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diff --git a/old/69783-0.txt b/old/69783-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f55862b..0000000 --- a/old/69783-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2434 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of A synopsis of the palms of Puerto -Rico, by O. F. Cook - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: A synopsis of the palms of Puerto Rico - -Author: O. F. Cook - -Release Date: January 14, 2023 [eBook #69783] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SYNOPSIS OF THE PALMS OF -PUERTO RICO *** - - - - - - * * * * * - - A Synopsis of the Palms of Puerto Rico. - - - BY O. F. COOK. - - - [Reprinted from the BULLETIN OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, 28. Oct., - 1901.] - - * * * * * - - - - - A Synopsis of the Palms of Puerto Rico - - BY O. F. COOK - - (WITH PLATES 43–48) - - -The following systematic notes have been accumulated in connection with -economic studies of Puerto Rico[1] palms, and although the list is -doubtless still incomplete, the printing of it may be justified as a -means of securing at least provisional names needed for reference -purposes in connection with other publications of a non-systematic -character. - -The palms may well be considered a very refractory group when handled by -the conventional methods of systematic botany. Difficult at once to -collect or to study from dried material, they are commonly neglected -both in the field and in the herbarium, with the result that literature -is scanty and unsatisfactory. A very large proportion of the -descriptions are entirely inadequate for the identification of species, -and there has been much lawlessness and diversity in the application of -generic names, as will appear from some of the instances discussed -below. Difficulties of description and classification have also been -multiplied by the fact that the palms are such peculiar plants that -analogies and criteria borrowed from other families are often -inapplicable and misleading. Moreover, the terminology of parts and -characters has not been developed to the point where the expression of -observed differences is easy, and available language often fails -completely to suggest the significance of the characters used. Thus the -fibers into which parts of the leaf-bases of many palms are resolved -afford many diagnostic characters, for which we have no parallels in -other groups of plants. - -A compensating advantage may be drawn, however, from the definite and -often very limited geographical distribution of the species of palms. -Thus, although Puerto Rico is a relatively small island, several of the -indigenous palms have apparently ranged in nature over but a small part -of it, and a locality definitely indicated would often go further toward -establishing the identity of a species than much of the descriptive -matter prepared for this purpose. For the present, at least, the -geographical idea should be kept uppermost in systematic studies of the -palms, since it is generally much easier and far more logical to extend -the limits of supposed distribution and unite supposed species, than to -cope with the confusion caused by the miscellaneous reporting of species -far outside their natural ranges. - -From the popular standpoint another serious inconvenience of the -systematic literature of palms arises from the fact that it is based so -largely on floral characters that even the botanical traveler might need -to wait months for the blossoms and then climb the trees or cut them -down before being able to secure a clue to botanical names or -relationships. But however necessary refinements of formal characters -may be in presenting classifications or monographs of large groups, more -obvious differences may still be adequate for distinguishing between the -species, genera and families represented in a limited flora like that of -Puerto Rico. In the present paper use is made therefore of obvious -external differences, not only because of the greater convenience and -utility of such facts in field study but also in the belief that with -the palms, at least, the vegetative, habitat and ecological features are -often quite as important for diagnostic purposes as the more technical -and conventionalized characters to which botanists are accustomed in -dealing with other natural orders. - -As will be apparent from some of the following systematic notes, the -generic nomenclature of the palms is in a condition closely comparable -to that now known to obtain among the myxomycetes, fungi, hepaticae and -ferns. Possibly the palms have suffered more from neglect and -carelessness than other groups of flowering plants, but it can no longer -be maintained that the practical defects of former taxonomic methods do -not exist in the phanerogams as well as in the cryptogams, and it -becomes obvious that the enactment of different nomenclatorial -legislation for these two subdivisions of the vegetable kingdom would be -unreasonable and inconsistent. - -The present list records twenty palms from Puerto Rico, of which three -are introduced and seventeen are supposed to be native species. As may -also be inferred from many other groups of plants Puerto Rico appears to -be a rather remote corner of the Antillean region, which many types -present in Cuba and Jamaica did not reach, whether by reason of greater -distance from the continent or because of an earlier interruption of -land communication. The native palms of Puerto Rico may thus be said to -represent a distinctly Antillean or Caribbean series, only _Acrocomia_ -and _Bactris_ being known to have a wider distribution. - -The list of introduced palms, consisting of the date, the cocoanut, and -the betel, might have been somewhat increased by canvassing ornamental -gardens, but it does not appear that any other introduced species has -been put to any useful purpose or has escaped into general culture, -certainly a remarkable fact when we consider the number and importance -of the economic palms of other tropical countries. - -Finally, it may be well to note here that several palms have been -reported from Puerto Rico which probably do not exist in the island; at -least their occurrence is not supported by adequate evidence. Thus Mr. -R. T. Hill, of the United States Geological Survey, mentions (Bull. U. -S. Dept. Agric., Division of Forestry, 25: 1899) as occurring in Puerto -Rico seven palms, as follows: _Cocos Mauritia_, _Oreodoxa oleracea_, -_Cocos nucifera_, _Martinezia caryotaefolia_, _Mauritia flexuosa_, -_Oreodoxa regia_, and _Caryota_ sp., of which list only _Cocos nucifera_ -and _Oreodoxa regia_ appear to have been justified. - -The reference to _Oreodoxa oleracea_ is supported by the botanical -authority of Professor Drude, but the specimens identified by him as -_Oreodoxa oleracea_ (Sintenis collection, no. 1525) and sent from the -Berlin Botanical Garden to the National Herbarium and to the New York -Botanical Garden are not _Oreodoxa oleracea_, but belong to the new -genus _Acrista_ described below, while a specimen collected by Sintenis -(no. 5749) at Aguadilla and sent out from Berlin as an _Attalea_ or -related genus is not even a cocoid palm but _Areca catechu_, the betel -nut of the Malay region. - -The existence of numerous tubercles on the roots of a young specimen of -the royal palm of Puerto Rico is a fact of biological interest and -possible economic importance. It was, however, noted so nearly at the -end of our last visit that further studies were not practicable, but -barring possible nematodes or other pathological causes for the -tubercles it appears that we must add palms to the Leguminosae, -_Podocarpus_, _Alnus_, and _Cycas_ as plants which have, as it were, -domesticated nitrogen-collecting soil organisms. - -The field notes, specimens and a considerable series of illustrations -for publications of the Department of Agriculture were secured during -two visits to Puerto Rico, the first in November and December, 1899, the -second in June and July, 1901. The photographs are the work of Mr. G. N. -Collins. - - - Key to the Families - - Leaves fan-shaped; branches of inflorescence subtended by spathes. - - Family SABALACEAE, p. 529. - - Leaves feather-shaped; spathes few, not subtending the branches of the - inflorescence. - - Leaf-divisions v-shaped in section, concave above; trunk rough - with leaf-bases or prominent diamond shaped scars. - - Family PHOENICACEAE, p. 528. - - Leaf-divisions inverted v-shaped in section, convex above; trunk - smooth or the leaf-scars ring-like and not prominent. - - Leaf-bases long-sheathing, green and fleshy, finally split down - the side opposite the midrib permitting the leaf to fall; - fruits with fleshy, fibrous or woody endocarps. - - Family ARECACEAE, p. 546. - - Leaf-bases sheathing only while young, with maturity separating, - except at the midrib, into a dry fibrous network which must - tear or decay before the leaves fall; fruits with a stony - endocarp perforated by three foramina. - - Family COCACEAE, p. 558. - - - Family PHOENICACEAE - -This family contains a single genus of old-world palms usually -associated with the fan-leaved series, and differing from all other -feather-palms by having the concave side of the leaf segments turned -upward. - - - PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA Linn. Sp. Pl. 1188. 1753 - -The date palm was probably introduced into Puerto Rico in the early part -of the Spanish occupation of the island, and isolated trees are to be -found in many localities especially in the vicinity of the larger towns. -The climate is, however, too cool and too moist to permit the fruit to -ripen properly, and there is apparently no inducement for planting in -large quantities. - - - Family SABALACEAE - -Although forming no conspicuous part of the palm vegetation of the -island the fan-leaved species seem to be more numerous than those of any -other family. It is certain also that further species remain to be -discovered, since in addition to the species listed below, young -inflorescences supposed to belong to a _Copernicia_ were collected by -Sintenis (no. 6512) near Utuado, and he also collected two other -_Thrinax_-like palms of doubtful identity, one near Cabo Rojo and one at -Fajardo. - - - Key to the Genera of Sabalaceae - - Leaves depressed in the middle, with a distinct decurved midrib; a - slender fiber rising from each of the notches which separate the - leaf segments. - - INODES. - - Leaves flat, midrib rudimentary; segment without alternating fibers. - - Leaves chartaceous, naked on both sides when mature, the - veinules unequal; fruits nearly sessile; seeds smooth, - albumen solid except for a deep basal cavity. - - THRINAX. - - Leaves tough and coriaceous, the lower surface silvery with a - persistent, closely appressed pubescence; veinules equal; - fruits distinctly pedicellate; seeds deeply grooved or - furrowed. - - Trunk tapering upward, tall and slender; pedicels short, - bracteate at base; seeds subspherical, ruminate with - deep narrow grooves; surface with a dull membranous - cuticle. - - THRINCOMA. - - Trunk columnar, of equal diameter or enlarged upward; - pedicels long, bracteate above the base; seed naked, - smooth and shining, cerebriform, the surface irregular - with broad furrows and convolutions. - - THRINGIS. - - - =Inodes= gen. nov. - -In this genus, of which the hat palm of Puerto Rico may be considered -the type, it is proposed to accommodate the dendroid palms commonly -referred to _Sabal_, the type of which is _S. Adansonii_ Guersent. The -most conspicuous difference between _Inodes_ and _Sabal_ is, of course, -the fact that the former produces an upright trunk while the latter has -only what might be called an underground rootstock, although such a -distinction is quite artificial, both groups of species beginning life -with a creeping axis which becomes erect in one and remains horizontal -in the other. A much more important difference is to be found in the -leaves which in _Inodes_ have secured strength by the development of a -midrib, a tendency early abandoned by _Sabal_ in which the midrib is -rudimentary and the middle of the leaf is the weakest part. The leaves -of _Sabal_ are adapted for standing erect and avoid resistance to the -wind by being split down the middle. The leaves of _Inodes_ which are -held horizontal from an erect axis have attained the unique adaptation -of a decurved midrib which braces the sloping sides of the leaf and -effectively prevents the breaking above the ligule common in some of the -species of _Thrinax_. It is true that leaves of young specimens of -_Inodes_ stand erect like those of _Sabal_ and do not have the curved -midrib, but even at this stage the midrib is relatively well developed -and the blade opens out to an almost circular form instead of occupying -an arc of 180 degrees or less as in the more strictly flabellate leaves -of _Sabal_. - -Further differential characters might be enumerated, such as the short -ligule and the flat petiole of _Sabal_. The inflorescence and seeds also -afford differences, but these points are unnecessary for diagnosis, and -their proper expression will require careful comparative study of the -species of both genera, since _Sabal_ is not monotypic but includes at -least two species from the Southern States and perhaps _S. Mexicana_ -Martius. Guersent’s _S. Adansonii_, the first binomial species to which -the name _Sabal_ was applied, is, to judge from the figure, the smaller -of our species, while Jacquin’s _Corypha minor_ may be the larger. Both -species were described from hothouse specimens and the plates give no -details really adequate for identification, but if there are but two -species to be considered there can be little doubt that Jacquin’s -drawing represents the larger of the two forms commonly referred to -_Sabal Adansonii_, since the leaves are nearly four feet long with the -mesial divisions united somewhat less than half way up. The basal -segments are represented, however, as diverging horizontally and not -obliquely as is usual in the living plants in the greenhouses of the -Department of Agriculture. - -Guersent maintained that he was dealing with the _Sabal_ which Adanson -had in mind in naming the genus, and made his specific name in -accordance with that fact, treating _Corypha minor_ Jacquin, _Corypha -pumila_ Walter and _Chamaerops acaulis_ Michaux as synonyms. The -relative merits of these names and of _Chamaerops glabra_ Miller, which -Dr. Sargent (Silva, =10=: 38) has resurrected, are not likely to be easy -of determination, but since the last was based on plants grown from -seeds which came from Jamaica, it seems unwise to use it for United -States species to which the description is inapplicable. Miller’s name -may, however, replace _Sabal taurina_ Loddiges which was also founded on -a stemless _Sabal_ supposed to come from Jamaica. - -The species of _Inodes_ are in a similar or even worse state of -disorder. There is little use, for example, in transferring to the new -genus the traditional name _umbraculifera_ which was based by Martius on -the _Corypha umbraculifera_ of Jacquin, but not on Linnaeus’ species of -the same name, which is a native of Ceylon. Present taxonomic methods -forbid such generic transfers of misapplied names, so that the name -=Inodes Blackburniana= (_Sabal Blackburniana_ Glazebrook, Gardener’s -Mag. =5=: 52. 