Head.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LIX. <i>VIPERA Indica tricolor major</i>, a Serpent remarkable
-for a Body decorated with three fine Colours, the Liveries of
-Summer’s Pride, but living much under ground, the Glories of
-its Attire are buried in the Earth, <i>the World’s material Mould</i>.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LX. <i>VIPERA Zelanica minor maculis eleganter variegata</i>,
-a Serpent elegantly garnished with a Variety of charming Colours:
-It is an Inhabitant of <i>Ceylon</i>, an Island in the <i>East-Indies</i>, called
-by the Inhabitants <i>Tenarisain</i>, that is the <i>Land of Delights</i>, and
-not without reason is this Island so called, since it is the most
-fruitful place in <i>India</i>, producing Gold, Silver, Precious Stones,
-plenty of Rice, Ananas, Cocoas, best Oranges, Lemons, Figs,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>Pomegranates, Ginger, Grapes, Pepper, Cardamum, Tobacco,
-Nutmegs, Sugar; Mulberry, which yield much Silk; Palm-trees,
-which afford a Liquor for their constant Drink, <i>&amp;c.</i> But in
-midst of these pleasing Varieties, they are haunted with various
-sorts of venemous Serpents; an Emblem of our present State,
-which is a Compound of Pleasure and Pain.</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>The Gods will frown, wherever they do smile;</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>The Crocodile infests the fertile</i> Nile.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'><i>CEYLON</i> is an Emblem of Man, to whom <i>Pleasure</i> is as a
-delightful Situation; but in it dwells a Serpent, called <i>Pain</i>. Pleasure
-is the principal Intendment of Nature, and the great Object
-of our Inclination, without which Life would be no Blessing, but
-a Mortification: Yea, ’tis Pleasure reconciles us to Pain; for who
-would submit to nauseous Medicines, and Tortures of the Surgeon’s
-Knife, but for hope of the Pleasure of Ease that succeeds it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>No Serpent so terrible as Pain, which is a strange domineering
-Perception, that keeps off Ease when wanted, and destroys
-Ease when we are in possession of it.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXI. The <i>Malcarabeta</i> of <i>Ceylon</i> is a Serpent painted by Nature
-in a Garb blue and white; the last of these two Colours shew
-best by Candle-light. This leads us to the Excommunication by
-Inch of Candle; that is, while a little Candle continues burning,
-the Sinner is allow’d to come to Repentance; but after it burns
-out, he remains excommunicated to all Intents and Purposes.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXII. The <i>Ethetulla</i> is a <i>Ceylonick</i> Serpent; of a little slender
-Body, and sharp-pointed Head. This is a kind of Ranger, delights
-in Groves and Forests, and may be known by a white and
-green Vesture, in which it rambles among the Trees.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXIII. <i>MALPOLON</i> is another Serpent of that celebrated
-Island, and of a vermilion Hue, imbroider’d with curious fine red
-Spots, which shine like so many Stars.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXIV. <i>SERPENS Putorius</i>, so denominated, probably because
-of its filthy Smell; by which it resembles the <i>Putorius</i>, a
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>little Animal call’d <i>Fitchet</i>, that smells ill, especially when enraged<a id='r236' /><a href='#f236' class='c019'><sup>[236]</sup></a>.
-<i>Jonstonus</i> and <i>Gesner</i> make it to be the <i>Druinus</i>, which
-has been already describ’d.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f236'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r236'>236</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>A putorio, quia valdè fœtet.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXV. The <i>Anacandia</i>, a <i>Ceylonick</i> Serpent, of monstrous
-Corpulence, being in longitude about 25 Foot. <i>D. Cleyerus</i>, who
-accounts for this gigantick Serpent, says, he saw one of them
-open’d, in whose Belly was found a whole Stag, with all his integral
-Parts: In another they found a wild Goat; and in a third,
-a Porcupine arm’d with all its Darts and Prickles<a id='r237' /><a href='#f237' class='c019'><sup>[237]</sup></a>. Serpents
-of this nature have often fallen in our way, by which we may
-imagine, that there is a vast spread of them over the Earth. Mr.
-<i>Ray</i> from <i>Cleyerus</i> gives this account of the Monster——Tho’ the
-Throat seems narrow, yet ’tis very extensible, and the Facts have
-been confirm’d by Experience. When the Prey is catch’d, he
-wraps himself about it, takes it by the Nose, sucks the Blood, and
-soon reduces it to a Hodge-podge; after he has broken the Bones
-in pieces, that emit a Sound like a Gun, <i>ibid.</i> And in doing all
-this he spends two days.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f237'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r237'>237</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>De octavo genere merentur legi, quæ D. Cleyerus in Ephemer. German.</i> Anno 12.
-Observ. 7. cui titulas, <i>De Serpente magno Indiæ Orientalis. Urobubalum deglutiente
-Narrat. Raii Synopsis Animalium</i>,—p. 333, 334.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXVI. The <i>Ghalghulawa</i> is another <i>Ceylonite</i>, that goes by
-the Name of <i>Serpens Indicus Saxatilis</i>, describ’d by whitish Lines,
-that run across one another: Whether the Poet refers to this, as
-a Serpent affecting stony and gravelly Situations, or to a certain
-Fish, I determine not<a id='r238' /><a href='#f238' class='c019'><sup>[238]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f238'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r238'>238</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Tum viridis squamis, parvo saxatilis ore. <i>Ovid.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXVII. The <i>Manballa</i> is another <i>Indian</i>, and from its Name
-we may conclude it has something of the canine Nature, for it
-flies with great Fury at Passengers, as some Dogs usually do. ’Tis
-of a light red (or bright bay, as we call it in Horses) spotted
-with white.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXVIII. The <i>Nintipolonga</i>, an <i>Indian</i> Serpent, whose Skin
-is checker’d with white and black Spots. Its Bite is accompanied
-with mortiferous Sleep, therefore call’d <i>Serpens hypnoticus</i>, <i>soporiferous
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>Serpent</i>, whose Wounds are as an <i>Opiate</i>, or <i>Medicines</i> that
-induce sleep, in which they die. <i>Q.</i> Why may not we suppose
-this narcotic Poison to be the same with that, which <i>Cleopatra</i>
-used in executing the Sentence that <i>Heroine</i> past upon herself?</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXIX. The <i>Wepelon</i> Serpent: Nothing is said of it, but that
-it resembles an <i>Indian</i> Reed or Cane in form.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXX. <i>SERPENS Fluviatilis</i>, seems to be the <i>Water-Snake</i>.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXXI. <i>SERPENS Spadiceus</i>, a Serpent of light red Colour.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXXII. Then follows the <i>Ceylonic Hotambœia</i>. Dr. <i>Robinson</i>’s
-Account of this Serpent, he had from the learned <i>Hermannus</i>’s
-Library.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>N. B.</i> Some of these Eastern Serpents may coincide and agree
-in Character with those in <i>America</i>, and other Regions. Where
-there is such an infinite Variety of them, and delineated by so
-many different hands, ’tis difficult to give an exact Description of
-every individual Serpent.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Other parts of the <i>East-Indies</i> (Continent and Islands) are
-infested with Serpents of various kinds and sizes, and he must be
-more than a Conjurer in History, that can charm them to make
-their Appearance in one Place, and all in their proper Habiliments.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXXIII. The <i>hooded</i> or <i>Monk Serpent</i>, found in an Island near
-<i>Batavia</i> (a <i>Dutch</i> Settlement in the <i>East-Indies</i>) which differs
-from other Serpents in the <i>uncouth Shape of its Head</i>, that looks as
-if it were cover’d with a large long <i>Hood</i>, like a <i>Monk’s Cowl</i>, or
-the Widow’s Veil, therefore called the <i>hooded Serpent</i>, which is
-a very dangerous Animal. Upon a view of its Prey, it immediately
-advances towards it, with terrible Rage and Hissing.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When the <i>Sieur de la Case</i> was hunting one day in the Woods
-adjacent to <i>Batavia</i>, he saw one of these Serpents descending from
-a Tree, making a fearful Noise: It was about the thickness of a
-Man’s Arm, and in length about eight Foot.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This venemous Creature was no sooner on the Ground, but
-it made towards him with the greatest Fury; but having a Gun
-ready charg’d, he very happily shot it dead, and made off hastily
-for fear of a second Attack<a id='r239' /><a href='#f239' class='c019'><sup>[239]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f239'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r239'>239</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Fr. Leguat</i>’s <i>Voyages</i>, in <i>Atl.</i> for <i>Asia</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span><i>LEGUAT</i>, who gives this Account, and was in <i>Batavia</i>,
-<i>A.D.</i> 1697, says, he saw a Serpent in that Country about fifty
-Foot long. <i>N. B.</i> The Skin of one that was 20 Foot long, is
-shewn in <i>Batavia</i>, that swallow’d an Infant, <i>ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXXIV. The <i>Musk Serpent</i>, so term’d from its musky or
-sweet Scent. These sweet-scented Animals are Inhabitants of the
-<i>East</i>, between <i>Calicut</i>, the second Kingdom of <i>Malabar</i>, and
-<i>Candahor</i>. In <i>Ceylon</i> are Musk-Rats, where the Inhabitants eat
-all Rats, but this kind.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>These Musk-Rats are in all things shaped like our Water-Rats,
-only something larger; and in other respects differ only in
-that musky Scent. A Gentleman, who kept one of them in a
-wooden Chest, observed that two days before it died, ’twas most
-odoriferous, and scented the Room above what was common<a id='r240' /><a href='#f240' class='c019'><sup>[240]</sup></a>.
-In <i>Muscovy</i> is a Water-Rat, which smells like Musk; and also a
-great number of <i>Musk-Cats</i>, which look like young <i>Bucks</i> without
-Horns, and therefore call’d <i>Musk-Harts</i> by the <i>Chinese</i>, because
-they resemble those Creatures. The Musk is contain’d in
-a little Excrescence near the Navel<a id='r241' /><a href='#f241' class='c019'><sup>[241]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f240'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r240'>240</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp</i>’s <i>Abridg.</i> vol. iii. p. 594.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f241'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r241'>241</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>This Animal is described by <i>Philip Martinus</i> in his <i>Chinese Atlas</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>America</i> also, are found Woods abounding with Musk-Rats,
-that are as big as Rabbits, and have Burrows in the Ground.
-Their Skins are black, Bellies white, and smell exceeding strong
-of Musk<a id='r242' /><a href='#f242' class='c019'><sup>[242]</sup></a>. The vegetable World also, entertains us with Musk-Pears,
-Musk-Roses, single and double, and the Ever-green, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-<i>N. B.</i> Musk-Rats frequent fresh Streams, and no other.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f242'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r242'>242</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>History of the Antilles.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The word <i>Musk</i> comes from the <i>Arabic</i>, <i>Moscha</i>, a Perfume
-of strong Scent, only agreeable when moderated by the Mixture
-of some other Perfume, by which it becomes an agreeable artificial
-Odour.... Musk is found in a little Swelling, like a præternatural
-Tumor, or Bag growing (about the Bigness of a Hen’s
-Egg) under the Belly of a wild Beast, of the same Name; and
-appears to be nothing else, but a kind of bilious Blood there
-congeal’d.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This <i>Musk-Animal</i> is common in the <i>East-Indies</i>, as in the
-Kingdoms of <i>Boutan</i>, <i>Cochin China</i>, but the most esteem’d are
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>those of <i>Tibet</i>. When the Bladder under the Belly is taken out,
-they separate the congeal’d Blood, and dry it in the Sun.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Sir <i>John Chardin</i><a id='r243' /><a href='#f243' class='c019'><sup>[243]</sup></a> says, <i>Musk</i> is also produced in <i>Persia</i> from
-an Impostume in the Body of a Beast, that resembles a <i>Goat</i>, and
-grows near the Navel, and is better than that of <i>China</i>. The
-Scent of it, adds he, is so strong, that it many times kills those
-who hunt the Beast, when they first open the Bag, except they
-stop their Mouths and Noses with Linnen: ’Tis easily counterfeited,
-and the best way to try it, is by drawing a <i>Thread</i>, dipt
-in the Juice of Garlick, thro’ the <i>Bag</i> with a Needle; and if the
-Garlick loses its Scent, the Musk is good. <i>Atl.</i> 397.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f243'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r243'>243</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>His Travels.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXXV. The <i>Boitiapo</i> (that should have been mention’d before
-with its <i>Brazilian</i> Relatives) is a large Serpent, about seven
-Foot long, not quite so thick as a Man’s Arm, of an olive Colour,
-yellow Belly, in Body round, cloath’d with Scales that make an
-elegant Appearance in a sort of triangular form. ’Tis very venemous,
-and its Wounds not curable without timely and proper
-Applications.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Lacertan Snakes</i> or Lizards come next under Consideration,
-and in the same order as laid down by the learned Mr.
-<i>Ray</i><a id='r244' /><a href='#f244' class='c019'><sup>[244]</sup></a>. Previous to that, I beg leave to observe, that <i>Moses</i> places
-two sorts of <i>Lizards</i> among unclean Creatures, the <i>Stellio</i> and <i>Lacerta</i>.
-These Lizards differ vastly in Bulk; some a Finger’s
-length; in <i>Arabia</i>, some of a Cubit long; in the <i>Indies</i>, twenty-four
-Feet in length. Several sorts of <i>Lizards</i> are mention’d in
-Scripture, <i>Lev.</i> xi. 30. the two former are translated <i>Stellio</i> and
-<i>Lacerta</i>; the third is translated a <i>Mole</i>, but <i>Bochart</i> maintains, it
-is a <i>Cameleon</i>; the fourth is describ’d <i>Prov.</i> xxx. 28. and there,
-<i>Spider</i> is render’d <i>Stellio</i>, a Lizard. Mr. <i>Ray</i> begins with</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f244'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r244'>244</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Synopsis Animal. de Lacertis.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXXVI. The <i>Crocodile</i>, the largest of the <i>Lacertan</i> Race, a
-Name which is supposed to come from a word<a id='r245' /><a href='#f245' class='c019'><sup>[245]</sup></a> that signifies
-<i>afraid of Saffron</i>, because this Creature abhors the Smell of <i>Saffron</i>,
-as a learned Author observes<a id='r246' /><a href='#f246' class='c019'><sup>[246]</sup></a>. It is an amphibious Beast, noisome
-and voracious, and one of the Wonders of Nature; for,
-from an Egg no bigger than that of a Goose, proceeds an Animal
-which increases to eight or ten Yards in length.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f245'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r245'>245</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Κροκοδειλος δειλος. <i>Græcis timidus.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f246'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r246'>246</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Calmet.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>His Mouth is very wide, and is extended to the Ears; his
-Snout and Eyes like those of Swine; the Teeth, which are ingrail’d,
-are white, acute, strong and numerous; the Feet arm’d
-with sharp Claws; the Skin of the Belly is tender and may be
-easily penetrated, but the other parts of the Body are not penetrable
-by Swords and Arrows: It defies even the Wheels of a
-loaded Cart, as well as Darts and Spears: It is of a yellow Colour,
-say some; but <i>Wormius</i> in Mr. <i>Ray</i>’s <i>Synopsis</i> says, that those
-he had seen, were inclin’d to the grey or ash Colour.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Tail is near as long as the Body, upon which are Fins of
-a Fish, whereby he is capacitated to swim. When he strikes
-with his Claws, he tears with his Teeth, and grinds the very
-Bones of what he kills into Powder. In Winter he lives much
-without Food, but in Summer, his Sustenance is of the animal
-kind, but is most fond of human Flesh; and as he is an amphibious
-Creature, plunders both Elements<a id='r247' /><a href='#f247' class='c019'><sup>[247]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f247'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r247'>247</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstonus</i>, 141.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Crocodile, when prest with Hunger, swallows Stones,
-which have been found worn round about, and the wasted parts
-reduced to such minute Particles, as were fit to circulate with the
-Mass of Blood<a id='r248' /><a href='#f248' class='c019'><sup>[248]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f248'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r248'>248</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nierembergius.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Egypt</i> the <i>Crocodile</i> is made the Object of religious Adoration,
-but not by all the Nation; for the Inhabitants of <i>Tentyra</i>
-(an Island form’d by the River <i>Nilus</i>) were so far from worshipping
-that hateful Monster, that they despised it, and often brought
-them to the <i>Roman</i> Shews for Diversion.——This Aversion to
-<i>Crocodiles</i> caused a War between the <i>Tentyrians</i> and the other
-<i>Egyptians</i>, who worship’d those Creatures; of which People <i>Job</i>
-seems to speak in the following Words: <i>Let them curse it that curse
-the day, who are ready to raise up their Mourning</i>, Job iii. 8. Some
-read it, to raise up the <i>Leviathan</i>, or to awake the <i>Crocodile</i>; of
-which <i>Job</i> gives an admirable Description, under the Name of
-<i>Leviathan</i>, <i>Job</i> xli. 1, 2, 3, 4.... So the Psalmist, <i>Thou breakest
-the Heads of Leviathan in pieces, and gavest him to be Meat to the
-People inhabiting the Wilderness</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When I think of the superstitious <i>Egyptians</i> warring against
-the People of <i>Tentyra</i>, I can’t but observe how the same kind of
-Spirit (the more the pity) too often reigns among Christians:
-Those who have ridicul’d Superstition, and endeavour’d to propagate
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>Truth, have always had Vengeance and Wrath breath’d
-out against them, and have been exposed to the same Fate as the
-<i>Tentyrians</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Habitations of Crocodiles are generally in great Rivers,
-as the <i>Ganges</i> in <i>Asia</i>, one of the greatest Rivers in the World,
-and which is accounted sacred: Its Water is clear and sweet,
-weighs an Ounce in a Pint lighter than any other Water in the
-Country: The <i>Great Mogul</i>’s Court drink none else with their
-Wine. These monstrous Animals are also found in the <i>Nile</i> and
-<i>Niger</i>, two of the greatest Rivers in <i>Africa</i>; and also in the great
-Rivers of <i>America</i>, especially those of the <i>Amazons</i>, which abound
-with Crocodiles of vast Bigness, that very much annoy the Inhabitants.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>GEMELLI</i> in the <i>Atlas</i>, says the <i>Crocodile</i> is hatch’d of an
-Egg no bigger than that of a Turkey, but grows to thirty Foot
-long, the Back arm’d with impenetrable Scales, the Mouth wide
-enough to swallow an Heifer, and only moves the upper Jaw;
-it sees better by Water than Land, is cowardly, and generally
-flies from those that attack it, but daring enough otherwise; for
-which reason the <i>Egyptians</i> made it the Hieroglyphick of Impudence.—They
-have no Tongue, and eat nothing in all the autumnal
-Quarter<a id='r249' /><a href='#f249' class='c019'><sup>[249]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f249'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r249'>249</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>For <i>Africa</i>, p. 47.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Animal has a great Dexterity in catching Wild-fowl,
-which always abound in those great Rivers, and along Sea-shores,
-as Ducks, Teals, and other Water-fowls: When in want of
-Food, he goes into the Sea, where he lies in such a manner, that
-the upper Part of his Back appears above the Water, and looks
-like a piece of Timber floating; the wild Fowls mistrusting nothing,
-come so near it, that he immediately devours them: They
-lurk among Reeds and Bushes, on the Banks of Rivers and great
-Pools, from whence they suddenly leap out, and eat up their
-Prey, which sometimes happens to be People that come to drink
-or fetch Water.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Inhabitants of <i>Madagascar</i>, an <i>African</i> Island, look upon
-Crocodiles as Devils, and swear by them: When Differences
-happen among them, they go to a River, where he that is to
-swear throws himself into the Water, and conjures the Crocodiles
-to be Arbitrators betwixt him and his Adversary, and to let him
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>live if he speaks Truth, but if otherwise, to destroy him<a id='r250' /><a href='#f250' class='c019'><sup>[250]</sup></a>.
-Among the Rarities in <i>Gresham-College, London</i>, is a Crocodile
-about two Yards and a half long. Crocodiles are little known in
-<i>Europe</i>, but common in the <i>Indies</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f250'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r250'>250</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Dellon on Madagascar, in Atl. Afr.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Land Crocodile</i>, call’d <i>Seincus</i>, is variously described. In
-the <i>Molucca</i> Islands they are accounted the fiercest of Monsters,
-contrary to those of the <i>Nile</i>, according to some Writers<a id='r251' /><a href='#f251' class='c019'><sup>[251]</sup></a>. <i>Harris</i><a id='r252' /><a href='#f252' class='c019'><sup>[252]</sup></a>
-says, that they are very harmless, and in some places so
-tame, that Children play with them. <i>Le Comte</i> says, what are called
-<i>small Crocodiles</i>, are <i>huge Lizards</i>, found all over the Woods in
-<i>Siam</i>, as also in Houses and Fields<a id='r253' /><a href='#f253' class='c019'><sup>[253]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f251'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r251'>251</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Barth. Leonardo de Argensola</i>’s Discovery of the
-<i>Molucca</i> and <i>Philippine</i> Islands.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f252'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r252'>252</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atlas Amer.</i> 263.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f253'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r253'>253</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Memoirs</i>, 2d Edit. p. 502.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Land Crocodile is indeed an amphibious Animal, lives
-partly in the Water and partly upon dry Ground: It has four
-slender Legs like a Lizard; its Snout is sharp, and its Tail short,
-cover’d with small Scales of a silver Colour. ’Tis hatch’d in
-<i>Egypt</i>, near the Red-Sea, in <i>Libya</i>, and the <i>Indies</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Leviticus</i> there’s mention made of a kind of <i>Crocodile</i>, in
-the <i>Hebrew</i> called <i>Choled</i>, which the Septuagint translates
-κροκοδειλος χερσαιος, a land Crocodile, which is a kind of Lizard,
-that feeds upon the sweetest Flowers it can find; this makes its
-Intrails to be very much valued for their agreeable Smell. <i>Bellonius</i>
-says, it has four Feet, and a round knotty Tail, and is as
-big as the <i>Salamander</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>There’s scarce any way to manage him by Land, unless it be
-by a Wile, as they do on the Bank of <i>Nilus</i>, where little Huts
-are erected, from whence the Watchmen, upon the Approach of
-a Crocodile, spring out with long Branches in their Hands, which
-they, with great Dexterity, thrust into its Throat; and not being
-able to extricate itself, it falls down, upon which others of them
-discharge their Arrows at his Belly, which being a tender part, he
-is soon killed; but in Water he is quickly noosed, because for want
-of a Tongue, he can’t safely open his wide Mouth, without being
-suffocated.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This terrestrial Crocodile comes to us by way of <i>Alexandria</i>
-and <i>Venice</i>, and is very useful in physical Prescriptions.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>LXXVII. The <i>Cordylus</i> is a little noxious Reptile, supposed
-by some to be the <i>Land Crocodile</i>, because upon first sight it looks
-like the <i>Nilotic</i>; but upon a stricter view, the Fallacy appears.
-The Back is cover’d with close compacted Scales, as a House with
-Tiles, by which ’tis distinguish’d.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Its Tail is rough, and like a Club, wherewith it strikes whatever
-it meets, therefore is called <i>Caudiverbera</i>, that is, one that
-strikes with the Tail; a Tail prominent with War<a id='r254' /><a href='#f254' class='c019'><sup>[254]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f254'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r254'>254</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Raii Synopsis Animalium Quadrupedum</i>, p. 263.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXXVIII. The <i>Tapayaxin</i> is a Lizard of <i>New Spain</i>, and of a
-round form; and, <i>Spaniard</i>-like, is slow in Motion, and as loth
-to change its Seat, as the <i>Spaniards</i> their old Fashions and Customs.
-This little Creeper is of the northern Tribe, being generally
-found in the Mountains of cold Regions. It is observable,
-that if its Head be comprest or squeezed, it will throw out drops
-of Blood with a Force that will carry them several Yards off<a id='r255' /><a href='#f255' class='c019'><sup>[255]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f255'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r255'>255</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>See <i>Dr. Plot’s History of Staffordsh.</i> p. 252.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXXIX. The <i>Lacertus Viridis</i>, or green Lizard, is found
-in <i>Italy, &amp;c.</i> lives in Meadows, and being of the harmless kind,
-little is said of it. There are many Lizards of other Colours, but
-none so beautiful as the green ones; tho’ very small, they are
-pretty: Many make themselves very familiar with them, and put
-them in their Bosom<a id='r256' /><a href='#f256' class='c019'><sup>[256]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f256'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r256'>256</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nat. History of Carolina</i>, 131, 2. <i>N. B.</i>
-These are found in <i>Ireland</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXXX. The <i>Tejuguacu</i> is a <i>Brazilian Lizard</i>, of black Colour,
-beautified with elegant white Spots, which renders it pleasing
-to the Eye: Its Tongue is long and cloven, smooth and red.
-’Tis a little Creature, and moves its little Body with great Celerity;
-is patient in Want, and will for six or seven Moons, live
-without any kind of Sustenance, but Air, the Fluid in which we
-all breathe.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXXXI. The <i>Taraguira</i> is another <i>Brazilian</i>, of about a
-Foot long, whose Body is smooth, and naturally guarded by an
-Armour of a strong squamatick Skin, and the Scales situated in a
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>kind of triangular form: It affects to reside in Underwoods, and
-Places inclosed, and near to Houses.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXXXII. The <i>Americina</i> Serpent, which is not much different
-from the former, except it be in its forked Tail, which terminates
-in two different Points; and in this Article seems to differ from
-all other sanguineous Animals, among whom, says the learned
-<i>Ray</i>, I have never heard of any else furnish’d with two Tails:
-This looks like something anomalous in Nature, and contrary to
-its common Rules, if the Description be true.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXXXIII. The <i>Taraquico Aycuraba</i> is another venemous Offspring
-of <i>Brazil</i>, a Species of the former, but differs from it in
-the Tail, which is single. This Animal is covered with little
-rough triangulated Scales, the Extremity of which is decked with
-brown Spots, and the Back with various dusky Specks, ranged in
-the form of Waves.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXXXIV. The <i>Americina</i> is a little venemous Creeper,
-whose Body inclines to the square, about three Fingers long, in
-Crassitude as the Quill of a Swan; bright to the Eye, and smooth
-to the Hand: The Back is made strong by whitish Scales; the
-Head, Shanks, and Sides with brown ones: The Tail is of a fine
-azure Colour; its Claws are setigerous, resembling the Bristles of
-a Hog.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXXXV. <i>CARAPOBEBA</i> is another minim Serpent of
-<i>America</i>, and veneniferous, four or five Fingers long: The Body,
-that in Colour resembles a Liver, is adorn’d with white Marks,
-(and the Tail with white Lines) and is illuminated with glaring
-Eyes, like Globes of Glass.</p>
-<p class='c033'>LXXXVI. <i>TEJUNHANA</i> is a little Serpent, whose Head
-is sharp-pointed: The Tail is about six Fingers long, smooth and
-round, and ends like a Needle; the Head is cover’d with rough
-Scales, like <i>Milford</i> Oysters; the Back and Sides are cloath’d with
-a Skin, that is finely painted with green and brown Colours, and
-when touched, feels soft like Velvet.</p>
-<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>LXXXVII. To these <i>Americans</i> I add the <i>Stellio</i>, which Mr.
-<i>Ray</i> calls the <i>swift</i>, or <i>spotted Lizard</i>, whose Body makes a glorious
-Appearance, by glittering Spots, that when it makes its Parade,
-looks like a little moveable Firmament of Stars: This Serpent
-is pretty common in <i>Thrace</i>, <i>Sicily</i>, and <i>Syria</i><a id='r257' /><a href='#f257' class='c019'><sup>[257]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f257'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r257'>257</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ray</i>, p. 265.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>’Tis said of this Animal, that it casts its Skin and eats it again;
-and if so, ’tis a proper Emblem of desultory Creatures,
-who leave their Vices for a time, and return to them afterwards<a id='r258' /><a href='#f258' class='c019'><sup>[258]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f258'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r258'>258</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Grew’s Cosmologia Sacra.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among Serpents is such Variety of charming Colours, and
-Figures, that if it were not for the natural Antipathy that we
-have for them, perhaps there is not one thing that the Eye could
-take greater Delight in.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Besides the above Lacertick Serpents of <i>Brazil</i>, <i>Rochefort</i><a id='r259' /><a href='#f259' class='c019'><sup>[259]</sup></a>,
-a <i>French</i> Author, mentions other Serpents different from these,
-which come next under Consideration.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f259'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r259'>259</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>History of the Antilles-Islands.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXXXVIII. The <i>Les Anoles</i>, a Serpent in bigness like the
-<i>Gallick</i> Lizards, but of a longer Head; of a yellow Skin, like a
-Sun-burnt <i>Roussilonite</i>, or the <i>Savage Man</i> in the Isle of <i>Borneo</i>;
-Russet Back, channel’d with green; of an ashy or cineraceous
-Colour; a boisterous noisy Animal. It’s generally in motion by
-Day, and by Night, lodges in hollow places, where it joins with
-the Brotherhood, in disturbing the Neighbours with hideous
-Croakings: by the loudness of its Noise, it should seem that it had
-but an empty Noddle.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>LXXXIX. <i>LES ROQUET</i>, a Serpent of a ruddy Colour,
-intermix’d with black and yellow Points: of sparkling Eyes, and
-majestick Mien, walking in a stately manner with Head erect;
-and skipping about like a Bird, or a <i>French Beau</i>, who was said
-to make a <i>Solecism</i> with his Hand, when he made a false Gesture
-on the Stage.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>XC. The <i>Maboujas</i>, a word that signifies a Devil in the <i>Indian</i>
-Language, and given to this Serpent, because in its Nature
-it is most malignant and mischievous: It lives in fenny Ground,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>and shaded Valleys, dreadful in Appearance, and more so in its
-Executions.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This cruel Serpent is an Emblem of the old Serpent, that
-great fiery Dragon, that in a few Hours reduced <i>Job</i>, a wealthy
-Prince, into the lowest Ebb of Poverty, converted his Palace into
-a Dunghill, and his Body into an Hospital of Diseases; and if
-permitted, he would immediately turn the Earth into a Scene of
-Blood and Destruction; therefore he is called απολλυωνορ, the <i>Destroyer</i>,
-<i>Rev.</i> ix. 11. the Murderer, and Shedder of Blood. <i>N. B.</i> The
-tutelar Deity of the <i>Cæsars</i> was <i>Apollo</i>, that is, the—<i>Destroyer</i>.
-The like kind of bloody Deity has presided in the Temples of Tyranny
-ever since.</p>
-<p class='c033'>XCI. The <i>Gobe Moujes</i>, so denominated by the <i>French</i>, from
-its <i>gobbling</i> all kinds of Flies, which it constantly hunts, and swallows
-in a voracious manner. It commonly frequents Houses
-where it suffers no little Insects to live, no not upon Garments:
-It is of the stellionick form, and the least of all the Quadrupeds
-in those <i>Antilles</i>, which our <i>English</i> call, the <i>Leeward-Islands</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>May not this Animal serve to represent those gobbling Sots,
-who brush off the Flies of Melancholy, and drown them in the
-inchanted Cup? Thus likewise the Sons of <i>Mammon</i> hunt for
-<i>golden Flies</i>, as Entertainments most delicious.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>XCII. <i>BROCHET DE TORRE</i>, or the <i>Land-Pike</i>, is a
-Serpent of about fifteen Inches long, so termed from its Likeness
-in Figure and Skin to that Fish. Instead of Fins, it has four
-Feet, too weak to support the Body, therefore crawls on its
-Belly, after an odd unusual manner, winding its Body about like
-a Pike newly taken out of the Water; which kind of Motion being
-strange, strikes Terror into Spectators. <i>Tetre</i> denies it to
-have the perfect Shape, Head and Skin of the common Pike,
-and treats <i>Sieur Rochefort</i> with some Roughness, according to
-Mr. <i>Ray</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Night, these Serpents are found under the Rocks, where
-they make a frightful Noise, more hideous than the croaking of
-Frogs and Toads. In <i>Antigua</i> is a Fish called <i>Cane</i>, like our <i>Pike</i>
-in figure, seven or eight Foot long, and big in proportion: It
-preys like the <i>Shark</i>, and especially on human Flesh; and the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>least Bite of its Teeth proves mortal Poison, without immediate
-Application of some sovereign Antidote<a id='r260' /><a href='#f260' class='c019'><sup>[260]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f260'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r260'>260</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>History of the Antilles.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XCIII. The last he mentions, is a <i>little Serpent</i>, about seven
-Fingers in length, and terrible to the Eye. The Skin is embroider’d
-with black Scales, that look smooth and sleek as if it were
-a Surface of Oil: It is furnish’d with very sharp Teeth, small
-Eyes, but so weak that they can’t long face the Light, no more
-than a <i>Frenchman</i> can look Truth in the face, or a <i>Spaniard</i> the
-Field of Battle.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When this little venemous Animal apprehends any Danger,
-it immediately digs into the Earth, with its five crooked and
-strong Claws, that soon penetrate the Ground: ’tis guilty not only
-of Evils among Beasts, but of great Devastations in Orchards and
-Gardens<a id='r261' /><a href='#f261' class='c019'><sup>[261]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f261'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r261'>261</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ray.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>I have wondered, says a learned Author, to see with what
-great Quickness, Art, and Strength, many <i>Vespæ, Ichneumons,
-wild Bees and Beetles</i>,—perforate the Earth, yea, even Wood itself;
-but the most remarkable in this way, is the <i>Mole-Cricket</i><a id='r262' /><a href='#f262' class='c019'><sup>[262]</sup></a>.
-Swine, who dig in the Earth for their Food, have all parts of their
-Head adapted for that Service, but rather more remarkable in the
-<i>Mole</i>, whose Neck, Eyes, Nose and Ears are all fitted in the
-nicest manner, to its subterraneous way of Life.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f262'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r262'>262</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Derham</i> <i>Phys. Theol.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XCIV. The <i>Ground Rattle-Snake</i>, so called, only because it
-resembles the real Rattle-Snake in Colour, but is somewhat darker:
-It never grows above twelve or sixteen Inches long; ’tis reckon’d
-among the worst of Snakes, and of a hardy Nature, because it
-keeps out of its Winter-Quarters the longest of any. N. B. <i>This
-Serpent and some of the following are taken out of the natural History
-of</i> Carolina<a id='r263' /><a href='#f263' class='c019'><sup>[263]</sup></a>, a part of <i>America</i> belonging to <i>England</i>. The
-Natives of that Country were of a larger Size than <i>Europeans</i>,
-and accounted so faithful in their Promises, and so just in their
-Dealings, that they had no Words to express <i>Dishonesty</i>, <i>Fraud</i>,
-or <i>Cheating</i>,—What contributed chiefly to their honest Simplicity,
-and plain Method of living, was their Contempt of Riches;
-were content with plain Food and Raiment, without being anxiously
-sollicitous for to-morrow.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f263'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r263'>263</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>In the new <i>Collection of Voyages</i>, 4to, printed 1713.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>XCV. The <i>Horn-Snake</i>, very venemous, hisses exactly like a
-Goose, upon any body’s Approach. Serpents of this Class strike
-at the Enemy with their Tail, which is arm’d at the end with a
-horny Substance, like a Cock-Spur, that kills whatever is wounded
-with it. ’Tis said, that in <i>Virginia</i>, they only shoot their Tongues,
-and shake them at the Enemy<a id='r264' /><a href='#f264' class='c019'><sup>[264]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f264'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r264'>264</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp.</i> vol. iii, p. 599.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>XCVI. The <i>Hydrus</i>, <i>Natrix</i>, or <i>Water-Snake</i>, of these are
-various sorts, and all in some degree amphibious. When the
-<i>Coluber Aquaticus</i> wounds any, ’tis attended with a most disagreeable
-Odour, and so strong, that it forbids a near Approach to
-the unhappy Sufferer, who immediately falls into a Tremor and
-Distraction, and soon expires (the third day, says <i>Ælian</i>) without
-timely Relief<a id='r265' /><a href='#f265' class='c019'><sup>[265]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f265'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r265'>265</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian.</i> lib. iv. cap. 57. <i>Accessio Gyllii.</i>—</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Its common Residence is in shallow Waters, and when they
-are dried up, it goes upon dry Ground, where its Wound is
-more dangerous than in Water: But more of this elsewhere.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>XCVII. In that Country they have what they call <i>Swamp-Snakes</i>;
-three sorts of which are near a-kin to the Water-Snakes,
-and may be rank’d among them. The Belly of the first is of the
-carnation Colour, the Back is dark: the next, which is of a brown
-Colour, always abides in the Marshes: the third is of a motley
-Colour, and very poisonous.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>They dwell on the sides of Swamps, <i>i. e.</i> Bogs, Marshes,
-and Ponds, have a prodigious large Mouth, and they arrive to
-the thickness of the Calf of a Man’s Leg. Among these I place
-the black <i>Truncheon-Snakes</i>, that live on the Banks of Rivers,
-which, when disturbed, shoot into the Water, like an Arrow
-out of a Bow. I fancy the Name is borrow’d from a certain
-Weapon call’d Truncheon, which we call <i>Battoon</i>, or Tipstaff,
-of a cylindrical form, used by principal Officers of State, Generals,
-and sometimes by Constables, when they go upon secret
-Expeditions.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>XCVIII. The <i>Red-belly-Snake</i>, this is so called from its ruddy
-Colour, which inclines to an Orange-red. Of these are two sorts;
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>one, like <i>Abel</i> the Innocent; the other, like <i>Cain</i> the Cruel:
-An Emblem of the World, humane, angelic Animal, and Vegetable,
-in which is a Mixture of Good and Evil.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>XCIX. The <i>Red-back-Snake</i>, so named from that Colour;
-a long, slender Snake, but not very common. A certain Surveyor
-of Lands in <i>Carolina</i> happen’d to step over one of these, which
-he did not see till his Servant spy’d it: The Surveyor inquired of
-the <i>Indian</i> that was along with him, <i>Whether it was a very venemous
-Serpent?</i> Who answer’d, <i>That if he had been wounded by
-it, even the</i> Indians <i>themselves, tho’ expert in the Art of curing serpentine
-Wounds, could not have saved his Life</i><a id='r266' /><a href='#f266' class='c019'><sup>[266]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f266'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r266'>266</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Natural History of Carolina.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Red, which is one of the primary Colours, proceeding from
-the least refrangible Rays of Light, is a lively Emblem of Fire,
-or the fiery Venom in this Serpent, whose principal Quality is
-to draw Blood.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>C. The <i>Scorpion-Lizard</i>; ’tis commonly called so, but is no
-more like it than a Hedge-Hog: It is indeed of the Lizard Colour,
-but much larger: Its Back of a dark copper Colour; the
-Belly, in Orange; quick in its Motion on the Ground, and very
-nimble in running up Trees; has several Rows of Teeth, and is
-reckoned to be of a very poisonous Nature.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CI. The <i>Long Black-Snake</i>, is a land Animal, and very common.
-<i>I have</i>, says my Author, <i>kill’d several of them, full six
-Foot in length</i>. Its Bite, tho’ painful in its Consequences, is not
-deem’d commonly mortal: the wounded Part swells, and turns
-to a running Ulcer. No living Creature more nimble in Motion,
-or a greater Enemy to Mice, for it leaves not one of that Vermin
-alive, wherever it comes. This Serpent kills the Rattle-Snake,
-by twisting its Head about the Neck of that Snake, and whipping
-her to death with its Tail.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Serpent very much haunts Dairy-houses in those Countries,
-and makes very free with unguarded Milk-Pans, and Cream-Pots:
-It delights to be among Hens, whose Eggs it does not suck,
-but swallows them whole, as all Snakes do their Sustenance. It
-will often swallow the Egg under a sitting Hen, and then lie in
-the Nest in the form of a Ring.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>Allow here a few Remarks upon the Nature of Milk and
-Eggs.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In all kinds of Vegetables is an oily Substance, which is a Fluid
-that Animals take in with their Food, and no vegetable Food is
-nutrimental, without some Proportion of this Oil; even Grass,
-especially in its Seed, abounds therewith, which being thoroughly
-mixt with the <i>Saliva</i>, it turns <i>milky</i> in the Stomach: Which differs
-from the <i>Chyle</i>, only as having been more concocted, and
-containing a large degree of Salt, which renders it convertible into
-Curd.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>MILK</i> therefore is an <i>oily vegetable Matter</i>, circulated first
-in Plants, then in Animals, and capable of being reduced into a
-caseous and watry Substance, (or Cheese and Whey, if you please.)
-If <i>Milk</i> finds no opportunity of passing off in its own natural
-form, it turns to <i>Fat</i>, or goes away by Urine and Sweat, which
-commonly is the case in Men, for they generate Milk as well as
-Women, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>An Egg is from a certain animal Liquid, which by repeated
-Circulations in the Body, arrives at a perfect animal State; this
-Fluid comes from the oviparous Class, which is the White wherein
-the Yolk appears to swim. The White and Yolk of Eggs are
-neither alkaline nor acid.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The White dissolves by <i>a gentle Heat</i>, till it totally liquifies,
-(thus the Hen’s Heat gradually dissolves the White of a prolific
-Egg into Nourishment for the Chicken) but if you expose the White
-to the <i>Heat of boiling Water</i>, it will immediately harden, into a
-viscous, dry Mass.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The White of an Egg is a surprizing Menstruum, for if it
-be first boiled hard in the Shell, and afterwards suspended in the
-Air by a Thread, it will resolve and drop down into an insipid
-Liquor; which is that heterogeneous Menstruum so much used
-by <i>Paracelsus</i>, and will make a thorough <i>Solution of Myrrh</i>, which
-is more than Water, Oils, or Fire itself can effect<a id='r267' /><a href='#f267' class='c019'><sup>[267]</sup></a>. <i>N. B.</i> The
-White of an Egg, by a strong Distillation, will afford an alkaline
-Spirit, and will putrify by Digestion; and a single Grain of this
-putrify’d Substance taken, will, like Poison, presently cause a
-Nausea, Vomit, Diarrhœa, Fever ... as <i>Bellini</i> tells us he has
-tried. And the learned <i>Boerhaave</i> himself, had seen those terrible
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>Effects of it, which however are immediately stopt by drinking
-any acid Liquor, as Vinegar, Juice of Lemons. From Milk
-I proceed to give an account of an odd Custom about Cheese in
-Antiquity, <i>viz.</i> Among the <i>Romans</i>, one of their <i>Tabernæ</i> was
-called <i>Casearia</i>, <i>a Caseo i. e.</i> from Cheese; not because Cheese
-was made or sold in it, but because it was wont to be smoaked
-there: It being a Custom among the old <i>Romans</i> and other <i>Italians</i>,
-to make a great Smoke with Reeds and green Wood, on
-purpose to dry and colour their Cheese; hence the Poet <i>Martial</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Non quemcunque focum, nec fumum caseus omnem,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Sed velabrensem, qui bibit ille sapit.</i>——</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c034'><i>i. e.</i> That Cheese only is pleasant and grateful, which does not
-suck in every Fume, but which is smoak’d only, <i>velabro</i>, in Tents
-or Booths.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f267'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r267'>267</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Boerhaave’s Process</i>, p.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<p class='c033'>CII. The <i>King’s Snake</i>, is the longest of all others; but not
-common. It is said to be terrible to other Serpents, though not
-very venemous and gross: the <i>Indians</i>, Men and Women, in <i>Carolina</i>,
-make <i>Girdles</i> and <i>Sashes of their Skins</i>, as Signs of Conquest,
-and wear them as Trophies of Honour.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This puts me in mind of <i>Hippocrates</i>, the Prince of Physicians,
-who tells us that in the Eastern Parts of <i>Europe</i>, there is
-a <i>Scythian People</i>, called <i>Sauromatæ</i>, bordering on the <i>Palus
-Mæotis</i>, where the Women ride on Horse-back, draw the Bow,
-throw the Javelin as they ride, and fight in their Battles, so long
-as they remain Virgins; and were not allow’d to marry, <i>till they
-had killed three Enemies in the Wars</i><a id='r268' /><a href='#f268' class='c019'><sup>[268]</sup></a>. Of my Author ’tis said,
-He neither knew how to <i>deceive</i>, nor be <i>deceived</i><a id='r269' /><a href='#f269' class='c019'><sup>[269]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f268'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r268'>268</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Hippocrates upon Air, Water, and Situation; upon Epidemical Diseases</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-translated into <i>English</i>, by the learned Dr. <i>Clifton</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f269'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r269'>269</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Of <i>Hippocrates</i> ’tis said,——<i>Qui tam fallere quam falli nescit</i>.