1829) should be used instead of the traditional _Sabal -umbraculifera_ of the conservatories, though the identity and origin of -the species still remain in doubt. - - - =Inodes causiarum= sp. nov. - - Trunk 45–75 cm. thick at base, 5–15 m. tall, columnar or slightly - tapering upward; surface narrowly rimose or nearly smooth, light gray - or nearly white. Leaf-bases splitting into rather brittle fibers, - partly remaining compacted into long ribbons 5–8 cm. wide. Leaves - about 4 m. long, the petiole subequal to the blade, considerably - exceeded in length by the inflorescence. Petiole 3.8 cm. wide, - distinctly carinate above near the end; ligule 4.2 cm. in diameter. - Fruit grayish, 9–10 mm. in diameter; seed chestnut-brown, finely - rugose or nearly smooth, 7–8 mm. in diameter; embryo oblique, at an - angle of somewhat less than 45 degrees from the horizontal. Type - specimen from Joyua (no. 154). - -The palm-leaf hats manufactured in large quantities in Puerto Rico are -made from the present species. The center of the hat industry is at -Joyua, a small village on the western coast of the island some miles -southwest of Mayaguez and west of Cabo Rojo. Here many hundreds of the -palms are growing along the shore in a narrow belt of coral sand. - -From the two species of _Sabal_ recognized by Grisebach _Inodes -causiarum_ differs from _umbraculifera_ in having the inflorescence much -longer than the leaves, while the trunk and leaves are much shorter and -thicker than in _Sabal mauritiiformis_ a native of Trinidad and -Venezuela which appears from Karsten’s figure, reproduced in the -Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, to have neither the leaves nor the habit -of an _Inodes_ though there is no other genus to which it can be -referred with greater propriety. The diameter of the trunk of the -Trinidad palm described as _S. mauritiiformis_ is given as from 12 to 15 -inches, while _I. causiarum_ is often two feet or more thick. - -From the Florida palmetto, =Inodes Palmetto= (_Corypha Palmetto_ Walter, -Fl. Carol. 119. 1788) the Puerto Rico species differs most conspicuously -in not retaining the old leaf-bases which give the trunk of the Florida -palm so rough an appearance. The cause of this difference is doubtless -to be found in the fact that as with most other palms the trunk of _I. -Palmetto_ grows to full size while the surrounding leaf-bases are still -alive, but in the West Indian species the trunk tapers greatly, -especially in young trees, and the leaf-bases are torn away by its -gradual enlargement to full diameter. The existence in southern Florida -of an _Inodes_ having this last characteristic is a fact of much -interest recently brought to my attention by Mr. E. A. Schwarz, of the -U. S. Department of Agriculture. The specific distinctness of this palm -was impressed upon Mr. Schwarz, not only by its naked trunk, different -habit, and smaller size (5 m., instead of 10 to 20 m.), but also by the -possession of a distinctly tropical insect fauna, quite different from -that of the more northern palmetto with which he had previously been -familiar.[2] - -This new Florida species it gives me pleasure to name =Inodes Schwarzii= -in honor of its discoverer, in whose opinion of its distinctness I have -great confidence, although he makes no claims to botanical skill. It is -confined, as far as observed by Mr. Schwarz, to the coral reef formation -of southern Florida, the most accessible station visited being about one -mile south of Cocoanut Grove on the coral reef of the mainland side of -Biscayne Bay. In the vicinity of Snapper Creek, _Inodes Schwarzii_ -extends to the Everglades where it is met by _I. Palmetto_. It was also -seen on the Perrine Grant about six miles from Cocoanut Grove; it seemed -not to occur about Miami but reappeared with the appropriate formation -and attendant fauna at New River, though again absent at Lake Worth. A -photograph secured by Mr. H. J. Webber (negative 164) on Taby Island -near Long Key shows an _Inodes_ with a naked trunk and a smaller crown -of straighter leaves than are normal for _I. palmetto_. Messrs. Swingle -and Webber had also remarked the distinctness of the smooth-trunked -palmetto of South Florida. - -A third robust species of _Inodes_ is growing in the conservatory of the -Department of Agriculture labeled _Sabal umbraculifera_. It differs -conspicuously from _I. causiarum_ by the very large leaves and by the -great development of fine brown fibers which fill all the interstices -between the leaf-bases, and suggest the name =Inodes vestita=.[3] -Photographs of both the species have been prepared for the illustration -of comparative detailed descriptions. - -_Sabal Mexicana_ has been reported from Cuba, and as it is described in -Sargent’s Silva (=10=: 43) as having a trunk “often 2½ feet in -diameter,” a robustness equalled only by the Puerto Rico trees, the -question of its identity was examined. It appears that the original of -_S. Mexicana_ came from southern Mexico and is a trunkless or very -slender, rather than a robust species, being only about 10 cm. in -diameter. The berry and the seed are described as closely similar to -those of _Sabal Adansoni_. Sargent’s _S. Mexicana_ from southern Texas, -in addition to the seven times greater thickness of the trunk, has a -seed nearly 1.25 cm. broad with a strongly prominent micropyle. There -can be little doubt that it is another new species, quite distinct from -that of Puerto Rico, similar only in the unusual diameter of the trunk, -which is furthermore described as bright reddish brown instead of white -or very light grayish as _Inodes causiarum_. In the view of the -apparently localized distribution of the species of this genus the name -=Inodes Texana= would be appropriate for that described and figured by -Sargent as noted above. - -In addition to the recently described =Inodes Uresana= (_Sabal Uresana_ -Trelease, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. =12=: 79), there is another large-seeded -_Inodes_ on the western slope of Mexico, a specimen of which was -collected at Acaponeta, State of Tepic (no. 1528) by Dr. J. N. Rose,[4] -for whom this species may be named =Inodes Rosei=. The seeds are of the -same size and shape as those of _I. Uresana_, but have the surface much -more finely rugose, or nearly smooth, with the embryo directly lateral, -not subdorsal. The branches of the inflorescence are slender and but -little over 1 mm. in diameter instead of fusiform and thickened in the -middle to nearly 3 mm. as shown in Professor Trelease’s photographic -illustration. - - - THRINAX Linn. f.; Swartz, Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 51. 1788 - -In the genus _Thrinax_ were formerly placed all the West Indian -fan-palms with smooth stems and no midribs, but the gradual discovery of -numerous and diverse species has resulted in propositions for -subdivision and segregation on the part of several botanists. As usual -these new groups have been characterized very inadequately, and that -mostly from the flowers and seeds, and with no attempt at establishing -correlations of habit or other vegetative features without which the -classification is likely to remain formal and artificial, as well as -useless for popular and field study. Possibly no ecological differences -exist among the _Thrinax_-like palms of other regions, but in Puerto -Rico there are, as shown in the discussion of the following genus, two -well-defined types, one of which varies the ordinary short columnar -habit by the possession of a tall slender and flexible trunk which -doubtless enables it to compete in a measure with the rapid growth of -the surrounding vegetation, and which is also obviously adapted for -withstanding the force of the strong winds encountered in the exposed -places apparently preferred by palms of this species. - -The type of the genus _Thrinax_ is the Jamaican _T. parviflora_, a tree -3 to 6 metres high with the trunk swollen at base. The leaves are said -to be 30–60 cm. long with rigid lanceolate divisions; the stipes longer -than the leaves, terete-compressed. The spadix is said to be terminal, -nearly erect and 60–90 cm. long. The tree grows in dry maritime -situations in Jamaica and Santo Domingo. It does not appear that the -original specimens of this species have been examined by Sargent or -other recent writers, but it seems reasonable to use the name for the -group of short species with uniform albumen and a basal cavity instead -of a complete perforation. Swartz’s statement regarding the seed “_intus -albus, medio ruber_,” in connection with its context “_nauco osseo -fragile tectus_” might possibly be rendered “white inside, red between” -and might refer to the red coat of the seed rather than to a red center -as commonly inferred. Of course Swartz might have cut his seed -transversely, but if so he would doubtless have discovered and noted the -perforation had one existed. Patrick Brown’s account of the Jamaica -species, cited by Swartz, evidently refers to a palm with the habits of -_T. Ponceana_. On the other hand the “very slender” palm referred to -under this name in the Jamaica Bulletin (=I=: 196. 1894) shows greater -similarity with _Thrincoma_. - - - =Thrinax praeceps= sp. nov. - - Trunk 8–12 cm. in diameter at base, columnar or slightly enlarged - upward, seldom attaining over 3 or 4 meters in height. The leaf-bases - split in the middle of the midrib and long remain adherent to the - trunk. When they finally fall away on older trees a rather rough - grayish and longitudinally chinked rimose surface is exposed. - - The stalks of large leaves measure 75–80 cm. in length and 1.2–1.5 cm. - in width. The middle divisions of the leaf are 55 cm. and under in - length and attain a width of 4.8 cm., and in the middle of large - leaves are united for more than half their length. Cross-veinules - numerous, distinct in both surfaces but especially the upper. The - white pubescence or tomentum which clothes the young leaves and is - especially abundant on the ligule soon disappears, leaving the under - side glaucous or slightly pruinose. - -This species is described at some length a little later in a comparison -of generic characters under _Thrincoma alta_. The type specimen (no. -850) was collected on the precipitous mountain-side which overhangs the -road between Utuado and Arecibo, a short distance to the northward from -the station where _Thrincoma alta_ was obtained. - -What is believed to be the same species was collected in a similar -situation on the side of a mountain overlooking the town and valley of -Lares. - - - =Thrinax Ponceana= sp. nov. Plate 43 - - Trunk 5–8 cm. or more in diameter, columnar, or slightly tapering or - enlarged upward, 1–4 m. high; surface coarsely and irregularly rimose - longitudinally. Leaf-bases separating into abundant rather loose light - grayish or brownish fibers. Leaves numerous, large, drooping or - pendant; petioles 65 mm. long, 1.5–2 cm. wide; segments attaining 75 - cm. in length and 3.5 cm. in width, united for half their length. Seed - smooth, mahogany-brown, 5 mm. in diameter. Type specimen no. 1005. - -This species apparently exists in much larger quantities than any other -yet known from Puerto Rico, being the predominant plant on several -square miles of territory along the range of dry limestone hills which -skirt the southern coast of the island, to the west of Ponce. Many of -the palms are scattered among the taller shrubs and trees