--Macrobii Opera, p. 27.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>N. B.</i> These were the Women called <i>Amazons</i>, descended
-from the <i>Scythians</i>, whose Women were as warlike as the Men,
-and joined with them in their Wars.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CIII. The <i>Corn-Snake</i>, is most like the <i>Rattle-Snake</i> of all
-others in Colour, but the Chequers are not so regular; neither
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>has it any Rattles. They are frequently found in <i>Corn-fields</i>, from
-whence, I presume, they have their Appellation. In their Qualities
-they resemble the <i>Green-Snakes</i>, that are innocent by Nature,
-and in form admirably pretty, if I may be allow’d by the
-Ladies, to call a Serpent so.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CIV. The <i>Blowing-Serpent</i>, which is a Species of the Viper,
-but larger than the <i>European</i>, is so called, because it seems to
-blow, to spread its Head, and swell very much, before it bites;
-which Bite is very poisonous, and seems to receive some additional
-Malignity from the Enlargement of its Head beyond the common
-Proportion.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CV. The <i>Brimstone-Snake</i>, so denominated from the Similitude
-of Colour: They might as well call it, the <i>Glass-Snake</i>,
-for if any Credit be given to the Historian, ’tis as brittle as a
-Glass-Tube, or a Tobacco-Pipe, so that upon the touch of a
-Twig, it immediately breaks into several Pieces, which some say,
-and nobody believes, are capable of Re-union.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Its component Parts may be weak and frail, but it is questionable,
-whether so brittle as represented: ’Tis true indeed there are
-hard Bodies, that would not be affected with a Twig, yet are
-very brittle. Thus <i>Iron</i>, which is one of the hardest Metals and
-yet <i>most brittle</i>, and by fusing, it becomes harder and more brittle.
-Now this great Brittleness of Iron, arises from the great
-quantity of Sulphur-Brimstone intermixed with it. The abundance
-of <i>Sulphur</i> in <i>Iron</i>, is apparent from the <i>Sparks</i> it emits
-from under the Smith’s Hammer; those fiery Sparks being only
-the Sulphur of the heated Iron, nothing of which is seen in any
-other Metal<a id='r270' /><a href='#f270' class='c019'><sup>[270]</sup></a>. <i>N. B.</i> Roll-Brimstone sold in the Shops comes
-from the native Sulphur, which <i>Helmont</i> always preferred to
-that purified.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f270'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r270'>270</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Boerhaave’s Method of Chemistry.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CVI. The <i>Yellow-Snake</i> is in length about seven or eight
-Foot; the Neck is small, rather less than its Body, which grows
-bigger, till it be as big as one’s Wrist, and continues so large to
-the <i>Anus</i>; from whence it diminishes by degrees to the Tail. Its
-Head (which is not very large) is of a dark Colour, and so are
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>the Scales all over the Body, with some yellow Streaks here and
-there. The Belly is all yellow, like Marygold, whose Flowers
-are cordial.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>These Serpents are for the most part to be found in the
-woody Mountains of <i>America</i>, coil’d up in the Paths, as Ropes
-in a Ship: they are not hurtful, unless irritated; they feed on
-Birds, Rats, <i>&amp;c.</i> which they swallow whole, and therefore Nature
-has given them such a folded, rugous, inward Tunicle of the
-Stomach, that it may extend, and receive things of large Dimensions.
-Many of them have been killed with thirteen or fourteen
-Rats in their Bellies<a id='r271' /><a href='#f271' class='c019'><sup>[271]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f271'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r271'>271</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Sir Hans Sloan’s Voyages to Madeira, Barbad.</i> vol.
-ii. Lond. 1725.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It has been observed, that the Heart of this Serpent was beating
-an Hour after the Head was cut off, and that it would turn
-and twist its Body strangely in its Dissection, for a long time after
-the Bowels were out: The Lungs were very membranaceous, being
-nothing but Blood-Vessels and Air-Bladders. So a very learned
-Author. <i>ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CVII. The <i>Chicken-Snake</i>, so called because of its Executions
-in the Poultry-yard, where it devours all Eggs, and lesser Birds
-that come in its way. These Serpents are of a sooty Colour, and
-will very readily roll themselves round a smooth-bark’d Pine-tree,
-eighteen or twenty Foot high, where there is no manner of hold,
-and there sun themselves, and sleep all the pleasurable part of the
-Day, reserving the hours of Darkness for rambling<a id='r272' /><a href='#f272' class='c019'><sup>[272]</sup></a>. There is
-no great matter of Poison in them. Here the Historian mentions
-the <i>Eel-Snake</i>, improperly so called, I think, because it is nothing
-but a <i>Leach</i>, that only sucks, and can’t sting nor bite, so as to do
-any Damage.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f272'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r272'>272</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Natural History of Carolina</i>, p. 134.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CVIII. The <i>Vectis</i>, whose Head, strictly speaking, is neither
-round, flat, nor pointed, but looks like a Swelling on both sides,
-one stretching transversly, like a Bar that guards a Door, or, if
-you please, a <i>Bettee</i>, an Engine to break open Doors. Though
-this Sense be not intended here, yet ’tis true, that <i>Serpents</i> do
-make <i>forcible Entries</i>, but it is always with Teeth and Tail, by
-which they often throw down the whole Fabrick, and drive out
-the Inhabitant.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>CIX. The <i>Agnasen</i> Serpent, called the <i>Mother of Ants</i>,
-because it lodges in their Apartments, and other warm Situations.
-We read of <i>Ants</i> in the <i>East-Indies</i> that build their Houses above
-Ground, and with the <i>finest Clay</i>, of which the People make
-their <i>Idols</i>; their little Houses are like strong <i>Butts</i>, hollow within,
-where they dwell, and breed in Nests like Honey-combs.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Butts</i> present to my view the <i>Bow and Arrows</i> in the
-Hands of the <i>Parthians</i>, who were esteemed the best <i>Archers</i> in the
-world, and very deservedly, <i>having the Art of shooting backwards</i>,
-and making their <i>Retreat more terrible than their Charge</i>: Whence
-that of <i>Seneca</i><a id='r273' /><a href='#f273' class='c019'><sup>[273]</sup></a>, <i>The</i> Parthians <i>Flight does most affright</i>. The
-manner of their Fight is describ’d by the Poet, who says, <i>They
-were better Soldiers when they run away, and fought best when furthest
-off, trusting most to the Bow</i><a id='r274' /><a href='#f274' class='c019'><sup>[274]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f273'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r273'>273</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Terga conversi metuenda Parthi.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f274'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r274'>274</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Pugna levis, bellumque fugax, turmæque fugaces,</div>
- <div class='line'>Et melior cessisse loco quam pellere miles.</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Lucan.</i></div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'><i>M. CRASSUS</i>, in his Expedition against them, being told
-by an <i>Astrologer</i> it would be unprosperous, because of some ill
-Aspect in <i>Scorpio</i>: <i>Hush Man</i>, quoth he, <i>I fear not</i> Scorpio,
-<i>but</i> Sagittarius.—But to return to the <i>Motherly Serpent</i>, which
-is about a Foot and a half long, the Body slender, adorn’d with
-red and white Streaks. Another Author says, ’tis of a red Colour,
-distinguish’d by black Lines, intermix’d with white Spots: The
-<i>Indians</i> play with this Serpent (as <i>Ladies</i> with their <i>Lap-dogs</i>)
-and for Diversion, wear this little innocent and pretty Animal (as
-a Necklace of Pearls) about their Necks<a id='r275' /><a href='#f275' class='c019'><sup>[275]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f275'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r275'>275</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Joan. Euseb. Nierembergii Historia Naturæ</i>, p. 272,-3.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CX. The <i>Macacoatl</i>, or <i>Anguis Cervinus</i>, so called from its
-horned Head, which resembles that of a Deer, as thick as a Man’s
-Thigh, in length about twenty Foot, sprinkled with dusky Spots
-inclining to the black and yellow.—This seems to be a Member
-of the gigantick Family, already described. <i>Ibid.</i> 273. Therefore
-I dismiss it, and proceed to the</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXI. <i>AQUASEN</i> Serpent, which seems to be the Birth of the
-<i>Philippines</i>, and very venemous: Its Wound proves fatal in a few
-Minutes, which is preceded by the Putrefaction of the Flesh, next
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>to the affected part. It is about two Spans long, of a brown
-Colour, and a large Head<a id='r276' /><a href='#f276' class='c019'><sup>[276]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f276'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r276'>276</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nascitur in Philippicis.</i> ibid. p. 273. Nierembergius.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXII. The Serpent <i>Otus</i> is one of the Plagues of <i>America</i>,
-and very poisonous, there being but few hours distance between
-the Wound it gives and Death. It is about an Inch thick, and
-three Foot long, a little Head and whitish Belly, and may be farther
-distinguish’d from others, by white and black Spots, and
-three red Lines running across; slow in Motion, and fond of
-Shade; found in <i>Cuba</i>, a famous Island, where the antient Inhabitants
-went naked, tho’ they might have been cloath’d in Gold.
-The Historian speaking of <i>Spanish Cruelty</i>, observes, that a certain
-<i>Indian Prince</i> having fled to <i>Cuba</i> for Shelter, was taken by
-the <i>Spaniards</i>, and condemned by them to be burnt alive. When
-they were tying him to the Stake, a <i>Priest</i> told him if he would
-embrace the <i>Spanish Religion</i>, he should go to Heaven; but if not,
-he must burn for ever in Hell. Upon this, the poor distressed
-Prince ask’d him, if there were any <i>Spaniards in Heaven</i>, and
-the Priest answering, Yes; <i>Hathuey</i> the Prince replied, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>THAT if it be so, I’ll rather go to the Devils in Hell, than
-go with the</i> Spaniards <i>to Heaven; for their Cruelty is such, that
-none can be more miserable than where they are</i>. <i>N. B.</i> This account
-is given by one of their own Bishops<a id='r277' /><a href='#f277' class='c019'><sup>[277]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f277'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r277'>277</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Barthol. de las Casas</i>, Bishop of <i>Chiapa</i>. Hist. of <i>Antilles</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXIII. The <i>Dopon</i> is reckoned to be a most dangerous Serpent;
-’tis about an Inch round, and four or five Foot long. The
-vulgar Opinion is, that the whole Body is all over tinged with
-Poison, the Tail excepted. Its Head is very large, and of an
-octangular form, so far as the Eyes, from which it grows less
-and less to the Mouth, which is oblong and flat, arm’d with six
-Teeth in the upper Jaws, and six in the lower, besides lesser ones:
-The Tongue is slender, and of a black Colour.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Its Wounds are terrible, allowing the Patient only about
-twenty-four hours to live. No sooner is the Wound given, but
-all parts of the Body begin to swell, and soon extend beyond
-their due Proportion; that they are soon disabled from performing
-their Operations<a id='r278' /><a href='#f278' class='c019'><sup>[278]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f278'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r278'>278</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Remedio est Alexiterium pangagausen.</i>
-Nierembergii Historia, cap. xiii. p. 274.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>Thus Pride, the malignant Tumour of the Mind, was the
-fatal Wound, by which the Angelic Serpent, the first in Dignity
-among created Beings, was transformed into a Devil. Sin, a Poison
-so strong, that by the first taste of it, the whole human
-Nature was infected. <i>Adam</i> and <i>Eve</i> tasted the forbidden Fruit,
-and lo! we must all die for it, at the distance of so many thousand
-Years.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXIV. The <i>Attaligatus</i> is a small slender Serpent, not exceeding
-the Quill of a Goose in proportion; not poisonous in its
-Nature, yet very mischievous; for these little Creatures are an
-united Body, and live in community, and never separate: they
-are a Society without Schism, which is more than can be affirmed
-of all human Societies, civil or ecclesiastick.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When these small harmonious Reptiles go abroad, they travel
-in Company, a hundred strong or more, and where they find any
-asleep, they immediately seize the Body, and with a Force united
-and irresistable, they devour it<a id='r279' /><a href='#f279' class='c019'><sup>[279]</sup></a>. Behold! a Conquest by an Army
-of Worms!</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f279'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r279'>279</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nierembergii Historia</i>, cap. xiii. p. 274.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus <i>Herod</i> the <i>Great</i>, the Proud, the Cruel, when upon
-the <i>Throne</i>, was attack’d by an Army of Worms, that quickly
-devoured him. His Body became <i>worm-eaten</i> like a piece of rotten
-Wood<a id='r280' /><a href='#f280' class='c019'><sup>[280]</sup></a>. Of the Executions done by Worms, we have divers
-Instances in the human World. No part of Man’s Body,
-whether inward or outward, but is subject to Worms, and have
-been tormented with them.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f280'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r280'>280</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>γενομενος σχωληχοβρωτος, Act. xii.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Man’s Body, if rightly understood, would appear to be a
-Granary for Worms, of divers Colours and Sizes: In the inward
-Parts, as Stomach, Guts, Liver, Blood, Gall, Bladder, have been
-found swarms of Vermin, sapping the Foundation of the animal
-Structure. We have Instances of Worms bred in the human
-Brains, and were discovered in the Brain of the <i>Paris-Girl</i> when
-opened—probably laid, by some Insect, in the Laminæ of the
-Nostrils, from whence it gnawed its way into the Brain<a id='r281' /><a href='#f281' class='c019'><sup>[281]</sup></a>. So
-in the outer parts.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f281'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r281'>281</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Derham</i> from <i>Bartholinus</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span><i>GALEN</i> in <i>Jonstonus</i> says, that in <i>Ethiopia</i>, <i>India</i>, and the
-mountainous part of <i>Egypt</i>, the Inhabitants were tormented with
-Worms, that bred in their Legs and Arms, called <i>Dracunculi</i>,
-whose Motion in the Flesh was conspicuous to the Eye.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>LUCIUS CORNELIUS SYLLA</i>, <i>Consul</i> and <i>Dictator</i>
-of <i>Rome</i>, (the Glories of whose Valour were obscured by barbarous
-Cruelties) died of a φθιριασις a wormy or lousy Disease: Thus
-<i>Aliman</i><a id='r282' /><a href='#f282' class='c019'><sup>[282]</sup></a>, a renowned <i>Greek</i> Poet, and <i>Pherecydes</i> the Philosopher,
-and Master to <i>Pythagoras</i>, died of the same loathsome
-Distemper.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f282'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r282'>282</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Pliny.</i> Part. i.</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Sed quis non paveat pherecydos fata tragœdi:</div>
- <div class='line'>Qui nimio sudore fluens, animalia tetra,</div>
- <div class='line'>Eduxit turpi miserum qua morte tulerunt.</div>
- <div class='line'>Sylla quoque infelix tali languore peresus</div>
- <div class='line'>Corruit, &amp; sœdo se vidit ab agmine vinci.</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Sic testatur Serenus medicus.</i></div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>In <i>Persia</i> there are very long slender Worms bred in the Legs
-and other Parts of Men’s Bodies, six or seven Yards long. Those
-who live upon the Red-Sea, and feed upon Locusts, are, in the
-last Stage of Life, subject to a sort of Flying-Worms, like what
-is called a Tyke, spread over all the Body, arising at first from a
-Scab, by scratching of which they tear their Flesh. <i>Nieremberg.</i>
-Some relate divers Examples of Worms taken out of the
-Tongue, Gums, Nose, and other Parts by a Woman at <i>Leicester</i>,
-which they were Eye-witnesses of. N. B. <i>Mr.</i> Dent <i>and Mr.</i>
-Lewis, <i>in the</i> Philosoph. Trans. <i>in</i> Lowthorp<i>’s</i> Abridg. <i>where these
-and divers others may be seen</i>.
-If it did not extend the Digression too far, I might add here,
-That there are no Animals, as Sheep, Wolves, Goats, Deers,
-Cows, Horses, Swine; yea, no Vegetables, as Trees, Herbs,
-Plants, Flowers, but abound with Worms; and all these have
-Worms peculiar to themselves. By the help of microscopical
-Glasses, we may discover Legions of Worms in Vinegar, human
-Blood, and other Liquids.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXV. The <i>Ecatotl</i>, <i>Anguis-Venti</i>, <i>Serpent-of-the-Wind</i>, and
-very innocent, and perhaps the Name may be borrowed from a
-gentle salutary Gale; it is about six Spans long, and two Inches in
-Crassitude; the Eyes are black, Teeth small, the Belly bright,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>like Silver. The Back and Sides illustrated with white Streaks,
-alternately painted with Yellow and Azure: the Tongue is of a
-black Colour, small, long, and cloven, and most nimble in its
-Vibrations<a id='r283' /><a href='#f283' class='c019'><sup>[283]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f283'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r283'>283</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nierembergius</i>, cap. xv. p. 274.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXVI. <i>DE Angue-Laqueo</i>, the Ensnaring-Serpent. In the
-Province of <i>Vera-Pas</i>, west of the <i>Honduras</i>; they are much infected
-with several Insects, as <i>Muskettoes</i>, <i>Fire-Flies</i>, and <i>Serpents</i>.
-Among the last is one Serpent of great Bulk, and excels in Craftiness,
-being very subtle and sharp in laying hold of its Prey. The
-Method is surprizing; for it wraps up itself in the Form of a
-Ginn, and so decoys the Game into the Snare: It bites like a Dog,
-and is very mischievous, tho’ not of the venemous Order. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXVII. The <i>stupid</i> Serpent, which they call <i>Canaucoatl</i>, in
-Character is contradictious; for, as represented in History, ’tis
-dull and in a manner destitute of Sensation, and yet a Creature
-full of Vitality and Spirit; and indeed is only remarkable for its
-Mettle. It is of the Tribe of Innocents, and very strong, and
-fears no Assault. In Dimension, monstrous; for Thickness, equal
-to a Man’s Body, and twice the Length. ’Tis said, some have
-sat upon it, apprehending it to be only the Trunk of an old Tree.
-Some other fabulous Things are reported of it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It lives in the Shadow of Woods, often concealing itself under
-Branches and Leaves of Trees, where it surprizes the Prey,
-which, to speak with the Vulgar, it draws to him, by the Force
-of its Breath, as a Loadstone does Iron. The Authors of the
-<i>Atlas</i> mention a Serpent of this attractive Power in the <i>Philippine
-Islands</i>; Birds and other Animals are drawn into the Trap
-by the Charms of the Breath; yea, Partridges, Weasels——are
-made to run into its devouring Jaws. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>If this Serpent be endued with this magnetic Property, it is a
-<i>living Loadstone</i>, and more extensive in its Attractions than the
-real one; for this draws all animal Bodies to it, whereas the real
-Loadstone only attracts Iron. Attraction in the gross, is so complex
-a thing, that it may solve a thousand different things alike.
-This Creature is called <i>Ibitin</i> in <i>America</i>; and probably the same
-with the following, though distinctly considered by the Historian.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>CXVIII. The Serpent <i>Bitin</i>, an Inhabitant of the Mountains
-and Woods in the Island of <i>Cuba</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> of great Bulk, and Length
-about four Ells; and in Shape terrible to the Eye. The Head,
-which resembles that of a Calf, grows large to the Eyes, which
-sparkle with the bright and black, and are incircled with Rays
-of Green; it has wide Jaws, armed with many sharp Teeth, among
-which are four of the <i>canine</i> sort.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>CANINI Dentes</i>, that is <i>Dog’s-Teeth</i>, are two Teeth in each
-Jaw, so called, because they end like those of a Dog in a sharp
-Point, whose particular Office is to pierce the Aliments, therefore
-are buried in their Sockets, by which they are more able to
-resist all lateral Pressures, than the <i>Molares</i>, or the common
-Grinders.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This <i>Bitinian</i> Serpent hangs by the Tail on Trees, devouring
-Men and Beasts that pass by, and come within its Reach, by
-the dint of halituous Attraction, as the <i>stupid</i>, and some of the
-<i>Philippine</i> Serpents are said to do; but if it be so, the Philosophy
-of it is not yet accounted for.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXIX. The <i>Monoxillo</i>, or <i>Mucronated-Serpent</i>, so called because
-its Termination is sharp-pointed. It has something of the
-Fierce and Terrible in its Appearance, but is more dreadful in Aspect
-than Nature; for its Wounds, though painful, are not mortal.
-’Tis of the Lacertan Kind and Colour; the Tail long, and Legs
-of small length; the Body about two Spans long, the Tongue
-large and forked and of red Colour. ’Tis tedious in Motion; the
-whole Compound is crustaceous, like Shell-Fishes, adorned with
-white and yellow Spots, resembling little Pearls, or Seed of Grummel
-or Gray-Mile.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>N. B.</i> The Seed of Vegetables consists of an Embryo, in
-which is contained the whole Plant in Miniature. A compleat
-Oak is visible in an Acorn by a Microscope.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXX. The <i>Tapayaxin</i>, a little wonderful Serpent; some say
-of the Lacertan Kind, others say of an orbicular Form, not above
-four Inches Long. The Body is cartilaginous, or gristly, smooth
-and solid. This kind of Coverture is harder than a Ligament,
-and softer than a Bone, but is not covered over with any Membrane
-to make it capable of Sensation.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>It moves slowly, and recommends itself by Diversity of Colours:
-when touched, the Body appears to be cold. Now, Bodies
-are said to be cold or hot, as their Particles are in a greater or
-lesser Motion, than those of the sensitory Organs. All Changes
-in the created Globe, are the Effects of Motion, without which
-all Bodies would become unactive Masses<a id='r284' /><a href='#f284' class='c019'><sup>[284]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f284'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r284'>284</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Newton</i>’s <i>Opticks</i>, p. 375.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This little Animal, is said to be pleased, or rather unconcerned,
-when taken up by human Hands; called on that account,
-the <i>Friend of Man</i>; that is, <i>he who is not against us, is for
-us</i>; therefore merits our Smiles. His Situation corresponds with
-his natural Disposition, for it is an Inhabitant of cold Regions.
-When its Head is comprest, Drops of Blood gush out of his Eyes,
-which he casts to a great distance from him; which agrees with
-a former Description, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXI. <i>DE Haro coloti genere.</i> The Serpent <i>Harus</i>, according
-to the Historian<a id='r285' /><a href='#f285' class='c019'><sup>[285]</sup></a>, is a Native of the <i>Philippines</i>, and of
-the Lacertan Tribe: a very long Head (like the <i>Philippine</i> Queen)
-on a bulky Body, terminating in a sharp Point. It resembles the
-<i>Quaquetzall</i>, is in <i>Mexico</i>, and agrees therewith in most things,
-and of which it seems to be a Species.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f285'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r285'>285</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nierembergius</i>, cap. xxiv. p. 276. <i>Nascitur in
-Philippicis.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It chuses its Habitation among Shrubs adjacent to clear Streams,
-and never defiles a Body, so prettily coloured, with muddy Water,
-till constrained to make the Bulrush its Shelter against the
-excessive Heat of the Sun<a id='r286' /><a href='#f286' class='c019'><sup>[286]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f286'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r286'>286</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ibid.</i> p. 276.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXII. The <i>Tamacolin</i>, or a Serpent called <i>Rubeta</i>, of the
-Lineage of the red Toad: This kind is made up of Variety, differing
-only one from another in Magnitude, Colour, and Poison.
-The lesser kind not so venemous as the larger. Some are green,
-some are brown, and others black. In showery Weather they
-make an open Appearance, and in such Numbers, that none walk
-abroad without running the risk of a poisonous Touch.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>NEW-SPAIN</i> abounds with them, where they affect watry
-Habitations. In <i>Peru</i> are <i>Toads</i> as large almost as <i>Cats</i> or <i>Dogs</i>,
-but not so poisonous as those of <i>Brazil</i>, where they have a Fish
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>called <i>Amyacu</i>, i. e. <i>Toad-Fish</i>; ’tis about a Span long, and oddly
-painted; its Eyes are fine and fair: It swells and snorts when taken
-out of the Water, which was the reason of giving it that Name:
-When flayed it may be eaten, but is otherwise poisonous; the
-Poison is drawn out by Application of Fire to the Part affected<a id='r287' /><a href='#f287' class='c019'><sup>[287]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f287'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r287'>287</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Harris in Atlas for Brazil in General.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXIII. <i>TETZAUCOATL</i>, or the <i>rare</i> Serpent; so called,
-because the <i>least</i> of Serpents; and though very little, scarce
-four Inches long, or in Bulk so big as a Goose-quill, yet its
-Wounds are most deadly. The Belly is red, and distinguishable
-by black Stains; the Back yellow, interlaid with divers Spots. It
-is an Inhabitant of the North, and delights in cold Apartments.
-This (though distinctly described by the Historian) seems to be
-the same with the <i>Tetzaucoatl</i><a id='r288' /><a href='#f288' class='c019'><sup>[288]</sup></a>. <i>N. B.</i> Little Things, greatly
-dangerous.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f288'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r288'>288</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nieremb.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Poet weeps for a Person killed by the Fall of an Icicle,
-which is a little Drop of Water congealed<a id='r289' /><a href='#f289' class='c019'><sup>[289]</sup></a>. <i>Anacreon</i>, the celebrated
-Lyrick Poet among the <i>Greeks</i>, was choaked with a <i>little
-Kernel</i> of a <i>Grape</i>. Little Things do great Executions. Little
-Worms destroy floating Castles. <i>Tarantula</i>, a little Spider, poisons
-a Giant. In <i>Barbadoes</i> is what they call the <i>Poison-Tree</i>, a
-little Drop of its Sap flying into a Workman’s Eyes, makes him
-blind; therefore Workmen cover them with Cypress.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f289'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r289'>289</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Oh! ubi non est si jugulatis aqua.</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Mart.</i></div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'><i>PLINY</i>, from <i>M. Varro</i> says, there was a Town in <i>Spain</i>
-undermined by <i>Conies</i>, and another in <i>Thessaly</i> by <i>Mold-Warps</i>,
-and another in <i>France</i>, from which they were driven out by
-Frogs.... In some parts of <i>Africa</i>, People were constrained by
-<i>Locusts</i> to leave their Habitations. Out of <i>Gyaros</i> (one of the
-<i>Islands</i> of the <i>Cyclades</i> in the <i>Ægean Sea</i>, most of which are now
-under the <i>Turks</i>) the Inhabitants were forced away by <i>Rats</i> and
-<i>Mice</i>, little Things: And if it be true, that <i>Theophrastus</i> the
-Philosopher reports, the <i>Treriens</i> were chased away by an Army
-of little Worms, called <i>Scolopendra</i><a id='r290' /><a href='#f290' class='c019'><sup>[290]</sup></a>. All these mighty Conquests
-were made by little contemptible Insects.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f290'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r290'>290</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Pliny’s Natural History</i>, Part I. B. viii. Cap. 29.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>What says the <i>Laconian</i>, when wounded with a Dart? I
-am not, quoth he, concerned at my Death, but at my Fall by a
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>Wound from a little feeble Archer. For ’tis Satisfaction to the
-Vanquish’d to die by the Hand of heroic Valour; hence that of
-<i>Virgil</i>;</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Æneæ Magni dextra cadis....</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>’Tis by the Great Æneas’ Hand you fall.</i></div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c034'>The reason was, because the <i>Lacedemonians</i> were wont to fight
-with Swords, therefore it was not counted Bravery to kill Men
-with a Dart, a thing that may be done by any Woman.</p>
-<p class='c013'>So in the vegetable World, there are <i>Cedars</i> and <i>Shrubs</i>. In
-Natural Philosophy, we read of <i>Atoms</i>, that are <i>Minima Naturæ</i>,
-the ultimate Particles into which Matter is divisible, and are
-conceived as the first Rudiments, or component Parts of all physical
-Magnitude, or the pre-existent and incomprehensible Matter,
-whereof particular Bodies were formed; there are Mountains
-and Mole-Hills,</p>
-<p class='c013'>So ... there was <i>Alexander</i> the <i>Great</i>, and there is <i>Alexander</i>
-the <i>Little</i>, the ingenious and learned Mr. <i>Pope</i>; the one conquered
-by the Sword, the other by his Pen, and has made all the
-Regions of Fame tributary to him.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXIV. The <i>tame</i> and <i>tractable Serpent</i>, is of the <i>Indian</i>
-Race, about an Inch long, when brought first from the Field
-for domestick Education; and when at its full Growth, is not
-much short of a Man’s Thigh. Its Habitation is in some little
-Hutch erected on purpose, (<i>indulgentiæ gratia</i>) where it idles
-away its time, till Hunger brings it out. Upon its Approach to
-the Master of the House, it creeps up to his Shoulders, where
-the Embraces of that terrible Creature (being made tame) are received
-with Delight<a id='r291' /><a href='#f291' class='c019'><sup>[291]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f291'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r291'>291</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nierembergius</i>, cap. xl. p. 283.—Humeros heri amicè conscendunt, benevolè terrifici
-animalis amplexus tolerantis.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXV. The <i>Tleoa</i>, or <i>Tetloa</i>, that is, a little fiery Serpent, and
-very common in the new World, and described by the Historian
-thus<a id='r292' /><a href='#f292' class='c019'><sup>[292]</sup></a>, <i>viz.</i> ’Tis about a Finger broad, and five or six Foot long,
-and differenced from others by a Medley of Spots, compounded
-of white, black, yellow, and dun Colours. The Head is like
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>that of our Vipers, and the Tail, which seems to have a touch
-of the Rattle, ends acutely.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f292'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r292'>292</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nierembergius</i>; from <i>Franciscus Hernandus</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Its Wounds are deadly, and burn like Fire; hence the Name
-it bears: Though fiery in Nature, is slow and winding in Motion,
-and may be avoided by the Traveller, if he has Eyes and
-Ears. Its usual Residence is in Mountains, and the higher Mountains
-are, the greater the Cold, (because they only receive direct,
-and but little of the reflected Rays of the Sun) yet are the Habitations
-of fiery Animals.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Learned observe, there are Mountains a Mile and an half
-high, to the tops of which, no Vapour, and consequently no Clouds,
-can ever reach: And hence it is that in very high Mountains, as
-the <i>Pico de Theide</i> in <i>Bohemia</i>, though the middle part be always
-inverted with Snow, and the bottom scorched with intolerable
-Heat; yet on the top you will find yourself in a pure, thin, serene
-Air, and view the Clouds hovering at a considerable distance
-below you<a id='r293' /><a href='#f293' class='c019'><sup>[293]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f293'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r293'>293</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Montibus Tepeztlanicis.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Hence it is that all Thunder is confined within less than a
-Mile’s Height. The Air is coldest in the highest places, and
-hottest in the lowest; but in the intermediate Atmosphere, where
-we live, very unequal: but no Climates, however situated, are
-privileged with Exemption from venemous Creatures, and where
-they are less pestered with them, ’tis owing to the Cultivation of
-the Land.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Wounds given by this Serpent are dangerous, and cured
-by an Herb called <i>Ancola</i>, by <i>Jonstonus</i>, p. 26, 27. but <i>Anola</i>,
-by <i>Nierembergius</i>, p. 277, 283.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXVI. The <i>Hydrus</i>, or <i>Natrix</i>, an acquatic Serpent: The
-former word from ὑδορ <i>Water</i>, of which ’tis an Inhabitant; the
-other word denotes its Skill in the Art of Natation; it goes under
-various Denominations, as appears in <i>Jonstonus</i>; who, from
-<i>Pliny</i> observes, that this Serpent is <i>superior to most in Beauty, and
-inferior to none in Poison</i><a id='r294' /><a href='#f294' class='c019'><sup>[294]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f294'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r294'>294</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstoni Historia Nat.</i> p. 28.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>NICANDER</i>, who calls the terrestrial <i>Hydrus</i>, a foul coloured
-Beast, vindicates the beautiful Character of the Marine;
-who yet is not very nice in its Choice of Water, for muddy and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>clear is equally the same to this beautiful Slut<a id='r295' /><a href='#f295' class='c019'><sup>[295]</sup></a>. In its Nature
-’tis very poisonous, says one; <i>Cardan</i> is in the Negative. The
-truth is, there are several sorts of them, some of which are
-harmless, and others hurtful, and their Wounds attended with
-very terrible Effects, described by the poetick Physician<a id='r296' /><a href='#f296' class='c019'><sup>[296]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f295'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r295'>295</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>’Tis sometimes called <i>Lutra, ex Luto</i>; because it delights most in foul Water;
-or the Word may signify, to wash and make clean.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f296'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r296'>296</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Pessima quas fecit plagas hæc signa sequantur;</div>
- <div class='line'>Arida tota cutis circum putret horribilemque</div>
- <div class='line'>Elevat aspectum, magni ignitique dolores</div>
- <div class='line'>Tandem hominem interimunt.——</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Nicander.</i></div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>In some parts of <i>Persia</i> they are very numerous, described by
-white Heads and black Body, four Cubits long, and dangerous
-to those who dabble in the Water by Night, as they often do in
-that hot Country where these Animals feed upon Fish and Frogs<a id='r297' /><a href='#f297' class='c019'><sup>[297]</sup></a>;
-and breed upon Land, according to <i>Aristotle</i><a id='r298' /><a href='#f298' class='c019'><sup>[298]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f297'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r297'>297</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Stagna colit, ripisque habitans his piscibus atram</div>
- <div class='line'>Improbus Ingluviem ranisque loquacibus explet,</div>
- <div class='line'>Exhausta palus—Exilit in siccum—</div>
- <div class='line'><i>Virg. Georg.</i> lib. iii.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote c026' id='f298'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r298'>298</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonstoni Hist. Nat.</i> p. 28, 29.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Its common Habitation is in the <i>Myclean Lake</i>, in <i>Corcina</i>
-or <i>Corcyra</i>, now <i>Corfou</i>, (a little rich Island in the <i>Venetian</i> Dominion)
-and also about <i>Taracina</i> (a City of the <i>Volscians</i> in <i>Campania</i>,
-in <i>Italy</i>, not far from <i>Amyclæ</i>) where the People, not
-daring to kill Serpents, were overthrown by them; to mention
-no more. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXVII. The <i>Natrix-Torquata</i>, <i>Jonston</i> makes different from
-the former, and describes it thus——Called <i>Torquata</i> from its beautiful
-Neck, which looks as if incircled with a strong Collar of
-Pearls.... On the hinder part of the Head is a little narrow
-Space in the form of two Scales, where the Spots on both sides
-end acutely in a triangular form. The <i>Scholiast</i> upon <i>Nicander</i>,
-compliments those <i>pretty Spots</i> with the Title of <i>little Crowns</i><a id='r299' /><a href='#f299' class='c019'><sup>[299]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f299'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r299'>299</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ibid.</i> p. 29.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It goes under various Appellations. The <i>Greeks</i> called it
-Guardian of their Houses<a id='r300' /><a href='#f300' class='c019'><sup>[300]</sup></a>, it being of the innocent sort. Some
-of the <i>Italians</i> call it <i>Carbonarium</i>, a Collier, because its Colour
-inclined to Coal-black, or Iron. Mr. <i>Ray</i> calls it, the <i>common
-Snake</i>. It is larger than a Viper, and more gross in Body; brings
-forth its Young by Eggs, hatch’d by foreign Heat; feeds on
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>Mice; sucks Cows, upon which follows Blood. The Reader is
-referred to a former.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f300'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r300'>300</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Οφεις οικουροι.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div id='pl-6' class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i142.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic004'>
-<p><i>Plate 6<sup>th</sup>.</i></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXVIII. The <i>Marine-Dragon</i>, as <i>Pliny</i> calls it, or the <i>true
-Marine-Serpent</i>, in the Dialect of <i>Jonstonus</i>, who, in his Description
-of Fishes, gives a particular account of it. We have already
-accounted for monstrous Serpents in the <i>Indies</i>, where some have
-Teeth in the form of a Saw, with which they do more hurt than
-with their Poison, says the <i>Greek</i> Historian<a id='r301' /><a href='#f301' class='c019'><sup>[301]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f301'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r301'>301</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Æliani Hist.</i> lib. xvi. cap. 3.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Africa</i>, are some large and strong enough to contend with
-Oxen by Land, and to overturn a three-oar’d Galley by Water;
-which agrees in Character with those of <i>Norway</i> already described:
-There we found some of 200 Foot long, winding themselves about
-Ships, according to <i>Olaus Magnus</i>, Archbishop of <i>Upsal</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In several of the <i>Persian Islands</i> are some of twenty Cubits
-long, and very terrifying to Sailors. Such also are seen in the
-Promontory of <i>Carmania</i>, the Residence of the <i>Ichthyophagi</i>, a
-People that feed wholly upon Fish; a fine Country for such who
-are inclin’d to keep a <i>perpetual Lent</i>. Tho’ these Monsters are
-born in the Deep, yet are they found in fresh Waters, and sometime
-sporting upon Land, where they sleep<a id='r302' /><a href='#f302' class='c019'><sup>[302]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f302'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r302'>302</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jonston. de Piscib.</i> p. 9. Articulus v.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The same Author tells us, of a <i>terrible Battle</i> that happen’d
-in <i>Turkey</i>, in the time of <i>Bajazet</i>, between the <i>land</i> and <i>marine
-Serpents</i>, that continued from Morning to Night, when after a
-great Destruction on both sides, the <i>Marines</i> fled. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXIX. The <i>Rubetarian-Serpent</i> is a very noisy Animal, who
-for its croaking Noise is resembled to a land Toad. It also engages
-the Attention of the Eye, for it excels in Beauty: It’s known among
-Country People by these two Characteristicks, <i>viz.</i> <i>Loud</i> and
-<i>Pretty</i>. Here we see, what is an Offence to the Ear may be a
-pleasing Entertainment to the Eye; thus the Five Senses agree to
-differ in their several Perceptions, and to meet in several distinct
-Apartments of the capital Temple, in the pacifick Empire. But
-to return to the <i>beautiful Padalica</i> of the <i>Polonians</i>:</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is said of this Serpent, that when it wounds any in the
-Foot, the Remedy is to put the wounded part into the next Earth,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>that is inclined to the moist, for twenty-four hours. This seems
-to differ from the <i>American Rubeta</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXX. The <i>Serpent de Boa</i> is another of the monstrous
-kind; called <i>Boa</i> from <i>Bos</i>, the <i>Latin</i> word for an Ox, which
-it devours at once: The young ones, which grow to a great Bulk,
-are nourished by sucking the Cow.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Emperor <i>Claudius</i>’s time, in one of them that was
-killed, they found a Child that was whole. In <i>Calabria</i> are some
-monstrous Animals, not unlike these, says the Historian; who
-adds, that not many Years ago a certain Bishop speaks of a large
-mischievous Serpent, that was shot near <i>St. Archangel</i>, whose
-Jaws were almost two Palms long, the Portraiture of which is
-yet seen in a certain Temple there<a id='r303' /><a href='#f303' class='c019'><sup>[303]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f303'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r303'>303</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>M. Antonius Cuccinus Episcopus Anglonensis ad Thomasium—in Agro S.
-Archangeli. <i>In Jonstonus; in Verb.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXXI. I Am informed by some Persons, who had it by Tradition
-from ancient People, that formerly there was in this Country a
-monstrous Serpent of four or five Yards long, and thicker than a
-common Axle-tree of a Cart, and very mischievous, preying upon
-Lambs, <i>&amp;c.</i> Its chief Residence was in a Wood, near <i>Pickopbank</i>,
-a few Miles from <i>Blackburn</i>, in <i>Lancashire</i>, called <i>Ouse-Castle</i>,
-wherein there is yet a little Spot of Ground, called <i>Griom’s-Ark</i>,
-which is a deep Cavern, situated among Rocks, in a Wood,
-from whence it was seen to come out, and bask itself on a sunny
-Bank.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Picture of this Serpent is drawn with Wings, two Legs,
-and Talons like an Eagle, which is seen in some ancient Houses,
-(and particularly at <i>Clayton-hall</i>, near <i>Dunkin-hall</i>) by which it
-appears to be very large and furious.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It’s said, one —— <i>Grimshaw</i> Esq; Proprietor of that Hall,
-shot the Monster with Arrows, and had an Estate offer’d him for
-that good Service done to his Country, which he generously refused,
-and only desired he might have a Passage thro’ that Wood
-to a Township he had on t’other side of it, which was granted,
-the Title of which is to be found in old Writings. By another
-hand I am informed, that it was supposed to be a <i>Griffin</i>, which
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>is a Bird of Prey, and of the Eagle kind, which, I take to be
-the <i>Ossifrage</i> of <i>Moses</i>, and mentioned <i>Levit.</i> xi.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>There is also a fabulous <i>Griffin</i>, represented with four Legs,
-Wings, and a Beak; the upper part like an Eagle, and the lower
-a Lion. They conjecture it to watch over golden Mines and
-hidden Treasures. This Bird was consecrated to the Sun, therefore
-the Chariot of the Sun was represented as drawn by a Set of
-<i>Griffins</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This <i>poetick Griffin</i> is frequently seen in antient Medals, and
-is still bore in Coat-Armor. The antient and honourable Family
-of the <i>Guillims</i> blazons it rampant, alledging any very fierce
-Animal may be so blazon’d as well as a Lion. It is observable,
-says my Author, that in the Front of <i>Clayton-hall</i> are two Figures
-drawn in Plaister in the form of a Coat of Arms; on the right
-side of the Escutcheon is a Figure with Wings, four Feet, and a
-Tail twisted in the Form of a Serpent. The like Figure is drawn
-in Plaister in several antient Houses in that Neighbourhood, which
-go under the Name of the <i>Griffin’s Picture</i>, and the Sign is used
-at Publick-houses: There is a Place in that Wood called the
-<i>Griffin’s-Ark</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>N. B.</i> This seems to carry some Probability with it, since
-Eagles are voracious Creatures, and very destructive to Fawns and
-Lambs, especially the black Eagle, which is of a lesser Size than
-the other.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In some of the <i>Scots Islands</i>, the Natives observe, that this
-Eagle fixes its Talons between the Deer’s Horns, and beats its
-Wings constantly about its Eyes; several other Eagles flying at
-the same time on both sides, which puts the Deer upon a continual
-Run, till it fall into a Pit, or down a Precipice, where it dies,
-and so becomes a Prey to the Enemy<a id='r304' /><a href='#f304' class='c019'><sup>[304]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f304'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r304'>304</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Martin’s Description of the Western Islands of Scotland</i>, Edit. ii. p. 7.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXXII. In some of the Western Islands of <i>Scotland</i> are several
-Serpents: There is one that is <i>yellow</i> with brown Spots, and
-another with <i>brown</i> Spots; but that which is the most poisonous,
-is the <i>black and white spotted</i>, three or four Foot long.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Remedies are such as these: The Natives cut off the
-Head of the Serpent that gives the Wound, and apply it to the
-Place as the best Remedy: Others, by the Application of new
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>Cheese, extract the Poison; and some make use of the Rump of
-a Cock stript of its Feathers, which they apply to the Wound
-with Success, according to the Historian<a id='r305' /><a href='#f305' class='c019'><sup>[305]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f305'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r305'>305</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Martin</i>’s <i>Description of the Isle of Skie</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> p. 236.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Library at <i>Manchester</i>, is the Skin of a Serpent which
-was five Yards long, as thick as the Calf of a Man’s Leg; has a
-forked Tongue, scaly Skin, yellow Colour.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>CXXXIII. <i>MARTINIUS</i> in his <i>Atlas</i> relates, that in the
-Province of <i>Quangsi</i> in <i>China</i>, there are Serpents thirty Foot
-long. The <i>Flora Sinensis</i> reports of the Serpent call’d <i>Geuto</i>, that
-it devours whole Stags, but is not very venemous. ’Tis of an ash
-Colour, from eighteen to twenty-four Foot long; will often seize
-on a Man, by leaping from a Tree, and kill him, by its violent
-windings about him.—The <i>Chinese</i> preserve his <i>Gall</i> to cure the
-Diseases of the Eyes.—<i>Marcus Paulus Venetus</i> testifies the same
-of the Serpents of <i>Carrajam</i>.—Some are in length ten Paces, in
-thickness ten Palms, and able to swallow a Man. Are taken thus:
-The Serpent in the Day lies in Caves of Mountains; in the Night
-hunts for Prey, and then returns to its Cave, with the weight of
-its Body, plowing deep the Earth, being sandy in the Track it
-goes along: Here the Huntsmen fix strong Stakes pointed with
-Iron, covered with Sand; and as the Serpent travels along, the
-Spikes gore its Entrails, and are fasten’d therein, by which ’tis
-kill’d; and the Huntsmen sell the <i>Gall</i> at a great Price for Medicine,
-and the <i>Flesh</i> for Meat. These, continues he, may be
-reckon’d among <i>Dragons</i>, but are without Poison: Instead of
-Feet, they have Claws like those of a <i>Lion</i> or <i>Falcon</i>.—There are
-other Serpents in <i>China</i> full of rank Poison, especially the <i>hairy-headed
-Serpent</i>. So far <i>Martin</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>N. B.</i> This Province of <i>Quamsi</i> or <i>Quangsi</i> is able to raise a
-Million of fighting Men. It is not so much frequented as the
-Province of <i>Quantung</i> or <i>Canton</i>, where they have two Harvests a
-year. One says, there is a Mountain here with a Pool in it,
-which makes a Noise like Thunder, if a Stone be cast into it,
-and causes Showers from the Sky<a id='r306' /><a href='#f306' class='c019'><sup>[306]</sup></a>. Their Winter is warm, and
-their Fields always verdant, producing great Quantities of Gold,
-Pearl, Silk, Copper, Steel, Iron, Salt,—and odoriferous Woods.—They
-hatch their Ducks Eggs and those of other Fowls in Ovens, or Dunghills.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f306'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r306'>306</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Pancirollus.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>CXXXIV. There is a kind of <i>Reptiles and Insects</i> (I don’t mean the
-common Tortoise) which is a certain sort of Snake, small in Body
-and of white Colour, found in <i>Lydia</i>, <i>Arabia</i>,—cased over with a
-white colour’d Shell, which shines like a sparkling Margarite<a id='r307' /><a href='#f307' class='c019'><sup>[307]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f307'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r307'>307</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Pancirollus.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>I shall close this Part with an Experiment made by the
-noble <i>Roman</i> before-mentioned, who (being sollicitous to take a
-compleat View of a Serpent) after he had dissected one, preserved
-the Flesh and Bones, and having, <i>secundum artem</i>, reduced them
-to Ashes,—extracted <i>Aqua Fontana</i>,—whose Virtues were equal
-to those drawn from the Ashes of other Animals, and of Plants.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>To this venemous Tribe, I shall annex a few Reptiles, in
-whose Veins I find something of the Serpent’s Blood; and close
-the variegated List with a large Account of the <i>Tarantula</i>, its
-Wound, and Cure by Musick; then inquire into the Reasons of
-that strange Operation; the Nature and Force of Sounds, not
-only on the Animal Passions, but Inanimate Matter. I shall begin
-with,</p>
-<p class='c033'>I. The <i>Bee</i>, called the Honey-Fly, a little Animal that has
-four Feet, which it carries close to the Belly, and not easily
-separated: It has four Wings, small Teeth, and a long Tongue,
-which usually it carries out of the Mouth. Its Sting cleaves to the
-Belly, which, when it strikes, it parts with, and becomes uncapable
-of wounding a second time; which, I think can’t be said
-of any other Member of the stinging Race, unless it be the Wasp
-and Hornet.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Sting, in the Design of it, seems to be only a Weapon
-of Defence; it looks like a Tube or Pipe, hollow, with a little
-Bag of sharp penetrating Liquid (which is its Poison) joined to
-the Extremity of it within the Body, which, in stinging, is injected
-into the Wound thro’ the Tube; and tho’ venemous and
-painful, is not strong enough to corrupt the Mass of Blood.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>One may, with the naked Eye, sometimes see this little Insect
-discharge its Venom, in which, says the ingenious Dr. <i>Mead</i>,
-by the help of a Glass, I can easily discover <i>a great Number of
-minute Salts floating</i>. In <i>Brazil</i>, <i>Bees</i> are distinguish’d into twelve
-kinds, among which are some that sting in a most furious and
-fatal manner, called <i>Mateecas</i> by the <i>Indians</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Ceylon</i> in the <i>East-Indies</i>, are several Bees, the largest are of
-a brighter Colour than ours; they make their Combs on the Boughs
-of Trees: At proper Seasons, the Inhabitants hold Torches under
-them, till they drop down, which they carefully gather, boil and
-eat, and are accounted excellent Food. In <i>Quatemala</i> are Bees and
-Honey of a white Colour, and some without a Sting, says the
-Historian<a id='r308' /><a href='#f308' class='c019'><sup>[308]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f308'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r308'>308</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Nierembergius</i>, p. 286.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>II. To the <i>Bee</i>, I add the <i>Wasp</i>, which, as it is something
-larger, makes a deeper Wound; it differs also from it in its Food,
-which is Flesh and Carrion, when it can be got; whereas the Bee
-regales itself with delicious Entertainments, and enriches its Family
-with all the Glories of the vegetable Kingdom. From whence
-is the Honey? I answer, That in Flowers is found a viscid sweet
-Juice, and accordingly we see Children gather Cowslips, Honeysuckles,
-and suck the Honey from them. The Bees visit all
-Flowers within their Reach, and putting it in their Trunks, suck
-out the Honey, with which they load their Stomachs, to be discharg’d,
-and laid up in their Combs. Among the Antients, Honey
-was taken for a Dew that fell on Flowers; but this is a mistake,
-because the Bees only gather it after the Sun is up, when
-there is no Dew left, or very little.</p>
-<p class='c033'>III. The <i>Hornet</i> is yet more dangerous, and has been known
-to pursue a Sparrow, and kill it, and then suck its Blood. The
-Hornet and Wasp have strong Jaws tooth’d, by which they can
-dig into Fruits, for Sustenance; yea, and into harder Substances,
-for Quarters.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>If you take a Bee, a Wasp, or Hornet, and gently squeeze
-the Tail, so that you can see the Sting, you may perceive a Drop
-of transparent Liquor at the very end of it; which if wiped off,
-you shall soon see it renew’d, that Liquid passing down the Cavity
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>into the end thereof: ’Tis said the Decoction of Hornets
-dropt on the Skin, makes it swell.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>IV. I proceed to the <i>Spider</i>, another little venemous Insect,
-whose forked Tongue or Sting, is very fine and sharp; by this he
-pierces Flies—and at the same time, instils a poisonous Juice into
-the Wound, by which the Prey being kill’d, it sucks out the
-Moisture, and leaves nothing but a husky dry Carcass: Tradition
-says, it poisons by spitting, or breathing, because it dare not approach
-so near to a large Fly as to a little one; but keeps at some
-distance, and uses a kind of shoving Motion, upon which the
-Fly has done struggling.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>There are various sorts of these little strange Creatures,
-whose Stings are hurtful, as the <i>Astorius</i>, (so called from its resemblance
-to a Star) whose Wound produces Heaviness, and Relaxation
-of the Nerves. The <i>Cæruleus</i>, or blue Spider, whose
-Sting is attended with Vomiting and Pain at the Heart. The
-<i>Lycos</i>, the least of the kind, that causes an <i>Asthma</i>, and Swelling
-about the wounded Part. In the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>, we
-have a Table of thirty-three kinds of Spiders found in <i>England</i>,
-by Dr. <i>Lister</i><a id='r309' /><a href='#f309' class='c019'><sup>[309]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f309'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r309'>309</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp</i>, vol. ii. p. 793.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>There is something very curious and admirable in those long
-Threads they make in the Air, during some part of Summer, especially
-towards <i>September</i>, so much wonder’d at, in such Quantities
-every where. The Method of Operation, I take to be as follows,
-<i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>All Spiders that spin in a Thread, are the Makers of those
-Threads, most visible in the Autumn. In all the ways of weaving,
-they still let down the Thread they make use of, and draw
-it after them. Attending on one that wrought a Net, I saw it,
-says a very nice Observer, suddenly in the Mid-work desist, and
-turning his Tail into the Wind, to dart out a Thread, with the
-Violence we see Water spout out of a Spring: This Thread taken
-up by the Wind, was in a Moment emitted some Fathoms long,
-still issuing out of his Belly; by and by the Spider leapt into the
-Air, and the Thread mounted her up swiftly.—And I found the
-Air fill’d with young and old, sailing on their Threads, and undoubtedly,
-says the Relator, seizing Gnats and other Insects in
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>their Passage; there being often manifest Signs of Slaughter, as
-Legs, and Wings of Flies ... on these Lines, as in their Webs
-below<a id='r310' /><a href='#f310' class='c019'><sup>[310]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f310'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r310'>310</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp</i>, vol. ii. p. 794.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Spiders have been observed to get to the Top of a Branch
-or such like thing, where they exercise this darting of Threads
-into the Air. After the first Flight, all the time of their sailing
-on those Threads, they make Locks, still darting forth fresh Supplies
-of Thread to sport and sail by. <i>N. B.</i> Those called Shepherds,
-or long-legg’d Spiders, are no Spinners.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I have seen Spiders, says the Learned Dr. <i>Hulse</i><a id='r311' /><a href='#f311' class='c019'><sup>[311]</sup></a>, shoot their
-Webs three Yards long before they begin to sail upon them. So
-the Learned <i>Derham</i> observes, that with pleasure he had often
-seen Spiders dart out their Webs, and sail away by the Help
-thereof.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f311'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r311'>311</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Ibid. vol. i. p. 363.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>AMERICA</i> turns out diverse kinds of these araneous Insects:
-In <i>Peru</i> are Spiders as large as a Man’s Hand, and have
-Eyes as big as those of Sparrows. In <i>Brasil</i> there is one kind of
-Spider, whose Skin is rough and black, and whose Sting proves
-incurable, without immediate Relief. On the other hand, we
-read of monstrous Spiders in the <i>Antilles</i>, whose Eyes are so small
-and deep in the Head, that they are scarcely visible: They feed
-on flying Insects, and their Webs are strong enough to catch small
-Birds<a id='r312' /><a href='#f312' class='c019'><sup>[312]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f312'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r312'>312</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atl. Geog. Amer.</i> p. 179, 265, 519.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>CEYLON</i> in the <i>East-Indies</i> produces a long, glittering, and
-hairy Spider, called <i>Democulo</i>, whose Wound is not mortal, but
-sometimes deprives People of their Senses. There is an Experiment
-made by Mr. <i>Leeuwenhoek</i>, who put a Frog and Spider together
-into a Glass, and having made the Spider sting the Frog
-diverse times, the Frog died in about an hour’s time<a id='r313' /><a href='#f313' class='c019'><sup>[313]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f313'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r313'>313</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Scaliger Exercit.</i> in <i>Boyle</i>’s <i>Subtil. Efflu. Philos. Transactions</i>. Where there is a
-curious Account how Spiders lay and guard their Eggs. <i>Derham.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>There is another Instance of the Poison of some of them
-(for all are not poisonous) given by the Learned <i>Scaliger</i>, who
-relates, that in <i>Gascony</i> in <i>France</i>, there are Spiders of that Virulency,
-that if a Man treads upon them to crush them, their Poison
-will pass thro’ the very Soles of his Shoe<a id='r314' /><a href='#f314' class='c019'><sup>[314]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f314'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r314'>314</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Scaliger Exercit.</i> in <i>Boyle</i>’s <i>Subtil. Efflu. Philos. Transactions</i>. Where there is a
-curious Account how Spiders lay and guard their Eggs. <i>Derham.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>V. The <i>Scolopendra</i> is a little venemous Worm, and amphibious.
-When it wounds any, there follows a Blueness about the
-affected Part, and an Itch over all the Body, like that caused by
-Nettles. Its Weapons of Mischief are much the same with those
-of the Spider, only larger; its Bite is very tormenting, and produces
-not only pruriginous Pain in the Flesh, but very often
-Distraction of Mind. These little Creatures make but a mean
-Figure in the Rank of Animals, yet have been terrible in their
-Exploits, particularly in driving People out of their Country:
-Thus the Inhabitants of <i>Rhytium</i>, a City of <i>Crete</i>, were constrained
-to leave their Quarters for them<a id='r315' /><a href='#f315' class='c019'><sup>[315]</sup></a>. There is a minute <i>Scolopendra</i>,
-accounted for by Dr. <i>Molyneux</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f315'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r315'>315</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian</i>, lib. xv. cap. 26.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>VI. The <i>Shrew-Serpent</i> in <i>Norway</i>, is a Creature of admirable
-Beauty; small in Body, and slow in Motion, but of fiery Venom,
-and its Wounds most dangerous.</p>
-<p class='c033'>VII. The <i>Lacertus Facetanus</i>, or <i>Tarantula</i>, whose Bite gives
-Name to a new Disease. Those who are wounded by it are denominated
-<i>Tarantati</i>: It is a kind of an overgrown Spider, about
-the Size of a common Acorn.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It borrows its Name from <i>Tarentum</i> in <i>Apulia</i>, a City in the
-Kingdom of <i>Naples</i>, built by a Band of <i>Lacedemonian Bastards</i>,
-who having no Inheritance at home, were sent thither to seek their
-Fortunes, where they built that Town, and made it the Capital
-of <i>Magna Græcia</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This little Animal is furnish’d with eight Eyes, and eight
-Legs: Its Skin is tender and soft, of various Colours, and always
-hairy: ’Tis of the oviparous kind, and propagates its Species by
-Eggs, and sometimes a hundred Eggs have been found in one
-Female.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Opinion of some, ’tis not only an Inhabitant of <i>Apulia</i>,
-but peculiar to that Province, a Situation that may be called, <i>A
-Garden of Rarities</i>; Plenty of generous Wine, delicate Honey
-and Oil, an early Spring, a soft Winter—render it a most delightful
-Habitation, especially to old Persons, according to the Poet<a id='r316' /><a href='#f316' class='c019'><sup>[316]</sup></a>;
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>and yet in that most agreeable Region, this little Tyrant reigns
-and spreads Terror.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f316'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r316'>316</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>—Ille terrarum mihi præter omnes—(<i>Horat.</i> lib. ii. ode 6.) Angulus.—</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It’s found in other Parts of <i>Italy</i>, and even in the Isle of <i>Corsica</i>;
-but those of <i>Apulia</i>, ’tis said, are only dangerous; though I
-think to have read something like it in <i>Persia</i>, where there is an
-Insect like a Spider, about two Inches round, which the <i>Holstein</i>
-Ambassadors suppose to be the <i>Latin Stellio</i>, and the <i>Italian Tarantula</i>:
-It lets its Poison fall like a Drop of Water, which causes
-an insupportable Pain in that Part ... immediately causes a profound
-Sleep, from which the Patient is not to be recovered, but
-by crushing one of the same Creatures upon the Wound; or, if
-this can’t be had, by pouring as much Milk down his Throat as
-they can, and then put him on an Engine, which they turn
-round with great Violence, till by that violent Agitation, his Stomach
-discharges the Milk, which appears greenish, because of
-the Poison. Those who are cured thus, have some Remnant of
-the Pain once a Year, about the same Season<a id='r317' /><a href='#f317' class='c019'><sup>[317]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f317'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r317'>317</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Voyages and Travels</i> of the Ambass. of <i>Freder.</i> Duke of <i>Holstein</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>But to return to <i>Italy</i>; ’tis observable, that it hurts no where
-but in <i>Apulia</i>, and that only in Summer, especially in the <i>Canicular-Days</i>,
-so called from <i>Canicula</i>, that signifies a Dog; hence
-<i>Dog-Star</i>, which rises cosmically with the Sun the 19th of <i>July</i>,
-and is supposed to be the brightest, as well as the largest Star in
-the Firmament.</p>
-
-<div id='pl-7' class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i152.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic004'>
-<p><i>Plate 7<sup>th</sup></i></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Dog-Days</i> denote certain Days before and after the Rising
-of this Star, to whose Appearance the Antients ascrib’d terrible
-Effects: the very first Day it appears, they say (but without Reason)
-the Sea becomes boisterous and boils like a Cauldron, produces
-Variety of Distempers, sours Wine, and Dogs grow mad....
-The <i>Romans</i>, dreading the Indignation of this Star, sacrificed
-a Dog every Year to it, (<i>viz.</i> at its first Appearance in our
-Hemisphere) to appease its Rage against Mortals.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In Winter, this <i>Italian</i> Spider lurks in Caverns, and solitary
-Places; and if it happens to bite, hurts not: There it lives in a
-drowsy Posture, and keeps <i>Lent</i> till Summer; when the whole
-Tribe creeps out, and disperse themselves over that pleasant Land;
-and Wo to the Body asleep, and bare Legs, in Corn-Fields.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Those on the Plains are much to be feared, the Air being
-hotter there than on the Mountains, where their Bite is not dangerous,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>the Solar Rays not being so strong in those Heights: and
-what is yet more surprizing, is, that if they wound any out of
-<i>Apulia</i>, though in places not remote from it, the Wounded receive
-no deadly Hurt<a id='r318' /><a href='#f318' class='c019'><sup>[318]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f318'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r318'>318</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Baglivii de Anatome, Morsu &amp; Effect. Tarantulæ Dissertatio</i> i. p. 27. &amp; cap. v.
-p. 20.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>When it bites, the Pain resembles that given by the Sting of
-a <i>Bee</i>, and is attended with various Symptoms, according to their
-different Natures: The <i>Northern Tarantula</i> is the most terrible;
-those that are inclin’d to the <i>white Colour</i> are not so dangerous;
-the spotted differs from both.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Wound given by any of them is dangerous, and has different
-Indications. In some that are bitten, an universal Stupor
-follows; others weep: Some tremble and vomit; others laugh,
-fancying themselves to be Kings. This perhaps made Dr. <i>Cornelio</i>
-represent this as an imaginary Disease; that those who imagine
-themselves hurt, are most of our young wanton Girls, who, falling
-from some particular Indisposition into Melancholy and Madness,
-persuade themselves that they have been stung by a <i>Tarantula</i><a id='r319' /><a href='#f319' class='c019'><sup>[319]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f319'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r319'>319</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Philos. Transact.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some grow pale, sick and faint, and die in a short time, unless
-relieved by Musick, which alone, without the Help of Medicine,
-performs the Cure.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Wounded are as Men half dead, but at the first Sound
-of a musical Instrument, though they are very weak, and seemingly
-unable to stir, they begin by degrees to move their Hands
-and Feet, till at last they get up, and then fall to dancing with
-wonderful Vigour, for two or three Hours, their Strength and
-Activity still encreasing. Some will continue the Dance, without
-Intermission for six Hours; and when tired they are put to Bed,
-and after they are sufficiently recruited by Rest, they are called
-up again by the same Tune, and renew the Dance with great
-Violence, the Musick still playing; and when the Patients grow
-weary, they are put into Bed again, and kept warm to encourage
-Perspiration. These Exercises being continued six or seven Days,
-the Patient finds himself fatigued and unable to dance any longer,
-which is the Characteristic of a Cure.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>They usually spend ten or twelve Hours a-day in this violent
-Exercise, and continue it for three or four, or six Days; by which
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>time they are generally freed from all their Symptoms, tho’ not
-always, says the learned <i>Baglivi</i>, who observes, that about the
-same time next Year, the Distemper returns, and will prove fatal,
-if not prevented by the same musical Application.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Apulia</i> is a <i>Scorpion</i>, whose Wounds are accompanied with
-the same Effects as those produced by the <i>Tarantula</i>, and are only
-curable by <i>Musick</i> and <i>Motion</i>. These <i>Apulian Scorpions</i>, are less
-violent than those of <i>Africa</i>, but more virulent than those in
-other Parts of <i>Italy</i>. I shall only offer two Remarks here.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>1. <i>THAT different Patients must be entertain’d with different
-Tunes, according to the different Symptoms of the Disease</i>; in which the
-great Art of curing them seems to consist. <i>e. g.</i> Some are roused
-by a Pipe, others by a Timbrel: Some are roused by a Violin,
-others by the Harp; and all must be entertain’d with different
-Airs. The Musicians therefore make Trial before they can accommodate
-the <i>Sound to the Venom</i>; which requires the most brisk
-and lively Tunes, to produce a powerful Vibration in the Body;
-and till this be done, the miserable Patients stand still, sighing
-and sobbing. The Vibrations must be quick and frequent.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>2. <i>DURING the Time of Cure, the wounded People throw themselves
-into a Variety of strange Forms</i>, and behave like Drunkards
-and Madmen ... talking foolishly ... diverting themselves with
-naked Swords, red Cloth, <i>&amp;c.</i> but the Sight of any Object that
-appears black is terrible to them. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>To this Account of the <i>Tarantula</i>, I have (by way of Illustration)
-added the Remarks of another learned Foreigner, who says....
-The venemous Bite of the <i>Tarantula</i> is quickly follow’d with
-a very acute Pain, and soon after, with Numbness, profound
-Sadness, difficult Respiration: The Pulse grows weak, the Sight
-disturbed; Persons lose their Knowledge, Sense, and Motion;
-and if destitute of Help, they die.... The most effectual and
-certain <i>Remedy</i> is <i>Musick</i>: When the Person becomes destitute of
-Knowledge and Motion, a <i>Musician</i> tries a Variety of Airs:
-Shou’d he hit on that whose Harmony is suited to the Patient,
-he begins to move by successive Degrees, and keeps Time with
-his Fingers, Arms, Legs, <i>&amp;c.</i> he raises himself, and dances about
-six Hours without Intermission....</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When the Musick ceases, the sick Person gives over dancing,
-and is put to Bed: The same Air brings him out of Bed for a new
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>Dance, an Exercise that lasts six or seven Days.——<i>N. B.</i> Every
-sick Person must have his particular and specific Tune, and always
-one that is very sprightly and moving.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Poison of the <i>Tarantula</i>, adds he, thickens the Blood,
-and stops several of its Passages; thence the Numbness: The
-Blood being thick, furnishes but a small Quantity of animal Spirits,
-their Canals are shrunk up in the Brain: The Nerves being
-destitute of Spirits, relax; thence proceed the Inactivity, and Defect
-of Knowledge and Motion: But the Vibrations of the quick
-Airs which are play’d, agitate the Blood and the rest of the animal
-Spirits, which are soon increased by the Agitation of the
-Blood: Being agitated and multiply’d, they run into the Fibres
-and Nerves, which being put into <i>Unison</i> with the sonorous Strings,
-receive their Vibrations, and are shorten’d or extended successively;
-whence proceeds the successive Motion of the Fingers, Arms,
-Legs, <i>&amp;c.</i><a id='r320' /><a href='#f320' class='c019'><sup>[320]</sup></a></p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f320'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r320'>320</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Father Regnault. Phil. Conv. or New System of
-Physic</i>, vol. ii. <i>Conversation</i> xiv. p. 268, -9.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The action of Dancing augments the Agitation of the Blood,
-and makes the Patient sweat. The Poison being agitated and attenuated,
-is exhaled by Transpiration; in proportion as the Poison
-is exhaled, the sick Person perceives himself eased; this Ease
-continually inclines him to dance: When all the Poison is dissipated
-by Agitation and Sweat, the Blood recovers its Fluidity
-and usual Course.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I Shall conclude this historical Account, with a Passage
-taken out of a <i>formed History of the Tarantula</i><a id='r321' /><a href='#f321' class='c019'><sup>[321]</sup></a>, writ by a learned
-Author, who having described the Disease, proceeds to the manner
-of Cure, <i>viz.</i> The salivous Poison of that Spider seizes principally
-on the Nerves and Muscles––the manner of Cure thus––</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f321'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r321'>321</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Printed at <i>Leyden</i>, in 12<i>mo.</i> <i>A. D.</i> 1668.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Air moved by the musical Motion of Instruments, moves
-the next, and so onwards (as we see in the circular increasing
-Motion of the Water, when a Stone is cast into it) till the like
-be produced in the Spirits of the Body, to which the Air is impelled.––Now,
-adds he, the Commotion of the Passions depends
-upon the Spirits, and the viscous Humour of the <i>Tarantula</i> is a
-very capable Subject of Sound: Hence the next Air being moved
-by a musical Tone suitable to the Patient, the lurking Poison, and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>Spirits of a Man are put into a Commotion; by which Agitation,
-the Nerves being vellicated, the Spirits vehemently stirred, and
-Muscles moved, the Dancing, or something like it, must of necessity
-ensue, by which the Cure is performed: For, by vehement
-Motion the Blood is heated, the Pores are opened, and the
-Poison rarified; which can’t be done by common Sudorificks,
-because the Medicines can’t reach, or at least can’t stir those little
-Particles where the Poison lies, as Motion by Dancing does.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I shall add here some <i>Reflections on the Power of Musick,
-and give Instances of it in the human Mind, in animal, and inanimate
-Bodies</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>MUSICK</i> appears to be one of the most antient of Arts, and
-of all other, vocal Musick must have been the first kind, and borrowed
-from the various natural Strains of Birds<a id='r322' /><a href='#f322' class='c019'><sup>[322]</sup></a>; as stringed Instruments
-were from Winds whistling in hollow Reeds, and pulsatile
-Instruments (as Drums and Cymbals) from the hollow Noise
-of concave Bodies. This is the Conjecture.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f322'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r322'>322</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>At liquidas avium voces imitarier ore,</div>
- <div class='line'>Ante fuit multo quam carmina cantu</div>
- <div class='line'>Concelebrare homines possent aureisque juvare.</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Lucretius.</i></div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>Musick has ever been in the highest Esteem in all Ages, and
-among all People. Nor could Authors express their Opinions of
-it strongly enough, but by inculcating, that it was in Heaven,
-and was one of the principal Entertainments of the Blessed.
-The Effects ascribed to Musick by the Antients, almost amount
-to Miracles; by means thereof Diseases are said to have
-been cured, Unchastity corrected, Seditions quelled, Passions raised
-and calmed, and even Madness occasioned.——</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Musick has been used as a Sermon of Morality.... <i>Athenæus</i>
-tells us, that the Lives and Actions of illustrious Men were
-written in Verse, and publickly sung by a <i>Chorus</i>, to the Sound
-of Instruments, which was found to be the most effectual means
-to impress Morality, and a right Sense of Duty on the human
-Mind<a id='r323' /><a href='#f323' class='c019'><sup>[323]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f323'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r323'>323</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Chambers</i>’s <i>Cyclopædia</i>, vol. ii.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus the <i>Pythagoreans</i> made use of Musick to cultivate the
-Mind, and settle in it a passionate Love of Virtue. <i>Pythagoras</i>
-instituted a most profitable Correction of Manners by Musick,
-which, he says, conduces very much to Health; and he made use
-of it, not only against Diseases of the Mind, but those of the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>Body. It was the common Custom of the <i>Pythagoreans</i> to soften
-their Minds with Musick before they went to sleep; and also in
-the Morning, to excite themselves to the Business of the Day<a id='r324' /><a href='#f324' class='c019'><sup>[324]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f324'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r324'>324</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Plutarch de Osir. &amp; Is.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Cure of Distempers by Musick sounds odd, but was a
-celebrated Medicine among the Antients. We have already considered,
-how those wounded by the <i>Tarantula</i> were healed by
-Musick; the Evidence of which is too strong to be overturned:
-That which now lies before me, is, to prove this to be the Practice
-of Antiquity, which will appear by the following Instances.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I shall begin with <i>Democritus</i> (a Philosopher of the first
-Rank, and a most diligent Inquirer into the Mysteries of Nature)
-who taught in his Works, that <i>Musick of Pipes</i> was a Medicine
-for most Distempers.... <i>Thales</i> of <i>Crete</i>, being sent for by the
-<i>Lacedemonians</i> to remove the Plague, came, and by the Help of
-Musick he did so; and he is said to do it by the Command of
-<i>Apollo</i>, as appears from the Great <i>Chæronean Moralist</i><a id='r325' /><a href='#f325' class='c019'><sup>[325]</sup></a>. If any
-Credit be given to <i>Terpander</i>, it appears he supprest an Insurrection
-in their Town by the Use of Musick. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f325'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r325'>325</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Plutarch</i>’s <i>Morals on Musick</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>We read of a young Man among others of <i>Tautomenium</i>, whose
-Passions being inflamed by Musick in the <i>Phrygian Mood</i>, was
-going to force open a Matron’s House, but his Rage was soon
-calmed, when the Piper (by <i>Pythagoras</i>’s Advice) changed his
-Air into the <i>Spondaic Mood</i>; and he went home quietly, which
-the Philosopher could not make him do by Persuasives. This
-historical Passage is confirmed by <i>Ammonius</i>, and <i>Cicero</i>, and is
-thus related, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When as some young Men, being drunk, and irritated by
-the <i>Musick of Flutes</i>, would have broke into an honest Woman’s
-House, but upon hearing one playing a <i>Spondaic Air</i>, their outragious
-Heat was allay’d by the Slowness of the Mood, and Solemness
-of the Tune....</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>St. <i>Basil</i> gives another Instance to the same purpose, <i>viz.</i> That
-<i>Pythagoras</i> meeting with some that came with Musick from a
-Feast, drunk, requested the Musician to change his Tune; which
-he did, and playing a <i>Doric Air</i>, they were so brought to themselves,
-that they threw away their Garlands, and walked home,
-ashamed of their Folly.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span><i>THEOPHRASTUS</i> is said to cure Persons that had been
-wounded by Serpents, with various kinds of Musick—<i>Probatum
-est</i><a id='r326' /><a href='#f326' class='c019'><sup>[326]</sup></a>. Another Observation of his was, that Diseases were made
-and mitigated by Musick. <i>Plato</i> forbids Musick and Wine to
-young Persons, lest one Fire should kindle another<a id='r327' /><a href='#f327' class='c019'><sup>[327]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f326'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r326'>326</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Quibusdam viperarum morsibus cantus tibiarum aut fidicinum atque alia
-organa artis musicæ modulare adhibita aptissimè mederi. <i>Alexander
-ab Alexand. ... Genialium</i>, lib. ii. cap. xvii. p. 81. The Title
-is, <i>Quod Theophrastus sensit quibusdam Viperarum morsibus tibicines
-mederi, probatum experimentum</i>. <i>Baglivi</i> Dissert. i. <i>de
-Tarent.</i> cap. xiii.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f327'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r327'>327</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>De Legibus.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Pythagoreans</i>, to appease the Troubles of the Mind,
-lulled themselves asleep by Tunes upon the Harp: Thus <i>Homer</i>
-brings in <i>Achilles</i> relieving his Melancholy by playing on his <i>Lute</i>,
-and mitigating his Anger against <i>Agamemnon</i> by Musick, which
-he had learned of <i>Chiron</i>. <i>Asclepiades</i>, a <i>Roman</i> Physician of
-great Reputation, is said to heal frantic Melancholy, and mad
-People, by vocal and instrumental Musick<a id='r328' /><a href='#f328' class='c019'><sup>[328]</sup></a>. The learned <i>Neapolitan</i>
-adds, <i>Tanta hominis naturæ cum harmonia consensio est</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f328'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r328'>328</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Qui Phreneticos mente imminuta, &amp; valetudine animi affectos, nulla re magis
-quam symphonia, &amp; vocum concentu, &amp; modulis resipiscere, &amp; sanitati restitui
-censuit. <i>Alex. ab Alex.</i> lib. ii. cap. xvii. p. 81.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Whatever be the Cause of it, there is nothing more powerful
-than Musick for moving the human Passions, making some
-pensive and melancholy, others brisk and lively. The truth is,
-says the Learned <i>Wallis</i>, we can match most of the antient Stories
-of this kind in the modern Histories. <i>e. g.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>If <i>Timotheus</i> could excite <i>Alexander</i>’s Fury with the <i>Phrygian
-Mood</i>, and sooth him into Indolence with the <i>Lydian</i>, a more
-modern Musician is said to have driven <i>Eric</i> King of <i>Denmark</i>,
-into such a Rage, as to kill his best Servants. The Occasion was
-thus—The King willing to make Trial in his own Person, <i>whether
-a Musician spoke true, who boasted, that by virtue of his Musick,
-he could make People mad</i>: The Artist play’d, and the King
-became outragious, and experienced the Truth of it so thoroughly,
-that in the Excess of his Rage, he kill’d some of his best Friends<a id='r329' /><a href='#f329' class='c019'><sup>[329]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f329'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r329'>329</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Father Regnault</i>’s <i>Convers.</i> from <i>Repub. des Let.</i> p. 264.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This may be owing to the Impression made by the Vibrations
-of the Air, being carried as far as the Origin of the Nerves,
-passes into the Soul, and puts the animal Spirits into a rapid Motion,
-determines them to run into different Nerves, diffused thro’
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>different Parts of the Body, and is communicated to those Nerves,
-according as it finds them more or less in <i>Unison</i>.... Hence the
-Passions and Madness itself. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In Musick are different Tastes, which seems to proceed from
-the different Constitutions of the Fibres or the animal Spirits: The
-Fibres of the auditory Nerves are differently disposed in different
-Persons, and in the same Person at diverse Times; but generally
-speaking, Musick inspires more pleasing Sentiments, <i>e. g.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A certain famous <i>French Physician</i> being ill, fell into a
-violent <i>Delirium</i>, after some Days Illness of a continued Fever:
-the third Day of his <i>Delirium</i>, I know not by what Instinct,
-(says the Learned Father <i>Regnault</i>) made him desire a <i>Concert of
-Musick</i>; upon which, they play’d, and sung to him the Songs of
-<i>M. Bernier</i><a id='r330' /><a href='#f330' class='c019'><sup>[330]</sup></a>: Scarcely had he heard the first Notes, but his Eyes
-were calm; a Serenity was spread all over his Countenance, the
-Convulsions ceased, and he wept thro’ Excess of Pleasure; he was
-free from his Fever all the time of the Concert, but whenever they
-ceased singing, he relapsed into his former Condition: They fail’d
-not to continue so marvellous a Remedy, which always suspended
-his Indisposition. In short, after ten Days musical Entertainment,
-he was restored to his former Health. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f330'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r330'>330</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Father Regn.</i> from <i>Hist. of the Royal Academy in
-France</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Another Instance, is a Dancing-Master of <i>Alais</i> in <i>France</i>,
-who had the same Fate in the Year 1708; after a Fever of about
-four Days, and a long Lethargy, he fell into a <i>Delirium</i>, both
-mad and dumb. One of his Friends took his Violin, and plaid to
-him those Airs he was most accustom’d to: People thought at first,
-<i>that the Player was as mad as the Patient</i>; but, in a short time,
-the sick Man raised himself upright in his Bed, with the Air of
-a Man agreeably surpriz’d.... All his Motions discover’d the
-Pleasure he felt: Soon after he fell into a deep Sleep, and the
-Crisis he had during his Sleep, perfected his Cure. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>One Reason of this strange Operation might be this, <i>viz.</i>
-The Sound of the Instrument agitates the Fibres, especially those
-that are in Unison, by that means brings to his Remembrance agreeable
-Perceptions ... sets the animal Spirits going, and restores
-them to their natural Course: These Spirits being moved, run into
-the Nerves and Muscles, where they have been used to run,
-in order to form the Motion of certain Airs; the Passages of the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>Blood thereby become more free: Hence that serene Air diffused
-all of a sudden over the Face of the sick Musician, who was
-cured by the Charms of his own Art.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>These two Instances are quoted by the Learned Dr. <i>Nieuwentyt</i>,
-who says, both of them (the Musician and Dancing-Master)
-were perfectly restored to their Senses by Musick. He
-also observes, that the Wound given by the <i>Tarantula</i> can only
-be cured by the Sound of Musick, of which different Airs and
-Tunes must be play’d, according to the different Nature and Colour
-of those <i>Tarantula’s</i> that have given the Wound<a id='r331' /><a href='#f331' class='c019'><sup>[331]</sup></a>. Then
-adds;</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f331'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r331'>331</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Religious Philosopher</i>, vol. I. Contempl. xiii. Sect. 270.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>That the famous <i>Italian</i> Musician, <i>Angelo Vitali</i> had related
-to him the following Story, and assured him of the Truth of
-it, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>That a certain Player on the Flute at <i>Venice</i> had boasted,
-that by his playing, he could deprive the Hearers of the Use of
-their Understanding: Whereupon he was sent for by the <i>Doge</i>,
-who was a Lover of Musick, and commanded to put his Art in
-practice before him; where, after having play’d some time very
-finely, (and to the Amazement of the Hearers) he at last begun
-a mournful Tune, with a Design, as far as he was able, to put
-the <i>Doge</i> into a melancholy Humour; and presently, he struck
-up a jovial one, to dispose him to Mirth and Dancing; and after
-having repeated these two kind of Tunes several times by turns,
-the <i>Doge</i> being no longer able to endure those different Emotions,
-which he felt in his Soul, he was ordered to forbear playing any
-longer. <i>Ibid.</i> p. 271.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>FROM the Account given of Concords and Discords in Musick,
-a Reason may be form’d why two Strings of a Viol, that are
-Unisons or Octaves one to another, if one be struck the other will
-tremble, so as to be visibly perceived.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>What is this Unison?</i> In Musick, <i>Unison</i> is a Consonance of
-two Sounds, produced by two Strings, or other Bodies of the same
-Matter, Length, Thickness, and Tension, equally struck, and
-at the same Time, so that they yield the same Tone or Note.
-Others define it, <i>the Union of two Sounds</i>, so like each other, that
-the Ear perceiving no Difference, receives them as one and the
-same Sound.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>What constitutes Unisonance, is the Equality of the Number
-of Vibrations: Unison is the first and greatest of Concords.
-Others say, it is only that in Sounds which Unity is in Numbers.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Being once in a Room where there was a <i>Bass-Viol</i>, and
-striking one of the Strings, a loose Quarry of Glass in the
-Window, jarr’d every time that String was struck, which it wou’d
-not do upon striking any of the other discordant Strings. The
-Reason may be, <i>viz.</i> That the times of the Vibration of the
-loose Quarry, were equal or near Concordance to those of the
-String. A Gentleman of my Acquaintance, when he sounded a
-particular Tone on the Bass-Viol, very plainly heard the Noise
-of the Glass of the Clock in his Chamber, which Glass never
-moved, upon his sounding any other Tone.... It is a general
-Remark, that an <i>Unison-String</i> will receive the Motion, and so
-tremble, when another Unison is made to sound; and yet all other
-Strings of the same Instrument, that are not Unisons, shall remain
-silent and unmoved.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Musick does not only exert its Force on the Passions and
-Affections, and musical Instruments, but on the Parts of the human
-Body also. Witness the <i>Gascoigne-Knight</i>, (mention’d by
-Mr. <i>Boyle</i>) who could not contain his Water, at the playing of
-a Bag-pipe: The Woman, mention’d by the same Author, who
-would burst out in Tears, at the hearing of a certain Tune, with
-which other People were but little affected: And in this County,
-near <i>Rochdale</i>, there is a certain Man, who can’t forbear dancing,
-if in a House, or Market, upon hearing a certain Tune sung.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Wonder not at the strange Effects of musical Sounds, when
-other Sounds strangely affect the Mind. How are the Passions
-excited by the Sound of a Drum and the Discharge of Canons....
-Not only human Minds and Bodies are affected by the Impression
-of Sounds, but even Things without Life.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>KIRCHER</i> tells us of a large Stone that would tremble at
-the Sound of one particular Organ-Pipe. <i>Mersenne</i> also tells us,
-of a particular part of a Pavement that would shake and tremble,
-as if the Earth would open, when the Organs play’d. Mr. <i>Boyle</i>
-adds, that Seats will tremble at the Sound of Organs, that he has
-felt his Hat do so under his Hand, at certain Notes, both of
-Organs and Discourse; and that he was well inform’d, every well-built
-Vault, would answer some determinate Note.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>We may observe the like mechanic Perception in several
-empty Drinking-Glasses, of fine white Metal. Thus if we cause
-the Strings of a musical Instrument to be stretched to a certain
-Tone or Note, it would make one of the Glasses ring, and not the
-other; nor would the Sound of the same String, tuned to another,
-sensibly affect the same Glass. <i>Morhoff</i> mentions one <i>Petter</i>, a
-<i>Dutchman</i>, who could break Rummer-Glasses with the Tone of
-his Voice. The same, I think, is said of <i>Purcel</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When two Viols are tuned in Unison, one of them being
-touch’d, the other will answer, tho’ at some distance. This is a
-noble Proof of an harmonious Creation: This Unison looks like
-a more pure sort of sympathising that is found in all the Creatures,
-when those of the same Species flock together.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Here give me leave to observe, that all Nature is as it were
-a System of divine Musick, and delightful Harmony; or, in the
-sacred Language, a <i>Poem</i> which is a Work of Skill, curious and
-polite, lofty and sublime; in which Numbers and Measures are
-exactly observed. Under this Idea of a <i>Poem</i> the old and new
-Creation are represented.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>THE invisible things of him from the Creation of the World are
-clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made</i>, τοις ποιημασι<a id='r332' /><a href='#f332' class='c019'><sup>[332]</sup></a>,
-Poems that are made. The Creation is, as it were, a <i>Poem</i> in
-the Sublime: Every Species of created Beings is a <i>Stanza</i>, and
-every individual Creature, a Verse in it, as a certain learned Divine
-expresses it. Creation here is not stiled εργον, which is a
-Work of manual Labor, but ποιημα<a id='r333' /><a href='#f333' class='c019'><sup>[333]</sup></a>, a Work of Skill; not so
-much the Operation of the Hand, as of the Head and Heart:
-No Creature so small and mean, but glitters with a Beam of divine
-Skill.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f332'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r332'>332</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>τοις ποιημασι. Rom. i. 20.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f333'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r333'>333</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Αυτου γαρ εσμεν ποιημαι. Eph. ii. 10.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>So the new Creation is stil’d a <i>Poem</i>.... <i>We are his Workmanship
-in Christ Jesus</i>, Eph. ii. 10. In the <i>Greek</i>, <i>we are his Poem
-in Christ Jesus</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>As for the several Moods, which, in musical Composition,
-were observed by the Antients, for moving particular Passions,
-there is a remarkable Fragment of <i>Damon</i> the Musician, mentioned
-by <i>Aristides</i> in <i>Plutarch</i>. This is supposed to be that kind
-of Musick used by <i>David</i> and <i>Elisha</i>, as a Prescription to remove
-mental Disorders; and may suppose to point at the Original of
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>the Pagans curing Diseases of the Body and Mind by instrumental
-Musick.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It’s said, when an <i>evil Spirit</i> from God was upon <i>Saul</i>,
-<i>David took a Harp and play’d with his Hand, so Saul was refreshed,
-and was well, and the evil Spirit departed from him</i>.