wherever there -is sufficient soil and water to permit these to grow and yet not enough -to give them exclusive possession, but on many of the drier and more -sterile higher slopes the advantage is with the palms. - -This abundance of living material deserves more careful study than could -be given during a very brief visit to this almost uninhabited part of -the island, but one note of systematic interest was made. Several -species of _Thrinax_, of which _T. Morrisii_ Wendland may serve as an -example, have been described chiefly with reference to the relative size -of the leaf segments and the extent of their separation. If the palms -under observation near Ponce belonged, as was believed, all to one -species, it is not only true that the individual _Thrinax_ passes all -the stages from the narrow and grass-like, almost completely separated -segments of the very young plant, to the more than half united leaf of -the large tree, but it also appears to be true that under unfavorable -conditions a _Thrinax_ may not be able to attain to full maturity of -size and form but may at the same time produce flowers and seeds. In the -narrow chinks and crevices of the bare rocks were very small, stunted -trees, obviously of great age, while but a few feet distant a deeper -fissure might hold vegetable débris and moisture sufficient to nourish -vigorous specimens several times the size of their less fortunate -companions. The stunted trees retain in proportion to their size, but -apparently with little reference to their age, the small deeply divided -leaves of young plants and have short few-branched inflorescences, -another difference of supposed systematic importance. - -In _Thrinax Ponceana_ the leaves of well grown trees have the middle -divisions united to about the middle; the smaller the leaves, the more -deeply they are divided. A further correlation with size is that of the -“fullness” of the leaf. The basal sinus is not closed by the overlapping -of the lateral divisions as in some species, but the area is too great -for a plane circle and there are one or more folds, more numerous and -deeper in large leaves. The lateral divisions do not lie in the plane of -the others but project upward or backward nearly at right angles with -the plane of the middle divisions. - -The middle divisions of large leaves may measure 75 cm. in length by 3.5 -and sometimes nearly 4 cm. in width, while the narrowly grass-like -lateral segment is only .8 cm. wide and about 30 cm. long. The lowest -segment is not divided at the tip but is produced into a slender -hair-like seta, 6 or 8 cm. long, making it nearly as long or longer than -the next segment above. - -The normal segments are split at the apex to the distance of from 2 to 8 -cm. and the tips are usually markedly divaricate, owing to the fact that -the young leaves of this species suffer two impressions from the bases -of older leaves, one near the middle, the other near the end. The -pressure causes the curvature of the unopened leaves, which in turn -causes them to split apart when the leaf expands. - -Old leaves are smooth and glaucous on the lower side, but in the younger -state more or less remains of the delicate appressed hairiness present -on the lower surfaces of the newly opened leaves. The lower surface is -distinctly grayish and glaucous, but under a lens it can be seen that -this appearance is due to the presence of numerous whitish points -(stomata?) among which are scattering brownish spots of larger size, the -nature of which remains a question. - -The free stalks of the largest leaves attain 65 cm. in length and are 2 -cm. wide near the base, 1.5 cm. near the apex. The cross section is -lenticular above, but the upper surface becomes flat toward the base. - -Young unopened leaves are covered near the base, both above and below, -with a scurfy white tomentum and the margin of the ligule has a long -white fringe. - -To avoid possible error it seems best to make separate entry of the -following notes on specimens which might be considered quite distinct -from the larger and normally mature form of _Ponceana_, but which -represent, it is believed, merely a somewhat depauperate condition of -that species, although leaves exactly comparable were not brought home -by our party. The specimens in question were collected by Sintenis (no. -3500) on the south coast of the island near Guanica and distributed from -Berlin as “_Thrinax_ n. sp.” - -The leaves are characterized by the narrow straight-sided segments which -retain the same width (15 mm. or less) for about 11 cm.; they are united -in the middle of the leaf for about 8 cm. and the apical tapering part -is about the same length. Other species, so far as known, have the -segments much broader, both absolutely and relatively, and the width is -held for a very much smaller proportion of the length. - -In addition the midrib is unusually weak, inconspicuous and only -slightly prominent on the lower side. The small fibro-vascular bundles -which compose it are sometimes spread apart so that there is scarcely an -indication of a rib while in other segments of the same leaf, and -especially at the base, the conditions are more normal. The midrib is -sufficiently distinct above, though very small and fine in comparison -with other species. - -Lower surface of leaf glabrous or somewhat glaucous, very slightly -puberulous on the depressed veins near the base. Veinlets inconspicuous, -mostly subequal, though 4 or 5 are sometimes a little larger than the -others. Transverse veinlets indistinct below. - -Petiole slender, 4 mm. wide, lenticular in cross section; about 2 mm. -thick. Ligule small and weak, short, with a small apical mucro. - -Fruits 5 mm. in diameter, olive brown, irregularly rugose-coriaceous on -the outside as though dried from a pulpy condition; exocarp with a -slightly sweetish taste. Seed bright mahogany-brown, darker below, -depressed-globose, with a sublateral raphe; embryo ascending but more -nearly lateral than vertical; conical basal cavity extending somewhat -above the center, nearly filled with a deep red material. - -At the time of our visit in July no ripe fruits of _T. Ponceana_ were -found on the trees, but a few picked up from the ground are apparently -indistinguishable from those of Sintenis’ specimen. - - - =Thrincoma= gen. nov. - - Trunk slender, tapering, flexible; wood firm, covered by a smooth hard - brittle outer shell or bark. - - Leaf-bases long-sheathing, expanded by the separation of the fibers of - the side opposite the midrib; petiole strongly flattened above the - base, prominently angled above and below; ligule large and firm, - produced laterally to support the outer divisions. - - Leaf-divisions narrow, separated below the middle and below the point - of greatest width; texture firm and coriaceous; veinules subequal, - close together, cross-veinules obsolete. Lower surface clothed with - persistent closely appressed hairs, the upper coated with wax when - young. - - Seeds with few longitudinal grooves, the surface not polished, - grayish; embryo subapical. - -The generic name alludes to the preference of this palm for the summits -of crags and the brows of perpendicular cliffs which abound in the -limestone region of the north side of Puerto Rico. - -The tall, slender trunk and other differences between this genus and -_Thrinax_ are probably to be interpreted as ecological adaptations -necessary to enable the present palm to compete with the vegetation -which often surrounds its base, and to withstand the winds to which it -is commonly exposed. The species of _Thrinax_ and other allied genera, -as far as known, have the trunk rigid and columnar, or even enlarged -from the base upwards. When growing solitary and exposed they seldom, if -ever, attain half the height of _Thrincoma_. Usually, however, they are -protected by other vegetation or by growing gregariously in thickets. - -_Thrincoma_ might be described as a _Thrinax_ which has adopted habits -of the arecoid genus _Acria_ which grows in similar situations in a -neighboring part of the island. In addition to the smooth, slender, and -flexible trunk _Thrincoma_ makes further provision against the wind in -having fewer, less ample, tougher and more deeply divided leaves and -like the arecoid palms it also drops the old leaves as soon as their -usefulness is past, instead of retaining, like _Thrinax_, a large -pendant cluster of them. The details of these differences are given -below in a comparative note on fresh material of _Thrincoma alta_ and -_Thrinax praeceps_ collected but a short distance apart in the lower -part of the Arecibo valley along the Utuado-Arecibo road. In this region -of jagged mountains, _Thrinax_ seeks shelter against the walls of -perpendicular precipices, while _Thrincoma_ challenges the wind and the -admiration of the traveller by its evident preference for the crags and -pinnacles. - - - =Thrincoma alta= sp. nov. - -With but one species known with certainty to belong to the present genus -the separation of generic and specific characters would have little -purpose. Data for a specific description are, however, contained in the -following notes which are retained in their original comparative form as -better illustrating the generic differentiation of _Thrincoma_ and -_Thrinax_, as represented by _Thrinax praeceps_. - -The trunk of _Thrincoma_ differs in three adaptive particulars from that -of _Thrinax praeceps_, _Ponceana_ and similar species which are merely -columnar with very short internodes and an irregularly rimose surface, -not smooth and hardened. - -1. There are distinct internodes from 3.5 to 5 cm. in length. These -indicate rapid growth and would increase the chances of survival in the -face of competition of quick-growing tropical vegetation. - -2. The trunk tapers gradually from a diameter of 9 cm. near the base to -3.5 at the top, and thus possesses considerable flexibility in view of -its great length, 11 meters, _Thrinax praeceps_ and other related types -not exceeding 4 or 5 meters. - -3. In order to support the weight and strain of this greater height, the -texture of the wood is extremely hard and firm, especially near the base -of the trunk. Externally it is covered by a smooth shell or bark of very -hard, brittle, dark colored material. The fibers of the interior which -in _Thrinax_ are merely imbedded in a soft pith like those of a -corn-stalk are here thickened and cemented together, as in tall palms of -other groups, into a dense hard wood. In the specimen cut by us all but -a small area of the middle of the trunk was thus hardened, rendering it -extremely heavy. The wood-fibers of _Thrincoma_ are much coarser than -those of _Thrinax_, and there appear to be none of the obliquely radial -threads which are abundant in the wood of _Thrinax Ponceana_. - -With reference to methods of leaf-attachment four differences may be -noted: - -1. In _Thrinax praeceps_ the leaf-bases split below in the median line -and remain long attached to the trunk. This adaptation is not confined -to the old leaves but appears while the leaves are still very young, or -as soon as they begin to be expanded by the pressure of those above -them. In the tall species such pressure separates the fibers of the -opposite side of the cylinder. The short species has the outside of the -leaf-bases densely tomentose, and the tomentum is especially abundant -along the edges of the split midrib of the young leaf. - -2. The ligule of _Thrincoma_ is notably larger than that of _Thrinax_ -and continues to lie in the same plane as the blade, and becomes brown -with maturity. In old leaves of _Thrinax_ the ligule stands nearly at a -right angle to the blade and remains green. - -3. For leaves of the same size the petioles, not including the sheathing -base, are longer (75–80 cm.) in the short than in the tall species -(60–65 cm.). - -The petiole of the short species is of nearly the same width (1.2–1.5 -cm.) throughout, while in the other it is distinctly broader at both -ends than in the middle. The enlargement at the ligule is abrupt. The -base widens gradually to about 2 cm. but is much thinner than in the -short species. In the upper part of the petiole the reverse is true, the -cross section of the leaf-stalk of the _Thrincoma_ being almost -diamond-shape, while that of _Thrinax_ is merely lenticular. - -4. These differences of proportion of ligule and stalk are obviously -correlated with the different habits of the two species. The shorter and -more robust trunk of the one enables it to withstand the strain of the -relatively limited exposure to the wind. There is also a greater -flexibility in the leaf itself, due to its thinner texture and to the -smaller development of the ligule and adjacent thickened area, so that -the leaves are often split to near the center. The narrow petiole of the -tall species affords greater flexibility in the lateral plane while -strength has been secured by the greater thickness. On the other hand -the thinness of the base of the petiole of _Thrincoma_ reduces -resistance by permitting the petiole to be twisted when the leaf is -opposed to the wind or blown laterally, thus avoiding the strain which -would come upon the more rigid base of the petiole in _Thrinax_. - -The more salient differences between the leaf-blades of the two species -may be enumerated as follows: - -1. Although the length of the middle segments of the leaves of -_Thrincoma_ are longer (62 cm.) than those