-1 Sam. xvi. 23.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>... <i>AND Elisha said to Jehoram, King of Israel.... Were it
-not that I regard the Presence of the King of Judah, I would not look
-towards thee, but now bring me a Minstrel. And it came to pass
-when the Minstrel play’d, that the Hand of the Lord came upon him.</i>
-2 Kings iii. 13,-15.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is observable here, that the Mind of <i>Elisha</i> the Prophet
-was very much ruffled; now, under this Discomposure, he calls
-for a Minstrel, not out of Levity, but for a religious End; and
-that was, to compose his Mind, and to bring it into a serene and
-sedate Frame, and thereby to prepare himself for divine Exercises;
-or perhaps, a <i>devout Levite</i>, well skill’d in musical Performances,
-might play before him, and intermix with it, Psalms
-and spiritual Songs, according to the Constitutions of those
-Times.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>As the Prophets might indispose themselves for the Spirit of
-Prophecy, so they were to use Means to dispose themselves for
-the Impulses of the Holy Spirit; and for this End the School of
-the Prophets was appointed, in which the Students were trained
-up <i>in the Science of Musick</i>, <i>in strict Virtue</i>, <i>Self-denial</i>, <i>Contempt
-of worldly Grandeur</i>, <i>Knowledge of the Law</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> These Schools
-were Seminaries of Religion, in which the intended Guardians of
-the Spirituality were instructed, and prepared to receive the extraordinary
-Gifts of the Spirit.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>We read how the Indians performed their Worship by dancing
-to Songs, the Priests of <i>Cybele</i> with <i>Cymbals</i>, the <i>Curetes</i> with
-Drums and Trumpets, the <i>Romans</i> sung <i>Spondaic Verses</i>, while
-they offer’d their Sacrifices; the musical Sound that calm’d the
-Passions (consisting of <i>Spondees</i> principally) <i>Aristotle</i> calls moral;
-(to distinguish it from the <i>Diatonic</i> and <i>Phrygian</i>) from whence
-the Custom might be derived. When the <i>Spartans</i> went to War,
-they march’d to the Sound of <i>Flutes</i>, to animate the Soldiers;
-as is now done by Drum and Trumpet, to lessen the Terror of
-Death.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span><i>THE Antients having related wonderful Things done by Musick
-in their days, by which Diseases were suspended, the Sick restored ...
-I shall make a short Inquiry into the Reasons of it. Tho’ the Report
-be strange, and in some degree hyperbolical, yet some Account
-may be given of the surprizing Effects of Musick</i>, and is attempted
-by the learned Dr. <i>Willis</i>, (among others;) a Hint of which I
-shall add here, to what was observed before upon the Subject.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div><i>REASONS</i> (or rather <span class='sc'>Conjectures</span>) <i>for Medicinal Cures</i></div>
- <div><i>by MUSICK</i>.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>I. That Musick, if not new, was in those Days a rare
-thing, which the Vulgar, on whom ’tis reported to
-have mighty Effects, had scarce heard any before, and on whom
-a little Musick will do great Feats, as we now find a <i>Bag-pipe</i> at
-a <i>Morris-Dance</i>.</p>
-<p class='c033'>II. Antient Musick was much more simple and plain than
-ours now, having only one single Voice or Instrument apart,
-which to a rude Ear is much more taking, than compound Musick;
-the former not exceeding their Capacity, whereas a Concert
-of Musick confounds them quite, and ’tis by no means distinguishable
-by them, so as to affect them with the Harmony of its
-Parts.</p>
-<p class='c033'>III. Musick, with the Antients, was of a much larger Extent
-than what we now call by that Name; for Poetry, and
-Dancing or graceful Motion, were then counted part of Musick,
-when it had arrived to some degree of Perfection: And we see
-that <i>Verse</i> alone, if in good Measure and <i>moving Words</i>, sung by
-an agreeable Voice, with soft instrumental Musick, will work
-strangely on the Ear, and move all Affections suitable to the Tune
-and Ditty ... especially if attended with <i>proper Gestures and Actions</i>....
-Thus suitable Acting on the Stage, gives great Life to
-the Words<a id='r334' /><a href='#f334' class='c019'><sup>[334]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f334'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r334'>334</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lowthorp’s Abridg.</i> vol. i. p. 618.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>If a deliberate pathetick Reading of a well-penn’d Romance,
-will strike the Passions, and produce Mirth, Tears, Joy, Grief,
-Pity, Wrath, Indignation, suitable to the respective Intents of it;
-much more would it so do, if accompanied with all those Attendants.——</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>If it be ask’d, <i>Why may not all this be done now?</i> I answer,
-No doubt but it may, if the Address be made in proper Words,
-emphatically spoken, with agreeable Voice, attended with a decent
-Gesture; and all these adjusted to the Passion and Temper of
-the Mind, particularly design’d to be produced, (be it Joy, Grief,
-Pity, Courage, Indignation) will certainly now, as well as then,
-produce great Effects upon the Mind, especially upon a Surprize,
-and where Persons are not otherwise pre-engaged. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Antients had the Art of exciting this or that particular
-Passion of the Mind, the Tunes being suitably adapted to such
-Designs; whereas those now are almost quite neglected in our modern
-Musick.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Chromatick Genus</i><a id='r335' /><a href='#f335' class='c019'><sup>[335]</sup></a>, with its greater and lesser <i>Semi-Tones</i>,
-either ascending or descending, is very proper for the Pathetick
-in Musick; as is also an artful Management of Discords,
-with a Variety of Motions; now brisk, now languishing; now
-swift, now slow. The <i>Venetian</i> Musician before-mentioned,
-excell’d in the <i>Pathetick</i> to that degree, that he was able to play
-any of his Auditors into <i>Distraction</i>.... The great Means he made
-use of, was the <i>Variety of Motions</i>.——</p>
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f335'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r335'>335</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Chroma</i> in Musick, is the graceful way of Singing.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Even little Children, when crying, are charm’d and quieted
-by a jingling Sound, a Shadow of Musick. In short, Musick attends
-the Man to his Grave, where Elegies were formerly sung in
-Honour of the Deceased: Thus the <i>Phenicians</i> added <i>Flutes</i> to
-their <i>Mournings</i>, and the <i>Romans</i> had their <i>Siticines</i>, that is, those
-who sung to a Pipe, or blow’d the Trumpet at their Funerals,
-a Custom not yet entirely abolish’d among the antient <i>Britons</i> and
-some Parts of <i>England</i>, who, when they take up the Corps, sing
-Psalms before it all the way to Church; a common Practice
-about seventy Years ago: So far I can charge my Memory.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>We are not without modern Instances of Persons extraordinarily
-affected by the Powers of Musick, as appears from our Opera’s,
-and the very particular Devotion paid to the <i>Farinello’s</i> of
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>the Age, and to <i>Italian</i> Musick, display’d in Temples as well as
-on the Stage, the first Erection of which was intended for the
-Honour and Defence of Virtue.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Laconians</i> were wont at the Death of their King to tinkle
-a Caldron, instead of a Bell: Yea, the <i>Jews</i> had their Minstrels
-at Funerals; for, at the raising to Life the Daughter of <i>Jairus</i>,
-’tis said, the <i>Musicians</i> were commanded to troop off, <i>Matth.</i> ix.
-Before the <i>Roman</i> Funerals, a Trumpeter went, follow’d by the
-<i>Præficæ</i>, <i>i. e.</i> old Women, singing Songs in Praise of the Deceased.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus we have had a general View of Serpents, their Poison
-and Cure; and a particular Account of Persons wounded by the
-<i>Tarantula</i>, and cured by Musick; the Effects of which musical
-Operation, have past for Miracles; for, by means of it, dangerous
-Distempers have been cured, Insurrections quelled, Passions calm’d
-and raised, even to Distraction and Madness.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Antiently all Laws, Exhortations to Knowledge and
-Virtue, and Lives of illustrious Men, were written in Verse, and
-publickly sung by a <i>Chorus</i> to the Sound of musical Instruments,
-which was found a most effectual way to impress Morality. So
-much for Serpents in particular.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>N. B.</i> In the Description of some Serpents by different Authors,
-’tis difficult to know whether they mean the same, or another;
-some having the same Description with different Names,
-and some different Description with the same Name. Another
-Mistake may arise from some Difference in the same Serpent, in
-different Climates, as in Situation (<i>N.</i> or <i>S.</i>) and Size.</p>
-<div class='figcenter id003'>
-<img src='images/i166.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c012' />
-</div>
-<div class='figcenter id002'>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>
-<img src='images/i167.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>A</div>
- <div class='c026'><span class='c027'>NATURAL HISTORY</span></div>
- <div class='c026'>OF</div>
- <div class='c026'><em class='gesperrt'><span class='c028'>SERPENTS</span></em></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<hr class='c010' />
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
- <div class='nf-center'>
- <div>PART III.</div>
- <div class='c026'>Containing Six <span class='sc'>Dissertations</span>.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<table class='table2' summary=''>
-<colgroup>
-<col width='14%' />
-<col width='85%' />
-</colgroup>
- <tr>
- <td class='c042'>I.</td>
- <td class='c022'><i>Upon the Primæval Serpent.</i></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c042'>II.</td>
- <td class='c022'><i>Fiery Serpent.</i></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c042'>III.</td>
- <td class='c022'><i>The Brazen Serpent.</i></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c042'>IV.</td>
- <td class='c022'><i>Adoration of Serpents.</i></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c042'>V.</td>
- <td class='c022'><i>Reasons of that monstrous Worship</i>;</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td class='c042'>VI.</td>
- <td class='c022'><i>And for the Adoration of different Animals.</i></td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-<hr class='c030' />
-<h4 class='c043'>CHAPTER I.</h4>
-
-<p class='c044'><span class='sc'>Contents.</span> <i>Various Sentiments about the Primæval Serpent:
-Some say, ’twas a real Serpent; others say, the Passage is allegorical.
-Some make the Serpent to be Pleasure; others the Devil
-in the Natural Serpent. Reasons why</i> Adam <i>was not made beyond
-a Capacity of Sinning. Our first Parents arm’d with sufficient
-Power to stand: They knew no Enemy. Satan a compleat
-Orator. The Fatal Surrender. Satan’s triumphant Return from</i>
-Eden. <i>Serpent’s Head and Subtility. Intercourse between the
-Angelick and Human World. A Plea for our first Mother. Why</i>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>Moses <i>introduces a speaking Serpent. Method of Divine Government.
-Satan’s View. Reasons why</i> Adam <i>was created in a State
-of Trial. A strong Negative, sufficient to put the Tempter to
-flight. The</i> Paradisaical <i>Law guarded by the most powerful
-Sanction. The Opinion of</i> Pagans <i>and</i> Mahometans <i>about the
-Fall of</i> Adam, <i>&amp;c. Why Satan punish’d under a visible Figure</i>,
-viz. <i>Serpent</i>. Christ’s <i>Death publish’d, before Sentence of Death
-past upon</i> Adam. <i>The Earth, a secondary</i> Paradise. <i>Moral
-Reflection.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c033'>The Manner of Sin’s first Entrance into our World, is inscrutable:
-The Subject is an Article of Lamentation, an
-Article that conducts us to Paradise indeed, but ’tis to <i>Paradise
-lost</i>; whence date the <i>fatal Æra</i> of all human Calamities. There,
-there in a blissful Field; Sin, the Plague of Hell, made its first
-Appearance on Earth: but as to the Mode of its Introduction,
-there is a Spread of impenetrable Darkness over the Face of that
-great Deep; after the most critical Disquisitions about it, the Difficulty
-remains unsolvable.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Men of Letters may give their Conjectures, but it seems to be
-one of those secret Things which belongs to him who is unsearchable,
-and <i>whose ways are past finding out</i>; therefore we should rather
-think, <i>how to get Sin out of the World, than how it came in at
-first</i>: The one would only prove what our Understandings could
-do, but the other would declare our Hearts, what they ought to be.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>What this Serpent was, that triumph’d in Paradise, has been
-a Subject of long Debate, and the Learned are not yet agreed in
-their Verdict about it. I shall first lay down their various Opinions,
-and then give my own Conjectures.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among the <i>Jews</i>, some took it for a real, natural Serpent,
-and did believe, it was endued with the Gift of Speaking; but because
-it deceived the Woman, was condemn’d to lose its vocal
-Tongue, <i>to go upon its Belly</i>, and <i>feed upon Dust</i><a id='r336' /><a href='#f336' class='c019'><sup>[336]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f336'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r336'>336</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Joseph. Antiq.</i> cap. i.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Others, who, not allowing the Privilege of Speech to a
-Brute, have turn’d the <i>Mosaic History</i> of Paradise into an <i>Allegory</i>,
-an Assemblage of Metaphors, or figurative Documents. Thus a
-certain learned <i>Jew</i> says, the <i>Serpent</i>, that seduced the Woman,
-<i>was Pleasure</i>; and forbidden Pleasure, when tasted, brought forth
-Death<a id='r337' /><a href='#f337' class='c019'><sup>[337]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f337'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r337'>337</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Philo Jud. de Mundi Opif.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>But if this was the Case, could she be so properly said to be
-tempted by another, as to tempt herself? He adds, the Curse of
-the Serpent is not only to go upon its Breast, but, <i>and thou shalt
-go upon thy Belly</i>. <i>q. d.</i> “Since Pleasure was thy Desire, let the
-Pleasure of the Earth enter into it. The <i>Belly</i>, says the <i>Allegorizer</i>,
-is the Receptacle of most Pleasures of the Animal Kind.”
-Creatures that go upon four Feet, or more, are deem’d impure;
-and such is he, who is a Lover of terrene Pleasures; such a Person
-may be said, always to go upon his Belly, because he studies
-nothing more than its Gratification. Pleasure indeed, is attended
-with a Train of Allurements and Charms. <i>Tarquin</i>’s violent Pursuit
-of forbidden Pleasure, terminated, not only in the Ruin of
-his House, but Extirpation of Monarchy: <i>Crœsus</i> King of <i>Lydia</i>
-being conquer’d by <i>Cyrus</i> King of <i>Persia</i>, gave the Conqueror this
-Advice, If you would have the <i>Lydians</i> be your obedient Slaves,
-make them <i>Slaves to Pleasure</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Nor is <i>Philo</i> alone in making the Serpent a Symbol of Pleasure,
-for <i>Maimonides</i> and others expound those historical Passages
-in the same manner; asking, Why should that Serpent be call’d a
-subtle Beast, if it were not in a figurative Sense? In favour of
-this Exposition, he quotes several Passages out of the Prophets,
-that are allow’d to be intirely allegorical<a id='r338' /><a href='#f338' class='c019'><sup>[338]</sup></a>; and then adds, that
-in <i>Moses’s Journal of the Creation</i>, all things therein are not to be
-understood literally<a id='r339' /><a href='#f339' class='c019'><sup>[339]</sup></a>. One of the most learned Fathers seems
-inclined to this <i>Philonick Interpretation of Moses</i><a id='r340' /><a href='#f340' class='c019'><sup>[340]</sup></a>. It is observable,
-that in reality, ’twas not the <i>Pleasure of Eating</i> which
-tempted the Woman, but an anxious <i>Desire of greater Wisdom</i>;
-which shews a more refined Taste in <i>Eve</i>, and overthrows the
-Hypothesis of <i>Philo</i> and <i>Clemens</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f338'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r338'>338</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>More Nevochim</i>, cap. xxix.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f339'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r339'>339</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Ibid. p. 265, &amp; 273.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f340'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r340'>340</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Clem. Alexandrinus</i>, who flourish’d in the second Age. Οφις
-αλληγορειται—ηδονη. Edit. col. p. 69. A. B. <i>A. D.</i> 1688.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some Rabbinical Writers say, the Devil that deluded the Woman,
-came mounted upon a Serpent, in Bulk equal to a Camel,
-and known by the Name <i>Sammael</i>, an Evil Angel; called also by
-them, the <i>Angel of the Dead</i>, Prince of the aerial Region, and
-Chief of the Demons. Other Rabbies look upon him as the
-Prince of Angels; and believe, he is to preside at the last Judgment;
-for which Reason, they make him Offerings on the Day
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>of solemn Expiation, to appease his Indignation<a id='r341' /><a href='#f341' class='c019'><sup>[341]</sup></a>. ’Tis said,
-this Serpent eat the forbidden Fruit and did not die for it; the
-Woman inferred she might also eat, and not die.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f341'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r341'>341</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Calmet in Verbum.</i> <i>Rab. Benach in Genes.</i> iii.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Others there are, who will not allow the seducing Serpent
-to be an <i>Animal</i>, but the <i>Devil</i> himself in that Shape, who therefore
-in the sacred Writings is called the <i>great Dragon, old Serpent,
-and Murderer from the Beginning</i>. And some are of Opinion,
-he borrowed the Body of a real Serpent, which he made
-use of, as a Vehicle, thro’ which he instilled Poison into the Woman’s
-Mind: And if so, what occasion to say the Serpent was more
-subtle than any Beast?——Since the grand Enemy in tempting
-<i>Eve</i>, did not use the Craft of the Serpent, but his own Cunning,
-in the Management of that cruel Stratagem.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Those who are not pleased with such Ratiocinations, satisfy
-themselves with this, <i>viz.</i> That our first Parents, in whose Loins
-we were, transgrest, and made a Forfeiture of Paradise for themselves
-and Descendants; but the manner how they fell is not obvious,
-nor to be accounted for, in a State of Imperfection.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>If it be ask’d, Why did not the divine Goodness put our first
-Parents beyond a Capacity of sinning? ’tis answer’d,</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>That <i>Mutability is essential to all Creatures</i>, as such, in all
-their Kinds: In this mutable State our first Parents were created,
-holy and happy: Life and Death were set before them; they had
-freedom of Choice, a free-will to use the Powers of Nature as they
-pleased; that is, they were made in a State of Liberty, with a
-Power to determine for themselves, whether to abide or not in
-that glorious Situation. So that if there be a Difficulty in accounting
-for the Fall, there is as great a one in supposing a reasonable
-moral Creature uncapable of Choice: for where there is no Choice,
-there can be no Virtue; and where there is no Virtue, there can
-be no Happiness.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Again, <i>Adam</i> and <i>Eve were arm’d with a sufficient Power
-to stand</i>, being created after the divine Image pure and upright,
-without Error in their intellectual Powers; therefore if they mistook
-the Object, or were imposed upon, ’twas not for want of
-Light in the Mind, but want of Application of that Light, which
-was in their power.... Which Light told them, the Tree of Life
-planted in Paradise, was to perpetuate their Lives; and that the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>Tree that had the Marks of Death upon it, would do them no
-harm, but by doing their own Will, or the Will of any other in
-opposition to his sovereign Will who had said, <i>Eat not</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>They were created pure, and capable of Perseverance; and
-when they fell, God did not withdraw any Gift he had conferred
-upon them: He did all that was necessary on his Part for their Preservation,
-and they had remain’d safe, if their Liberty had but
-conducted itself aright: Their Liberty was not tied to any particular
-Object, as their other Faculties were, but respected every thing
-that could be done, or left undone, and it might have imploy’d
-them after another manner.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It’s said, <i>Out of the Ground made the Lord God to grow every
-Tree that is pleasant to the Sight, and good for Food; and the Tree
-of Knowledge of Good and Evil, of which thou shalt not eat</i>. Gen.
-ii. 9, 17. Now, where lay the Difficulty of <i>not eating</i>, when
-they were in no want of Food? And if in want, were not all
-the Fruits of Paradise prepared for them? Why would none serve
-but what was prohibited? And nothing prohibited but what was
-deadly Poison, and what <i>Adam</i> knew to be so, by immediate
-Revelation from Heaven.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus furnish’d with divine Armour, and all the agreeable Entertainments
-of Life, ’tis most surprizing how they should indulge
-an irregular Turn in the animal Passions, and give way to such
-Inadvertency. One thing that might lead them to this Oversight,
-probably was, that they knew of <i>no Enemy</i>, therefore dreaded <i>no
-Danger</i>. But this Plea is of no force; for their Business was
-strictly to regard the Voice of their Creator (who said, <i>Eat not</i>)
-and not to give heed to any contrary Insinuations, tho’ proposed
-by a known Friend, much less by a Stranger, one of another
-Kingdom, and of another Species, without sufficient Attestation.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Here <i>Lucifer</i> play’d the Orator: He gave his Argument all
-the Rhetorick it would bear, by removing their <i>fear of Death</i>,
-and gratifying in them a certain Hope of <i>being Gods</i>. The Woman
-had the Threatning of Death in her Thoughts, and therefore
-durst not eat till she was made to believe, <i>she should not die</i>;
-(by which it appears, she had dreadful Ideas of dying.) And
-thus she was tempted to <i>Unbelief</i>. Then Satan proposes the glorious
-Advantages of <i>Eating</i>, viz. <i>Ye shall be as Gods</i> ... be independent
-Beings, not subject to the Controul of a superior Power;
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>and thus they were tempted to <i>Pride</i>. <i>Unbelief</i> and <i>Pride</i> were
-the two fatal Rocks, on which their Innocence was wreck’d.
-Thus our first Parents fell, not for want of <i>Light</i>, but for extinguishing
-it; not for want of <i>Power</i>, but for not using it in the
-Hour of Danger.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Enemy having made his Conquest, might probably continue
-for some time in <i>Eden</i>, to assist the Woman in seducing her
-Husband, and then confirm them in their Apostacy, directing
-them, upon the Approach of an Enemy, to hide themselves among
-the Trees of the Garden, where he left them; upon which
-he return’d to his Kingdom in the Air, to publish his successful
-Atchievements in Paradise, and was no more heard of, till he was
-summon’d to the Bar.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Devil’s principal Residence is in the Air, where he keeps
-his Court, from whence he sends out his Angels to secure and enlarge
-his Conquests. Perhaps, he may think it not consistent
-with the Dignity of so great a Prince to traverse the Earth in
-Person, unless it be upon some extraordinary Occasions, as that
-of tempting the first and second <i>Adam</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The next Thing that offers itself, is an Attempt to illustrate
-the Case between the Woman and Serpent: It seems most apparent
-to me, that under the Name of the Serpent, we are to understand
-the Devil, who made use of a real Serpent in his Descent
-upon Paradise, where he decoy’d the first Woman into the fatal
-Snare.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Curse upon the Serpent, ’tis said, the <i>Seed of the Woman
-should break the Serpent’s Head</i>; intimating, the Serpent having
-its <i>Heart</i> under the <i>Throat</i>, and very near the <i>Head</i>, the readiest
-way to kill it, is to squeeze the Head. Some of the Fathers
-bring four Proofs of the Serpent’s Wisdom; trite and common.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>1. When ’tis old, it has the Secret of growing young again,
-by stripping off its old Skin, which is succeeded by a new Coat;
-but if it parts with its outward Garments, it retains its Poison.
-Herein it is resembled by those, who leave the outward Acts of
-Sin, but not their secret Regards for it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>2. The Serpent assaults a Man if he sees him naked, but flies
-if it finds him cloathed. But there is a Fault in this Passage of
-<i>Epiphanius</i>, who intends to say the contrary; for ’tis generally
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>affirm’d, that the Serpent is afraid of a naked Man, but attacks
-him if he has Clothes on.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>3. When the Serpent is assaulted, its chief Care is to secure
-its Head: ’Tis attested by many Writers, that to save the Head,
-it will expose the whole Body to Danger<a id='r342' /><a href='#f342' class='c019'><sup>[342]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f342'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r342'>342</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Ὁ οφις φυλαττει κεφαλην. Isiodor. Pelusiot. lib. i. p. 126.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>4. When it goes to drink, it vomits up all its Poison, for
-fear of poisoning itself. Some have defended this, but without
-any Colour of Reason<a id='r343' /><a href='#f343' class='c019'><sup>[343]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f343'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r343'>343</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Calmet’s Diction. of the H. Bible</i>, vol. iii. out of <i>Epiphanius</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>They relate other Instances of the Serpent’s Wisdom, as stopping
-its Ears, that it may not hear the Voice of the Charmer or
-Inchanter; of which the <i>Psalmist</i> takes notice. ’Tis said, it applies
-one of its Ears hard to the Ground, and stops up the other
-with the end of its Tail, <i>Psal.</i> lviii. 4. Others say, its Wisdom
-consists in Acuteness of Sight; therefore among the <i>Greeks</i>, a Serpent’s
-Eye was a proverbial Speech for one of a quick Understanding<a id='r344' /><a href='#f344' class='c019'><sup>[344]</sup></a>.
-These are some of the common Reasons assigned for the
-Wisdom of the Serpent.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f344'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r344'>344</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Οφεως ομμα.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>I Now proceed to an Illustration of the Debate between the
-Woman and Serpent in Paradise, under three Heads.</p>
-<p class='c033'>I. <i>WHY may not we suppose, that in the Infancy of Mankind
-there was an open Intercourse between the angelick and human World,
-and that Angels might appear to our first Parents in some visible
-Form, as afterwards they did to the Patriarchs?</i> If this be not
-granted, I would ask how a fallen Angel came to know there was
-a Paradise, and a certain Tree whose Fruit was forbidden, and
-where that Tree was situated in the Garden?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When a certain Province of Angels rebelled, they were
-doom’d to the wide Space contiguous to our Globe, and by their
-daily Rovings from Place to Place, they might indeed discover
-that little Spot of Earth, called <i>Paradise</i>; but how came they to
-be acquainted with the Laws of that Country, and that there was
-a forbidden Tree, and where it grew? How, I say, could they
-know all this without Revelation, or previous Conversation with
-the Inhabitants of the Place?</p>
-<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>II. <i>IF there had been no former Acquaintance between Angels
-and our first Parents, how came the Woman to converse so freely
-with a Stranger she had never seen before, one of another Country,
-and of a different Species?</i> ’Tis therefore probable, that when the
-Devil addrest the Woman, and that in her own Language, he
-might assume the Form of a good Angel, that Form in which
-Angels had discoursed with our first Parents before the Fall.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>And perhaps when Angels, the Messengers of Heaven, conversed
-with <i>Adam</i> and <i>Eve</i>, it might be in the Shape of flying
-speaking Serpents. Without allowing this mutual Intercourse,
-and former Familiarity, we can’t well suppose that our first Parents,
-tho’ not furnish’d with so much Knowledge as is usually
-ascribed to them, would be conquer’d by a <i>Demon</i> in the Shape
-of a <i>Serpent</i>, which naturally is a Beast of the Field, and known
-to be so by <i>Adam</i>, who, but a little before, had enrolled it among
-his Subjects, and given it a significant Name.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Can we imagine our first Parents so stupid, as to hold a Conversation
-with a Beast, without Surprize, Jealousy, and Suspicion?
-<i>Adam</i>, who knew the Properties of inferior Animals, (to whom
-he had given proper Names a little before) could not but know,
-that the <i>Serpent</i> was a <i>Beast</i>, and had no Organs fitted for the
-Formation of articulate Sounds, much less a Power to fix proper
-Ideas to them, and support an Argument by arguing the Case in a
-rational manner. Could <i>Adam</i>, who was the Image of God upon
-Earth, hear a Brute speak and dispute in the Language of Paradise,
-without a Suspicion of Imposture or something ominous?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>During the Woman’s Parley with the Serpent, <i>Adam</i> is supposed
-to be absent, perhaps thro’ Satan’s Management, and upon
-her representing to him at their next meeting, the Conversation
-she had with the Serpent, he must conclude that Serpent to be a
-<i>grand Cheat</i>, or a <i>good Angel</i>, that spoke to his Wife: and that
-he took it in the latter Sense, is plain from the Event; that is, his
-taking the forbidden Fruit, and eating thereof upon the Serpent’s
-Recommendation of it to his Wife, who found no ill Effect from
-her Compliance. Now, the Tempter having assur’d the Woman
-that her eating that Fruit would not bring Death, and <i>Adam</i> finding
-it to be true in Fact, that is, that she did eat and live after it,
-concluded he might eat with equal Safety.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>Upon this Supposition, we may charitably infer, that since
-our first Mother might converse with Angels in that serpentine,
-or some other bright Form, she now converses with the Serpent
-without Scruple or Dread of Imposture. And as she apprehended
-the Serpent to be a good and kind Spirit, so <i>Adam</i> did, upon her
-Representation of the Matter, and took the forbidden Fruit, and
-eat it: And perhaps the Serpent was present, giving Attestation to
-the Report made by the Woman to her Husband.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This being granted, ’tis conceivable how the Woman might
-freely converse with a Creature that assum’d an Image so glorious,
-especially if we consider she was in her infantile State, and without
-any experimental Knowledge, or any Apprehension of Danger,
-from an Enemy, of which she had no Idea; being no Sinner,
-she was without Fear.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Sentence past upon <i>Adam</i>, there is one Clause that seems
-to corroborate this Hypothesis; for, upon the Expulsion of our
-first Parents ... the Gates of <i>Eden</i> were guarded by a <i>Cherub</i> (to
-prevent their re-entrance) which, by the <i>Jews</i>, was esteem’d a
-<i>second Angel</i>, and may be aptly imagin’d to be a <i>Seraph</i>, or an
-Angel in the Form of a flying Serpent, whose Body vibrated in
-the Air, with a peculiar Resplendency, and may be fitly describ’d
-by the Image of such a Sword. ’Tis said, <i>God drove out the Man,
-and placed at the East-end of the Garden of Eden, Cherubims and a
-flaming Sword, which turned every way, to keep the Way of the
-Tree of Life</i>, Gen. iii. <i>ult.</i> God made Angels Guardians of Paradise,
-and a sparkling Fire, like a flaming Sword; says the <i>Arabick</i>
-Version.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>But why may not this Text bear an Interpretation pregnant
-with good Tidings, as an Explication of the Promise made to the
-Woman, that is, an Instruction to our first Parents how to worship
-God after the Fall, namely by Sacrifice, which was to be offer’d
-by them before the <i>Cherubims</i> (erected over the Gates of
-Paradise) as Sacrifices afterwards were before the <i>Cherubims</i> in the
-<i>Tabernacle</i> and <i>Temple</i>, or, as the <i>Hebrew</i>, before the <i>Faces of
-Jehovah</i>?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>flaming Sword and the Cherubims</i>, might be Emblems or
-Figures of some things to be observed in the Form of Worship design’d
-for that new Dispensation. The <i>fiery Sword</i> being a killing
-Weapon, might represent irritated Justice; and <i>Cherubims</i> being
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>the Inhabitation of the Deity in the Tabernacle and Temple,
-might be an Emblem of Mercy, to which the Sacrifices were offer’d:
-and may not Cherubims be so construed here? <i>N. B.</i> May
-we not date the first Institution of Sacrifice here, which soon appear’d
-in the History of <i>Cain</i> and <i>Abel</i>?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>God might address our first Parents after this manner; View
-these wonderful Sights over the Gate, behold in them the Scheme
-of Salvation! The Text thus interpreted, gives the Tempter a
-fresh Mortification, to see his bloody Design defeated, and our
-first Parents restored to Favour at the Gate of <i>Eden</i>, in which he
-had triumph’d over them; and that which encreased his Vexation
-was, to see this done by <i>Christ</i>, the promised Seed, one of the human
-Race.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Tabernacle and Temple there were no Representations
-of God, but only emblematical Figures erected over the Mercy-Seat,
-called the Cherubims; in, or between them, the <i>Deity</i> is
-said <i>to dwell</i>; and the Law obliged the <i>Jews</i> to bring the Blood
-of the Sacrifice <i>before the Face of God</i> in the Cherubims, that is,
-within the Vail, on the Day of Expiation: and here God might
-direct our first Parents to bring their Sacrifices to him, who was
-in a special manner present in the Cherubims over the Gate.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>But supposing <i>Adam</i> and <i>Eve</i> had, after their Expulsion, enter’d
-Paradise; I don’t see what valuable End it would have answered,
-for the special Promises made to the first Inhabitants of
-Paradise were now null and void. All the Blessings peculiar to
-that glorious Situation, were irrecoverably lost. It was not in the
-power of that once sacred Seat to reinstate them in their pristine
-Happiness.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>Obj.</i> Could not the Tree of Life restore their forfeited Comforts?
-I presume not; because the Tree of Life, in the Design
-of it, was to perpetuate the happy Life of innocent Man, and not
-to restore the Life and Comforts of Criminals under a Sentence
-of Death; a Sentence irrepealable, which even the Death of our
-Blessed Redeemer does not exempt us from.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Upon the whole, I can scarcely think that these strange and
-awful Sights or Figures, over the East Gate of <i>Eden</i>, were only
-to frighten our first Parents, whose distressed State stood in need
-of Divine Supports. To be cast out of Paradise was a Mortification
-that needed not a super-added Terror; therefore to make
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>those Figures Spectacles of Horror, seems not so well suited to
-Persons under Circumstances so inexpressibly dolorous, tho’ restored
-to Favour; but might rather be design’d to conduct them
-to God by <i>Christ</i>, the <i>Tree of Life</i>.</p>
-<p class='c033'>III. <i>IT’s very probable a Conversation had past between the Woman
-and Serpent before the Narrative publish’d by Moses.</i> She
-might upon the first Approach of the Serpent ask, How a Beast
-acquired the Gift of Speaking, which is the Prerogative of Rationals?
-The Serpent might answer, That it was by Eating the
-Fruit of that Tree. <i>Eve</i> might urge, That God had forbid her
-to eat that Fruit upon pain of Death. The Serpent might make
-this Return, <i>viz.</i> What you say is true; ’tis allow’d to be the
-Law under the first Form of Government, but I am now come
-from the supreme Court, to give you Assurance of God’s kind
-Intentions to advance you to a higher and more noble Station:
-The Prohibition of this Fruit was only a probationary Restraint,
-and temporary.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Now the End of the first Institution being answered, ’tis the
-Will of our Great Sovereign to take off those Restraints, and
-make you a free People. Upon the Formation of your Being,
-he brighten’d your Mind with Rays of great Wisdom; but now
-the happy Moment is come, in which he purposes to inspire you
-with higher Degrees of Wisdom.... By eating this Fruit, your
-intellectual Powers will be infinitely enlarged; for, <i>ye shall be as
-Gods</i>, and then all the Endowments and Accomplishments of Nature
-will arrive at their full Perfection, which as yet are only in
-their Embryo. This being only a Supposition, I dismiss it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Serpent having ascrib’d its Reason, and Speech to the
-eating of that Fruit, the Woman might infer, If this Fruit did
-turn a Serpent into a rational Creature, why may it not transform
-a rational Creature into a God, and a <i>Woman</i> into a <i>Goddess</i>?
-The Serpent had no occasion to say more; fir’d with the Prospect
-of such Preferment, she <i>took the Fruit and did eat</i>. Gen. iii. 6.
-<i>And when the Woman saw that the Tree was good for Food, pleasant
-to the Eye, and a Tree to be desired to make one wise, she did eat.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>N. B.</i> How divine and delightful a Thing is Knowledge, of
-which Innocency itself is ambitious! <i>Eve</i> thirsted after the highest
-Degrees of Knowledge, and made no doubt of obtaining it by
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>the Serpent’s Instructions; not knowing of any Impostor, she believed
-what the Tempter said. Satan, by the Serpent, as a Bait
-proposed Improvement in Knowledge.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus the first Woman, Head of the human Race, fell a Sacrifice
-to her own Ambition, fell a Virgin, and in her Infant-State.
-<i>Icarus</i>, by flying too near the Sun, his waxen Wings
-melted, and he fell into the Sea, and was drowned. Justly was
-he punish’d, for not observing his Father’s Will. May I add, in
-favour of our Mother, that the Law forbidding that Fruit, was
-not immediately publish’d to <i>Eve</i>, but receiv’d at second-hand
-from <i>Adam</i>; and that it can’t be well supposed, that she knew
-the various Capacities and Qualities of Brutes, as her Husband
-did.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>But, why does <i>Moses</i> introduce a Serpent speaking, when
-naturally it was a speechless Creature?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In answer to this, may we not observe, that the Almighty,
-who has no <i>material Tongue</i>, yet is often introduced, speaking
-with <i>human Voice</i> in the Scripture. The <i>Egyptians</i> made the <i>Crocodile</i>
-a Symbol of the Deity, giving this as a Reason why they
-worshipped God symbolically in that Creature, because it resembled
-God, in that it was the only Animal without a Tongue;
-for the Divine λογος stands in no need of Speech; he governs human
-Affairs without Words, and without Noise.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Again, this Dialogue with the Serpent, a known Beast, is
-very agreeable to a Custom among the Oriental Writers, who enchase
-their Histories with Ornaments taken from familiar Discourses
-between Beasts; by which they convey moral Instructions
-to their Readers: Thus, on a Subject of Craft, they made the
-Fox to speak.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>With what View did the Devil tempt our first Parents to
-sin? I answer, ’twas out of despite to God; <i>i. e.</i> with a design
-to rob the Creator of the Glory he proposed to himself from the
-Erection of this new World: He could not attack the Almighty
-on his Throne, therefore he strikes at the Footstool. Since he
-could not reach the Person of the Almighty, he wreaks his Malice
-upon his <i>Image</i>, Man; Man, whose Happiness, and that of
-his Descendants, he envy’d; and whom, in particular he hated,
-as his intended Successors to the vacant Seats in the blissful Regions
-above.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>In his Plot against <i>Adam</i>, the Deceiver was deceived; for he
-made no doubt but the Sentence of Death would be immediately
-executed upon <i>Adam</i> and <i>Eve</i>, and upon the Extinction of the
-human Species, God would lose all his Honour upon Earth. Why
-did not he appear to our first Parents in a human Form? probably
-because he might apprehend, that there was no other Man
-or Woman, but themselves.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Having considered <i>Adam</i> in his probationary Capacity, I
-shall in the next place observe these three Things, by way of
-Illustration.</p>
-<p class='c045'>I. <i>It was most congruous that Man’s first State should be a State of
-Trial.</i> II. <i>That his Trial should be by the Laws of his Creator.</i>
-III. <i>That those Laws should be inforced by a proper Sanction.</i></p>
-<p class='c033'>I. <i>IT was congruous and fit, our first Parents should begin their
-Life in a way of Trial, as they were moral Agents</i>: In which Situation
-I apprehend all the Angels to be at first, to see how they
-would behave towards the Great Author of their Being and Blessedness,
-before they were establish’d. No Creature, as such, is
-capable of Immutability, any more than of Omnipotence. To
-be naturally, and necessarily immutable, is the sole Prerogative of
-the Almighty: The perpetual Duration of created Beings, is not
-from their Nature, but from the Divine Will.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Our first Parents were under a strong Guard, and not to be
-disarm’d without their own Consent; tho’ the Devil, as he was a
-Spirit, excelled in Power, yet he could not by Force subdue the
-weaker Vessel, therefore conducted the bloody Design by Stratagems.
-When the Woman was sollicited by the Tempter, one
-strong <i>Negative</i> would have put him to <i>flight</i>. A resolute Denial,
-without any other Means, would have made her victorious, tho’
-assaulted by all the Legions of Hell; therefore, no room to complain
-of Deficiency in Divine Goodness.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>’Tis beyond all doubt, that the Revelation given to <i>Adam</i> (as
-that to Christian Churches in After-ages) made it a fundamental
-part of his Duty, not to attend to any Insinuations contrary to
-those delivered to him by his Creator, tho’ recommended even by
-an Angel from Heaven: Temptations to forbidden Fruit, however
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>pleasant, should not be parley’d with, but peremptorily rejected.</p>
-<p class='c033'>II. <i>IT was equally proper, that a Creature should be govern’d
-by the Laws of his Creator</i>; as it implies a Contradiction for a
-Creature to be independent, which it must suppose itself to be,
-when govern’d by its own Laws. The Will of the Creator was
-surely the fittest, for the Obedience of Creatures; one part of
-which was, that they must not have an Indulgence of all the
-Trees in <i>Eden</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It follows hence, that <i>Self-denial was a Duty in Paradise</i>.
-<i>Adam</i> was not an absolute Sovereign to do what he pleased, but
-what his Almighty Creator and Patron prescribed; tho’ endowed
-with Reason, yet was he to govern himself by the Will of another,
-that is, of him who was the Donor. His Reason was a
-bright, but borrowed Light, borrowed from the uncreated Sun,
-therefore ought to move by its Direction.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus we see that Restraints on the human Nature, were necessary
-even in Man’s Paradisaical State: To deny Self, was one
-of the Precepts of Religion in the Garden of Innocence; nor is
-this strange, if we consider, that for any rational Creature to live
-according to his own Will, is to make a <i>God</i> of his <i>Will</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Why did God forbid the Fruit of one Tree? This might be
-to signify <i>Adam</i>’s Dependance upon his Maker, and that he had
-no Claim to any thing without his Leave: The sovereign Lord of
-the Creation made over to <i>Adam</i> large Dominions, and the Mannour
-of Paradise for the Seat of his Empire, reserving nothing to
-himself but a small Rent of Acknowledgment, which was only
-the Fruit of one Tree. The Exemption of this Tree from human
-Use, notify’d Man’s Subjection, and God’s supreme Dominion.
-By this Reservation he tried their Obedience, whether
-they would be content with all the Earth, and Appurtenances
-thereunto belonging, one Tree only excepted. <i>N. B.</i> This forbidden
-Tree might have something of a natural Tendency to corrupt
-the animal Juices, and introduce Diseases and Death into the human
-Nature. If the Tree of Life could immortalize our Existence
-in Happiness, is it not equally rational to suppose the Tree of
-Knowledge ... would destroy it?</p>
-<p class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>III. <i>THE Laws of Paradise were inforced by a very awful
-Sanction</i>, viz. <i>Life and Death</i>: The one expressing something
-most terrible, the other implying somewhat vastly delightful.
-Threatnings were necessary Cautions in Paradise: How surprizing
-this! The first day of Man’s Life, Man was put in mind of
-Death, of which the Tree of Life was a Memento. If you eat
-the Fruit of it, you forfeit your Life, <i>die you must</i> without Remedy.
-This Menace of Death, in the Design of it, was to guard
-against Sin, as that which only could be the Cause of Death.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>IN the day thou eatest thereof</i>, dying thou shalt die; or, die
-the Death. Behold here! as in a Cloud, the first Alarm of Mortality,
-the first Institution of Funerals, and the melancholy Office
-of Grave-diggers. Bells from the Pinnacle of the Temple, proclaim
-it aloud to Man, <i>Dust thou art, and unto Dust thou shalt
-return</i>. In this paradisaical Scheme of Government, we find
-Death to be a near Neighbour to Life: Both the Trees grew near
-to one another.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some have made this <i>Tree of Life</i> a Representation of <i>Christ</i>,
-and if so, here, as in a Glass, darkly Man saw his Saviour before
-he stood in need of him: The Tree of Life planted in the midst
-of Paradise, was to preserve <i>Adam</i>’s Life, and without doubt had
-done so, if he had not rebelled. According to a Learned <i>Jew</i>,
-the Tree of Life represents Piety; and that of Knowledge, Prudence<a id='r345' /><a href='#f345' class='c019'><sup>[345]</sup></a>.
-Some of his Countrymen tell us ridiculous Stories about
-the Tree of Life, <i>viz.</i> That it was of prodigious Size, and all
-the Water of the Earth gush’d out at its Foot, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f345'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r345'>345</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Philo Judæus.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is from the History of Paradise that pagan Poets took their
-<i>Nectar</i> and <i>Ambrosia</i>, which were said to be the Meat and Drink
-of the Gods; upon which some put this Construction, <i>viz.</i>
-<i>Nectar</i> signifies <i>young</i>; <i>Ambrosia</i>, <i>Immortality</i>; intimating, that
-in a State of Innocency, the Vigor of Youth would have been
-immortal.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Heathen were not without some Idea of the Mosaic
-Creation, and Fall of Man, and of a Woman that brought Sorrow
-into the World; envying, that a Fire, which is the Light
-of Knowledge, was hid from them ... and also of Old-Age,
-brought in by the Counsel of a Serpent.——</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>Paradise, in <i>Plato</i>’s <i>Symposium</i>, is <i>Jupiter</i>’s <i>Garden</i>, and
-also is the Pattern of <i>Alcinous</i>’s <i>Orchards</i>, and the <i>Hesperides</i>:
-The Golden-Apples kept by a <i>Dragon</i>, were the forbidden Fruit
-in Paradise: The Fable of <i>Hercules</i>’s killing the Serpent of the
-<i>Hesperides</i>, is borrowed from the Seed of the Woman, breaking
-the Serpent’s Head.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>What is <i>Ovid</i>’s <i>In nova fert animus</i>? but an imperfect
-Transcript of <i>Moses</i>’s Journal of the Creation, <i>&amp;c.</i> ’Tis said by
-<i>Moses</i>, <i>The Spirit of God moved on the Face of the Waters</i>; hence
-<i>Thales</i>, makes Water to be the first Principle of all natural Bodies:
-His Reasons are deliver’d by <i>Plutarch</i>. <i>Homer</i> says, All things
-are made of the Ocean. The <i>Chaos</i>, whereof all things were
-made, according to <i>Hesiod</i>, was Water. <i>Orpheus</i> says, all things
-were generated of the Ocean<a id='r346' /><a href='#f346' class='c019'><sup>[346]</sup></a>. <i>Plato</i>’s <i>Atlanticus</i>, what is it but
-a Fable? built upon <i>Moses</i>’s History of <i>Noah</i>, and the Flood,
-and the Causes that brought it upon the World.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f346'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r346'>346</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>ωκεανος—γενεσις παντευς τετυκται.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>What is the <i>Bacchus</i> of the Heathen, but the <i>Noah</i> of <i>Moses</i>?