of the other (55 cm.) the -apparent size of the latter is much greater because they are fully -expanded while those of _Thrincoma_ remain more or less fan-shaped, -generally opening less than a semicircle. This decreases the lateral -expansion, since the shortest divisions are brought to the sides, and -gives no projection below the ligule where in _Thrinax_ more than one -third of the foliar expanse is located. - -2. The leaf segments are much narrower (3.6 cm.) in the tall than in the -short species (4.8 cm.). - -3. Practically the difference in width is still greater because the -segments of _Thrincoma_ are never fully expanded but remain deeply -channelled, thus decreasing the area of exposure to the wind and -increasing the rigidity of the leaf. - -4. Resistance to the wind is also reduced in the tall species by the -separation of all the segments to more than two-thirds their length, -while in _Thrinax praeceps_ the median segments are united more than -half way up. In the latter, as in the other members of the group, the -separation begins at the point of greatest width of the segment, but as -if to show that the deeply divided leaves of _Thrincoma_ are an -adaptation, the greatest width is located near the longitudinal middle -of the segments, 10 cm. or more above the bottom of the cleft. - -5. The texture of the leaf of _Thrincoma_ is thicker and firmer so that -the segments generally remain straight to the tips while in _Thrinax_ -they often droop after the leaves have become fully expanded. - -6. The color of the leaves of the tall palm is a very dark green while -those of _Thrinax praeceps_ are uniformly of a much lighter, fresher -tint. - -7. The veinules of the firm leaves of _Thrincoma_ are more numerous and -closer together than those of _Thrinax_. - -8. The veinules are also subequal in size, giving an appearance of -uniform pattern, while in _Thrinax praeceps_ from 3 to 5 of the veinules -of each side of the midrib are distinctly larger than the others, the -larger veinlets being separated by from 3 to 10 smaller ones. - -9. In _Thrincoma_ the cross-veinules are scarcely visible to the naked -eye; under a lens they are still obscure, never equalling in size the -smaller of the longitudinal veinules, which they seldom appear to cross. -In _Thrinax praeceps_, on the contrary, the cross-veinules are as large -as the finer longitudinal ones; they are obvious without a lens and give -the fabric of the leaf a peculiar marbled effect on account of the fact -that they are generally oblique or wavy and commonly appear to cross -several of the longitudinal veinules. - -10. The margins of the segments are thickened in both species, and on -the upper side there is a groove inside the marginal rib. In the short -species the margin is flat below and does not become decurved in drying. -In the other the thin edge is closely folded under, and on drying the -sides of the segments uniformly roll under, giving the dried leaves of -the two species an appearance even more dissimilar than in the fresh -state. - -11. The lower surface of the leaf of _Thrincoma_ has a silvery white -layer of fine closely appressed hairs, all lying parallel to the veins -and forming a continuous covering. The fibers seem not to be attached -merely at one end, but along the side. They are firmly adherent and are -to be removed only by scraping or rubbing; the surface underneath is -deep green like the upper side, but the fibers remain in the grooves -between the veins. In _Thrinax praeceps_ the lower surface of mature -leaves is smooth and glaucous, a comparatively very slight hairy -covering present in young leaves being evanescent, though traces of it -are usually to be found in the deeper basal grooves. The glaucous -appearance is due to the presence of numerous white or hyaline points -arranged in rows (stomata?). The hairiness of one leaf and the glaucous -character of the other are probably to be looked upon as different -adaptations for the same purpose—the reduction of transpiration. - -12. The upper surface and the ligule of young leaves of _Thrincoma_ are -covered with a layer of wax in the form of small plates or scales not -present in _Thrinax_. - - - =Thringis= gen. nov. - - Trunk columnar, rimose; wood pithy. Leaves coriaceous with equal - veinules, silvery below with closely appressed whitish pubescence. - Fruits distinctly pedicellate, the pedicel with a bract above the - base. Seed cerebriform, irregular, with wide furrows and convolutions; - surface smooth and shining. Embryo subapical. - -The characters of this genus are imperfectly known, none of the -specimens being complete. Supposing however, that the association is a -natural one, we have a genus with leaves and pedicellate fruits much -more similar to those of _Thrincoma_ than to those of _Thrinax_, and at -the same time a columnar, rimose and pithy trunk like that of _Thrinax_ -and _Coccothrinax_. The seeds appear to differ from those of all related -genera in the possession of large irregular convolutions. The coriaceous -leaves, small fruits, subapical embryo, and other differences separate -this genus from _Coccothrinax_. - - - =Thringis laxa= sp. nov. - - The trunk is columnar or somewhat enlarged upward, about 3.6 m. high - and 12 cm. in diameter. Surrounding its base was a dense turf of fine - upright rootlets. The bark was rough and rimose. - - The leaves are similar to those of _T. latifrons_, but smaller, the - segments being about 70 cm. long by 33 mm. wide. The size of leaves is - thus about the same as those of _Thrincoma alta_, but the texture is - thin and flexible, the veinules being slender and not prominent on - either side. The pubescence is much thinner than that of _T. alta_ and - of a silvery-gray color. - -A palm collected in December, 1899, at Vega Baja, but without fruit (no. -1041). The habit and trunk are not those of _Thrincoma_, but the form -and texture of the leaves and ligule associate the species with -_Thrincoma alta_ rather than with the palms here placed in _Thrinax_. - -The columnar habit and protected habitat are reflected in the small -ligule, 18 mm. across, and the relatively broad petiole, 13 mm. wide. It -appears from the dried specimens of this species and _T. latifrons_ that -the leaves may have been “full,” or irregularly folded, instead of -strictly and equally expanded as in _Thrincoma alta_, and the greater -width of the segments is a further indication of this possibility. The -rigidity of the leaf of _Thrincoma alta_ can be maintained because the -segments are narrow and do not open widely. - -The soft texture of the leaves of this palm is recognized by the natives -who use it for making hats and call it “yaray” the same name which is -applied in this part of the island to _Inodes causiarum_. - - - =Thringis latifrons= sp. nov. - -The leaves, inflorescence and young plants of a palm collected by -Sintenis (no. 3278) on Monte Calabaza near Coamo are much larger and -coarser than those of _Thrincoma alta_. The total length of the middle -segments of the leaf would be over a meter, and the width of the larger -divisions is over 5 cm. The thickness of the petiole at the base of the -ligule is over 10 mm. The form of the ligule is much like that of -_Thrincoma alta_, though scarcely as large in proportion to the size of -the leaf. - -The lower surface is clothed with a satiny, appressed grayish pubescence -somewhat less pronounced than that of _Thrincoma alta_. As in that -species the veinules are of equal size, but they are more widely -separated, and the wavy and usually somewhat oblique transverse veinules -are easily distinguishable on both sides of the dried leaf. There are -also slight traces of wax on the ligule and in the grooves of the upper -surface. The median divisions are united for distinctly more than -one-third their length. - -The spathes and spadix are distinctly larger than those of _Thrincoma -alta_, but the fruits are, unfortunately, quite immature and contain -only shriveled seeds. The pedicels of the fruits are 2–4 mm. long and -bear, usually near the middle, a very slender bract 1–2 mm. long. - -This species is apparently distinct from _Thringis laxa_ in the larger -size and firmer texture of the leaves. It differs in the longer pedicels -of the fruits, with their longer and more slender bracts, from a -specimen belonging to the New York Botanical Garden and supposed to have -been collected by Mr. A. A. Heller, though the number (3278) indicates -that it may belong to the Sintenis series. - -This consists of a single, short, once-branched inflorescence arising -from two fibrous spathes. The fruits are about 4 mm. in diameter, nearly -spherical, distinctly apiculate, deep reddish brown in color and borne -on pedicels 2–3 mm. long, with a bract 1 mm. long or less at or below -the middle. The seeds are 2–2.5 mm. in diameter; the surface is smooth -and shining and light brown in color; general shape spherical but with -deep folds and convolutions. - -No leaves are known in connection with this specimen, and the exact -locality is also in doubt. Mr. Heller believes, however, that the -inflorescence came from a small _Thrinax_-like palm growing in the -limestone hills a few miles to the east of San Juan. - - - Family ARECACEAE - -A large family, with abundant genera in the tropics of America and Asia, -but absent from tropical Africa. The Puerto Rico representatives may be -recognized very easily by the fact that the leaf crown is supported upon -a column of the sheathing bases, a character of which the royal palm -furnishes a conspicuous and ever-present example. Of the remaining -genera, one, the betel palm of the East Indies is sparingly introduced -about towns in the western part of the island and may be recognized at a -glance by reason of the extremely dark green of its foliage. The other -two genera are native palms confined to uncultivated areas and thus -seldom seen at close range from traveled roads. The mountain palm, -_Acrista_, covers the summits of many of the mountains of the island, -but _Aeria_ seems to be confined to the range of high limestone crags -which skirt the northern coast of the island between Bayamon and -Arecibo. - - - Key to the Genera of Arecaceae - - Trunk tall and slender, tapering from a swollen base; spathes numerous - (7); inflorescence appearing in the axis of the rather persistent - lower leaves, long and slender; staminate flowers arranged in - rows. - - AERIA. - - Trunk robust or of uniform diameter; spathes 1 or 2; inflorescence - short and brush-like, not exposed until the enclosing leaf below - it falls away; flowers not set in rows. - - Spathe single, the fruits 2.5 cm. long; leaf-divisions upright, - very dark green. - - ARECA. - - Spathes 2, fruits less than 1.25 cm. long; leaf-divisions - horizontal or oblique. - - Trunk robust, thickened near the middle; leaf-divisions - inserted by twos and standing at different angles; - inflorescence twice or thrice branched, standing close - to the leaf-bases. - - ROYSTONEA. - - Trunk slender, of uniform diameter; leaf-divisions at - equal distances, horizontal; inflorescence - once-branched, at maturity 15 cm. or more below the - leaf-bases. - - ACRISTA. - - - =Aeria= gen. nov. - -A tall slender palm evidently related to _Gaussia_, but the embryo -lateral instead of basal, and the pinnae without basal cushions. - -Among palms in Puerto Rico _Aeria_ resembles only _Acrista_, from which -it is readily distinguishable by the very slender habit, the swollen -base of the trunk, the much-branched slender interfoliar inflorescence, -the shorter sheathing bases of the leaves, and the numerous spathes. - -The embryo of _Aeria_ is located near the longitudinal middle of the -seed on the side opposite the rudiment of the style, which is here -located at the base of the fruit instead of on the side as in _Acrista_. -The albumen is also uniform, except for a small central cavity and the -outer covering is fleshy rather than fibrous. - -The position of the embryo is, perhaps, the most obvious difference -between this genus and _Gaussia_, but there are several other -significant discrepancies. Thus the flowers are arranged 3 or 4 in a -row, very seldom 5 or 6. Three fruits develop from one flower only -exceptionally. The trunk is of more than medium height, and the -inflorescence is in reality infrafoliar, for although the dead -leaf-bases and midribs of the leaves are persistent and support the long -inflorescence, this condition is not comparable to that of the cocoid -and other really interfoliar inflorescences. - - - =Aeria attenuata= sp. nov. Plate 45. - -The tallest of Puerto Rico palms, probably attaining 30 metres and -upward. The trunk is supported on a mass of coarse roots with spine-like -projecting rootlets arranged in whorls. The surface of the trunk is -smooth with very faint annular impressions. Near the ground the diameter -is 12 to 15 cm. and increases upward to about 25 cm. at about 3 m. above -the base. Above this swelling the trunk tapers very gradually and in -tall specimens is less than 7 cm. in diameter at the top. - -The sheathing leaf-base is only 20 cm. long. The leaves remain attached -long after the rupture of the open side, but no fibers are formed, the -edges of the split side being fringed only with brown membranous shreds. -The petiole is rather short, round and rigid and the rachis is -prominently angled above. - -Segments of a rather firm texture and standing in different planes, but -all more or less upright or oblique to the rachis, segments from middle -of leaf 2.3 cm. wide near the base, 3.8 cm. long. The segments are set -very closely together, especially the proximal, and overlap each other -in a succubous manner. Fresh fruits deep orange in color and of an -unsymmetrical oval in shape, 16 mm. by 12 mm., with a firm, fleshy outer -covering 1.6 mm. thick, adherent to the seed, the three persistent -styles remain of the same size and are located at the base of the fruit. - -The seed is flattened oval, 11 mm. by 9 mm., with a prominent basal -tubercle (hilum). The surface is brownish with a few shallow impressed -lines, but the albumen is white and uniform. Flowers and ripe fruit were -obtained at Vega Baja in December, 1899; type specimen no. 1040. - -The so-called llume palm is a most striking ornament of the rugged -limestone hills from Vega Baja to Manati and Arecibo. At a sufficient -distance the slender trunk is no longer visible and the crown of leaves -appears as if suspended in mid-air, while at closer range it does not -seem possible that so slender a shaft can maintain itself. This very -slenderness with the attending flexibility is however, an element of -strength since it permits the trees to bend before the wind while the -leaves diminish the resistance by straightening out as in the cocoanut. -The hurricane of August, 1899, seemed to have done little damage to -these tallest of Puerto Rico palms, many of which project for more than -half their height above everything standing about them. As the trees of -the rather sparse forest growth of these hills are commonly from 12 to -18 metres tall, the llume palms must often attain upwards of 30 metres. - - - ARECA CATECHU Linn. Sp. Pl. 1189. 1753 - -In the western end of the island the betel palm of the Malay region has -been sparingly introduced, though the fact does not seem to have been -reported hitherto. A few were seen in gardens about Mayaguez and others -in and near San Sebastian. So far as we were able to learn, the people -do not know the name or nature of this introduced species which is -apparently planted only as an ornament or a curiosity. The form is not -unpleasing, but the extremely deep, sombre green of the foliage seems -almost unnatural and imparts a suggestion of artificiality. - -Only photographs and fruits of _Areca_ were secured at San Sebastian, -but Puerto Rico specimens collected by Sintenis (no 5749) at Aguadilla -have already been distributed from the Berlin Botanical Garden with the -label “Palma Spec. Subtrib. Attaleae.” - - - ROYSTONEA Cook, Science, II. =12=: 479. 1900 - -_Oreodoxa_ Martius and more recent authors, not Willdenow. - -The history of the generic name _Oreodoxa_ shows that botanical writers -of the last few decades have been in error in removing the two original -species and applying it to another series of similar but not closely -related forms. To avoid further confusion with reference to a name which -by reason of the conspicuous character of the trees has wide use in -popular literature it seems desirable to add the following notes on the -genus _Oreodoxa_ as originally established by Willdenow in the Memoires -de l’Academie Royale, Berlin, 1804, a publication which seems to have -been consulted very seldom, even by writers on palms. - -Spathe universal, univalvate; spadix ramose, perianth monophyllous, -tripartite below, the divisions ovate, acute, concave; petals ovate, -acuminate, concave. Filaments six, of the length of the corolla; anthers -oblong, acute. Style tripartite, shorter than the filaments, stigma -acute. Ovule, drupe, and seed globose; drupe succulent, but slightly -fibrous; seed single, cartilaginous, nearly smooth, marked with a -longitudinal sulcus. In the discussion subsequent to the statement of -the above characters, _Oreodoxa_ is said to be distinct from _Bactris_ -in the tripartite style and in the absence of the “ordinary three -impressions”; it is distinguished from _Areca_, then supposed to include -_Euterpe_ and species now generally placed in _Oreodoxa_, in the single -spathe, the triple style and the hermaphrodite flowers. - -The first species is _Oreodoxa acuminata_, referred by recent authors to -_Euterpe_ but probably constituting a distinct genus. The trunk is -erect, cylindrical, very smooth, and attains a height of from 15 to 18 -metres; the “root” throws out suckers at the base of the trunk. The -fronds are pinnate, with opposite or alternate, very long, ensiform, -acuminate pinnae, replicate at base. The strongly convolute young leaves -form a green apex for the trunk, five feet high. Spathes cinereous, -folded in at the base of the leaf-sheaths at the top of the trunk, -univalvate, deciduous; spadix erect, much branched, having the -appearance of a broom. - -The heart of the bundle of leaf-bases, about two feet long and three -inches thick is eaten as a salad, with oil and vinegar. It is also -stated that the deciduous boat-shaped spathes serve as reservoirs of -rain-water which is long retained in the cool shade cast by the trees. -Birds and beasts, and human natives as well, are said to be dependent at -times upon the liquid thus stored, since in the regions where the palm -grows there are at times no other means of procuring water. The forests -of the high mountain chain of Buena Vista in the province of Caracas are -the native home of the species. It thus appears that in addition to the -structural differences _Oreodoxa acuminata_ occupies quite a different -place in nature from that of the more thoroughly tropical species -commonly referred to that genus, and the stoloniferous habit also -indicates a different ecology. - -The second of the original species of _Oreodoxa_ is now referred to the -genus _Catoblastus_. It is a somewhat smaller tree from 12 to 15 metres -high, with a generally similar habit, and is also stoloniferous, but the -pinnae are broad, cuneiform and praemorse, or irregularly truncate as in -the species generally referred to _Martinezia_. The drupaceous fruit is -grayish and the pulp is only slightly succulent; seed the size of a -pigeon’s egg, its exterior brown, marbled with numerous veins. In the -characters of the spathe the arrangement of the fruit and the edible -quality of the heart of the leaf-cluster, as well as in the formation of -lateral off-shoot this species is said to be similar to the first. - -Botanists are not yet agreed upon the methods of dealing with -complications like the present in regard to the names of plants, but it -appears certain that those who do not recognize _Oreodoxa_ as a genus -distinct from those admitted in the more recent works on palms must -associate it either with _Euterpe_ or _Catoblastus_. The latter name it -would in that case replace, being much older. Moreover, unless we are -prepared to disregard Willdenow’s statements concerning the -stoloniferous trunk, the simple spathe and the hermaphrodite flowers, to -say nothing of many minor points of circumstantial evidence, there is no -scientific warrant for applying the name _Oreodoxa_ to the noble -Antillean species with which it has been universally associated. - -The dried specimens which Willdenow studied were supplemented by notes -of field observation by a court gardener, who was evidently also a -botanist of some experience, to whom Willdenow refers as his “friend.” -The living colors are described with considerable detail throughout the -entire paper, which renders noteworthy the fact that the spathes are -stated to be cinereous. This is in agreement with species of _Euterpe_ -which have membranous spathes, but indicates a wide difference from the -West Indian trees where the spathes are thick and fleshy and remain -vivid green until they open and fall away. - -The name _Roystonea_ has been given to this ornament of the Puerto Rico -landscape as a respectful compliment to General Roy Stone, the American -engineer officer who secured the admiration of the people of Puerto Rico -by his fearlessness and conspicuous energy in the Adjuntas road-building -campaign which flanked the line of Spanish defenses, and whose -subsequent interest in the improvement of the island will undoubtedly -affect its future history. - - - =Roystonea Borinquena= sp. nov. Plate _45. f. 2_. - - Trunk normally fusiform, 30–60 cm. thick, 12–18 m. high. Leaf segments - 4–4.4 cm. in width. Inflorescence robust, compact, twice branched, the - branches numerous and coarse, ferruginous, pubescent. Fruits - long-oval, yellowish brown at maturity. Seeds 8 mm. by 6.3 mm., - flattened about the hilum, rounded below; wall of endocarp smooth, - adherent over a small area. - -The royal palm of Puerto Rico differs from that of Cuba in having the -trunk generally shorter, more robust and more distinctly fusiform. The -inflorescence is twice branched, with the branches more densely -clustered, coarser and darker colored than those of the Cuban royal -palm, _Roystonea regia_. They are also covered with a slightly hispid -brown pubescence while Cuban specimens are much smoother and more -pallid. The difference of habit, to judge from photographs of the Cuban -species, is most apparent when the trees have grown in the open, as when -planted in avenues or along roadsides. In Puerto Rico, trees which are -obliged to compete with other vegetation are often tall, slender and -unsymmetrical. The typical form is shown in our photograph (no. 250) -taken in the plaza of Juana Diaz. - -Martius gives the width of the pinnae of the Cuban royal palm as from 8 -to 12 lines. Cuban specimens show as much as one inch and a quarter, -while others from Porto Rico are half an inch wider (44 mm.) of somewhat -coarser texture and with more widely separated secondary veins. The -fruits of the Puerto Rico palm are a deep yellowish brown when ripe, -while those of the Cuban are said to become violet or bluish black. -According to Martius, the fruits of the Cuban species are 6 lines by 4, -but dried specimens show no such discrepancy of proportions and measure -only about 8.5 mm. by 7.5 mm. - -In Puerto Rico the fresh fruits are also much longer than broad, perhaps -even more slender than the figures given for the Cuban; when dry they -still appear somewhat longer and larger than the latter. - -The seeds of _Roystonea Borinquena_ differ in several particulars from -those of the Cuban species. In shape they are longer and less spherical, -measuring 8 by 6.3 by 5.5 mm. instead of 7.8 by 7 by 6 mm.; the side -bearing the hilum is much flattened and even slightly concave; the -fibers radiating from the hilum are longer, and the corner between the -hilum and the micropyle is evenly rounded, not sharply squared and -prominent as in _R. regia_. On the back of the seed the smooth inner -wall of the endocarp is closely adherent over a small area, while in -Cuban seeds this wall remains attached over nearly the whole side and is -furthermore distinctly rugose-coriaceous on the surface, and has a -distinct sulcus in the median line. - -The royal palm is not only the more conspicuous and characteristic -natural object in most parts of Puerto Rico, but it probably exceeds the -cocoanut in total economic importance. The most useful part is the -_yagua_ or sheathing base of the leaf, with which a large proportion of -the houses of the poorer classes are thatched or sided, or both. - -The royal palm is one of the wild species which has been distinctly -advantaged by human interference in natural conditions. It is a general -fact that outside the climbing species palms are not successful in -competing with tropical forest vegetation. Originally the royal palm and -the corozo were probably confined to the more rugged slopes of the lower -limestone hills where they both still retain a foothold in places where -the natural growth seems never to have been cleared away. But the vast -majority of royal palms now in existence in Puerto Rico stand on land -which has been cultivated at one time or another, and where the palms -were able to secure a foothold before the competition of other plants -became too strong. - -The discovery of root tubercles on a young plant of this species has -been noted in the introductory statement. These tubercles though small -in size are very numerous upon the smaller roots. In shape they are -mostly oval and symmetrical. The larger are about 2 mm. in length though -our natural-size photograph shows several fusiform or clavate bodies -from 5 to 10 mm. long and as much as 2 mm. thick. The color of the roots -and tubercles is white. - -The royal palm of Florida is commonly referred to _Oreodoxa regia_, -though with very doubtful propriety. Apparently on account of its great -size, Cooper (Smithsonian Report 1860: 440. 