-formerly called <i>Boachus</i>, for <i>Noachus</i>, as might easily be,
-mistaking the <i>Hebrew</i> Letters B and N, which are not very much
-unlike. By <i>Janus</i> and <i>Saturn</i>, <i>Noah</i> is meant; and some take
-<i>Jupiter</i> to be <i>Japhet</i>, for tho’ <i>Jovis</i>, and the other oblique Cases
-are derived from <i>Jehovah</i>, yet <i>Jupiter</i> is another. The Fable
-of Heaven being stormed by the <i>Giants</i>, arose from what the
-Builders of the <i>Tower of Babel</i> said, <i>viz.</i> <i>Let us build a City and
-a Tower, whose Top may reach unto Heaven</i>.... But no Man
-imitates the Scriptures more than <i>Homer</i>, who was an inquisitive
-Traveller into all Countries. But to proceed to the Pagan Account
-of Paradise, and the Fall of Man:</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A certain Author relates a Discourse between <i>Midas</i>
-the <i>Phrygian</i>, and <i>Silenus</i> who was the Son of a <i>Nymph</i>, inferior
-by Nature to the Gods, superior to Men and Death, thus:</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>SILENUS</i> told <i>Midas</i>, that <i>Europe</i>, <i>Asia</i>, and <i>Africa</i> were
-Islands, surrounded by Water: that there was but one Continent
-only, which was beyond this World, in which, among other
-Rarities, were two great <i>Rivers</i>, whose Banks were cover’d with
-<i>Trees</i>, one of them was called the <i>River of Pleasure</i>, and the
-other the <i>River of Grief</i>....</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>He who eat the Fruit of the Trees along the River of Pleasure,
-was eased from all his former Desires, and in a short time
-became younger, and lived over again his former Years, cast off
-Old-Age, and became first a Young Man, then a Child, and
-lastly an Infant, and so died.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>On the other hand, he who eat the Fruit from the Trees by
-the River of Grief, spent all his Days in Tears and Troubles, and
-after many Years of Vexation, dies.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>How romantick soever this Relation may be, it seems to allude
-to the <i>Trees</i> and <i>Rivers</i> of Paradise, and to give some Hints
-about the Introduction of Death.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Indians</i> account for the Fall of Man after this manner:—<i>Brama</i>,
-one of their subaltern Deities, form’d Man out of
-the Slime of the Earth that was then just created, and placed
-him in a certain Situation, which they call <i>Chorcham</i>, which was
-a Garden of Delights, abounding with all manner of pleasant
-Fruit, in which was a certain Tree, whose Fruit would confer
-Immortality upon any Persons that were allow’d to eat it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Gods</i>, say the <i>Indians</i>, tried all sorts of Means to obtain
-the Privilege of this Immortality; and after great Difficulties, did
-at last succeed according to their Wish, and found out the Way
-to the Tree of Life, which was in the <i>Chorcham</i>, and by feeding
-on its Fruit for some time, they commenced immortal.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A famous Serpent called <i>Cheieu</i>, (probably Guardian of
-that Tree) perceiving the Secret was discover’d by the Gods of
-the second Rank, was so enraged, that it scatter’d a Flood of
-Poison over the Plain. All the Earth felt the fatal Effects, and
-no Man escaped the Infection: But the God <i>Chiven</i>, took pity
-on the human Nature, appear’d in the Shape of Man, and swallow’d
-all the mortal Poison, wherewith the malicious Serpent
-had infected the Universe.... This Fable, as ridiculous as it is,
-must have some regard to the terrestrial Paradise, and can have no
-other Original but the Doctrine of <i>Moses</i><a id='r347' /><a href='#f347' class='c019'><sup>[347]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f347'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r347'>347</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Æliani Sophistæ varia Historia, cum Notis, Curante
-Gronovio.</i> A. D. 1731. <i>Theopompus</i> is quoted for it, whom my
-Author calls μυθολογος. <i>Et hæc si cui fide dignus
-videtur, ea narrans Chius, ille credatur, mihi vero egregius esse
-fabulator.</i> vol. I. cap. xviii. p. 252.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Nor were the more western Pagans more happy in their Conjectures
-about the first Entrance of moral Evil. <i>Prometheus</i>,
-say they, having form’d Men out of the Earth and Water, animated
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>them with Fire, which he stole from Heaven. <i>Jupiter</i>,
-the Chief of the Pagan Gods, enraged at this, commands <i>Vulcan</i>
-to make a Woman out of Clay, upon whom all the Gods,
-out of their high Regard<a id='r348' /><a href='#f348' class='c019'><sup>[348]</sup></a> to the Fair Sex, bestow’d some
-of their Perfections. <i>Venus</i> gave her Beauty; <i>Pallas</i>, Wisdom;
-<i>Mercury</i>, Eloquence; <i>Apollo</i>, Musick; and <i>Juno</i> gave her Riches;
-therefore called <i>Pandora</i>, who was sent by the Gods in revenge to
-<i>Prometheus</i>, with a Box full of Evils as a Present from them, but he
-was too cautious to receive it; upon which she was to present it to
-his Brother <i>Epimetheus</i>, (supposed by some to be her Husband)
-which he had no sooner open’d, but immediately there flew out
-<i>all kinds of Evil</i>, that soon scatter’d themselves over all the Earth;
-and at the bottom of the Box, nothing was left but poor <i>Hope</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f348'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r348'>348</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Travels of several Missionaries into</i> India, p. 7.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Hope, of all Ills that Men endure,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>The only cheap and universal Cure.</i></div>
- <div class='line in14'><i>Hope,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Thou pleasant, honest Flatterer; for none</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Flatter unhappy Men, but thou alone.</i>... Cowl.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>The <i>Mahometan Account of Man’s Fall</i>, is equally absurd, as
-appears from <i>Mahomet Rabadan, &amp;c.</i> thus:—God made the Creation
-... the earthly Mass became an animate Body ... and was called
-<i>Adam</i>; God placed him in heavenly Paradise, and lest he should
-believe that he had no Superior, God gave him only one Command,
-the Observation of which was very easy. He forbid him, upon
-pain of Death, to eat of the Fruit of a certain Tree. <i>Adam</i> wanted
-a Mate; therefore God made him fall into a profound Sleep, and
-took out of his left Side a Rib, of which he formed a very beautiful
-Woman, whom he called <i>Eve</i>, ... and order’d <i>Gabriel</i> to go
-into Paradise, and to celebrate the Wedding of <i>Adam</i> and <i>Eve</i>,
-being attended with a great many other Angels.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>LUCIFER</i> envying the Happiness of Man, used his utmost
-Endeavours to deprive him of it. Going one day by the
-door of Paradise, he said to the Angel who kept it, <i>Give me leave
-to go in, for I have a Matter of Moment to impart to the Servants
-of thy Lord</i>. The Angel having denied his Request, he desired
-him to call the Serpent, who was then a very fine Creature.
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>The Serpent came, and <i>Lucifer</i> earnestly desired Leave to get into
-his Body; the Serpent did so, and placed <i>Lucifer</i> in the Roof of
-its Mouth, and carried him into Paradise. When he came near
-the Forbidden Tree, it endeavoured in vain to make <i>Lucifer</i>
-come out. <i>Lucifer</i> stuck fast, and forced the Serpent to get upon
-that Tree, under which <i>Adam</i> and <i>Eve</i> used to sit down. <i>Eve</i>
-was then alone, near the Tree: She saw the Serpent, who spoke
-to the Woman in these Words, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Charming Creature, if you would taste this Fruit, you
-would be <i>like God himself</i> in Wisdom and Knowledge: All the
-Secrets and all the Mysteries you are now ignorant of, will be
-manifested to you. <i>Adam</i> came during the Discourse, and having
-told him what the Serpent had said, proposed to him to eat of the
-forbidden Fruit, which after a Short Pause he comply’d with.
-The Tree was a large Vine; <i>Eve</i> took twelve Grains of a Bunch
-of Grapes, gave eight to her Husband, and kept four to herself.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>At that very moment, <i>Adam heard a very terrible Voice, Wo
-to thee! hast thou so soon forgot the only Commandment thou hadst
-promised to observe? how comes it that thou hast (by thy Greediness)
-polluted the Purity of my Habitation?</i> <i>Adam</i> being confounded,
-excused himself by laying the Fault upon <i>Eve</i>, who endeavour’d
-to justify herself by accusing the Serpent. Upon which God
-ordered the Angels immediately to drive <i>Adam</i> and <i>Eve</i> from
-Paradise, to Strip them of their Clothes, and take away the
-Crowns they had on their Heads<a id='r349' /><a href='#f349' class='c019'><sup>[349]</sup></a>.——But it is high time to
-return.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f349'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r349'>349</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Mahometism fully explained, by</i> Mahomet Rabadan,
-<i>a</i> Moor <i>of</i> Arragon <i>in</i> Spain, <i>for the
-Instruction of the</i> Moors <i>in that Kingdom, who were then
-violently persecuted there</i>. Translated out of <i>Spanish</i> by
-Mr. <i>Morgan</i>, with a design to give us a better Notion of the
-<i>Mahometans</i>, and to place it in the rich Library of the late
-Earl of <i>Oxford</i>. Printed <i>A. D.</i> 1724.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Satan, who imploy’d the Serpent in his Service, is supposed
-to be punish’d here under the Figure of a Serpent: But why in
-the Presence of our first Parents? Perhaps for such Reasons as
-these, <i>viz.</i> 1. To reproach their Inadvertency for suffering themselves
-to be imposed upon by a lying Spirit, who, if but resisted
-by a meer Negation, would have fled. 2. To let them see that
-no Creature, tho’ never so great, can rebel with Impunity; from
-whence they might conclude, what to expect from new Provocations.
-3. They had no other way to see a Spirit punish’d, but
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>under some visible Form. It could not but give them some secret
-Satisfaction to see their cruel Enemy tremble at the Bar.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is observable here, that the <i>Promise of the Messiah</i> was made
-to <i>Adam</i>, before the Almighty past upon him the Sentence of
-Death. How surprizing this! to find the Death of Christ <i>published</i>,
-before the Death of <i>Adam</i> was <i>pronounced</i>. The Death of
-<i>Christ</i>, the <i>Innocent</i>; before the Death of <i>Adam</i>, the <i>Criminal</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The last Remark I shall make here is, that the Earth, tho’
-cursed for Man’s Sin, still puts on the Face of a Paradise, abounding
-with an innumerable Variety of good Things; yea, and those
-so delicious and pleasant to Mankind, that many wish to live in
-it for ever. Thus they confine their Hopes and Fears to the present
-State, and are so far from believing a Life to come, that
-they can hardly persuade themselves to believe, that they shall
-leave this present Life.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>As the Bounties of Providence gives us no room to murmur
-at our present Province or Portion, so on the other hand, the
-Toils and Troubles of this State should cause us to aspire after
-the heavenly Paradise, where no Curse ever found Access, where
-none of the Thorns of Affliction, or the Briers of Sorrow grow.</p>
-<hr class='c030' />
-<h4 class='c046'>CHAPTER II.</h4>
-<p class='c044'><span class='sc'>Contents.</span> <i>Of the</i> fiery Serpents <i>that annoy’d the Camp of</i>
-Israel: <i>The Reason of that judicial Stroke</i>, i.e. <i>Murmuring under
-a Dispensation of Miracles. Why punish’d by Serpents?
-Why called</i> Fiery? <i>The last Plague in the Desart. Flying
-Serpents.</i></p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div><span class='c005'>SECTION. I.</span></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It might be said with great Propriety of the <i>People of Israel</i>,
-that they were <i>a Generation of Vipers</i>. Ingratitude, Unbelief,
-Discontent and Murmuring, were the dominant Passions in the
-Wilderness; they were always quarrelling with <i>God</i> and <i>Moses</i>:
-never easy, no not under a Theocracy, a divine Government.
-No wonder that Rage and Faction haunt the Dwellings of good
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>Princes, when we find perverse Spirits have murmur’d at a divine
-Administration.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A Magnificent Table was Spread for them in the Wilderness,
-their daily Entertainments were miraculous; they were fed
-by <i>Manna</i>, a delicious Food distilled from Heaven, admirably
-suited to every one’s Palate. <i>He commanded the Clouds from above,
-and opened the Doors of Heaven, and rained down Manna upon
-them to eat, and gave them the Corn of Heaven<a id='r350' /><a href='#f350' class='c019'><sup>[350]</sup></a>. Wherefore
-have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the Wilderness, for
-there is no Bread, neither is there any Water, and our Soul loatheth
-this light Bread<a id='r351' /><a href='#f351' class='c019'><sup>[351]</sup></a>: This vain and empty Bread, say the</i> LXX.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f350'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r350'>350</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Psal.</i> lxxviii. 23-25.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f351'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r351'>351</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Numb.</i> xxi. 5, 6.—τω αρτω τω διακενω—</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>They were also furnish’d with <i>miraculous Drink</i>, i. e. <i>Water
-out of a Rock</i>; Water that swell’d into a River, and follow’d ’em
-in all their Motions, till they arrived in the Land <i>flowing with
-Milk and Honey</i>; Terms, that include a Scene of Plenty and
-Pleasantness.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In all their Traverses through the Wilderness, they were always
-under the Guidance and Protection of the <i>Shekina</i>; by
-which Word the <i>Jews</i> understood the <i>Presence of the Holy Spirit</i>;
-of <i>Christ</i>, say the Christians. The <i>Shekina</i> was the most sensible
-Mark of the Presence of God among them, which rested over
-the Propitiatory, or the golden Cherubims, which adher’d to the
-Propitiatory or Covering of the Ark; there the <i>Shekina</i> abode in
-the Shape of a Cloud. The <i>Rabbins</i> tell us, that it first resided
-in the Tabernacle, and descended into it in the Figure of a Cloud,
-on the Day of Consecration. It past from thence into the
-Sanctuary of <i>Solomon’s Temple</i>, on the Day of its Dedication by
-that Prince<a id='r352' /><a href='#f352' class='c019'><sup>[352]</sup></a>; where it continued to the Destruction of <i>Jerusalem</i>
-by the <i>Chaldeans</i>, and was not afterwards to be seen there.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f352'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r352'>352</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Calmet from Basnage</i>, <i>History of the Jews</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus were they conducted and entertain’d by an unintermitted
-Train of Miracles. Now to fret and repine in such a Situation,
-was a Crime of a high and heinous Nature, no less than
-impeaching infinite Wisdom, and taxing it with erroneous Conduct:
-If Difficulties occurred in the way, their Duty was <i>Resignation</i>,
-a Temper obvious in <i>Pagans</i>, whose Religion forbid all
-indecorous Sallies of the Passions.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span><i>SOCRATES</i>, a Philosopher of <i>Athens</i>, was a Philosopher
-in <i>Prison</i>, as well as in the <i>Museum</i>: When bound in Fetters,
-and he had nothing but Death before his Face, he then conversed
-with his Friends with perfect Equanimity, and without the least
-<i>Reflexion</i> upon <i>Fate</i>, upon <i>God</i>, and his <i>Judges</i>, notwithstanding
-his base Treatment, and the notorious Injustice of his Sentence.
-The Scripture represents <i>Job</i> as a <i>Champion</i> in Affliction,
-who by his passive Fortitude under it, became the proper Hero
-of an Heroic-Poem.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>SECT. II.</div>
- <div class='c026'><i>WHY were they punish’d by Serpents?</i></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Perhaps it might be to put them in remembrance of the
-first Sin, that was introduced into Paradise by the old Serpent:
-This kind of Punishment could not but bring to their Mind that
-gloomy Moment in which the human Nature was morally and
-mortally wounded by that evil Spirit, in the Form of a Serpent.
-This being allow’d, we may infer, that Man’s Memory stands in
-need of a Remembrancer, even of Paradise lost. And oh! who
-can think of that inexpressible Loss, without dropping a silent
-and solemn Tear?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some Learned <i>Jews</i> themselves, speaking upon this Subject,
-say, the Reason why they were chastised by Serpents, was <i>because
-they had done the Actions of the old Serpent, in using an ill Tongue
-against God, against</i> Moses, <i>and Manna, the Bread of Heaven</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>SECT. III.</div>
- <div class='c026'><i>WHY called Fiery Serpents?</i></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>A natural and a moral Reason may be assigned for it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>1. The sacred Volume seems to account for the <i>natural Reason</i>,
-when it says, <i>God sent fiery Serpents</i>. The <i>Hebrew</i> word is
-<i>Seraphim</i>, that is <i>Burners</i>, because they appeared in the form of
-a <i>Flame</i>. The LXX calls them <i>Serpents of Death</i><a id='r353' /><a href='#f353' class='c019'><sup>[353]</sup></a>, because
-their <i>Wounds</i> proved <i>mortal</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f353'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r353'>353</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Οφεις θαναουνται.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>As soon as the People were wounded, their Blood was inflamed,
-and according to some <i>Jewish</i> Authors, they were <i>scorch’d
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>with insatiable Thirst</i>. Of the <i>Hebrew</i> word <i>Saraph</i>, the
-<i>Greeks</i>, by changing the Position and Order of Letters, have borrowed
-the Name <i>Prester</i>, which is a kind of fiery venemous Serpent,
-called also <i>Dipsas</i> and <i>Causon</i>, whose Wound is accompanied
-with a most vehement Heat and Thirst, and generally incurable,
-as some have formerly said. They may be properly called
-<i>Fiery</i>, as their Colour was glowing, a proper Representative of
-Fire. In the <i>West-Indies</i> are <i>Adders, red as Blood</i>, about seven
-or eight Foot long, and appear by Night as a <i>burning Coal</i><a id='r354' /><a href='#f354' class='c019'><sup>[354]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f354'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r354'>354</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atl. America</i>, 179.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>2. They might be called <i>Fiery</i> also, from a <i>moral Consideration</i>;
-for, that raging Heat in the Body might represent the outragious
-Disorders of the Mind, flowing from conscious Guilt,
-neither of which were the Attendants of an original State. Hence,
-perhaps, it is that Satan’s <i>Temptations</i> are styled <i>fiery Darts</i>, because
-when complied with, they kindle a Fire in the Conscience,
-a Prognostick, and Taste of the Unquenchable<a id='r355' /><a href='#f355' class='c019'><sup>[355]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f355'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r355'>355</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Eph.</i> vi 16. βελη—πεπυρωμηνα.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>And indeed, what are all uneasy Sensations, but the Venom
-of the old Serpent? thence, that long Train of Complaints and
-Groans. <i>Remember from whence thou art fallen</i>, is the Language
-of every Calamity, but no calamitous Impression so terrible, as
-that which alarms the Mind about the awful Futurity. Of Sin
-it is said, that at last, <i>it will bite like a Serpent, and sting like an
-Adder</i><a id='r356' /><a href='#f356' class='c019'><sup>[356]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f356'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r356'>356</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Prov.</i> xxiii. 32.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>What fill’d <i>Adam</i>’s Mind with Horror and Consternation?
-What made him run with wild Confusion among the Trees to
-hide himself? What was he afraid of? He, who was Lord of
-the Earth, and Image of the Almighty? Was not he in Paradise,
-the Garden of God; whence then this sudden and mighty Panick?
-What produced this great and astonishing Change in one
-who had a friendly Intercourse with God a little before? Oh!
-’twas Guilt, Guilt, Guilt. A Consciousness of his iniquitous
-Compliance with the Serpent. What were those anxious disquieting
-Thoughts that kindled the Fire in his Breast, but the venemous,
-fiery Darts of Satan?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>JUDAS</i> is another Example; a Person highly honour’d by
-Christ, who made him his Ambassador Extraordinary to the
-House of <i>Israel</i>, and Treasurer of his House and Privy Counsellor,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>on a sudden falls into Extremity of Anguish; and why? Guilt,
-Guilt ... struck with Horror of Mind for the Effusion of innocent
-Blood; was arraign’d, and sentenced by his own Conscience,
-and became his own Executioner: His Guilt was the Wound
-that bled within, and what Words can describe the Agony that
-made that wretched Man throw himself into Hell for Ease.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>SECT. IV.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This gloomy Occurrence fell out in the last Year of their
-Pilgrimage. The Wilderness thro’ which they had travelled
-abounded with these venemous Creatures, but were under the
-Restraint of a kind Providence, and not suffer’d to distress the
-Camp of <i>Israel</i> till now. <i>Deut.</i> viii. 15. <i>Who led thee through the
-great Wilderness, wherein were fiery Serpents and Scorpions.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus, for their repeated Provocations, they were pursued by
-divine Vengeance to the very Borders of <i>Canaan</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Just as they were congratulating one another upon the glorious
-Prospect before them, an Army of venemous Serpents invade
-their Camp, and made a terrible Slaughter among them.
-Little did our first Parents suspect a Serpent in Paradise, nor <i>Israel</i>
-such a Visit from fiery Serpents upon the Confines of the
-holy Land, the western Border of Paradise.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Plague in the Camp, was the last Punishment inflicted
-upon the <i>House of Israel</i> in the Wilderness. When they came
-out of <i>Egypt</i>, it appeared they were about <i>six hundred thousand
-Men, besides Women and Children, and a mixt Multitude</i>: Of
-that mighty Number, none but two, <i>viz.</i> <i>Josua</i> and <i>Caleb</i> enter’d
-into the promised Land; the rest, for their Unbelief and
-reiterated Offences, perish’d by the way<a id='r357' /><a href='#f357' class='c019'><sup>[357]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f357'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r357'>357</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Exod.</i> xii. 37, 38.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div>
- <span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>
- <h4 class='c047'>CHAPTER III.<br /> <br /><span class='sc'>Contents.</span></h4>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c044'><i>The flying and fiery Serpents. Ungrateful Israel wounded by them,
-and healed by the Figure of a Serpent. God hears the Intercession
-of</i> Moses, <i>when deaf to the Cries of that rebellious People. Conjectures
-why healed by a Machine in the Form of a Serpent. Sin
-in all its Appearances, the Venom of the old Serpent. The brazen
-Serpent a Representation of the</i> Messiah. <i>The Cures wrought by
-both were by very unlikely Means. The Wonders of Salvation.
-Why</i> Israel <i>was healed by a Serpent made of Brass; Opinions
-about it. The brazen Serpent was no Talisman, or a magical
-Image. The fatal Catastrophe of the brazen Serpent. Destroyed,
-when abused to Idolatry. The Serpent shewed in St.</i>
-Ambrose’<i>s Church at</i> Milan, <i>for that of</i> Moses, <i>a Cheat. Martyrs
-from the Catacombs of St.</i> Sebastian. <i>Divine Institution necessary
-to acceptable Worship. May the Destruction of the brazen
-Serpent, when abused to Idolatry, warrant us to guess at the
-Fate of a Cross abused to Idolatry!</i></p>
-<hr class='c030' />
-<h3 class='c001'>SECTION I.</h3>
-
-<p class='c031'>Among Serpents, we find some that are furnished with
-Wings. <i>Herodotus</i> who saw those Serpents, says they had great
-Resemblance to those which the <i>Greeks</i> and <i>Latins</i> call’d <i>Hydræ</i>;
-their Wings are not compos’d of Feathers like the Wings of Birds,
-but rather like to those of <i>Batts</i>; they love sweet smells, and
-frequent such Trees as bear Spices. These were the fiery Serpents
-that made so great a Destruction in the Camp of <i>Israel</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In their Extremity, the People addrest their Mediator, Prophet,
-and General, <i>Moses</i>, saying, <i>O pray to the Lord that he
-take away the Serpents from us!</i> The meek Prophet did so; the
-mediatorial Voice reach’d Heaven, and mov’d the Almighty who
-directs <i>Moses</i> to make a Serpent of Brass, (which was a Figure of
-the Serpents that plagued the People) and fix it upon the Top of
-a Pole, conspicuous to all the Assembly, promising that all those
-who were bit by Serpents, and should look upon this brazen
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>Image, should be presently healed. Astonishing Clemency! The
-Event was answerable to this Promise.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Method of Cure was new and strange; but he who at
-first called the World out of nothing, can with equal Facility
-command Health out of a Piece of Brass. Another Observable
-here, is that when the Almighty refused to hear the Cries of the
-Wounded in their Distress, he readily hearkened to <i>Moses</i>’s Intercession
-in their favour. Thus God accepted the Prayers of
-<i>Job</i> for his three Friends, when he would not regard the Supplications
-they put up for themselves. <i>Job</i> lxii. 7, 8.</p>
-<hr class='c030' />
-<h3 class='c001'>SECTION II.</h3>
-<p class='c031'>The brazen Serpent was a Figure of the flying Serpent, <i>Saraph</i>,
-which <i>Moses</i> fixed upon an erected Pole: That there were such, is
-most evident. <i>Herodotus</i> who had seen of those Serpents, says
-they very much resembled those which the <i>Greeks</i> and <i>Latins</i>
-called <i>Hydræ</i>: He went on purpose to the City of <i>Brutus</i> to see
-those flying Animals, that had been devour’d by the <i>Ibidian</i>
-Birds.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Asiatic-Georgia</i>, between the <i>Caspian</i> and <i>Euxine</i> Sea, are
-found winged Dragons, with anserine Feet and venemous Claws;
-and some of them are fortified with more terrible Pedestals than
-others: their Wings are generally composed of strong nervous
-Membranes, which when they walk, are scarcely visible, because
-of their close Adherence to their lateral Parts<a id='r358' /><a href='#f358' class='c019'><sup>[358]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f358'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r358'>358</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Paulus Jovius de Piscibus, cap 23. p. 140.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the <i>Atlantic</i> Caves, and Mountains of <i>Africa</i>, is an infinite
-Number of these winged Dragons, whose Poison is so strong,
-that the Flesh of such as are wounded by them, immediately
-grows soft, languid, and incurable<a id='r359' /><a href='#f359' class='c019'><sup>[359]</sup></a>. We read of flying Serpents
-transported from some Parts of <i>Arabia</i> into <i>Egypt</i><a id='r360' /><a href='#f360' class='c019'><sup>[360]</sup></a><a id='r361' /><a href='#f361' class='c019'><sup>[361]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f359'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r359'>359</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>P. Belon in Johnstonus.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f360'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r360'>360</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Teste Brodæo.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f361'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r361'>361</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>J. Leo’s Hist. of Africa, lib. 6, &amp; 9.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>These also have been seen in <i>Florida</i> in <i>America</i>, where their
-Wings are more flaccid, and so weak, that they cannot soar on
-high. <i>Scaliger</i> describes a certain flying Serpent that was four
-Foot long, and as thick as a Man’s Arm, whose Wings were cartilaginous,
-or gristly, <i>ibid.</i> History accounts for one of these flying
-Dragons that was killed in old <i>Aquitania</i> in <i>France</i>, a Present
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>of which was made to King <i>Francis</i>, as a great Rarity of
-the Kind.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>JEROM CARDAN</i> informs us of some winged Dragons
-he had seen at <i>Paris</i>, so nicely preserved, that they very much
-resembled the Living; they were described with two Feet, weak
-Wings, a serpentine Head, and of the Bigness of a Rabbit.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Why was the Deliverance of <i>Israel</i> by a Machine made in
-the Form of a <i>Serpent</i>? Perhaps, these serpentine Strokes might
-be intended as Emblems, or Memento’s of the fatal Wound in
-Paradise, where Man’s Nature was first poisoned by the Devil,
-who made use of a real Serpent to seduce our first Parents.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>What is moral Evil but the Venom of the old Serpent? A
-Venom as pleasant to the Taste, as the forbidden Fruit to the
-Eye, but the End is Bitterness. And what are Incentives to Sin,
-but delusive Insinuations of the subtle Serpent? And what is Enjoyment,
-but a pleasing Illusion, which is no sooner grasp’d, but
-glides away as a Shadow, leaving behind it a wounded Conscience,
-direful Apprehensions and Prospects.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>And what are all sensual Entertainments but so many hot
-Gleams that portend the Approach of warring Winds and Storms?
-The Powers of Darkness that excel in Science, know how to
-regale the human Mind with pleasant Scenes, and how to divert
-the Senses with delightful Charms; Charms that have no Existence
-but in a deluded Imagination.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Cure by a brazen Serpent, might also be to shew, that
-the Almighty in relieving distressed Supplicants, is not tied to any
-particular Medium. When the <i>Israelites</i> were poison’d by real
-Serpents, he heals them by the Image of a Serpent. When he
-would destroy <i>Goliath</i> the Tyrant, he does it by a Sling in the
-Hands of <i>David</i> a Youth, a very unlikely Person to encounter a
-Champion.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus God by the Figure of a Serpent mortifies the Pride
-of <i>Lucifer</i>, the old Serpent, by which he acquir’d greater Honour,
-than if he had sacrificed to the Fire all the Serpents in the
-Wilderness.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This may further intimate, that Providence may employ the
-same Kind of Instruments, either for the Display of Mercy or
-Justice upon Mankind. He who heals and wounds by the Mediation
-of Serpents, can turn Blessings into a Curse, or enable us
-to extract Sweetness out of the bitter Cup.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>SECT. III.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This artificial Serpent might (as some have thought) prefigure
-the <i>Messiah</i>, the Healer of spiritual Maladies. Many take
-it for a Representation of his Passion and Crucifixion: The Analogy
-may be thus illustrated, <i>viz.</i> The Cures wrought by the
-Serpent and the Saviour, deriv’d their Efficacy from Divine Appointment.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>If the <i>brazen</i> Serpent had been the mere Contrivance of
-<i>Moses</i>, it would not have answer’d the Intention: so all human
-Institutions adopted into Divine Worship will be as little available
-to true Happiness, (<i>Who has required this at your Hand?</i>) of
-that Sovereign, who accepts no Worship but what has the Sanction
-of his Wisdom and Will.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Both Cures were performed by the most unlikely Means.
-The Serpent that healed their Wounds, was made of Brass; a
-Prescription in which there was no Probability of producing that
-happy Effect: And where was the promising Aspect arising from
-the Manner of our Saviour’s Appearance on Earth? What great
-Things could be expected from a Root of a dry Ground? How
-improbable was it that a Person so mean in external Form should
-overthrow the Kingdom of Darkness, a Kingdom that had been
-strengthening its Barriers for about four thousand Years? Who
-could think that he had such powerful Interest in Heaven, who
-was of no Reputation on the Earth?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Behold here a Scene of Paradoxes! Patients recovered by
-the Death of the Physician. Upon Mount <i>Golgotha</i> we see Paradise,
-lost by the first <i>Adam</i>, regained by the Death of the second
-<i>Adam</i>; Principalities and Powers led captives by a dying Man;
-there we see Life restored by Death, a Crown of Glory purchased
-by an ignominious Cross. Were the <i>Israelites</i> healed by a Creature
-made in the Likeness of the Serpent that hurt? So Men are
-restor’d by one made like themselves.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>How was this miraculous Cure in the Wilderness obtained?
-It was by an ocular View, that is, by looking at the artificial
-Serpent. None else were entitled to a Relief. Thus Salvation
-comes by Faith, which in the prophetick Dialect is represented by
-<i>looking</i>. <i>Es.</i> xlv. 22. <i>Look unto me and be ye saved all the Ends of
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>the Earth.</i> The first Sin enter’d at the Eye; <i>the Woman saw the
-Fruit was good</i>. Thus our Restoration to the Divine Favour is
-by an Eye to Christ, the <i>Tree of Life</i>, but I must not strain the
-Metaphor too far.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>SECT. IV.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>Why was the Cure by a Serpent of Brass?</i> I answer, not for
-any healing Virtue inherent in that Mineral, more than others,
-but to demonstrate his Almighty Power, who can save by improbable
-Means, or without the Application of any Means. Thus
-the blind Man was cured by a Piece of Clay temper’d with Spittle;
-<i>John</i> ix. 6.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Perhaps, this also may refer to our Lord, as he is compar’d
-to <i>Brass</i>, which, when polish’d, is of a most beautiful
-Colour, exceeding that of Gold. <i>Revel.</i> i. 15. <i>His Feet like
-unto fine Brass.</i> An Emblem of the high Qualities that glitter in
-him, whose Nature is divinely fair and glorious.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Those fiery Serpents, as they flew in the Air, might in Colour
-resemble that of <i>burnish’d Brass</i>, because the Serpent of <i>Moses</i>
-was form’d of <i>Brass</i>, a Metal that in itself is no Friend to Health;
-and some have said, that the Sight of the brazen Serpent ought
-naturally to increase the Distemper of the Wounded, instead of
-healing it; and that the Almighty, shew’d a double Efficacy of
-his Power, by healing with those Means, which ought to have a
-quite contrary Effect<a id='r362' /><a href='#f362' class='c019'><sup>[362]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f362'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r362'>362</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Buxtorf</i>, Hist. de Serpente æneo.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Tho’ Brass in its natural State, may not be propitious to
-Health, yet when duly prepar’d it is beneficial: The Preparation
-of <i>Copper</i> has been accounted an universal Remedy, and an excellent
-<i>Emetick</i>, having this singular Virtue, <i>that it exerts its
-Force, as soon as ever it is taken</i>: Whereas other Emeticks lie a
-long time dormant in the Stomach, creating nauseous Anxieties,
-<i>&amp;c.</i> but a single Grain of <i>Verdegrease</i> immediately vomits<a id='r363' /><a href='#f363' class='c019'><sup>[363]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f363'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r363'>363</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Boerhaave</i>’s Method.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>A Certain learned Gentleman of this Island, imagines
-that the <i>brazen Serpent</i> was a kind of <i>Talisman</i>; that is to
-say, one of those Pieces of Metal, which are cast and engraven
-under certain Constellations, from whence they derive
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>an extraordinary Virtue to cure Distempers, <i>&amp;c.</i> Some impute
-their Effects to the old Serpent, others to the Nature of the Metal,
-and to the Influence of the Constellation. This Author
-therefore would make us believe, that the brazen Serpent cured
-just as the <i>Talismans</i> cure certain Distempers, by the Sympathy
-there is between the Metals of which they are made, or the Influence
-of the Stars under which they are formed, and the Disease
-they are to cure. Every one may believe as he pleases<a id='r364' /><a href='#f364' class='c019'><sup>[364]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f364'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r364'>364</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Marsham Canon. Chronic.</i> quoted by <i>Calmet</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Serpent that is always represented with <i>Esculapius</i>’s <i>Image</i>,
-and with <i>Salus</i>, the Goddess of Health, and often with
-the <i>Egyptian</i> Deities, is a Symbol of Health, or of Healing, very
-probably derives those Ensigns of Honour from the brazen Serpent
-of <i>Moses</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>SECT. V.</div>
- <div><i>WHAT became of the brazen Serpent at last?</i></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>I answer, it was brought into the <i>Land of Canaan</i> as a sacred
-Relick, and religiously preserved among the <i>Israelites</i> down
-to the Time of <i>Hezekiah</i> the King, as a standing Memorial of
-divine Goodness to their Forefathers in the Wilderness; but being
-abused by them to Superstition and Idolatry, as appears by their
-burning Incense thereto, it was broke in pieces by the special
-Command of King <i>Hezekiah</i>, who, in Derision and Contempt,
-called it <i>Mehushtan</i>, a Piece of Brass, a Trifle, a Bauble, Shadow
-of a Snake. 2 <i>Kings</i> xviii. 4.
-May all the Ecclesiastical <i>Nehushtans</i> of <i>Babylon</i>, foisted into
-Divine Worship, from the Rising of the Sun, to the Going-down
-of the same, meet with the same honest and righteous Fate. In
-the Church of St. <i>Ambrose</i> at <i>Milan</i>, they pretend to keep a
-<i>brazen Serpent</i>, which they shew for that of <i>Moses</i>, tho’ there be
-no such thing now in being.
-In the Church of St. <i>Ambrose</i> there is a Dragon of Brass on a
-Column of Marble: Some think it to be that of <i>Esculapius</i>,
-others an Emblem of that in the Wilderness, upon which account
-many of the Pilgrims and common People worship it. The Inhabitants
-are very superstitious, and fond of holy Fragments, and
-pretend to have at the Church of St. <i>Alexander</i>, no less than
-144,000 <i>Martyrs</i> from the <i>Catacombs</i> of St. <i>Sebastian</i>.
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>The Cures effected by the artificial Serpent, derived that
-Efficacy from the divine Institution of that Medium: Had their
-Prescription been the meer Device of Rabbi <i>Moses</i>, that great and
-valuable End would not have been answered; therefore, since the
-Reason of that Institution ceased, ’twas highly criminal in them,
-to make any religious Use of it.
-It is the divine Impress upon Institutions that ushers in the
-Blessings intended by them; therefore to hope for Acceptance
-with God on account of meer human Ordinances, (as bowing to
-Images, to the Altar, to the East, and to make use of Crucifixes,
-Crosses, holy Water) is to <i>hope for what God has never promised
-to give</i>.
-No wonder to see the brazen Serpent ground to Powder, and
-the Dust scatter’d in the Air, that so no Fragments of it might
-remain, when Altars of divine Establishment, and sacred to Devotion,
-were intirely destroy’d, when they made Idols of them:
-And how a holy and jealous God may resent the <i>Adoration of
-the Cross in the Popish Church</i>, I pretend not to predict, much
-less to determine. This Destruction of the brazen Serpent, is
-reckon’d among the good Deeds of King <i>Hezekiah</i>, because it
-was made a Medium, and Part of Worship not prescrib’d by divine
-Authority.</p>
-<h4 class='c047'>CHAPTER IV.</h4>
-<p class='c044'><i>This Chapter begins with the Original of Idolatry, as a Preliminary
-to the Adoration of</i> <span class='sc'>Serpents</span>, <i>under three Sections</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>SECT. I.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>As introductory to the Divinity of Serpents, I shall make a
-brief Inquiry into the Original of sacred Images, and Idol-Worship;
-the first Period of which is hard to trace.
-Some make <i>Cain</i> the first Founder of it, because of his early
-Apostacy from the true Religion; which is not very improbable,
-since ’tis said, <i>He went out from the Presence of the Lord....</i>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>He grew more wicked, and gave himself up to all sorts of Violence<a id='r365' /><a href='#f365' class='c019'><sup>[365]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f365'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r365'>365</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>See <i>Cluverius</i>, and Dr. <i>Cumberland</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>That the old World was guilty of Idolatry, some gather
-from <i>Gen.</i> iv. 26. which they say will bear this Reading——<i>Then
-Men prophaned, calling on the Name of the Lord, that is, by
-setting up Idols</i>: Upon which some of the Rabbins paraphrase
-thus, viz. <i>Then they began to call Idols by the Name of the
-Lord</i>: With which agrees the <i>Jerusalem Targum</i>, that says, <i>That
-was the Age, in the days of which they began to err, and made
-themselves Idols, and called their Idols by the Name of the Word of
-the Lord</i><a id='r366' /><a href='#f366' class='c019'><sup>[366]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f366'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r366'>366</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Schindl.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>So they understand <i>Gen.</i> vi. 11. <i>The Earth was corrupt</i>, that
-is <i>idolatrous</i>. In defence of this Gloss, they quote the <i>Idolatry</i> of
-the <i>golden Calf</i>, which is expressed by this very Form of Speech,
-viz. <i>The People had corrupted themselves</i>. We read <i>Gen.</i> iv. 26.
-<i>Then Men began to call upon the Name of the Lord</i>. There is no
-room to doubt, but they called upon God before; the Particle
-<i>then</i> seems to refer to <i>Enos</i>, which is the next Antecedent: therefore
-’tis said, They now applied themselves to the Knowledge of
-the Stars, which they apprehended were erected for the Government
-of the World, and consequently might be their Duty to adore
-them as God’s Representatives.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>But the general Opinion is, that Idolatry did not begin till
-after the Deluge, and that perhaps the Deluge might be one Occasion
-of it; for the old World, as some suppose, was drown’d
-for <i>Atheism</i>——which coming to the Knowledge of <i>Noah</i>’s mediate
-Successors, they run into the other Extreme, <i>chusing rather
-to have many Gods than no God</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>IDOLATRY</i> is of a more antient Date than <i>Image-Worship</i>:
-To see Men kneeling before a piece of Wood or Stone, has
-something so low and mean in it, that Men were not immediately
-brought to that abject and scandalous piece of Worship. The
-Sun, Moon, and Stars, were their <i>natural Gods</i>, and ador’d before
-deify’d Men, who were their <i>animated Gods</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Deification of Creatures, seems to begin about the time
-of the <i>Confusion at Babel</i>, or the Dispersion immediately consequent
-thereupon, particularly in the Family of <i>Nimrod</i>, the Son
-of <i>Cush</i>, Grandson of <i>Noah</i>. May not we date the <i>Original of
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>Paganism</i> from that remarkable Person? ’Tis the Conjecture of
-some, that <i>Nimrod</i> was the first Man that was deify’d, and probably
-for the important Service he did to his Country, as a <i>mighty
-Hunter</i>, in destroying wild Beasts that otherwise would soon have
-devour’d the Inhabitants, which were not very numerous in those
-days. ’Tis certain, that such Benefactors to Mankind were rank’d
-among the Gods. If so, who will pretend to say, <i>our modern
-Fox-Hunters don’t carry one Characteristic of Divinity about
-them</i>?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some think that the true Religion was universal for about
-four hundred Years after the Deluge, because it does not appear
-from <i>Abram</i>’s Traverse thro’ <i>Mesopotamia</i>, <i>Canaan</i>, <i>Philistia</i>,
-<i>Egypt</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> that those Countries were Idolaters. Others apprehend
-<i>Abram</i> himself was originally an Idolater, at least that Idolatry
-had overspread the Nations in his time, for which they quote
-<i>Joshua</i> xxiv. 2. <i>Your Fathers ... even Terah the Father of Abraham
-... served other Gods</i>. It’s evident from hence, that <i>Terah</i>
-had fallen into Idolatry, and some are of Opinion, that <i>Abram</i>
-himself was an Idolater, till God made him sensible of the Vanity
-of Idol-worship, and that it was thro’ him that his Father <i>Terah</i>
-was brought under the same Conviction, by this Device, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Jews</i> say that <i>Terah</i> was not only an Idolater, but also a
-Carver, and Dealer in Images and Idols; that one day when he
-went a Journey, he left <i>Abram</i> to take care of the Shop; but
-<i>Abram</i> being already convinced of the Sinfulness of Idols, ask’d
-all that came to buy <i>Idol-Gods</i> of him, <i>How old are you?</i> They
-told him their Age; and he replied to them, <i>This God that you
-would buy and worship, is younger than you are; it was made but
-the other day, and of contemptible Matter, therefore believe what I
-say, and renounce this vain Worship</i>. The <i>Buyers</i> struck with
-Confusion at these Reproaches, went away without buying, asham’d
-of their Stupidity<a id='r367' /><a href='#f367' class='c019'><sup>[367]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f367'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r367'>367</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Fa <i>Calmet</i> under <i>Terah</i>, vol. xiii.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Q. <i>What might move Men to the first Idolatry?</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Perhaps it might be a <i>strong Attachment to the Senses</i>, which
-they made their sovereign Judges in Spirituals: It was hard for
-vulgar Heads in those Days of Darkness to elevate their Thoughts
-above sensible Objects.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>Another Reason, may be the <i>Pride of the human Mind</i>;
-that is not satisfied with rational plain Truths, but will adulterate
-them with foolish Imaginations: Hence it was that they
-would have such Objects of Worship, as might immediately strike
-their sensible Powers; nothing would serve their Turn but a Divinity
-visible to the Eye, therefore they brought down the Gods
-to the Earth, and represented them under certain Images, which
-by degrees commenced inferior Deities.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Egyptian Priests</i> not being able to persuade the <i>People</i>,
-that there were any <i>Gods</i> or <i>Spirits</i> superior to Men, were constrained
-to call down Demons, or Spirits, and lodge them in Statues,
-and then bring forth those Statues to be visible Objects of
-Adoration, and from hence sprung Idolatry.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among the Pagans were various Opinions about religious
-Images. <i>Some</i> looked upon them as only Representatives of the
-true God, as <i>Seneca</i>, a Stoick Philosopher, and <i>Plato</i> a Native of
-<i>Athens</i>, and a noted Academick.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>OTHERS</i> said, they did not adore material Images, but the
-Gods in them, into which they were drawn by virtue of their
-Consecration, or, in a more modern Language, their Canonization<a id='r368' /><a href='#f368' class='c019'><sup>[368]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f368'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r368'>368</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Arnobius</i>, lib. vi.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>SOME</i> were of Opinion, that after the Consecration of Images,
-the Gods actually incorporated with them, or were animated
-by them, as Man’s Body is by the Soul<a id='r369' /><a href='#f369' class='c019'><sup>[369]</sup></a>. The vulgar
-Heathen paid their Adoration to Images as if they were real Gods;
-which monstrous Practice was ridiculed by the most sensible Pagans,
-as appears farther on<a id='r370' /><a href='#f370' class='c019'><sup>[370]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f369'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r369'>369</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Trismegistus</i>, a learned <i>Egyptian</i>, a great Philosopher, a great Priest, and a
-great King.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f370'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r370'>370</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>See <i>Lactantius</i>, lib. ii.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Use and Worship of Images has been long, and still is
-controverted. The <i>Lutherans</i> condemn the <i>Calvinists</i> for breaking
-the Images in the Churches of the Catholicks; and at the
-same time they condemn the Romanists (who are professed Image-Worshippers)
-as Idolaters. The modern <i>Jews</i> condemn all Images,
-and suffer no Pictures or Figures in their Houses, much
-less in their Synagogues, or Places of Worship.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>The <i>Mahometans</i> have a perfect Aversion to all Images. This
-is it that made them destroy most of the beautiful Monuments of
-Antiquity, both sacred and profane, at <i>Constantinople</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The old noble <i>Romans</i> preserved the Images of their Ancestors
-with no little Care, and had them carried in Procession in their
-Funerals and Triumphs.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>SECT. II.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Part entertains us with various Instances of Pagan Deifications,
-<i>viz.</i> of Men, Beasts, and Things without Life.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
- <div class='nf-center'>
- <div>I. <i>MEN transformed into Gods.</i></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>I Begin with their <i>deified Men</i>, that is, <i>dead Men</i>, who being
-canonized, past for <i>reputed Gods</i>. Note here, some are of
-opinion, that the word <i>God</i>, among the Heathen, did not mean
-the uncreated eternal Being, but some <i>most excellent superior Nature</i>;
-and accordingly, they gave the Appellation of <i>Gods</i> to <i>all
-Beings</i> of a Rank higher, and more perfect than Man.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>principal Gods</i> among the antient Heathens were <i>Jupiter</i>,
-<i>Mars</i>, <i>Mercury</i>, <i>Neptune</i>, <i>Apollo</i>, <i>Juno</i>, <i>Vesta</i>, <i>Minerva</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-The <i>next sort of Gods</i> were called <i>Demy-Gods</i>, or <i>Gods adopted</i>;
-and these were Men canonized and deify’d. Now, as the <i>greater
-Gods</i> had possession of Heaven in their <i>own Right</i>, so these <i>lesser
-Gods</i> had it by <i>Donation</i>, being translated into Heaven, because
-they were Men renowned for their Virtues, and had lived as Gods
-upon Earth; and these at first were called <i>Teraphim</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The first certain Account of these we have in <i>Genesis</i>, where
-’tis said, <i>Rachel</i> had <i>stoln her Father’s Images</i>. Chap. xxxi. 19.
-the <i>Teraphim</i> of her Father in the <i>Hebrew</i>, which <i>Laban</i>, (ii. 30.)
-calls his <i>Gods</i>, Hebr. <i>Eloha</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The word <i>Teraphim</i> is <i>Hebrew</i>, others say <i>Egyptian</i>: Be that
-as it will, we find it about thirteen times in our Bible, and is
-commonly interpreted <i>Idols</i>, <i>Images</i>, <i>sacred</i>, <i>superstitious Figures</i>.
-<i>Spencer</i> maintains the word to be <i>Chaldee</i>, and that those Images
-were borrowed from the <i>Amorites</i>, <i>Chaldeans</i>, or <i>Syrians</i>, and
-that the <i>Egyptian Serapis</i> is the same thing with <i>Teraphim</i> of the
-<i>Chaldeans</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>A Learned <i>Jew</i> says the <i>Teraphim</i> were in human Shape,
-and that when raised upright, they spoke at certain Hours, and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>under certain Constellations, by the Influence of the celestial Bodies.
-<i>R. David de Pomis ... Cyclopædia.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This <i>Rabbinical Fable</i> seems to be grounded on <i>Zech.</i> x. 2.
-<i>The Idols</i> (Hebr. <i>Teraphim</i>) <i>have spoken Vanity....</i> Some of the
-learned <i>Jews</i> will have it to denote the Knowledge of Futurity,
-and for this Signification they quote <i>Ezek.</i> xxi. 21. <i>The King of
-Babylon stood ... at the Head of the two Ways ... he consulted with
-Images</i>; with <i>Teraphim</i>, says the <i>Hebrew</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The same <i>Rabbi</i> adds, that to make the <i>Teraphim</i> they kill’d
-a first-born Child, clove his Head, season’d it with Salt and Oil;
-that they wrote on a Plate of Gold the Name of some impure
-Spirit, laid it under the Tongue of the Dead, placed the Head
-against the Wall, lighted Lamps before it, prayed to it, and it
-talk’d with them.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Others hold, that the <i>Teraphim</i> were brazen Instruments
-which pointed out the Hours of future Events, as directed by
-the Stars.—Some think that the <i>Teraphim</i> were Figures or Images
-of a Star engraven on a sympathetic Stone, or Metal corresponding
-to the Star, in order to receive its Influences: To these Figures,
-under certain Aspects of the Stars, they ascribe extraordinary
-Effects.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Talismanical Opinion, says a Learned Pen<a id='r371' /><a href='#f371' class='c019'><sup>[371]</sup></a>, appears the
-most probable.... All the Eastern People are still much addicted
-to this Superstition of <i>Talismans</i>. The <i>Persians</i> call them <i>Telesin</i>,
-a Word approaching to <i>Teraphim</i>. In those Countries no Man is
-seen without them, and some are even loaded with them. They
-hang them to the Necks of Animals, and Cages of Birds, as Preservatives
-against Evils. Such were the <i>Samothracian Talismans</i>,
-which were pieces of Iron, formed into certain Images and set in
-Rings....</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f371'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r371'>371</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Father <i>Dom. Calmet</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Labanic Images</i> are supposed to be the most antient, if
-not the first religious Images, made of some precious Metal, and
-had their Birth in <i>Laban</i>’s Country, that is, <i>Chaldea</i>, or <i>Mesopotamia</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>From <i>Laban</i>’s History, it seems as if these <i>Teraphim</i> were
-Pictures or Images of certain Persons deceased; that is, they were
-a sort of Idols, or superstitious Figures venerated by them as
-<i>Demy-Gods</i>. That they were such artificial Portraitures of Men,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>is evident from that Instance in <i>Michal</i>, who, to deliver <i>David</i>
-her Husband from bloody Assassins that threaten’d his Life, laid an
-<i>Image in his Bed</i>, a <i>Teraphim</i>, says the <i>Hebrew</i>, that is, a material
-Image, probably a Figure of Wood, or Sticks hastily made
-up, drest in Man’s Clothes, to make those sent by King <i>Saul</i>
-to apprehend him, believe he was sick.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Why does <i>Laban</i> call them his Gods? Very probably because
-he believed they retain’d their Affection for Mankind in the invisible
-World, and being rank’d among the Gods, might be serviceable
-to his Family, therefore adopted them to be Guardians
-of his House. They were only his <i>domestick Gods</i>, and not the
-established Gods of the Country; and ’tis very likely they might
-be the Images of <i>Noah</i> and his <i>Sons</i>; or some other illustrious
-Ancestors, whom he had chosen for his <i>Tutelary Gods</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Scripture mentions another sort of <i>Teraphim</i>, sometimes
-consulted by the <i>Jews</i> as an Oracle, not imagining that thereby
-they abandon’d the Worship of the true God. Such was the
-<i>Teraphim</i> that <i>Micha</i> made and set up in his House, and to which
-he appointed a <i>Priest</i> of the <i>Levitical Race</i>, with an <i>Ephod</i> or
-Sacramental Garment, by the Influence of which he flatter’d himself
-that God would bless his House. This probably might be
-some <i>Hieroglyphical Figure</i>, to which the superstitious <i>Jews</i> attributed
-the Virtue of an Oracle, and the Power of foretelling
-Things to come: Hence speaking Teraphims.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>From these <i>Teraphim</i> came the <i>Lares</i>, or the Household Gods
-of the old <i>Romans</i>, who before the Laws of the Twelve Tables,
-used to bury the Dead in their Houses; from whence arose that
-great Veneration they had for their <i>Lares</i> and <i>Penates</i>, a kind of
-domestick Divinities, worship’d in Houses, and esteem’d Protectors
-of Families, which were nothing else but the supposed
-Ghosts of those who formerly had belonged to the Family, whom
-they represented by Images, which they placed in the Chimney-Corner,
-or near their Doors.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>These were also look’d upon as Guardians of the Highways,
-near to which their Images were fix’d for the Benefit of Travellers,
-therefore call’d <i>Dii Viales</i>, Gods of the Roads. ’Tis said by the
-Prophet, <i>The King of Babylon stood at the parting of the Way</i>, and
-consulted <i>with the Images</i>; with the <i>Teraphim</i>, says the <i>Hebrew</i>,
-<i>Ezek.</i> xxi. 21. which the <i>Jewish</i> Interpreters say were prophetick
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>Images, endued with the Gift of Prediction; so far from being
-mere Idols, that they gave out Oracles, and foretold Things to
-come.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some think <i>Laban</i>’s <i>Teraphim</i> to be such, and that <i>Rachel</i>,
-having observed how her Father did divine by them, and fearing,
-by consulting with them, he might know which way <i>Jacob</i> went,
-and follow after and murder him; to prevent so fatal a Catastrophe,
-she took away his <i>Oracles</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Those sacred Images might, at first, be made in honour of
-departed Relatives, or illustrious Persons; but by degrees degenerated
-into religious Adoration. Thus the <i>Manes</i> of the Dead
-were worship’d by them under the Figure of their <i>Teraphim</i>, in
-some place of the House, and probably where they had deposited
-the Remains of their Ancestors, as some think.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Lares</i> were also called <i>Penates</i>: To these they paid religious
-Homage with Sacrifices; so the <i>Roman Satirist</i> says, and
-calls these images his <i>dear little House-Gods</i>; and then observes,
-that they were crown’d with Garlands of Flowers in Summer,
-and in Winter with Shaving of Horns colour’d. To these <i>Waxen-Gods</i>
-the <i>Romans</i> addrest themselves with Offerings of Frankincense
-and Cakes<a id='r372' /><a href='#f372' class='c019'><sup>[372]</sup></a>....</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f372'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r372'>372</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Oh parvi nostrique Lares quos thure minuto</div>
- <div class='line'>Hic nostrum placabo, Jovem Laribusque paternis</div>
- <div class='line'>Thura dabo, atque omnes violæ jactabo colores</div>
- <div class='line'>Cuncta nitent——</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Juvenal. Sat.</i> ix. <i>v.</i> 137. &amp; <i>Sat.</i> xii. <i>v.</i> 89.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>They were supposed to be the Spirits of such, who had lived
-well on the Earth, and in consequence of it, were happy; so on
-the other hand, those who lived ill here, did after Death wander
-up and down in Horror, and were supposed, by the Vulgar, to
-be Hobgoblins, call’d <i>Lemures</i>, <i>i. e.</i> restless Ghosts of departed
-Spirits, who return to the Earth to terrify the Living.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>These are the same with <i>Larvæ</i>, which the Antients imagined
-to wander round the World, to frighten good People, and
-plague the bad. All these were imagin’d to be the Ghosts of the
-Dead: They pray’d to the Good for Protection, and sacrificed to
-the Evil to pacify their Rage: For this reason they had their
-<i>Lemuria</i> or <i>Lemuralia</i> at <i>Rome</i>, where on the 9th of <i>May</i>, a Feast
-was solemnized in honour of the <i>Lemures</i>, and to pacify the
-<i>Manes</i> of the Dead, especially those who died without Burial, to
-prevent their giving disturbance to the Living.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>The first <i>Men</i> that were <i>deified</i>, or made Gods, are supposed
-to be the Heads of Families, Founders of Empires, and Benefactors
-of Provinces——who, after their decease, were highly
-reverenced. <i>Noah</i> and his Sons seem to be the first and chief animated
-Deities of the Pagans, under the Names of <i>Saturn</i>, <i>Jupiter</i>,
-<i>Neptune</i> and <i>Pluto</i>; hence <i>Demons</i>, another Name given to
-Spirits, which were supposed to appear to Mortals, with intention
-to do them Good or Hurt.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The first Notion of Demons, ’tis said, sprung from <i>Chaldea</i>,
-thence it spread among the <i>Persians</i>, <i>Egyptians</i>.... <i>Pythagoras</i>
-and <i>Thales</i> were the first that introduced <i>Demons</i> into <i>Greece</i>,
-where <i>Plato</i> fell in with the Notion, which he explains thus,
-<i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>... By <i>Demons</i>, he understood Spirits inferior to Gods, and
-yet superior to Men, which inhabiting the middle Region of the
-Air, kept up the Communication between the Gods and Men,
-carrying up the <i>Prayers</i> and Offerings of Men to the Gods, and
-bringing down the <i>Will</i> of the Gods to Men. He allow’d of
-none but good ones, tho’ his Disciples (finding themselves unable
-to account for the Origin of Evil) adopted another kind of Demons,
-who were Enemies to Man<a id='r373' /><a href='#f373' class='c019'><sup>[373]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f373'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r373'>373</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Gale</i>’s <i>Court of the Gentiles</i>, part I. chap. viii.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Apocryphal Book of <i>Enoch</i> abounds with the Names of
-Angels and Devils; but that Book is not of any great Antiquity,
-tho’ the Prophecy be: it does not appear to have been known by
-the antient <i>Jews</i>. St. <i>Jude</i> is the first that cited it. The Authority
-which this spurious Book of <i>Enoch</i> has received from some
-of the Antients, is the reason of our meeting with several of its
-Opinions, scatter’d in their Writings. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>LACTANTIUS</i>, one of the most eloquent Authors of his time,
-(and therefore called the <i>Christian Cicero</i>) was of Opinion there
-were two sorts of Demons, celestial and terrestrial<a id='r374' /><a href='#f374' class='c019'><sup>[374]</sup></a>: The <i>celestial</i>
-are the fallen Angels, who having been seduced by the Prince of
-Devils, engaged themselves in impure Amours; the <i>terrestrial</i> are
-they who issued from the former, as Children from their Parents:
-These last, who are neither Men nor Angels, but a Medium between
-the two Natures; were not plunged into Hell, neither
-were their Fathers admitted into Heaven: The terrestrial Angels
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>are impure Spirits, and Authors of all the Evils committed on
-Earth<a id='r375' /><a href='#f375' class='c019'><sup>[375]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f374'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r374'>374</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Chambers</i>’s <i>Cyclopæd.</i> <i>Calmet</i>’s <i>Hist. Dict.</i> vol. i. p. 434.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f375'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r375'>375</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Lactantius</i>, lib. ii. cap. 14. <i>Lugd.</i> <i>Bat.</i> 1652.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Many of the Antients have allotted to every Man an Evil
-Angel, who is continually laying Snares for him, and inclining
-him to Evil, as his Good Angel does to what is Good. The
-<i>Jews</i> have still the same Sentiments at this day. Another <i>Father</i>
-thinks, that every Vice has its Evil Angel, presiding over it; as
-the Demon of Avarice, the Demon of Pride, of Uncleanness<a id='r376' /><a href='#f376' class='c019'><sup>[376]</sup></a>....</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f376'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r376'>376</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Origen.</i> Homil. xv. in Josh. <i>Calmet.</i> ibid.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Pagan Theology</i>, nothing more common than those good
-and evil Genii, and the same superstitious Notion got among the
-<i>Israelites</i>, by Commerce with the <i>Chaldeans</i>; but I don’t apprehend
-that by Demon, they meant the Devil, or a wicked Spirit,
-tho’ it be taken under that Idea by the Evangelists, and also some
-modern <i>Jews</i><a id='r377' /><a href='#f377' class='c019'><sup>[377]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f377'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r377'>377</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Cyclopædia.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>We are not without some Remains of those antient Representations:
-Among the various Rarities in the <i>Musæum</i> at <i>Leyden</i> in
-<i>Holland</i>, is the Effigies in Sculpture of <i>Osiris</i>, the <i>Egyptian God</i>;
-’tis made of Wood, and now almost consum’d with Age: There
-are three other <i>Egyptian</i> Idols of Stone; an Image of <i>Isis</i> (who
-married <i>Osiris</i>, King of the Country) giving suck to her Orr.
-Another Effigies of <i>Isis</i>, the <i>Egyptian Goddess</i>, upon a little <i>Egyptian</i>
-Coffer, containing the Heart of an <i>Egyptian</i> Prince embalm’d
-therein.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The antient Pagans, had almost as many <i>Goddesses</i> as <i>Gods</i>;
-such were <i>Juno</i>, the <i>Goddess of Air</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> Queen of Heaven, and
-of the Gods; was represented sitting on a Throne with a Crown
-of Gold on her Head: This was the Patroness of the female Sex.
-Every Woman had her <i>Juno</i>, or Guardian; as every Man had
-his <i>Genius</i>. She was the Goddess of Marriages, which were not
-deem’d lawful without the Parties first addrest her. One Branch
-of her Office was to attend them in Labor, when they pray’d,
-<i>Help, Juno Lucina</i><a id='r378' /><a href='#f378' class='c019'><sup>[378]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f378'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r378'>378</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Juno Lucina fer opem.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>She was ador’d by all Nations; her Temple was open on the
-Top and had no Doors, it being impious to think of confining
-the Gods to a narrow Inclosure. Yea, many of the Antients
-would erect no devotional Temples, from a Persuasion that the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>whole World is the Temple of God. The <i>Sicyonians</i> would build
-no Temple to their Goddess <i>Coronis</i>: Nor would the <i>Athenians</i>
-erect a Statue to the Goddess <i>Clemency</i>, who they said was to live
-in the <i>Hearts of Men</i>, not <i>within Stone-Walls</i>. The Goddesses
-were numerous, but I shall add no more.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>They did not only enroll <i>Men</i> and <i>Women</i> among their Gods,
-but they had also <i>Hermaphrodite-Gods</i>. Thus <i>Minerva</i>, according
-to several of the Learned, was both Man and Woman, and
-worshipped as such under the Appellation of <i>Lunus &amp; Luna</i>.
-<i>Mithras</i>, the <i>Persian Deity</i>, was both God and Goddess; there
-were Gods of Virtue, Vice, Time, Place, Death ... Infancy.
-Not Men only, but every thing that relates to Mankind, has also
-been deified, as Infancy, Age, Death, Labor, Rest, Sleep, Virtues,
-Vices, Time, Place.... Infancy alone had a numerous Train of
-Deities. They also ador’d the Gods of Health, Love, Fear, Pain,
-Indignation, Shame, Renown, Prudence, Art, Science, Fidelity,
-Liberty, Money, War, Peace, Victory....</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus we have seen, that nothing more common among Pagans,
-than to place Men among the Number of Deities; yea,
-some of them would not wait for their Deification till Death.
-Thus <i>Nebuchadnezzar</i>, King of <i>Babylon</i>, procured his <i>Image to
-be worshipped</i> while he was living. Thus <i>Augustus</i> had Altars
-erected and Sacrifices offered to him while alive. He had Priests
-called <i>Augustales</i>, and Temples at <i>Lyons</i>, and several other Places.
-He was the first <i>Roman</i> who carried Idolatry to such a pitch:
-Having in a most respectful manner view’d the embalm’d Body
-of <i>Alexander the Great</i>, was ask’d, if he would see <i>Ptolemy</i>’s also?
-he answer’d, <i>His Curiosity was to see a King, not a Man</i>. His
-Favourite Poet complements him with the Title of God<a id='r379' /><a href='#f379' class='c019'><sup>[379]</sup></a>. Yea,
-the <i>Ethiopians</i> deem’d all their Kings <i>Gods</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f379'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r379'>379</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>——Deus nobis hæc otia fecit.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c033'>II. <i>Inanimate Things turn’d into Gods.</i>
-Things without Life were made into Gods by the Heathens:
-The Sun, Moon, and Stars seem to be the first Idols, or false
-Gods, to whom they paid a divine Regard. <i>Possidonius</i> defines a
-<i>Star</i>, a <i>divine Body</i>. The <i>Zabii</i> erected Images to the Stars,
-which they fancied to be so many Gods, and that they influenced
-the Images consecrated to them; yea, and communicated the prophetick
-Spirit to Men.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>The <i>Sun</i> and <i>Moon</i> were by the idolatrous <i>Israelites</i> called the
-<i>King</i> and <i>Queen</i> of Heaven, and the Stars were supposed (as it
-were) to be their Militia, form’d for their Guards, with which
-they were always surrounded.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>PHILO</i> of <i>Alexandria</i>, (called <i>Philo</i> the <i>Jew</i>, a <i>Platonick</i>
-Philosopher) imputes to the Stars a great part of whatever happens
-on the Earth; and says, they are not only Animals, but even
-most pure Spirits; that our Air is replete with Animals and Spirits,
-which are continually descending to animate Bodies. He
-had borrow’d these odd Notions from his Master <i>Plato</i>, Chief of
-the Academicks. <i>Origen</i> one of the Fathers, who flourish’d in
-the third Century, was guilty of the same Mistake<a id='r380' /><a href='#f380' class='c019'><sup>[380]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f380'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r380'>380</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Philo Leg. Alleg. Origen.</i> t i. <i>Maimon. in Calmet.</i> under the word <i>Star</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The sacred Books, in some places, seem to ascribe Knowledge
-to the <i>Stars</i>, when they praised God at the beginning of the
-World, <i>Job</i> xxxviii. 7. but the Stars were not then created, therefore
-it’s generally supposed they were <i>Angels</i>. Since then the Sun,
-Moon and Stars are excited to praise the Lord; the Moon withdrew
-its Light, and the Sun stopt its Course at the Command of
-<i>Joshua</i> ... and perhaps one reason of their strange Opinions about
-the heavenly Bodies, might be owing to these and the like Expressions;
-not knowing that these Words were meerly popular,
-and not to be understood literally, for then we must say that the
-Earth, the Trees, the Waters, are animated, since we find in
-Scripture some Expressions that would insinuate as much.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Arabians</i> who sprung from <i>Ishmael</i>, worshipped the Sun,
-Moon and Stars, in which they were conducted by their Priests
-who were cloathed in white Vestments, wearing Mitres and
-Sandals, which at first were only Soles tied to the Feet with Strings.
-In Authors that speak of ecclesiastical Rites, and Ornaments,
-we find the word <i>Sandals</i> to signify a valuable kind of Shoes,
-worn by the <i>Prelates at Solemnities</i><a id='r381' /><a href='#f381' class='c019'><sup>[381]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f381'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r381'>381</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Benedictus Baudovinus de Calceo Antiquo.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>We find <i>Sandals</i> also used by the Ladies, very different in
-form: When <i>Judith</i> went to the Camp of <i>Holofernes</i>, she put
-<i>Sandals</i> on her Feet, at the sight of which he was captivated;
-for ’tis said, <i>Her Sandals ravish’d his Eyes</i>. These were a magnificent
-sort of Stockens, like Buskins, of an extraordinary Beauty<a id='r382' /><a href='#f382' class='c019'><sup>[382]</sup></a>,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>and were proper only to the Ladies of Condition, who generally
-had Slaves to carry them.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f382'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r382'>382</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Judith</i> x. 4.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>N. B.</i> The real <i>Buskin</i> was the <i>Cothurnus</i>, a very high Shoe
-rais’d on Soals of Cork, wore by the ancient Actors in Tragedy,
-to make them appear taller, and more like the Heroes they represented,
-most of whom were supposed to be Giants.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Persians</i> had no Temples, Altars, nor Images, holding
-such little Things improper for the high Gods. Therefore they
-worshipp’d upon the Top of Hills, where they offer’d Sacrifices
-to the Sun, Moon, and Stars. The <i>Babylonians</i> adored the
-Sun, to which the King offer’d every Day a white Horse
-richly furnish’d: The Sun was in high Esteem among the <i>Phenicians</i>,
-whose Priests were crown’d with Gold. The <i>Tartars</i> and
-<i>Cathaians</i> worship the Sun, and Stars, to which they offer the first
-Fruits of their Meat every Morning before they eat and drink
-themselves. They have divers Monasteries of Idols, to whom
-they dedicate their Children.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Nova Zembla</i> there is no Religion prescrib’d by Law, but
-they worship the <i>Sun</i>, so long as ’tis with them, and the Moon
-and North-Star in its absence. In <i>China</i> are great Numbers of
-sacred Temples, where the Priests have so much Power over their
-Gods, that they may beat them when they don’t answer their
-Expectation: Their <i>chief</i> Gods are the <i>Sun</i>, <i>Moon</i>, and <i>Stars</i>,
-where they are not christianis’d.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the <i>Philippine Islands</i>, the Natives worship the <i>Stars</i>,
-which they hold to be the <i>Children</i> of the <i>Sun</i> and <i>Moon</i>: Their
-Priests, for the most part, are Women. The <i>Japonians</i> worship
-an Image, with three Faces, by which they mean, Sun, Moon,
-and the elementary World<a id='r383' /><a href='#f383' class='c019'><sup>[383]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f383'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r383'>383</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Acosta</i>, and <i>Jesuits</i> Ep. in <i>R. Oliver</i>. <i>Noort</i>’s Navigation.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>America</i> their chief Deities are the Sun and Moon; which
-they honour with Dances and Songs. In <i>Virginia</i> and <i>Florida</i>,
-when they eat, drink, and sacrifice, they use to throw up towards
-the Sun, some part of their Food: The <i>Spaniards</i> taking
-Advantage of this Superstition, made the poor ignorant People
-believe they were Messengers sent to them from the Sun; whereupon
-they submitted to the <i>Spanish</i> Yoke. <i>Hacluyt</i>, <i>ibid.</i> At
-<i>Mexico</i>, when they sacrificed a Man, they pull’d out his <i>Heart</i>,
-and offer’d it to the <i>Sun</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>In <i>South-America</i>, they worship evil Spirits in various Forms,
-and Sun and Moon. When it thunders, and lightens, they say
-the <i>Sun</i> is angry with them: When the Moon is eclipsed, they say
-the <i>Sun</i> is angry with her.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Peru</i>, next to their chief God, they worship’d the Sun,
-and after it, the Thunder. They took Sun and Moon for Husband
-and Wife. In the seventh Month they sacrificed to the Sun,
-and in the tenth to the Honour of the Moon.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The same Paganism was profest among the <i>Europeans</i>; yea
-the <i>Greeks</i> and <i>Romans</i> that were the most knowing and polite Nations,
-their chief Gods were Sun, Moon, and Stars.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Air, and Meteors in it, were made into Gods: Thus
-the <i>Persians</i> ador’d the Wind; Thunder and Lightning were honour’d
-under the Name <i>Geryon</i>. Comets and the Rainbow also
-have been prefer’d from <i>Meteors</i>, to be <i>Gods</i>. <i>Socrates</i> deify’d the
-Clouds, if Credit may be given to <i>Aristophanes</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Their high Veneration for <i>Water</i> was such, that to spit, to
-urine, or wash in a River was made a high Crime; perhaps, the
-<i>Water of Jealousy</i> that determin’d the Case about the <i>Jewish</i> Women,
-suspected of Adultery, might heighten their Veneration for
-this Element.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Sicily</i>, Rivers were worshipped by the <i>Agrigentes</i> (in the
-shape of a beautiful Boy) to which they sacrificed.... The <i>Cathaians</i>
-worship Earth and Water.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Indians</i> count the River <i>Ganges</i> sacred, and to have a
-Power of expiating their Sins. When the Idolaters wash in it,
-they cry, <i>Oh Ganges, purify me!</i> And when any are sick, they dip
-them in it, in order to recover their Health. The Water of this
-River is convey’d to such as live at a distance, and are not in a
-Capacity to travel; so that they ascribe as much Virtue to this
-River, as the Papists do to their holy Water, and chief Relicks.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The People of <i>Bengal</i> don’t only worship the River <i>Ganges</i>,
-but give Divine Honours to its Image. <i>Bernier</i> says, that Kingdom
-is well water’d by Channels cut out of the <i>Ganges</i>, which is
-visited by many Pilgrims, who think themselves happy if they
-can wash in it. There is also a Well in that Country, which
-they adore, and think, by washing therein, they are purify’d from
-their Sins. Their <i>Priests</i> travel about with the <i>Water</i> of the
-<i>Ganges</i>, which they sell at vast Prices; because the poor ignorant
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>People are made to believe, that by drinking this Water, they
-obtain Pardon of their Sins.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Inhabitants of <i>Peru</i> in <i>America</i>, fling the Ashes of their
-Sacrifices into the River, follow the same six Leagues, and pray
-the River to bring that Present to <i>Virachoca</i>, a superior Deity.
-<i>Acosta.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Persians</i> and <i>Chaldeans</i> express their God by <i>Fire</i>, to
-which they perform Adoration, and bring it Food, crying to
-it, <i>Eat, Oh my Lord Fire!</i> To throw dead and dirty Things
-into the Fire, yea to blow it with their Breath, was High Treason.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Magicians</i> say, that this <i>Fire</i> was convey’d to them from
-Heaven; and that it was for this Reason that they kept it so religiously.
-That they preserve a constant Fire on their Altars, is
-evident from History. They are said to have Fires still subsisting,
-which have burnt above a thousand Years. We read of such Fire
-kept up with superstitious Care in the Temple of <i>Jupiter Ammon</i>,
-and in that of <i>Hercules</i> at <i>Gades</i>. So it is in <i>Egypt</i>, and in most
-of all the eastern Countries, and <i>Virgil</i> tells that <i>Iarbas</i> the <i>Getulian</i>
-could boast of a hundred Temples he had erected with
-Altars, blazing with perpetual Fire, the eternal Guard of the
-Gods<a id='r384' /><a href='#f384' class='c019'><sup>[384]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f384'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r384'>384</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Centum aras posuit, vigilemque sacraverat ignem,</div>
- <div class='line'>Excubias divûm æternas.</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Virg.</span> Æneid. 4.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>That which gave occasion to perpetuate the Fire in Pagan
-Temples, might be from the perpetual Fire kept in the Temple
-at <i>Jerusalem</i>, which descended from Heaven upon the first Victims
-sacrificed by <i>Aaron</i> and his Son. Hence the <i>Vestals</i> were appointed
-express, to keep up the sacred Fire of the <i>Romans</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Kings of <i>Persia</i> never went abroad without having some
-Portion of the sacred Fire carried before them: The Historian
-giving an Account of the March of <i>Darius</i>’s Army,—says, that
-they carried Fire upon Altars of Silver, in great Ceremony,—that
-they had it in great Veneration, calling it the <i>sacred and eternal
-Fire</i>, and that the <i>Magi</i> came after, singing Hymns according to
-the <i>Persian Mode</i><a id='r385' /><a href='#f385' class='c019'><sup>[385]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f385'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r385'>385</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Quint. Curtius, lib. 1. Hyde de Pers. Relig. c. iii. p. 69.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>God appear’d to <i>Moses</i> under the Form of a Fire burning in
-a Bush. The Camp of <i>Israel</i> in the Wilderness was conducted
-in the Night by a Pillar of Fire. Now God having made several
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>Revelations of himself, under the Appearance of Fire, might give
-occasion to the <i>Chaldeans</i> and <i>Persians</i> to entertain such enormous
-Veneration for Fire, which is a Symbol of the Deity: <i>The Lord
-thy God</i>, says <i>Moses, is a consuming Fire</i>. At their high Solemnities
-they set several Trees (hung with diverse Sorts of Beasts for
-Sacrifice) on fire; this they did after they had carried about
-these Fires in Procession.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I Shall add here, a remarkable Contest that happen’d between
-the <i>Chaldean</i> and <i>Egyptian</i> Priests about the <i>Superiority of
-their Gods</i>.... In the time of <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Chaldean Priests</i>, to
-prove that <i>Fire</i>, which was their God, excell’d all other Gods
-in Power, travell’d over the Earth, carrying <i>Fire</i> with them,
-which soon consum’d all the Statues and Images of other Gods;
-whether of Brass, Silver, Stone or Wood, says <i>Suidas</i><a id='r386' /><a href='#f386' class='c019'><sup>[386]</sup></a>, who
-gives a large Account of it, under the Word κανωπος. At length
-coming into <i>Egypt</i>, and making this Challenge; the <i>Egyptian
-Priests</i> agreed upon a <i>Battle of the Gods</i>, and immediately brought
-into the Field one of their Idols, which was a large Statue of
-<i>Nilus, full of Water</i>, and full of little Holes, which they stopt
-with Wax not discernable, and so artificially, that the Water
-was kept in.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f386'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r386'>386</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Vol. I. pag. 1368.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Chaldeans</i> (not aware of this Device) begun the Action,
-with much Assurance, and with Eagerness put Fire around the
-<i>Egyptian Statue</i>, which soon melted the invisible Wax, and the
-Water gushing forth from all Parts, immediately put out the Fire,
-and drown’d the hitherto <i>invincible Deity</i> of the <i>Persians</i>; the
-Tragedy ended in a triumphant Shout of Laughter among the
-Spectators: And I might add<a id='r387' /><a href='#f387' class='c019'><sup>[387]</sup></a> how the <i>Arabians</i> and <i>Indians</i>,
-<i>Peruvians</i>, <i>Lithuanians</i>, and <i>Vandals</i> worship’d Vegetables,—the
-<i>Scythians</i> Iron. Trees and Plants have been made Gods.
-Leeks and Onions were Deities in <i>Egypt</i>. The ancient <i>Gauls</i>
-and <i>Britons</i> bore a particular Devotion to the <i>Oak</i>; from which
-their Priests took their Names. <i>Ceres</i> and <i>Proserpina</i>, worship’d
-by the Ancients, were no other than Wheat, Corn, Seed.—The
-<i>Syrians</i> and <i>Egyptians</i> ador’d Fishes. What were <i>Tritons</i>, <i>Nereids</i>,
-<i>Syrens</i>, but Sea-Gods? Insects, as Flies, and Ants, had their
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>Priests and Votaries: Yea, <i>Minerals</i> were erected into <i>Deities</i>.
-The <i>Finlanders</i> ador’d <i>Stones</i>. I don’t see what can be said for
-such an Instance of Stupidity. To say the Practice took its rise
-from <i>Abram</i>’s anointing the <i>Stone</i> that he made use of for a Pillow,
-when he went to <i>Mesopotamia</i>, does not lessen the Reproach.
-The <i>Mahometans</i> think that <i>Jacob</i>’s Stone was convey’d to the
-<i>Temple at Jerusalem</i>; and is still there in a <i>Mosque</i> or <i>Turkish</i>
-Temple, where the Temple at <i>Jerusalem</i> stood before the final
-Desolation. The monstrous Stupidity of Pagans in their Devotions
-will further appear in the Close of this Performance.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f387'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r387'>387</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ruffin.</i> Hist. Ecclesiastica, lib. 2.
-<i>Stanley</i>’s Lives of the Philosophers, part 16. chap. 8. page
-28.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Now among all these Instances of Idolatry, the Adoration of
-the <i>Sun</i> was the most excusable; for, who can behold that stupendous
-Globe of Fire and Light in perpetual Motion, Splendor,
-and universal Usefulness to Mankind, without awful Admiration,
-and warm Emotions of Mind? No wonder then to find that it has
-been the Object of Adoration so long, and in so many Places. It
-was the Sun very probably that was worship’d by the <i>Phenicians</i>
-under the Name of <i>Baal</i>, by the <i>Moabites</i> under the Name of
-<i>Chemosh</i>, by the <i>Ammonites</i> under the Name of <i>Moloch</i>; by the
-degenerated <i>Israelites</i> by the Name of <i>Baal</i>, the King of the Host
-of Heaven, to whom they join’d the Moon, whom they called
-<i>Astarta</i> or Queen of Heaven.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Worship was perform’d upon high Places, in Groves,
-and upon the Roofs of their Houses, which in those Countries,
-were flat. It was against this kind of Worship that <i>Moses</i> warn’d
-the <i>Israelites</i>, and threatens the Transgressors with Death. <i>Deut.</i>
-iv. 19, ’tis said <i>Josiah</i> King of <i>Judah took away the Horses</i>, that his
-Royal Predecessors had given to the Sun, and were fix’d at the
-Entrance into the House of the Lord, and <i>burnt the Chariots of
-the Sun with Fire</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>III. <i>Animal Gods.</i>
-In the next place, I shall briefly touch upon some Brutes and
-Birds, <i>&amp;c.</i> that received Divine Honours from the Pagan People,
-and even from those who were supposed to excel their Neighbours
-in Understanding and Wisdom.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus <i>Crocodiles</i>, <i>Serpents</i>, <i>Eagles</i>, <i>Dogs</i>, <i>Cats</i>, <i>Wolves</i>, <i>Oxen</i>,
-were worship’d by the People of <i>Egypt</i>, those celebrated Sons
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>of Wisdom; but their greatest Solemnities were consecrated to
-the God <i>Apis</i>, or <i>Serapis</i>, under the Image of an Ox or Bull.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>They had an Ox consecrated to the Sun, which they fed at
-<i>Heliopolis</i> in <i>Egypt</i>: They had another called <i>Apis</i>, dedicated to
-the Moon, and fed at <i>Memphis</i>, (for some time, the royal City)
-where he had his Temple, and the Devils gave out their Oracles.
-In the time of St. <i>Jerom</i>, who flourish’d in the fourth Century,
-they worshipped here a brass Bull as a God.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The famous God <i>Osiris</i> was adored under the Figure of this
-Beast, and when dead, it was buried with great Solemnity and
-Mourning: And ’tis observable, that his Birth-day was celebrated
-thro’ the whole Kingdom. <i>N. B.</i> ’Tis very probable, that the
-<i>Israelites</i> worshipped the golden Calf in the same manner as the
-<i>Egyptians</i> did their Bulls, their Cows and Calves.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Before I proceed, give me leave to speak something of this
-golden Idol, which was the Figure of a Calf, which the <i>Israelites</i>
-cast, and set up to worship in <i>Moses</i>’s Absence; who, upon
-his return from the Mount, burnt the Figure, ground it to Powder,
-and made the People drink it mixt with Water, <i>Exod.</i> xxxii.
-The Learned are divided in their Sentiments on this Article; that
-is, the golden Calf, that was burnt and pulverized.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>To pulverize Gold and render it potable, is an Operation in
-Chymistry of the last Difficulty; and ’tis hard to conceive how
-it should be done at that time, before Chymistry was heard of,
-and in a Wilderness too, where they had no proper Instruments.
-Many therefore suppose it to be done by a Miracle. But the chymical
-Art seems to be of greater Antiquity, and was very probably
-practised in the antediluvian World by <i>Tubal Cain</i>. <i>Moses</i>
-is the next Chymist mention’d in the Bible, whose Skill in
-chymical Operations, in pulverizing the golden Calf, seems to be
-incontestable, and artificial.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Art is now much improved. Bid a Chymist convert
-Gold into Glass; and by means of a burning Concave, or otherwise,
-he presently does it: Ask him to Shew you Gold in Powder,
-and by mixing a little <i>Antimony</i> with that Metal, he will soon
-render it pulverable<a id='r388' /><a href='#f388' class='c019'><sup>[388]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f388'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r388'>388</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Boerhaave</i>’s <i>new Method. Proces.</i> 268, 317.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>But to return: Among other living Creatures, the <i>Egyptians</i>
-also paid a great Devotion to <i>Dogs</i> and <i>Cats</i>. We read of a certain
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span><i>Roman</i> Soldier, that was like to be torn to pieces by the People,
-for having <i>kill’d a Cat by Accident</i>; and that when a Dog
-happen’d to die, the whole House went into Mourning<a id='r389' /><a href='#f389' class='c019'><sup>[389]</sup></a>: Yea,
-in case of a great Famine, they would eat Man’s Flesh, before
-they would touch their sacred Animals; <i>ibid.</i> The Stork, Raven,
-Eagle, Hawk, Ibis, and other Birds, have had divine Honours
-paid them in <i>Egypt</i> and other Places....</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f389'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r389'>389</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Diodor. Siculus, Herodot.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The City of <i>Mendez</i> in <i>Egypt</i> worshipped a <i>Goat</i>; the City
-of <i>Mira</i>, the <i>Crocodile</i>. In other Provinces they erected Altars
-to Lions, Baboons, Wolves.... The <i>Hog</i> was ador’d in the Island
-of <i>Crete</i> (now <i>Candy</i>) in the Mediterranean. Bats and Mice
-had Altars consecrated to them in <i>Troas</i> and at <i>Tenedos</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Nothing can be supposed more ridiculous than the Adoration
-given by the <i>Egyptians</i> to their brutal Deities, which were
-either within or near their Temples; had Tables with delicious
-Meats and Beds prepared for them, and when any of them died,
-they went into Mourning, prepared sumptuous Funerals and
-magnificent Tombs for them, as may be seen at large in <i>Diodorus
-Siculus</i>, <i>Herodotus</i>, and others<a id='r390' /><a href='#f390' class='c019'><sup>[390]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f390'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r390'>390</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Plut. Herodot. Jurieu’s Critical History.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some indeed ridiculed their senseless and stupid Neighbours,
-tho’ they themselves were not Masters of superior Sense in their
-Devotions. <i>Anaxandrides</i> reproaches the <i>Egyptians</i> for their
-wretched and foolish Idolatry; but after all, this was only one
-Idolater deriding another. <i>Dionysius</i> was the most notorious this
-way: And most knavish in this kind was the <i>Painter</i>, who,
-when he should have drawn the Picture of <i>such a Goddess</i> for a
-<i>Grecian</i> City, drew the <i>Picture of his own Mistress</i>, and so made
-her to be adored by the Citizens.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>What Man could have forbore laughing, said the <i>Greek</i>
-Poet above, to see an <i>Egyptian on his Marrowbones, praying to an
-Ox as to a God, or howling over a sick Cat, fearing lest his scratching
-God should die</i>?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Upon the whole, ’tis no easy matter to discover the real Sentiments
-of the Heathens about their Gods: they admitted so many
-superior and inferior Deities, who shared the Empire, that all
-was full of Gods.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Some of the Antients say, that a certain <i>subtile Matter</i> that
-made Stars <i>intelligent</i>, did reside in their sacred Animals, Plants
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>and Men, and escaped Death: And this made them fit to partake
-of such Worship, as they gave to the Stars.——<i>Sanchoniatho</i>
-meant only, that the celestial Bodies are intelligent, and see what
-is done here below, and therefore were to be adored as Gods<a id='r391' /><a href='#f391' class='c019'><sup>[391]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f391'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r391'>391</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Sanchoniatho’s Phœnician Hist.</i> by the Learned Bp. <i>Cumberland</i>, vol. i. p. 20, 21.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div>SECT. III.</div>
- <div class='c026'><i>Adoration of</i> <span class='sc'>Serpents</span>.</div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The next thing that comes under Consideration is, the <i>Worship
-of Serpents, which is observed thro’ all the Pagan Antiquity</i>.