1861) was inclined to -identify it with _Oreodoxa oleracea_ which had also been reported from -the Bahamas. The inflorescence and seeds collected by Curtis on the -western borders of the everglades (no. 2676) are, however, obviously not -those of _R. oleracea_ but are much more similar to those of _R. regia_. -The branches of the inflorescence are much longer and more lax than -those of the species of Cuba and Puerto Rico, from which they also -differ in the frequent development of tertiary branches, in this respect -resembling _Roystonea oleracea_. The fruits do not resemble those of _R. -oleracea_ but are closely similar to those of the other species though -somewhat smaller and more nearly spherical. Several reliable witnesses -are on record to the effect that the trees are from 28 to 35 metres high -and as much as 45 metres has been claimed, while among the royal palms -of Cuba and Puerto Rico 18 metres is the commonly recognized limit of -size. Mr. C. T. Simpson, of the U. S. National Museum, states that the -palms of southwestern Florida lack the conspicuous bulge so -characteristic in the trunks of the Puerto Ricon trees, and that they -grow almost in reach of tide-water, while the natural habitat of the -Puerto Rico species is evidently the limestone hills. In view of these -differences it seems preferable to treat the Florida royal palm as a -distinct species, for which the name =Roystonea Floridana= is proposed. - -Mr. Simpson also informs me that the royal palms seen on the islands off -the coast of Honduras had the size and habit of those of Florida and not -the relatively stunted appearance of those seen by him in Hayti and -Jamaica. This fact is suggestive in connection with the popular idea -that the palms of Florida are to be looked upon as recent arrivals from -Cuba. Instead it seems more reasonable to believe that the royal palm of -Puerto Rico, like the species of _Thrinax_ of that island, is a remnant -of the flora of the time when the limestone hills were keys and hammocks -like those of southern Florida, and relatively poor in vegetation able -to crowd out the palms. - - - =Acrista= gen. nov. - - Trunk slender, of uniform diameter. Pinnae horizontal, appendiculate. - Inflorescences distinctly infrafoliar; spathes two, the outer short, - the inner long and slender. Spadix once-branched, the branches coarse, - tapering. Fruits with stigma lateral, seed deeply ruminate, embryo - basal. - -Related to _Roystonea_, but differing in the more slender habit, the -once-branched inflorescence, the basal embryo, and in having the -leaflets in one plane. The color of the foliage is also considerably -lighter than that of the royal palm so that from a distance the general -appearance suggests the cocoanut rather than the royal palm. - -There is also some resemblance between the foliage of _Acrista_ and -_Cocops_, but the absence of sheathing leaf-bases in the latter genus -will enable even young specimens to be separated. Moreover the -leaf-divisions of _Cocops_ are much narrower and those at the end of the -leaf are not so much shortened as in _Acrista_. - -Further differences from _Roystonea_ are to be found, such as the much -smaller size and the larger roots, which are tuberculate and inclined to -become superficial like those of the llume palm. The sheathing -leaf-bases are not as long proportionately as in _Roystonea_, and there -is a distinct formation of fibers, although the texture is flimsy. The -outer sheaths do not split off and fall away as promptly as in -_Roystonea_ but several dead ones sometimes hang from about the base of -the crown. Although the sheath is longer than in _Aeria_ the fibers are -much better developed, there being but a few membranous shreds in -_Aeria_, and no distinct fibers at all. - -Among the mountains between Cayey and Guayama many summits are covered -with the _palma de sierra_, probably in places which have never been -cleared. A few of the palms follow down the steeper uncultivated -ravines. From a distance the crowns suggest royal palms but a closer -view renders the difference apparent. There is also no suggestion of the -bulging trunk of _Roystonea_. In height the _palma de sierra_ probably -does not exceed the royal palm. - -The tips of leaflets of young leaves are connected by two brittle red -strands both of which lie on the mesial face, one along the edge, the -other near the middle. The tips of the leaflets are of the same material -and are sometimes persistent as long corneous appendices like those of -the cultivated _Howea_. - -The generic name _Euterpe_ Gaertner, which is commonly applied to a -considerable series of American palms related to the present, was in -reality established for the Malayan genus for which the name -_Calyptrocalyx_ Blume is now in use, _Pinanga silvestris globosa_ -Rumphius being cited by both Gaertner and Blume as the original, in the -one case, of _Euterpe globosa_, and in the other of _Calyptrocalyx -spicatus_. The origin and identity of the seed described and figured by -Gaertner have not been established, and seem likely to remain in doubt; -but in describing _Calyptrocalyx_, Blume argued that the generic name -should remain with the seeds studied by Gaertner and declared that these -did not belong to any Malayan species but to some of the arecoid palms -of the Mascarene Islands. This suggestion seems not to have been -disposed of by Martius or others, but the fact that Gaertner’s fruits -showed an apical stigma seems to exclude them from the American group -with which the generic name has been associated. - -In making use of the name _Euterpe_ for Brazilian palms Martius cites -Gaertner as author of the genus and states that it is of worldwide -distribution in the tropics. Gaertner’s _E. globosa_ is placed as a -synonym of _E. oleracea_[5] Martius, and Jacquin’s older name _Areca -oleracea_ stands in the same relation to _Euterpe edulis_ Martius, thus -rendering _Euterpe oleracea_ Martius a specific homonym. Subsequently -Martius claims the genus _Euterpe_ for himself and expresses doubt -whether it is the same as that named by Gaertner, while Drude in Engler -and Prantl’s Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien says “_Euterpe_ Mart. (nicht -Gaertn.).” Martius also admits that the West Indian _Areca oleracea_ -Jacquin is distinct from the Brazilian species of _Euterpe_, and -redescribes it under the name _Oreodoxa oleracea_. - -A further complication connected with _Acrista_ was brought to light by -finding that specimens collected by Sintenis (no. 1525) in the Luquillo -Mountains in northeastern Puerto Rico and distributed from the Berlin -Botanical Garden as _Oreodoxa oleracea_ belong to the present genus, -together with others collected in Martinique by Hahn (no. 805) and -identified at Paris. With the last, the local name _choux palmiste_ is -given, the same which Jacquin noted in the original description of his -_Areca oleracea_ (Stirp. Am. 278. 1763). Moreover, it can scarcely be -determined from Jacquin’s description whether he was dealing with a -_Roystonea_ or an _Acrista_ or with both, though his claim that his was -the tallest palm of the Antilles might hold the name for the -_Roystonea_. - -It might then be argued by some that Miller’s species, _Palma altissima_ -constituted a segregate from Jacquin’s _oleracea_ and that the latter -name is available for the _Acrista_ of Martinique, whether identical or -not with that of Puerto Rico. But with a possible doubt between the -_Acrista_ and the _Roystonea_ there can scarcely be a justification for -the use of the same name for a third South American species or a fourth -West Indian. - -As a means of decreasing the confusion it may be suggested that as -neither the generic nor the specific name of the Brazilian palm which -Martius called _Euterpe oleracea_ (Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 29) is available, -the name =Catis Martiana= may be proposed, the generic designation -having reference to the drooping pinnae characteristic of the present -species and several of its South American relatives. - - - =Acrista monticola= sp. nov. Plate 44. - - Trunk smooth, 10 to 15 m. high, perhaps taller, from 12 to 15 cm. in - diameter, with distinct ring-like leaf-scars and internodes, light - brownish or appearing grayish with bark lichens. - - Leaves about 2 m. long, the pinnae lanceolate, equally spaced and - lying nearly horizontal, 55 cm. long and 4 cm. broad; the surface - light green on both sides, with very close parallel longitudinal - veinlets, but no visible cross veins. The sheathing bases are - considerably shorter and generally appear somewhat more robust than in - _Roystonea_. In protected situations the leaf-bases persist and the - margins shrivel up and expose a flimsy network of fibers. - Inflorescences appearing several close together; by the falling of the - leaves above them they are left several inches below the leaf-bases - before maturity is attained. Spathes fusiform, long, more slender and - pointed than in _Roystonea_. Spadix once-branched, 1 m. long, 6 cm. in - diameter at base, tapering gradually to the apex. Branches 23 cm. long - and less, the proximal branches longest; at first appressed to the - rachis, the branches are opened out and held stiffly erect by a fleshy - turgid cushion on the upper (distal) side of the base of each. The - branches of the rachis may thus be said to be hinged, and with - maturity the supporting cushion dries away and allows them to resume a - direction nearly parallel to that of the rachis. - -The dried fruits of _Acrista_ are grayish brown in color and nearly -smooth or somewhat coriaceous in external texture; they measure 11 or 12 -mm. in length and are nearly as wide, being slightly oboval in shape. -The outer wall is thin and brittle and covers a more or less distinct -thin layer of amorphous brownish material probably representing the pulp -of the fresh fruit; in the dry state this may adhere either to the outer -wall or to the fibers next inside. Near the base these fibers are -simple, pointed and vertical; about half way up they divide and -anastomose and are, as it were, felted and cemented together to form an -oval sac open below and closed above. The outer fibers are much coarser -than the inner and there are sometimes suggestions of three layers -separated by a dark-brown friable material. A few of the delicate inner -fibers are adnate to the surface of the seed which is otherwise free -from its fibrous covering. - -Seed 8.5 mm. by 8 mm., slightly lighter in color than the outside of the -fruit. Surface slightly uneven with obscure veinlike ridges and -impressions of the fibers of the outer covering. The kernel is white, -hard and bony, and deeply ruminate, though this is not apparent from the -outside. The channels are very narrow and often radial and straight; -they penetrate 3 mm. or less. Embryo directly basal; hilum lateral, -somewhat below the level of the stigma; a short raphe extends about half -way to the embryo. - - - Family COCACEAE - -The cocoid palms are a distinctly American group, the African oil-palm, -_Elaeis Guineensis_ and the cocoanut being the only outliers of the -family which have been supposed to be indigenous in the Old World. South -America is the center of distribution and is the home of a large -proportion of the two hundred or more species. Only five genera reach -Puerto Rico, and one of these, _Cocos_, was probably not a native of the -island. - - - Key to the Subfamilies of Cocaceae - - Trunks, stems, and midribs beset with sharp spines; seeds foraminate - at or above the middle. - - Subfamily BACTRIDINAE. - - Trunks and other parts unarmed; seeds foraminate at base. - - Subfamily COCINAE. - - - Subfamily BACTRIDINAE - -Some of the numerous South American representatives of this group are -nearly smooth, but the three genera known from Puerto Rico have the -trunks, leaf-bases, midribs and inflorescences beset with sharp black -spines, and are thus readily recognizable. - - - Key to the Genera of Bactridinae - - Trunk small, cespitose; leaves separated by long internodes; foramina - of seeds apical. - - BACTRIS. - - Trunk medium or large, solitary; leaves crowded together at the - summit; foramina peripheral. - - Trunk slender; leaf-divisions broad, praemorse-truncate; - pistillate and staminate flowers intermixed on the - inflorescence; exocarp fleshy. - - CURIMA. - - Trunk robust; leaf-divisions narrow, sharp-pointed; pistillate - flowers below and separate from the staminate; exocarp - fibrous. - - ACROCOMIA. - - - BACTRIS Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 279. _pl. 271._ 1763 - -The type of this genus, _Bactris minor_ Jacquin, described from the -vicinity of Carthagena, Colombia, is a small spiny palm with creeping -rootstocks. The upright trunks are about an inch thick and twelve feet -high, with long spiny internodes. The fruits are fleshy, purple, and -about the size of a cherry. Several species of _Bactris_ are known from -the West Indies though the generic name has doubtless been applied -rather loosely to all the small spiny cocoid palms. - -The two following species of _Bactris_ from Puerto Rico described by -Martius several decades ago seem not to have been secured by recent -collectors unless it be true, as suggested below, that one of them, the -simple-leaved _B. acanthophylla_ applies to a young _Curima_. Of _B. -Pavoniana_ the narrowly grass-like leaf-divisions would be sufficiently -characteristic to separate it at once from all other palms known from -Puerto Rico. - - - BACTRIS ACANTHOPHYLLA Martius, Palm. Orbign. 