-The Devil, who, under the Shape of a Serpent, tempted our
-first Parents, has, with unwearied Application, labour’d to deify
-that Animal, as a Trophy of his first Victory over Mankind.
-The Conquest made by the <i>old Serpent in Paradise</i>, and the wonderful
-Cures made by the <i>Shadow of a Serpent in the Wilderness</i>,
-contributed very much towards making that hateful Creature so
-venerable in the Eyes of so many Nations.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>God having past Sentence upon the Serpent, Satan <i>consecrates
-that Form</i> in which he deceived the Woman, and introduces it
-into the World as an Object of religious Veneration: This he did
-with a view to enervate the Force of the divine Oracle, the
-Seed of the Woman. Scarcely a Nation upon Earth, but he has
-tempted to the grossest Idolatry, and in particular got himself to
-be worshipped in the hideous <i>Form of a Serpent</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Almighty foreseeing this general Delusion, guarded the
-World against it, by inspiring Men with the greatest Aversion to
-that venemous Creature, and yet was the Tempter ador’d in most
-places under the Appearance of a Serpent. If you say, that Men
-worship other Creatures; I answer, Those are beneficial to Mankind,
-and not so odious and hurtful as those who carry Poison
-in their Tails and Teeth.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>How surprizing this! that a Serpent, a Beast to which Mankind
-has a strong natural Aversion, should be <i>ador’d by Creatures
-of Reason</i>, and yet <i>nothing more common</i>, as will appear by the following
-Instances from Antiquity.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>EGYPT</i> was a Country that abounded with Variety of Serpents,
-and where they were generally held in the greatest Veneration.
-The supreme God was represented by them in the <i>Form</i>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>of a <i>Serpent</i> with a Hawk’s Head, because of the wonderful
-Agility of that Bird. We see no Table of <i>Osiris</i> and <i>Isis</i>, two
-<i>Egyptian Idols</i>, without a Serpent joined to them<a id='r392' /><a href='#f392' class='c019'><sup>[392]</sup></a>. This <i>Isis</i>
-married <i>Osiris</i>, King of that Country, and govern’d with so
-much Wisdom and Gentleness, that the <i>Egyptians</i> paid divine
-Honours to them, who had been such Blessings to the Land.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f392'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r392'>392</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Macrobii Oper. Sat.</i> cap. xx.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>In <i>Egypt</i> is a Serpent of the Aspick Kind, called <i>Thermutis</i>,
-to which they gave divine Worship; therefore crown’d with it
-the Statue of their Goddess <i>Isis</i>. In the Corners of the Temples,
-they built little Chapels under ground, where they carefully fed
-this <i>Thermutic Serpent</i>, as a <i>sacred Genius</i><a id='r393' /><a href='#f393' class='c019'><sup>[393]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f393'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r393'>393</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian de Animalibus</i>, lib. x. <i>Conrad. Gesner. de Serp.</i> p. 32.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Egyptians</i> also paid divine Honours to the <i>Crocodile</i>, that
-monstrous kind of Serpent, particularly the Inhabitants of <i>Arsinoë</i>,
-and they who dwelt in the Neighbourhood of <i>Thebes</i>, and the
-Lake <i>Mæris</i>; among whom ’twas fed by their Priests with Bread,
-Wine, Flesh, and diverse Rarities<a id='r394' /><a href='#f394' class='c019'><sup>[394]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f394'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r394'>394</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>In Jonstonus de Quadruped</i>, cap. viii. p. 142.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>THÆAUTUS</i>, so often mentioned by <i>Sanchoniatho</i>, attributed
-some Deity to the Nature of the Serpent; an Opinion approved
-by the <i>Phenicians</i>, therefore look’d upon as holy and immortal,
-and comes into the sacred Mysteries<a id='r395' /><a href='#f395' class='c019'><sup>[395]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f395'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r395'>395</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Euseb. Præp. Evangel.</i> l. i. c. 10. from <i>Philo Biblius</i>, the Translator of
-<i>Sanchon</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>They represented the World by a Circle, in the middle of
-which was a Serpent, representing the good Demon, or Genius
-of the World, by which ’tis animated, and is a <i>Symbol</i> of the
-Almighty Creator. Behold here the Blasphemy of Satan, in
-giving to God the Form of a Serpent, which he had borrow’d
-himself to make war against God in Paradise. They sometimes
-represented their Gods with the Bodies of Serpents, and honour’d
-those odious Animals with divine Worship, as Symbols of <i>Apollo</i>,
-of the <i>Sun</i>, and of <i>Medicine</i>, and were put into the Charge of
-<i>Ceres</i> and <i>Proserpine</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>HERODOTUS</i> observes, that in his time, near <i>Thebes</i>,
-there were to be seen tame Serpents, adorn’d with Jewels, and
-consecrated to <i>Jupiter</i>, which did no harm to any body: When
-they died, they were buried in <i>Jupiter</i>’s Temple<a id='r396' /><a href='#f396' class='c019'><sup>[396]</sup></a>. <i>Ælian</i> speaks
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>of domestick Serpents, that were in the Houses of the <i>Egyptians</i>,
-and look’d upon as <i>household Gods</i>; and of another Serpent worshipped
-in a Tower at <i>Melitus</i> in <i>Egypt</i>, that had a Priest and
-other Officers attending it, and served every day upon an Altar
-with Meal kneaded up with Honey, which the next day was
-found to be eaten. <i>In Melite Eg. Draco divinis honoribus afficitur
-in turri quadam</i> ... <i>adsunt ei sacerdotes &amp; ministri; mensa</i> ...
-<i>ex farina subacta</i>.... Herod. lib. ii. cap. 17.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f396'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r396'>396</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>——Ex Crocodilis alunt. appendentes auribus vel gemmas—sacris in arnis
-sepeliant.</i> <i>Euterpe</i>, lib. ii. p. 186.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Phenicians</i> also sacrificed to <i>Dragons</i>, calling them their
-<i>good Angels</i>, their propitious and kind Spirits. Nothing more
-common in the Heathen Religion, than the Appearance of a Serpent
-in some Form or other.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Babylonians</i> worshipped a <i>Dragon</i>, which the Prophet
-<i>Daniel</i>, by a Commission from the King, killed; which, one
-would think, was sufficient to convince the Royal Idolater of his
-egregious Stupidity in worshipping a Creature as Conservator of
-Mankind, that could not preserve its own Life. They represented
-the World by a Circle in the Form of a <i>Greek Theta</i> Θ, and the
-<i>good Demon</i>, by a <i>Serpent</i> in the midst of it; under which Figure,
-the Protectors of Countries and Cities, called tutelary Gods, were
-worshipped.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Arabians</i> reputed Serpents <i>sacred Beings</i>, and therefore
-would allow no Violence to be offered to them; and this Superstition
-yet remains among those People, according to <i>Veslingius</i>,
-says my Author. They take them into their Houses, feed and
-worship them as the <i>Genii</i>, or Guardians of the Place: Not only
-Men, but every kind of Things, had its peculiar <i>Genius</i>. Two
-were assigned to each Person, a good and evil Genius, and those
-were thought to attend them from the Cradle to the Grave. We
-read of a sacred Dragon that was kept in <i>Phrygia</i> in <i>Asia Minor</i>,
-whose Residence was in a Wood, dedicated to <i>Diana</i>, Goddess
-of the Woods.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among other strange Animals in the <i>East-Indies</i>, <i>Alexander</i>
-found in a Cave, a <i>monstrous Dragon</i>, which the Inhabitants
-counted sacred, and was adored by them, and daily supplied with
-Food: The poor, ignorant, superstitious People, humbly addrest
-the <i>Conqueror</i>, not to attack that <i>holy Place</i>, and disturb the Repose
-of their God. The victorious Army hearing its hideous and
-dreadful Roarings, were not a little terrify’d; they only saw its
-monstrous Head, when stretch’d out of its Mansion, and its Eyes
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>appeared to them to be as big as a large <i>Macedonian Buckler</i>, a
-Species of defensive Armour<a id='r397' /><a href='#f397' class='c019'><sup>[397]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f397'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r397'>397</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Conrad. Gesner.</i> p. 44, 45. <i>Gyllius.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The King of <i>Calicut</i> (in the <i>East-Indies</i>, the most powerful
-of all the <i>Malabar</i> Princes) causes little Cottages to be erected
-for sacred Serpents, to guard them against the Inclemency of the
-Weather, and ’tis made Death to hurt them, being they are look’d
-upon as heavenly Spirits; and they believe them to be such for
-this Reason, because <i>they kill Men so suddenly by the Wound they
-give, which is only a little Puncture, and would not prove fatal if
-given by other Creatures</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is observed by some, that Serpents at this day are highly
-honour’d in the Kingdom of <i>Calicut</i>, on this side the <i>Ganges</i>,
-where the Inhabitants call their King <i>Samori</i>, or <i>Zamorin</i>, that
-is, Sovereign Emperor, and God upon Earth. The Dragon being
-a Serpent of the vigilant Tribe, was constituted and made
-Guardian of their Houses, of their oracular Temples, and of all
-their Treasures.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>These Protectors of Places and Possessions, they call’d Tutelary
-Gods, and were worshipp’d by them under the Symbol of
-<i>Serpents</i>, without whose Sanction no Methods of Protection were
-available.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is remarkable, that where the Figure of two Serpents was
-erected in any place, it was look’d upon as a Sign of consecrated
-Ground; that is, that the Place was holy, being dedicated to some
-God; for which Superstition they are ridiculed by one of their own
-Writers, <i>viz.</i> <i>Persius</i> the Satirist, that lived under <i>Nero</i>, who
-tells us, that Children were forbid to empty themselves in those
-Places, and not so much as make-water, for the Place is holy,
-as appears by the <i>Picture of the two Serpents</i>; the Language of
-which is, Profane not holy Ground.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Would you, Sir, have your Poem pass for a sacred Composure,
-then paint two Serpents in the Front of it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Behold here the Original of that Popish Superstition, which
-forbids Men to make-water in the Church-Yard<a id='r398' /><a href='#f398' class='c019'><sup>[398]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f398'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r398'>398</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Pinge duos angues, pueri, sacer est locus, extra</div>
- <div class='line'>Meite——</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Satir.</i> i.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>At <i>Alba</i>, in a Wood not far from <i>Juno</i>’s Temple, is a Dragon
-worshipp’d by the Inhabitants, and for their greater Honour, fed
-by Virgins, thereby intimating, that Innocence was a proper Attendant
-on the Gods.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>In <i>Epirus</i>, south of <i>Macedonia</i>, is a certain place sacred to
-<i>Apollo</i>, and wall’d about, within which are kept <i>sacred Dragons</i>,
-fed likewise by a Virgin Priestess, uncloathed, which they believe
-to be most acceptable to their idol Gods<a id='r399' /><a href='#f399' class='c019'><sup>[399]</sup></a>; called by <i>Juvenal</i>,
-one of their own Poets, <i>wenching Gods</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f399'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r399'>399</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Ælian. lib. ii. cap. 2. ἱερεια γυμνη παρθενος.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Epiroticks</i>, who highly venerated <i>Apollo</i>, honour’d his
-Temple with a <i>consecrated Dragon</i>, which they worshipp’d in solemn
-remembrance of his killing the <i>Pythonic Serpent</i>. It were
-well if the same Spirit of Gratitude reign’d amongst <i>Britons</i>, towards
-the Heroes that deliver’d their Country from the great Ecclesiastical
-Dragon, by the glorious Revolution.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Near <i>Lavinium</i> was a Grove of serpentine Gods, dedicated
-to <i>Juno</i> of <i>Argos</i>, which was a City in <i>Peloponnesus</i> (famous for
-the Shrine of <i>Æsculapius</i>) now the <i>Morea</i>, one of whose Rivers is
-called <i>Styx</i>; or rather a Well, whose Water is so cold and venemous,
-that it often kills such that drink thereof; and therefore
-design’d by the Poets, to be a River of Hell: ’Tis said by some,
-that <i>Alexander</i> was poison’d with it.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It’s well known what Worship was paid to the Serpent at
-<i>Epidaurus</i>, a <i>Peleponnesian City</i>, and the Manner how ’twas pretended
-that Serpent was brought to <i>Rome</i>, which is as follows,
-<i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Romans</i> being sorely distrest by a Plague, they sent a
-<i>Galley</i> with Ambassadors to <i>Epidaurus</i>, to bring the Serpent consecrated
-to <i>Æsculapius</i> to <i>Rome</i>, which of its own accord went
-aboard the Galley, and which was landed in the Isle of <i>Tyber</i>,
-where divine Honours were paid to it; upon which the Plague
-ceased.——Take it as represented by the Historian, who says,
-... That the Plague raging terribly at <i>Rome</i>, and in the
-Vicinity, above three Years, did not abate, by any divine or human
-Remedy, tho’ Men had tried both; therefore by the Counsel
-of the <i>Delphic Oracle</i>, ten Ambassadors were sent to fetch
-the Statue of <i>Æsculapius</i>, that was ador’d in the Body of the great
-Serpent; hereupon, a very strange thing ensued, and manifestly
-true, both from many faithful Historians, and building the <i>Temple</i>
-(dedicated to it) in the <i>Isle of Tyber</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>When the <i>Roman Ambassadors</i> had delivered their Commands
-to the <i>Epidaurians</i>, who brought them into the Temple of <i>Æsculapius</i>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span> ... while they were admiring a huge Shrine, a great
-Serpent sliding of a sudden from the <i>Adytum</i> (which was a Place
-of Retirement in the Pagan Temples, where Oracles were given,
-into which none but Priests were admitted) upon sight of it the
-Priests, in a devout Posture, said to the Company, <i>that the Deity
-shrouded itself in that Form</i>, and when it appear’d in this <i>Fashion</i>,
-’twas look’d upon as a <i>happy Omen</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Serpent was seen for two Days in the Temple, and afterwards
-disappeared, but on the third Day it past thro’ the Croud
-(which gazed on and worship’d) and went directly to the Port
-where the <i>Roman Galley</i> stood; and having enter’d into it, laid
-itself down in the Cabin of <i>Q. Ogulnius</i>, the chief Ambassador.
-They set sail from thence ... and soon arrived at <i>Rome</i>. The
-whole City came out to see this wonderful Thing——Altars were
-built, Incense burnt, and Sacrifices offer’d. The Serpent swam
-over to the <i>Isle of Tyber</i>, (which afterwards was called <i>Æsculapius</i>’s
-<i>Isle</i>) and since was never seen.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Senate concluding this Island to be the Place chosen
-by the God, decreed that a Temple should be built for <i>Æsculapius</i>
-there—whereupon the Plague ceased. The Temple grew famous
-for rich Offerings, in Consideration of their Deliverance
-from the Plague by that Deity<a id='r400' /><a href='#f400' class='c019'><sup>[400]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f400'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r400'>400</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Livy.</i> lib. xi. <i>Quære</i>, Whether the
-Historian’s Faith kept pace with his Pen?</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>VALERIUS MAXIMUS</i> says, that the Priests looking
-into the <i>Sibyls Books</i>, observed there was no other way to restore
-the City to its former Health, but by bringing the Image of <i>Æsculapius</i>
-from <i>Epidaurus</i> ... upon which Ambassadors were sent<a id='r401' /><a href='#f401' class='c019'><sup>[401]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f401'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r401'>401</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Val. Maxim.</i> lib. i. cap. 8. See <i>Ovid. Metamorph.</i> lib. 25.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Poets and Mythologists, in order to shew there was no
-Distemper but <i>Æsculapius</i> could cure, said, he raised the Dead.
-Thus at the Request of <i>Diana</i>, he restor’d <i>Hippolytus</i> to Life,
-who had been torn to pieces by his Horses. We can’t doubt of
-the Credulity of the People in thinking him rank’d among the
-Gods, after so many Temples, Inscriptions, and Medals dedicated
-to his Memory.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The most famous Temples consecrated to <i>Æsculapius</i>, were
-that of <i>Epidaurus</i><a id='r402' /><a href='#f402' class='c019'><sup>[402]</sup></a>, that in the Isle of <i>Co</i>, that of <i>Cyrene</i>, that of <i>Pergamos</i>, that in the Isle of <i>Tyber</i><a id='r403' /><a href='#f403' class='c019'><sup>[403]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f402'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r402'>402</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Pliny Nat. Hist.</i> lib. 4. c. 5.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f403'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r403'>403</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>For these, see <i>Strabo</i>, <i>Val. Maximus</i>,
-<i>Herodot., Livy</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>As to the Inscriptions in honour of <i>Æsculapius</i>, <i>Gruterus</i>
-has these following, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Æsculapio, Hygeæ, &amp; ceteris Diis &amp; Deabus.</i></div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Deo Æsculapio, &amp; Hygeæ, conservatoribus.</i></div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Deo Æsculapio, &amp; Deæ Hygeæ.</i></div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'><i>N. B.</i> The Title of Conservator, or Saviour, was the ordinary
-Elogium of <i>Æsculapius</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Isle of <i>Co</i>, there was a Coin whereon <i>Æsculapius</i> was
-called the <i>Saviour</i>; and so on a Coin of <i>Ancyra</i>. Games are also
-mentioned, instituted in honour of him as Saviour. The Symbol
-of <i>Æsculapius</i> was a <i>Serpent</i>, or <i>Dragon</i>, about a <i>little Rod</i>, as
-may be seen in several Medals, and by the Testimony of the
-Poet<a id='r404' /><a href='#f404' class='c019'><sup>[404]</sup></a>. Wherever he was worship’d in Statues of a <i>human Figure</i>,
-a <i>Staff was put into his Left-hand, with a Serpent about it</i>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f404'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r404'>404</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ovid. Metam.</i> lib. 5. Qualis in æde.... Esse solet, baculumque tenens agreste
-sinistra.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This seems to be the reason why Antiquity represents the first
-Masters of Physick (as <i>Hermes</i>, <i>Æsculapius</i>, <i>Hippocrates</i>, in their
-Statues and Medals) with a <i>Viper</i> added to their <i>Figure</i>; and also
-why they worship’d those <i>Physicians under the Form of Serpents</i><a id='r405' /><a href='#f405' class='c019'><sup>[405]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f405'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r405'>405</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Salomonis Cellarii—Origines &amp; Antiquitates Medicæ.</i> Printed at <i>Hall</i> in <i>Saxony</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Serpent of <i>Æsculapius</i>, the reputed God of Physick, had
-its Rise from the miraculous Cures done by <i>Moses</i>’s <i>Serpent</i> in the
-Camp of <i>Israel</i>. Serpents of bright and golden Colour were all
-counted sacred to <i>Æsculapius</i>, and were cicur’d, or made tame by
-human Arts. A <i>Dragon</i> was usually annex’d to his <i>Image</i>, and
-to that of <i>Health</i>, nothing being thought <i>available</i> without the
-<i>Presence of a Serpent</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>At <i>Pella</i> in <i>Macedonia</i>, the Royal Seat, and <i>Alexander</i>’s Birth-place,
-were <i>Dragons</i> of a large Bulk, but of a gentle Nature,
-maintain’d at the Expence of the Government, as Creatures bearing
-a <i>sacred Character</i>, and worthy of the publick Regard. Because
-many tame Serpents were kept in that Place, the fabulous
-Poets said, <i>Alexander was born of a Serpent</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The People of <i>Argos</i> in <i>Greece</i>, had Serpents in such great
-Veneration, that nobody was suffer’d to kill them with impunity<a id='r406' /><a href='#f406' class='c019'><sup>[406]</sup></a>.
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>The <i>Pagan Temples</i> were wont to be haunted with Serpents, in
-so much that it grew into a Phrase of Speech, the <i>sacred Serpent</i><a id='r407' /><a href='#f407' class='c019'><sup>[407]</sup></a>.
-And thus Serpents are deified and solemnly enrolled among the
-Gods.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f406'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r406'>406</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Ælian.</i> lib. xii. cap. 34.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f407'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r407'>407</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Sacer anguis.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>SANCHONIATHON</i>, a <i>Phœnician Historiographer</i>, and
-<i>Philo Biblius</i>, who translated his Antiquities, have left us a full
-Account of the Origin of the <i>Apotheosis</i>, or <i>Canonization of Serpents</i><a id='r408' /><a href='#f408' class='c019'><sup>[408]</sup></a>;
-which leads me to say something of what the Ancients
-called <i>Apotheosis of departed Souls</i>, and the Strange Ceremonies
-used in the <i>Apotheosis</i> or <i>Deification</i> of the deceased Emperor, who
-had deserved well of their Country.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f408'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r408'>408</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Sanchoniathon</i> is supposed by some to be
-cotemporary with <i>Gideon</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>APOTHEOSIS</i> among the Ancients was a Pagan Ceremony
-whereby Emperors and great Men were placed among the
-Gods, called also <i>Deification</i>, and <i>Consecration</i>: Temples and
-Altars were erected to the new Deities, <i>viz.</i> Serpents and Men,
-Sacrifices offered to them; and for that end, Colleges of Priests
-were instituted for the Honour of these Demi-Gods.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It was one of the Doctrines of <i>Pythagoras</i>, which he borrowed
-from the <i>Chaldeans</i>, that useful and virtuous Persons, after
-their Death, were raised into the <i>Order of the Gods</i>. Hence the
-Ancients <i>deified</i> all the Inventors of Things that were beneficial
-to Mankind, and those who had done Services of Importance to
-their Country.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>By degrees these <i>new Gods</i> grew very numerous. One of
-their own Poets rallying them for frequent Deifications, introduces
-poor <i>Atlas</i>, who is said to <i>bear the Heavens on his Shoulders</i>,
-complaining, that he was ready to sink under the Number and
-Weight of so many <i>new Gods</i>, as were every day coin’d, and
-added to the Heavens, which made his Shoulders to warch.
-<i>N. B.</i> <i>Atlas</i> in Anatomy is the Name of the first <i>Vertebra</i> of the
-Neck, which supports the Head, and is the highest, so called in
-allusion to the famous Mountain <i>Atlas</i> in <i>Africa</i>, suppos’d to be
-the highest in the World, so that it seems to hold up the Heavens;
-and also to the Fable that makes <i>Atlas</i> King of <i>Mauritania</i>
-in that Country, to bear up the visible Heavens. I now
-proceed to the Description which we have in <i>Herodian</i>, a <i>Greek</i>
-Historian in the third Century, who in speaking of the <i>Apotheosis</i>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>of the Emperor <i>Severus</i>, gives us a very full Account of that strange
-Ceremony, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>... After the Body of the deceased Emperor had been
-burnt with the usual Solemnities, they placed an Image of Wax
-perfectly like him, but of a sickly Aspect, on a large Bed of
-Ivory, covered with Cloth of Gold, which they exposed to publick
-View at the Entrance of the Palace-Gate.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The greatest Part of the Day the Senate sat ranged on the
-left side of the Bed, drest in Mourning Robes; the Ladies of
-the first Rank sitting on the right side, in plain and white Robes,
-without any Ornaments.... This lasted for seven Days successively;
-during which, the Physicians came from time to time to
-visit the Sick, always making their Report that he grew worse,
-till at length they publish’d it, that he was dead.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This done, the <i>young Senators</i> and <i>Roman Knights</i> took the
-Bed of State upon their Shoulders, carrying it thro’ the <i>Via sacra</i>
-to the old <i>Forum</i>, where the Magistrates used to divest themselves
-of their Offices: There they let it down between two kinds
-of Amphitheatres; in the one, were the Youth, and in the other
-the Maidens of the first Families in <i>Rome</i>, singing Hymns set to
-solemn Airs in praise of the Deceased.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Those Hymns ended, the Bed was carried out of the City
-into the <i>Campus Martius</i>, in the middle of which Place was erected
-a kind of square Pavilion; the Inside thereof was full of
-combustible Matter, and the Outside hung with Cloth of Gold,
-and adorned with Figures of Ivory, and various Paintings.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Over this Edifice were several others, like the first in Form
-and Decoration, but less; always diminishing, and growing slenderer
-towards the Top, and a great many aromatick Perfumes,
-and odoriferous Fruits and Herbs were thrown all around: After
-which, the Knights made a Procession in solemn Measures about
-the Pile; several Chariots ran round it, those who conducted
-them being clad in purple Robes, and bearing the Images of the
-greatest <i>Roman</i> Emperors and Generals.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>This Ceremony ended, the new Emperor came to the <i>Catafalco</i>
-or Pile with a Torch in his hand, and at the same time
-Fire was put to it on all sides by the Company, the Spices and
-all Combustibles kindling all at once. While this was doing,
-they let fly from the Top of the Building an <i>Eagle</i>, which
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>mounting into the Air with a Firebrand, carried the Soul of the
-dead Emperor along with it into Heaven, as the <i>Romans</i> believ’d;
-and thenceforward <i>he was ranked among the Gods</i>. ’Tis for this
-Reason that the Medals wherein the <i>Apotheoses</i> are represented,
-have usually an Altar with Fire upon it, or however an Eagle
-taking its Flight into the Air, and sometimes two Eagles<a id='r409' /><a href='#f409' class='c019'><sup>[409]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f409'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r409'>409</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Herodian</i>, who writ his History in 8 Books, from whom we have the Ceremonies
-of the Apotheosis of the <i>Roman</i> Emperors, lib. 4.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>A certain Emperor being asked, what he had done to
-merit an <i>Apotheosis</i>? He answered, <i>He had always studied to resemble
-the Gods</i>. And being asked again, In what did he endeavour
-to be like them? He answered, <i>In having as few Wants
-as possible of my own, and doing good in the most extensive Way to
-others</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>There is no Place so remote in the World, but has been
-polluted with this monstrous Idolatry, <i>of worshipping Serpents</i>.
-The northern Historians tell us, the People of <i>Lithuania</i> in <i>Poland</i>
-worship’d Serpents; and ’tis not long ago, since that gross
-Idolatry was abolish’d, of which <i>Sigismund</i> Baron of <i>Herberstein</i>,
-gives us this memorable Story, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>——Returning, says he, from <i>Massovia</i> near <i>Wilna</i>, my
-Host acquainted me, he had bought a Hive of Bees, from one
-of these <i>Serpent-Worshippers</i>, whom with much ado he had persuaded
-to kill the Serpent, and worship the true God: Within
-a while after coming that Way, he found the poor Fellow miserably
-tortured and deformed, his Face wrinkl’d and turn’d awry;
-and demanding the Cause of it, he answer’d, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>THAT this Judgment was inflicted upon him for killing his
-God</i>, and that he was like to endure heavier Torments if he did
-not return to his former Worship. Which brings to my Mind
-a Passage in one of the Fathers, relating to the <i>Carthaginians</i>,
-who having been compelled by <i>Agathocles</i> King of <i>Sicily</i> to
-leave off those horrid Sacrifices of human Victims to <i>Saturn</i>, forbore
-them a long time: But a great Calamity being brought
-upon them for disusing those human Sacrifices; and to atone
-for their Neglect, <i>they sacrificed at once two hundred Children of
-the noblest Families in</i> Carthage<a id='r410' /><a href='#f410' class='c019'><sup>[410]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f410'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r410'>410</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Cum victi essent ab Agathocle rege Siculorum, iratum sibi
-Deum putavisse, itaque ut diligentius piaculum solverent
-ducentos nobilium filios immolasse. Lactantius. Lib. 1. Sect. 21. p. 67. <i>Lugd. Batav.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>But to return to the <i>Baron</i> of the North, who adds, That
-in his Time, the People in <i>Samogitia</i>, East of the <i>Baltick</i> Sea,
-did still pay <i>divine Honours to a Serpent as a Deity</i>.... Some of
-those that inhabit the Deserts, adore a <i>four-footed Serpent</i>,
-under the Name of <i>Givosit</i>. Few Families there, are without
-<i>Serpents</i>, for their <i>Domestick Gods</i>, to whom they give more than
-ordinary Veneration, tho’ at the same time they profess the Christian
-Faith<a id='r411' /><a href='#f411' class='c019'><sup>[411]</sup></a>, which <i>Jagello</i> their Prince received <i>Anno Domini</i>
-1386. <i>ibid.</i></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f411'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r411'>411</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Atlas <i>Europe</i>, p. 261.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>English</i> Cosmographer accounts for them thus, <i>viz.</i>
-“The People anciently had <i>Fire</i> and <i>Serpents</i> for their Gods,
-nourishing the last in their Houses, and keeping the other
-continually burning; the Priests of the Temple always adding
-Fuel, that it might not fail. The Vestal Fire was not kept
-more carefully at <i>Rome</i>, nor with greater Ceremony.... To
-this God, (whom they call’d, Lord of the <i>Smoke</i>,) they used
-to sacrifice young Pullets, to the other their Cocks<a id='r412' /><a href='#f412' class='c019'><sup>[412]</sup></a>.” The
-Seed of this Idolatry is so implanted in them, that ’tis said, that in
-a Village of the King’s, called <i>Lovaniski</i>, their chief City, they
-do, to this day <i>worship Serpents</i>. <i>ibid.</i></p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f412'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r412'>412</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Heylin</i>’s Cosmogr. lib. 2. <i>Poland</i> p. 143.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Lithuanians</i>, ’tis said, ador’d three Gods, <i>Fire</i>, <i>Wood</i>,
-and <i>Serpents</i>. These last were counted their <i>Guardian Gods</i>. And
-according to a certain Historian, this kind of superstitious and
-diabolical Worship continues yet in some Parts of the Kingdoms
-of <i>Norway</i> and <i>Vermolandia</i><a id='r413' /><a href='#f413' class='c019'><sup>[413]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f413'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r413'>413</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Olaus Magnus</i>, Archbishop of <i>Upsal.</i> History of the <i>Goths</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Inhabitants of <i>Prussia</i> were barbarous and wild in the
-highest degree, having of old no manner of Religion, or next
-to none, and first began <i>with the Worship of Serpents</i><a id='r414' /><a href='#f414' class='c019'><sup>[414]</sup></a>. There
-are Countries in the <i>Indies</i>, says <i>Jurieu</i>, where Serpents are worship’d
-to this day.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f414'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r414'>414</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Erasm. Stella</i> in the Antiquities of <i>Prussia</i>. Lib. 1.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>ARISTOPHANES</i>, in the Comedy entitled <i>Plutus</i>, observes
-that the Deity gave the Sign, <i>viz.</i> by <i>hissing</i>; upon which
-two monstrous Dragons skip’d out of the Temple<a id='r415' /><a href='#f415' class='c019'><sup>[415]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f415'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r415'>415</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Δυω δρακοντ’ εκ του νεω. Fragmenta p. 52.</div>
- <div class='line'>Dixerat hæc adytis cum lubricus anguis ab imis.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'><span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>When <i>Æneas</i> sacrificed to the <i>Manes</i>, (the departed Soul)
-of his Father <i>Anchises</i>, he saw a <i>Serpent</i> come out of his
-Grave, which he concluded to be either the <i>Tutelar God</i> of his
-Father, or of that Place, which was counted a good Omen.
-We have an Account of some Priests in <i>Asia</i> that expose to
-publick View a Serpent in a brazen Vessel, attended with a great
-Variety of Musick. The Serpent appears in an erect Posture,
-opens its Mouth, and instead of a forked Tongue, appears the
-Head of a beautiful Virgin<a id='r416' /><a href='#f416' class='c019'><sup>[416]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f416'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r416'>416</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Phil. Melanchton.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>NICHOLAS de Lyra</i> makes mention of such another idle
-Conceit, <i>viz.</i> That the Serpent assumed the Face of a beautiful
-Maid, when it tempted <i>Eve</i>. <i>N. B.</i> In the <i>German Bibles</i> printed
-before <i>Luther</i>, among other Figures may be seen that of a Serpent
-with the Face of a very handsome Maid.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In short, so great was the Devotion paid to Serpents, that
-Persons and Things were denominated from them: Yea, some
-would be thought to proceed from Serpents, as the highest Degree
-of Honour. <i>Cadmus</i>’s Companion was called a <i>Serpent</i>, so
-the Giant in <i>Homer</i>, and a certain Prophet in <i>Pausanias</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Primitive Church were an heretical Sect, called <i>Ophites</i>,
-that is Serpents. In <i>Cyprus</i>, and about the <i>Hellespont</i>, were a certain
-People that went by the Name <i>Serpent</i>. So a Soothsayer in <i>Messenia</i>,
-<i>&amp;c.</i> But these came short of <i>Alexander the Great</i>, and
-<i>Scipio Africanus</i>, who were said <i>to be born of Serpents</i>, which they
-look’d upon to be the <i>brightest Insignia</i> in their <i>Escutcheon</i>; but
-more of this <i>Serpentine Pride</i> in the next Chapter.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In such wonderful Esteem were <i>Serpents</i> among them, that
-all manner of Creatures were called by their Name, as Stars,
-Animals, Plants, Trees, Herbs, Rivers, Stones, Islands, Proverbs....
-Nothing was accounted Divine and Grand, unless graced
-by a Serpent<a id='r417' /><a href='#f417' class='c019'><sup>[417]</sup></a>. From this <i>Divinity</i> ascrib’d to Serpents, <i>Pherecides</i>
-took occasion to make a Dissertation concerning the Deity
-called <i>Ophion</i>, from Οφις, a Serpent<a id='r418' /><a href='#f418' class='c019'><sup>[418]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f417'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r417'>417</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Conradus Gesner.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f418'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r418'>418</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Euseb. Præparat. Evang.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c026' />
-</div>
-<div>
- <span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>
- <h4 class='c047'>CHAPTER V.<br /> <br /><span class='sc'>Contents.</span></h4>
-</div>
-<p class='c044'><i>Reasons for worshipping Serpents, seem to rise from Misapplication
-of some Scripture Passages: But especially, 1. From the Triumphs
-of the Paradisaic Serpent. Pagan History from</i> Moses.
-<i>In the primitive Church, a Sect of Christians worship’d Serpents,
-and said the Serpent in Paradise was a good Creature. 2.
-From the miraculous Cures done by the brazen Serpent.</i> Alexander
-<i>affected the Honour of being begot by a Serpent, ador’d as a
-God, by a Decree of the Priests.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c033'><i>WHAT Reason can be assigned for giving religious Worship
-to Serpents?</i> I answer,</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is no easy Matter to find out the Original of Pagan Idolatry,
-having no authentick Records of those remote Times, therefore
-Conjectures, or nothing must content the honest Enquirer:
-Something may be offer’d, without going beyond our Depth.
-Before I proceed, it may be proper to observe, <i>viz.</i> That Knowledge
-sprung from the Sons of <i>Noah</i>, who doubtless instructed
-their Successors in the History of the Creation, the Conquest of
-Paradise by a Serpent, that introduced the Knowledge of Good
-and Evil upon Earth.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Those whom we call <i>Heathens</i>, at first were Members of the
-true Church; the further Men went from the Spring, the Streams
-grew more muddy, and strange Constructions were put upon the
-History of <i>Adam</i> and <i>Eve</i>, <i>Noah</i>, and his Progeny, which in process
-of Time was metamorphosed into a Narrative of Fooleries and
-fabulous Gods.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>So the <i>Mosaick</i> History of their Travels thro’ the Wilderness,
-and the Promulgation of the Law upon Mount <i>Sinai</i>, were strange
-and stupendous Events, that soon spread over the Nations in some
-Shape or other.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the <i>Phœnician Theology</i>, we find the Creation described,
-almost in the Terms used by <i>Moses</i>. <i>Diodorus Siculus</i> says, the
-Antients liv’d upon Roots and Fruits. The <i>Phœnician</i> Records
-mention <i>Ujoris</i>, <i>i. e.</i> <i>Adam</i>, the first that wore Garments
-made of Animal Skins. The <i>Vulcan</i> of the Heathen was the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span><i>Tubal-cain</i> of <i>Moses</i>, (<i>Gen.</i> iv. 22.) the first Artificer in Brass and
-Iron: <i>Plato</i>’s <i>Atlanticus</i> is a Fable founded upon the History of
-<i>Noah</i>’s Flood: The Fable of the Giants storming Heaven, is taken
-from the Builders of the Tower of <i>Babel</i>, as before: Yea,
-says a Learned Father (after <i>Numenius</i>, the celebrated <i>Pythagorean</i>
-and <i>Platonist</i>) what is <i>Plato</i> but <i>Moses in an Athenian Dress</i><a id='r419' /><a href='#f419' class='c019'><sup>[419]</sup></a>?
-But to be more particular,</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f419'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r419'>419</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Τι γαρ εστι Πλατων η Μωσης αττικιζων. <i>Quid
-enim est Plato, nisi Moses qui loquitur Atticè?</i> Or, <i>Quid enim
-aliud est Plato, quam Moses Atticissans</i>? Clementis Alexandrini
-Opera, Strom. lib 1. <i>Coloniæ</i> p. 342.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>1. <i>SATAN</i>, who conducted the War in <i>Eden</i>, display’d his Art
-under the Form of a Serpent, which <i>Moses</i> represents as a Creature
-of superior Wisdom, and Illuminator of Mankind. Now the
-Tradition, that the <i>first Serpent</i> had not only the Gift of speaking,
-but of communicating Science, and had held a Conference with
-the first Woman, to the vast Increase of her Knowledge, might
-at last swell to such a degree, that ignorant People might attribute
-to that Serpent, and her Race, a kind of Divinity; and for
-this Reason also, because in the Perfections of the Mind she exceeded
-our first Parents, who being constituted Governors of the
-Earth, must be supposed to be furnish’d with extraordinary Accomplishments:
-But, says Tradition, here is one who infused
-greater Knowledge into them, and made them more wise; and
-they, for contesting with the <i>Wisdom of the Serpent</i>, were turned
-out of Paradise, and ordain’d their Dwelling to be among the
-Beasts of the Field.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Surely, might the People say, so great a Being as this Serpent
-merits our awful Regards. Now, how far such Thoughts
-might operate in those early days of Ignorance and Superstition,
-I determine not: The Serpent indeed, is said to be more subtle
-than the Beasts of the Field, but not more wise than <i>Adam</i> and
-<i>Eve</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is more strange, to think that in the primitive Church there
-were certain Hereticks call’d <i>Ophites</i>, took their Name from
-<i>Ophis</i><a id='r420' /><a href='#f420' class='c019'><sup>[420]</sup></a>, who worshipped the Serpent that betray’d <i>Eve</i>, and ascribed
-all sorts of Knowledge to that Animal, maintain’d ’twas a
-good Creature, and that our first Parents were instructed by it to
-know Good and Evil. Yea, they believed, “the Serpent that
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>tempted <i>Eve</i> was the <i>Christ</i>, who afterwards came down and
-was incarnate in the Person of <i>Jesus</i>: That it was <i>Jesus</i>, but
-not the <i>Christ</i>, that suffer’d; for which reason they made all
-Proselytes to their Sect, to renounce Jesus<a id='r421' /><a href='#f421' class='c019'><sup>[421]</sup></a>.” If a Sect of
-Christians speak after this manner, what Ideas must the Heathen
-form of things?</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f420'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r420'>420</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>A <i>Greek</i> word that signifies <i>a Serpent</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f421'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r421'>421</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Calmet.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>One of the Fathers speaking of these Hereticks, observes how
-they affirm’d,——<i>That Wisdom made itself a Serpent</i>——had given
-Knowledge to Man, and that the Position of Man’s Bowels,
-winding about like Serpents, shews that there is in us a hidden
-Substance that engenders the Figure of Serpents<a id='r422' /><a href='#f422' class='c019'><sup>[422]</sup></a>. Surely those
-Fathers of the Church were Children in Understanding, that gave
-way to such mystical Conundrums. Call them no more Fathers,
-but Children of Antiquity.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f422'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r422'>422</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Irenæus adv. Hæres.</i> (lib. 1. cap. 34.—<i>sophiam
-serpentem factam</i>—) who flourish’d in the close of the 2d
-Century.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>These Hereticks, in the Consecration of the Eucharist, always
-had a Serpent ready in a Box, which they produced on that
-Occasion, making it come out by certain Charms, and lick the
-Bread, and having kissed the same, they eat it<a id='r423' /><a href='#f423' class='c019'><sup>[423]</sup></a>. Another Historian
-expresses it thus, <i>viz.</i> “When their Priests celebrated their
-Mysteries, they made one of these Creatures to come out of
-his Hole, and after he had roll’d himself upon the Things that
-were to be offer’d in Sacrifice, they said <i>Jesus Christ</i> had sanctified
-them, and then gave them to the People to worship them<a id='r424' /><a href='#f424' class='c019'><sup>[424]</sup></a>.”
-<i>N. B.</i> I don’t apprehend how the <i>Learned Abbot</i> makes them
-bring in the Name <i>Jesus</i> here, a Name which in the same Page
-he says, they obliged their Proselytes to renounce.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f423'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r423'>423</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Bingh. Index Heret.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f424'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r424'>424</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Calmet</i>’s <i>Histor. Dict.</i> vol. ii. p. 668.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>This strange Superstition seems to be derived from the Heathen,
-who at the Feasts of <i>Bacchus</i>, used to carry a <i>Serpent</i>, and
-to cry, <i>Evia, Evia</i><a id='r425' /><a href='#f425' class='c019'><sup>[425]</sup></a>: And <i>Evia</i>, says <i>Clemens Alexandrinus</i>,
-if it be asperated, <i>Hevia</i>, signifies in the <i>Hebrew</i>, a <i>female Serpent</i>.
-Dr. <i>Lightfoot</i> observes, that there being no such Word in
-the <i>Hebrew</i>, <i>Clemens</i> must mean the <i>Chaldee</i>, in which <i>Hivia</i>
-signifies a Serpent.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f425'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r425'>425</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Ευια, ευια.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>2. The Reputation gain’d by the Serpent in Paradise, was heighten’d
-by the wonderful Cures done by the brazen Serpent in the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>Wilderness. As this strange Occurrence was capable of various
-Glosses, so it must undergo different Constructions. The <i>Brazen
-Serpent</i> was brought to <i>Canaan</i>, where ’twas kept in remembrance
-of the miraculous Cures their Forefathers had received from it in
-the Wilderness; and, ’tis probable, the <i>Israelites</i> themselves were
-the first that paid divine Honours to it, and the Idolatry might
-begin in the days of the Judges; others say, under the Kings of
-<i>Judah</i><a id='r426' /><a href='#f426' class='c019'><sup>[426]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f426'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r426'>426</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jurieu</i>, vol. ii. from <i>Rabbi Kimchi</i>, who
-says they burnt Incense to it, from the time the Kings of <i>Judah</i>
-had corrupted themselves ... <i>in locum</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>It lay quiet there, <i>until those Days, the Children of Israel burnt
-Incense to it</i>. That is, from the days <i>Israel</i> began to commit
-Idolatry, to the days of <i>Hezekiah</i>; who, to prevent the Growth
-of that Serpentine Idolatry, <i>brake in pieces the brazen Serpent that
-Moses had made</i>. 2 Kings xviii. 4.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Sound of the strange Cures done by the <i>brazen Serpent</i>,
-soon spread over the forsaken Nations, who, observing how the
-Wounded were healed by looking at it, conceived it to be a proper
-Instrument to be their Mediator, and consequently a fit Object
-for their Adoration, when even the Wounded in <i>Israel</i>, by addressing
-to its Shadow, were healed.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>It is most probable, that the Adoration of Serpents by the
-Pagans, sprung from these two Fountains,</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Wisdom of the Serpent</i> in Paradise, and the <i>miraculous
-Cures</i> done by the <i>Shadow of a Serpent</i> in the Wilderness; which
-were improved by the Devil to secure his Honour and Interest,
-who wanted not Priests to display the Glories of their Character,
-to make the Serpent honourable in the sight of his Vassals. From
-hence, the <i>Egyptians</i>, <i>Phenicians</i>, yea most Nations, did imagine
-the Serpent to have some <i>Divinity in its Nature</i>, and for that
-reason (as hinted before) honour’d it with sacred Homage; this
-the Devil did, with a view to lessen Men’s Esteem for the Almighty
-Creator.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Hence also some Men of superior Dignity have affected to
-be esteem’d more than meer Men, making this as an Argument,
-that they were <i>begot by Serpents</i>, as we observed already, therefore
-I shall only add, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>That <i>Alexander the Great</i>, after he had taken <i>Rhodes</i>, <i>Egypt</i>
-and <i>Cilicia</i>, addrest <i>Jupiter Ammon</i> to know his Original, for his
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>Mother <i>Olympias</i> had confest to his Father <i>Philip</i>, that <i>Alexander</i>
-was not begot by him, but by a <i>Serpent</i> of <i>vast Bulk</i>; whereupon
-<i>Philip</i> was divorced from his Wife <i>Olympias</i>, and <i>Alexander</i>
-was saluted Son of <i>Ammon</i>, and by Order of the Priests, his Companions
-were enjoin’d to worship him as a <i>God</i>, and not as a
-<i>King</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>ALEXANDER</i>, when he had conquer’d <i>Darius</i> III. surnam’d
-<i>Codomannus</i>, and was possest of the <i>Persian</i> Empire, writ to the
-<i>Grecians</i>, that they should <i>decree him to be a God</i>. Hereupon
-several Decrees were made: The <i>Lacedemonians</i> exprest their
-Compliance in this short Decree, <i>viz.</i> <i>Forasmuch as</i> Alexander
-<i>would be a God, let him be a God</i>. Thus with Laconick Brevity,
-fashionable among the <i>Lacedemonians</i>, they humour’d and reproved
-the Pride of their King at once<a id='r427' /><a href='#f427' class='c019'><sup>[427]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f427'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r427'>427</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Επειδἡ Αλεξανδρος βουλεται Θεδς ειναι εσο Θεος. Æliani variæ Hist. lib. ii. cap. xix.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>VARRO</i> was of Opinion, that all gallant and heroick Men
-should believe themselves, tho’ falsly, to issue from the Gods ...
-that upon this Supposition, they might attempt great things
-with more Courage, and prosecute them with more Ardency; and
-tho’ the Motive was but imaginary, yet might produce glorious
-Effects<a id='r428' /><a href='#f428' class='c019'><sup>[428]</sup></a>. When <i>Varro</i> writ this, ’tis probable he had <i>Alexander the
-Great</i> in his view.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f428'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r428'>428</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Ex Diis genitos—<i>Aug. de Civitate Dei.</i> cap. 4.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Such is their Opinion of their King in <i>China</i>, that they think
-he is descended from the Race of some Demi-God, and so adore
-him accordingly. They believe there is some Divinity in his
-Blood, in so much that he never marries any but his next Relatives,
-for fear of staining the Royal Blood<a id='r429' /><a href='#f429' class='c019'><sup>[429]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f429'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r429'>429</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Howel</i>’s <i>Londinopolis</i>. p. 384.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Among the Antients, Serpents were Emblems of Power;
-therefore <i>Epaminondas</i>, the brave <i>Theban</i> General, to encourage
-his Army against a powerful Enemy, <i>bruised the Head of a Serpent</i>
-before them as a Prognostick of Victory.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Thus King <i>James</i> I. tho’ the <i>Dupe of all Christendom</i>, says a
-certain Gentleman, yet was the grand Idol of the Court-Clergy.
-That Pedantry which would have brought a School-Boy under
-the just Discipline of the Rod, in him was represented by his parasitical
-Preferment-hunting Ecclesiasticks, as divine Eloquence,
-and the Inspiration of the Almighty....</p>
-<div>
- <span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>
- <h4 class='c047'>CHAPTER VI.</h4>
-</div>
-<p class='c044'><i>Reasons for worshipping hurtful as well as useful Creatures, founded
-on a Notion of two eternal contrary Principles: They believe God
-was good, and could not be the Author of moral Evil, therefore
-fram’d the Ditheistical Doctrine; an Error, espoused by some
-primitive Christians, confuted by the Sentence past upon the Serpent.
-Reasons for worshipping different Species of Animals by
-the</i> Egyptians.</p>
-
-<p class='c033'>Whence arises the Honour given by Heathens to different
-Species of Beings, to the noxious and hurtful, as
-well as to the salutary and beneficent Tribe?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Probably, it might be from their observing the <i>Mixtures
-of Good and Evil</i> in the visible Creation, when as yet in their
-infantile State of Knowledge: The reason of this they could not
-otherwise account for, but by giving into the Notion of <i>two distinct
-independent governing Powers</i>; the one a good, the other an evil
-Genius: accordingly they worshipped Creatures that were useful,
-as being the Ministers of the good Genius; and those that were
-hurtful they paid Homage to, out of servile Fear, and to ingratiate
-themselves into their Favour. In the Morning they worshipped
-the <i>celestial Gods</i>; in the Evening, the <i>infernal</i>: On the
-Plain they worshipped the terrestrial Gods, on Hills the supernatural;
-in Grotos and Caves, the infernal.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Hence it is they asserted a Duplicity of Gods, <i>viz.</i> Two
-perceptive self-existent Beings, one the Principle of Good, and
-the other of Evil. This Opinion originally sprung from a strong,
-firm Persuasion, <i>That God was invariably Good, and therefore could
-not possibly be the Author of the Evil upon Earth</i>. Nor could they
-otherwise solve the Difficulty about the Entrance of moral Evil
-into our World, but by supposing another eternal self-existent evil
-Cause.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Yea, some among the primitive Christians fell into the Error
-of asserting this <i>Ditheistical</i> Doctrine; that is, two self-existent
-Principles in the Universe, to wit, a <i>good God</i>, and an <i>evil Demon</i>.
-Thus the <i>Cerdonites</i>, an heretical Sect, that sprung up in the second
-Century, held there were two Gods; one, the Author of
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>all good, the other, of all evil Things. So the <i>Marcionites</i> held
-two contrary Gods; and in the third Century, the <i>Manichees</i>
-did the same.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Perhaps, this might be one reason why God past Sentence
-upon the Devil in the Serpent, in the presence and hearing of our
-first Parents, <i>viz.</i> to prevent the Error of imagining that there
-was any Principle of Evil, which was independent upon the Almighty.
-The Sentence past upon Satan in the Curse upon the
-Serpent, was a Conviction to <i>Adam</i> and <i>Eve</i> of his Dependency
-upon the Almighty Creator, before whose Tribunal he now was
-constrained to appear, to receive the Sentence merited by those,
-who make a Lye, and tempt their Fellow-creatures to rebel.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>REASONS about the Adoration of different kind of Animals
-by the</i> Egyptians.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>If you ask, that if they worshipped a Serpent, why did they
-pay religious Honours to so many other Beasts? I answer, This
-monstrous Idolatry begun in <i>Egypt</i>, and the first occasion for it
-seems to be this, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>OSIRIS</i>, a certain King of <i>Egypt</i>, who reign’d with great
-Equity and Mildness, having divided his Kingdom into several
-distinct Provinces, appointed Presidents over them, and in their
-Banners he placed the Figures, or Pictures of certain Animals, that
-bore some Similitude to the Peculiarities of those Countries, over
-which they were to preside: Thus to the Governor, whose Land
-was proper for Tillage, he design’d an <i>Ox</i> in his Standard, to
-which the Inhabitants of that Place paid a particular Veneration,
-which in process of time was worshipped by the whole Nation,
-for its Usefulness, and as the Symbol of Agriculture: Hence the
-Image of <i>Osiris</i> is set off with Horns.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>golden Calf</i> which <i>Aaron</i> made in the Wilderness, and
-the Calves set up by <i>Jeroboam</i> to be worshipped in his Kingdom,
-were an Imitation of the idolatrous Adoration, which the <i>Egyptians</i>
-paid to their <i>Bull Apis</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>That part of the Country, in which was abundance of Water,
-the King set a <i>Crocodile</i> (an amphibious Animal) in his Banner,
-that was to govern there, which was had in high Veneration,
-especially in the City of <i>Mira</i>; and at last the <i>Crocodile</i> was
-worshipped all over <i>Egypt</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>Where the Country abounded with Wood, a <i>Dog</i> was fixt
-in the Governor’s Standard, to which the <i>Egyptians</i> gave no little
-Veneration, especially Sportsmen ... as the Poet observes<a id='r430' /><a href='#f430' class='c019'><sup>[430]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f430'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r430'>430</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Oppida tota canem venerantur, nemo Dianam.</i></div>
- <div class='line'>The Dog whole Towns, <i>Diana</i> none implore.</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Juvenal. Satir. xv.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>That which gives some colour to this Partition of <i>Osiris</i>’s
-Kingdom, is, “that God ordained very near the same thing to be
-observed in the Encampments of the <i>Israelites</i>, when he divided
-the twelve Tribes into four Bodies, and allotted to one of the
-three Tribes, belonging to each Body, <i>the Figure of an Animal
-to be placed in the Banner</i>: Thus, that of <i>Reuben</i> carried the
-Figure of a <i>Man</i>; that of <i>Judah</i>, a <i>Lion</i>; that of <i>Dan</i>, an
-<i>Eagle</i>; and that of <i>Ephraim</i>, an <i>Ox</i><a id='r431' /><a href='#f431' class='c019'><sup>[431]</sup></a>”.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f431'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r431'>431</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Jurieu’s Crit. Hist.</i> vol. ii.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>After this manner the <i>Egyptian</i> Monarch did place in their
-Banners the Figures of certain Animals, which by degrees were
-usher’d into their Religion and Temples.
-<i>N. B.</i> These Banners thus painted with different Animals,
-were fixt upon Poles, between their several Provinces, by which
-their Bounds were determined. <i>Semiramis</i>, being conquered by
-<i>Staurobates</i>, Antiquity feign’d she was changed by the Gods into
-a Dove, the Bird of <i>Venus</i>, which is the reason why the <i>Dove</i>
-was worshipped by the <i>Babylonians</i>, and why they gave it in their
-Ensign.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I Conclude this Part with some Instances, that are given of
-the Sottishness of <i>Pagans</i> in what they called religious Worship,
-which indeed is almost incredible, if they were not common, and
-well attested.—— The <i>Egyptians</i> did not only worship variety of
-Beasts, but also the Figures of them, as the Representatives of
-their Gods: Each City and District entertain’d a peculiar Devotion
-for some particular Beast or other, in honour of which they
-built Temples; yea, every one of the <i>Pagan Deities</i> had his own
-Beast, Tree and Plant consecrated to him. Thus the <i>Pigeon</i> was
-consecrated to <i>Venus</i>; the <i>Dragon</i> and <i>Owl</i> to <i>Minerva</i>; the <i>Eagle</i>
-to <i>Jupiter</i>; the <i>Cock</i> to <i>Æsculapius</i> and the <i>Sun</i>. This, says <i>Jurieu</i>,
-is the true Origin of the <i>Egyptian Idolatry</i>. <i>Ibid.</i> Who
-adds, The <i>Egyptians</i> assign’d to their Gods certain Animals, as
-their Representatives, and being introduced into the Temples,
-as the Images were in some Christian Churches, they at last began
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>to worship them. This points out the Impiety of admitting
-any symbolical Representations of Divinity into Places of publick
-Worship.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Nothing more monstrous than the <i>Divinity</i> of the <i>Pagans</i>;
-their Gods were innumerable. Every thing on <i>Earth</i>, in the
-<i>Sea</i>, in the <i>Heavens</i>, yea, and in <i>Hell</i>, had their <i>peculiar Gods</i>.
-If <i>Egyptians</i>, who past for the wisest of Mortals, paid religious
-Adoration to <i>meer Animals</i>, not only to Serpents, but Apes,
-Wolves, yea, Dogs, Cats, ... and to Vegetables, as Onions,
-Garlick ... what shall we think of stupid Nations, who had no
-Claim to Wisdom?</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Even in <i>Athens</i> (that celebrated Fountain of Light) were
-more Idols than in all <i>Greece</i>; yea, so numerous were their Idols,
-that they had almost as many Gods as Men<a id='r432' /><a href='#f432' class='c019'><sup>[432]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f432'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r432'>432</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Facilius possis Deum, quam hominem invenire.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>STRABO</i>, <i>Procopius</i>, and <i>Ben Jonas</i> say, the antient <i>Persians</i>
-kept and worshipped their <i>perpetual Fire</i> on Mount <i>Albors</i>,
-a Branch of <i>Caucasus</i>. The <i>Japonese</i> worship the Devil, and the
-Head of their Religion is called <i>Dair</i>, whom they worship as a
-God. <i>Atlas.</i></p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I Should rather think the <i>Persians</i> ador’d the supreme God,
-under the Image of <i>Fire</i>, by reason ’tis Fire gives Motion to every
-thing in Nature, and therefore they made it an Emblem of Divinity.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Hebrews</i> kept up the <i>holy Fire</i> in the <i>Temple</i>, and the
-<i>Vestals</i> were appointed to keep the sacred Fire of the <i>Romans</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'><i>VULCAN</i> was worshipped among the Antients, and particularly
-the <i>Egyptians</i>, as the <i>Inventor of Fire</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The People of <i>Egypt</i> exceeded most Nations in depreciating
-Divinity by gross Superstitions and Idolatry; they did not err in
-worshipping Mortals only, but they gave Reverence to Beasts,
-Birds, Insects, Winds, Earth, Water, Air, Fire, Plants, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-whom <i>Rhodius Anaxandrides</i>, one of themselves, derides in this
-manner:</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>I sacrifice to God the Beef, which you adore;</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>I broil th’</i> Egyptian <i>Eels, which you as God implore</i>.</div>
- <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span><i>You fear to eat the Flesh of Swine, I find it sweet:</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>You worship Dogs, to beat them I think meet,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>When they my Store devour.<a id='r433' /><a href='#f433' class='c019'><sup>[433]</sup></a></i>——</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote c026' id='f433'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r433'>433</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Bovem colis, ego Deis macto Bovem;</div>
- <div class='line'>Tu maximum anguillam, Deum putas: ego,</div>
- <div class='line'>Obsoniorum credidi, suavissimum,</div>
- <div class='line'>Carnes suillas, tu caves, at gaudeo</div>
- <div class='line'>His maximè. Canem colis, quem verbero.</div>
- <div class='line'>Edentem, ubi deprehendo, forte obsonium.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>Thus <i>Juvenal</i>, another Heathen Poet, ridicules their religious
-Fooleries:</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Oh happy Nations! which, of their own sowing,</i></div>
- <div class='line'><i>Have store of Gods, in ev’ry Garden growing.<a id='r434' /><a href='#f434' class='c019'><sup>[434]</sup></a></i></div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote c026' id='f434'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r434'>434</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
-<div class='lg-container-b c039'>
- <div class='linegroup'>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'>Porrum &amp; cæpe nefas violare &amp; frangere morsu,</div>
- <div class='line'>Oh sanctas gentes quibus hæc nascuntur in hortis</div>
- <div class='line'>Numina!——</div>
- </div>
- <div class='group'>
- <div class='line'><i>Sat.</i> xv. <i>l.</i> 8, 9, 10.</div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c031'>The Images of the Gods, says <i>Seneca</i>, are worshipped; these
-they pray unto and adore, and while they greatly admire them,
-at the same time despise the Workmen that made them<a id='r435' /><a href='#f435' class='c019'><sup>[435]</sup></a>. Which
-also <i>Sedulius</i> their Poet scoffs at, saying,——Who worship Vanities
-... despise their own Maker ... fear the Works of their
-own Hands.... What Madness! that Man should ugly Shapes
-adore, of Bulls, Birds, Dragons, the vile Half-Dog, or Half-Man,
-on Knees for Aid implore<a id='r436' /><a href='#f436' class='c019'><sup>[436]</sup></a>.——</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f435'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r435'>435</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Simulachra Deorum venerantur——fabros qui ilia fecêre,
-contemnunt.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f436'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r436'>436</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Heu miseri vana colunt——ut volucrem, turpemque Bovem,
-torvumque Draconem, sem-hominemque canem supplex
-homo pronus adoret.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Yet among the Nations were some who thought it Impiety
-to represent their Gods by Images, as the <i>Persians</i>, <i>Indian Brachmans</i>,
-<i>&amp;c.</i><a id='r437' /><a href='#f437' class='c019'><sup>[437]</sup></a> Yea, the <i>Romans</i>, for 170 Years, would not allow
-Images in their Temples, observing the Law of <i>Numa</i>. It was
-<i>Tarquinius Priscus</i> that followed the Vanity of the <i>Grecians</i> (a
-Nation of all others, excepting <i>Egypt</i>, most deluded by the old
-Serpent) set up the Images of their Gods, which even the Learned
-<i>Varro</i> bewailed and condemned. The <i>Mahometans</i> have a perfect
-Aversion to Images. The <i>Jews</i> hate all Images, will not allow
-any in their Houses, much less in Places of Worship. But to
-proceed:</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f437'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r437'>437</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Hospinian. de Origine Imaginum.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The apostate <i>Indians</i> worship both Gods and Devils, over
-which they acknowledge a Supreme, who sends forth other Deities
-as his Deputies; which they think to be the Souls of good
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>Men; and Devils, the Souls of the Wicked.... They imagine
-the Sun and Moon to be Gods; their Idols are represented as
-Monsters of the kind<a id='r438' /><a href='#f438' class='c019'><sup>[438]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f438'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r438'>438</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Atlas Asia.</i> page 662.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>“In the Kingdom of <i>Pegu</i> in the East, the People are exceeding
-superstitious, and scruple not to worship the Devil, whom
-they reckon the Author of Evil; as they do God, of Good:
-And in all Calamities, their first Addresses are to the evil Spirit,
-for Deliverance; and they make Vows to him, which they
-perform upon their Recovery, with the Assistance of their
-Priests, whom they call the Devil’s Father, and he directs them
-to make sacred Feasts with Musick.” Many of them run about
-in the Morning with a Torch in one Hand, and Rice in the
-other; pretending to give the Devil his Breakfast, that he may
-not hurt them that Day. Others at their Meals, throw part of
-what they have over their Shoulders, to feed him, before they
-eat any themselves. <i>Ibid.</i> p. 662.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>At <i>Tavay</i> in that Country, they replenish their Houses with
-Victuals, and leave them for three Months, that the Devils may
-dwell and feed there, and be favourable all the rest of the Year.
-<i>ibid.</i> They have a sort of Monks called <i>Talapoins</i>, who endeavour
-to root out this Devil Worship, but without effect.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The <i>Aruspices</i>, were an <i>Order</i> of <i>Priests</i> among the antient
-<i>Romans</i>, who pretended to foretell Events, chiefly by inspecting
-the Entrails of Beasts killed in Sacrifice ... Birds, and celestial
-Appearances. <i>Cato</i>, who was one of the <i>Augurs</i>, conscious of
-their impious Politicks, used to say, <i>He wondered how one Priest
-could look at another without laughing in his Face</i>. These Augural
-Priests made a College, or Community; they bore an Augural
-Staff or Wand, called <i>Lituus</i>, made in form of a <i>Crozier</i>, or a
-Bishop’s Staff, or Shepherd’s Crook, as the Ensign of their Office
-and Authority—— And what is most ridiculous is, that no Affair
-of Moment could be resolved upon, without first consulting these
-holy Cheats; and their Advice, be what it would, was by a Decree
-of the Senate appointed to be exactly and religiously observed.
-<i>Ornithomancy</i>, or Divination by Birds, was, among the <i>Greeks</i>,
-the same with <i>Augury</i> among the <i>Romans</i>.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>At <i>Angola</i> and <i>Congo</i> in the <i>East-Indies</i>, wooden Idols, resembling
-Negroes, are erected in the midst of their Towns, which
-they daily worship. ’Tis their Belief they are never sick, but
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>when their Idols are angry with them; therefore to appease them,
-they pour at their Feet the <i>Wine of Palms</i>. They wash, paint,
-and new cloath their Dead, and bury with them Meat, Drink,
-and some of their Goods, and sprinkle the Grave with the Blood
-of Goats. Their Priests are in such high Esteem, that they think
-Plenty and Famine, Life and Death, are in their power<a id='r439' /><a href='#f439' class='c019'><sup>[439]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f439'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r439'>439</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>See <i>Purchas</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The old Inhabitants of <i>Virginia</i> believed many Gods, but
-one principally, who made the rest ... and that the Woman
-was made before the Man, and propagated by the Help of one
-of the inferior Gods. The Natives are <i>Anthropomorphites</i>, giving
-to their Gods the Forms of Men.... When they go abroad,
-they carry their Gods about with them, and in Matters of Doubt
-ask Counsel of them. Much of their Devotion consists in howling
-and dancing about Fires, with Rattles in their Hands.
-<i>Quære</i>, Whether this Custom be not the Original of Castanets or
-Snappers in Dancing<a id='r440' /><a href='#f440' class='c019'><sup>[440]</sup></a>?</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f440'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r440'>440</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><i>Hackluit in Purchas.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>Another Instance of monstrous Degeneracy, we have among
-the <i>Phenicians</i>, who offer’d yearly Sacrifices to <i>Saturn</i> of
-young <i>Infants</i>; and in the Temple of <i>Venus</i>, practised not only
-Whoredom, but the most unnatural Sin of Sodomy also; yea,
-by the Laws of their Religion, were bound to prostitute their
-Daughters to <i>Venus</i>, before they married them: In their Temple
-the Women who refused to be shaved, were obliged to yield up
-their Honour to Strangers for one day.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In the Country, now called <i>New Spain</i>, the old Inhabitants
-would neither eat nor drink, till they had cast towards the Sun,
-some part of their Food; nor would they smell a Flower, without
-throwing up in the Air some Leaves of it, thereby acknowledging
-the Gods to be their great Benefactors: Tho’ this be ridiculous,
-yet having an Air of religious Gratitude, it is commendable.
-Among other Idols ador’d at <i>Mexico</i>, they had one
-called <i>Vitziliputzli</i>, placed in an azure colour’d Chair, with <i>Serpent’s
-Heads</i> at each Corner.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>Yea the Pagans, to authorize their own Crimes, and justify
-their vicious Lives, have constituted licentious, drunken, vicious
-Gods, <i>&amp;c.</i> Instances of this kind we have in their religious Institutions,
-as the <i>Saturnalia</i> of the <i>Romans</i>, which were Feasts
-sacred to the God <i>Saturn</i>: This Feast was observed in <i>December</i>,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>at first kept for one day, then for three days, and afterwards for
-seven days. So sacred was this Festival, that while it lasted, no
-Criminals were to be executed, no War to begin.... And yet at
-the same time, a Sanction was given to universal Debauchery; all
-Rules of Virtue and common Decency were intirely banished, and
-all things run into a wild Scene of Distraction and Lewdness, and
-all this under the Umbrage of doing Honour to their Gods<a id='r441' /><a href='#f441' class='c019'><sup>[441]</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f441'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r441'>441</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Uno die ... trium dierum ... septem dierum ... Bellum fumere nefas habitum——<i>Macrobii
-opera</i>, <i>Londini</i>, A. D. 1694. p. 155, 160, 168.</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The same Game was acted in the <i>Lupercalian</i> Feasts, instituted
-in honour of the God <i>Pan</i> (under the shape of a <i>Goat</i>) whose
-Priests, on the Morning of the Feast, ran naked thro’ the Streets,
-striking the married Women they met, on the Hands and Belly
-with <i>Straps</i> cut out of <i>Goats Skins</i>, which was held an Omen,
-promising Fruitfulness, and happy Deliveries.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>I shall only add the <i>Bacchanalian</i> Feasts, celebrated in honour
-of <i>Bacchus</i>, the God of Wine, and Master of the Revels;
-sometimes called <i>Orgia</i><a id='r442' /><a href='#f442' class='c019'><sup>[442]</sup></a>, from a <i>Greek</i> Word that signifies Anger
-and Rage, because in the Celebration of it, People acted in so raging
-and furious a manner, as if they had been absolutely distracted.
-These religious Feasts were not only encumber’d with a great number
-of Ceremonies, but attended with most notorious Dissoluteness;
-for Men and Women met at them, all naked, except their Heads
-and Hips, that were shaded with Vine Leaves.</p>
-
-<div class='fn'>
-
-<div class='footnote' id='f442'>
-<p class='c020'><span class='label'><a href='#r442'>442</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Οργη</p>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Women, who were installed Priestesses, during this Feast,
-ran thro’ the Streets, and other Places, cover’d with Tyger’s Skins,
-Scepters in one Hand, and Torches in the other, howling and roaring
-out the Praise of <i>Bacchus</i>, with Hair dishevell’d, dangling about
-their Shoulders. They were call’d <i>Mœnades</i> from their Madness,
-<i>Thyades</i> from their Rage, <i>Bacchæ</i> from their Intemperance.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>The Poets tell us, that in the <i>Bacchanalian Train</i>, were a
-Croud of <i>Nymphs</i> and <i>Naiades</i>, a sort of Heathen Divinities; some
-crown’d with Ivy, their Hair loose, and intermix’d with Snakes,
-clothed with the Skins of Beasts, and girt about with large Serpents,
-and running frantick in the Woods and Mountains.</p>
-
-<p class='c013'>In short, their sacred Games, Festivals, and Sacrifices, were
-little more than drunken Banquets, nocturnal Revels, tumultuous
-Dancings, all wild, ridiculous and extravagant.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div><i>F I N I S.</i></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c012' />
-</div>
-<div class='figcenter id002'>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>
-<img src='images/i241.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-<div class='chapter'>
- <h2 class='c029'>INDEX</h2>
-</div>
-<ul class='index c012'>
- <li class='c048'>A.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>ACONTIA</i> Serpent, (the Figure, Plate <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>;) why call’d a flying Serpent, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Adam</i>, why not made impeccable, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Converse betwixt him and Angels, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— in Innocency put in mind of Death, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— his Fall described by <i>Pagans</i>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— —— —— —— by <i>Mahometans</i>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Adder</i>; see <i>Viper</i>. (the Figure, <a href='#pl-1'>Plate 1</a>)</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Agnasen</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Air</i>, ador’d by <i>Pagans</i>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Alexander the Great</i>, and <i>Alexander the Little</i>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Amodytes</i> Serpent, describ’d, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Amphisbæna</i>, a two-headed Serpent, describ’d, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Instances of one in <i>Oxfordshire</i>, and in <i>Chiapa</i> in <i>America</i>, [<a href='#TN-1'>TN</a>]</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ambua</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ameiva</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Americina</i>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Anacandia</i> Serpent, [<a href='#TN-1'>TN</a>]</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ants</i>, their Penetration, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— in <i>America</i> great Master-Builders, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Remarkable Sorts in the <i>East-Indies</i>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Anguis laqueus</i>, or the Ensnaring-Serpent, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Animals</i>, turn’d into Gods by <i>Pagans</i>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Their Adoration ridicul’d by some of themselves, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span><i>Apollo</i>, catechis’d for his dubious Answers, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— His She-Priest, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Apotheosis</i>, or Deification describ’d, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Asp</i>, (the Figure, Plate <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>,) described, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Its Foresight, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— A Poem on the Asp and its Poison, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Highly venerated among the <i>Egyptians</i>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Attaligatus</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>B.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Basilisk</i> Serpent, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-3'>Plate 3</a>) describ’d, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— why call’d King of Serpents, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— (<i>African</i>, <a href='#pl-3'>Plate 3</a>)</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Battle</i> of the Gods, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Bees</i>, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-5'>Plate 5</a>) their Sagacity, great Geometricians, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Their Sting describ’d, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Birds</i>, why some here only in Winter, and others only in Summer, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Biobi</i>, or green Serpent describ’d, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Bibera</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Bitin</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Blowing</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Boignacu</i> Serpent, very beautiful, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Boytiapua</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— An Instrument of Conjuration, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Bomsnake</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Boicupecanga</i> Serpent, prickle-back’d, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Boitiapo</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Brochet de Torre</i>, or Land-pike, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Brimstone</i> Snake, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>C.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cabiri</i>, characteriz’d, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Caudisonant</i>, or Rattle-Snake, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-7'>Plate 7</a>) describ’d, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Its Wounds and Cures, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cameleon</i>, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-5'>Plate 5</a>) describ’d; the reason why it appears in a change of Colours, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Why call’d a living Skin, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Canina</i> Serpent, describ’d, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— A Domestick Animal, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Camruana</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Carapobeba</i>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span><i>Cæcilia</i> Serpent describ’d, why call’d blind, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cencris</i> Serpent describ’d, why call’d miliary, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cerastes</i>, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-1'>Plate 1</a>) describ’d, the Executioner of Justice, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ceylon</i>, a Land of Delights, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ceylonic Hotambæia</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Chickens</i>, produc’d by artificial Heat, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Chastity</i> conjugal, how try’d, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Charming</i> of Serpents, various Instances, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— of Rats, a remarkable Instance in <i>Germany</i>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— of Serpents, by a Wand, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cheese</i>, an odd Custom in Antiquity about it, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Chicken</i> Snake, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cherubims</i>, Emblems of Mercy and Justice, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Christ</i>’s Death, publish’d before that of <i>Adam</i>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cleopatra</i>, her own Executioner by a Serpent, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cloth</i>, wash’d in Fire, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cobres Capellos</i> Serpent, describ’d, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Colour</i> Green, why hated by the <i>Turks</i>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Blue, why hated by the <i>Persians</i>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cordylus</i>, a noxious Reptile, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Corn</i> Snake, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Crocodile</i>, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-5'>Plate 5</a>) describ’d at large, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— eats Stones, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— venerated in <i>Egypt</i>, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— the occasion of a War, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— a Judge of Controversies, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— the manner of destroying it, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Symbol of the Deity, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Creation</i>, a Poem, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cuckold</i>, its Origin, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cuckow</i> Spittle, Grashoppers hatch’d in it, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Cucurijuba</i>, a Serpent monstrous, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>D.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Darkness</i>, the Destruction of Colours, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Dæmons</i> explain’d, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Devil</i> ador’d, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Distempers</i> cur’d by manual Touch, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Dipsas</i> Serpent, describ’d; its Wounds bring incurable Thirst, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span><i>Dogs</i>, superiour to Men in the Sense of Smelling, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— the manner of Sensation philosophically explain’d, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Providence vindicated in that matter, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Dopon</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Dragons</i> describ’d, various Sorts and Forms, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— monstrous one slain by <i>Gozon</i>, Knight, by a strange contrivance, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— another slain by the <i>Roman</i> Army, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Dragon</i>, <i>Pythian</i>, Guardian of the <i>Delphick</i> Oracle, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Dragons</i>, Guardians of Treasures, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— winged, describ’d, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-2'>Plate 2</a>), <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— <i>Æthiopian</i>, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-2'>Plate 2</a>)</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Druina</i> Serpent, describ’d, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>E.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Eagles</i>, how they take their Prey, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ecatoth</i>, or Serpent-of-the-Wind, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Eggs</i>, the reason of Propagation by them, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— the Method wonderful, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Egg</i>, Symbol of the World, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Eggs</i> hatch’d in Ovens, the Young ones generally imperfect, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— mysterious Egg.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Egg</i>, a surprizing Compound, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— the White of it a most singular Menstruum, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— how reduc’d to the likeness of Poison, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Egyptians</i>, a People of Contradiction, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— whipp’d their inattentive Gods, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Elephantia</i> Serpents, why so call’d, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Elops</i> Serpent, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-3'>Plate 3</a>) describ’d, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Elephants</i>, Creatures of great Bulk, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— subject to Resentment, Instances of it, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— a Battle betwixt them and Serpents, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ethetulla</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Eve</i>, how she came to converse with the Serpent, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— her Converse with it before the Account of <i>Moses</i> very probable, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— a Negative would have preserv’d her Innocence, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li>
- <li class='c012'><span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>F.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Faith</i>, the Magnet of Magicians, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Fascinating</i> Eyes, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Fish</i>, how they breathe in Water, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Fire</i>, ador’d, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Funerals</i>, their first Institution, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>G.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Generation</i> equivocal exploded, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ghalghulawa</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Giraupiagara</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Gobe Moujes</i>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Gods</i>, Men transformed into them, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— inanimate Things turn’d into them, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Goddesses</i>, Women transform’d into them, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Golden</i> Calf, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Grotto di Cani</i>, a particular Account of it, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— —— Experiments made in it by Mr. <i>Addison</i>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Grotto de i Serpi</i>, a remarkable subterraneous Cavern, and Hospital for particular Diseases, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ground</i> Rattle-Snake, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Griffin</i> describ’d, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Guaku</i>, or <i>Lyboya</i> Serpent describ’d, one of the most monstrous, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>H.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Harus</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Heathens</i>, their Fictions about Punishments in Hell, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— their Opinion about Heaven, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Hereditary</i> Right, the Title, how try’d, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Hemorrhous</i>, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-1'>Plate 1</a>) describ’d; its Wounds force the Blood out thro’ every Pore of the Body, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Horse</i>-Tail, a <i>Turkish</i> Standard, the Original of it, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Hooded</i>, or Monk Serpent, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Horn</i> Snake, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Hornet</i>, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-7'>Plate 7</a>) describ’d, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Hydrus</i>, or Water-Snake, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li>
- <li class='c012'><span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>I.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Japonians</i>, their way of punishing Christians, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Jararaka</i> Serpent, describ’d, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Jacore</i> Lizard, [<a href='#TN-1'>TN</a>]</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ibiara</i> Serpent, describ’d, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ibitobaca</i> Serpent, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-4'>Plate 4</a>) describ’d, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ibiboboca</i> Serpent, describ’d.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Ibizacoan</i> Serpent, Cure of its Wound very singular, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Idolatry</i>, the Original of it, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— more ancient than Image-Worship, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— the Incentives to it, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Jeboya</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Images</i>, why <i>Laban</i> call’d them Gods, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Inchantment</i> by noxious Herbs, <i>&amp;c.</i> <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Indian</i> Prince, a very remarkable Saying of his about <i>Spanish</i> Cruelty, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Insects</i>, little, great Executioners, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— various Instances, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Iquanna</i> Serpent, describ’d, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Iron</i>, one of the hardest Metals, yet the most brittle, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Israel</i>, why punish’d by Serpents, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— why punish’d by fiery Serpents, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c012'>K.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Kakaboya</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Kingdom</i> won by an Heroick Answer, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>King</i> Snake, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Sashes made of its Skin, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Koko</i> Serpent, a Representation of the <i>French</i> Monarch, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Kukuruki</i> Serpent, describ’d, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>L.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Lancashire</i> Beauties, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Lacertus viridis</i>, or green Lizard, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Les Anoles</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Les Roquet</i> Serpent, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Light</i>, how the Sensation of it is produc’d, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— all Colours depend upon it, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Long</i> black-Snake, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li>
- <li class='c012'><span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>M.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Magical</i> Balls, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Magick</i> Art, the Original of it, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— its Degeneracy, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— surprizing Instances of magick Wit, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Magick</i> Egg, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Magicians</i>, St. <i>Matthew</i>’s wise Men in their time, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Manima</i> Serpent, monstrous, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Malcarabeta</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Malpolon</i> Serpent, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Manballa</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Maboujas</i>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— , an Emblem of the old Serpent, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Macacoatl</i>, an horned Serpent, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Marine</i> Dragon, or Serpent, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Men</i>, Giants and Pygmies among ’em, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Mexico</i>, two unparallel’d Instances of Cruelty, one by the <i>Mexican</i>, the other by <i>Spanish</i> Priests, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Milk</i>, its wonderful Nature describ’d, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Mithridate</i>, the Original of its Name, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Monoxillo</i>, or Mucronated-Serpent, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Musk</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Musk</i> Rats, and Musk Cats, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Musk</i>, a short Account of it, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Musick</i>, its wonderful Effects on the Mind and the Body in several remarkable Instances, 156 to <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Conjectures about medicinal Cures by it, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>N.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Natrix-Torquata</i> Snake, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-5'>Plate 5</a>), <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Nintipolonga</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Noya</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>O.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Obsidian</i> Stones, Looking-Glasses made of them, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Opium</i>, the Darling of the <i>Turks</i>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Orators</i>, as well as Poets enthusiastical, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Oracular</i> Answers, various Opinions about them, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Otus</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li>
- <li class='c012'><span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>P.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Pareas</i> Serpent describ’d, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Paper</i>, that is incombustible, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Parrot</i>, a rational Dialogue betwixt it and Prince <i>Maurice</i>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Parthians</i>, the best Fighters when retreating, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Paradise</i>, Self-denial a Duty there, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Threatnings necessary there, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Pagan</i> Fables founded on the Writings of <i>Moses</i>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Persian</i> Kings, their <i>Recipe</i> for an easy Death, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>People</i>, without Fraud, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— have no Name for it, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Pimbera</i> Serpent, describ’d, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Pluto</i>, his Attendants and Executioners cover’d with Snakes, as the <i>Harpies</i>, <i>Furies</i>, <i>Cerberus</i>, <i>Chimæra</i>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Poison</i>, vegetable Instances of it, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Mineral, various Instances in Damps from Copper, Mercury, Tin, Lead, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Animal, Debates about the Seat of it in Serpents, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— various Remedies for it, as Oil, experimented on one <i>William Oliver</i>, bit by a Serpent; <i>Lichen Cinereus Terrestris</i>, <i>Venice</i> Treacle, and several Vegetables, <i>&amp;c.</i>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— one Drop of it a Match for a Sea of Blood, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— when not dangerous, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— exhaustible in Serpents by quick repeated Acts, but soon recruited, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Poetical</i> Apology for a Sot, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Polonga</i> Serpent, describ’d, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Priests</i>, their Genius for Cruelty. See <i>Mexico</i>.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Prussians</i> and <i>Lithuanians</i>, Serpent-Worshippers, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>R.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Rattle</i>-Snake. <i>Vid.</i> Caudisonant.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Red</i>-belly Snake, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Red</i>-back Snake, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Rivers</i> ador’d, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Rubetarian</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— —— loud and pretty, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c012'><span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>S.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Sandals</i>, used by the Ladies, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Salamander</i>, (the Figure, Plate <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>,) described, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— how said to live in the Fire, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— <i>Corvini</i>’s Experiment upon one, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Salamander’s-Wool</i>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— —— Shrouds made of it for Kings, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Satan</i>, why punish’d under the Figure of a Serpent, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Scorpions</i>, (the Figure, Plate <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>,) Countries destroy’d by them, as in <i>Æthiopia</i>, <i>Amyclæ</i> a Town in <i>Italy</i>, <i>Pescara</i> an ancient City in <i>Italy</i>, <i>India</i>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— their various Kinds, Sizes, and malignant Nature, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— the <i>Persians</i> curse by them, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Scytale</i> Serpent, (the Figure, Plate <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>,) described, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— —— an Aggregate of charming Colours, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Scolopendra</i>, (the Figure, Plate <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>,), <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Serpents</i>, general Description of them, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— their Mode of Propagation viviparous and oviparous, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— their Sagacity, with regard to their different Lodgments, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— during Winter, sleep with open Eyes, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— their Enemies, <i>viz.</i> Eagle, Hawk, Stork, Ibis, Ichneumon, Magaure, and some Vegetables, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Dust, not their original Food. A moral Reflection upon it, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— their Food, which they swallow whole, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— their Size, some monstrous, others remarkably small, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— their Apparatus for Motion curious, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— their Skin an elegant Composition, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— of special Service to Mankind, of great Use in Physick, various at home and abroad, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— the common Food of many Nations in <i>Europe</i>, <i>Asia</i>, <i>Africa</i>, <i>America</i>, 38 to <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Instruments of divine and human Vengeance, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— <i>Jewish</i> Camp infested with them, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Victory gain’d by them on Sea and Land, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Serpent</i>, its Contest with St. <i>Paul</i>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span><i>Seps</i>, (the Figure, Plate <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>,) why call’d the putrid Serpent, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Serpens Indicus Coronatus</i>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Serpens Putorius</i>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>
- <ul>
- <li>The Sea <i>Serpent</i>, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-6'>Plate 6</a>)</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Serpent</i> de Boa, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>
- <ul>
- <li>Mistress of <i>Serpents</i>, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-6'>Plate 6</a>)</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Serpent</i>, an Account of a remarkable one in <i>Lancashire</i>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Serpent</i> in Paradise, various Opinions about it, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>
- <ul>
- <li><i>American</i> Serpent, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-3'>Plate 3</a>)</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Serpent</i> brazen, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— prefigur’d Christ, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— <i>Israel</i>, why cured by it, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Serpents</i>, the Adoration of them, 216 to <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Reasons for that Worship, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Worshippers of ’em among Christians, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Shrew</i>-Serpent, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Shekina</i> describ’d, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Silence</i>, a Pythagorick Rudiment, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— the Safety of <i>Venice</i>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Sin</i>, its first Entrance, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Sleep</i>, a living Death, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Snake</i> common, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-4'>Plate 4</a>) describ’d, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Spiders</i>, (the Figure, <a href='#pl-5'>Plate 5</a>)</li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Black, (the Figure, Plate <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>,) their various Kinds, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— their Autumn Webs, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— <i>American</i>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Stellio</i>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Stupid</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— —— a living Loadstone, as describ’d by some, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Sun</i> and Moon, chief Deities of the <i>Pagans</i>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Swamp</i> Snakes, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>T.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tarciboya</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tapayaxin</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Taraguira</i>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Taraquico Aycuraba</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tapayaxin</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span><i>Tapayaxin</i> Serpent, the Friend of Man, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tamacolin</i> Serpent, of the Toad kind, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tame</i> and tractable Serpent, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tarantula</i>, (the Figure, Plate <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>,) its Poison and Cure by Musick; the Manner how, 151 to <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Teuthlacokauqui</i> in <i>Mexico</i>, call’d the Fortress of the Serpents, describ’d, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tetzawhcoatl</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Terpomongo</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— —— a Symbol of Friendship, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tejuguacu</i>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tejunhana</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tetzaucoatl</i>, or the rare Serpent, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Teraphim</i>, explain’d, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tleoa</i>, or <i>Tetloa</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— an Inhabitant of the Mountains, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Toads</i>, as large as Cats and Dogs, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Tzicatlinan</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— —— the Darling of the Ladies, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c012'>V.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Vegetation</i>, none without Air, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Vegetables</i>, sleep in Winter, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— worshipped, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Vectis</i>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Vipers</i>, different from the Snake, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— a Battle betwixt one and a Magpye, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— Battle betwixt one and a Dog, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— don’t eat after they are taken, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Vipera Indica Tricolor Major</i>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Vipera Zelanica Minor, Maculis eleganter Variegata</i>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Unison</i>, its Wonders, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>W.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Wasps</i>, (the Figure, Plate <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>,) describ’d, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Wepelon</i> Serpent, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Woman</i> with two Horns, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Women</i> warlike, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— the hard Condition of their Marriage, <i>ibid.</i></li>
- <li class='c048'><span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span><i>Words</i>, their Efficacy, Instance of it in <i>Cæsar</i>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Worms</i>, Instances of Execution by them, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Worship</i> of hurtful Creatures, why, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></li>
- <li class='c048'>—— of different Animals in <i>Egypt</i>, the Reasons, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li>
- <li class='c012'>Y.</li>
- <li class='c048'><i>Yellow</i> Snake, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c012'>
- <div><i><span class='c049'>F I N I S.</span></i></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='figcenter id003'>
-<img src='images/i252.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c012' />
-</div>
-<p class='c013'>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<div class='tnbox'>
-
- <ul class='ul_1'>
- <li>Transcriber’s Notes:
- <ul class='ul_2'>
- <li><a id='TN-1'></a>There are several index entries that have no page reference attached
- to them.
- </li>
- <li><a id='TN-2'></a>There is a missing footnote <a href='#TN-2t'>here</a>.
- </li>
- <li><a id='TN-3'></a>These corrections have been made to this text when the target could
- be unambiguously identified.
- </li>
- <li>The heirarchy of the different divisions (Part, Section, Chapter) is not clear. They
- have been marked up to (more or less) match their text attributes in the book.
- </li>
- <li>Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected.
- </li>
- <li>Typographical errors were silently corrected.
- </li>
- <li>Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant
- form was found in this book.
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
-
-</div>
-<p class='c013'>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY TOWARDS A NATURAL HISTORY OF SERPENTS ***</div>
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