67 - -“Trunk low, spiny; frond simple, the petiole spiny; blade lanceolate in -young plants, oblong in the adult, cuneate at the base and bifid at -apex, the margin unequally erose, unarmed; rachis and primary veins -spiny on both sides; spines bristle-like, narrowed at base, those of the -petiole black, those of the blades fuscous.” - -“In the western part of the island of Puerto Rico, near the village of -Yrurena, in swampy places on the margins of aboriginal forests at an -altitude of 400 feet; collected by Wylder, 1827.” (Martius Hist. Palm. -=3=: 281.) - -A specimen to which the above diagnosis would not be inapplicable was -collected by Sintenis in the mountain forests near Maricao (no. 484). It -was distributed from Berlin as a _Martinezia_, together with two other -very young plants and a seed to which one of these was attached. - -The seed evidently did not come from a cocoid palm but together with the -young seedlings may belong to _Acrista_. The large spiny plant is -probably a young specimen of _Curima_, and should these suggestions -prove to be correct the specific name _acanthophylla_ must be -transferred to this genus though whether it will replace _colophylla_ or -not is not to be determined until it can be ascertained that the Maricao -species is the same as that here described from Bayamon. - - - BACTRIS PAVONIANA Martius, Palm. Orbign. 70 - -“Frond pinnate, rachis with rather long spines and black bristles: -linear acuminate, about equally distant, the terminal united, -setose-ciliate, glaucous below and with a sparse whitish down.” - -“Puerto Rico; Pavon.” (Martius, Hist. Pal. =3=: 282.) - -Grisebach has reported this species from Antigua and has redescribed it -as follows, presumably from the Antigua specimens. - -“‘Trunk low’; _leaves pinnatisect: segments numerous, grass-like, -linear-acuminate_ or the uppermost broader by cohesion, glaucous and -minutely puberulous or glabrescent beneath, approximate, subequidistant, -reduplicate at the base: _rachis armed with very long black prickles_ -and rare bristles, keeled above.—Flowers unknown; leaf segments (in our -specimens, which are cut off, perhaps about the middle of the rachis) -more than 30–jugal, 3‴–6‴ distant, 12″–8″ long, 4‴–2‴ broad, superior -gradually shorter, the uppermost cohering ones sometimes 6‴–8‴ broad: -prickles scattered or clustered, slender, the greatest 2″ long. Hab. -Antigua: _Wullschl._, Blubber valley; [Portorico].” (Grisebach, Fl. -Brit. W. I., 520. 1864.) - - - =Curima= gen. nov. - - Trunk rather slender, internodes armed with scattered slender spines. - Leaves and inflorescence also spiny, especially on the proximal parts. - Pinnae numerous, strap-shaped, praemorse-truncate, imperfectly - separated near the ends of the leaves. Inflorescence rather slender, - once-branched; pistillate flowers mostly located near the bases of the - branches. Fruit drupaceous, exocarp fleshy, not fibrous; foramina - peripheral. - -A palm related to _Acrocomia_ and to the genera commonly grouped under -the name _Martinezia_, to which _Aiphanes_ and _Marara_ are generally -referred as synonyms. Reasons why none of these names appears available -for the Puerto Rico species are given below. The characters of the -fruit, with foramina near the middle, seem to indicate that _Curima_ is -not remotely related to _Acrocomia_, from which it differs superficially -in the more slender habit, the truncate or praemorse leaves and the very -long and lax inflorescence. - - - =Curima colophylla= sp. nov. Plate 46. - -The solitary trunk rises from a mass of spiny roots somewhat smaller -than those of the llume palm (_Aeria_). Diameter of trunk from 1–1.5 -cm., often slightly thinner near the ground, though showing no such -tendency to bulge as appears in _Roystonea_, _Aeria_ and _Acrocomia_. -The surface of the internodes is rather sparingly provided with -needle-like spines smaller and more slender than those of _Acrocomia_. -On old trunks the spines are often more or less completely absent. - -Leaves 2.13–2.5 m. long, with from 30 to 40 pairs of strap-shaped -praemorse-truncate divisions shorter and broader as the end of the leaf -is approached, and with a terminal undivided area several inches wide. -There is no apparent tendency toward the arrangement of the -leaf-divisions in clusters as in _Martinezia caryotaefolia_ and other -allied species. - -The base, rachis, midribs and even the surfaces of the pinnae are beset -with coarse black or deep red spines which are closely appressed when -young and become erect as soon as the surfaces are exposed, all the -parts except the spines and the upper surfaces of the leaf-division -being covered at first with a light grayish or brownish scurfy coating -which gradually disappears. - -The inner spathe is narrowly fusiform and about 1 m. long. It splits to -the level of the outer spathe revealing the spadix and its extremely -spiny peduncle. The flowers are greenish cream colored in mass, paler -and not so yellow as in _Acrocomia_. The pistillate flowers are -relatively very few and located near the base of the simple branches. - -The cherry-like fruits are dull orange or brick red with rather dry -fleshy or oily exocarp having a rather mealy though distinctly acid -flavor, but no really unpleasant taste. This fleshy covering is only -very slightly fibrous, and that near the base; the seeds fall off very -easily sometimes leaving the base of the exocarp attached to the -fruiting branch. The nut is about 12 mm. in greatest or transverse -diameter and about 10 mm. high, while the fresh fruit is 14–16 mm. -through and 12 or 13 mm. thick. The surface is deeply and irregularly -pitted and marked with three radially fibrous striate foveolae. - -It is perhaps too soon to assert that there is only one species of the -present genus in Puerto Rico. The trees certainly differ considerably in -size though not more than the cocoanut and others. There is also a -noticeable difference in the abundance of spines. Such apparent -variability may, however, be due to age, the older trees tending to -become less densely beset with the brittle black spines which are often -conspicuous on young specimens. - -The specimens (no. 878) and photographs on which this genus and species -were based were secured on the limestone hills near the wagon road -between Bayamon and Toa Baja where the present palm is not uncommon. - -_Curima_ appeared to be especially abundant about Bayamon but is -probably rather generally distributed in the limestone hills of the -island, perhaps also on other soils. A few trees were seen along the -road between Utuado and Lares, and numerous others between Isolina and -Manati. Sintenis collected specimens of what is apparently the same -species near Juncos and Hato Grande, and at Maricao young specimens -discussed under _Bactris acanthophylla_. - -As far as Puerto Rico is concerned, this palm is very easily recognized -by means of the curiously truncate leaf-divisions, the outer margins of -which appear as though accidentally injured or eaten away by -caterpillars. This feature is, however, shared with numerous other West -Indian and South American palms, though apparently only one, the -so-called _grigri_ palm of Martinique can be referred to the present -genus with confidence. For this the name =Curima corallina= (_Martinezia -corallina_ Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 284) appears to be correct, -although Martius places Gaertner’s much older _Bactris minima_ as a -synonym for his species. Gaertner, however, was making a second attempt -at renaming Jacquin’s _Bactris minor_, having previously misplaced that -name in connection with a West Indian _Acrocomia_, probably the same to -which Jacquin had already supplied the name _Cocos aculeatus_. Thus it -is possible to treat _Bactris minima_ Gaertner as a synonym of _Bactris -minor_ Jacquin and the restoration of Gaertner’s inappropriate name for -the _Curima_ is thus avoided. - -With this preliminary description we may return to the consideration of -the generic names _Martinezia_, _Aiphanes_ and _Marara_ which other -writers have applied to relatives of the present palm or treated as -synonyms. _Martinezia_ was described by Ruiz and Pavon (Prodr. Flor. -Per. et Chil. 148. 1794) for five Peruvian palms, but it was amended by -Martius (Hist. Nat. Palm. =3=: 283) by the removal of all the original -species and the substitution of a new set. Of the original species -studied by Ruiz and Pavon only two, _M. ciliata_ and _M. abrupta_ were -mentioned in connection with the original description of the genus, and -this because they offered exceptions to the generic characters. If these -were to be excluded for this reason from those among which the type is -to be sought, the name _Martinezia_ must go with the subsequently -published _M. ensiformis_, now referred to _Euterpe_[6] or with _M. -lanceolata_ and _M. linearis_, now placed in _Chamaedorea_. If we hold -to the first species, _M. ciliata_, _Martinezia_ is probably a synonym -of _Bactris_. The second species, _M. abrupta_, has escaped Martius and -the Index Kewensis, in which a sixth name _M. interrupta_ is the only -one by Ruiz and Pavon now credited as being a genuine _Martinezia_. Thus -by the method of elimination _Martinezia_ would according to current -classification replace _Chamaedorea_ while by the method of types it -would stand as a synonym of _Bactris_. - -The genus _Aiphanes_ was established by Willdenow on _Aiphanes -aculeata_, a spiny palm from the mountains about Caracas. The trunk is -said to be erect, ten meters high, subcylindrical and very spiny. The -leaves are about 1.6 m. long, with four pairs of remote, broad, cuneate, -praemorse pinnae, strongly whitish pubescent on the under side; the -petiole is also beset with spines. Spathe acuminate at both ends, -aculeate on the outside, smooth within, opening longitudinally; spadix -4.5 dm. long, composed of cylindrical spikes placed opposite. Flowers -hermaphrodite; calyx trifid, the divisions acute; petals acuminate; -filaments 6, subulate, anthers rounded, style as long as the stamens, -stigma trifid; drupe globose, the fleshy farinaceous pulp rather -tasteless, though edible; nut hard, of the size of a musket ball, -unilocular, black, furrowed with a large number of grayish grooves, of -which three are always much larger than the others. The kernel is white, -very sweet, and very good to eat. _Aiphanes_ grows in the ravines and -forests of the high mountains of the district of Caucagua, province of -Caracas, Venezuela and requires a fertile, somewhat moist soil. It -flowers and fruits in July. - -From the above it appears that _Aiphanes_ is a genus quite different -from _Curima_, approaching some of the South American species of -_Bactris_ much more closely than it resembles the Puerto Rico tree. - -The genus _Marara_ was based by Karsten (Linnaea, =28=: 389) on _M. -bicuspidata_ from Colombia, a cespitose palm having a trunk 7 meters -high and 10 cm. in diameter, clothed with black spines 6 to 8 mm. long. -The leaves are 125 cm. long with from 60 to 80 pairs of cuneate pinnules -which measure 3 dm. in length and 15 cm. in width, and are clustered in -sixes or eights. This appears to be a very extreme development of the -leaf-arrangement seen in the cultivated palm commonly called _Martinezia -caryotaefolia_ where the leaflets are distinctly clustered, but by no -means so crowded as must be the case when on the side of a leaf 125 cm. -long are leaflets with an aggregate width of 10–13 m. - -The palm commonly cultivated in conservatories as _Martinezia -caryotaefolia_ is obviously allied to _Curima_, perhaps more closely -than to either _Aiphanes_ or _Marara_, but in addition to the clustered -pinnules it has a more slender habit, especially apparent in the long -internodes and the more lax inflorescence. This difference in habit is -also evidently correlated with the fact that the leaf-bases do not -become deeply gibbous and obliquely inclined from the trunk as in -_Curima_ but remain closely sheathing. Moreover, the upper side of the -leaf-stalk which in the Puerto Rico palm is deeply channeled and has -lateral corners sharp or torn into fibers nearly to the insertion of the -lowest pinnae is in the conservatory species nearly cylindrical for a -long distance below the pinnae, and has long spines on the upper side as -well as on the lower. It is as though the ligule were located in -_Curima_ near the insertion of the lowest pinnae while in the other form -it remains close to the trunk, with a cylindrical section intercalated -to reach to where the pinnae begin. Apparently we are dealing with still -another generic group for which the name =Tilmia= would not be -inappropriate in allusion to the shorn and disheveled appearance which -it shares with _Curima_. The species studied are =Tilmia caryotaefolia= -(_Martinezia caryotaefolia_ H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. =I=: 305. _pl. 699_) -in the National Botanic Garden and =T. disticha= (_Martinezia disticha_ -Linden, Cat. 32. 1875). - -The seeds of _Tilma caryotaefolia_ are like those of _Curima_, but -considerably larger, rounder, and much smoother. The foramina are -peripheral, but are much smaller and more shallow, those of _Curima_ -being surrounded, as it were, by a prominent rim which adds somewhat to -the apparent width of the seed. In both genera the nuts are -unsymmetrical, the side which has the largest foramen being distinctly -larger than the others and in _Curima_ the irregularly pitted sculpture -is coarser. - - - ACROCOMIA Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. =2=: 66 - -A genus of palms distributed through tropical America from Mexico to -Cuba and Paraguay. All the species are of stocky, compact growth, with a -dense crown of numerous leaves. The trunk and the leaf-stalks are -usually armed with strong, sharp spines, sometimes several inches long. - -Although totally different on close inspection this genus has in Puerto -Rico a superficial resemblance to the royal palm, which often deceives -travelers. The similarity lies mostly in the two facts that both the -royal and corozo palms are more robust and stiffly erect than the -cocoanut, and that the leaf-divisions instead of lying horizontal and in -one plane are tilted at different angles to the midrib, thus giving the -foliage seen in the mass a somewhat unkempt appearance in comparison -with the cocoanut. - -In distinguishing the corozo palm from the royal palm when seen at a -distance so great that the spines of the one and the columnar green -leaf-sheaths of the other can not be seen, recourse may be had to the -following facts. The leaf crown of the corozo palm is much rounder, -thicker and more compact than that of the royal palm, since it contains -many more leaves, and these persist much longer. The royal palm can also -be known by the unopened leaves which project straight upward like -flag-poles or lightning-rods, while in _Acrocomia_ the leaves open as -they are pushed out and seldom offer a suggestion of the spire-like -effect. - - - =Acrocomia media= sp. nov. - - Trunk 20–30 cm. in diameter near the base, thickened above to 50 cm. - or less; height commonly about 6–8 m. rarely exceeding 10 m. Surface - of trunk with slight annular impressions. Internodes armed with - slender black spines, the larger 10–15 cm. long, mostly confined to - the lower half of the internodes. Fruit green, becoming yellowish, the - husk firmly fibrous, inedible; about 35 mm. in diameter, nearly - spherical in shape, with a distinct apical papilla. Kernel 25 mm. wide - by 22 mm. long; width of the cavity 18 mm. The type specimen was - collected near Ponce (photograph no. 255). - -The _Acrocomia_ of Puerto Rico seems to differ from _A. aculeata_ -(Jacquin) in its robust habit and somewhat bulging trunk, while it is -less stout and less swollen than _A. fusiformis_ (Swartz). The name -_Acrocomia lasiospatha_, although used by Martius and Grisebach has no -warrant for supplanting _fusiformis_ of Swartz, which must be preferred -for the Jamaica species with the thick, swollen trunk. - -In Jamaica there seem to be at least two species of _Acrocomia_, the -larger of which is called the “great macaw” palm, and is described as -having a fusiform trunk as thick as a man’s body. What is presumably the -same species occurs in Cuba as shown by a photograph from the vicinity -of La Gloria on the north coast. The greatest diameter of the trunk is -three or four times the thickness near the base. In Puerto Rico no trees -approximating these proportions were observed, the greatest amount of -swelling probably not reaching twice the diameter below. According to -Maza _Acrocomia lasiospatha_ grows wild in Cuba and is known under the -name “coroja de Jamaica.” Swartz described his _Cocos fusiformis_ on the -supposition that it was distinct from the _Cocos aculeatus_ of Jacquin, -from Martinique, by reason of the fusiform trunk. The species was, -nevertheless, reduced by Martius to his South American _Acrocomia -sclerocarpa_, perhaps because the spathe is said to be spiny, a -character probably subject to great variation. - -Jacquin’s name _Acrocomia aculeata_ (1763) must, it seems, be used for -the West Indian palm placed by Martius under his _A. sclerocarpa_, which -is to be maintained, if at all, as a South American species. Jacquin -declares that the habit of his tree is similar to that of _Cocos -nucifera_ and _Cocos amara_ (_Syagrus_), and his figure shows a tall -straight trunk tapering slightly upward, with no tendency to bulge. The -spines of the trunk are few and the midribs are aculeate on both sides. -The drawing of the fruit is 37 mm. long by 41 mm. wide and has a broad -conic papilla at apex. As indicated above, such a tree was not noticed -in Puerto Rico where all the corozo palms are distinctly, though -slightly, thicker some distance above the base, though apparently never -equaling _A. fusiformis_ in this respect. - - - Subfamily COCINAE - - - Key to the Genera of Cocinae - - Trunk distinctly ringed, rising from an inclined swollen base; leaves - numerous, many of the lower drooping or pendant, the divisions - many and narrow; fruits very large, borne continuously. - - COCOS. - - Trunk nearly smooth, straight and columnar; leaves fewer, not becoming - pendant, divisions less numerous and broader; fruits small, borne - at one time and ripening together. - - COCOPS. - - - COCOS NUCIFERA Linn. Sp. Pl. 1188. 1753 - -The cocoa-palm is largely confined to the neighborhood of the coast, but -is occasionally planted in small numbers in the interior districts, -though it generally does not thrive in such situations especially on the -north side of the island. On the drier southern slope of Puerto Rico, -which is avoided by the royal palm, the cocoanut seems to thrive better, -when it has once become established. Cocoanuts are mostly gathered while -still green, for the sake of the milk or, as it is there called, the -water (_coco de agua_) a popular beverage wherever obtainable. Although -the local consumption of nuts for this purpose is considerable it is -largely confined to the towns of the coast region. Thus it may be said -that in Puerto Rico the cocoa-palm affords a luxury rather than a -necessity, and that it is exceeded in economic importance by the royal -palm. - - - =Cocops= gen. nov. - -In a valley on the road between Lares and San Sebastian several young -palms were noticed with leaves similar to the cocoanut, but smaller and -finer. Finally one mature specimen was found, with both trunk and leaves -strongly suggesting the cocoanut, but much smaller. The leaves are light -green, the leaflets in one plane, and the fibers separating from the -narrow base of the leaf. The fibers are few and flimsy, but like those -of the cocoanut and other South American species of _Cocos_. The palm -stood within a few feet of a small permanent brook, down which the seeds -had evidently been carried and there were several young palms along the -bank. The native living in an adjacent house could give us no name -except _palmilla_, and seemed to think that none was necessary since the -tree does not yield _yagua_ or anything else of use. Its early -extermination is therefore not unlikely. - -In the absence of flowers and fruit[7] the relationships of the present -genus cannot be ascertained nor its validity satisfactorily established. -There seems, however, to be no reason for including the species in any -of the genera known from Puerto Rico or other parts of the West Indies, -and to associate it with Central and South American types would be a -still less warrantable procedure. - -It is also believed that under the present circumstances the application -of a name is justified by convenience of reference and that this will -also assist in securing the attention of botanical collectors better -than a mere allusion to “an unknown palm which may be new.” - - - =Cocops rivalis= sp. nov. - -In diameter the trunk appeared to be about midway between the palma de -sierra (_Acrista_) and the cocoanut, and had the short internodes of the -latter. The leaves, however, probably remain somewhat smaller than those -of _Acrista_ to which they might also be said to have a general -similarity, except at the base where their cocoid proclivities become -obvious. At a little distance _Cocops_ might be overlooked as _Acrista_, -while at shorter range it might be mistaken for a very depauperate -cocoanut. No species of _Cocos_ is, however, known to be native in the -West Indies except the doubtful _Cocos crispus_ H.B.K., from Cuba. - -As a species _Cocops rivalis_ may prove to be similar to _Syagrus amara_ -(Jacquin), which is reported as far north as Jamaica, but it seems to -have no true generic affinity with _Syagrus cocoides_ Martius, the South -American palm which is the type of its genus. According to Martius _S. -amara_ is 30 cm. in diameter, as large or larger than _Cocos nucifera_ -and attains the height of from 20 to 35 meters; _Syagrus cocoides_, on -the other hand, is a small slender palm with a trunk 2.5–3 m. high and -5–7.5 cm. in diameter, and with foliage and habit resembling the slender -and diffuse South American species referred by Martius to _Cocos_, but -very different from _Cocos nucifera_ or from _Cocops_. - -A leaf collected by Sintenis (no. 6061) near Camuy and coming from -Berlin labeled _Oreodoxa_, obviously did not originate with an arecoid -palm, but probably belongs with the present species. The region of Camuy -is but a few miles from Lares, but there is much extremely rough and -unoccupied country between, so that the danger of extermination appears -to be somewhat diminished. - - - Explanation of Plates - - PLATE 43. _Thrincoma alta_, top of type specimen (no. 848). - - PLATE 44.. _Thrincoma alta_, part of leaf and seeds, natural size. - - PLATE 45.. _Thrinax Ponceana_, type (no. 1005). - - PLATE 46.. _Acrista monticola_, type (no. 761) collected near - Adjuntas. - - PLATE 47.. Fig. 1, _Aeria attenuata_. Fig. 2, _Cocops rivalis_ (left) - and _Roystonea Borinquena_ (right). - - PLATE 48.. _Curima colophylla_, apex of flower-cluster and terminal - leaf-division, natural size. From type specimen (no. 878). - -[Illustration: - - PL. 43. - - THRINCOMA ALTA - - HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON. -] - -[Illustration: - - PL. 44. - - THRINCOMA ALTA - - HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON. -] - -[Illustration: - - PL. 45. - - THRINAX PONCEANA - - HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON. -] - -[Illustration: - - PL. 46. - - ACRISTA MONTICOLA - - HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON. -] - -[Illustration: - - PL. 47. - - AERIA ATTENUATA COCOPS RIVALIS -] - -[Illustration: - - PL. 48. - - CURIMA COLOPHYLLA - - HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON. -] - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - This spelling and the adjective use of the name in this form are - editorial corrections. - -Footnote 2: - - Of numerous insects distinctive of the more southern palmetto the most - conspicuous is a longicorn beetle, _Agallissus chamaeropis_ Horn, the - larvae of which bore in the leaf-bases. The more common _Inodes_ is - inhabited by the allied genus _Zagymnus_, though another species of - _Agallissus_ is reported from Texas, where the native _Inodes_ is of - the smooth-trunked type. - -Footnote 3: - - =Inodes vestita= sp. nov. Trunk about 45 cm. thick at base, columnar - or tapering upward; surface rimose, the chinks commonly 5 mm. wide and - 20 mm. apart. Leaf-bases torn into very numerous, fine, hair-like, - light reddish-brown fibers, a few much coarser than the others and - measuring from .6 to 1 mm. in diameter. The epidermis separates into - delicate membranous shreds, the surface of which is delicately pitted - and sparsely beset with brownish hairy-margined peltate scales. - Petiole 10 cm. or upward in width below near where it begins to split, - 4.5 cm. wide at base of ligule; 3 m. long, concave above; blade 2.13 - m. long, 2.50 m. wide, composed of about 60 segments, the apical - united more than two-thirds their length, the basal for less than - one-third; apical segments 4.5 cm. wide, deeply divided above, a long - fiber terminating both the longer and the shorter ribs. - -As shown by the rimose bark this species affords a rather extreme -instance of the gradual enlargement of the trunk at a distance from the -growing point. Numerous leaf-bases remain attached to the trunk in the -greenhouse as they would not do in nature, since they are torn loose -except for a few fibers at the extreme sides. - -Footnote 4: - -Dr. Rose also kindly permits the use of the following field notes and -measurements showing that _Inodes Rosei_ is also a taller and more -slender tree than _I. Uresana_. - - “Trees 6–12 or sometimes even 18 meters high, the long slender naked - trunk 15–20 cm. in diameter, crowned with a large cluster of leaves; - petioles 60 cm. or more long, flat on the face, pubescent, but - becoming glabrate; blade pale green, 8 cm. or more in width, strongly - keeled, more or less clothed beneath with brown scales on the large - veins; segments cleft to below the middle, 25 mm. or less wide; - inflorescence in large branching panicles 60 cm. or more long; fruit - spherical, 18 mm. in diameter, blackish or dark blue when mature.” - -“A very common tree east of Rosario towards Mazatlan, also extending all -the way from Rosario to Acaponeta; especially common on the low hills, -and east of Rosario toward the mountains. This species is of -considerable economic importance, the trunks being used in building -fences, corrals and huts, while the leaves appear as thatch on a -majority of the houses of this region.” - -Footnote 5: - -Hist. Nat. Palmarum 2: 29. - -Footnote 6: - -Roemer and Schultes treated _Martinezia_ as a synonym of _Oreodoxa_. - -Footnote 7: - -That the fruits are small and are ripened at one season, as stated in -the key, was apparent from the size of the seedlings and from other -circumstances which accorded with the testimony of the man whose house -stood within a few rods of the largest tree. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in - spelling. - 2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed. - 3. Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end - of the last chapter. - 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SYNOPSIS OF THE PALMS OF -PUERTO RICO *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. 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